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The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! is a one-off special episode of the British sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!, which was broadcast on BBC Two on 28 April 2007. The special is mix of both a traditional episode, as well as a behind-the-scenes documentary featuring highlights from the sitcom and interviews with cast members, celebrity fans and production staff.
The in-episode storyline focuses on events in the 1950s, in which René is writing his memoirs after the war, and is revisited by several old faces. Gorden Kaye, Vicki Michelle, Sue Hodge, Kirsten Cooke, Arthur Bostrom, Guy Siner, Robin Parkinson, John D. Collins and Nicholas Frankau, while featuring in interviews in the documentary sections, reprised their original roles for the storyline; Sam Kelly and Richard Gibson, and Jeremy Lloyd also contributed to the episode.
Plot
One day in the 1950s, following the end of World War II, cafe owner René Artois is spending his time quietly working on his memoirs within his cafe, and enjoying the peace that has come despite the drop in business when the Germans were defeated. Helped out by his waitress Yvette Carte-Blanche, René works to complete several details he has yet to fill in, and is surprised when he receives visitors. His first visitor, Michelle Dubois, arrives with a Légion d'honneur medal to reward him for his bravery during the war, which she reveals had fallen down a gap while working at Nouvion's post office, while inquiring about the memoir. His second visitor, Officer Crabtree, also inquires about the memoir, but reveals how he found life in France too good to consider returning to England after the war, particularly after becoming a "fluent" French speaker.
His next two visitors turn out to be Mimi Labonq, his former waitress who left the cafe during the war, and Ernest LeClerc, his former pianist, who reveal that the pair married after LeClerc won a fortune in Monte Carlo. Although saddened, René takes an opportunity to embrace Mimi in her husband's absence, before managing to lie his way out of discovery when LeClerc nearly catches them together. His final visitor turns out to be Hubert Gruber, a former lieutenant in the German army who now serves as a chauffeur for Mimi and LeClerc, who is happy with his life but admits he still misses René.
After finally completing his memoirs, René admits to the viewers and audience how much his life changed since the German occupation of Nouvion. Upon learning he is finished, Yvette decides to invite his old friends in to toast his memoir's completition with wine, whereupon, joined by the sudden arrival of British pilots Fairfax and Carstairs, they enjoy their drinks.
Cast
Gorden Kaye as René Artois
Vicki Michelle as Yvette Carte-Blanche
Sue Hodge as Mimi Labonq
Kirsten Cooke as Michelle Dubois
Arthur Bostrom as Officer Crabtree
Guy Siner as Lieutenant Hubert Gruber
Robin Parkinson as Monsieur Ernest LeClerc
John D. Collins as Officer Fairfax
Nicholas Frankau as Officer Carstairs
Richard Gibson as Himself
Sam Kelly as Himself
References
External links
'Allo 'Allo!
2007 British television episodes
2007 in British television
Television episodes set in France
Television episodes about World War II |
```cuda
// your_sha256_hash-------------------------
// NVEnc by rigaya
// your_sha256_hash-------------------------
//
//
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
//
// your_sha256_hash--------------------------
#include <map>
#include <array>
#include "convert_csp.h"
#include "NVEncFilterOverlay.h"
#include "NVEncParam.h"
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning (disable: 4819)
#include "cuda_runtime.h"
#include "device_launch_parameters.h"
#pragma warning (pop)
#include "rgy_cuda_util_kernel.h"
template<typename Type, int bit_depth>
__global__ void kernel_run_overlay_plane(
uint8_t *__restrict__ pDst, const int dstPitch,
const uint8_t *__restrict__ pSrc, const int srcPitch, const int width, const int height,
const uint8_t *__restrict__ pOverlay, const int overlayPitch,
const uint8_t *__restrict__ pAlpha, const int alphaPitch, const int overlayWidth, const int overlayHeight,
const int overlayPosX, const int overlayPosY) {
const int ix = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
const int iy = blockIdx.y * blockDim.y + threadIdx.y;
if (ix < width && iy < height) {
int ret = *(Type *)(pSrc + iy * srcPitch + ix * sizeof(Type));
if ( overlayPosX <= ix && ix < overlayPosX + overlayWidth
&& overlayPosY <= iy && iy < overlayPosY + overlayHeight) {
const int overlaySrc = *(Type *)(pOverlay + (iy - overlayPosY) * overlayPitch + (ix - overlayPosX) * sizeof(Type) );
const int overlayAlpha = *(uint8_t *)(pAlpha + (iy - overlayPosY) * alphaPitch + (ix - overlayPosX) * sizeof(uint8_t));
const float overlayAlphaF = overlayAlpha / 255.0f;
float blend = overlaySrc * overlayAlphaF + ret * (1.0f - overlayAlphaF);
ret = (int)(blend + 0.5f);
}
Type *ptr = (Type *)(pDst + iy * dstPitch + ix * sizeof(Type));
ptr[0] = (Type)clamp(ret, 0, (1 << bit_depth) - 1);
}
}
template<typename Type, int bit_depth>
RGY_ERR run_overlay_plane(
uint8_t *pDst, const int dstPitch,
const uint8_t *pSrc, const int srcPitch, const int width, const int height,
const uint8_t *pOverlay, const int overlayPitch,
const uint8_t *pAlpha, const int alphaPitch, const int overlayWidth, const int overlayHeight,
const int overlayPosX, const int overlayPosY,
cudaStream_t stream) {
dim3 blockSize(64, 8);
dim3 gridSize(divCeil(width, blockSize.x), divCeil(height, blockSize.y));
kernel_run_overlay_plane<Type, bit_depth> << <gridSize, blockSize, 0, stream >> > (
pDst, dstPitch,
pSrc, srcPitch, width, height,
pOverlay, overlayPitch,
pAlpha, alphaPitch, overlayWidth, overlayHeight,
overlayPosX, overlayPosY);
return err_to_rgy(cudaGetLastError());
}
RGY_ERR NVEncFilterOverlay::overlayFrame(RGYFrameInfo *pOutputFrame, const RGYFrameInfo *pInputFrame, cudaStream_t stream) {
auto prm = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<NVEncFilterParamOverlay>(m_param);
if (!prm) {
AddMessage(RGY_LOG_ERROR, _T("Invalid parameter type.\n"));
return RGY_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
}
static const std::map<RGY_CSP, decltype(run_overlay_plane<uint8_t, 8>)*> func_list = {
{ RGY_CSP_YV12, run_overlay_plane<uint8_t, 8> },
{ RGY_CSP_YV12_16, run_overlay_plane<uint16_t, 16> },
{ RGY_CSP_YUV444, run_overlay_plane<uint8_t, 8> },
{ RGY_CSP_YUV444_16, run_overlay_plane<uint16_t, 16> },
};
if (func_list.count(pInputFrame->csp) == 0) {
AddMessage(RGY_LOG_ERROR, _T("unsupported csp %s.\n"), RGY_CSP_NAMES[pInputFrame->csp]);
return RGY_ERR_UNSUPPORTED;
}
for (int iplane = 0; iplane < RGY_CSP_PLANES[pInputFrame->csp]; iplane++) {
const auto planeTarget = (RGY_PLANE)iplane;
auto planeOut = getPlane(pOutputFrame, planeTarget);
const auto planeIn = getPlane(pInputFrame, planeTarget);
const auto planeFrame = getPlane(m_frame.inputPtr, planeTarget);
const auto planeAlpha = getPlane(m_alpha.inputPtr, planeTarget);
const auto posX = (planeTarget != RGY_PLANE_Y && RGY_CSP_CHROMA_FORMAT[pInputFrame->csp] == RGY_CHROMAFMT_YUV420) ? prm->overlay.posX >> 1 : prm->overlay.posX;
const auto posY = (planeTarget != RGY_PLANE_Y && RGY_CSP_CHROMA_FORMAT[pInputFrame->csp] == RGY_CHROMAFMT_YUV420) ? prm->overlay.posY >> 1 : prm->overlay.posY;
auto sts = func_list.at(pInputFrame->csp)(
planeOut.ptr[0], planeOut.pitch[0],
planeIn.ptr[0], planeIn.pitch[0], planeIn.width, planeIn.height,
planeFrame.ptr[0], planeFrame.pitch[0],
planeAlpha.ptr[0], planeAlpha.pitch[0], planeAlpha.width, planeAlpha.height,
posX, posY, stream);
if (sts != RGY_ERR_NONE) {
AddMessage(RGY_LOG_ERROR, _T("error at overlay(%s): %s.\n"),
RGY_CSP_NAMES[pInputFrame->csp],
get_err_mes(sts));
return sts;
}
}
return RGY_ERR_NONE;
}
``` |
```xml
import { basename } from 'path';
import { Node, Project, SyntaxKind } from 'ts-morph';
/**
* For Hydrogen v2, the `server.ts` file exports a signature like:
*
* ```
* export default {
* async fetch(
* request: Request,
* env: Env,
* executionContext: ExecutionContext,
* ): Promise<Response>;
* }
* ```
*
* Here we parse the AST of that file so that we can:
*
* 1. Convert the signature to be compatible with Vercel Edge functions
* (i.e. `export default (res: Response): Promise<Response>`).
*
* 2. Track usages of the `env` parameter which (which gets removed),
* so that we can create that object based on `process.env`.
*/
export function patchHydrogenServer(
project: Project,
serverEntryPoint: string
) {
const sourceFile = project.addSourceFileAtPath(serverEntryPoint);
const defaultExportSymbol = sourceFile.getDescendantsOfKind(
SyntaxKind.ExportAssignment
)[0];
const envProperties: string[] = [];
if (!defaultExportSymbol) {
console.log(
`WARN: No default export found in "${basename(serverEntryPoint)}"`
);
return;
}
const objectLiteral = defaultExportSymbol.getFirstChildByKind(
SyntaxKind.ObjectLiteralExpression
);
if (!Node.isObjectLiteralExpression(objectLiteral)) {
console.log(
`WARN: Default export in "${basename(
serverEntryPoint
)}" does not conform to Oxygen syntax`
);
return;
}
const fetchMethod = objectLiteral.getProperty('fetch');
if (!fetchMethod || !Node.isMethodDeclaration(fetchMethod)) {
console.log(
`WARN: Default export in "${basename(
serverEntryPoint
)}" does not conform to Oxygen syntax`
);
return;
}
const parameters = fetchMethod.getParameters();
// Find usages of the env object within the fetch method
const envParam = parameters[1];
const envParamName = envParam.getName();
if (envParam) {
fetchMethod.forEachDescendant(node => {
if (
Node.isPropertyAccessExpression(node) &&
node.getExpression().getText() === envParamName
) {
envProperties.push(node.getName());
}
});
}
// Vercel does not support the Web Cache API, so find
// and replace `caches.open()` calls with `undefined`
fetchMethod.forEachDescendant(node => {
if (
Node.isCallExpression(node) &&
node.getExpression().getText() === 'caches.open'
) {
node.replaceWithText(`undefined /* ${node.getText()} */`);
}
});
// Remove the 'env' parameter to match Vercel's Edge signature
parameters.splice(1, 1);
// Construct the new function with the parameters and body of the original fetch method
const newFunction = `export default async function(${parameters
.map(p => p.getText())
.join(', ')}) ${fetchMethod.getBody()!.getText()}`;
defaultExportSymbol.replaceWithText(newFunction);
const defaultEnvVars = {
SESSION_SECRET: 'foobar',
PUBLIC_STORE_DOMAIN: 'mock.shop',
};
const envCode = `const env = { ${envProperties
.map(name => `${name}: process.env.${name}`)
.join(', ')} };\n${Object.entries(defaultEnvVars)
.map(
([k, v]) =>
`if (!env.${k}) { env.${k} = ${JSON.stringify(
v
)}; console.warn('Warning: ${JSON.stringify(
k
)} env var not set - using default value ${JSON.stringify(v)}'); }`
)
.join('\n')}`;
const updatedCodeString = sourceFile.getFullText();
return `${envCode}\n${updatedCodeString}`;
}
``` |
Ruscus hyrcanus is a perennial evergreen woody shrub-like or small compact bush plant. It is in the asparagus family.
Description and habitat
The species grows to approximately 30-50 centimeters tall and is very prickly. Stems always are green; ordinary woody, rigid, branched at the end in a whorl with spreading-procumbent branches. Cladodes have a length of 10–25 millimeters; they are flattened, ovate, lanceolate, leathery, rigid, and tapering to a thorn at their extremity; their both sides are shiny green. R. hyrcanus leaves are very reduced, small and bractiform.
The flower is purplish or whitish, dioecious, marcescent with six spreading divisions, and solitary or geminate, arising in the axil of a lanceolate, firm bract on the median rib of the upper face of cladodes. Male flower has three stamens and sweating in a tube; female flower has an ovary with three biovulated lobes. The fruit is a red globular berry, about one centimeter in diameter.
It is native to Iran, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Crimea.
Conservation
The species is of conservation concern in Azerbaijan, where it is listed in the Red Book of Azerbaijan. It is protected on lands such as Hirkan National Park.
References
hyrcanus
Flora of Iran
Flora of Armenia
Flora of Azerbaijan
Flora of the Crimean Peninsula |
Peter Nielsen Ladefoged ( , ; 17 September 1925 – 24 January 2006) was a British linguist and phonetician.
He was Professor of Phonetics at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he taught from 1962 to 1991. His book A Course in Phonetics is a common introductory text in phonetics, and The Sounds of the World's Languages (co-authored with Ian Maddieson) is widely regarded as a standard phonetics reference. Ladefoged also wrote several books on the phonetics of African languages. Prior to UCLA, he was a lecturer at the universities of Edinburgh, Scotland (1953–59, 1960–1) and Ibadan, Nigeria (1959–60).
Early life
Peter Ladefoged was born on 17 September 1925, in Sutton (then in Surrey, now in Greater London), England. He attended Haileybury College from 1938 to 1943, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Cambridge University from 1943 to 1944. He received an MA (1951) and a PhD (1959) in Phonetics from the University of Edinburgh in 1959.
Career
Ladefoged was involved with the phonetics laboratory at UCLA, which he established in 1962. He also was interested in listening to and describing every sound used in spoken human language, which he estimated at 900 consonants and 200 vowels. This research formed the basis of much of The Sounds of the World's Languages. In 1966 Ladefoged moved from the UCLA English Department to join the newly established Linguistics Department.
While at UCLA, Ladefoged was hired as a consultant on the movie My Fair Lady. He wrote the transcriptions that can be seen in Professor Higgins's notebook, and his voice was used in the scenes where Higgins describes vowel pronunciation.
Ladefoged was also a member of the International Phonetic Association for a long time, and was President of the Association from 1986 to 1991. He was deeply involved in maintaining its International Phonetic Alphabet, and was the principal mover of the 1989 International Phonetic Association Kiel Convention. He was also editor of the Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Ladefoged served on the board of directors of the Endangered Language Fund since its inception.
Ladefoged was a founding member of the Association for Laboratory Phonology.
Personal life
Ladefoged married Jenny MacDonald in 1953, a marriage which lasted over 50 years. They had three children: Lise Friedman, a bookseller; Thegn Ladefoged, archaeologist and professor of anthropology at University of Auckland; and Katie Ladefoged, attorney and public defender, residing in Nashville, Tennessee. He also had five grandchildren Zelda Ladefoged, Ethan Friedman, Amy Friedman, Joseph Weiss, and Catherine Weiss.
On May 5, 1970, Ladefoged was arrested and suffered injuries from police while participating in an anti–Vietnam War protest at UCLA. He was initially charged with failure to disperse, but the charge was later changed to assault on a police officer. He was acquitted in the first trial.
Death
Ladefoged died on 24 January 2006 at the age of 80 in hospital in London, England after a research trip to India. He was on his way home to Los Angeles, California from his research trip.
Academic timeline
1953–55: Assistant Lecturer in Phonetics, University of Edinburgh
1955–59: Lecturer in Phonetics, University of Edinburgh
1959–60: Lecturer in Phonetics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
1960–61: Lecturer in Phonetics, University of Edinburgh
1961–62: Field fellow, Linguistic Survey of West Africa, Nigeria
Summer 1960: University of Michigan
Summer 1961: Royal Institute of Technology, [Kungliga Tekniska högskolan or KTH], (Stockholm, Sweden)
1962–63: Assistant Professor of Phonetics, Department of English, UCLA
1962: Established, and directed until 1991, the UCLA Phonetics Laboratory
1963–65: Associate Professor of Phonetics, Department of Linguistics], UCLA
1965–91: Professor of Phonetics, Department of Linguistics, UCLA
1977–80: Chair, Department of Linguistics, UCLA
1991: "retired" to become UCLA Research Linguist, Distinguished Professor of Phonetics Emeritus
2005: Leverhulme Professor, University of Edinburgh
2005–06: Adjunct professor at the University of Southern California (USC)
Academic honours
Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America
Fellow of the American Speech and Hearing Association
Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA 1972
President, Linguistic Society of America, 1978
President of the Permanent Council for the Organization of International Congresses of Phonetic Sciences, 1983–1991
President, International Phonetic Association, 1987–1991
UCLA Research Lecturer 1989
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1990
UCLA College of Letters and Science Faculty Research Lecturer 1991
Gold medal, XIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 1991
Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy 1992
Honorary D.Litt., University of Edinburgh, 1993
Foreign Member, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1993
Silver medal, Acoustical Society of America 1994
Corresponding Fellow, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2001
Honorary D.Sc. Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, 2002
Selected publications
Monograph supplement to Revista do Laboratório de Fonética Experimental da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra(Journal of Experimental Phonetics Laboratory of the Faculty of Arts, University of Coimbra).
Paperback edition 1971. Translation into Japanese, Taishukan Publishing Company, 1976. Second edition, with added chapters on computational phonetics 1996.
Reprinted 1968.
2nd ed 1982, 3rd ed. 1993, 4th ed. 2001, 5th ed. Boston: Thomson/Wadsworth 2006, 6th ed. 2011 (co-author Keith Johnson) Boston: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Japanese translation 2000.
2001, 2nd ed. 2004.
Works involved in or about
George Cukor (director), Alan Jay Lerner (lyricist): My Fair Lady. Motion picture film. (1964).
References
External links
Peter Ladefoged's home page at UCLA
Remembering Peter Ladefoged
1925 births
2006 deaths
People from Sutton, London
Linguists from England
Phoneticians
Speech perception researchers
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
British expatriates in Nigeria
Academic staff of the University of Ibadan
Linguists of Eskaleut languages
Linguists of Muskogean languages
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
20th-century linguists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |
Washington Township is one of nine townships in Pike County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 4,460 and it contained 2,000 housing units.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 97.72%) is land and (or 2.28%) is water. The White River defines the township's northern border, as well as the northern border of Pike County.
Cities, towns, villages
Petersburg
Unincorporated towns
Alford at
Arda at
Ashby Yards at
Rogers at
West Petersburg at
Willisville at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
Cemeteries
The township contains these eight cemeteries: Indian Mound, Johnson, Morrison, Old Town, Old Union, Stuckey, Walnut Hill and Walnut Hill.
Major highways
Airports and landing strips
Whiteriver Airfield
Lakes
Warner Lake
School districts
Pike County School Corporation
Political districts
State House District 64
State Senate District 48
References
United States Census Bureau 2009 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
IndianaMap
External links
Indiana Township Association
United Township Association of Indiana
City-Data.com page for Washington Township
Townships in Pike County, Indiana
Jasper, Indiana micropolitan area
Townships in Indiana |
HMS Javelin was a J-class destroyer of the Royal Navy.
Construction and career
Javelin was laid down by John Brown and Company, Limited, at Clydebank in Scotland on 11 October 1937, launched on 21 December 1938, and commissioned on 10 June 1939 with the pennant number F61.
In May 1940, during Operation Dynamo, Javelin and other destroyers rescued survivors from the sinking of .
At the end of November 1940 the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, consisting of HMS Jupiter, Javelin, Jackal, Jersey, and Kashmir, under Captain Lord Louis Mountbatten, was operating off Plymouth, England. The flotilla engaged the German destroyers Hans Lody, Richard Beitzen, and Karl Galster. Javelin was badly damaged by gunfire and torpedoes fired by the German destroyers, losing both her bow and her stern. Only of Javelins original length remained afloat and she was towed back to harbour. Javelin was out of action for almost a year. Probably arising from this incident, Stoker First Class T Robson was killed and is interred at St Pol de Leon Cemetery, Brittany, France.
Javelin participated in the Operation Ironclad assault on Madagascar in May 1942.
She participated in the failed Operation Vigorous attempt to deliver a supply convoy to Malta, in June 1942. Javelin along with destroyed a flotilla of Italian small ships on the night of 19 January 1943.
Javelin record was marred on 17 October 1945 whilst off Rhodes by an outbreak of indiscipline (a refusal to work by “Hostilities Only” ratings following resentment over a return to pre-war spit-and-polish): one leading rating was charged with mutiny, and several ratings were subsequently court-martialled, though sentences were reduced as the facts became known.
Javelin was sold to the shipbreakers on 11 June 1949, and she was scrapped at Troon in Scotland.
See also
Henry Leach (navigating officer during mutiny; more details at Leach biographic article)
Notes
References
1938 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
J, K and N-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in November 1940
Royal Navy mutinies
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom |
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper (Drymornis bridgesii) is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Taxonomy and systematics
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper is most closely related to the greater scythebill (Drymotoxeres pucheranii). It is the only member of its genus and is monotypic: No subspecies are recognized.
Description
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper is long and weighs . It is a large woodcreeper with a relatively short tail and a long decurved bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have dark rufous ear coverts and a white supercilium and moustachial stripe. Their forehead, crown, and nape are rufous to dark brown, with the nape being slightly lighter with white flecks. Their back, scapulars, and most wing coverts are cinnamon-brown to reddish brown. Their rump, uppertail coverts, and tail are rufous. Their greater primary coverts and flight feathers are darker brown than the back. Their throat is white. Their underparts are reddish brown with bold white streaks that narrow through the belly onto the undertail coverts. The streaks have dark brown edges. Their iris is yellowish or light grayish brown to dark brown, their bill brownish or black with a pinkish base to the mandible, and their legs and feet horn, gray, or dull black. Juveniles have dark and light chestnut streaks on the neck and less well defined streaks than adults on the underparts.
Distribution and habitat
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper is found in extreme southeastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, and through Uruguay south to north-central Argentina. It inhabits the Gran Chaco, Pampas, and Argentine Espinal ecoregions, where it occurs in woodlands, scrublands, thorn forest, and savanna. It also occurs in abandoned pastures and fragmentary woodlands in agricultural areas. In most areas it reaches an elevation of only but in parts of Argentina reaches .
Behavior
Movement
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range, though some post-breeding dispersal is postulated.
Feeding
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper is unique among woodcreepers by foraging mainly on the ground. It does, however, also forage on trees and cacti. Its diet is varied and includes arthropods, other invertebrates like snails, many kinds of vertebrates including frogs, snakes, lizards, and nestling birds, and reptile and bird eggs. It captures some prey by probing into the ground, bromeliads, and holes in trees and cacti, and other prey by grabbing it from the ground surface. It typically forages singly or in pairs. It has been observed in small groups as well, sometimes with other bird species.
Breeding
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper breeds between September and December. It nests in cavities in trees and palms, usually natural ones but also those excavated by woodpeckers, and has been observed using old nests of the rufous hornero (Furnarius rufus). It lines the bottom of the cavity with leaves and bark or wood chips. The clutch size is typically three eggs. The incubation period is about 14 days and fledging occurs about 21 days after hatch. Both sexes build the nest, incubate the eggs, and care for the nestlings.
Vocalization
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper's song is a "downslurred, decelerating series of upslurred whistled notes...tweedle tweedle tweed twee twee". It also sings "an almost level series of overslurred whistled notes...jli jli jli jli jli". Its calls include "sik, tsis-sik, or tsis-sik-sik" and a thrice-repeated "cheedle". Pairs sometimes sing in duet.
Status
The IUCN has assessed the scimitar-billed woodcreeper as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. "Considering that Scimitar-billed Woodcreeper has been classified as an area-sensitive species that could become extinct in smaller fragments, as well as a species sensitive to vegetation structure conditions within patches and to forest fragmentation, further studies are needed to establish its specific habitat requirements throughout its range."
References
scimitar-billed woodcreeper
Birds of Argentina
Birds of Paraguay
Birds of Uruguay
scimitar-billed woodcreeper
scimitar-billed woodcreeper
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The 1958 Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 28 June 1958 at White City Stadium. The winner was Pigalle Wonder and the winning owner Al Burnett received £1,500.
Final result
At White City (over 525 yards):
Distances
2¾, Neck, 4, 4¾, 1 (lengths)
The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. From 1950 one length was equal to 0.08 of one second.
Competition Report
Two brindle dogs called Pigalle Wonder and Mile Bush Pride were heavily involved in the 1958 Derby and would become famous names within the sport of greyhound racing. Pigalle Wonder started his career called Prairie Champion and won the 1957 McCalmont Cup at Kilkenny Greyhound Stadium. He was bought by Al Burnett (owner of the Pigalle Club in London) after clocking 29.10 sec in a 525 yards trial at Harold's Cross Stadium and was renamed Pigalle Wonder. However in the first round he suffered a shock defeat. This defeat led to the bookmakers making Kilcaskin Kern the new Derby favourite, this fawn dog had finished the previous year well and broke the track record in his heat recording 28.63.
Mile Bush Pride had been bought for the Derby by Jack Harvey for Noel Purvis but suffered a minor setback when a corn had to be removed from his foot shortly before the first round which he safely negotiated. The second round brought mixed fortunes for the main contenders, Kilcaskin Kern won but finished lame after the race. Pigalle Wonder and Mile Bush Pride progressed comfortably.
In the semi-finals Kilcaskin Kern was declared fit but failed to progress any further. Mile Bush Pride clipped three spots off the track record set by Kilcaskin Kern before Pigalle Wonder won by 13 lengths, in 28.44, breaking the record once again in the second semi-final.
The Wembley trainers once again dominated proceedings with four finalists, Bob Burls handled two of them, the first time he had trained a Derby finalist. The draw was unkind to Mile Bush Pride and trap one further enhanced the chances of Pigalle Wonder who went off at 4-5 favourite. Northern Lad made the best start and led until the third bend but Pigalle Wonder always in close pursuit took over the lead at that point and drew clear to win by over two lengths. Mile Bush Pride ran on well for third place despite his bad trap draw.
See also
1958 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
References
Greyhound Derby
English Greyhound Derby
English Greyhound Derby
English Greyhound Derby |
The Malasakit Center refers to a chain of one-stop-shop centers for medical and financial assistance provided by various agencies of the Philippine government.
History
The Malasakit Center program was started by the Office of the Special Assistant to the President, led by Bong Go following a directive of President Rodrigo Duterte. The center is meant as a one-stop shop for government medical assistance for indigent Filipinos. The first Malasakit Center opened in February 2018.
When Go was elected Senator in 2019, he continued to promote the Malasakit Center; authoring a bill in the Senate that would institutionalize the center. President Duterte signed into law on December 3, 2019, the Malasakit Center Act, also known as Republic Act No. 11463 which was originally proposed from House Bill no. 5477 . As per law, the government is obliged to establish Malasakit Centers in all hospitals under the Department of Health and the Philippine General Hospital. The legislation also authorizes the Philippine National Police to set up of such facilities.
Services
Eligible indigent Filipinos can avail multiple subsidies from various government agencies in Malasakit Centers. Prior to the establishment of Malasakit Centers, indigents had to fill up multiple documents and go to separate government offices to lessen their medical expenses.
The Malasakit Center processes the availing of subsidies from the following government agencies:
Department of Health
Department of Social Welfare and Development
PhilHealth
Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation
Branches
As of March 4, 2022, there are 151 Malasakit Centers across the Philippines.
References
Medical and health organizations based in the Philippines
2018 establishments in the Philippines
Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
Government aid programs |
Agonum ferreum is a species of ground beetle from Platyninae subfamily, that can be found in the United States.
References
Beetles described in 1843
ferreum
Endemic insects of the United States
Beetles of North America |
Operation Osprey ("Unternehmen Fischadler" in German) was a plan conceived by the German Foreign Ministry and Abwehr II. mid-1942. The plan was an enlargement of Operation Whale ("Unternehmen Wal" in German). Planning took place in the context of American troops landing in Northern Ireland 26 January 1942, and Hitler's immediate fears surrounding this.
Figures and groups involved
Planning for Osprey began after conversations between German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Führer Adolf Hitler in the weeks following the arrival of a contingent of 4,508 US troops and engineers in Belfast commanded by Major-General Russell P. Hartle, the Commanding General of the 34th Division. The German command feared that these forces could set up bases in neutral Ireland. US forces had already compromised the neutrality of both Iceland and Greenland the previous year and it was known by the Germans that pressure had been placed on Éamon de Valera to cede the port in Cobh, and/or side with the British in World War II. German forces had already considered the occupation of Ireland in "Plan Green", but, with the German failure during the Battle of Britain, the launching of Green alongside Operation Sea Lion was still a distant prospect.
Osprey envisioned the use of volunteer commando troops trained in sabotage and British weaponry to go to Ireland in the event of an American invasion and train "Irish partisans", volunteers of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), and any Irish Army units resisting the invasion. Abwehr II. was to have only technical input into the planning and training of this new unit; the Foreign Ministry was to dominate via the Reich's Security Headquarters (RSHA) and have overall control.
Mission plan and training
The mission plan and training schedule for Osprey was drawn up by Director of Amt VI, Walther Schellenberg, who held his brief with the Foreign Political Information Service.
Training took place at the Totenkopf Barracks in Berlin-Oranienburg and consisted of the selection of around 100 volunteers from various SS troop sections. The unit was designated Sonder Lehrgang Oranienburg and consisted of seventy NCOs and thirty private soldiers under the command of Hauptsturmführer Pieter Van Vessem (reportedly a Dutch national). Brandenburg regiment NCO Helmut Clissmann was to test the suitability of these volunteers against Abwehr set benchmarks of foreign language skills and cultural awareness of Ireland/Britain. Each volunteer was given English language training, and British weaponry, sabotage, and explosives training. Clissmann did believe that on the whole the unit would be able to fulfil its mission of providing close tactical support and training for any parties resisting an American invasion.
The Waffen-SS unit was to be inserted into Ireland by parachute using a Focke-Wulf Fw 200 'Condor' once the American invasion began. In addition, as part of Osprey, consideration was given to using selected regular 'Brandenburgers' and two captured Irish Prisoners of War recruited from Friesack Camp. The unit and plan was not put to the test in Ireland because the feared American invasion of Éire territory did not occur.
Despite being cancelled this mission did mark the first entrance of the SS's intelligence service, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) into Irish affairs.
Involvement of the IRA
There was no involvement or prior knowledge of Operation Osprey by the IRA in Ireland, although it is almost certain that Frank Ryan, an ex-IRA volunteer captured by Franco's forces and handed over to the Abwehr, was aware of the mission. His input is thought to have been minimal as ill health on his part had prevented him from taking part in Operation Whale – the precursor to Osprey.
References
Further information and sources
Mark M. Hull, Irish Secrets. German Espionage in Wartime Ireland 1939–1945, 2003,
Enno Stephan, Spies in Ireland, 1963, (reprint)
Abwehr operations involving Ireland
Operation Green (Ireland)
Operation Lobster
Operation Lobster I
Operation Seagull (Ireland)
Operation Seagull I
Operation Seagull II
Operation Whale
Operation Dove (Ireland)
Operation Sea Eagle
Plan Kathleen
Operation Mainau
Operation Innkeeper
See also
The Emergency (Ireland)
Plan W
Oskar Metzke
IRA Abwehr World War II – Main article on IRA Nazi links
Osprey
Osprey
Western European theatre of World War II
Osprey
Independent Ireland in World War II |
```java
/*
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rewrite.token.generator.ddl;
import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.constant.EncryptColumnDataType;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.exception.metadata.EncryptColumnAlterException;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rewrite.token.pojo.EncryptAlterTableToken;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rewrite.token.pojo.EncryptColumnToken;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rule.EncryptRule;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rule.column.EncryptColumn;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rule.column.item.AssistedQueryColumnItem;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rule.column.item.LikeQueryColumnItem;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.rule.table.EncryptTable;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.encrypt.spi.EncryptAlgorithm;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.binder.context.statement.SQLStatementContext;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.binder.context.statement.ddl.AlterTableStatementContext;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.exception.core.ShardingSpherePreconditions;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.rewrite.sql.token.common.generator.CollectionSQLTokenGenerator;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.rewrite.sql.token.common.pojo.SQLToken;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.rewrite.sql.token.common.pojo.Substitutable;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.rewrite.sql.token.common.pojo.generic.RemoveToken;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.sql.parser.statement.core.segment.ddl.column.ColumnDefinitionSegment;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.sql.parser.statement.core.segment.ddl.column.alter.AddColumnDefinitionSegment;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.sql.parser.statement.core.segment.ddl.column.alter.ChangeColumnDefinitionSegment;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.sql.parser.statement.core.segment.ddl.column.alter.DropColumnDefinitionSegment;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.sql.parser.statement.core.segment.ddl.column.alter.ModifyColumnDefinitionSegment;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.sql.parser.statement.core.segment.ddl.column.position.ColumnPositionSegment;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.sql.parser.statement.core.segment.dml.column.ColumnSegment;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
/**
* Alter table token generator for encrypt.
*/
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@Setter
public final class EncryptAlterTableTokenGenerator implements CollectionSQLTokenGenerator<AlterTableStatementContext> {
private final EncryptRule encryptRule;
@Override
public boolean isGenerateSQLToken(final SQLStatementContext sqlStatementContext) {
return sqlStatementContext instanceof AlterTableStatementContext;
}
@Override
public Collection<SQLToken> generateSQLTokens(final AlterTableStatementContext sqlStatementContext) {
String tableName = sqlStatementContext.getSqlStatement().getTable().getTableName().getIdentifier().getValue();
EncryptTable encryptTable = encryptRule.getEncryptTable(tableName);
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>(getAddColumnTokens(encryptTable, sqlStatementContext.getSqlStatement().getAddColumnDefinitions()));
result.addAll(getModifyColumnTokens(encryptTable, sqlStatementContext.getSqlStatement().getModifyColumnDefinitions()));
result.addAll(getChangeColumnTokens(encryptTable, sqlStatementContext.getSqlStatement().getChangeColumnDefinitions()));
List<SQLToken> dropColumnTokens = getDropColumnTokens(encryptTable, sqlStatementContext.getSqlStatement().getDropColumnDefinitions());
String databaseName = sqlStatementContext.getDatabaseType().getType();
if ("SQLServer".equals(databaseName)) {
result.addAll(mergeDropColumnStatement(dropColumnTokens, "", ""));
} else if ("Oracle".equals(databaseName)) {
result.addAll(mergeDropColumnStatement(dropColumnTokens, "(", ")"));
} else {
result.addAll(dropColumnTokens);
}
return result;
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getAddColumnTokens(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final Collection<AddColumnDefinitionSegment> segments) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
for (AddColumnDefinitionSegment each : segments) {
result.addAll(getAddColumnTokens(encryptTable, each));
}
return result;
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getAddColumnTokens(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final AddColumnDefinitionSegment segment) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
for (ColumnDefinitionSegment each : segment.getColumnDefinitions()) {
String columnName = each.getColumnName().getIdentifier().getValue();
if (encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(columnName)) {
result.addAll(getAddColumnTokens(encryptTable.getEncryptColumn(columnName), segment, each));
}
}
getAddColumnPositionToken(encryptTable, segment).ifPresent(result::add);
return result;
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getAddColumnTokens(final EncryptColumn encryptColumn,
final AddColumnDefinitionSegment addColumnDefinitionSegment, final ColumnDefinitionSegment columnDefinitionSegment) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
result.add(new RemoveToken(columnDefinitionSegment.getStartIndex(), columnDefinitionSegment.getStopIndex()));
result.add(new EncryptColumnToken(columnDefinitionSegment.getStopIndex() + 1, columnDefinitionSegment.getStopIndex(),
encryptColumn.getCipher().getName(), EncryptColumnDataType.DEFAULT_DATA_TYPE));
encryptColumn.getAssistedQuery().map(optional -> new EncryptColumnToken(addColumnDefinitionSegment.getStopIndex() + 1,
addColumnDefinitionSegment.getStopIndex(), ", ADD COLUMN " + optional.getName(), EncryptColumnDataType.DEFAULT_DATA_TYPE)).ifPresent(result::add);
encryptColumn.getLikeQuery().map(optional -> new EncryptColumnToken(addColumnDefinitionSegment.getStopIndex() + 1,
addColumnDefinitionSegment.getStopIndex(), ", ADD COLUMN " + optional.getName(), EncryptColumnDataType.DEFAULT_DATA_TYPE)).ifPresent(result::add);
return result;
}
private Optional<SQLToken> getAddColumnPositionToken(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final AddColumnDefinitionSegment segment) {
Optional<ColumnPositionSegment> columnPositionSegment = segment.getColumnPosition().filter(optional -> null != optional.getColumnName());
if (columnPositionSegment.isPresent()) {
String columnName = columnPositionSegment.get().getColumnName().getIdentifier().getValue();
if (encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(columnName)) {
return Optional.of(getPositionColumnToken(encryptTable.getEncryptColumn(columnName), segment.getColumnPosition().get()));
}
}
return Optional.empty();
}
private EncryptAlterTableToken getPositionColumnToken(final EncryptColumn encryptColumn, final ColumnPositionSegment segment) {
return new EncryptAlterTableToken(segment.getColumnName().getStartIndex(), segment.getStopIndex(), encryptColumn.getCipher().getName(), null);
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getModifyColumnTokens(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final Collection<ModifyColumnDefinitionSegment> segments) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
for (ModifyColumnDefinitionSegment each : segments) {
String columnName = each.getColumnDefinition().getColumnName().getIdentifier().getValue();
ShardingSpherePreconditions.checkState(!encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(columnName), () -> new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported operation 'modify' for the cipher column"));
each.getColumnPosition().flatMap(optional -> getColumnPositionToken(encryptTable, optional)).ifPresent(result::add);
}
return result;
}
private Optional<SQLToken> getColumnPositionToken(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final ColumnPositionSegment segment) {
if (null == segment.getColumnName()) {
return Optional.empty();
}
String columnName = segment.getColumnName().getIdentifier().getValue();
return encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(columnName) ? Optional.of(getPositionColumnToken(encryptTable.getEncryptColumn(columnName), segment)) : Optional.empty();
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getChangeColumnTokens(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final Collection<ChangeColumnDefinitionSegment> segments) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
for (ChangeColumnDefinitionSegment each : segments) {
String columnName = each.getPreviousColumn().getIdentifier().getValue();
ShardingSpherePreconditions.checkState(!encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(columnName), () -> new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported operation 'change' for the cipher column"));
result.addAll(getChangeColumnTokens(encryptTable, each));
each.getColumnPosition().flatMap(optional -> getColumnPositionToken(encryptTable, optional)).ifPresent(result::add);
}
return result;
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getChangeColumnTokens(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final ChangeColumnDefinitionSegment segment) {
String previousColumnName = segment.getPreviousColumn().getIdentifier().getValue();
String columnName = segment.getColumnDefinition().getColumnName().getIdentifier().getValue();
isSameEncryptColumn(encryptTable, previousColumnName, columnName);
if (!encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(columnName) || !encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(previousColumnName)) {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
EncryptColumn previousEncryptColumn = encryptTable.getEncryptColumn(previousColumnName);
EncryptColumn encryptColumn = encryptTable.getEncryptColumn(columnName);
result.addAll(getPreviousColumnTokens(previousEncryptColumn, segment));
result.addAll(getColumnTokens(previousEncryptColumn, encryptColumn, segment));
return result;
}
private void isSameEncryptColumn(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final String previousColumnName, final String columnName) {
Optional<EncryptAlgorithm> previousEncryptor = encryptTable.findEncryptor(previousColumnName);
Optional<EncryptAlgorithm> currentEncryptor = encryptTable.findEncryptor(columnName);
if (!previousEncryptor.isPresent() && !currentEncryptor.isPresent()) {
return;
}
ShardingSpherePreconditions.checkState(previousEncryptor.equals(currentEncryptor) && checkPreviousAndAfterHasSameColumnNumber(encryptTable, previousColumnName, columnName),
() -> new EncryptColumnAlterException(encryptTable.getTable(), columnName, previousColumnName));
}
private boolean checkPreviousAndAfterHasSameColumnNumber(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final String previousColumnName, final String columnName) {
EncryptColumn previousEncryptColumn = encryptTable.getEncryptColumn(previousColumnName);
EncryptColumn encryptColumn = encryptTable.getEncryptColumn(columnName);
if (previousEncryptColumn.getAssistedQuery().isPresent() && !encryptColumn.getAssistedQuery().isPresent()) {
return false;
}
if (previousEncryptColumn.getLikeQuery().isPresent() && !encryptColumn.getLikeQuery().isPresent()) {
return false;
}
return previousEncryptColumn.getAssistedQuery().isPresent() || !encryptColumn.getAssistedQuery().isPresent();
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getPreviousColumnTokens(final EncryptColumn previousEncryptColumn, final ChangeColumnDefinitionSegment segment) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
result.add(new RemoveToken(segment.getPreviousColumn().getStartIndex(), segment.getPreviousColumn().getStopIndex()));
result.add(new EncryptAlterTableToken(segment.getPreviousColumn().getStopIndex() + 1, segment.getPreviousColumn().getStopIndex(), previousEncryptColumn.getCipher().getName(), null));
return result;
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getColumnTokens(final EncryptColumn previousEncryptColumn, final EncryptColumn encryptColumn, final ChangeColumnDefinitionSegment segment) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
result.add(new RemoveToken(segment.getColumnDefinition().getColumnName().getStartIndex(), segment.getColumnDefinition().getStopIndex()));
result.add(new EncryptColumnToken(segment.getColumnDefinition().getStopIndex() + 1, segment.getColumnDefinition().getStopIndex(),
encryptColumn.getCipher().getName(), EncryptColumnDataType.DEFAULT_DATA_TYPE));
previousEncryptColumn.getAssistedQuery().map(optional -> new EncryptColumnToken(segment.getStopIndex() + 1, segment.getStopIndex(),
", CHANGE COLUMN " + optional.getName() + " " + encryptColumn.getAssistedQuery().map(AssistedQueryColumnItem::getName).orElse(""),
EncryptColumnDataType.DEFAULT_DATA_TYPE)).ifPresent(result::add);
previousEncryptColumn.getLikeQuery().map(optional -> new EncryptColumnToken(segment.getStopIndex() + 1, segment.getStopIndex(),
", CHANGE COLUMN " + optional.getName() + " " + encryptColumn.getLikeQuery().map(LikeQueryColumnItem::getName).orElse(""),
EncryptColumnDataType.DEFAULT_DATA_TYPE)).ifPresent(result::add);
return result;
}
private List<SQLToken> getDropColumnTokens(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final Collection<DropColumnDefinitionSegment> segments) {
List<SQLToken> result = new ArrayList<>();
for (DropColumnDefinitionSegment each : segments) {
result.addAll(getDropColumnTokens(encryptTable, each));
}
return result;
}
private Collection<SQLToken> getDropColumnTokens(final EncryptTable encryptTable, final DropColumnDefinitionSegment segment) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
for (ColumnSegment each : segment.getColumns()) {
ShardingSpherePreconditions.checkState(!encryptTable.isEncryptColumn(each.getQualifiedName()),
() -> new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported operation 'drop' for the cipher column"));
}
return result;
}
private Collection<SQLToken> mergeDropColumnStatement(final List<SQLToken> dropSQLTokens, final String leftJoiner, final String rightJoiner) {
Collection<SQLToken> result = new LinkedList<>();
Collection<String> dropColumns = new LinkedList<>();
int lastStartIndex = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < dropSQLTokens.size(); i++) {
SQLToken token = dropSQLTokens.get(i);
if (token instanceof RemoveToken) {
result.add(0 == i ? token : new RemoveToken(lastStartIndex, ((RemoveToken) token).getStopIndex()));
} else {
EncryptAlterTableToken encryptAlterTableToken = (EncryptAlterTableToken) token;
dropColumns.add(encryptAlterTableToken.getColumnName());
if (i == dropSQLTokens.size() - 1) {
result.add(new EncryptAlterTableToken(token.getStartIndex(), encryptAlterTableToken.getStopIndex(), leftJoiner + String.join(",", dropColumns) + rightJoiner, "DROP COLUMN"));
}
}
lastStartIndex = ((Substitutable) token).getStartIndex();
}
return result;
}
}
``` |
Spelling-Goldberg Productions was an American television production company established on May 1, 1972 by Aaron Spelling and Screen Gems' top TV executive Leonard Goldberg. They produced series during the 1970s like Family, Starsky & Hutch, T. J. Hooker, S.W.A.T., Charlie's Angels, Fantasy Island, and Hart to Hart. Spelling's other companies, Aaron Spelling Productions (later known as Spelling Entertainment and Spelling Television) and Thomas-Spelling Productions, co-existed at the same time period and produced other well-known shows. A majority of the series produced by Spelling-Goldberg originally aired on ABC.
History
In 1973, Spelling-Goldberg struck a deal with Metromedia Producers Corporation to distribute the post-1973 output for off-net syndication, including TV movies and the new Chopper One. It was involved in a lawsuit with Worldvision Enterprises (previously ABC Films), the very first distributor of The Rookies; following the lawsuit, domestic syndication of The Rookies would be contracted out to Viacom Enterprises, which would distribute the program through the 1990s.
Spelling and Goldberg decided to part ways, and on June 27, 1977, the duo sold four of its series to Columbia Pictures Television including S.W.A.T., Starsky & Hutch, Charlie's Angels and Family. On May 17, 1982, the company was sold to Columbia Pictures for more than $40 million. Sony Pictures Television currently owns the Spelling-Goldberg television library (including the television series which were co-produced by Columbia Pictures Television). By May 1986, all of the Spelling-Goldberg's active operations went out of business after the last episode of T.J. Hooker aired.
In 2015, many of these series are now seen on Cozi TV.
List of programs
TV shows
All series today are owned and distributed by Sony Pictures Television. All series were previously distributed by Columbia Pictures Television and its successors (except for The Rookies, which was originally syndicated by Viacom Enterprises). Some programs were previously distributed outside the United States through Metromedia Producers Corporation and that company's successor, 20th Television.
The Rookies (1972–1976)
Chopper One (1974)
S.W.A.T. (1975–1976)
Starsky & Hutch (1975–1979)
Charlie's Angels (1976–1981)
Family (1976–1980)
Fantasy Island (1977–1984, original series co-produced with Columbia Pictures Television)
Hart to Hart (1979–1984)
T. J. Hooker (1982–1986)
Made for TV movies
For The ABC Movie of the Week
The Daughters of Joshua Cabe (1972)
No Place to Run (1972)
Say Goodbye, Maggie Cole (1972)
The Bounty Man (1972)
Home for the Holidays (1972)
A Cold Night's Death (1973)
Snatched (1973)
The Great American Beauty Contest (1973)
The Bait (1973)
The Letters (1973)
Satan's School for Girls (1973)
Hijack (1973)
Letters from Three Lovers (1973)
The Affair (1973)
The Girl Who Came Gift-Wrapped (1974)
The Death Squad (1974)
Cry Panic (1974)
Savages (1974)
Death Sentence (1974)
Hit Lady (1974)
Death Cruise (1974)
Only with Married Men (1974)
The Daughters of Joshua Cable Return (1975)
For The ABC [Insert Day] Night Movie
See The ABC Monday Night Movie and The ABC Sunday Night Movie
Murder on Flight 502 (1975)
The Legend of Valentino (1975)
One of My Wives is Missing (1976)
Charlie's Angels (1976)
The New Daughters of Joshua Cabe (1976)
Death at Love House (1976)
33 Hours in the Life of God (1976)
The Sad and Lonely Sundays (1976)
The Boy in the Plastic Bubble (1976)
Little Ladies of the Night (1977)
Beach Patrol (1979)
Others
Stone (1973 failed pilot starring Robert Hooke)
California Split (1974 theatrical film released by Columbia Pictures)
Where's the Fire? (1975 comedy pilot)
Baby Blue Marine (1976 theatrical film released by Columbia Pictures)
See also
Spelling Television
Columbia Pictures Television
Metromedia Producers Corporation
References
Bibliography
Perry, Jeb H. (1991). Screen Gems: A History of Columbia Pictures Television from Cohn to Coke, 1948-1983. .
Television production companies of the United States
Sony Pictures Television |
In Catholic spirituality, spiritual dryness or desolation is a lack of spiritual consolation in one's spiritual life. It is a form of spiritual crisis experienced subjectively as a sense of separation from God or lack of spiritual feeling, especially during contemplative prayer. It is thought that spiritual dryness can lead to greater love of God.
Catholicism
The Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) describes spiritual dryness as a difficulty sometimes experienced in one's prayer life, which may lead to discouragement. Dryness can expose a lack of "rootedness" in the faith, but also provides an opportunity to cling more strongly to God. The CCC makes reference to the seed that fell on the rocks in Parable of the Sower, as well as to the Grain of Wheat allegory found in the Gospel of John. The Catholic Encyclopedia calls it a form of "passive purification," the fruit of which is "the purification of love, until the soul is so inflamed with love of God that it feels as if wounded and languishes with the desire to love Him still more intensely."
The theme of spiritual dryness can be found in the Book of Job, the Psalms, the experiences of the Prophets, and many passages of the New Testament, as illustrated above.
Judaism
The Nefesh Hachaim deals with this issue, as do the Hassic and Mussar movements. Books that write about it include Chovas Hatalmidim
Description by saints
A number of Catholic saints have written about their experiences of spiritual dryness. In the 16th century, Saint John of the Cross famously described it as "the Dark Night of the Soul". The 17th-century Benedictine mystic Fr. Augustine Baker called it the "great desolation". Mother Teresa's diaries show that she experienced spiritual dryness for most of her life.
See also
Mystical theology
State (theology)
References
Catholic spirituality
Christian prayer
Practical theology |
Erbessa avara is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1899. It is found in Ecuador.
The larvae feed on Miconia species.
References
Moths described in 1899
Notodontidae of South America |
A milk churn stand was a standard-height platform on which milk churns would be placed for collection by cart or lorry. Some were simple and made of wood, but the majority were built from stone or concrete blocks. They were once a common roadside sight in Britain in areas which carried out dairy farming, but collection of milk churns from stands ceased in Britain in 1979. Many have survived, some being renovated to memorialise the practice, while others have been dismantled or left to decay.
Description
Milk churn stands could be made of wood, or were more permanent structures built from concrete or stone blocks. Many were simple cubic structures. Some had steps leading up to them, or just a foothole to reach the platform while some could be considerably more elaborate. The simple purpose of the stand was to facilitate collection of milk churns by cart or lorry and so were built at a convenient height for easy transfer. A conical churn weighing would weigh full. A later, standard, and lighter churn might contain ,
of milk, weighing about full. Once the full churns had been removed they were replaced by the haulier with empty ones for refilling by the next collection time. The full churns would then be transported directly by road to the dairy, or indirectly by rail.
The origin of the milk churn stand probably dates back at least into the 19th century when commercial trade in milk became widespread, dairies became larger enterprises and widespread distribution was facilitated by rail and improving road networks.
Cessation
In the United Kingdom churn collection ceased in 1970 and all milk was collected by tanker; thus, the stands were no longer needed.
Fate
Many milk churn stands would have been lost during road improvement schemes owing to their proximity to the roadside but many were left in situ to slowly decay; thus there are few original wooden examples. However, many made from more durable materials such as concrete or stone have survived and can be seen throughout the country and, indeed, in other countries. Some have been renovated as reminders of the former widespread practice, while some replica stands have been erected for the same reason in stone (such as the example at Wadenhoe) and the reinstatement or removal of some has even been the subject of planning application. Some milk churn stands have been recorded as historical monuments by regional bodies and the National Archives.
References
Dairy farming
Dairy farming in the United Kingdom
Milk
Milk containers |
Denzil F. Dowell (April 4, 1944 – April 1, 1967), was an African-American resident of North Richmond, California, who was shot and killed by an officer of the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Department.
According to the media and police, at about 5 a.m. on April 1, 1967, two sheriff's deputies responded to a telephone call that a burglary was in progress at a liquor store in North Richmond, CA. Upon arrival at the location, one deputy spotted two suspects and ordered them to halt. They fled and the deputy fired one shotgun blast. Denzil F. Dowell was struck and killed. The second suspect escaped. A hole was found broken through the cement wall of the liquor store, and various burglary tools were found at the spot the two suspects were first seen. A coroner's inquest was held to investigate the shooting. It was ruled a justifiable homicide on April 14, 1967. The ruling was made unanimously by a jury of 10 white and two black citizens after 30 minutes of deliberation.
The Black Panther Party (BPP) noted multiple inconsistencies with the case, notably:
Denzil Dowell was unarmed, so, therefore, six bullet holes and shotgun blasts cannot be considered "justifiable homicide."
The media and police said three shots were fired, while the coroner and witnesses described six to ten shots.
The media and police said it occurred from 4:49 AM to 5:01 AM, yet witnesses say it occurred around 3:50 AM, around an hour earlier than what the police claimed.
Only Richmond police were first at the scene, not until 4:50 AM were Martinez sheriffs seen on the scene.
The police had reported that Denzil ran and jumped a fence, then attempted to jump another and was then shot. The Dowell family reported that he had injured his hip in a car accident, and had trouble running after leaving the hospital. Therefore, he wouldn't have been able to jump the first fence, nor run. All of that, supposedly, while he had a hammer in hand.
The lot that Denzil supposedly ran across was a junkyard filled with car parts, grease, and oil, but no grease or oil was found on his shoes.
The coroner reported that Denzil had bled to death, yet Denzil's sister reports very little blood.
No attempt had been made to call an ambulance or revive Denzil by the policemen.
The Dowell family was denied the right to have Denzil's clothing or take pictures of his body to verify the number of bullet holes for themselves.
The media had announced a "justifiable homicide" two hours before the jury gave its verdict. The foreman on the jury could not read.
The policeman had a prior connection to Denzil. He had shouted, "Denzil Dowell, give me your identification."
Denzil's mother stated "I believe the police murdered my son."
The event led to a street rally organized by the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. During the rally 15 armed members of the Black Panther Party held a street rally to protest against police brutality. This event helped to establish the Black Panthers in the national spotlight. It also provided the content for the first edition of the BPP newspaper, The Black Panther, which was published in April 1967 with a headline about the killing of Denzil Dowell.
References
External links
Why Was Denzil Dowell Killed April First 3.50 a.m.
1944 births
1967 deaths
1967 in California
Crime in the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Richmond, California
African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States |
Horbruch is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Herrstein-Rhaunen, whose seat is in Herrstein.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies in the Hunsrück northwest of the 746 m-high Idarkopf. The municipal area is 44.3% wooded, and its elevation is 460 m above sea level.
Neighbouring municipalities
Horbruch borders in the north on the municipality of Hirschfeld (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis), in the east on the municipality of Krummenau and in the west on the municipality of Hochscheid (Bernkastel-Wittlich district).
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Horbruch are the outlying homesteads of Bergmühle, Emmerichsmühle, Forsthaus Horbruch, Hockenmühle and Neumühle.
History
Archaeological digs have been undertaken at a number of barrows in the cadastral area known as the Feldmark, up from the Marienmühle (mill), dating from protohistoric times. Unearthed here were grave goods in the form of remnants of cutting and thrusting weapons as well as a few almost intact pieces of jewellery in typical Celtic ornamental style. Moreover, over on the north slope of the Idar Forest, not three kilometres from the village, in the Koppelbach's headwaters, a temple, likewise from Celtic times, was dug up. This was dedicated to Sirona and was later expanded by the Romans in the 2nd century AD. Unearthed here were a votive altar and almost life-size statues of the healing goddess Sirona and the god Apollo Grannus. Once running by Horbruch's southern outskirts was the most important overland link between the Roman towns of Augusta Treverorum (Trier) and Moguntiacum (Mainz). Another road, Bundesstraße 327, also called the Hunsrückhöhenstraße (“Hunsrück Heights Road”), is a scenic road across the Hunsrück built originally as a military road on Hermann Göring’s orders; it runs parallel to the old Roman road.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
Mayor
Horbruch’s mayor is Klaus-Peter Hepp.
Coat of arms
The German blazon reads:
The municipality’s arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per bend sinister sable a bugle-horn bendwise sinister Or and chequy gules and argent.
The charge on the dexter (armsbearer’s right, viewer’s left) side, the horn, is drawn from Horbruch’s 18th-century court seal, whose original stamp is in private ownership in the municipality. It might also be a canting charge for the village’s name (“horn” is also Horn in German, as can be noted in the German blazon), but this is unclear. The “chequy” pattern on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the “Hinder” County of Sponheim.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Kleinicher Weg 8 – fully slated house, late 19th century
Oberdorf 3 – Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street), partly timber-frame slated, marked 1867, expanded with commercial wings; whole complex
Oberdorf 10 – timber-frame Quereinhaus (partly plastered), hipped mansard roof, about 1800; timber-frame commercial wing less old
Unterdorf 1 – representative house, late 19th century
Unterdorf 6 – community house, asymmetrical plastered building, 1928
Unterdorf 8 – hook-shaped estate, about 1888; timber-frame building on solid pedestal, partly plastered or slated
Bergmühle (mill), southeast of the village on the Altbach – stately Baroque building with mansard roof, marked 1804 (relocation), essentially possibly from the 16th century; millpond
Marienmühle (mill), south of the village on the Altbach – timber-frame building, slated, on solid pedestal ground floor, technical equipment largely preserved, 19th century
Economy and infrastructure
Public institutions
Horbruch has a kindergarten and a village community centre.
Transport
Serving Idar-Oberstein is a railway station on the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Saarbrücken). To the north lie Bundesstraße 50 and Frankfurt-Hahn Airport.
References
External links
Horbruch in the collective municipality’s webpages
Birkenfeld (district) |
Events from the year 1228 in Ireland.
Incumbent
Lord: Henry III
Deaths
Henry de Loundres, an Anglo-Norman churchman who was Archbishop of Dublin, from 1213 to 1228.
References |
```less
/**
* path_to_url#custom-mq
* rem font-size font-size px
* JavaScript breakpoint.less CSS
*
* xs=0px
* sm: <600px
* md>=600px & <840px
* lg>=840px & <1080px
* xl>=1080px & < 1920px
* xxl>=1920px
*/
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-xs (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 599.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-sm-down (max-width: 599.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-sm (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 839.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-sm-up (min-width: 600px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-md-down (max-width: 839.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-md (min-width: 840px) and (max-width: 1079.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-md-up (min-width: 840px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-lg-down (max-width: 1079.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-lg (min-width: 1080px) and (max-width: 1439.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-lg-up (min-width: 1080px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-xl-down (max-width: 1439.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-xl (min-width: 1440px) and (max-width: 1919.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-xl-up (min-width: 1440px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-xxl-down (max-width: 1919.98px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-xxl (min-width: 1920px);
@custom-media --mdui-viewport-xxl-up (min-width: 1920px);
``` |
```go
// Code generated by counterfeiter. DO NOT EDIT.
package fake
import (
"sync"
"github.com/hyperledger/fabric-protos-go/common"
"github.com/hyperledger/fabric-protos-go/orderer"
"github.com/hyperledger/fabric/common/deliverclient/orderers"
"github.com/hyperledger/fabric/common/deliverclient/blocksprovider"
)
type DeliverClientRequester struct {
ConnectStub func(*common.Envelope, *orderers.Endpoint) (orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient, func(), error)
connectMutex sync.RWMutex
connectArgsForCall []struct {
arg1 *common.Envelope
arg2 *orderers.Endpoint
}
connectReturns struct {
result1 orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient
result2 func()
result3 error
}
connectReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
result1 orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient
result2 func()
result3 error
}
SeekInfoHeadersFromStub func(uint64) (*common.Envelope, error)
seekInfoHeadersFromMutex sync.RWMutex
seekInfoHeadersFromArgsForCall []struct {
arg1 uint64
}
seekInfoHeadersFromReturns struct {
result1 *common.Envelope
result2 error
}
seekInfoHeadersFromReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
result1 *common.Envelope
result2 error
}
invocations map[string][][]interface{}
invocationsMutex sync.RWMutex
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) Connect(arg1 *common.Envelope, arg2 *orderers.Endpoint) (orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient, func(), error) {
fake.connectMutex.Lock()
ret, specificReturn := fake.connectReturnsOnCall[len(fake.connectArgsForCall)]
fake.connectArgsForCall = append(fake.connectArgsForCall, struct {
arg1 *common.Envelope
arg2 *orderers.Endpoint
}{arg1, arg2})
stub := fake.ConnectStub
fakeReturns := fake.connectReturns
fake.recordInvocation("Connect", []interface{}{arg1, arg2})
fake.connectMutex.Unlock()
if stub != nil {
return stub(arg1, arg2)
}
if specificReturn {
return ret.result1, ret.result2, ret.result3
}
return fakeReturns.result1, fakeReturns.result2, fakeReturns.result3
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) ConnectCallCount() int {
fake.connectMutex.RLock()
defer fake.connectMutex.RUnlock()
return len(fake.connectArgsForCall)
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) ConnectCalls(stub func(*common.Envelope, *orderers.Endpoint) (orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient, func(), error)) {
fake.connectMutex.Lock()
defer fake.connectMutex.Unlock()
fake.ConnectStub = stub
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) ConnectArgsForCall(i int) (*common.Envelope, *orderers.Endpoint) {
fake.connectMutex.RLock()
defer fake.connectMutex.RUnlock()
argsForCall := fake.connectArgsForCall[i]
return argsForCall.arg1, argsForCall.arg2
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) ConnectReturns(result1 orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient, result2 func(), result3 error) {
fake.connectMutex.Lock()
defer fake.connectMutex.Unlock()
fake.ConnectStub = nil
fake.connectReturns = struct {
result1 orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient
result2 func()
result3 error
}{result1, result2, result3}
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) ConnectReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient, result2 func(), result3 error) {
fake.connectMutex.Lock()
defer fake.connectMutex.Unlock()
fake.ConnectStub = nil
if fake.connectReturnsOnCall == nil {
fake.connectReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
result1 orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient
result2 func()
result3 error
})
}
fake.connectReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
result1 orderer.AtomicBroadcast_DeliverClient
result2 func()
result3 error
}{result1, result2, result3}
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) SeekInfoHeadersFrom(arg1 uint64) (*common.Envelope, error) {
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Lock()
ret, specificReturn := fake.seekInfoHeadersFromReturnsOnCall[len(fake.seekInfoHeadersFromArgsForCall)]
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromArgsForCall = append(fake.seekInfoHeadersFromArgsForCall, struct {
arg1 uint64
}{arg1})
stub := fake.SeekInfoHeadersFromStub
fakeReturns := fake.seekInfoHeadersFromReturns
fake.recordInvocation("SeekInfoHeadersFrom", []interface{}{arg1})
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Unlock()
if stub != nil {
return stub(arg1)
}
if specificReturn {
return ret.result1, ret.result2
}
return fakeReturns.result1, fakeReturns.result2
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) SeekInfoHeadersFromCallCount() int {
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.RLock()
defer fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.RUnlock()
return len(fake.seekInfoHeadersFromArgsForCall)
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) SeekInfoHeadersFromCalls(stub func(uint64) (*common.Envelope, error)) {
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Lock()
defer fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Unlock()
fake.SeekInfoHeadersFromStub = stub
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) SeekInfoHeadersFromArgsForCall(i int) uint64 {
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.RLock()
defer fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.RUnlock()
argsForCall := fake.seekInfoHeadersFromArgsForCall[i]
return argsForCall.arg1
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) SeekInfoHeadersFromReturns(result1 *common.Envelope, result2 error) {
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Lock()
defer fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Unlock()
fake.SeekInfoHeadersFromStub = nil
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromReturns = struct {
result1 *common.Envelope
result2 error
}{result1, result2}
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) SeekInfoHeadersFromReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 *common.Envelope, result2 error) {
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Lock()
defer fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.Unlock()
fake.SeekInfoHeadersFromStub = nil
if fake.seekInfoHeadersFromReturnsOnCall == nil {
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
result1 *common.Envelope
result2 error
})
}
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
result1 *common.Envelope
result2 error
}{result1, result2}
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) Invocations() map[string][][]interface{} {
fake.invocationsMutex.RLock()
defer fake.invocationsMutex.RUnlock()
fake.connectMutex.RLock()
defer fake.connectMutex.RUnlock()
fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.RLock()
defer fake.seekInfoHeadersFromMutex.RUnlock()
copiedInvocations := map[string][][]interface{}{}
for key, value := range fake.invocations {
copiedInvocations[key] = value
}
return copiedInvocations
}
func (fake *DeliverClientRequester) recordInvocation(key string, args []interface{}) {
fake.invocationsMutex.Lock()
defer fake.invocationsMutex.Unlock()
if fake.invocations == nil {
fake.invocations = map[string][][]interface{}{}
}
if fake.invocations[key] == nil {
fake.invocations[key] = [][]interface{}{}
}
fake.invocations[key] = append(fake.invocations[key], args)
}
var _ blocksprovider.DeliverClientRequester = new(DeliverClientRequester)
``` |
The long-footed rat (Tarsomys apoensis) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found only in the highlands of Mindanao, Philippines, including Mount Apo, Mount Kitanglad, and Mount Malindang.
References
Tarsomys
Rats of Asia
Endemic fauna of the Philippines
Fauna of Mindanao
Rodents of the Philippines
Mammals described in 1901
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
NDL is a three letter acronym that may stand for: Niko Defence League
Sports
National Disability League, a multi-display sports tournament
National Dodgeball League, U.S.
National Development League, British third tier speedway league
Transportation
Nandyal railway station, Andhra Pradesh, India
Needles (Amtrak station), Needles, California, USA
North Dulwich railway station, London, England
N'Délé Airport (IATA: NDL), Central African Republic
Other uses
Ndl (trigraph), used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet to write Hmong
Collège Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
Ndolo dialect (ISO 639:ndl), a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
National Diet Library, the national library of Japan
No Decompression Limit, the time interval that a scuba diver may theoretically spend at a given depth without having to perform any decompression stops
Norddeutscher Lloyd (1858–1970), a German steamship company
Norwegian Defence League, (politics, Norway) a Norwegian offshoot of the European Defence League
Niko Defence League an anti EDL group started by YouTuber Niko Omilana (pronounced Ni-ck-oh Om-ih-lana)
See also
NDLS (disambiguation) |
Rialto Beach is a public beach located on the Pacific Ocean in Washington state. It is adjacent to Mora Campground in the Olympic National Park near the mouth of the Quillayute River, and is composed of an ocean beach and coastal forest. The many miles of seaside topography offer views of sea stacks and rock formations in the Pacific Ocean.
Rialto Beach is north of the Quillayute River. To the south of the river is La Push Beach.
The beach was named "Rialto" by the famous magician Claude Alexander Conlin after the Rialto theater chain. Conlin had a home in the 1920s at Mora, overlooking the beach and ocean, until it burned in the 1930s leaving no trace as of 1967.
Rialto Beach also features a tree graveyard, with hundreds of tree trunks deposited by storms.
Hole-in-the-Wall
Hole-in-the-Wall is a rock arch near Rialto Beach, and is a popular attraction. It was formed by erosion from the sea surf and waves.
References
External links
Olympic National Park
Beaches of Washington (state) |
```smalltalk
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff.PhotometricInterpretation;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.Formats.Tiff.PhotometricInterpretation;
[Trait("Format", "Tiff")]
public class BlackIsZeroTiffColorTests : PhotometricInterpretationTestBase
{
private static readonly Rgba32 Gray000 = new(0, 0, 0, 255);
private static readonly Rgba32 Gray128 = new(128, 128, 128, 255);
private static readonly Rgba32 Gray255 = new(255, 255, 255, 255);
private static readonly Rgba32 Gray0 = new(0, 0, 0, 255);
private static readonly Rgba32 Gray8 = new(136, 136, 136, 255);
private static readonly Rgba32 GrayF = new(255, 255, 255, 255);
private static readonly Rgba32 Bit0 = new(0, 0, 0, 255);
private static readonly Rgba32 Bit1 = new(255, 255, 255, 255);
private static readonly byte[] BilevelBytes4X4 =
{
0b01010000,
0b11110000,
0b01110000,
0b10010000
};
private static readonly Rgba32[][] BilevelResult4X4 =
{
new[] { Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1 },
new[] { Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1 },
new[] { Bit0, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1 },
new[] { Bit1, Bit0, Bit0, Bit1 }
};
private static readonly byte[] BilevelBytes12X4 =
{
0b01010101, 0b01010000,
0b11111111, 0b11111111,
0b01101001, 0b10100000,
0b10010000, 0b01100000
};
private static readonly Rgba32[][] BilevelResult12X4 =
{
new[] { Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1 },
new[] { Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1, Bit1 },
new[] { Bit0, Bit1, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit0, Bit1, Bit1, Bit0, Bit1, Bit0 },
new[] { Bit1, Bit0, Bit0, Bit1, Bit0, Bit0, Bit0, Bit0, Bit0, Bit1, Bit1, Bit0 }
};
private static readonly byte[] Grayscale4Bytes4X4 =
{
0x8F, 0x0F,
0xFF, 0xFF,
0x08, 0x8F,
0xF0, 0xF8
};
private static readonly Rgba32[][] Grayscale4Result4X4 =
{
new[] { Gray8, GrayF, Gray0, GrayF },
new[] { GrayF, GrayF, GrayF, GrayF },
new[] { Gray0, Gray8, Gray8, GrayF },
new[] { GrayF, Gray0, GrayF, Gray8 }
};
private static readonly byte[] Grayscale4Bytes3X4 =
{
0x8F, 0x00,
0xFF, 0xF0,
0x08, 0x80,
0xF0, 0xF0
};
private static readonly Rgba32[][] Grayscale4Result3X4 =
{
new[] { Gray8, GrayF, Gray0 },
new[] { GrayF, GrayF, GrayF },
new[] { Gray0, Gray8, Gray8 },
new[] { GrayF, Gray0, GrayF }
};
private static readonly byte[] Grayscale8Bytes4X4 =
{
128, 255, 000, 255,
255, 255, 255, 255,
000, 128, 128, 255,
255, 000, 255, 128
};
private static readonly Rgba32[][] Grayscale8Result4X4 =
{
new[] { Gray128, Gray255, Gray000, Gray255 },
new[] { Gray255, Gray255, Gray255, Gray255 },
new[] { Gray000, Gray128, Gray128, Gray255 },
new[] { Gray255, Gray000, Gray255, Gray128 }
};
public static IEnumerable<object[]> BilevelData
{
get
{
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes4X4, 1, 0, 0, 4, 4, BilevelResult4X4 };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes4X4, 1, 0, 0, 4, 4, Offset(BilevelResult4X4, 0, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes4X4, 1, 1, 0, 4, 4, Offset(BilevelResult4X4, 1, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes4X4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 4, Offset(BilevelResult4X4, 0, 1, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes4X4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, Offset(BilevelResult4X4, 1, 1, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes12X4, 1, 0, 0, 12, 4, BilevelResult12X4 };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes12X4, 1, 0, 0, 12, 4, Offset(BilevelResult12X4, 0, 0, 18, 6) };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes12X4, 1, 1, 0, 12, 4, Offset(BilevelResult12X4, 1, 0, 18, 6) };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes12X4, 1, 0, 1, 12, 4, Offset(BilevelResult12X4, 0, 1, 18, 6) };
yield return new object[] { BilevelBytes12X4, 1, 1, 1, 12, 4, Offset(BilevelResult12X4, 1, 1, 18, 6) };
}
}
public static IEnumerable<object[]> Grayscale4_Data
{
get
{
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes4X4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 4, Grayscale4Result4X4 };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes4X4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result4X4, 0, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes4X4, 4, 1, 0, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result4X4, 1, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes4X4, 4, 0, 1, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result4X4, 0, 1, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes4X4, 4, 1, 1, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result4X4, 1, 1, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes3X4, 4, 0, 0, 3, 4, Grayscale4Result3X4 };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes3X4, 4, 0, 0, 3, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result3X4, 0, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes3X4, 4, 1, 0, 3, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result3X4, 1, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes3X4, 4, 0, 1, 3, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result3X4, 0, 1, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale4Bytes3X4, 4, 1, 1, 3, 4, Offset(Grayscale4Result3X4, 1, 1, 6, 6) };
}
}
public static IEnumerable<object[]> Grayscale8_Data
{
get
{
yield return new object[] { Grayscale8Bytes4X4, 8, 0, 0, 4, 4, Grayscale8Result4X4 };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale8Bytes4X4, 8, 0, 0, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale8Result4X4, 0, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale8Bytes4X4, 8, 1, 0, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale8Result4X4, 1, 0, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale8Bytes4X4, 8, 0, 1, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale8Result4X4, 0, 1, 6, 6) };
yield return new object[] { Grayscale8Bytes4X4, 8, 1, 1, 4, 4, Offset(Grayscale8Result4X4, 1, 1, 6, 6) };
}
}
[Theory]
[MemberData(nameof(BilevelData))]
[MemberData(nameof(Grayscale4_Data))]
[MemberData(nameof(Grayscale8_Data))]
public void Decode_WritesPixelData(byte[] inputData, ushort bitsPerSample, int left, int top, int width, int height, Rgba32[][] expectedResult)
=> AssertDecode(
expectedResult,
pixels => new BlackIsZeroTiffColor<Rgba32>(new TiffBitsPerSample(bitsPerSample, 0, 0)).Decode(inputData, pixels, left, top, width, height));
[Theory]
[MemberData(nameof(BilevelData))]
public void Decode_WritesPixelData_Bilevel(byte[] inputData, int bitsPerSample, int left, int top, int width, int height, Rgba32[][] expectedResult)
=> AssertDecode(expectedResult, pixels => new BlackIsZero1TiffColor<Rgba32>().Decode(inputData, pixels, left, top, width, height));
[Theory]
[MemberData(nameof(Grayscale4_Data))]
public void Decode_WritesPixelData_4Bit(byte[] inputData, int bitsPerSample, int left, int top, int width, int height, Rgba32[][] expectedResult)
=> AssertDecode(
expectedResult,
pixels => new BlackIsZero4TiffColor<Rgba32>().Decode(inputData, pixels, left, top, width, height));
[Theory]
[MemberData(nameof(Grayscale8_Data))]
public void Decode_WritesPixelData_8Bit(byte[] inputData, int bitsPerSample, int left, int top, int width, int height, Rgba32[][] expectedResult)
=> AssertDecode(expectedResult, pixels => new BlackIsZero8TiffColor<Rgba32>(Configuration.Default).Decode(inputData, pixels, left, top, width, height));
}
``` |
The South Africa national cricket team toured Sri Lanka for cricket matches in the 2006 cricket season. South Africa are scheduled to play two Test matches against Sri Lanka, one warm-up first class game over three days against Sri Lanka A, and at least four One Day Internationals as part of a triangular series. Sri Lanka took the Test series 2–0 after winning the final Test by one wicket, their second successive home Test series win against South Africa after their win in 2004.
Squads
Tour series
Sri Lanka A v South Africans
Test series
1st Test
2nd Test
Sri Lanka took the final Test by one wicket, in a match "neither side deserved to lose". South Africa opted to bat first, lost openers Gibbs and Hall for ducks, but captain Ashwell Prince shared a fifth-wicket stand of 141 with de Villiers, and Shaun Pollock also made an unbeaten half-century with the tail before Makhaya Ntini was caught on the final ball of the first day to close on 361.
Ntini then took four top-order wickets in the morning session, his final wicket being that of Sanath Jayasuriya three short of a half-century, and Sri Lanka were 86 for five, needing 275 for the final five wickets to restore parity. However, the sixth wicket stand between Chamara Kapugedera and Prasanna Jayawardene yielded 105 runs before both were bowled in successive over, and Farveez Maharoof and Chaminda Vaas then batted out 37 overs to add 117. Steyn then rounded off the tail, claiming his first Test five-for in 13.1 overs, and Sri Lanka were bowled out 40 short.
On the third day, Gibbs made a four-hour 92, as Muralitharan and Kapugedera stood for most of the wickets; Kapugedera had Jacques Rudolph and Hashim Amla run out, while Muralitharan got credited with seven wickets while bowling. The final wicket was that of Andrew Hall, the first of the innings, who was caught behind off Farveez Maharoof with the score on 76. Mark Boucher hit 65 with the tail before he was last out, setting Sri Lanka 352 to win in five sessions.
South Africa got an immediate breakthrough, with opener Upul Tharanga caught off Ntini for 0 in the third over. However, that was to be Ntini's only wicket; in his eighth over, he limped off with a hamstring injury, never to return. South Africa were left with four main bowlers, and as Steyn could not find his first innings effectiveness, and Mahela Jayawardene stood up with a six-hour 123, Sri Lanka managed the chase. At lunch on day five, they needed 19 with four wickets in hand, but Jayawardene was caught by Gibbs in the eighth over after lunch, with 11 still needed. Andrew Hall then claimed the wickets of Vaas and Muralitharan in the same over, but also conceded two runs. Maharoof hit Boje for a single, and Lasith Malinga could hit the winning run on the only ball he faced in the innings.
Withdrawal from Unitech Cup
Originally, South Africa was set to play Sri Lanka and India in the tri-nation Unitech Cup one-day cricket tournament. Following a series of bomb blasts in the Sri Lankan capital, relating to the renewal of terrorist activity plaguing that country, Cricket South Africa employed an independent security consultant to determine the risk posed to players. The risk to the team was determined to be "unacceptable" and South Africa's involvement in the tour came to a premature end. Following South Africa's withdrawal, Sri Lanka and India were scheduled to play a One-day International series, but this was rained off.
References
2006 in South African cricket
2006 in Sri Lankan cricket
International cricket competitions in 2006
Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 2000–01
2006 |
```xml
import { Checkbox, Input, InputNumber, Radio, Switch } from 'antd';
import generatePicker from 'antd/es/date-picker/generatePicker/index.js';
import type { Dayjs } from 'dayjs';
import dayjs from 'dayjs';
import * as React from 'react';
import type { ValueEditorProps } from 'react-querybuilder';
import { getFirstOption, joinWith, standardClassnames, useValueEditor } from 'react-querybuilder';
import dayjsGenerateConfig from './dayjs';
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
type AntDValueEditorProps = ValueEditorProps & { extraProps?: Record<string, any> };
const DatePicker = generatePicker(dayjsGenerateConfig);
export const AntDValueEditor = (allProps: AntDValueEditorProps) => {
const {
fieldData,
operator,
value,
handleOnChange,
title,
className,
type,
inputType,
values = [],
listsAsArrays,
parseNumbers,
separator,
valueSource: _vs,
disabled,
testID,
selectorComponent: SelectorComponent = allProps.schema.controls.valueSelector,
extraProps,
...props
} = allProps;
const { valueAsArray, multiValueHandler } = useValueEditor({
handleOnChange,
inputType,
operator,
value,
type,
listsAsArrays,
parseNumbers,
values,
});
if (operator === 'null' || operator === 'notNull') {
return null;
}
const placeHolderText = fieldData?.placeholder ?? '';
const inputTypeCoerced = ['in', 'notIn'].includes(operator) ? 'text' : inputType || 'text';
if (
(operator === 'between' || operator === 'notBetween') &&
(type === 'select' || type === 'text') &&
// Date ranges are handled differently in AntD--see below
inputTypeCoerced !== 'date' &&
inputTypeCoerced !== 'datetime-local'
) {
const editors = ['from', 'to'].map((key, i) => {
if (type === 'text') {
if (inputTypeCoerced === 'time') {
return (
<DatePicker.TimePicker
key={key}
value={valueAsArray[i] ? dayjs(valueAsArray[i], 'HH:mm:ss') : null}
className={standardClassnames.valueListItem}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={d => multiValueHandler(d?.format('HH:mm:ss') ?? '', i)}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
} else if (inputTypeCoerced === 'number') {
return (
<InputNumber
key={key}
type={inputTypeCoerced}
value={valueAsArray[i] ?? ''}
className={standardClassnames.valueListItem}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={v => multiValueHandler(v, i)}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
}
return (
<Input
key={key}
type={inputTypeCoerced}
value={valueAsArray[i] ?? ''}
className={standardClassnames.valueListItem}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={e => multiValueHandler(e.target.value, i)}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
}
return (
<SelectorComponent
{...props}
key={key}
className={standardClassnames.valueListItem}
handleOnChange={v => multiValueHandler(v, i)}
disabled={disabled}
value={valueAsArray[i] ?? getFirstOption(values)}
options={values}
listsAsArrays={listsAsArrays}
/>
);
});
return (
<span data-testid={testID} className={className} title={title}>
{editors[0]}
{separator}
{editors[1]}
</span>
);
}
switch (type) {
case 'select':
case 'multiselect':
return (
<SelectorComponent
{...props}
className={className}
handleOnChange={handleOnChange}
options={values}
value={value}
title={title}
disabled={disabled}
multiple={type === 'multiselect'}
listsAsArrays={listsAsArrays}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
case 'textarea':
return (
<Input.TextArea
value={value}
title={title}
className={className}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={e => handleOnChange(e.target.value)}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
case 'switch':
return (
<Switch
checked={!!value}
title={title}
className={className}
disabled={disabled}
onChange={v => handleOnChange(v)}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
case 'checkbox':
return (
<span title={title} className={className}>
<Checkbox
type="checkbox"
disabled={disabled}
onChange={e => handleOnChange(e.target.checked)}
checked={!!value}
{...extraProps}
/>
</span>
);
case 'radio':
return (
<span className={className} title={title}>
{values.map(v => (
<Radio
key={v.name}
value={v.name}
checked={value === v.name}
disabled={disabled}
onChange={e => handleOnChange(e.target.value)}
{...extraProps}>
{v.label}
</Radio>
))}
</span>
);
}
switch (inputTypeCoerced) {
case 'date':
case 'datetime-local': {
if (operator === 'between' || operator === 'notBetween') {
const dayjsArray = valueAsArray.slice(0, 2).map(dayjs) as [Dayjs, Dayjs];
return (
<DatePicker.RangePicker
value={dayjsArray.every(d => d.isValid()) ? dayjsArray : undefined}
showTime={inputTypeCoerced === 'datetime-local'}
className={className}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={[placeHolderText, placeHolderText]}
// TODO: the function below is currently untested (see the
// "should render a date range picker" test in ./AntD.test.tsx)
onChange={
/* istanbul ignore next */
dates => {
const timeFormat = inputTypeCoerced === 'datetime-local' ? 'THH:mm:ss' : '';
const format = `YYYY-MM-DD${timeFormat}`;
const dateArray = dates?.map(d => (d?.isValid() ? d.format(format) : undefined));
handleOnChange(
dateArray ? (listsAsArrays ? dateArray : joinWith(dateArray, ',')) : dates
);
}
}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
}
const dateValue = dayjs(value);
return (
<DatePicker
value={dateValue.isValid() ? dateValue : undefined}
showTime={inputTypeCoerced === 'datetime-local'}
className={className}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={(_d, dateString) => handleOnChange(dateString)}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
}
case 'time': {
const dateValue = dayjs(value, 'HH:mm:ss');
return (
<DatePicker.TimePicker
value={dateValue.isValid() ? dateValue : undefined}
className={className}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={d => handleOnChange(d?.format('HH:mm:ss') ?? '')}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
}
case 'number': {
return (
<InputNumber
type={inputTypeCoerced}
value={value}
title={title}
className={className}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={handleOnChange}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
}
}
return (
<Input
type={inputTypeCoerced}
value={value}
title={title}
className={className}
disabled={disabled}
placeholder={placeHolderText}
onChange={e => handleOnChange(e.target.value)}
{...extraProps}
/>
);
};
``` |
Nadezhda Nikolayevna Bromley (, 17 April 1884 — 25 May 1966) was a Russian and Soviet actress, theatre director, poet, short story writer and playwright. In 1932, she was honored as the Meritorious Artist of RSFSR.
Biography
Born in Moscow to Nikolai (Carl) Eduardovich Bromley, a Russian industrialist of English origins, Nadezhda Bromley graduated from the Music and Drama School at the Russian Philharmonics and in 1908 joined the Moscow Art Theatre, with which she stayed until 1922. In 1911 she debuted as a poet with the collection Pathos (Пафос), experimenting in the vein of early Russian futurism and was for a while close to the Centrifuge group, led by Nikolai Aseyev and Boris Pasternak.
In 1918, she joined the MAT First Studio where she had moderate success as an actress (the nymph queen Goplana in Balladyna by Juliusz Słowacki, Erik's mother in August Strindberg's Erik XIV, Lear's fool in King Lear) and also debuted as a director, with The Daughter of Iorio by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Her own play The King of the Square Republic (Король Квадратной республики, 1925) was staged by Boris Sushkevich (her second husband) in MAT 2 (which had evolved from MAT 1 in 1924). Before that Yevgeny Vakhtangov had made an attempt to produce her tragicomedy Archangel Michael but it has never premiered. Bromley's short stories came out in two collections, The Confession of the Unwise (Исповедь неразумных, 1927) and Gargantua's Descendant (Потомок Гаргантюа, 1930).
In 1932, she was awarded the title Meritorious Artist of RSFSR and in 1933, moved to Leningrad. She joined the Academic Pushkin Theatre where she played (to much acclaim) Catherine the First in Peter the First by Alexey Nikolayevich Tolstoy (which she also directed) as well as produced and directed numerous plays including her own, The Duel (1934), after the eponymous Anton Chekhov's novella. Her late 1930s and 1950s productions have been described as "colourful and flamboyant." In 1944-1956, she headed the Leningrad Novy Theatre, was a reader in drama and translated several plays into Russian.
Nadezhda Bromley died on 25 May 1966 in Leningrad.
References
1884 births
1966 deaths
Russian stage actresses
Soviet stage actresses
Soviet theatre directors
Soviet dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Moscow
Moscow Art Theatre
Soviet women writers
20th-century Russian translators
Actresses from Moscow |
```c++
// Add extra initialization here.
// Add 20 items to the combo box. The Resource Editor
// has already been used to set the style of the combo
// box to CBS_SORT.
CString str;
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++)
{
str.Format(_T("Item %2d"), i);
m_combobox.AddString(str);
}
// Set the minimum visible item
m_combobox.SetMinVisibleItems(10);
// Set the cue banner
m_combobox.SetCueBanner(_T("Select an item..."));
// End of extra initialization.
``` |
```c++
/// Source : path_to_url
/// Author : liuyubobobo
/// Time : 2019-09-07
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <set>
using namespace std;
/// Memory Search
/// Time Complexity: O(n*m*logm)
/// Space Complexity: O(n*m)
class Solution {
private:
int MAX;
public:
int makeArrayIncreasing(vector<int>& arr1, vector<int>& arr2) {
set<int> set;
for(int e: arr2) set.insert(e);
arr2 = vector<int>(set.begin(), set.end());
MAX = arr2.size() + 1;
vector<vector<int>> dp(arr1.size(), vector<int>(arr2.size() + 1, -1));
int res = go(arr1, arr2, 0, 0, dp);
for(int j = 0; j < arr2.size(); j ++)
res = min(res, (arr1[0] != arr2[0]) + go(arr1, arr2, 0, j + 1, dp));
return res >= MAX ? -1 : res;
}
private:
int go(const vector<int>& arr1, const vector<int>& arr2, int i, int j,
vector<vector<int>>& dp){
if(i + 1 == arr1.size()) return 0;
if(dp[i][j] != -1) return dp[i][j];
int last = j == 0 ? arr1[i] : arr2[j - 1];
int res = MAX;
if(arr1[i + 1] > last)
res = min(res, go(arr1, arr2, i + 1, 0, dp));
vector<int>::const_iterator iter = upper_bound(arr2.begin(), arr2.end(), last);
if(iter != arr2.end()){
int jj = iter - arr2.begin();
res = min(res, 1 + go(arr1, arr2, i + 1, jj + 1, dp));
}
return dp[i][j] = res;
}
};
int main() {
vector<int> a1 = {1, 5, 3, 6, 7}, b1 = {1, 3, 2, 4};
cout << Solution().makeArrayIncreasing(a1, b1) << endl;
// 1
vector<int> a2 = {1, 5, 3, 6, 7}, b2 = {4, 3, 1};
cout << Solution().makeArrayIncreasing(a2, b2) << endl;
// 2
vector<int> a3 = {1, 5, 3, 6, 7}, b3 = {1, 6, 3, 3};
cout << Solution().makeArrayIncreasing(a3, b3) << endl;
// -1
return 0;
}
``` |
Pauline Louise Hammarlund (born 7 May 1994) is a Swedish football striker currently playing for Fiorentina in the Italian Serie A. She played previously for Linköpings FC, Piteå IF and BK Häcken.
International career
Hammarlund made her debut for the senior Sweden team in a 3–0 UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying win over Moldova on 17 September 2015, in which she also scored her first international goal.
International goals
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Swedish women's footballers
Tyresö FF players
Damallsvenskan players
Linköpings FC players
Sweden women's international footballers
Piteå IF (women) players
BK Häcken FF players
ACF Fiorentina (women) players
Footballers from Stockholm
Women's association football forwards
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in football
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Sweden
Skogås-Trångsunds FF players
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players |
```javascript
Weak vs Strict equality operator
Types of numbers
Using assignment operators
Double and single quotes
Infinity
``` |
Marvin Warren "Henry" Aldridge (April 27, 1923 – February 2, 2002) was a dentist and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives.
A native of Craven County, North Carolina, he moved to Greenville in the 1940s, and obtained his undergraduate degree from East Carolina University (ECU). He received his dental degree from the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry in 1950. Aldridge practiced as a dentist in Greenville, North Carolina for 50 years.
Aldridge served on the Greenville City Council for a number of terms, and was elected to the North Carolina House (Ninth District) in 1994, defeating Democratic incumbent Charles McLawhorn. He achieved notoriety in 1995 when he asserted that rape victims could not get pregnant. In the context of a debate regarding whether the state should stop funding abortions for poor women, he stated, "The facts show that people who are raped, who are truly raped, the juices don't flow, the body functions don't work, and they don't get pregnant." He later stated that his comments were "stupid." Aldridge's 1995 comments were revisited in August 2012, in light of controversy surrounding U.S. Senate Candidate Todd Akin's similar comments.
He was re-elected to his seat in 1996. In 1998, Aldridge also received some press attention when, noting a report that non-white infant mortality rates were nearly twice as high as for white infants, commented that he doubted the report "because it seems that most of the black people I know are bigger and tougher and stronger than whites." Aldridge said afterwards that his comments were intended to be complimentary, as "Black men are generally bigger, strong, better athletes. I would suggest that you take a look at the professional baseball, basketball, and football teams."
Aldridge retired from office in 1998, after losing to Democratic candidate Marian N. McLawhorn in the 1998 election. He died at age 78 on February 2, 2002.
Aldridge was also very active in community organizations, serving as president of the Pitt-Greenville Chamber of Commerce, Greenville Lion's Club, Greenville Boy's Club, and Greenville Little League. He also served as president of the ECU Alumni Association.
References
External links
1923 births
2002 deaths
Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
People from Greenville, North Carolina
East Carolina University alumni
21st-century American dentists
North Carolina city council members
Medical College of Virginia alumni
People from Craven County, North Carolina
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American dentists |
Dacissé, Siglé is a town in the Siglé Department of Boulkiemdé Province in central western Burkina Faso. It has a population of 1,548.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Boulkiemdé Province |
is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Suzuka, Mie Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).
Lines
Kasado Station is served by the Kansai Main Line, and is 50.9 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Nagoya Station.
Station layout
The station consists of one island platform and one side platform, connected by a footbridge.
Platform
Adjacent stations
History
Kasado Station was opened on February 6, 1892, as on the Kansai Railway, when the section of the Kansai Main Line connecting Yokkaichi with Suzuka was completed. It was renamed Kasado Station on February 1, 1902. The Kansai Railway was nationalized on October 1, 1907, becoming part of the Japanese Government Railways (JGR). The JGR became the Japanese National Railways (JNR) after World War II. The station was absorbed into the JR Central network upon the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987. The station has been unattended since October 1, 2012.
Station numbering was introduced to the section of the Kansai Main Line operated JR Central in March 2018; Kasado Station was assigned station number CI15.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 631 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Surrounding area
Japan National Route 1
Suzuka River
Shōno-juku
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1892
Railway stations in Mie Prefecture
Suzuka, Mie |
I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! returned to ITV for a sixth series on Monday 13 November 2006 and ran until Friday 1 December 2006. Once again the series was hosted by Ant and Dec.
Kelly Osbourne and Brendon Burns initially presented the ITV2 spin-off show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! with Burns broadcasting from London, and Osbourne from Australia. However Burns was later replaced by Mark Durden Smith, and Osbourne was joined by Steve Wilson, and later Jeff Brazier.
The I'm a Celebrity...Exclusive teatime programme ran on weekdays on ITV1. It was hosted by Series 5 contestant Sheree Murphy and Phillip Schofield. The series was won by Matt Willis on Day 19.
Iceland, the supermarket, replaced First Choice Holidays as the shows' sponsor.
Dean Gaffney and Myleene Klass would return to the series sixteen years later to participate in I'm a Celebrity... South Africa alongside other former contestants to try and become the first I'm a Celebrity legend. Gaffney was eliminated alongside series 12 contestant Helen Flanagan, with the pair finishing joint seventh and eighth overall. Klass went on to win, becoming the first ever I'm a Celebrity legend.
Celebrities
Twelve celebrity contestants participated in the sixth series.
Camps
On Day 8, the camp was split in two for the first time in I'm A Celebrity history and took part in a 'Battle of The Sexes' like competition. Team Base Camp consisted of David, Dean, Jason, Matt, Scott and Toby. Team Snake Rock consisted of Faith, Jan, Lauren, Malandra, Myleene and Phina.
The two teams competed in Bushtucker Trials for food, and in Celebrity Chests for treats and other luxury items. The final head to head trial was to win immunity from the first elimination. The girls won, meaning the men faced the public vote. Toby was eventually evicted.
The first competitive Celebrity Chest, contested between Matt & Scott of Team Base Camp and Lauren & Phina of Team Snake Rock ended in controversy when Scott and Phina fought over the chest, resulting in Phina biting Scott.
Results and elimination
Notes
On Day 18, there was a double elimination. First the hosts revealed that Dean had the fewest votes and he was eliminated. The phone lines were reopened for the other contestants, and later the hosts returned to camp to reveal that David now the fewest votes, and he was also sent home.
Bushtucker Trials
The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who will take part in the trial
The public voted for who they wanted to face the trial
The contestants decided who did which trial
The trial was compulsory and neither the public or celebrities decided who took part
Notes
For the trial, Scott had to dance to 10 songs whilst bugs were dropped on his head. Scott danced to one song before shouting "I'm A Celebrity...Get Me out of Here!". This is often touted as the worst ever performance in a Bush Tucker Trial.
The public were asked to choose between two new campers, Dean and Malandra. Whoever the public voted for would take part in the trial and enter the camp.
The public voted for Phina to take part in the trial. She was allowed to choose the second person to take part. She chose Jason.
Upset at the prospect of taking part in the Trial, Jan was allowed to take one campmate to the trial for support. She chose Jason.
This was the first head to head trial.
The winner of the trial won immunity from the first vote off for their camp. Snake Rock won, meaning the male campers faced the public vote.
David did not attend the trial, so his stars were taken by Myleene & Matt.
Star count
Ratings
All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB.
References
External links
I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! at Biogs.com
2006 British television seasons
06 |
Mummy and Daddy is the fifteenth studio album by power electronics band Whitehouse, released in early 1998 through Susan Lawly. The album mostly focuses on domestic violence and is considered by many to be one of the band's darkest recordings. The cover art was illustrated by Trevor Brown, who previously worked with the band for their albums Quality Time, Halogen, and Twice Is Not Enough.
Recording
William Bennett considers the album as one of the scariest recordings he has ever made. In the liner notes for the album, he says:
This album is actually quite a worrying one for me. There is a neurosis about some of this work that is genuinely shocking and reaches an intensity that even I could never have dreamt of discovering. There is no explicit sexual content whatsoever – some of the themes cover domestic violence and abuse, subjects that held little interest to me until relatively recently. It will be a sexy record though, in my opinion – but not in the way most people would recognise. In fact, I think a lot of Whitehouse fans may even intensely dislike this album and, by the same token, I don't think we'll acquire many new fans from it. That doesn't really trouble me at all – there is a beauty about music when, on those very rare moments, it takes you to a level where you think it can't get any better. Perfection at a given moment. These feelings mixed with some of this subject matter, however, are deeply disturbing.
The track "Private" compiles various recordings and interviews with victims of domestic violence and child abuse. The track was assembled by Peter Sotos and was recorded and produced by Steve Albini in his Electrical Audio studio.
Track listing
Personnel
William Bennett – vocals, synthesizers, production
Peter Sotos – synthesizers, samples
Philip Best – synthesizers
Steve Albini – recording, production (on "Private")
Denis Blackham – mastering
Satoshi Morita – photography
G. Scott – photography
Alan Gifford – design
Trevor Brown – artwork
References
External links
1998 albums
Whitehouse (band) albums |
David Muench (born June 25, 1936) is an American landscape and nature photographer known for portraying the American western landscape. He is the primary photographer for more than 60 books and his work appears in many magazines, posters, and private collections.
Career
Muench was born on June 25, 1936, in Santa Barbara, California.Muench has been a freelance photographer since the 1950s with his formal schooling including the Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, The University of California at Santa Barbara and the Art Center School of Design, Los Angeles.
His first Arizona Highways cover was published in January 1955 at the age of 18, and he has continued to work with the magazine since then. In December 2015, to celebrate seven decades of collaboration, Arizona Highways dedicated an entire issue of the magazine to Muench, the first time they had done so for a single person.
At the recommendation of Ansel Adams, more than 200 images by Muench are archived in the collection of the Center for Creative Photography. Although he has done a few exhibits, Muench chose the coffee table book as the main vehicle for his photography. He is the author of more than 60 books.
In 1975, Muench was commissioned by the National Park Service to photograph 33 large murals on the Lewis and Clark Expedition for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, Missouri, including 350 smaller photographs to accompany the murals. In 2000, Muench received the National Parks Conservation Association's Robin W. Winks Award for Enhancing Public Understanding of National Parks.
Style
Muench's classic work consists mostly of wild landscapes photographed with a 4×5 film camera. His signature compositional technique is the near-far wide-angle view where a carefully selected foreground ties in with the background. He also paid particular attention to the "timeless moments", times of transition such as sunrise, sunsets, and the edge of storms. Other innovations in landscape photography include the use of telephoto lenses, fill light and in-camera double exposures.
Personal life
Muench is the son of nature photographer Joseph Muench (born in Schweinfurt, Bavaria) who inspired him to become a nature photographer. Muench has two children. His son, Marc Muench, is a successful photographer in his own right, specializing in landscape and outdoor action photography. His daughter, Zandria, is a freelance photographer, specializing in animals, nature, and landscape. In 1997, the Muench family received NANPA's Lifetime Achievement in Nature Photography Award.
References
External links
David Muench American Landscape Photography
Muench Photography Inc
Living people
American people of German descent
1936 births
Nature photographers
Rochester Institute of Technology alumni
People from Santa Barbara, California
Stock photographers |
```yaml
commonfields:
id: ConvertToSingleElementArray
version: -1
name: ConvertToSingleElementArray
script: ''
type: python
tags:
- transformer
- entirelist
comment: Converts a single string to an array of that string.
enabled: true
args:
- name: value
default: true
description: The string to convert to an array of that string.
isArray: true
scripttarget: 0
subtype: python3
runas: DBotWeakRole
fromversion: 5.0.0
tests:
- No tests (auto formatted)
dockerimage: demisto/python3:3.10.13.83255
``` |
D526 connects the A4 motorway Varaždinske Toploce interchange to the D24 state road in Varaždinske Toplice spa town. The road is long.
The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, state owned company.
Traffic volume
The D526 state road traffic volume is not reported by Hrvatske ceste. However, they regularly count and report traffic volume on the A4 motorway Varaždinske Toplice interchange, which connects to the D526 road only, thus permitting the D526 road traffic volume to be accurately calculated. The report includes no information on ASDT volumes.
Road junctions and populated areas
See also
A4 motorway
Sources
State roads in Croatia
Varaždin County |
The term Able-bodied Adults Without Dependents (ABAWDs) refers to low income working adults in the United States who do not have dependents. The 1996 welfare law (P.L. 104–193) set categorical requirements for food stamp participation. Among these were restrictions on legal alien participation and participation by low income persons without dependents. The latter (formerly eligible based solely on low income) were made ineligible for food stamps if they received food stamps for 3 months during the preceding 3 years without working or participating in a work program for at least 20 hours a week, or without participating in a workfare program.
References
Federal assistance in the United States |
is a generic term for pictures of beautiful women () in Japanese art, especially in woodblock printing of the ukiyo-e genre.
Definition
defines as a picture that simply "emphasizes the beauty of women", and the Shincho Encyclopedia of World Art defines it as depiction of "the beauty of a woman's appearance". On the other hand, defines as pictures that explore "the inner beauty of women". For this reason, the essence of cannot always be expressed only through the depiction of a , a woman aligning with the beauty image. In fact, in ukiyo-e , it was not considered important that the picture resemble the facial features of the model, and the depiction of women in ukiyo-e is stylized rather than an attempt to create a realistic image; For example, throughout the Edo period (1603–1867), married women had a custom of shaving their eyebrows (), but in , there was a rule to draw the eyebrows for married women.
History
Ukiyo-e itself is a genre of woodblock prints and paintings that was produced in Japan from the 17th century to the 19th century. The prints were very popular amongst the Japanese merchants and the middle class of the time.
From the Edo period to the Meiji period (1868–1912), the technical evolution of ukiyo-e processes increased, with the accuracy of carving and printing and the vividness of colors used developing through the introduction of new printing processes and synthetic dyes. This technical development can also be seen in ukiyo-e , and many painters of contributed to the evolution of ukiyo-e techniques and styles, with the aim of maximizing the realistic expression of a real beauty living in the artists' time period.
Nearly all ukiyo-e artists produced , as it was one of the central themes of the genre. However, a few, including Utamaro, Suzuki Harunobu, Itō Shinsui, Toyohara Chikanobu, Uemura Shōen and Torii Kiyonaga, have been described as the greatest innovators and masters of the form.
Gallery
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Bijinga artworks
Japanese words and phrases
Female beauty
Ukiyo-e genres
Women in art |
```scss
@function inner-border-spread($width) {
$top: top($width);
$right: right($width);
$bottom: bottom($width);
$left: left($width);
@return min(($top + $bottom) / 2, ($left + $right) / 2);
}
@function inner-border-hoff($width, $spread) {
$left: left($width);
$right: right($width);
@if $right <= 0 {
@return $left - $spread;
}
@else {
@return $spread - $right;
}
}
@function inner-border-voff($width, $spread) {
$top: top($width);
$bottom: bottom($width);
@if $bottom <= 0 {
@return $top - $spread;
}
@else {
@return $spread - $bottom;
}
}
@function even($number) {
@return ceil($number / 2) == ($number / 2);
}
@function odd($number) {
@return ceil($number / 2) != ($number / 2);
}
@function inner-border-usesingle-width($width) {
$top: top($width);
$right: right($width);
$bottom: bottom($width);
$left: left($width);
@if $top == 0 {
@if $left + $right == 0 {
@return true;
}
@if $bottom >= $left + $right {
@return true;
}
}
@if $bottom == 0 {
@if $left + $right == 0 {
@return true;
}
@if $top >= $left + $right {
@return true;
}
}
@if $left == 0 {
@if $top + $bottom == 0 {
@return true;
}
@if $right >= $top + $bottom {
@return true;
}
}
@if $right == 0 {
@if $top + $bottom == 0 {
@return true;
}
@if $left >= $top + $bottom {
@return true;
}
}
@if $top + $bottom == $left + $right and even($top) == even($bottom) and even($left) == even($right) {
@return true;
}
@return false;
}
@function inner-border-usesingle-color($color) {
$top: top($color);
$right: right($color);
$bottom: bottom($color);
$left: left($color);
@if $top == $right == $bottom == $left {
@return true;
}
@return false;
}
@function inner-border-usesingle($width, $color) {
@if inner-border-usesingle-color($color) and inner-border-usesingle-width($width) {
@return true;
}
@return false;
}
@mixin inner-border($width: 1px, $color: #fff, $blur: 0px) {
@if max($width) == 0 {
-webkit-box-shadow: none;
-moz-box-shadow: none;
box-shadow: none;
} @else if inner-border-usesingle($width, $color) {
$spread: inner-border-spread($width);
$hoff: inner-border-hoff($width, $spread);
$voff: inner-border-voff($width, $spread);
@include single-box-shadow($color-top, $hoff, $voff, $blur, $spread, true);
}
@else {
$width-top: top($width);
$width-right: right($width);
$width-bottom: bottom($width);
$width-left: left($width);
$color-top: top($color);
$color-right: right($color);
$color-bottom: bottom($color);
$color-left: left($color);
$shadow-top: false;
$shadow-right: false;
$shadow-bottom: false;
$shadow-left: false;
@if $width-top > 0 {
$shadow-top: $color-top 0 $width-top $blur 0 inset;
}
@if $width-right > 0 {
$shadow-right: $color-right (-1 * $width-right) 0 $blur 0 inset;
}
@if $width-bottom > 0 {
$shadow-bottom: $color-bottom 0 (-1 * $width-bottom) $blur 0 inset;
}
@if $width-left > 0 {
$shadow-left: $color-left $width-left 0 $blur 0 inset;
}
@include box-shadow($shadow-top, $shadow-bottom, $shadow-right, $shadow-left);
}
}
``` |
Mohamed Moustaoui (born 2 April 1985, in Khouribga) is a Moroccan middle distance runner who specializes in the 1500 metres. He was born in Khouribga.
Competition record
Personal bests
Outdoors
800 metres - 1:45.44 (2009)
1500 metres - 3:31.84 (2011)
One mile - 3:50.08 (2008)
3000 metres - 7:43.99 (2011)
5000 metres - 13:22.61 (2005)
Indoors
1000 metres - 2:20.00 (2008)
1500 metres - 3:35.0 (2014)
2000 metres - 5:00.98 (2007)
3000 metres - 7:40.00 (2014)
Two miles - 8:26.49 (2005)
External links
1985 births
Living people
Moroccan male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Morocco
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
People from Khouribga
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Morocco
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Islamic Solidarity Games competitors for Morocco |
```python
import json
v1_metrics_path = "./V1_Metrics.json"
v2_metrics_path = "./V2_Metrics.json"
with open(v1_metrics_path, 'r') as file:
v1_metrics = json.load(file)
with open(v2_metrics_path, 'r') as file:
v2_metrics = json.load(file)
# Extract names and labels of the metrics
def extract_metrics_with_labels(metrics, strip_prefix=None):
result = {}
for metric in metrics:
name = metric['name']
if strip_prefix and name.startswith(strip_prefix):
name = name[len(strip_prefix):]
labels = {}
if 'metrics' in metric and 'labels' in metric['metrics'][0]:
labels = metric['metrics'][0]['labels']
result[name] = labels
return result
v1_metrics_with_labels = extract_metrics_with_labels(v1_metrics)
v2_metrics_with_labels = extract_metrics_with_labels(
v2_metrics, strip_prefix="otelcol_")
# Compare the metrics names and labels
common_metrics = {}
v1_only_metrics = {}
v2_only_metrics = {}
for name, labels in v1_metrics_with_labels.items():
if name in v2_metrics_with_labels:
common_metrics[name] = labels
elif not name.startswith("jaeger_agent"):
v1_only_metrics[name] = labels
for name, labels in v2_metrics_with_labels.items():
if name not in v1_metrics_with_labels:
v2_only_metrics[name] = labels
differences = {
"common_metrics": common_metrics,
"v1_only_metrics": v1_only_metrics,
"v2_only_metrics": v2_only_metrics
}
# Write the differences to a new JSON file
differences_path = "./differences.json"
with open(differences_path, 'w') as file:
json.dump(differences, file, indent=4)
print(f"Differences written to {differences_path}")
``` |
Opelika High School is located in Opelika, Lee County, Alabama and was originally built in 1972. Opelika High School, of the Opelika City Schools, serves students in grades 9–12. The principal is Kelli Fischer. The school's assistant principals are Courtney Bass, Allison Gregory and Kelvin Philpott.
History
While several private high schools, including two that went by the name "Opelika High School", existed in Opelika as early as the 1860s, the current Opelika High School wasn't founded until 1911. From 1902 to 1911, Opelika offered classes through the 10th grade at the Opelika Public School, but was not able to afford a high school. A 1907 law called for the formation of a "county high school" in each county run by the county board of education; when the state high school commission looked to establish such a high school in Lee County in 1911, only Opelika applied, and so the school was located there. This school's opening in the fall of 1911 marks the founding of Opelika High School. In 1914, Auburn High School successfully petitioned the state high school commission to take the county flagship status as the "Lee County High School" away from Opelika, starting the two schools long-standing rivalry, and the Opelika school became officially known as "Opelika High School" for the first time, operating as a town school.
Opelika kept the old county high school building until 1917. On Saturday, January 20, 1917, Opelika High School burned to the ground. The two prior private schools in Opelika named "Opelika High School" also burned, in 1867 and in 1894. For the next year, classes were held in the old Opelika Public School building, until a new structure could be built on the same grounds. With the new building, Opelika High School was renamed in 1918 Henry G. Clift High School, after the then-mayor of Opelika. Opelika High School football started in 1922, with OHS falling to Alexander City (today Benjamin Russell) 71–0 in both schools' first-ever game. It would be 1925 before Opelika High met Auburn High for the first time on the gridiron, a 21–6 loss; the Bulldogs and Tigers have met each year in football since 1933, with the OHS leading the overall series 42–38–3.
In 1959, Opelika High moved into a new building on Denson Drive and was subsequently renamed "Opelika High School" again. In 1972, OHS moved again, this time into the current facility on LaFayette Parkway.
In August 2014, a $46 million renovation and construction project was completed. The new building contains 87 new classrooms on two floors including seven computer labs. Each classroom is outfitted with a Promethean interactive whiteboard, projector and ELMO document camera. The business technology labs have with ClearTouch 70” interactive displays that are fully integrated with new educational software. New classrooms include general classrooms for core classes, science labs, an ACCESS computer lab for distance learning and specialty classrooms for Consumer Science, Health Science, Driver's Education, Art, Special Education, Business Tech, Engineering, Publishing and Horticulture. OHS also features a new cafeteria, kitchen and serving area. Following the renovation, the school's Bulldog Stadium now has a turf field, new concession areas, new restrooms and ticket booths. A 22,000 square foot indoor athletic facility including a turf practice field, varsity locker room, coaches' offices and meeting rooms were also built during renovations. Additionally, renovations were also completed for the OHS baseball field, the women's athletic facility, and the girls' and boys' physical education areas.
Publications
Opelika High School students produce a school newspaper called "The Bulldog". The Bulldog includes Editorial, Entertainment, News, Feature, Sports, and Club News sections. The staff sells ads to local businesses to fund the paper, which is printed by Media General.
The high school's yearbook is titled "Zig-Zag."
Perspectives magazine
Students also prepare and distribute a literary-art magazine of student-submitted work called Perspectives. It is published once a year and distributed during the spring semester. Charles Hannah started the magazine in 1987 as an after-school activity. Since then, Perspectives has become a full class that meets first block every other day.
Perspectives magazine achievements
Alabama Scholastic Press
All Alabama: 1997, 2002–04, 2006–08
Superior: 1996, 1999, 2005, 2009–11
Excellent: 2000–01
Alabama Writers Forum
Certificate of Commendation: 2001
Exceptional Graphic Design: 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008
Best Overall Literary Content & Graphic Design: 2003
American Scholastic Press
First Place with Special Merit: 1997–2011
Most Outstanding High School Literary-Art Magazine: 2001, 2003, 2007–08, 2010–11
First Place: 1996
Columbia Scholastic Press
Gold Medalist Certificate: 1997–99, 2001–11
Silver Medalist Certificate: 2000
NCTE
Superior: 1997, 1999–2002, 2004, 2007–11
Highest Award: 1996, 1998, 2003, 2005–06
Athletics
Opelika competes in class 7A of the AHSAA. Its primary athletic rival is the Auburn High School Tigers. The mascot is the bulldog. More specifically, there are 2 bulldogs called "Ope" and "Lika" which represent Opelika High School. The school colors are red and black. The school fields 12 varsity sports teams:
Football
Baseball
Softball
Wrestling
Track and Field (Boys and Girls)
Cross Country (Boys and Girls)
Volleyball (Girls)
Basketball (Boys and Girls)
Soccer (Boys and Girls)
Golf (Boys and Girls)
Tennis (Boys and Girls)
Flag Football (Girls)
Football achievements
2019 Class 6a Region 3 Championship 4th Round Playoffs
2016 Class 6a Region 3 Championship State Runner Up
2015 Class 6a Region 3 Championship 3rd Round Playoffs
2014 Class 6a Region 3 Championship 2nd Round Playoffs
2012 6a State Champion Runner Up
2009 6a State Champion Runner Up
2008 Region 3 AHSAA Championship
2007 Region 3 AHSAA Championship
2006 Region 3 Champions 4th Round Payoffs
2005 Region 3 AHSAA Champions 4th Round Playoffs
2004 Region 3 4th Place 1st Round Playoffs
2003 Region 3 Champions 3rd Round Playoffs
2002 Region 3 Champions 3rd Round Playoffs
2001 Region 3 Runner-up 2nd Round Playoffs
2000 Region 3 Runner-up 2nd Round Playoffs
1999 Area 5 Runner-up 2nd Round Playoffs
1998 Area 5 AHSAA Championship
1994 Area 5 1st Round Playoffs
1993 Area 5 3rd Round Playoffs
1992 Area 5 2nd Round Playoffs
1991 Area 5 2nd Round Playoffs
1990 Area 5 1st Round Playoffs
1986 Area 5 Champions 3rd Round Playoffs
1985 Area 5 Champions 1st Round Playoffs
1984 Area 5 1st Round Playoffs
Basketball achievements
Boys
2004 Area 3 3rd Place 1st Round Southeast Sub-Regional
2003 Area 3 Runner-up 1st Round Southeast Sub-Regional
2002 Area 4 Runner-up Quarterfinals Southeast Regional
2001 Area 4 Runner-up 1st Round Southeast Sub-Regional
Track and field achievements
Boys
2021 6A Indoor and Outdoor State Champions
2017 6A Indoor and Outdoor State Champions
2016 6A Indoor and Outdoor State Champions
2015 6A Outdoor State Champions
2007 6A Outdoor State Champions
2006 6A Outdoor State Champions
2004 6A Outdoor State Champions
2003 6A Outdoor State Champions
2000 6A Outdoor State Champions
1999 6A Outdoor State Champions
1998 6A Outdoor State Champions
1997 6A Outdoor Freshman State Champions
Tennis achievements
Boys
1991 6A State Champions
1979 6A Individual State Champion, Mike Gunter
Wrestling achievements
Team State Champion
1958 (Opelika High School was also known as Clift)
1956 (Opelika High School was also known as Clift)
Other organizations
Opelika High Theatre Society
The Opelika High Theatre Society is known around the region and state for its quality performances. A play in the fall, an advanced theatre competition at mid-year and a spring musical all attract hundreds from surrounding communities. In 2014, the cast of The Quilt won "Best Ensemble" and "Best of Show" at the State Trumbauer Theatre Festival. In addition to performances, theatre department courses include set design, set-up and light/sound production. Past productions include Sweeney Todd, Oliver, Les Misérables, Beauty and the Beast, Our Town, Brighton Beach Memoirs, the Sound of Music and many more.
The Opelika High Theatre Society is under the direction of Mr. Revel Gholston.
Showchoir
Four different choirs are offered by the OHS choral department: the Ovations coed show choir, the Impressions girls’ show choir, Gospel Choir and Chamber Choir. The show choir groups perform and compete all over the country and have received countless accolades including Grand Champion in the Fame Showchoir America Competition in Washington, D.C., Best Show Design, Best Choreography and Best Vocals awards in numerous competitions, and was the highest ranked Alabama school in the 2009 National Showchoir Ranking System.
The OHS Choral Department is under the direction of Dean Jones and Earvin Comer.
Bands
The Opelika Band program is a source of pride for the Opelika City School System, its students, as well as parents and the entire community. The band program begins in the 6th grade at Fox Run School and continues through the 12th grade at Opelika High School. The band maintains 20% of the student population, almost 350 students.
Beginning in 6th grade, students at Fox Run are encouraged to discover their musical talents in Beginning Band. Students have the opportunity to “audition” the instruments and become acquainted with the basics of music notation as well as proper technique on the instrument.
As students progress, they may be invited to become a member of the Concert Band. This band consists of students who are progressing adequately but may need further instruction before moving into the Symphonic Band.
Students who progress to the 8th grade can become members of the Symphonic Band. This group is composed of students who have achieved their musical goals in the 7th grade and intend on being a part of the band into high school. This band has maintained a long history of success whether it is being recognized at Music Performance Assessment or competing in competitive festivals in Orlando, FL.
Opelika Middle School Bands have also featured Percussion Ensembles as the schedule allows.
The Opelika High School Band Program consists of several music ensembles: The Marching band, Wind Ensemble, Symphonic Band, Concert Band, and Jazz Band. There are also two new indoor visual ensembles, the Winter Guard and Indoor Percussion Ensemble and Concert Percussion Ensemble. Below is a brief description of each ensemble.
The Opelika High School Marching Band, also known as “The Spirit of the South” meets and practices during the summer and through the fall semester. With rehearsals after school, this ensemble regularly practices and works towards achieving a high level of musicianship and marching technique. This group performs at every football game and competes at marching competitions throughout the year. The marching band averages 200 students per year and consists of the 8th–12th grade students who play wind or percussion instruments along with a visual ensemble made up of majorettes, color guard, and the “Showstoppers” kickline. The “Spirit of the South” has traveled to many different destinations throughout the southeast and the nation. Some of the more recent trips and achievements have been multiple trips to Orlando, Philadelphia, and Chicago in 2011 to participate in the St. Patrick's Day Parade. The “Spirit of the South” has twice performed in Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, in 1989 and 1994.
The band is under the direction of Will F. Waggoner. The assistant band director is Mike McGlynn. The OMS band is under the direction of BreAnna Comer. The Fox Run band director is Elizabeth Gibbs.
FFA
Opelika High School's FFA includes over 300 members.
Vibe
The Opelika High School vibe is a class that students audition for each position. It features singers, guitar players, bass players, drummers, and a pianist. They perform multiple styles of music from rock to pop and jazz to hip-hop. They were a part of the first annual Troy University Open mic event in 2017. They have concerts each year in the lunchroom, as well as in the OPAC (Opelika Performing Arts Center) auditorium.
The vibe is under the direction of Patrick Bruce.
Notable former students
Mallory Hagan, Miss America 2013
Robert L. Howard, awarded the Medal of Honor for his service in the Vietnam War
William S. Key, major general during World War II
LeMarcus Rowell, former CFL linebacker for the Calgary Stampeders
James S. Voss, astronaut who flew in space five times on board the Space Shuttle and International Space Station
Professional baseball players
Professional football players
References
Public high schools in Alabama
Educational institutions established in 1911
Schools in Lee County, Alabama
1911 establishments in Alabama |
Joseph Cunard (1799 – January 16, 1865) was a merchant, shipbuilder and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Northumberland County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1828 to 1833.
Biography
Cunard was born into a family of United Empire Loyalist German Quaker settlers in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the son, along with Samuel, Henry and John, of Abraham Cunard and Margaret Murphy. In the year of his birth, his father was named master carpenter of the Royal Engineers at the Halifax garrison.
Cunard was educated in Halifax and entered his father's firm. Around 1820, with his brothers Henry and Samuel, he opened a branch of the family timber business in Chatham, New Brunswick. The firm operated mills, wharves, a store and shipyards there. The business expanded to include operations at Shippegan, Kouchibouguac, Richibucto and Bathurst.
In 1831 the company purchased stores, houses, and other buildings at Bathurst and the next year began shipping timber. Exports of lumber from Bathurst rose from 1,300 tons in 1829 to 26,500 tons in 1833.
In 1832 Joseph Cunard was described as one of the wealthiest and most influential merchants in the province. At Chatham his firm owned several mills, including a large steam mill which began operations in 1836 and sawed 40,000 feet of lumber a day. In the same town the firm also had a brickworks, several stores, a counting house employing 30 people, and at least two shipyards.
In 1831 the firm purchased a significant quantity of real estate at Bathurst and the next year began shipping timber: exports of lumber from Bathurst rose more than 20-fold in the four years from 1829.
Cunard was also a justice of the peace and served on the board of health for Northumberland county. In 1833, he was named to the province's Legislative Council. Cunard also served on the province's Executive Council from 1838 to 1843.
He competed with the firm Gilmour, Rankin, and Company for control of timber reserves along the Miramichi River.
In November 1847, after having overextended himself financially, Cunard was forced to declare bankruptcy which put many people in the region out of work. In 1848, Cunard's assignees were able to launch from the shipyard which had formerly belonged to him in Bathurst a small brigantine. The brothers Andrew and George Smith appear to have then taken up the assets in Bathurst, and built ships there until 1868.
In 1850, Cunard left New Brunswick for good and settled at Liverpool in England where he again entered business selling ships, lumber and goods on a commission basis for merchants in the colonies. He died there in 1865 and is buried in Toxteth Park cemetery.
Legacy
In April 1833, he married Mary Peters. Together they gave birth to four sons and one daughter, although it is noted that one of his sons died while quite young.
Cunard is memorialized in street names in Chatham and Bathurst, which at one time was his wharf.
Ship built at Chatham
Cunard subcontracted from 1827 to 1838 shipbuilding on the Miramichi. By 1839 he had two shipyards of his own in Chatham, where he launched at least 43 vessels including the Velocity, which was in 1846 the first steamboat constructed on the Miramichi.
Ships built at Bathurst
Cunard seems to have been the only shipbuilder at Bathurst from 1841 to 1847. His draughtsman was Gavin Rainnie. While Cunard purchased in the 1820s several small properties in Bathurst, it does not appear that he made Bathurst the centre of his operations until well after the great 1825 Miramichi Fire, upon which he needed a new source of timber for his ships. The Cunard shipyard was located on Main Street where the paper mill oil tanks used to be located. He purchased, amongst many others, the Gould grant of 2,000ac which covers the area between Murray Avenue and Sutherland Avenue, and as far south as the South Bathurst parish graveyard.
1839: Jane 300 DWT, Susan 300 DWT, Caroline 400 DWT
1840: Trio 194 DWT, Henry 400 DWT, Larch 344 DWT
1841: Acapulco 350 DWT, Bathurst 472 DWT, Durango 350 DWT, Gloucester 350 DWT, Lima 205 DWT
1842: Irene 321 DWT
1843: Larch 444 DWT
1845: Louisa 1043 DWT, Ouzel Galley 300 DWT
1846: Sobraon 256 DWT, Hydaspes 595 DWT, Pakinham 740 DWT, Sutlej 659 DWT
1847: Essequibo 342 DWT, London 692 DWT
Ships built at Richibucto
Cunard began operations around 1840 in Richibucto and Kouchibouguac, where he constructed at least nine vessels before the demise of his firm.
Notes
References
1799 births
1865 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Politicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
People from Miramichi, New Brunswick
Members of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people
Joseph |
Agger may refer to:
Agger (surname)
Agger (ancient Rome), a type of ancient Roman rampart or embankment
Agger (river), a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Agger nasi, an anatomical feature of the nose
Agger Rockshelter, in Wisconsin, United States
Agger Tange, a small peninsula in Jutland, Denmark
Agger Valley Railway (disambiguation)
Cranopsis agger, a species of sea snail |
Richard James Shannon (born 25 March 1955) is a Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) politician in Northern Ireland. He has sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom since 2010 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Strangford. He had previously sat in the Northern Ireland Assembly from 1998 to 2010 as the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland (MLA) for Strangford. He is an advocate for Leave Means Leave, a pro-Brexit campaign.
Personal life
Shannon is a member of the Orange Order and Apprentice Boys of Derry. He has been voted "least sexy MP" in a list of all Westminster MPs but laughed off his position at the bottom of the poll. In 2022, Shannon broke down in tears as he thanked his "long-suffering" wife in the Commons. Shannon lost his mother-in-law to Covid-19 and has previously spoken about her in the House as well.
Military service
Shannon served in the Ulster Defence Regiment for a total of three years, in 1974-1975 and 1976-1977. Shannon served over eleven years in the Royal Artillery Territorial Army (TA) and achieved the rank of Lance Bombardier, until he was expelled in May 1989. Two other TA soldiers were also discharged. The expulsions followed the theft of Blowpipe man-portable surface-to-air missile components from the TA base in Newtownards by the loyalist paramilitary group Ulster Resistance. A colleague stationed at the Newtownards base, Sergeant Samuel Quinn, had been arrested at the Hilton Hotel, Paris in April 1989 attempting to exchange missile technology for guns from Apartheid South Africa. Two other members of Ulster Resistance, Noel Little and James King, were also arrested. Both men were long-time DUP activists.
Shannon later confirmed that following his dismissal from the Territorial Army he had been questioned by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and released without charge. He suggested that his arrest was "designed to embarrass the DUP" ahead of the upcoming European Parliament election.
Political career
Shannon was a longstanding councillor, first elected to Ards Borough Council in 1985 and serving as Mayor in 1991–1992. He was elected as a member of the Northern Ireland Forum for Political Dialogue in 1996. Shannon was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly for Strangford in 1998 and then re-elected in 2003 and 2007, representing the DUP.
At the 2010 general election Shannon won in his own constituency of Strangford with 14,926 votes compared to the runners-up, the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists (9,050 votes). The seat had been vacant since the resignation of fellow DUP MP Iris Robinson on 13 January 2010. Following his election to Westminster, he resigned his Assembly seat in favour of Simpson Gibson. He also resigned his council seat in favour of Joe Hagan, who was subsequently deselected.
In 2016, the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority announced it was launching a formal investigation into Shannon's expenses. In 2015, he was the highest-claiming MP out of 650, claiming £205,798, not including travel. In 2016 the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority found breaches of the MPs’ Scheme of Business Costs and Expenses by his constituency workers for claiming mileage and said £13,925 must be repaid by the MP.
In March 2019, Shannon was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT-inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools.
Shannon is one of the most active contributors to Parliamentary debates, intervening in almost every adjournment debate, which he says he does to support fellow backbench MPs who wish to raise issues in typically poorly attended debates.
Speaking in a House of Commons adjournment debate on Netflix, Shannon expressed his views on claims made by Margaret Hodge of alleged tax avoidance by the company, describing the behaviour as "simply disgraceful" and called for Government to "ensure that big business has to pay a reasonable rate of tax."
References
External links
1955 births
Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers
Royal Artillery soldiers
Members of Ards Borough Council
Democratic Unionist Party MLAs
Living people
Members of the Northern Ireland Forum
Northern Ireland MLAs 1998–2003
Northern Ireland MLAs 2003–2007
Northern Ireland MLAs 2007–2011
People from Banbridge
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Down constituencies (since 1922)
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Democratic Unionist Party MPs |
Cahaba, also spelled Cahawba, was the first permanent state capital of Alabama from 1820 to 1825, and the county seat of Dallas County, Alabama until 1866. Located at the confluence of the Alabama and Cahaba rivers, it suffered regular seasonal flooding.
The state legislature moved the capital to Tuscaloosa in 1826. After the town suffered another major flood in 1865, the state legislature moved the county seat northeast to Selma, which was better situated.
The former settlement became defunct after it lost the county seat, although it had been quite wealthy during the antebellum years. It is now a ghost town and is preserved as a state historic site, the Old Cahawba Archeological Park. The state and associated citizens' groups are working to develop it as a full interpretive park St. Luke's Episcopal Church was returned to Old Cahawba, and a fundraising campaign is underway for its restoration.
Demographics
Cahawba was listed on the 1860-1880 U.S. Censuses. Although it remained incorporated until as late as 1989, it did not appear on the United States census rolls after 1880.
History
Capital
Cahaba had its beginnings as an undeveloped town site at the confluence of the Alabama and Cahaba rivers. At the old territorial capital of St. Stephens, a commission was formed on February 13, 1818, to select the site for Alabama's state capital. Cahaba was the site chosen and was approved on November 21, 1818. Due to the future capital site being undeveloped, Alabama's constitutional convention took temporary accommodations in Huntsville until a statehouse could be built.
Governor William Wyatt Bibb reported in October 1819 that the town had been laid out and that lots would be auctioned to the highest bidders. The town was planned on a grid system, with streets running north and south named for trees and those running east and west named for famous men. The new statehouse was a two-story brick structure, measuring wide by long, located near Vine and Capitol streets. By 1820 Cahaba had become a functioning state capital.
Due to its lowland location at the confluence of two large rivers, Cahaba was subject to seasonal flooding. It also had a reputation for an unhealthy atmosphere, when people thought that miasma in the air caused such diseases as malaria, yellow fever, and cholera. The numerous mosquitoes carried disease.
People who were opposed to the capital's location at Cahaba used this as an argument for moving the capital to Tuscaloosa, which was approved by the legislature in January 1826. That was not a long-term success, and it was moved again in 1846 to centrally located Montgomery, Alabama.
After the relocation of the capital, Cahaba was adversely affected by the loss of state government and associated business.
Antebellum
The town served as the county seat of Dallas County for several more decades. Based on revenues from the cotton trade, the town recovered from losing the capital, and reestablished itself as a social and commercial center.
Centered in the fertile "Black Belt", Cahaba became a major distribution point for cotton shipped down the Alabama River to the Gulf port of Mobile. Successful planters and merchants built two-story mansions in town that expressed their wealth. St. Luke's Episcopal Church was built in 1854, designed by the nationally known architect, Richard Upjohn.
When Cahaba was connected to a railroad line in 1859, a building boom was stimulated. In 1860 On the eve of the American Civil War, the town had 2,000 residents, according to the US Census. Some 64% were enslaved African Americans, reflecting the population of Dallas County, which was 75% black. Most were fieldworkers on cotton plantations. But in the town, free people of color dominated the poultry business.
Civil War
During the Civil War, the Confederate government seized Cahaba's railroad and appropriated the iron rails to extend a nearby railroad of more military importance. It built a stockade around a large cotton warehouse on the riverbank along Arch Street in order to use it as a prison, known as Castle Morgan. It was used for Union prisoners-of-war from 1863 to 1865.
In February 1865 a major flood inundated the town, causing much additional hardship for the roughly 3000 Union soldiers held in the prison, and for the town's residents. Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and Union General James H. Wilson met in Cahaba at the Crocheron mansion to discuss an exchange of prisoners captured during the Battle of Selma.
Postbellum
In 1866, the state legislature moved the county seat to nearby Selma. Related businesses and population soon followed. Within ten years, many of the houses and churches in Cahaba were dismantled and moved away. St. Luke's Episcopal Church, for example, was moved in 1878 to Martin's Station.
Jeremiah Haralson represented Cahawba and Dallas County when elected to the State House, the State Senate and the United States Congress. He was the only African American in Alabama elected to all three legislative bodies during Reconstruction.
Together with the minority of whites, most freedmen rapidly left the declining town. By 1870, the overall population was 431, and the number of blacks was 302. During the Reconstruction era, freedmen organizing in the Republican Party and trying to keep their "moderate political gains" met regularly at the vacant county courthouse. Freedmen and their families gradually developed vacant town blocks into fields and garden plots. But they soon moved away.
Prior to the turn of the 20th century, a freedman purchased most of the old town site for $500. He had the abandoned buildings demolished for their building materials and shipped the material by steamboat to Mobile and Selma for use in growing communities. By 1903, most of Cahawba's buildings were gone; only a handful of structures survived past 1930.
Modern
Although the area is no longer inhabited, the Alabama Historical Commission maintains the site as Old Cahawba Archeological Park. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Visitors to this park can see many of the abandoned streets, cemeteries, and ruins of this former state capital and county seat. The Cahawba Advisory Committee is a non-profit group based in Selma that serves to support the park; it also maintains a website related to the park and its history. It is conducting fundraising to support the restoration of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, which was relocated to Old Cahawba in the early 21st century.
Folklore
The town, and later its abandoned site, was the setting for many ghost stories during the 19th and 20th centuries. A widely known one tells of a ghostly orb in a now-vanished garden maze at the home of C. C. Pegues. The house was located on a lot that occupied a block between Pine and Chestnut streets. The purported haunting was recorded in “Specter in the Maze at Cahaba” in 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey.
Notable people
George Henry Craig, born in Cahaba, former U.S. Representative
Anderson Crenshaw, former Alabama judge who served in the circuit and state court when this was the state capital
Jeremiah Haralson, born in Dallas County, he was the only African American in the state elected to the State House, State Senate, and Congress during the Reconstruction era. Was deprived of re-election in 1876 by fraud by the Dallas County Sheriff General Charles M. Shelley.
Edward Martineau Perine, merchant and planter; owner of the Perine Store and the Perine Mansion on Vine Street
Gallery
See also
Reportedly haunted locations in Alabama
References
Bibliography
Fry, Anna M. Gayle. Memories of Old Cahaba. Nashville, Tenn: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1908.
Meador, Daniel J., "Riding Over the Past? Cahaba, 1936", Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 2002.
External links
Old Cahawba - Civil War Album
Old Cahawba Archaeological Park - Alabama Historical Commission
Cahawba Advisory Committee
The Cahaba Foundation
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas County, Alabama
Alabama
Populated places established in 1818
Ghost towns in Alabama
Reportedly haunted locations in Alabama
History of Alabama
Archaeological sites in Alabama
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Alabama in the American Civil War
Alabama placenames of Native American origin
Geography of Dallas County, Alabama
Protected areas of Dallas County, Alabama
Parks in Alabama
Alabama State Historic Sites
Former county seats in Alabama
Museums in Dallas County, Alabama
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Ghost towns in the United States
Ghost towns in North America |
Tracy Moore (born January 6, 1975) is a Canadian television journalist and host of lifestyle magazine Cityline on Citytv since October 2008. She previously served as news anchor on Citytv Toronto's Breakfast Television from 2005 to 2008. She fills in for Dina Pugliese as co-host on Breakfast Television on an infrequent basis.
Growing up in Richmond Hill, Ontario, she went to Langstaff Secondary School. According to host Kevin Frankish, "she spent much of her youth as a Baton Twirler with the Progress Yorkettes in York Region." Moore then earned a BA at McGill University and Masters at the University of Western Ontario.
Moore began her career as a videographer for CBC Television, then worked for the now-defunct Toronto television station CKXT-TV before joining Citytv.
In January 2023, she was named the winner of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Changemaker Award at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards.
She is married to Lio Perron, and has two children, Sidney and Eva.
References
External links
Tracy Moore's Cityline bio
Black Canadian broadcasters
Canadian television journalists
Canadian television talk show hosts
University of Western Ontario alumni
McGill University alumni
People from Richmond Hill, Ontario
1975 births
Living people
Canadian women television journalists
Black Canadian women
Canadian people of Jamaican descent
Canadian Screen Award winning journalists
Black Canadian journalists |
Shambhunath is a town in Nepal.
Sambhunath or Shambhunath may also refer to:
Another name of the Hindu deity Shiva
Shambhunath Temple in Shambhunath, Nepal
Sambhunath College in West Bengal, India
Shambhunath Institute of Engineering and Technology in Uttar Pradesh, India
Sambhunath (given name)
See also
Shambu (disambiguation)
Nath (disambiguation) |
Alacakaya District is a district of Elazığ Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Alacakaya. Its area is 318 km2, and its population is 5,993 (2021). The district was established in 1990.
Composition
There is 1 municipality in Alacakaya District:
Alacakaya
There are 10 villages in Alacakaya District:
Bakladamlar
Çakmakkaya
Çanakça
Çataklı
Esenlik
Gürçubuk
Halkalı
İncebayır
Kayranlı
Yalnızdamlar
References
Districts of Elazığ Province |
January 10 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - January 12
All fixed commemorations below are observed on January 24 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For January 11th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 29.
Feasts
Afterfeast of the Theophany of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.
Saints
Martyr Mairus (Mairos).
Martyrs Peter, Severius and Leucius, at Alexandria.
Venerable Theodosius of Antioch, ascetic of Rhosus and Antioch, Wonderworker (412) (see also: February 5 - Greek)
Venerable Theodosius the Cenobiarch (Theodosius the Great) (529)
Venerable Theodorus, and Venerable Archimandrite Agapius of Apamea in Syria.
Venerable Vitalis of Gaza (Vitalios), of the monastery of Abba Seridus at Gaza (c. 609 - 620)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Hieromartyr Hyginus, Pope of Rome (142)
Saint Leucius of Brindisi, venerated as the first Bishop of Brindisi, where he had come as a missionary from Alexandria (180)
Hieromartyr Alexander of Fermo, Bishop, martyred under Decius (c. 250)
Saints Ethenia and Fidelmia, Princesses, daughters of King Laoghaire in Ireland, veiled as nuns by St Patrick (433)
Martyr Salvius, in North Africa, eulogized by St Augustine.
Saint Brandan, Abbot, opponent of Pelagianism (5th century)
Saint Honorata, nun, sister of St. Epiphanius of Pavia, who ransomed her after she was abducted from the monastery of St. Vincent in Pavia (c. 500)
Saint Anastasius of Castel Sant'Elia, Abbot (c. 570)
Saint Boadin the Irish, hermit in Gaul.
Saints Paldo, Taso and Tato, three brothers, Abbots of San Vincenzo on the Voltorno (8th century)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Venerable Theodosius of Mt. Athos, Metropolitan of Trebizond (1392.)
Venerable Michael of Klopsk, of Klopsk Monastery in Novgorod, Fool-for-Christ and Wonderworker (1456)
New Martyr Nikephoros of Crete, by hanging, for renouncing Islam and confessing his faith in Christ (1832)
Saint Joseph the New of Cappadocia (c. 1860)
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyrs, Priests:(1919)
Nicholas Matsievsky of Perm
Theodore Antipin of Perm
Vladimir Fokin of Krasnoyarsk
New Hiero-Confessor Vladimir (Khirasko), Archpriest, of Minsk (1932)
Other commemorations
Synaxis of the Myriads of Holy Angels (Synaxis of the Myriangelon).
Consecration of the Church of St. Stephen in Placidia Palace, Constantinople.
Chernigov-Eletskaya Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (1060)
Repose of Blessed Nun Eupraxia of Teliakov village, Kostroma (1823)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
January 11/January 24. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
January 24 / January 11. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
January 11. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 7.
January 11. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 11–12.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 11 ΙΑΝΟΥΑΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Συναξαριστής. 11 Ιανουαρίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
Russian Sources
24 января (11 января). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
11 января (ст.ст.) 24 января 2013 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
January in the Eastern Orthodox calendar |
```haskell
module T7312 where
-- this works
mac :: Double -> (Double->Double) -> (Double-> Double)
mac ac m = \ x -> ac + x * m x
-- this doesn't
mac2 :: Double -> (->) Double Double -> (->) Double Double
mac2 ac m = \ x -> ac + x * m x
``` |
Gabrielle Pilote Fortin (born 26 April 1993) is a Canadian professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Continental Team .
See also
List of 2016 UCI Women's Teams and riders
Major Results
2014
5th Road race, National Road Championships
2015
5th Road race, National Road Championships
2019
10th Grand Prix International d'Isbergues
2020
8th La Périgord Ladies
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Canadian female cyclists
People from Capitale-Nationale |
Operation Smokescreen was an American interagency counterterrorist operation to disrupt fundraising by Hezbollah, that took place in early 1995, ending in 2002. The operation involved the Sheriff's Office in Iredell County, North Carolina, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATF), Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), and the U.S. Department of State's Diplomatic Security Service (DSS).
Detective Sergeant Robert Fromme made repeated observations of a group of men purchasing large quantities of cigarettes, often with $20,000 - $30,000 in cash. The joint counterterrorism operation ended the fundraising operation, resulting in the arrest, trial, and conviction of the cell members. The operation led to the creation of the North Carolina Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF).
Hezbollah operations
Hezbollah cell leader Mohamad Youssef Hammoud was denied a travel visa by the US embassy in Syria, after which he traveled to Venezuela. After purchasing a forged travel visa, arrived in New York City in 1992. By 1995, Hammoud set up operations in Charlotte, North Carolina, working at a local pizza restaurant. At least two additional members of the Hezbollah Charlotte cell entered the United States with false travel visas from Venezuela purchased for $200, and three had travel visas issued in Cyprus. Half the cell members were born in Lebanon, and the other half were US-born, of Lebanese descent. Early in the spring of 1995, Detective Robert Fromme, working a second job at the tobacco wholesaler JR Discount (in Statesville, North Carolina) observed the cell purchasing massive quantities of cigarettes, paying for them in cash. The cash was usually carried in large grocery bags, containing as much as $20,000 to $30,000 at a time.
Surveillance
Detective Fromme continued to monitor the purchases for several months, and determined cell members were transporting the cigarette cartons across state lines, in violation of federal laws. Each of the four men Fromme was watching purchased 299 cartons of cigarettes, the legal limit permitted without filing legal paperwork. Cigarettes were moved from North Carolina to Tennessee and Virginia. Fromme notified John Lorick, of the Charlotte ATF. ATF officials informed Fromme that cigarette trafficking was likely an attempt to sell the merchandise for as much as twice the price in states such as Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania - which had considerably higher taxes on tobacco. North Carolina's tax on cigarettes was five cents, whereas it was seventy-five cents in Michigan at the time. The Hezbollah cell was selling the cigarettes through "front store" operations, and to local convenience stores in Dearborn, Michigan, with a price difference between North Carolina and Michigan ranging from $8.00 - $10.00 per carton. Each 680-mile cigarette smuggling trip to Michigan carried between 800 and 1,500 cartons of cigarettes, worth between $3,000 and $10,000. Some cell members fraudulently secured a $1.6 million loan from the federal government's Small Business Administration, which funded the opening of a gas station.
The Iredell County Sheriff's Office signed a memorandum of understanding with the Charlotte ATF, permitting the formal collaboration between the two agencies. As a result, Detective Fromme was officially reassigned to the ATF. Additional federal agencies were assigned to the case, including the Diplomatic Security Service, and Immigration and Naturalization Service. The FBI, which had already been wiretapping communications of two of the cell members, apparently without the knowledge of local law enforcement, also participated in the joint operations. In all, sixteen law enforcement and intelligence services from state, local, and federal agencies contributed to the operation, including the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). Surveillance was run from an empty storefront across from the JR Discount wholesaler building. The cell was secretly followed by a team of five vehicles, which took turns driving behind the cigarette smugglers. "As an extra precaution, the agents sometimes changed clothes and switched license plates during pit stops."
Raid
The assembled joint task force penetrated the Hezbollah cell, developing more than ten informants from within the group, as well as from a pool of witnesses. Informants were gleaned from cell staff members, including drivers, smugglers, and even spouses. Simultaneous raids in North Carolina and Michigan at 6:00 a.m. on July 20, 2000 captured many cell members and accomplices. A total of 18 arrest warrants were executed. The arrest of Said Muhammad Harb provided invaluable insights into the structure of the Hezbollah cell, its members, and operations. In exchange for his cooperation, Harb received a lighter sentence, and his family was relocated from Lebanon to the United States. At least 230 local, state, and federal agents participated in the raids.
Outcome
Hezbollah members from the Charlotte cell were arrested, tried, and convicted in a federal court in Charlotte, North Carolina. The case brought against the cell included "copyright violations, cigarette tax violations, counterfeit violations... bank scams, bribery, credit card fraud, immigration fraud, identity theft, tax evasion, and money laundering," and "material support to a terrorist organization." Federal courts estimate the cell collected a total of $8 million, funneled through some 500 different bank accounts. The Hezbollah cell also purchased and shipped "Night vision goggles and scopes, Surveying equipment, Global Positioning Systems, Metal detection equipment, Video equipment, Aircraft analysis & design software, Military compasses, Binoculars, Naval equipment, Ultrasonic dog repellers, Laser range finders, Digital cameras, zoom lenses, Computer equipment (laptops, high-speed modems; processors, joysticks, plotters, scanners, and printers), Stun guns, Handheld radios & receivers, Cellular telephones, Nitrogen cutters, Mining, drilling & blasting equipment" to the Middle East, for use by Hezbollah, mostly purchased by Harb. Mohamad Youssef Hammoud, the cell's leader, was sentenced to 155 years in federal prison. Hammoud's older brother, Shawqi Youssef, (a.k.a. "Bassem"), and "right-hand man" received a prison sentence of 70 years. Overall, 26 people were indicted in the operation. The Operation Smokescreen case is the first conviction for the violation of federal code 2339B, "Providing material support or resources to designated foreign terrorist organizations". Similar cases were later uncovered in Asheville, North Carolina, and Louisville, Kentucky.
Footnotes
Sources
Lightning Out of Lebanon: Hizballah Terrorists on American Soil, Tom Diaz and Barbara Newman, 2006.
''Federal and State Authorities in North Carolina Announce 'Operation Smokescreen', CNN, July 21, 2000.
U.S. authorities bust cigarette-smuggling ring linked to Hezbollah, CNN, July 21, 2000.
Hezbollah suspects arrested, BBC News, July 22, 2000.
Blood Money: A Hezbollah Terrorist Cell in Charlotte, N.C., Reader's Digest, February 2004.
"An Assessment of the Tools Needed to Fight the Financing of Terrorism.", Robert J. Conrad Jr., November 20, 2002.
American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us, Steven Emerson, 2002.
Federal Bureau of Investigation operations
Hezbollah |
Road Games is an EP (or, according to its vinyl sleeve, a "specially-priced 6-cut mini album") by guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released in 1983 through Warner Bros. Records originally on vinyl only; a CD edition was reissued through Gnarly Geezer Records in 2001.
Holdsworth is joined on the album by former Cream vocalist Jack Bruce (who sings “Was There?” and “Material Real”), his former Bruford bandmate, bassist Jeff Berlin, and then current Frank Zappa drummer Chad Wackerman. Former Juicy Lucy and Tempest frontman Paul Williams sings the title track.
Holdsworth claimed to have received no royalties from either release, naming it as one of his least favourite recordings due to numerous creative differences with executive producer Ted Templeman. Road Games nonetheless received a nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1984 Grammy Awards.
Critical reception
John W. Patterson at AllMusic awarded Road Games four stars out of five, describing it as "fusion-rock bliss" and Holdsworth's guitar work as "amazing". He also praised Chad Wackerman's "tastefully poised" drumming and Jeff Berlin's "killer" bass work.
Track listing
Personnel
Allan Holdsworth – guitar, production
Paul Williams – vocals (track 2)
Jack Bruce – vocals (tracks 5, 6)
Chad Wackerman – drums
Jeff Berlin – bass
Joe Turano – backing vocals
Paul Korda – backing vocals
Technical
Jeremy Smith – engineering
Jeff Silver – engineering
Gary Skardina – engineering
Robert Feist – engineering, mixing
Mark Linett – mixing
John Matousek – mastering
Joan Parker – production coordination
Ted Templeman – executive production
Tom Voli – executive production (reissue)
Eddie Jobson – executive production (reissue)
Awards
References
External links
Road Games at therealallanholdsworth.com (archived)
Allan Holdsworth "Road Games" at Guitar Nine
Allan Holdsworth albums
1983 EPs
Warner Records EPs
Albums produced by Ted Templeman
Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance |
Playa de Poniente () is a beach in the municipality of La Línea de la Concepción, in the Province of Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain, located to the northwest of Gibraltar. It has a length of about and average width of about .
References
La Línea de la Concepción
Beaches of Andalusia |
David Atkinson (born 27 April 1993) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for club Shildon. He played in the Football League for Carlisle United.
Club career
Atkinson joined Middlesbrough's academy as an under-nine. He was a member of the Middlesbrough under-15 squad that won the English qualifying competition for the 2007–08 Manchester United Premier Cup, and took up a two-year scholarship with the club in 2009. After the first twelve months, he was given his first professional contract, of four years; at that time, he was recovering from a stress fracture in his back, and his progress was later disrupted by a serious knee injury. He went on to captain Middlesbrough's under-21 team, and in the second half of the 2013–14 season, was a regular member of the first-team squad. After eight consecutive Championship matches on the bench, Middlesbrough manager Aitor Karanka said that Atkinson was training well and was in his thoughts for a debut, but would not force him into a "difficult game" that might adversely affect his confidence. He remained unused, and in September 2014, still without having played first-team football for Middlesbrough, joined League Two club Hartlepool United on a month's loan. He lost time to a hamstring injury, the manager who signed him, Colin Cooper, resigned in the middle of his loan spell, and he made no senior appearances.
He spent time on trial with League One club Walsall in February 2015, brought in by manager Dean Smith to check him out ahead of a possible summer signingaccording to Smith, "He is someone [Middlesbrough] have thought highly of, but has not quite burst onto the first team scene as they would have liked.before signing for Carlisle United of League Two on loan on 26 March. It was with Carlisle that he finally made his Football League debut, on 28 March in a 2–1 loss away to Oxford United, and he made six more appearances. At the end of a 2014–15 season in which Middlesbrough's under-21s won the U21 Premier League Second Division title and added the North Riding Senior Cup, beating Guisborough Town in the final, Atkinson was not offered a new contract.
On 4 June 2015, Atkinson signed a short-term deal with Carlisle United. Six months later, he extended his contract until June 2017.
On 1 December 2016, Atkinson joined Blyth Spartans on loan for a month. The loan was initially extended, and then made permanent when Atkinson left Carlisle by mutual consent. He also spent time playing in Iceland for ÍBV, with which he won the 2017 Icelandic Cup and played in the UEFA Europa League.
Atkinson joined Darlington for the 2019–20 season, but ankle ligaments damaged during pre-season restricted his appearances. He left the club after the abandoned 2020–21 National League North season, and signed for Shildon.
International career
Atkinson made his debut for the England under-16 team on 28 November 2008. He played the first half of the 2–0 win against Scotland that confirmed England as winners of that year's Victory Shield. Although not originally selected for the Montaigu Tournament in 2009, he came into the squad after Nico Yennaris withdrew, and started two of the three group matches and played the whole of the final, in which England U16 beat Germany on penalties to successfully defend their title.
Atkinson was named in the England under-17 squad for matches against France, Ukraine and hosts Portugal at the Algarve Tournament in February 2010. He played in two matches to help England finish as runners-up. He was placed on standby for the England under-18s' friendly against Italy in April 2011, but was not needed.
Career statistics
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
People from Shildon
Footballers from County Durham
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players
David Atkinson
Darlington F.C. players
Shildon A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
David Atkinson
National League (English football) players |
"Misfit" is the debut single by English band Curiosity Killed the Cat, originally released in August 1986. The song was not particularly successful and only reached number 76 on the UK Singles Chart. However, the following year, after the success of "Down to Earth" and "Ordinary Day", "Misfit" was re-released in June 1987, upon which it was much more successful, peaking at number 7 in the UK.
Music video
The music video was directed by Andy Warhol and also features a cameo appearance by him. It was also one of his last assignments before his death the following year. The band met Warhol at an exhibition in Mayfair and he took a shine to bass player Nick Thorp. He then invited the band to a banquet he was having later at the Café Royal and said he was interested in hearing some of their music. After listening to "Misfit", Warhol said he'd 'love to do a video for you boys' after Phonogram had said they weren't going to make a video for it. The video was then shot in New York in a week.
Track listings
7": Mercury / MER 226 (UK, 1986) / CAT 4 (UK, 1987)
"Misfit" – 4:02
"Man" – 3:49
12": Mercury / MERX 226 (UK, 1986)
"Misfit" (Extended Mix) – 7:02
"Man" – 3:49
"Corruption" (Dub) – 5:26
12": Mercury / MERXR 226 (UK, 1986)
"Misfit" (Scratch Mix)
"Misfit" (Dub Mix)
"Misfit" (John Morales Extended Mix)
12"/Cassette: Mercury / CATX 4 / CATXM 4 (UK, 1987)
"Misfit" (Extended Mix)
"Man"
"Misfit" (7" Version)
CDV: Mercury / 080 112-2 (UK, 1987)
"Misfit" (12" Version) – 7:01
Red Lights – 5:32
Shallow Memory – 4:29
"Misfit" (Video) – 4:04
Charts
References
1986 songs
1986 debut singles
1987 singles
Song recordings produced by Stewart Levine
Mercury Records singles |
Ruth Ward (born November 19, 1936) is an American politician who has served in the New Hampshire Senate from the 8th district since 2016.
References
1936 births
Living people
Republican Party New Hampshire state senators
21st-century American women politicians
Women state legislators in New Hampshire |
This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Kirkhope in the Scottish Borders, Scotland.
List
|}
Key
Notes
References
All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence
Kirkhope |
Sendhwa Assembly constituency is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India.
It is part of Barwani District.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Election results
2018
See also
Sendhwa
References
Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh |
Electridae is a family of bryozoans in the order Cheilostomatida.
Genera
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following genera:
Arbocuspis Nikulina, 2010
Arbopercula Nikulina, 2010
Aspidelectra Levinsen, 1909
Bathypora MacGillivray, 1885
Charixa Lang, 1915
Conopeum Gray, 1848
Conopeum seurati
Einhornia Nikulina, 2007
Electra Lamouroux, 1816
Electra pilosa
Electra posidoniae
Gontarella Grischenko, Taylor & Mawatari, 2002
Harpecia Gordon, 1982
Lapidosella Gontar, 2010
Mychoplectra Gordon & Parker, 1991
Osburnea Nikulina, 2010
Pyripora d'Orbigny, 1849
Tarsocryptus Tilbrook, 2011
Villicharixa Gordon, 1989
References
Cheilostomatida
Bryozoan families |
Samuel Clegg (2 March 1781 – 8 January 1861) was a British engineer, known mostly for his development of the gas works process.
Biography
Clegg was born at Manchester on 2 March 1781, received a scientific education under the care of Dr. Dalton. He was then apprenticed to Boulton and Watt, and at the Soho Manufactory witnessed many of William Murdoch's earlier experiments in the use of coal gas. He profited so well by his residence there that he was soon engaged by Mr. Henry Lodge to adapt the new lighting system to his cotton mills at Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax; and finding the necessity for some simpler method of purifying the gas, he invented the lime purifiers. He installed gas lighting at Thomas Hinde's worsted mill in Dolphinholme, Lancashire.
After removing to London, he lighted in 1813 with gas the establishment of Mr. Rudolph Ackermann, printseller, 101 Strand. Here his success was so pronounced that it brought him prominently forward, and in the following year he became the engineer of the Chartered Gas Company. He made many unsuccessful attempts to construct a dry meter which would register satisfactorily; but in 1815 and again in 1818 he patented a water meter, — the basis of all the subsequent improvements in the method of measuring gas.
For some years he was actively engaged in the construction of gasworks, or in advising on the formation of new gas companies; but in an evil hour he joined an engineering establishment at Liverpool, in which he lost everything he possessed, and had to commence the world afresh.
He was afterwards employed by the Portuguese government as an engineer, and in that capacity reconstructed the mint at Lisbon, and executed several other public works. On his return to England railway works engaged his attention, but unfortunately he became involved with the atmospheric system of propulsion with the Samuda Brothers. The failure of their system as a practicable plan of locomotion was a great blow to him, and he never after took any very active part in public affairs.
He was appointed by the government one of the surveying officers for conducting preliminary inquiries on applications for new gas bills, and he occupied his spare time in contributing to the elaborate treatise on manufacture of coal gas published by his son Samuel in 1850. He became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1829, and took a prominent part in the discussions at its meetings.
He died at Fairfield House, Adelaide Road, Haverstock Hill, Middlesex on 8 January 1861 and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.
References
English civil engineers
Engineers from Manchester
1781 births
1861 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Institution of Civil Engineers |
Everton Football Club is a former football club from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
Honours
Port of Spain Football League
Winners: 1930, 1931, 1932
Trinidad and Tobago Cup
Winners: 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932
References
Football clubs in Trinidad and Tobago |
The is a 12th-century Japanese dictionary of Kanji ("Chinese characters"). It was the first Heian Period dictionary to collate characters by pronunciation (in the iroha order) rather than by logographic radical (like the Tenrei Banshō Meigi) or word meaning (Wamyō Ruijushō).
The Iroha Jiruishō has a complex history (see Okimori 1996:8-11) involving editions of two, three, and ten fascicles (kan 卷 "scroll; volume"). The original 2-fascicle edition was compiled by an unknown editor in late Heian era circa 1144-1165 CE. This was followed by a 3-fascicle edition by Tachibana Tadakane (橘忠兼) circa 1177-1188. Finally, at the start of the Kamakura Period, another anonymous editor compiled the expanded 10-fascicle edition, entitled 伊呂波字類抄 (with Iroha written 伊呂波 instead of 色葉).
The main character entries are annotated with katakana to indicate both on'yomi Sino-Japanese borrowings and kun'yomi native Japanese pronunciations. The Iroha Jiruishō orthography shows that 12th-century Japanese continued to phonetically distinguish voiceless and voiced sounds, but the distinction between /zi/ and /di/, /zu/ and /du/, and /eu/ and /ou/ was being lost. These entry words typify the Japanized version of classical Chinese known as hentai Kanbun (変体漢文 "anomalous Chinese writing", see Azuma Kagami) or Wakan konkōbun (和漢混交文 "mixed Japanese and Chinese writing"). This is a bilingual dictionary for looking up Chinese characters in terms of their Japanese pronunciation, and not a true Japanese language dictionary.
The Iroha jiruishō inventively groups entries by their first mora into 47 phonetic sections (部門) like i (伊), ro (呂), and ha (波); each subdivided into 21 semantic headings shown in the table below.
Most of these 21 headings are self-explanatory semantic fields, with the exceptions of 13 Jiji for miscellaneous words written with a single character, 14 Jūten reduplicative compounds (e.g., ji-ji 時時, literally "time time", "at times, occasionally"), and 15 Jōji synonym compounds (e.g., kanryaku 簡略, literally "simple simple", "simplicity, conciseness"). These 21 Iroha jiruishō headings can be compared with the 24 used two centuries earlier in the Wamyō Ruijushō.
Unlike all the other major Heian Japanese dictionaries that followed Chinese dictionary traditions, the Iroha Jiruishō'''s phonetic ordering can undoubtedly be interpreted, says Don C. Bailey (1960:16), "as a sign of increasing independence from Chinese cultural influences." Most subsequent Japanese dictionaries, excepting kanji ones, were internally organized by pronunciation.
References
Bailey, Don Clifford. (1960). "Early Japanese Lexicography". Monumenta Nipponica 16:1-52.
Nakada Norio 中田祝夫, ed. (1977). Iroha jirui shō kenkyū narabini sōgō sakuin (色葉字類抄研究並びに總合索引 "Research and a General Index for the Iroha Jiruishō). Tokyo : Kazama Shobō.
Kaneko Akira 金子彰. (1996). "色葉字類抄・伊呂波字類抄 (Iroha Jiruishō)". In Nihon jisho jiten 日本辞書辞典 (The Encyclopedia of Dictionaries Published in Japan), Okimori Takuya 沖森卓也, et al., eds., pp. 8-11. Tokyo: Ōfū.
External links
色葉字類抄, online JPEG Iroha Jiruishō'' edition, Kyoto University Library
Manuscript scan at Waseda University Library: 1827
Japanese dictionaries
Late Old Japanese texts
12th-century Japanese books
Heian-period books |
Patrick Marcos de Sousa Freitas (born 9 April 1999), simply known as Patrick, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender for Portuguesa.
Club career
Patrick was born in Ferraz de Vasconcelos, São Paulo, and joined Portuguesa's youth setup in 2018, after representing Flamengo-SP and EC São Bernardo. He made his senior debut with the former on 3 March 2019, coming on as a late substitute for Cesinha in a 3–0 Campeonato Paulista Série A2 away win over Taubaté.
Patrick scored his first senior goal on 24 March 2019, netting the opener in a 2–1 home win over Votuporanguense. A backup option in his first years, he became a starter in the 2021 Série D.
Patrick helped Lusa to win the 2022 Paulista A2 as a starter, being named the best defender of the competition. On 20 April 2022, he renewed his contract until August 2025, and agreed to a loan deal with Série C side ABC; his new club confirmed the deal two days later.
Career statistics
Honours
Club
Portuguesa
Copa Paulista: 2020
Campeonato Paulista Série A2: 2022
Individual
Campeonato Paulista Série A2 Best XI: 2022
References
1999 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo (state)
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players
ABC Futebol Clube players
People from Ferraz de Vasconcelos |
Bertha Oliva Nativí (born c. 1956) is a Honduran human rights campaigner. She is the founder and coordinator of the Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras (COFADEH, by its Spanish initials), a non-governmental organization promoting the rights of relatives of the victims of forced disappearances between 1979 and 1989.
Oliva founded the organization after her husband, Prof. Tomás Nativí, founder of the People’s Revolutionary Union (URP), was taken from his home by State forces in June 1981. She was three months pregnant at the time. Her husband has never been seen since.
Career
COFADEH is recognized as having played a major role in the dissolution of Honduras' Department of National Investigations, the repeal of compulsory military service, and the liberation of the country's last political prisoners in 1992.
Oliva, and her organization COFADEH, have been active partners in the Global Response campaign Honduras:Protect Forests and Environmental Activists.
Oliva opposed the 2009 military coup against President Manuel Zelaya. After elections in late 2013 returned the rightwing National Party to power, Bertha Oliva said: "The police and military are using the cover of the US-led war on drugs in Honduras to eliminate many people, maybe including me: I am on the death list again."
Awards
Oliva received the Human Rights Award from Honduras' National Commission on Human Rights, and was nominated along with five other Honduran women as one of the 1000 Peace Women for the Nobel Prize in 2005.
In November 2010, the Dutch government awarded Oliva the 2010 Human Rights Tulip award.
See also
Human rights in Honduras
References
Further reading
Bertha Oliva, A Real Truth Commission for Honduras, The World Post, 4 May 2010
External links
COFADEH
Honduran human rights activists
Honduran women activists
Honduran women
1950s births
Living people
Women human rights activists |
The Korea Hapkido Federation is the largest, wholly hapkido, governing body for the Korean martial art of hapkido in the world. It is made up of predominantly Korean born students and instructors or those individuals who have directly trained in South Korea. This organization is based in Seoul, South Korea and its president is Oh Se-Lim.
Founder
Ji Han Jae was the founder of the original Korea Hapkido Association (Dae Han Hapkido Hyub Hoe) in 1965. The first president of the Dae Han Hapkido Hyub Hoe was Park Jong-Kyu who was Head of Security Forces for the South Korean president. Later Kim Woo Joong, president of the Dae Woo company was elected president of the KHA. These political connections greatly increased the association's power and influence. The prime movers in this organization were members of Ji's original 'Sung Moo Kwan'.
The KHA later grew into the Republic of Korea Hapkido Association (Dae Han Min Gook Hyub Hoe) with the merging of Ji han Jae's 'Dae Han Hapkido Hyub Hoe', Kim Moo-Hong's 'Han Gook Hapkido Hyub Hoe' (Korean Hapkido Association) and Myung Jae Nam's 'Han Gook Hapki Hoe' (Korean Hapki Association) in 1973. Choi Dae-Hoon was elected president of the association with Ji Han Jae serving as senior vice president.
By 1983, Oh, See Lim, with many of the original founding members of the association departing, renamed the association by the first organizational name used by Ji, the Dae Han Hapkido Hyub Hoe. With a new preferred English rendering, the new Korea Hapkido Federation was born.
Prominent members
A list of people who were or are prominent members of the Korea Hapkido Federation:
Kim Myung Yong - Korea Hapkido Federation US Branch President - Founder Jin Jung Kwan
Aleksandr Semyonov - Director for the Korea Hapkido Federation for Saint Petersburg, Russia Branch, 6 Dan
Michael Dunchok - Korea Hapkido Federation Certified 7th Dan - Irvine, California, U.S.A. (Kuk Sool Kwan)
Holcombe Thomas — Korea Hapkido Federation certified 8th Dan - Springfield, VA, USA
Lee Sung-Soo — Korea Hapkido Federation Certified 9th Dan - Australia
Shin, Hang Shik — Dae Han Hapkido Federation Certified 9th Dan - Atlanta, GA, USA
Scott Yates - Korea Hapkido Federation US Branch Director Certified 8th Dan - New Jersey, USA
Seo, Min Su — Dae Han Hapkido Federation Certified 7th Dan - Atlanta, GA, USA
Myung Kwang-Sik — President of the World Hapkido Federation (02 April 1940 – 19 July 2009)
Scott Shaw — Korea Hapkido Federation certified 7th Dan, California, USA
Julian Lim @ LTC (R) Dr. Alif Aiman Abdullah — Hapkido Sung Moo Kwan, President of Korean Martial Arts Asia Pacific (KOMA SEAPAC), Korea Hapkido Federation certified 7th Dan - Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
Son Tae-Soo — Korea Hapkido Federation certified 7th Dan - Philadelphia, PA, USA
Thomas Bernard - Korea Hapkido Federation US Branch Chairman - Tennessee, USA
Kang Seok Lee — Korea Hapkido Federation certified 7th Dan - North Carolina, USA
Woo — Korea Hapkido Federation certified 7th Dan - Springfield, VA, USA
Reza Nobahari — Korea Hapkido Federation certified 7th Dan - Dubai, UAE
Lee Kidong — Korea Hapkido Federation certified 8th Dan - Sacramento, CA, USA
Ronald Christopher Garland - Korea Hapkido Federation US Branch Vice Chairman Certified 8th Dan - Tennessee, USA
Shin Jae Hwan — Hapkido Federation certified 8th Dan - Auckland, New Zealand
Gabriel Aburto - Korea Hapkido Federation certified 5th Dan - Chile Representative
Marcelo Ruhland - Korea Hapkido Federation certified 6th Dan - Brazil branch Director (Kuk Sool Kwan)
Rondy McKee - Korea Hapkido Federation certified 7th Dan - USA (Sisu Kwan)
Recognized Kwans of the KHF
Bong Moo Kwan (GM IM Myung Sup, 8th Dan)
Chun Do Kwan (GM YU Chun Hee, 8th Dan)
Cheong Kyum Kwan (GM CHOI Suk Hwan)
Chun Ji Kwan (GM KIM Byung Soo, 8th Dan)
Da Mool Moo Kwan
Dong Yi Kwan (GM KANG Tae Soo)
Duk Moo Kwan (GM KIM Duk In, 9th Dan)
Eul Ji Kwan (GM Lim Chon-Yun, 8th Dan)
Hak Moo Kwan (GM LEE Yong Sik)
Han Moo Kwan (GM SONG Young Ki, 9th Dan)
Huek Choo Kwan (GM JIN Jong Moon, 9th Dan)
Hyo Chun Kwan (GM YOO Dong Gu, 7th Dan)
Jin Jung Kwan/Jin Joong Kwan (GM Kim Myung Yong)
Jung Moo Kwan (GM JEONG Jae Ro, 9th Dan)
In Moo Kwan (GM NA In Dong, 9th Dan)
Kang Moo Kwan (GM CHUN Man Bae)
Ki Moo Kwan (GM IM Hyun Yong)
Ki Do Kwan (Douglas Grant, 7th Dan Kentucky USA)
Ki Sim Kwan (GM SUH Kwang Won, 8th Dan)
Koryo Chun Tong Moo Ye Won
Kuh Ho Kwan (GM CHUN Won Il, 8th Dan)
Kuk Sool Kwan (GM KIM Woo Tak)
Kum Moo Kwan (GM JUNG Soon Sung, 8th Dan)
Kun Moo Kwan (GM HAN Kyu Il, 8th Dan)
Kwang Moo Kwan (GM NO Kwang Yul, 8th Dan)
Kyung Mu Kwan (GM KIM Nam Jae, 9th Dan)
Moo Moo Kwan (GM KIM Yong Man, 9th Dan)
Moo Hak Kwan (GM LEE Sung Soo, 9th Dan)
Pyung Moo Kwan
Seon Gyo Gwan
Se Sim Kwan (GM YOO Ki Hyun, 7th Dan)
Se Sung Kwan (GM JUNG Ik Chul, 7th Dan)
Shin Ki Kwan (GM Scott Yates, 8th Dan)
Soo Do Kwan (GM OH Jae Suk)
Song Moo Kwan (GM PARK Song Il, 9th Dan)
Song Won Kwan (GM JUNG Bong Ok, 8th Dan)
Soong Moo Kwan (GM LEE Jung Moon)
So Rim Kwan
Sung Moo Kwan
Tae Moo Kwan (GM JUNG Ki Chul, 8th Dan)
Yun Bee Kwan (GM KIM Jung Soo)
Han Yu Kwan (Gyeong min yu, 10th Dan)
Yong Moo Kwan (GM LEE Dong Woo, 9th Dan)
Yoo Sool Kwan (GM BYUN Young Dae)
Yoo Sool Won (GM YOO Sang Ho, 9th Dan)
Jung Sool kwan( GM Fabian Duque 7° Dan)
Yoo Sung Kwan (GM KIM Nam Kyu)
Yun Moo Kwan (GM LEE Ho Il, 8th Dan)
Kidong Kwan (GM LEE Kidong, 8th Dan)
Hapki Kwan (GM KRIVOKAPIC Boris, 7th Dan)
Sisu Kwan (Master Rondy McKee)
Stit Kwan (Master Dusan Konevic)
Estudiantes Colombia Kwan ECK (MASTER Joann Alvarado, 5th Dan)
External links
Korea Hapkido Federation
Korea Hapkido Federation USA
https://koreahapkidofederation.com
See also
Korean martial arts
References
1965 establishments in South Korea
Hapkido organizations
Organizations based in Seoul
Sports organizations established in 1965 |
Ogwyn is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Ogwyn Davies (1925–2015), Welsh artist
Joby Ogwyn (born 1974), American mountain climber, BASE jumper, and wingsuit flyer |
Barry Goldstein is a golf instructor based out of Coral Springs, FL and Binghamton, NY. He has received recognition for teaching junior golfers as well as amateurs and professional golfers. Barry was a notable amateur golfer that played in South Florida tournaments with Tiger Woods as a teenager.
Early life
Goldstein was born and raised in Binghamton, NY and attended Binghamton High School. He was the captain of the ice hockey team and a baseball player, and ultimately decided to play baseball at Florida Atlantic University. Once his baseball career ended, he turned to golf. He quickly took to the game, competing as an amateur golfer.
His focus would soon shift to the teaching side of golf. He learned to teach golf under instructor Jimmy Ballard. Goldstein still credits much of his success to his tutor Ballard, who laid a foundation that focused on the fundamentals of the game.
Teaching
Goldstein teaches across a range of ability, from beginners to PGA professionals. He has worked with many amateur and professional golfers such as former PGA Tour Pro and tournament winner Mike Standly and Korn Ferry Tour winner & PGA Tour player Brandon Matthews. Another notable current student is Lev Grinberg, junior and amateur phenom that made a European Tour cut at age 14. Many times Goldstein has been selected as one of Americas Top 25 Instructors by Golf Tips Magazine. One of Barry's biggest personal accomplishments is being the coach and caddy for his daughter, Carly Goldstein, who won the Florida State Golf Title in 2012 and was a member of the LSU Tigers Golf Team. In recent years, Goldstein has focused more on the development of the next generation of golf, training elite juniors throughout the country. Goldstein has emerged as an elite "Top 25" and "Top 50" coach multiple times.
Media and journalism
Being on the Golf Channel a number of times propelled Goldstein to a top and trusted professional. He has contributed and appeared in golf articles for a variety of magazines, radio stations and newspapers. Some of the published articles appear in Golf Tips Magazine, Golf Week, Golf Talk Live, Bleacher Report, Binghamton Homepage, Sun Sentinel, and PGA.com. Goldstein was on the cover of the July/August 2018 Golf Tips Magazine.
A 2019 Golf Channel show, Vantage Point hosted by Mike Tirico, details Goldstein's relationship with his student Kody Finn from Parkland, Florida, who survived the tragic shooting at Stoneman Douglas High School and how golf has helped him heal.
In 2019 Goldstein was honored as a distinguished graduate of Binghamton High School.
Currently, he is the host of Golf With Goldstein, a YouTube based golf video series broadcast on 24K Sport's YouTube Channel. These video consist of golf instruction, special guests, exercise tips and all around golf talk.
References
External links
American golf instructors
Living people
Sportspeople from Binghamton, New York
Year of birth missing (living people) |
```xml
/*
* MTSwapChain.mm
*
*/
#include "MTSwapChain.h"
#include "MTTypes.h"
#include "RenderState/MTRenderPass.h"
#include "../TextureUtils.h"
#include "../../Core/Assertion.h"
#include <LLGL/Platform/NativeHandle.h>
#include <LLGL/TypeInfo.h>
#ifdef LLGL_OS_IOS
@implementation MTSwapChainViewDelegate
{
LLGL::Canvas* canvas_;
}
-(nonnull instancetype)initWithCanvas:(LLGL::Canvas&)canvas;
{
self = [super init];
if (self)
canvas_ = &canvas;
return self;
}
- (void)drawInMTKView:(nonnull MTKView *)view
{
if (canvas_)
canvas_->PostDraw();
}
- (void)mtkView:(nonnull MTKView *)view drawableSizeWillChange:(CGSize)size
{
// dummy
}
@end
#endif // /LLGL_OS_IOS
namespace LLGL
{
MTSwapChain::MTSwapChain(
id<MTLDevice> device,
const SwapChainDescriptor& desc,
const std::shared_ptr<Surface>& surface,
const RendererInfo& rendererInfo)
:
SwapChain { desc },
renderPass_ { device, desc }
{
/* Initialize surface for MetalKit view */
SetOrCreateSurface(surface, SwapChain::BuildDefaultSurfaceTitle(rendererInfo), desc.resolution, desc.fullscreen);
/* Allocate and initialize MetalKit view */
view_ = AllocMTKViewAndInitWithSurface(device, GetSurface());
/* Initialize color and depth buffer */
view_.framebufferOnly = NO; //TODO: make this optional with create/bind flag
view_.colorPixelFormat = renderPass_.GetColorAttachments()[0].pixelFormat;
view_.depthStencilPixelFormat = renderPass_.GetDepthStencilFormat();
view_.sampleCount = renderPass_.GetSampleCount();
/* Show default surface */
if (!surface)
ShowSurface();
}
bool MTSwapChain::IsPresentable() const
{
return true; //TODO
}
void MTSwapChain::Present()
{
/* Present backbuffer */
[view_ draw];
/* Release mutable render pass as the view's render pass changes between backbuffers */
if (nativeMutableRenderPass_ != nil)
{
[nativeMutableRenderPass_ release];
nativeMutableRenderPass_ = nil;
}
}
std::uint32_t MTSwapChain::GetCurrentSwapIndex() const
{
return 0; // dummy
}
std::uint32_t MTSwapChain::GetNumSwapBuffers() const
{
return 1; // dummy
}
std::uint32_t MTSwapChain::GetSamples() const
{
return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(renderPass_.GetSampleCount());
}
Format MTSwapChain::GetColorFormat() const
{
return MTTypes::ToFormat(view_.colorPixelFormat);
}
Format MTSwapChain::GetDepthStencilFormat() const
{
return MTTypes::ToFormat(view_.depthStencilPixelFormat);
}
const RenderPass* MTSwapChain::GetRenderPass() const
{
return (&renderPass_);
}
static NSInteger GetPrimaryDisplayRefreshRate()
{
constexpr NSInteger defaultRefreshRate = 60;
if (const Display* display = Display::GetPrimary())
return static_cast<NSInteger>(display->GetDisplayMode().refreshRate);
else
return defaultRefreshRate;
}
bool MTSwapChain::SetVsyncInterval(std::uint32_t vsyncInterval)
{
if (vsyncInterval > 0)
{
#ifdef LLGL_OS_MACOS
/* Enable display sync in CAMetalLayer */
[(CAMetalLayer*)[view_ layer] setDisplaySyncEnabled:YES];
#endif
/* Apply v-sync interval to display refresh rate */
view_.preferredFramesPerSecond = GetPrimaryDisplayRefreshRate() / static_cast<NSInteger>(vsyncInterval);
}
else
{
#ifdef LLGL_OS_MACOS
/* Disable display sync in CAMetalLayer */
[(CAMetalLayer*)[view_ layer] setDisplaySyncEnabled:NO];
#else
/* Set preferred frame rate to default value */
view_.preferredFramesPerSecond = GetPrimaryDisplayRefreshRate();
#endif
}
return true;
}
MTLRenderPassDescriptor* MTSwapChain::GetAndUpdateNativeRenderPass(
const MTRenderPass& renderPass,
std::uint32_t numClearValues,
const ClearValue* clearValues)
{
/* Create copy of native render pass descriptor for the first time */
if (nativeMutableRenderPass_ == nil)
nativeMutableRenderPass_ = [GetNativeRenderPass() copy];
/* Update mutable render pass with clear values */
if (renderPass.GetColorAttachments().size() == 1)
renderPass.UpdateNativeRenderPass(nativeMutableRenderPass_, numClearValues, clearValues);
return nativeMutableRenderPass_;
}
/*
* ======= Private: =======
*/
#ifndef LLGL_OS_IOS
static NSView* GetContentViewFromNativeHandle(const NativeHandle& nativeHandle)
{
if ([nativeHandle.responder isKindOfClass:[NSWindow class]])
{
/* Interpret responder as NSWindow */
return [(NSWindow*)nativeHandle.responder contentView];
}
if ([nativeHandle.responder isKindOfClass:[NSView class]])
{
/* Interpret responder as NSView */
return (NSView*)nativeHandle.responder;
}
LLGL_TRAP("NativeHandle::responder is neither of type NSWindow nor NSView for MTKView");
}
#endif
MTKView* MTSwapChain::AllocMTKViewAndInitWithSurface(id<MTLDevice> device, Surface& surface)
{
MTKView* mtkView = nullptr;
NativeHandle nativeHandle = {};
GetSurface().GetNativeHandle(&nativeHandle, sizeof(nativeHandle));
/* Create MetalKit view */
#ifdef LLGL_OS_IOS
LLGL_ASSERT_PTR(nativeHandle.view);
UIView* contentView = nativeHandle.view;
/* Allocate MetalKit view */
mtkView = [[MTKView alloc] initWithFrame:contentView.frame device:device];
/* Allocate view delegate to handle re-draw events */
viewDelegate_ = [[MTSwapChainViewDelegate alloc] initWithCanvas:CastTo<Canvas>(GetSurface())];
[viewDelegate_ mtkView:mtkView drawableSizeWillChange:mtkView.bounds.size];
[mtkView setDelegate:viewDelegate_];
#else // LLGL_OS_IOS
NSView* contentView = GetContentViewFromNativeHandle(nativeHandle);
/* Allocate MetalKit view */
CGRect contentViewRect = [contentView frame];
CGRect relativeViewRect = CGRectMake(0.0f, 0.0f, contentViewRect.size.width, contentViewRect.size.height);
mtkView = [[MTKView alloc] initWithFrame:relativeViewRect device:device];
#endif // /LLGL_OS_IOS
/* Add MTKView as subview and register rotate/resize layout constraints */
mtkView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
NSDictionary* viewsDictionary = @{@"mtkView":mtkView};
[contentView addSubview:mtkView];
[contentView addConstraints:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"|[mtkView]|" options:0 metrics:nil views:viewsDictionary]];
[contentView addConstraints:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|[mtkView]|" options:0 metrics:nil views:viewsDictionary]];
return mtkView;
}
bool MTSwapChain::ResizeBuffersPrimary(const Extent2D& /*resolution*/)
{
/* Invoke a redraw to force an update on the resized multisampled framebuffer */
[view_ draw];
return true;
}
} // /namespace LLGL
// ================================================================================
``` |
Stefano Mazzini (born 6 December 1998) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Carrarese.
Club career
Atalanta
Born in Crema, Mazzini was a youth exponent of Atalanta. On 13 August 2016, he was called up to the senior squad's official game for the first time, in the third round of Coppa Italia against Cremonese and eight days later, on 21 August, for the first time in a Serie A match, against Lazio, but remained on the bench.
Loan to Gavorrano and Pordenone
On 13 July 2017, Mazzini was loaned to Serie C side Gavorrano on a season-long loan deal. Three months later, on 7 October, he made his professional debut in Serie C for Gavorrano in a 4–1 home defeat against Arzachena. However, in January 2018, his loan was interrupted and Mazzini returned to Atalanta leaving Gavorrano with only 1 appearance, remaining an unused substitute for 18 matches in the first part of the season.
On 25 January 2018, Mazzini was signed by Serie C club Pordenone on a 6-month loan deal. Three weeks later, on 14 February, he made his debut for Pordenone in Serie C in a 1–0 away defeat against Südtirol. On 18 March he kept his first clean sheet in a 2–0 home win over Fermana. Mazzini ended his 6-month loan to Pordenone with only 5 appearances, keeping 1 clean sheet and conceding 7 goals. At Pordenone he was the second keeper after Simone Perilli.
Loan to Carrarese
On 23 August 2018, Mazzini was signed by Serie C side Carrarese on a season-long loan deal. After seven months, on 24 February 2019, Mazzini made his debut for Carrarese and kept his first clean sheet for the club in a 1–0 home win over Pontedera. On 2 March he kept his second clean sheet in a 3–0 away win over Albissola and two weeks later, on 16 March, Mazzini kept his third clean sheet, but he was sent-off with a red card in the 68th minute of a 3–0 home win over Arezzo. Mazzini ended his season-long loan to Carrarese with 9 appearances (including 3 in the play-off), 5 goals conceded and 5 keeping clean sheets.
Loan to Pontedera and Piacenza
On 3 July 2019, Mazzini was loaned to Serie C club Pontedera on a season-long loan deal. On 24 August he made his debut for the club in a 3–1 home win over Carrarese. He became Pontedera's first-choice early in the season. On 15 September he kept his first clean sheet for Pontedera in a 0–0 home draw against Novara. Three weeks later, on 6 October, he kept his second clean sheet for the club in a 2–0 away win over Alessandria. In January 2020, Mazzini was re-called to Atalanta and he ended the loan to Pontedera with 21 appearances in the league and 3 clean sheets.
On 21 January 2020, he moved to Serie C club Piacenza on loan. Two days later, on 23 January, Mazzini made his debut for the club and he also his first clean sheet in a 0–0 home draw against Arzignano Valchiampo. On 9 February he kept his second clean sheet for Piacenza, a 1–0 away win over Ravenna. Mazzini ended his 6-month loan to Piacenza with only 5 appearances, 5 goals conceded and 2 clean sheets.
Loan to Carrarese
On 29 August 2020, Mazzini returned to Serie C side Carrarese on a season-long loan deal. On 23 September he made his seasonal debut for the club in a 4–0 home win over Ambrosiana in the first round of Coppa Italia. Four days later, on 27 September, he made his league debut and he kept the clean sheet in a 0–0 home draw against Pro Patria, and one week later he kept his second consecutive clean sheet in a 1–0 away win over Pro Sesto. Mazzini became Carrarese's first-choice goalkeeper early in the season. On 17 October he kept his third clean sheet in Serie C in a 0–0 away draw against Lecco. Mazzini ended his season-long loan to Carrarese with 31 appearances, 33 goals conceded and 10 clean sheets.
On 1 September 2021, he was loaned again to Carrarese.
Loan to Aquila Montevarchi
Mazzini joined Serie C club Aquila Montevarchi on a one-year loan on 15 July 2022.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
People from Crema, Lombardy
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Serie C players
Atalanta BC players
US Gavorrano players
Pordenone Calcio players
Carrarese Calcio players
US Città di Pontedera players
Piacenza Calcio 1919 players
Montevarchi Calcio Aquila 1902 players
Footballers from the Province of Cremona |
National Arts Center, National Arts Centre, etc. may refer to:
National Arts Centre (performing arts organisation) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
National Arts Centre (buildling) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
The National Art Center, Tokyo, also known as The National Art Center, in Japan
National Arts Center in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines |
Carolina Cristina Alves is an Associate Professor at the University College London Institute for Innovation and Social Purpose. She previously was the Joan Robinson Research Fellow in Heterodox Economics at Girton College at the University of Cambridge. She is a co-founder of Diversifying and Decolonising Economics D-Econ, and an editor of the Developing Economics blog (DE Blog). She sits on the Rebuilding Macroeconomics Advisory Board (RM Advisory Council), the Progressive Economy Forum Council (PEF) and Positive Money .
Career
Alves graduated from São Paulo State University in 2003 with a bachelor's degree in economics, and then the Universidade Estadual de Campinas with a Masters in the Sociology in 2007. Alves earned her PhD in Economics from SOAS University of London in 2017. She is a member of the Cambridge Social Ontology Group (CSOG) and the Alternative Approaches to Economics Research Group at the University of Cambridge. She has been a Joan Robinson Research Fellow in Heterodox Economics at Girton College at the University of Cambridge since October 2017. She is also a College Teaching Officer in Economics at Cambridge.
Alves is a co-founder of Diversifying and Decolonising Economics, a "network of economists that aim to promote inclusiveness in economics" in academic content and in the field's institutional structures. Known as "D-Econ", the organization works to promote an approach to the study of economics that encompasses the diversity of identity, the diversity of approaches, and decolonization in order to combat institutional structures that have created the "homogenous composition of the profession". Current and upcoming projects involve the creation of a database of marginalized scholars, guidelines for inclusive practices for organizations and conferences, and a network of organizations and activists with like-minded visions. Alves is also a member of the organization's steering committee.
As a member of the Rebuilding Macroeconomics Advisory Group, Alves is a part of a research initiative aimed at re-invigorating macroeconomics and bringing it back to the fore as a policy-relevant social science. The organization supports "creative" research that may impact real-world economic issues.
Alves is also a co-editor of the Developing Economics blog, which takes a critical approach to creating discussion and reflection in the field of developing economics. She has contributed several articles of her own, including "Unanswered Questions on Financialisation in Developing Economies" and "The Financialization Response to Economic Disequilibria: European and Latin American Experiences".
Research and academic work
Alves' research focuses on macroeconomics, international macro-finance, political economy and Marxian economics.
Before her PhD, Alves focused on issues relating to financial capital, the labour theory of value, and social classes. During her MPhil, she looked at the historical and theoretical development of the relationship between value and labour in economics. While doing her MPhil, she was also a research assistant for the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP — BR) on a project concerning income transfer strategies for governments. Her PhD thesis, titled Stabilisation or financialisation: examining the dynamics of the Brazilian public debt, examined Brazilian public debt between 1994 and 2014 and the vicious cycle between financial liberalization, high interest rates, and the growth of domestic public debt.
After the completion of her PhD, Alves has further studied fiscal and monetary policy through an analysis of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank's literature on public debt management and its impact on the development of government bond markets.
Since early 2019, Alves has been organizing a special issue of the Cambridge Journal of Economics that examines the financialization process in both developing and emerging economies, a concept stemming from conversations about the risks of financial liberalization and globalization.
Selected scholarships
Synthesis Report: Empirical analysis for new ways of global engagement
Together with Vivienne Boufounou, Konstantinos Dellis, Christos Pitelis and Jan Toporowski, Alves produced a synthesis report looking at the increasing integration of developing and emerging economies into the global financial system through the increasing cross-border flows of capital. They argue that a close examination of net capital flows cannot explain this integration, while the increasing involvement of the private sector in the external debt of developing countries does reflect this increasing integration into the financial system.
Such integration increases these countries' exposure to various financial risks and subjects their economies to different factors that drive these capital flows. The authors point out that the increased participation of developing and emerging economies in the world's financial system represents potential for the development of new multilateral relationships, and these economies can also be a crucial source of finance for the European continent at a time of financial distress. This paper was published as a FESSUD working paper in August 2016.
References
British economists
British women economists
Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge
Living people
São Paulo State University alumni
State University of Campinas alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
"We're Not in Kansas Anymore" is the pilot episode of the American teen drama 90210 that premiered on September 2, 2008, on The CW in the United States and Global in Canada. 90210 is a spin-off to Beverly Hills, 90210, and the fourth series in the Beverly Hills, 90210 continuity. The pilot was written by Gabe Sachs, Jeff Judah and Rob Thomas, and directed by Mark Piznarski. The episode, aired with "The Jet Set" in a two-hour premiere, averaged 4.9 million viewers on its original broadcast.
The development of a Beverly Hills, 90210 spin-off by The CW was reported on March 13, 2008; four days later, a detailed breakdown of the pilot written by Thomas was released. Thomas later announced that he was leaving the series, and Sachs and Judah were hired to write a new version of the script. Casting began before the script was completed, and several cast members of the original series were approached, of whom several accepted to appear. Reviews of the episode were mixed, and one critic explained, "it's not a great show but it's not a terrible teen drama, not by a long shot. The new 90210 turns out to be a solid sequel with plenty of shout-outs to fans of the old 90210."
The pilot introduces the Wilson family, along with numerous other students at West Beverly Hills High, where Annie Wilson (Shenae Grimes) and Dixon Wilson (Tristan Wilds) begin attendance. Their father, Harry Wilson (Rob Estes), returns from Kansas to his childhood home of Beverly Hills with his family to care of his mother, former television star Tabitha Wilson (Jessica Walter), who has a drinking problem. Annie and Dixon struggle to adjust to their new lives while making new friends and adhering to their parents' wishes.
Plot
The Wilson family — consisting of parents Harry and Debbie (Lori Loughlin), daughter Annie, and adopted son Dixon arrive at the mansion of Harry's mother, Tabitha. Where they will be taking care of her. Annie and Dixon discuss what their first day of school will be like at West Beverly Hills High, where their father will be the principal. Annie hopes to hook up with a friend named Ethan Ward (Dustin Milligan), whom she met two summers ago. When she arrives at school the next day, Annie spots Ethan in his car and makes eye contact, only to realize that he is receiving fellatio from a fellow student. Dixon goes to journalism class, where he meets Navid Shirazi (Michael Steger), while Annie goes to her first class taught by Ryan Matthews (Ryan Eggold). Matthews asks popular student, Naomi Clark (AnnaLynne McCord), to show Annie around the school. After class, Naomi talks to Annie about her busy life and upcoming sixteenth birthday party. Annie discovers that she is dating Ethan, and meets her best friend, Adrianna Tate-Duncan (Jessica Lowndes), who is the lead in the school play Spring Awakening. Annie, who is also an actress, is upset that she arrived too late to audition for a role, although Adrianna says that she would be better use backstage. Later, Adrianna takes several pills from a drug dealer, and agrees to pay him two hundred dollars the next day.
Annie sees Ethan and promises not to tell Naomi what she saw. They part ways for lunch, and Annie meets Silver (Jessica Stroup); however, Naomi pulls Annie away, explaining that Silver makes insulting YouTube videos about people. Naomi invites Annie to her birthday party, and they decide to go shopping together. Harry and guidance counselor Kelly Taylor (Jennie Garth) and Mr.Matthews meet with Naomi's parents, who feel that Naomi should not have to hand in her assignments on time when she is planning her party. Before she leaves, Naomi's mother, Tracy (Christina Moore), reminds Harry that they dated in high school. Naomi receives a text message from her mother, telling her that she must complete the assignment that night. Annie remembers that she completed a similar assignment for her old school, and offers to give Naomi a copy for inspiration.
Dixon is accepted into the lacrosse team after trying out, but gets into a fight with team member George Evans (Kellan Lutz). Annie tells Dixon of her invitation to Naomi's party, and how she saw Ethan cheating on Naomi. The next day at school, Annie finds out that Silver made a video blog about her, depicting her as a bitchy farmer. Annie confronts Silver, who felt insulted by Annie's decision to hang out with Naomi. When Silver is reprimanded by her half-sister, Kelly, she realizes that she shouldn't reprimand Annie for what happened between her and Naomi in the past. Elsewhere, Ethan is forced by his team members to lie that Dixon started the fight during, and he is subsequently kicked off the team. Annie argues with Ethan because of his lying, and asks what happened to the Ethan that she met two years ago. In class, Naomi reads an exact copy of Annie's paper. Afterward, when Annie confronts Naomi, she apologizes by giving Annie an $800 dress. Annie decides to watch the school play rehearsals, and Silver apologizes for the video by asking the drama teacher to let Annie sing with the chorus for the play. Much to Adrianna's dismay, Annie is allowed to be in the play. Naomi again gets into trouble when Harry discovers that she cheated, and forces her to write the paper in his office. Ethan has a fight with George and tells the truth, resulting in Dixon being allowed to play on the team. Dixon tells Annie that he feels horrible, as he sent a text message to Naomi telling her that Ethan is cheating on her.
Harry and Debbie punish Annie by not allowing her to go to Naomi's party. When they reconsider and decide to let her go, they discover that she has already left. Harry goes to the party to find Annie, but is instead told by Tracy that they have a son together, whom she gave up for adoption over twenty years ago. Adrianna, who had previously stolen money from Naomi's purse, claims to have found it and gives it back. Naomi checks her phone messages and learns that Ethan is cheating on her. Naomi asks Ethan if he is really cheating on her, and leaves the party after he fails to answer. Annie leaves with Silver for another party on the beach, where she apologizes to Ethan for revealing that he was cheating on Naomi. When she asks why he told the truth about Dixon not starting the fight, he replies that he is trying to be the good guy he used to be. Annie, Silver, Dixon and Navid spend the rest of the night swimming at the beach. In the closing scenes, Kelly talks to the father of her four-year-old son, Adrianna pays her drug dealer with money she stole from Naomi, and Ethan visits Naomi's house.
Production
Development
On March 13, 2008, it was announced that The CW was developing a contemporary spin-off of Beverly Hills, 90210, which first aired on Fox from October 1990 to May 2000. The project was put on the fast track by the network, and an order of the pilot was expected by the end of the month. The Beverly Hills, 90210 creator, Darren Star, was announced not to be involved with the project, as well as producer Aaron Spelling, who died in 2006. The only surviving element from the original series was the Creative Artists Agency, the talent agency that masterminded the spin-off idea. Veronica Mars creator Rob Thomas was in negotiations to write the pilot, and Mark Piznarski was in talks to direct.
A detailed breakdown of the pilot written by Thomas was released on March 17, containing information on the plot and characters of the series. None of the characters were related to the original series; however, the series' featured a similar premise: a family with two teenagers who recently moved from the Midwest to Beverly Hills. To reflect the situation at the Beverly Hills school, where around 40 percent of the students were from Persian descent, a student named Navid Shirazi was created. Thomas intended to introduce The Peach Pit, the diner from Beverly Hills, 90210, but noted that it would not be featured in the pilot. The writer considered giving the siblings a job at a movie theater, as he did not want them to use their parent's credit cards. Thomas revealed that there were plans to reintroduce one of the original cast members, but had not met with any of them to discuss a role. Thomas later elaborated the producers wanted to see "as many of the original cast members as possible", but were careful not to "parade them all out in the pilot".
On April 14, Thomas announced that he was leaving the series to focus on his two pilots for ABC. Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah were hired as the new executive producer and wrote a new version of the script in late April. Sachs said that although Thomas had a "great script", their version of the script was "edgier". Judah said that they were trying to ground their script in reality, with real character stories and emotional stories. The writers wanted the audience to relate to the characters' problems, which they wanted to be truthful and emotional, but also comedic. The pair were interested in telling several stories simultaneously, featuring many characters. The pair changed the surname of the family from Mills to Wilson, and told reporters that they would be adding their "comedic impulses" to the script. Sachs and Judah found the parents to be an integral part of the series, and designed them to be contemporary parents. Since the producers were both fathers, they designed the script to include more prominent adult story lines and a strong point of view on parenting. Judah was interested in focusing on how the family kept their moral center when moving to Beverly Hills, and the way the parents dealt with their teenagers.
Casting
On March 13, Kristin Dos Santos of E! confirmed that the series would be a spin-off with new characters, and not a remake. In order for the project to be ready for the network's "upfront" presentations to advertisers in May, casting began before the script was completed. The first actor to be cast was Dustin Milligan on April 1, followed by AnnaLynne McCord on April 14. Sachs found Milligan to be "really funny", and changed Ethan to better represent his personality. McCord was cast because, according to Sachs, "she's someone who is worldly, and there's a sophistication to her that's interesting". Actress and singer Hilary Duff was rumored to have been offered the part of Annie, but she told reports that it was "not true". The role was eventually given to Shenae Grimes, who says she was raised watching the original series. Sachs and Judah had seen Grimes' work before and knew "she had the acting chops", and she was cast after acting a dramatic scene that she "just killed". Sachs stated, "she can act, she's beautiful, and she can give this sweet cuteness (that lets us see) through her eyes into this world."
Lori Loughlin auditioned for the role of Debbie and was given the part straight away. Sachs thought that Loughlin was too established to read for the part, but realized that she understood the role immediately. The producers were fans of Jessica Walter after watching her film, Play Misty for Me. Sachs found that Walter knew pieces of scenes, and suggested "stuff that works". Sachs described Ryan Eggold, who portrayed Matthews, as "a sophisticated actor, and he's also very funny". Sachs believed that every time Eggold would be on screen, "people are going to go, 'Wow!'".
The producers were looking for an actor who could portray Silver as a "quirky kid who moves to her own beat". Sachs explained that Jessica Stroup "came in dressed for the part, artsy and quirky, and she had her hair up and she had a bandana. She nailed it." The producers were fans of Tristan Wilds for his acting on The Wire, and hoped to hire him as Dixon from the start of casting. When asked about Michael Steger, who portrays Navid, Sachs said "he's just great". Rob Estes, the last actor to join the series, was a previous cast member of the first Beverly Hills, 90210 spin-off, Melrose Place. Estes was sought by The CW to play Harry, but was contracted on the drama Women's Murder Club. When that series was canceled, Sachs called Estes and explained the spin-off to him, and he thought it was a great idea. Sachs promised that although he was playing a parent, he would not "be furniture... as in the seldom seen or heard parents who populate many youth-centric series, like the Walsh parents on the original 90210."
Following rumors of cast members from Beverly Hills, 90210 appearing on the spin-off, The CW confirmed that Shannen Doherty, Jennie Garth, Tori Spelling and Joe E. Tata would be returning in recurring roles as their original characters. Sachs was familiar with Garth, and talked to her about a possible role in the series. Garth agreed to star on the series without reading a script after brainstorming ideas with Sachs. The producers offered Garth a role as a series regular, but she opted to sign on as a recurring character. Doherty decided to appear after talking with Sachs, but her appearance was moved to the second episode. Sachs described Tata's casting as an accident; a friend told Sachs that he had seen Tata in a store, which led to the offer of a recurring role in the series. Sachs said that Tata was ecstatic about the idea and agreed. After reading the script, Spelling expressed interest in returning, and the writers decided to give her character her own fashion line. Spelling was scheduled to appear in the premiere, but due to personal reasons and the birth of her daughter, she opted to appear later in the season. On August 11, it was reported that Spelling had pulled out of the series after discovering that she was receiving less pay than Garth and Doherty. Spelling asked for her salary of $20,000 per episode to be increased to match their salaries—$40,000 to $50,000 per episode—but when denied she left the show altogether.
Filming
On May 11, 2008, one day before The CW's upfront presentations, the network officially picked up the series for the 2008–2009 television season. Filming for the pilot began in early June in Los Angeles. Torrance High School, which served as the high school in the original series was also used by the spin-off. Filming for the series usually took place in numerous high schools in Torrance and El Segundo, although several scenes were filmed in Torrance High School because of its large auditorium. Sachs returned to the school for the first time after graduating in 1979. Judah announced that the Peach Pit would be back, but as a coffeehouse rather than a diner. Other filming locations included the mansions of the Bel-Air neighborhood and the Hollywood night club Boulevard3. One week prior to the pilot's broadcast, it was confirmed that filming was still taking place, as the producers wanted to reshoot scenes and add extra ones.
Release
Broadcast
Prior to the season premieres of most television series in September, a common practice by television networks would be to send screeners of pilots of new shows to critics. On August 18, The CW notified critics that they would not be releasing the premiere episodes, saying, "[we] have made the strategic marketing decision not to screen 90210 for any media in advance of its premiere. We're not hiding anything... simply keeping a lid on 90210 until 9.02, riding the curiosity and anticipation into premiere night, and letting all our constituents see it at the same time." Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV speculated that the decision was an indication of the low quality of the episodes, but pointed out that the pilot may not have been finished in time for a screener release, which was later confirmed to be the case. Despite not having watched the episode, the Parents Television Council said in a statement that "if Gossip Girl is any indication of what 90210 will look like, advertisers have plenty of reason to steer clear of the show... No reputable advertiser should even consider sponsoring the show without viewing the content in advance." "We're Not in Kansas Anymore", along with the following episode, averaged 4.9 million viewers throughout the two-hour broadcast on September 2. This gave The CW its highest-rated premiere ever in the adults 18-49 demographic with a 2.6. By comparison, the series finale of the original series was watched by 25 million viewers on its original broadcast in May 2000.
Critical reception
Most reviews of the pilot were average, claiming that while it was not bad, it was not great either. Metacritic gave the episode a Metascore—a weighted average based on the impressions of a select 12 critical reviews—of 46, signifying mixed or average reviews. When compared to the original series, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette felt that the spin-off covered the same themes—family, friends, teen melodrama, relationships—but with more humor. Owen praised the compelling characters and the acting, and found the dialogue to be more clever than painful. Adam Buckman of the New York Post commented on the crude language used by the characters, and found there was nothing new that could have surprised him with watching the episode. Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter found that despite The CW's decision not to send out screeners to critics, the pilot was "[not] so horrible after all". Richmond praised the actors and writers, especially returning actor Garth, whom he found looked "terrific" and acted well.
Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger found that while 90210 was neither "trainwreck nor masterpiece", it remained remarkably faithful in tone and spirit to the original series. The reviewer realized that "the dialogue was at times intentionally funny", and pointed out that although the actors looked to old for high school, they acted "a lot more natural" than the actors on the original series. Sepinwall questioned The CW's intended audience, saying that while the music and styles were reminiscent of Gossip Girl, those who had not seen the original series would not have cared for the returning characters. Verne Gay of Newsday described 90210 as a "perfectly competent and reasonably seamless revival", with enough contemporary touchstones to attract new viewers. The reviewer commended the spin-off for integrating the new characters with the originals, while also including adults. Gay found that while the pilot featured too many story lines, the "vibe felt right" and it was not the disaster it was expected to be.
Among the reviews were several negative ones, which compared the series negatively to the original. Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe felt that like the original, 90210 was "pretty bad". Gilbert said that the episode "seemed to take forever to set up some remarkably bland plotlines", which he found had been executed with more finesse by other teen soaps. The reviewer criticized the writers for their "unimaginative material", exemplified by the risqué anal sex scene which he opined would no longer be considered outrageous for a series targeted at teenagers. Gilbert claimed that the characters lacked depth and distinction, especially Naomi, whom he compared negatively to Gossip Girls Blair Waldorf. By contrast, Tom Gliatto of People magazine gave Naomi Clark a favorable review, but stated that he felt the cast as a whole had yet to gel. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the pilot as "corny but trying to be hip, crammed with subplots until the producers figure out which ones the audience responds to." Tucker praised Walters acting as a "slashing panache that no one else on screen approaches", and found the only time he laughed with pleasure throughout the pilot was when her character exclaimed, "I'm gonna call Dan Tana's for some takeout!". Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel described the pilot as "a blah variation on Beverly Hills, 90210", and being too "extravagant and less believable". Boedeker expressed disappointment in the series, and predicted that it would be canceled within a year.
References
External links
Official site
90210 at E!
Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)
American television series premieres
2008 American television episodes
Television episodes set in Beverly Hills, California |
Good Old Boys is an album by American musician John Hartford, released in 1999.
Reception
Writing for AllMusic, critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. wrote that "Good Old Boys" is "something of a return to form for John Hartford... [it] doesn't stack up to Hartford's classic '70s albums, but it's a fun album that will please longtime fans." Kevin Oliver of Country Standard Time wrote "Hartford and his band make these new tunes sound old and lived – in, a comfortable fit for any ears."
Track listing
All songs written by John Hartford.
"Good Old Boys" – 6:35
"On the Radio" – 5:31
"The Cross-Eyed Child" – 10:28
"Watching the River Go By" – 5:21
"The Waltz of the Mississippi" – 5:23
"Mike & John in the Wilderness" – 3:11
"Owl Feather" – 3:19
"Billy the Kid" – 4:32
"Dixie Trucker's Home" – 2:05
"The Waltz of the Golden Rule" – 2:57
"Keep on Truckin'" – 3:44
Personnel
John Hartford – banjo, fiddle, vocals, liner notes, photography
Bob Carlin – banjo
Mike Compton – mandolin, vocals
Larry Perkins – banjo
Mark Schatz – bass
Chris Sharp – guitar, vocals
Production
Produced by Bob Carlin
Wes Lachot – engineer
David Glasser – mastering
Tom Piazza – liner notes
David Lynch – design
Brandon Kirk – interior photographs
References
John Hartford albums
1999 albums |
is a six-part novel written by Junpei Gomikawa. It was first published in Japan in 1958. The novel was an immediate bestseller and sold 2.4 million copies within its first three years after being published. It became the basis for Masaki Kobayashi's film trilogy The Human Condition, released between 1959 and 1961. It had also been broadcast as a radio drama before the film release.
The novel is about the experience of the protagonist during World War II and is partly autobiographical. The novel is critical of Japan's role in the war. According to Naoko Shimazu, the novel is unique in that it portrays Japan as the aggressor during the war and how the Chinese, Korean and Japanese people themselves were victimized by those actions. Shimazu said that the novel was important for "purify[ing] the Japanese from their polluted past, by expressing their deeply held anger".
Right-wing critics in Japan criticized the novel's "sentimental humanism".
Currently, no English translation of the novel exists.
References
1958 Japanese novels
Novels set during World War II
Japanese novels adapted into films
Anti-fascist books |
Acmaturris pelicanus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mangeliidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 4 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.
References
García E.F. 2008. Eight new molluscan species (Gastropoda: Turridae) from the western Atlantic, with description of two new genera. Novapex 9(1): 1–15
External links
pelicanus
Gastropods described in 2008 |
Edgar Newbold Black IV (June 11, 1929 – June 1, 2013) was an American field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1929 births
2013 deaths
American male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for the United States
Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players from Philadelphia |
```go
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
package encoding
import (
"fmt"
"math"
"testing"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)
func TestUint32(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
x uint32
}{
{
x: 0,
},
{
x: 42,
},
{
x: math.MaxUint32,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
name := fmt.Sprintf("Encode and Decode %d", test.x)
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
enc := NewEncoder(1024)
n := enc.PutUint32(test.x)
require.Equal(t, 4, n)
dec := NewDecoder(enc.Bytes())
actual, err := dec.Uint32()
require.NoError(t, err)
require.Equal(t, test.x, actual)
})
}
}
func TestUint64(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
x uint64
}{
{
x: 0,
},
{
x: 42,
},
{
x: math.MaxUint64,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
name := fmt.Sprintf("Encode and Decode %d", test.x)
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
enc := NewEncoder(1024)
n := enc.PutUint64(test.x)
require.Equal(t, 8, n)
dec := NewDecoder(enc.Bytes())
actual, err := dec.Uint64()
require.NoError(t, err)
require.Equal(t, test.x, actual)
})
}
}
func TestUvarint(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
x uint64
n int
}{
{
x: 0,
n: 1,
},
{
x: 42,
n: 1,
},
{
x: math.MaxUint64,
n: 10,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
name := fmt.Sprintf("Encode and Decode %d", test.n)
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
enc := NewEncoder(1024)
n := enc.PutUvarint(test.x)
require.Equal(t, test.n, n)
dec := NewDecoder(enc.Bytes())
actual, err := dec.Uvarint()
require.NoError(t, err)
require.Equal(t, test.x, actual)
})
}
}
func TestBytes(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
b []byte
n int
}{
{
name: "Encode and Decode Empty Byte Slice",
b: []byte(""),
n: 1,
},
{
name: "Encode and Decode Non-Empty Byte Slice",
b: []byte("foo bar baz"),
n: 12,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
enc := NewEncoder(1024)
n := enc.PutBytes(test.b)
require.Equal(t, test.n, n)
dec := NewDecoder(enc.Bytes())
actual, err := dec.Bytes()
require.NoError(t, err)
require.Equal(t, test.b, actual)
})
}
}
func TestEncoderLen(t *testing.T) {
enc := NewEncoder(1024)
enc.PutUint32(42)
require.Equal(t, 4, enc.Len())
enc.PutUint64(42)
require.Equal(t, 4+8, enc.Len())
enc.PutUvarint(42)
require.Equal(t, 4+8+1, enc.Len())
enc.PutBytes([]byte("42"))
require.Equal(t, 4+8+1+3, enc.Len())
}
func TestEncoderReset(t *testing.T) {
enc := NewEncoder(1024)
enc.PutUint32(42)
enc.Reset()
b := enc.Bytes()
require.Equal(t, 0, len(b))
}
func TestDecoderReset(t *testing.T) {
enc := NewEncoder(1024)
enc.PutUint32(42)
b := enc.Bytes()
dec := NewDecoder(nil)
dec.Reset(b)
require.Equal(t, b, dec.buf)
}
``` |
Meredith McGrath and Nathalie Tauziat were the defending champions but only McGrath competed that year with Manon Bollegraf.
Bollegraf and McGrath won in the final 6–4, 6–4 against Rennae Stubbs and Helena Suková.
Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.
Manon Bollegraf / Meredith McGrath (champions)
Rennae Stubbs / Helena Suková (final)
Els Callens / Laurence Courtois (semifinals)
Alexandra Fusai / Karin Kschwendt (first round)
Draw
External links
1996 EA-Generali Ladies Linz Doubles Draw
1996 WTA Tour |
The Brightest Light is a tenth studio album by The Mission released on 20 September 2013.
Critical reception
J.C. Macek III wrote in PopMatters, "For the repetition, occasional triteness and borrowed elements, The Brightest Light isn't a perfect album from the Mission. That said, it is very good and has the potential to please established fans as well as the newly interested. If nothing else, The Brightest Light is a fine argument for the case that "Goth Rock lives."
Track listing
All songs were written by Wayne Hussey, except where noted
CD1:
"Black Cat Bone" – 8:06
"Everything But the Squeal" – 4:56
"Sometimes the Brightest Light Comes from the Darkest Place" – 5:29
"Born Under a Good Sign" – 4:14
"The Girl in a Furskin Rug" – 3:49
"When the Trap Clicks Shut Behind Us" – 4:47
"Ain't No Prayer in the Bible Can Save Me Now" – 5:15
"Just Another Pawn in Your Game" – 3:47
"From the Oyster Comes the Pearl" – 5:13
"Swan Song" (Hussey, David M. Allen) – 7:06
"Litany for the Faithful" – 7:11
CD2:
"Drag" – 2:57
"I'm Fallin' Again" – 5:46
"The Long Way 'Round Is Sometimes the Only Way Home" – 3:54
"The Girl in a Furskin Rug" (Wayne Hussey demo) – 3:46
"Born Under a Good Sign" (Wayne Hussey demo) – 4:48
"Black Cat Bone" (Wayne Hussey demo) – 4:37
"From the Oyster Comes the Pearl" (Wayne Hussey demo) – 4:38
"When the Trap Clicks Shut Behind Us" (Wayne Hussey demo) – 4:45
"Ain't No Prayer in the Bible Can Save Me Now" (Wayne Hussey demo with Erica Nockalls) – 5:37
Personnel
The Mission
Craig Adams – bass guitar
Simon Hinkler – guitar, keyboards
Wayne Hussey – vocals, guitars
Mike Kelly – drums
Additional personnel
David M. Allen – production
References
2013 albums
The Mission (band) albums
Albums produced by David M. Allen |
The 2017 Belgian Cup final, named Croky Cup after the sponsor, was the 62nd Belgian Cup final and took place on 18 March 2017 between Oostende and Zulte Waregem. Oostende qualified for the final for the first time in its history, while Zulte Waregem already played two finals, winning against Mouscron in 2006 but losing against Lokeren in 2014. In a spectacular match, Oostende twice took the lead but Zulte Waregem returned to force 2–2 after 90 minutes. During the extra-time, both teams scored once more. Zulte Waregem finally won 4–2 on penalties and thereby qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League Group stage.
Route to the final
Match
Summary
Harsh fouls by Michiel Jonckheere and Timothy Derijck in the opening minutes set the tone, with neither team intending to give away any opportunities. After the initial ten minutes, Oostende started to take the initiative, with Franck Berrier missing the target on a cross from Brecht Capon and Knowledge Musona nearly taking advantage of a mistake by Sammy Bossut. With nearly twenty minutes played, Marvin Baudry slipped, allowing Landry Dimata to run away with the ball and shoot it into the far corner to open the scoring for Oostende.
Zulte Waregem quickly responded as William Dutoit could only deflect a free-kick by Brian Hämäläinen against the post, which gave Derijck an easy tap in to score the equaliser. Oostende responded immediately, with Musona hitting the cross bar from 20 meters. The game was now flowing up and down with many chances on both sides of the pitch. Before half time spectators witnessed a header by Dimata, a save by Dutoit on another Hämäläinen free-kick and a shot from Musona, but the score remained 1–1 going into the break.
The second half started immediately where the first half had left off. Henrik Dalsgaard missed a header for Zulte Waregem, but following an attacking combination, Dimata scored his second of the night, back-heeling the cross from Adam Marušić into the net to give Oostende the lead again with 54 minutes played. Oostende pushed and when Franck Berrier and Musona ripped open the Zulte Waregem defence it looked like Oostende was going to score again soon. Zulte Waregem manager Francky Dury brought in Coopman and Guèye to turn the tide and when Marušić' header back to Dutoit fell short, Coopman exploited the mistake to score the equalizer a few minutes past the hour mark.
Even at 2–2 both teams kept attacking, with first Onur Kaya missing a huge opportunity for Zulte Wargem followed by Sammy Bossut having to throw himself in the line of fire three times to deny Oostende a third goal. In the added time, both teams had an excellent opportunity to score the winning goal, as both Dimata and Mbaye Leye failed to score from a header.
During the first half of extra-time, both teams seemed to have used up most of their energy, with some players suffering cramps and other barely able to run. Out of the blue, Guèye headed in a free-kick in the second half of extra-time with less than ten minutes to play, forcing Oostende to hunt for the late equalizer but failing to create big chances until Dalsgaard touched the ball with his hand in the penalty area, forcing referee Sébastien Delferière to award a penalty to Oostende, which Musona converted to set the final score to 3–3.
During the penalty shoot-out, Sammy Bossut saved the penalty kicks from both Fernando Canesin and Musona, allowing Hämäläinen to score the winning goal, thereby handing Zulte Waregem their second cup victory.
Details
External links
Footnotes
Belgian Cup finals
Cup Final
S.V. Zulte Waregem matches
March 2017 sports events in Europe
Sports competitions in Brussels
2017 in Brussels
Belgian Cup Final 2017 |
The Pangasinan people (), also known as Pangasinense, are an ethnolinguistic group native to the Philippines. Numbering 1,823,865 in 2010, they are the tenth largest ethnolinguistic group in the country. They live mainly in their native province of Pangasinan and the adjacent provinces of La Union and Tarlac, as well as Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, and Nueva Vizcaya. Smaller groups are found elsewhere in the Philippines and worldwide in the Filipino diaspora.
Etymology
The name Pangasinan means "land of salt" or "place of salt-making". It is derived from asin, the word for "salt" in Pangasinan. The Pangasinan people are referred as Pangasinense. The term Pangasinan can refer to the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language or people of Pangasinan heritage.
Demographics
The estimated population of the Pangasinan people in the province of Pangasinan is 2.5 million. The Pangasinan people are also living in the neighboring provinces of Tarlac and La Union (which used to be parts of Pangasinan Province), Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, and Nueva Vizcaya; as well as in Pangasinan communities in the Philippines and overseas.
Indigenous religion
Prior to Spanish colonization, the Pangasinan people believed in a pantheon of unique deities (gods and goddesses).
Immortals
Ama: the supreme deity, ruler of others, and the creator of mankind; sees everything through his aerial abode; father of Agueo and Bulan also referred as Ama-Gaolay
Agueo: the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light
Bulan: the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves
Mortals
Urduja: a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet
Notable individuals
Urduja was a legendary woman warrior who is regarded as a heroine in Pangasinan. Malong and Palaris fought for independence from Spanish rule. Other prominent people of Pangasinan descent include Fidel Ramos (born in Lingayen, he served in the Cabinet of President Corazón Aquino, first as chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and later on, as Secretary of National Defense from 1986 to 1991 before becoming the Philippine's 12th president), Tania Dawson whose mother hails from Santa Maria, Pangasinan, lawmaker Jose de Venecia, Jr., who was born in Dagupan City, Pangasinan; and actor and National Artist Fernando Poe, Jr., whose father was from San Carlos City, Pangasinan. Other notable Pangasinenses are Victorio C. Edades, Angela Perez Baraquio, Ambrosio Padilla, Cheryl Cosim (reporter), Marc Pingris, and Ric Segreto. Notable Pangasinense actresses and actors include Donita Rose, Marlou Aquino, Lolita Rodriguez, Barbara Perez, Gloria Romero, Carmen Rosales, Nova Villa, Jhong Hilario, and Liza Soberano.
See also
Bagoong
Bicolano people
Caboloan
Igorot people
Ilocano people
Ivatan people
Kapampangan people
Limahong
Lumad
Moro people
Negrito
Salt
Sambal people
Tagalog people
Visayan people
Cebuano people
Boholano people
Hiligaynon people
Waray people
References
External links
Sunday Punch
Sun Star Pangasinan
Pangasinan Star Online
Borobudur Ship Expedition
Pangasinan
Ethnic groups in Luzon
Ethnic groups in the Philippines |
Begonia aconitifolia is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae, endemic to Brazil. It grows up to 1 meter in height, with panicles of pink flowers.
Synonyms
Begonia faureana Garnier
Begonia faureana var. argentea Linden
Begonia faureana var. metallica Rodigas
Begonia kimusiana C.Chev.
Begonia sceptrum Rodigas
References
Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. IV, 11: 127 1859.
The Plant List
Hortipedia
The Garden Geeks
Flora of Brazil
aconitifolia |
Sitaram Yadav is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly from Khajauli in the 2015 as a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal.
References
People from Madhubani, India
Bihar MLAs 2015–2020
1952 births
Living people
Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians |
Haixia may refer to:
Sea strait in Mandarin Chinese (海峡).
Hainan Strait Shipping, the major ferry and roro service operator in Hainan.
Fujian Cross Strait Ferry, ferries linking Taiwan to mainland China
Fujian Haixia Bank, a bank in Fuzhou, China
Zheng Haixia Chinese basketball player
Zhang Haixia Chinese handball player |
The Wabagishik Dam and Generating Station (or Lorne Falls Generating Station) is a concrete gravity dam and hydroelectric power plant on the Vermilion River. It is located within the former town of Walden in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The complex is owned and operated by Vale Limited, which is notable in the area for its mining operations.
History
Before the dam
People of the indigenous First Nations have inhabited the area for thousands of years. Groups such as the Ojibwe and Odawa used the Vermilion River as a transportation corridor, living in seasonal camps along its length and crossing troublesome sections, like falls and rapids, with portages. European colonization of the area formally began with the 1850 Robinson-Huron Treaty, and began to intensify after the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Algoma Branch in the 1880s, running parallel and to the north of the river. Townships were surveyed along the line around this time, including Lorne Township, named after John Campbell, the Marquis of Lorne, who had recently been Governor General of Canada. The stretch of river in Lorne Township was soon the site of significant logging operations, as well as settlement by Finnish homesteaders.
At the same time, small mining operations had sprung up around the Sudbury area, facilitated by rapid technological changes, relative ease of extraction, and the logistical advantages created by the railway. Among these was the Mond Nickel Company, founded by the German-British chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond. In 1900, Mond opened the Victoria Mine in Denison Township, which initially operated using cordwood boilers to produce steam power at the smelter. As a fuel source, however, wood was a quickly-depleting resource in the area due to extensive deforestation caused by logging, wood-burning, and clearance for new settlements.
Mond was a smaller competitor to the Canadian Copper Company, whose subsidiary, the Huronian Power Company (established by 1902), had developed the High Falls dam on the Spanish River to leverage hydropower for its mining and smelting operations. Mond would follow suit with its own competing subsidiary, the Lorne Power Company.
Construction and early operations
The Lorne Power Company's first major project was the Wabagishik dam at Lorne Falls. Dam construction occurred in either 1908 or 1909, and the plant was commissioned in 1909. By the end of the year, the generating station was connected to the Victoria Mine, which switched to electric power, though not soon enough to save the lives of two workers who had died in 1908 when a steam boiler exploded. The Lorne Falls plant was followed in 1915 by the Nairn Falls Dam and Generating Plant on the Spanish River, also owned and managed by the Lorne Power Company. Both plants provided 60 Hz power to Mond's operations, in contrast to the 25 Hz produced by Inco's Huronian Power Company.
In 1929, 20 years after operations at the plant began, the Mond company merged with the International Nickel Company, or Inco, which was the Canadian Copper Company's corporate successor. Not long after this, the Lorne Power Company was also merged into the Huronian Power Company, bringing its pair of plants under Huronian management. By 1952, Huronian was managing five main plants: the Lorne pair as well as three of its own construction, and still operating parallel 25 Hz and 60 Hz distribution networks. The 60 Hz power from the former Lorne plants was being supplied to the Garson Mine, Lawson quarry, and the smelters at Creighton, Copper Cliff, and Coniston.
Recent history
In the mid-2010s, safety inspections revealed deterioration of the concrete of the spillway, which was causing safety and stability issues with the dam. A 2016 assessment resulted in a "moderate" hazard potential rating, and rehabilitation of the existing spillway structure was discounted due to the level of deterioration, resulting in a decision to replace the original spillway. The dam owner, Vale Limited, conducted a number of surveys of fish populations around the dam, which included minnows, perch, pike, suckers, sunfish, bullheads, and walleye. Other species identified as being potentially affected by construction work included painted and snapping turtles, as well as seven species of bat. Ultimately, a minimum flow provision was added to the spillway replacement project to improve walleye spawning conditions at the base of the spillway, along with a post-construction monitoring program and a staged timeline of bush clearing recommended to minimize the impact on bat habitat.
Geography and hydrography
The dam sits on the Vermilion River, downstream from Ella Lake (which is the dam's headpond) and upstream from Wabagishik Lake. It is located in the geographic Lorne Township, Concession No. 3, Lot No. 8, within the boundaries of the former town of Walden, now a part of Greater Sudbury in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The nearest sizable communities are Lively to the east and Nairn Centre to the west; the nearest city is Sudbury to the east, whose municipal boundaries the complex falls within.
See also
Nairn Falls Dam and Generating Plant
List of generating stations in Ontario
Mond Nickel Company
Vale Limited
References
Hydroelectric power stations in Ontario
Dams in Ontario
Energy infrastructure completed in 1909
Buildings and structures in Greater Sudbury |
Ribarci () is a village in the municipality of Bosilegrad, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 39 people.
References
Populated places in Pčinja District |
Alfredas is a Lithuanian masculine given name and may refer to:
Alfredas Bumblauskas (born 1956), Lithuanian historian
Alfredas Kulpa-Kulpavičius (1923–2007), Lithuanian architect and artist
Alfredas Naujokas (1911–1966), SS-Sturmbannführer
Alfredas Skroblas (born 1984), Lithuanian football player
Lithuanian masculine given names
Masculine given names |
What Keeps You Alive is a 2018 Canadian psychological horror film written and directed by Colin Minihan. It stars Hannah Emily Anderson and Brittany Allen and follows a young woman fighting for her life as her wife's murderous intentions become evident.
The film premiered at the SXSW Film Festival on March 10, 2018. It received positive reviews from critics.
Plot
Jackie and Jules, a young married couple, are celebrating their first anniversary at a remote cabin belonging to Jackie's family. Jules becomes suspicious when Jackie's childhood friend, Sarah, visits and addresses Jackie as "Megan". Jackie explains that she changed her name because she never liked it, and it was part of her new identity when she came out as gay. She gives Jules a locket containing a photo of them together, and the wives are reconciled. But Jules has some nagging suspicions, and she visits Sarah and her husband Daniel, who live across the lake. Sarah explains that Jenny, a girl who was friends with her and Jackie, accidentally drowned in the lake when they were young and expresses surprise that Jackie never mentioned this. Jackie later claims that she failed to mention Jenny because she believed the accident was her fault, although the police cleared her of any wrongdoing. Jules embraces her wife, consoling her. Moments later, while admiring the view of the wilderness, Jackie shoves Jules off the edge of a cliff.
Jackie returns to the cabin, practicing the tearful phone call she's going to make to the police when reporting Jules' death. However, Jules, while seriously hurt, is still alive. When Jackie returns to the scene and discovers that Jules is no longer there, she searches the forest for her, sobbing and begging Jules for forgiveness. Jules, hiding nearby, is tempted to show herself until Jackie, unaware she's being watched, reveals her concern is an act. Jules flees, makes it to the house, and tends to her injuries. She then makes it halfway across the lake on a boat before Jackie catches up to her. Daniel sees the pair and, despite Jackie's threats, Jules arranges for them to come for dinner that evening.
Jackie reveals that she never loved Jules and intends to murder her to cash in on her life insurance policy. Sarah is suspicious of Jackie. Having threatened to kill both Sarah and Daniel, Jackie forces Jules to pretend everything is normal but catches Jules trying to get help from Sarah. She slits Daniel's throat outside, chases Sarah upstairs and fatally stabs her numerous times after confessing to Jenny's murder. Jackie forces Jules to help her dispose of the bodies. When asked how she became this way, Jackie reveals that she has simply always been devoid of sentiments or a conscience, saying it was "nature, not nurture". Jules peeks behind the stuffed head of a bear that Jackie supposedly killed as a child, and discovers a box containing necklaces that Jackie had given to her previous wives, confirming the situation happened several times.
Jackie drives Jules back to the cliff’s edge, intending to push her off again, but Jules manages to escape by stabbing her with a tranquilizer dart. Jules flees in the car, but returns to confront Jackie but finds her missing. Jules returns to the cabin and the two fight and Jackie knocks Jules out, and throws her over the same cliff as earlier. Confident that Jules is now dead, she calls the police. Jackie (who is diabetic), then injects herself with insulin but starts to feel woozy. She discovers through a video Jules had made prior to their confrontation that the insulin is replaced with hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide causes blood clots in Jackie's system, and after wandering in the woods, she collapses and dies of a stroke.
Back at the bottom of the cliff, Jules takes a sharp intake of breath and the film ends with flashbacks of the couple.
Cast
Hannah Emily Anderson as Jackie / Megan
Charlotte Lindsay Marron as Young Jackie
Brittany Allen as Jules
Martha MacIsaac as Sara
Joey Klein as Daniel
Production
In the early stages of the film's development, the main characters were a husband and wife (rather than a same-sex couple). Filming took place in Muskoka, Ontario.
Allen composed the film's score, earning her first such credit.
Release
What Keeps You Alive had its world premiere at the SXSW Film Festival on March 10, 2018. Since then, the film has also screened at Inside Out, the Sydney Film Festival, Cinepocalypse, and Popcorn Frights, as well as other festivals.
IFC Midnight acquired the film for distribution in the United States. The film opened in Los Angeles and New York on August 24, 2018. It became available through video on demand the same day.
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics' consensus reads: "Smart, stylish, and well-acted, What Keeps You Alive proves it's still possible to spin an engrossing horror yarn without fundamentally altering established formula." Metacritic reports a weighted average rating of 66 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Jamie Righetti of IndieWire gave the film a B+, writing "One of the most refreshing aspects of What Keeps You Alive is that the film offers a much-needed upgrade to the Final Girl trope", and praised the performances of Anderson and Allen and the scares in the film, but criticized its "few predictable beats". She concluded that the film "is a welcome look at what can happen when the Final Girl trope is allowed to evolve." Brad Wheeler, writing for The Globe and Mail, gave the film a score of 3 stars out of 4, describing the film as "a dark, visually appealing and occasionally implausible Canadian thriller". He concluded: "the victory of What Keeps You Alive is not its heart-thumping (and a little too long) second act, but the question of survival versus vengeance the film raises."
Andrew Whalen of Newsweek wrote that the film "sacrifices its most interesting possibilities in favor of the squat simplicity of the cinematic psychopath, erasing psychological complexity in otherwise compelling characters", and added: "What Keeps You Alive never finds a motivation for Jackie beyond a hidden nature—the serial killer within." He did conclude: "Scenes like the off-screen final confrontation ... could have been compelling if we believed this was a battle of minds. Instead, it feels like What Keeps You Alive denying us not just the psychological horror, but the visceral thrills too."
References
External links
2018 films
English-language Canadian films
Canadian thriller films
2018 thriller films
Canadian serial killer films
LGBT-related thriller films
Canadian LGBT-related films
Lesbian-related films
2018 LGBT-related films
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films |
Portrait of Émile Zola is a painting of Émile Zola by Édouard Manet. Manet submitted the portrait to the 1868 Salon.
At this time Zola was known for his art criticism, and perhaps particularly as the writer of the novel Thérèse Raquin. This told the story of an adulterous affair between Thérèse, the wife of a clerk in a railway company, and a would-be painter named Laurent, whose work, rather like that of Zola's friend Paul Cézanne, is denigrated by the critics. In the eleventh chapter the milieu of Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe is evoked, in the murder scene, where Camille, the husband, goes out for the day with his wife and her lover to Saint-Ouen.
On the wall is a reproduction of Manet's Olympia, a controversial painting at the 1865 Salon but which Zola considered Manet's best work. "Behind it is an engraving from Velazquez's Bacchus indicating the taste for Spanish art shared by the painter and the writer. A Japanese print of a wrestler by Utagawa Kuniaki II completes the décor." A Japanese screen on the left of the picture recalls the role that the Far East played in revolutionizing ideas on perspective and colour in European painting.
See also
List of paintings by Édouard Manet
References
Zola, Emile
Zola
1868 paintings
Zola
Books in art |
Belhomme is a French surname meaning "handsome man". Notable people with the surname include:
(1814–1891), French botanist and mountain climber
(1848–1931), French politician
(born 1976), French writer and musician
(1653–1727), Benedictine abbot and writer from Lorraine
Hippolyte Belhomme, (1854–1923), French opera singer
Jacques Belhomme (1737–1824), owner of the Pension Belhomme
Jacques-Étienne Belhomme (1800–1880), French psychiatrist, son of Jacques Belhomme
Jeanne Belhomme, French actress and theatre director
(born 1978), French film director
See also
La Bête à Maît' Belhomme, 1885 short story by Guy de Maupassant
Pension Belhomme, prison and private clinic during the French Revolution
Rue Belhomme, street in the 18th arrondissement of Paris
French-language surnames |
Hugh Green (January 2, 1887 – November 30, 1968) was an American politician and lawyer.
Born on a farm near Nashville, Illinois, Green received his bachelor's degree from Illinois College and his law degree from Northwestern University School of Law. He practiced law in Jacksonville, Illinois. From 1925 to 1932, Green was state's attorney for Morgan County, Illinois and was a Republican. He served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1933 until 1961 and was speaker of the house in 1945 and 1947. After Green left the house, he returned to his law practice in Jacksonville, Illinois.
Notes
1887 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Jacksonville, Illinois
People from Nashville, Illinois
Illinois College alumni
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
Illinois lawyers
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Speakers of the Illinois House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers |
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) is a union of wage workers which was formed in Chicago in 1905 by militant unionists and their supporters due to anger over the conservatism, philosophy, and craft-based structure of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Throughout the early part of the 20th century, the philosophy and tactics of the IWW were frequently in direct conflict with those of the AFL (forerunner of the AFL–CIO) concerning the best ways to organize workers, and how to best improve the society in which they toiled. The AFL had one guiding principle—"pure and simple trade unionism", often summarized with the slogan "a fair day's pay for a fair day's work." The IWW embraced two guiding principles, fighting like the AFL for better wages, hours, and conditions, but also promoting an eventual, permanent solution to the problems of strikes, injunctions, bull pens, and union scabbing.
The AFL and the IWW (whose members are referred to as Wobblies) had very different ideas about the ideal union structure. While the AFL primarily organized workers into their respective crafts, the IWW was created as an industrial union, placing all workers in a factory, mine, mill, or other place of business into the same industrial organization. The IWW also promotes the class-based concept of One Big Union.
The IWW was formed by militant unionists, socialists, anarchists, and other labor radicals who believed that the great mass of workers are exploited by, and are in an economic struggle with, an employing class. The IWW employed a great diversity of tactics aimed at organizing all workers as a class, seeking greater economic justice on the job and, ultimately, the overthrow of the wage system which they believe is most responsible for keeping workers in subjugation. Such tactics are generally described as direct action, which is distinguished from other types of reform efforts such as electoral politics. IWW members believe that change accomplished via politics depends upon appeal to members of a ruling class who derive benefit from the subservient quiescence of the working class.
While other unions (such as the CIO) adopted form and tactics—notably, industrial unionism and the sit down strike—which were developed or pioneered by the IWW, labor laws passed by legislatures have sought to steadily erode the range and diversity of methods employed by all labor organizations. Confronted with such obstacles, militant IWW members tend to believe in a return to a union philosophy that was common a century ago, in which unjust labor laws are challenged directly by union actions, rather than accepted as a framework within which the union must operate.
Wobbly understanding of the world
By 1912, after a number of defections and splits, the IWW numbered some twenty-five thousand, much smaller than many of its rival unions. But the IWW's influence was already outsized. The Congressional Commission on Industrial Relations noted in 1916 that "as a 'spirit and vocabulary' [the IWW] permeates to a large extent enormous masses of workers..." Wobbly activists were those workers who not only reacted to economic forces, but who spent a considerable amount of time thinking, debating, and educating their co-workers about the impact of such forces upon society. John Reed observed, "Wherever, in the West, there is an IWW local, you will find an intellectual center ... a place where men read philosophy, economics, the latest plays, novels; where art and poetry are discussed, and international politics."
The IWW printed hundreds of thousands of leaflets, promoted Industrial Education Clubs, and organized Propaganda Leagues. Stickered slogans, referred to as "silent agitators", were printed by the million, and made available by the thousand. IWW libraries in union halls made available to any worker not only the organization's publications, but also practical topics about machinery and production, as well as classic works of scientists, theoreticians, and philosophers. Knowledge and experience were likewise shared—new members were sometimes invited to chair meetings, not just to share the experience, but to initiate them into the community. Indeed, a favorite Wobbly answer to the question, who are your leaders, was the united response, we are all leaders.
Wobblies believed not only that it took a working person to understand the needs of the workers, but in order to lead, that person must also be an educated worker. IWW publications seemed to enjoy reporting on "the amazement shown by college professors who heard Wobbly speakers deliver talks upon a wide variety of subjects and reveal a remarkable understanding of complex economic and social questions." By the time of the organization's founding in 1905, inquisitive workers already had a wide variety of union experiences and traditions to consider. In coming together as an organization, then, it is perhaps not surprising that the clash of ideas among IWW members resulted in passionate debate and an eventual winnowing of philosophies over several decades of evolution.
Inspiration
Where did initial inspirations for the Wobbly philosophy come from? Historian Melvyn Dubofsky is worth quoting at length:
Wobblies ... took their basic concepts from others: from Marx the concepts of labor value, commodity value, surplus value, and class struggle; from Darwin the idea of organic evolution and the struggle for survival as a paradigm for social evolution and the survival of the fittest class; from Bakunin and the anarchists the "propaganda of the deed"* and the idea of direct action; and from Sorel the notion of the "militant minority." Hence, IWW beliefs became a peculiar amalgam of Marxism and Darwinism, anarchism and syndicalism—all overlaid with a singularly American patina.
However, Dubofsky also identifies American traditions "dating back to the era of Jefferson and Jackson" from which the Wobblies derived inspiration, particularly the concepts of a society divided into "producers and nonproducers, productive classes and parasites." Paul Brissenden likewise stated that, "[t]he main ideas of I.W.W.-ism—certainly of the I.W.W.-ism of the first few years after 1905—were of American origin, not French, as is commonly supposed.
Wobblies sought to familiarize theoretical terminology for a worker audience of varied educative experience. A proletarian became a prole, and a plutocrat was a plute. Bill Haywood, in particular, had the ability to translate complex economic theories into simple ideas that resonated with working people. He would frequently preface his speeches with the statement, "Tonight I am going to speak on the class struggle and I am going to make it so plain that even a lawyer can understand it." The Marxian concept of surplus value, Haywood conveyed simply as "unpaid labor." He distilled the voluminous work of Karl Marx into a simple observation, "If one man has a dollar he didn't work for, some other man worked for a dollar he didn't get."
Philip S. Foner disagreed with Dubofsky on this one point, stating, "[t]he I.W.W. did not, as did many, if not all, anarchists, advocate 'propaganda of the deed'." Taft and Ross likewise appear to disagree with Dubofsky, stating in more general terms, "violence in labor disputes was seldom inspired by the doctrine of 'propaganda by the deed,' whose self-defeating nature convinced many of its exponents of its fallacy." The difference may depend upon how 'propaganda of the deed' is defined.
Question of political action
By the time of the 1905 founding of the Industrial Workers of the World, the question of whether unionized workers could secure significant change by political actions of their unions had been in contention for some decades. The question had split the National Labor Union in 1872. It created divisions between the membership and the leadership of the Knights of Labor, with the leaders favoring various political agendas including Greenbackism, socialism, and land reform. Labor historian Joseph Rayback believed that significant losses for organized labor in the 1890s pointed the way toward either socialism, or industrial unionism in order to maintain organized labor's momentum.
Yet Samuel Gompers, leader of the American Federation of Labor, opposed both courses of action. He and John Mitchell, head of the United Mine Workers, joined an alliance of conservative union leaders and liberal business men in forming the National Civic Federation (NCF). That organization's critics on the left believed that its goals were to suppress sympathy strikes, and to replace traditional expressions of working class solidarity with binding national trade agreements and arbitration of disputes.
By 1905, the NLU was history, and the Knights of Labor mostly a memory. Mitchell and Gompers of the AFL were beginning to build an alliance with the Democratic Party. While the focus upon political alliance by the AFL (at the perceived cost of class solidarity) was just one aspect of the differing union philosophies, it was a significant one. The formation of the Industrial Workers of the World was in many ways a direct response to the conservatism of the AFL, and its perceived failure to respond to the needs of western miners, lumbermen, and others. However, the political question would likewise play a central role in the internal disputes, and in the eventual evolution of the IWW itself.
Early philosophy a compromise
At its opening convention, the Industrial Workers of the World exhibited a "spirit of unity." Although nearly all of the delegates were committed to some form of Socialist politics, there were some significant philosophical differences just under the surface. Western Federation of Miners members and other union veterans wanted the participation of the two Socialist parties, the Socialist Labor Party (SLP) and the Socialist Party, in spite of longstanding animosity between these two political organizations. However, the veteran labor activists did not wish to commit to any particular political party. Nonetheless, some of the Socialists in both camps assumed that an endorsement would be forthcoming.
The IWW Constitution and Preamble resulting from the 1905 convention were essentially a compromise which papered over these, and other differences. Furthermore, while the SLP viewed organized labor as a mere adjunct to Socialist Labor Party politics, the Socialist Party was divided over whether the AFL, or the new IWW should be the proper vehicle to carry the labor banner of socialism. As a result, many Socialists actually opposed the IWW from the outset.
The early IWW experienced numerous divisions and splits during the period from 1905 to approximately 1930. It also suffered repression by business and government entities during this period. These experiences had a profound effect on the philosophy and tactics of the organization that survived.
IWW vs. the AFL
In spite of the varied philosophies of the participants at the first IWW convention, there were a few compelling concerns which united all. Nearly all who attended acknowledged an "irrepressible conflict" between capital and labor. Nearly all could be described as adherents of industrial unionism, as opposed to the craft unionism of the American Federation of Labor. Acknowledging the common practice of AFL craft unions crossing each other's picket lines, the IWW adopted the WFM's description of the AFL as the "American Separation of Labor." In addition to the limitations of organizing by craft, the IWW criticized the AFL for emphasizing common interests between labor and capital, and for organizing only elite workers rather than acknowledging the needs of the entire working class.
The AFL was bitterly attacked by speakers who organized the conference, such that many would have been pleased if the federation (although not necessarily its constituent unions) would simply cease to exist. Samuel Gompers responded by declaring that the IWW's organizers were "trying to divert, pervert, and disrupt the labor movement of the country," describing them as "pirates" and "kangaroos." Calling the AFL outdated was "inexcusably ignorant and maliciously false," said Gompers. Referring to the birth of the IWW, Gompers commented that "[t]he mountain labored and brought forth a mouse, and a very silly little mouse at that... historians will record the Chicago [founding of the IWW] as the most vapid and ridiculous in the annals of those who presume to speak in the name of labor..."
Gompers warned all AFL affiliates not to cooperate with IWW members, and told AFL members not to support IWW strikes. Permission was granted to cross IWW picket lines. Although the AFL had offered some support to the Western Federation of Miners in the aftermath of the Colorado Labor Wars, that assistance was discontinued because of WFM affiliation with the IWW. A number of AFL affiliates—machinists, carpenters, hat makers, leatherworkers, and others—decreed that any individual with an IWW card would not be allowed to work in their industries.
The IWW fought for workers' rights somewhat differently from the AFL. Staughton Lynd described the IWW as "devoting itself to struggles around demands, rather than negotiating contracts." Paul Buhle lauds the idealism and creativity of the IWW, while asserting that "the AFL could not claim a single cultural contribution of note." Melvyn Dubofsky described the AFL "[growing] fat while neglecting millions of laborers doomed to lives of misery and want", and the IWW offering to do what the AFL declined to do by giving hope to those neglected. Yet Dubofsky believed he saw a contradiction between the IWW's goal of a better society, and the desires of its individual members for an improved life. As workers managed to improve their own lives, he theorized, they would have less interest in an improved society. And, the IWW was up against "flexible and sophisticated adversaries..." Those adversaries, as often as not, included the AFL.
IWW philosophy evolves
The IWW organized many who were "left out" of American society, including "timber beasts, hobo harvesters, itinerant construction workers, exploited eastern and southern European immigrants, racially excluded African Americans, Mexicans, and Asian Americans." Due to feelings of alienation and impotence, these workers embraced radical theories aimed at disrupting and replacing the established social order. The IWW maintained low initiation fees and dues, allowed universal transfer of union cards, and disdained apprenticeships in order to attract the lower strata of working society.
As a result of the splits and de facto purges, the IWW distilled a core set of beliefs and practices. It eschewed political entanglements for revolutionary industrial unionism. the Wobblies of the IWW sought to "comprehend the nature and dynamics of capitalist society and through increased knowledge, as well as revolutionary activism, to develop a better system for the organization and functioning of the American economy."
Two guiding principles
Labor Historian Melvyn Dubofsky has written that the IWW held "an instinctive distaste for the world as it was, as well as hope for the creation of a completely new world." Yet in addition to a belief in eventual revolution, the IWW "constantly sought opportunities to improve the immediate circumstances of its members."
Marxist Labor Historian Philip S. Foner identifies the same points in the manifesto which called the labor activists to the founding conference in 1905. On the back of each manifesto was printed a declaration of the two requirements for any labor organization to properly represent the workers:
First – It must combine the wage workers in such a way that it can most successfully fight the battles and protect the interests of the working people of to-day in their struggles for fewer hours, more wages and better conditions.
Secondly – It must offer a final solution of the labor problem – an emancipation from strikes, injunctions and bull-pens.
IWW co-founders Father Thomas J. Hagerty and William Trautmann continued promoting these two essential goals in their 1911 pamphlet, One Big Union. The IWW needed to "combine the wage-workers in such a way that it can most successfully fight the battles and protect the interests of the workers of today in their struggles for fewer hours of toil, more wages and better conditions," and it also "must offer a final solution of the labor problem—an emancipation from strikes, injunctions, bull-pens, and scabbing of one against the other."
For and against the system
Historian Daniel R. Fusfeld referred to the conflicting labor philosophies held by the AFL and its rivals as job-consciousness (the AFL), and class-consciousness (organizations such as the Knights of Labor and the IWW). These philosophies resulted in oppositional alignment in regards to government.
In Taking Care of Business, Paul Buhle wrote that the AFL-affiliated United Mine Workers President John Mitchell declared in 1903, "The trade union movement in this country can make progress only by identifying itself with the state." ... [Meanwhile, the] new National Civic Federation (which was supported by the AFL) ... sought to promote labor peace (on the terms of the employers, critics claimed) and to make class consciousness and class struggle obsolete. While the AFL thus became more conservative, the IWW saw itself as a revolutionary organization dedicated to the "Abolition of the wage system."
Political parties and union
While the AFL's Mitchell and Gompers nurtured their alliance with the Democrats, the IWW changed its Constitution in 1908 to prohibit just such alliances. The 1908 Constitution states, "to the end of promoting industrial unity and of securing necessary discipline within the organization, the I. W. W. refuses all alliances, direct or indirect, with existing political parties or anti-political sects..." This language is essentially unchanged in the 2011 IWW Constitution.
The prohibition on alliances with "anti-political sects" is noteworthy. According to Verity Burgmann and others, the Chicago IWW was "non-political" rather than "anti-political." Joseph R. Conlin believes the deletion of a political clause from the Preamble in 1908 is only half the story; in 1911 the IWW rejected an amendment to the Preamble that referred to "the futility of political action." In other words, the ban on political involvement only went so far (presumably, banning any political or anti-political alliances in the name of the union), and the balance of the IWW's membership saw nothing to be gained by outright hostility toward political action.
Writing of the IWW's history through 1917, Foner (who, as a Marxist historian favored political action) noted that while most Wobblies disdained the ballot, several IWW leaders, individual members, and even entire locals did not necessarily reject politics, and some even participated in election campaigns. While offering skepticism about their accomplishing anything worthwhile, Solidarity nonetheless commented that there was room for such members in the industrial union movement, since individual members had a right to differing views. Elaborating on this circumstance, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn wrote in the Industrial Worker,
A working man may be an anarchist or a socialist, a Catholic or a Protestant, a republican or a democrat, but subscribing to the Preamble of the I.W.W. he is eligible for membership.
On war
While the AFL identified with, and made accommodations for the benefit of government, the IWW was ardently opposed to what it viewed as capitalist wars. World War I saw "Charles Schwab of Bethlehem Steel heralding the day when labor would rule the world and Samuel Gompers edging rapidly toward the businessman's creed of maximum production..." The IWW opposed the war effort.
Big Bill Haywood described in his autobiography how the IWW issued stickers, which the IWW called silent agitators, to propagandize against the war. The stickers declared, "Don't be a soldier, be a man. Join the I.W.W. and fight on the job for yourself and your class."
The IWW's opposition to the war led to enmity and, reportedly, behind the scenes attacks from the AFL's Samuel Gompers. In 1919, the year after the end of the war, the AFL seemed to have second thoughts, concluding that works committees of the war years were "a snare and a cooptation plan." Unfortunately by this time, many IWW leaders had been deported or were in prison for the IWW's anti-war pronouncements.
Ideology and socialism
Melvyn Dubofsky notes that Wobbly ideology and Socialist party doctrine both opposed capitalism and advocated something better, but beyond that, they "conflicted more than they agreed." For nearly a decade, Bill Haywood tried to bridge the gap, acting as general secretary of the IWW, and as an officer of the Socialist Party. A fractious former hard rock miner, Haywood would tease audiences by telling them, "I'm a two gun man from the West, you know." After a moment to build the suspense, he would thrust hands into pockets, extracting a red IWW card with one hand, and a red Socialist card with the other. Haywood considered both ideologies vital to the cause of changing the economic system, frequently describing Wobblyism as "socialism with its working clothes on." Yet Haywood was embraced only by the left wing of the Socialist Party, and was eventually ejected from the Socialist Party's National Executive Committee by the conservative wing.
Generally speaking, American Socialists were interested in acceptance and gradual reform. Wobblies were more cynical about capitalism, and wanted a real revolution. Dubofsky believes, however, that IWW ideology was compatible with Syndicalism.
To be syndicalist, or not to be syndicalist?
The New International Year Book for 1912 observed that,
"the Industrial Workers of the World would place an industry in the hands of its workers, as would socialism; it would organize society without any government, as would anarchism; and it would bring about a social revolution by direct action of the workers, as would syndicalism. Nevertheless, it claims to be distinct from all three."
While noting general conformance in the language of IWW and Socialist doctrines, Helen Marot clarified in 1914,
"It is the interpretation of the [IWW] preamble by individual members of the organization which has attached the Industrial Workers of the World to the Syndicalist rather than to the Socialist movement. The declaration in the manifesto that the workers should own and operate their own tools, and that they alone should enjoy the fruits of their labor, would mean, according to American Socialists, that all workers, through a political state, or regulated by it, would operate, own, and enjoy collectively all tools and the product of industry. [...] But [the Preamble], interpreted by the leaders of the Industrial Workers, is directly opposed to the political Socialism of America. It is the declaration of the Syndicalists that the new social order will not be dependent on political action or a political state, but it will be an industrial commonwealth in which all governmental functions as we know them to-day will have ceased to exist, and in which each industry will be controlled by the workers in it without external interference."
Marot further notes that such classifications (Socialist or Syndicalist) are important to theorists, but not so important to organized labor itself.
Labor historian Philip S. Foner observed in 1997 that "virtually every scholar" who has studied the IWW considers it to be a type of syndicalist organization. Yet he likewise notes key differences. For example, while European syndicalists operate within mainstream unions, the IWW has always displayed an antagonism toward, and disdain for existing craft based trade unions in the United States. This has led the IWW to embrace the concept of dual unionism. When William Z. Foster offered the IWW an opportunity to begin a European syndicalist style program of "boring from within" the AFL, the IWW rejected it. Foner concludes, therefore, that the IWW did not inherit its philosophy of revolutionary industrial unionism from French Syndicalism. However, he does also note similarities. Foner believes that IWW members did learn about the organization's kinship with European syndicalist organizations through Wobbly publications, and thereby largely accepted the doctrines of syndicalism, especially after Bill Haywood brought back some ideas about syndicalist tactics from his 1910 visit to Europe.
Conlin suggested in 1969 that those who wish to understand the true nature of the IWW should discontinue referring to the IWW as syndicalist. He makes several points: the IWW did not like the term syndicalism; the revolutionary industrial unionism of the IWW had "distinctly different origins" than did the syndicalism of Europe; and, there were key differences between the philosophy of the Wobblies, and that of the syndicalists.
Ralph Chaplin, IWW editor of Solidarity and later, of the Industrial Worker, appears to have made similar points to those made by Joseph Conlin. Chaplin wrote,
In spite of certain misleading surface similarities, which are unduly stressed by shallow observers, the European anarcho-syndicalist movement and the I.W.W. differ considerably in more than one particular. This was made inevitable by reason of the fact that the I.W.W. was the result of a later and more mature period of industrial development.
This accounts for the fact that European Syndicalism, unlike the I.W.W., is not organized into One Big Union on the basis of perfectly co-ordinated, centralized industrial departments. It also accounts for the fact that the form of the I.W.W. is designed to serve not only as a powerful combative force in the everyday class struggle, but also as the structure of the new society both as regards production and administration.
In 1981 Conlin gave up the "non-syndicalist" cause as a semantic exercise, while simultaneously complimenting Dubofsky for his superior treatment of the IWW's American roots.
Anarchist swing?
Others note that the IWW draws upon socialist and anarchist traditions. In 1921, Robert Hoxie, author of Trade Unionism in the United States, referred to the IWW as "quasi anarchistic." Just two years earlier, in 1919, Paul Frederick Brissenden described the revolutionary industrial unionism of the IWW as industrial unionism "animated and guided by the revolutionary (socialist or anarchist) spirit..."
Brissenden wrote, "The anarchistic element was weak in 1905..." Vincent St. John recalled in 1914, "there were so few anarchists in the first convention that there was very little need to classify them." But Brissenden also observed that from its inception in 1905, the IWW "began a sharp swing ... from socialist industrial unionism to anarcho-syndicalist industrial unionism." A significant milestone in this swing, in which the "anarchistic leanings of the direct-actionist wing of the organization" came to the fore, occurred when the influence of the Socialist Labor Party was purged in 1908.
Anarcho-syndicalism
Wobblies have been called socialist, anarchist, and syndicalist. Some would argue that none of these fit well. Writing of French syndicalism in The revolutionary internationals, 1864-1943, Milorad M. Drachkovitch offered the perception that,
It did not occur to the syndicalists that the capitalist state, "eliminated" by the "expropriatory general strike", would be replaced by a new state with a new ruling class—the self-taught officials of the labor unions. It was only after the Bolshevik Revolution that most French syndicalists, dropping the last vestiges of anarchist anti-statism, adopted the slogan au syndicat le pouvoir, i.e., all power to the labor union, which of course meant all power to the union leaders. Syndicalism, without the anarchist prefix, thus eventually became one of the heretical variants of Leninism.
The IWW had explicitly rejected Leninism by 1921. (Of course—perhaps unlike the French Syndicalists—the Wobbly perception of any perceived "centralizing" tactics by IWW leaders split the organization on multiple occasions...)
For those who feel compelled to "classify" the modern IWW's revolutionary industrial unionism in some broader category, the term used by Brissenden—anarcho-syndicalism—seems to be the current category of choice. However, even Brissenden's use of the term anarcho-syndicalism (in 1919) was met with dismay in some IWW circles, with a writer in One Big Union Monthly calling such terms "very misleading."
A distinction should likewise be drawn between adopting tactics or principles from the anarchists, and actually being described as an anarchist organization. The IWW,
... made a special effort to distinguish itself from the anarchists, emphasizing repeatedly that the two had "entirely different organizations and concepts of solving the social problem."
Contract question
In 1912, William E. Bohn could write in The Survey that "all those who properly call themselves industrial unionists ... refuse to bind themselves by means of contracts with their employers. Believing, as they do, that there is an inevitable and continuous struggle between employers and employed, it seems to them that a contract is a truce with their natural enemy, a truce, moreover, which gives him all the advantage." Within two decades, based upon experience with other unions whose philosophies did not preclude undercutting embattled groups of industrial workers for the sake of securing their own contract, this would no longer be the case. The CIO began organizing with a moderated form of industrial unionism (Conlin describes the CIO as composed of "nonrevolutionary" industrial unions). And by 1938, having observed the burgeoning success of the CIO, even some branches of the IWW began to sign contracts with employers.
The IWW had believed that if workers did not retain the right to strike whenever called upon, then employers could whipsaw one group of workers against another. Moreover, timed contracts allowed employers to prepare for strikes, rendering such job actions less effective. The IWW's early attitude about labor contracts had mirrored that of the Western Federation of Miners: "The WFM never demanded a closed shop or an exclusive employment contract. It supported no apprenticeship rules, having no intention of restricting union membership. It wanted jobs for all, not merely for the organized few." WFM Secretary Treasurer Bill Haywood believed that in time of crisis the AFL "had always proved impotent to aid its affiliates, usually sacrificing them on the 'sacred altar of contract'." This view was shared by WFM President Charles Moyer, who told the 1903 WFM Convention, "It behooves us at all times to be free to take advantage of any opportunity to better our condition. Nothing affords the majority of corporations more satisfaction than to realize that they have placed you in a position where you are powerless to act for a period of years." According to Historian Melvyn Dubofsky, neither the WFM nor its successive offspring—the American Labor Union (ALU) and the IWW—accepted that a contract with employers was legally or morally binding, and all three organizations believed that workers could best see to their interests by retaining the ability to strike when necessary.
However, employers used the no contract manifesto as an excuse not to meet with workers. Local media supported the employers, asking, what was the use of discussing grievances with members of an organization that refused a written agreement, if the workers were free to strike again the moment a dispute was settled? This became a familiar circumstance, and as a result, other unions were sometimes able to sign members that had once marched under the banner of the IWW.
From the Paterson strike until the rise of the Agricultural Workers Organization (AWO) in 1915, the IWW had organized successfully during labor struggles, but then had failed to hold its membership. As James P. Cannon would later write,
... the IWW attracted a remarkable selection of young revolutionary militants to its banner. As a union, the organization led many strikes which swelled the membership momentarily. But after the strikes were over, whether won or lost, stable union organization was not maintained. After every strike, the membership settled down again to the die-hard cadre united on principle.
This circumstance prompted a discussion in the IWW press of the question, "What's wrong with the IWW?"
The job delegate system of the AWO proved successful and, for a time, allowed the IWW to ignore the problem of failing to retain members. Rather than soap boxing to sign up workers between jobs, carefully chosen union members with card kits were sent into the fields to sign up others on the job. The results were a considerable improvement. Between 1915 and 1917, the IWW's Agricultural Workers Organization (AWO) organized more than a hundred thousand migratory farm workers throughout the midwest and western United States. IWW members were routinely blacklisted from farm worker employment offices, prompting the IWW to advise job delegates to tear up their personal IWW cards in front of the boss to hold onto their own job. The AWO office would later provide a duplicate card. But signing up significant numbers of workers only eased, and did not in any way solve the problem of membership losses resulting from the no contract philosophy.
The question of contract became an important factor that tended to divide members of the IWW from their leaders. The two principles of fighting for better wages, hours and conditions, and preparing for the ultimate triumph of labor often came into conflict. IWW members frequently chose the former, while their leadership often saw the latter principle as predominant. As Philip Foner put it, activities that were logical and necessary on the trade union front frequently had to be rejected because they conflicted with revolutionary aims.
In Oil, Wheat & Wobblies, a book about the Industrial Workers of the World in Oklahoma, Nigel Anthony Sellars wrote that although the CIO "inherited the egalitarian traditions and syndicalist ideals" of the IWW, the CIO succeeded where the IWW had failed (in mass organizing of industrial unions) "in part because the newer organization did not repeat the Wobblies' mistakes, such as refusing to sign time contracts and rejecting political action." The IWW view of political action has not been much affected by such analysis. However, in the period of the CIO's impressive ascent, the IWW philosophy about contracts was beginning to evolve. In military terms, the contract eventually came to be viewed somewhat as the role of the infantry, in that ground captured must in some fashion become ground held.
There are two aspects of the contract question: official recognition of the union by the employer, and the labor contract itself. During its early years, the IWW rejected both. Foner observed that the larger, stronger IWW locals were able to live with this circumstance, for they achieved recognition by force of numbers. However, weak IWW unions lost job control because hostile employers were not bound by contractual recognition, and the companies therefore resorted to hiring workers who were not IWW members. Conlin observed, "[t]he issues of time contracts and union recognition proved to be the Wobblies' Achilles' heel every time they organized a successful strike." Foner concludes that, "ironically, while the refusal to sign contracts was justified, in part, as a means of keeping the capitalists off balance, experience proved that it had the opposite effect of enabling the employers to use it to their own advantage."
One example of membership loss and acquisition relating to the contract occurred in the Baltimore garment industry. By September 1913 the IWW had organized some of the largest garment shops in the city. During a fourteen-week strike, the IWW was undercut when the conservative AFL-affiliated United Garment Workers (UGW) brought in scab replacement workers. Shortly afterward, at their 1914 Nashville convention, a group of disenchanted UGW unionists split off to form the Amalgamated Clothing Workers (ACW). The IWW was initially the largest of these three organizations in Baltimore. Yet in the three-way free-for-all that occurred there in 1916—a struggle characterized by union scabbing and threats—the IWW lost all of its membership in the district as a result of the other two unions bidding against each other for collective bargaining agreements.
Meanwhile, IWW local unions that did sign contracts had their charters pulled. That was the fate of an IWW branch in Great Falls, Montana, in 1912. Other local organizations were forced to disaffiliate from the IWW, as did the Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union No. 440 in Cleveland, Ohio during the 1930s, when they elected to sign a contract with an employer.
During the 1927 coal strike in Colorado, a challenge to the policy of refusing union recognition came from within the IWW, when IWW organizer Tom Conners replaced A. S. Embree, who had been jailed for violating the state's anti-picketing policy. After a very successful strike that depleted the state's coal reserves, Conners foresaw the possibility of the State Industrial Commission recognizing the IWW. Conlin indicates that this was the first time such a challenge to the IWW's policy of "no contracts, no recognition" had been made from within. However, Embree and his followers opposed the move, and nothing came of it. While the miners gained from the strike, the IWW failed to do so.
In 1938, the IWW Constitution was amended to allow industrial unions to adopt their own rules concerning contractual agreements. A stipulation adopted in 1946 required that no such agreement could allow workers to engage in work that would undermine any strike.
Staughton Lynd, a labor attorney, activist, and author of Solidarity Unionism, has observed,
[T]he critical question is not whether or not to have a contract. The critical question is what is in the contract. Ninety-nine percent of AFL–CIO contracts contain a no-strike clause, whereby labor gives up its self-activity, and a management prerogative clause, whereby management retains its ability to act unilaterally, for instance in closing plants. No contract is better than such a contract.
No-strike clause
Contracts enforce "labor peace" through a clause that prohibits strikes for the duration of the contract. Some unions agree to a no-strike clause in exchange for a grievance arbitration provision, or some similar concession. Not all labor contracts have no-strike clauses. On some occasions, no-strike clauses have become a contract issue in dispute, with workers refusing to accept the no-strike clause, and employers refusing to agree to a contract without one.
In 2005, Staughton Lynd discussed the historical and legal circumstances relating to the no-strike clause at the IWW's centenary in Chicago, Illinois:
When John L. Lewis, Philip Murray, and other men of power in the new CIO negotiated the first contracts for auto workers and steelworkers, these contracts, even if only a few pages long, typically contained a no-strike clause. All workers in a given workplace were now prohibited from striking as particular crafts had been before. This remains the situation today.
Nothing in labor law required a no-strike clause. Indeed, the drafters of the original National Labor Relations Act (or Wagner Act) went out of their way to ensure that the law would not be used to curtail the right to strike. Not only does federal labor law affirm the right "to engage in . . . concerted activities for the purpose of . . . mutual aid or protection"; even as amended by the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947, Section 502 of what is now called the Labor Management Relations Act declares:
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to require an individual employee to render labor or service without his consent, nor shall anything in this Act be construed to make the quitting of his labor by an individual employee an illegal act; nor shall any court issue any process to compel the performance by an individual employee of such labor or service, without his consent; nor shall the quitting of work by an employee or employees in good faith because of abnormally dangerous conditions for work at the place of employment of such employee or employees be deemed a strike under this chapter[;]
and for good measure, the drafters added in Section 13 of the NLRA, now section 163 of the LMRA: "Nothing in this Act, except as specifically provided for herein, shall be construed so as either to interfere with or impede or diminish in any way the right to strike."
While the NLRA protects the right to strike, some strikes do not have legal protection. For example, "[i]f a collective bargaining agreement contains a no-strike clause (the union agrees not to go on strike while the contract is in effect), a strike during the life of the contract would not be protected. The strikers could be fired." Some no-strike clauses, however, have qualifications which protect the workers, for example, if they refuse to perform assigned work that has been struck by other workers.
Tactics and action
Direct action
The Industrial Workers of the World inherited the concept of economic action (as opposed to political action), in part, from the American Labor Union. Melvyn Dubofsky associates economic action with what the IWW would later call direct action. The IWW first mentioned the term "direct action" in a Wobbly publication in reference to a Chicago strike conducted in 1910. In this instance the specific methods of direct action are not recorded, but the account referred to a successful strike against Hansel & Elcock Construction which was followed by former strikers persuading former strike breakers to "dismiss themselves" from the job.
Direct action in the labor movement initially referred to the actions taken by workers for themselves, as opposed to actions taken in their name by legislative or other representatives. For example, dual-card IWW members have been known to advocate direct action on the shop floor to force employers to provide safer working conditions, to be more responsive to workers' demands, and to avoid speedup situations. However, the expression has sometimes "been contorted to cover all the implications of mayhem and destruction..." Some of the confusion may result from varying definitions offered by different Wobbly publications. The Industrial Worker described direct action as "any effort made directly for the purpose of getting more of the goods from the boss." The eastern U.S. IWW publication Solidarity defined direct action as "dealing directly with the boss through your labor union. The strike in its different forms, is the best known example of 'direct action'."
Soapboxing and free speech fights
Although lauded by civil libertarians as an important part of the struggles for civil and constitutional rights, the IWW's free speech fights were carried out for more concrete goals. If they weren't allowed to talk to workers, they wouldn't be able to organize workers. Wobbly activists simultaneously demonstrated that direct action works, and that it was possible for members of the lower strata of society to challenge authority and, through determination and perseverance, to frequently win.
The workers and the IWW had a common enemy in the communities that became free speech battlegrounds. These were the job sharks, agencies that controlled employment in agriculture and the timber industry. The combination of sharks, anti-union employers, and hostile or indifferent communities kept wages low, and employment uncertain for many workers.
The attitude in some communities toward IWW members engaging in the fight for free speech is nicely characterized by an editorial in the San Diego Evening Tribune on March 4, 1912:
Hanging is none too good for them and they would be much better dead, for they are absolutely useless in the human economy. They are the waste material of creation and they should be drained off into the sewer of oblivion, there to rot in cold obstruction like any other excrement.
The strategy of the IWW during free speech fights was to put out a call for "footloose" workers to come to the community, and to challenge a no speaking ordinance simply by violating it. Wobblies would talk about the job, the unfairness of the system, or would simply read the Declaration of Independence, or the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution. In violation of the law, they would get arrested. By filling the jails with workers, the IWW was able to put pressure on the community's taxpayers, who ultimately had to pay the bill for feeding and housing the prisoners. The taxpayers presumably had the power to avoid such expenses by forcing the local administration to change its policies, or to overturn the ordinance itself.
Conventional strikes
A primary goal of unions is to improve the wages, hours, and working conditions of working people, and the strike, or threat of a strike is one mechanism by which that can be accomplished. However, the IWW also believe that the strike is a means by which working people can educate themselves to the issues of class struggle. Such education, according to the Wobblies, is necessary training in the effort to properly exercise the general strike, which (according to IWW theory) is the best means by which to establish an industrial democracy.
The IWW has engaged in a significant number of celebrated strikes throughout its colorful history. Each is rich in its own way. During the Colorado coal strike of 1927, IWW organizers had the opportunity to apply many of the strategies and tactics they'd adopted during the previous decades.
Colorado Coal Strike (A Case Study)
Joseph Conlin has written that the 1927 coal strike was a "unique, indeed critical event in the social and economic history of the West." First, it was a coal strike run by Wobblies, rather than the United Mine Workers. Second, many of the miners had a company union, yet still elected to strike under the IWW. Third, it had the first positive result for Colorado coal miners in sixty years of struggle.
The IWW had editorially criticized the leadership of the United Mine Workers (UMW) during the 1913-14 strike which had led to the Ludlow Massacre. Their view: the miners had been "sold out" by "politicians" who had timidly refused to employ the full power of an aroused working class. The United Mine Workers responded by banning IWW card holders from membership in the UMW. Because the United Mine Workers had essentially left Colorado in defeat a decade earlier, the IWW began organizing Colorado coal miners in 1925. Organizer Frank Jurich was joined by A.S. Embree, a popular and very capable IWW organizer. Embree had just come from prison, having been incarcerated on syndicalist charges. While in prison, Embree indicated his dedication to the cause. He had written, "The end in view [the revolution] is well worth striving for, but in the struggle itself lies the happiness of the fighter." Embree initially began organizing outlying camps to avoid company opposition.
In 1927 the IWW called for a three-day nationwide walkout to protest the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. While the United Mine Workers predicted the IWW's walkout would fail in Colorado, Sheriff Harry Capps of Huerfano County commented that "fully two-thirds of the miners in the [Walsenburg] district [are] members of the I.W.W." When the walkout occurred, out of a total 1,167 miners, 1,132 stayed off the job, and only 35 went to work. Under threat of injunction, the IWW leaders felt they'd demonstrated success, and they persuaded the miners to return to work one day early. Conlin wrote, "The tactical decision of the Wobblies was to give ground on this occasion to intensify organizing efforts for a statewide strike."
Organizing proceeded apace. In one mine, the Supervisor went to work one morning and discovered "Wobbly stickers pasted on every timber and cross beam in the place: 'Join the Wobblies, Join the Wobblies.'" There were IWW posters "from the bottom of the shaft clear to the working face."
IWW leader Kristin Svanum met in a mass meeting with 187 delegates from 43 of the state's 125 mines to work out the miners' demands. Industrial Solidarity declared, "These mass meetings [are] to be the legislative bodies of the strikers." The rank and file miners were given full veto power over every aspect of the pending strike. The miners elected a General Strike Committee, which had the power to appoint all other committees, with only miners eligible for committee membership—a policy that demonstrated "the democratic principles of the Wobblies." While Wobbly organizers conducted the meetings, they had no vote in the miners' decisions. The Wobblies were careful that the strike demands reflected only the immediate needs of the workers, rather than long range goals of the IWW. IWW philosophy and economic analysis were communicated only passively through the printing of the union's Preamble on membership cards, on leaflets, and in personal conversations with organizers drawn from the rank and file. For a long time, the Wobbly philosophy was based on the belief that organizing and developing solidarity constituted the best radical education for workers. The perceptions expressed in the IWW Preamble coincided with the Colorado miners' personal experiences with capitalism, and also with their feelings about the United Mine Workers union which since 1914 had seemed to ignore their needs.
All national groupings were represented on the General Strike Committee—"Mexican, Slav, Spanish, Greek, Anglo, Italian, and Negro."
There were so many different nationalities in the coal towns of Colorado due to corporate recruitment policy. After the coal strike of 1903–04, the companies intentionally recruited replacement miners who would have social, cultural, and language barriers to overcome before they could unite with other miners to form unions. But the IWW, always the champion of the immigrant and the ethnic worker, had readily overcome such challenges as early as the 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike.
Docile immigrant workers may have been a boon to industry, but invariably, such workers were ruthlessly exploited. In the mines, yesterday's perplexed new arrival often became today's militant unionist.
Immigrants aroused by injustice became targets. The Colorado newspapers railed against foreign workers and, alternately, an alleged foreign, or a lower class philosophy. For example, IWW leaders were called "tramps with their pants pressed." The Denver Morning Post criticized the strikers' spelling, their speech, their dress, their personal hygiene, and their values. The IWW responded by promoting international and ethnic solidarity. Organizers with Spanish surnames played a vital role. The more loudly the coal operators objected, the quicker the Wobbly message circulated.
The IWW was careful to follow the minutiae of Colorado law related to the pending strike, in an effort to keep the focus on the miners, rather than on the IWW itself. Nonetheless, the State Industrial Commission declared the pending strike illegal. This decision angered even established labor organizations who had not supported the strike up to that point. They considered it an affront to all of organized labor in Colorado.
IWW organizers were arrested, beaten, and robbed. Proclamations were passed by at least six city councils ordering the IWW to leave. IWW union halls were wrecked. Strike preparations proceeded unabated, and strike votes were held throughout the state. In Lafayette, so many people arrived at the meeting hall to endorse the pending strike that the vote was moved to the football field, and conducted under the headlights of trucks. The Denver Post estimated that 4,000 attended.
Along with the coal companies, the state, and many local communities, the United Mine Workers came out publicly against the pending strike. But the strike was called in spite of the opposition, and miners walked. After two weeks of the Wobbly led strike, 113 Colorado coal mines had closed, and just 12 mines remained open. Joseph Conlin declared it the most successful strike in Colorado's history. The coal companies offered a non-negotiated pay increase of sixty-eight cents per day. This offer did not disrupt the strikers' motivation.
With IWW guidance, the General Strike Committee instructed the miners to commit no violence. The strike saw auto caravans of five hundred strikers traveling in more than a hundred vehicles, touring struck communities to dispense donated food and other provisions. This not only spread the strike, it kept up the strikers' morale. All participants were searched by their leaders for liquor or firearms before each activity.
Conlin quotes McClurg to observe that "Laws were broken, but selectively and with care." The state of Colorado banned picketing, but miners voted in mass meetings to ignore the state's ban. Colorado law outlawed red flags such as those long flown by the IWW, so the strikers carried American flags. In a further declaration of non-violent intent, the IWW admonished strikers, "If anyone is going to be killed, let it be one of our men first."
The Columbine mine, one of the larger of the few mines still working, granted a fifty cent per day pay raise. The IWW saw this as one major coal company weakening, but announced that it was not enough. The Wobblies organized massive marches to the Columbine, numbering from 500 to 1,200 miners plus their families. They sometimes brought a five piece brass band, and they sang union songs, satirizing the company and the police.
In one surprising episode of "philosophical warfare" during the strike, the IWW made an attempt to establish a workers' cooperative for striking miners at an abandoned mine. Two coal mine operators sought to demonstrate that such cooperatives were impossible, and they issued a challenge to the IWW to follow through at their facilities. However, they insisted that the IWW had to post a state-required safety bond within 24 hours, before it could reopen the mines. Since the IWW wasn't able to post the bond within the designated period, the experiment was not pursued.
Entire communities became organized during the 1927 strike, and they were capable of protracted militant action. However, a strike typically puts a dramatic strain on relationships within communities. Affected relationships are not just between strikers and business interests, or between strikers and non-strikers. During a coal strike, entire families are involved. One resident of a coal community spoke of the effect of the 1927 strike on students,
You'd think the coal miner was the dirtiest reptile that walked the earth. Everybody was down on the coal miner when he went on strike ... And the teachers were against us. And they had their favorites. The scabs' boys were in there too and, of course, we had gangs just like they do today. And the teachers would side with the scabs' side. Why hells bells man, we had to do something! So we organized (Junior Wobblies) at school just to protect ourselves.
The State of Colorado and local law enforcement began to arrest every strike leader that they could identify, on vagrancy or other trumped up charges. Many were deported from the state. In Trinidad, in Walsenberg, and elsewhere, members of strikers' families stepped forward to take the place of arrested leaders, and lead the strike.
Seventy-five IWW members in the Trinidad jail conducted protests that featured bonfires. Prisoners in the Lafayette jail carried on incessant singing. When they were offered their freedom, they refused to leave. A group of prisoners in Erie persuaded their jailers that deputies in Utah and Wyoming received higher pay, had better working conditions, and worked shorter hours. In Pueblo, the jail was secured by "200 deputies armed with tear bombs, machine guns, rifles, and fire engine pumpers."
Newspapers began calling for the governor to no longer withhold the "mailed fist", to strike hard and strike swiftly, and for "Machine Guns Manned By Willing Shooters" at more of the state's coal mines. Within days, state police and mine guards fired machine guns, rifles, and pistols against 500 unarmed miners and their wives at the Columbine mine, killing six. Now faced with their own massacre, the IWW's leaders kept their focus on the immediate goal: winning the strike. After the memorial services, when some angry miners talked about getting their guns, organizers counseled them with the words of Joe Hill: "don't mourn, organize!"
The miners won a dollar a day increase from the 1927 strike. The miners in the northern field won union recognition from the second largest coal operator in Colorado. It was not recognition of the IWW, as it turned out. The company picked a union for the miners, and it was the United Mine Workers. Nonetheless, these were the most substantial gains the miners had ever achieved from a strike in Colorado. It was the only increase obtained by coal miners in the country during the period from 1928 to 1930.
Although the United Mine Workers in Colorado had vocally opposed the strike, they had established an official position of neutrality. However, United Mine Workers agents conducted overt actions against the strikers, including participation in vigilante raids against IWW property. Some UMW miners scabbed on the IWW strike, and others became informants for the state police. One popular United Mine Workers official, a union organizer from the Ludlow era by the name of Mike Livoda, hired himself out to the governor to spy on the Wobblies.
The most pervasive spying during the 1927 strike was most probably conducted by Colorado Fuel and Iron, the coal and steel company owned by the Rockefeller dynasty. The company organized a network of spies to infiltrate, propagandize against, and disrupt the IWW. Archives currently held at the Bessemer Historical Society reveal that the company used its spies and its relationship with the authorities to compile dossiers on union activists, and to obtain photographs, IWW membership lists, private union correspondence, and other union materials related to the strike.
Summing up the Colorado coal strike, Joseph Conlin concludes that Colorado coal miners were radical, based upon their experiences, and willfully chose to have the IWW lead them. In Conlin's words, "[t]he failure of the Wobblies to establish and maintain a viable organization in Colorado resulted from the anarcho-syndicalist strategy of the IWW (i.e., no labor contracts, no union recognition), not from the absence of class consciousness and radicalism among the miners."
Intermittent and short strikes
Vincent St. John, theorist and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, wrote in 1917,
A long drawn out strike implies insufficient organization or that the strike has occurred at a time when the employer can best afford a shut down—or both. Under all ordinary circumstances a strike that is not won in four to six weeks cannot be won by remaining out longer. In trustified industry the employer can better afford to fight one strike that lasts six months than he can six strikes that take place in that period.
Strikes are to be called "when the employers can least afford a cessation of work—during the busy season and when there are rush orders to be filled." If a strike does not succeed, St. John advises, then the employees go back to work and continue to conduct a job action while on the job. (See Strike on the job, below.) St. John envisioned that strike breakers could be isolated by the union. "Interference by the government is resented by open violation of the government's orders, [and] going to jail en masse..."
Sit-down strikes
When workers conduct a sit-down strike, they take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their work stations, preventing the employer from replacing them with strikebreakers, or moving production to other locations.
Lucy Parsons, whose husband was executed in the aftermath of the Haymarket affair, advocated the sit-down strike in her speech at the IWW's Founding Convention. She commented, "My conception of the strike of the future is not to strike and go out and starve but to strike and remain in and take possession of the necessary property of production." Just over a year later, the IWW initiated the first sit-down strike in American history on December 10, 1906, at the General Electric Works in Schenectady, New York, when 3,000 workers sat down on the job and stopped production to protest the dismissal of three union members. The strikers were persuaded to use "syndicalistic tactics which [were] strongly advocated" in IWW literature. IWW sources reported that the AFL attacked the IWW in the local press over the strike. The AFL required its affiliates not to honor the strike, on pain of losing their charter.
The sit-down strike is similar to the sit-in protest, which was used in India during the struggle against British rule, following the experiences of Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa.
According to Philip Taft and Philip Ross, U.S. workers who participate in a sit-down strike lose their legal right to recall, based upon a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Boycotts
Although the IWW pioneered the economic boycott, The New York Tribune suggested that the IWW was a German front, responsible for acts of sabotage throughout the nation. The IWW did not use the boycott frequently in its early days, primarily because IWW members were frequently not consumers of the products which might be boycotted. However, the organization did believe that the boycott could be an effective weapon in some situations.
During the 1912 textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the IWW boycotted merchants on Essex Street who were opposed to the strikers. The boycott was successful.
In 1923, a boycott "of all California products in ship's stores" was threatened in an effort to have the Criminal Syndicalist Law repealed. The threat, carried out in conjunction with a general strike on the Los Angeles and San Francisco waterfronts, was successful in shutting down the harbors.
General strike
According to a pamphlet produced by the Industrial Workers of the World,
A general strike is a strike involving workers across multiple trades or industries that involves enough workers to cause serious economic disruption.
In essence, a general strike is the complete and total shutdown of the economy. A general strike can last for a day, a week, or longer depending on the severity of the crisis, the resolve of the strikers, and the extent of public solidarity. During the strike, large numbers of workers in many industries (excluding employees of crucial services, such as emergency/medical) will stop working and no money or labor is exchanged. All decisions regarding the length of the strike, the groups of workers who continue working, and demands of the strikers are decided by a strike committee.
Bill Haywood believed that industrial unionism made possible the general strike, and the general strike made possible industrial democracy. In a 1911 speech in New York City, Haywood explained his view of the economic situation, and why he believed a general strike was justified,
The capitalists have wealth; they have money. They invest the money in machinery, in the resources of the earth. They operate a factory, a mine, a railroad, a mill. They will keep that factory running just as long as there are profits coming in. When anything happens to disturb the profits, what do the capitalists do? They go on strike, don't they? They withdraw their finances from that particular mill. They close it down because there are no profits to be made there. They don't care what becomes of the working class. But the working class, on the other hand, has always been taught to take care of the capitalist's interest in the property.
Haywood acknowledged three different levels of general strike:
general strike in an industry;
general strike in a community;
general national strike.
The ultimate goal of the general strike, according to the Industrial Workers of the World, is to displace capitalists and give control over the means of production to workers. Foner notes that the first person recorded mentioning the general strike as a weapon for the IWW was Lucy Parsons. The concept didn't receive much attention from the Wobbly press until 1910, and especially 1911.
Industrial democracy
According to Wobbly theory, the conventional strike is an important (but not the only) weapon for improving wages, hours, and working conditions for working people. These strikes are also good training to help workers educate themselves about the class struggle, and about what it will take to execute an eventual general strike for the purpose of achieving industrial democracy. During the final general strike, workers would not walk out of their shops, factories, mines, and mills, but would rather occupy their workplaces and take them over. Prior to taking action to initiate industrial democracy, workers would need to educate themselves with technical and managerial knowledge in order to operate industry.
According to Foner, the Wobbly conception of industrial democracy is intentionally not presented in detail by IWW theorists; in that sense, the details are left to the "future development of society." However, certain concepts are implicit. Industrial democracy will be "a new society [built] within the shell of the old." Members of the industrial union educate themselves to operate industry according to democratic principles, and without the current hierarchical ownership/management structure. Issues such as production and distribution would be managed by the workers themselves.
Strike on the job
A "strike on the job" was often called when a conventional strike seemed likely to lose. When some Wobblies were fired for exercising a strike on the job, they would move to a different job, unafraid to repeat the tactic as needed. (See Silent strike, slowdown, exceptional obedience (work to rule), below.)
Silent strike, slowdown and exceptional obedience (work to rule)
Several labor historians have used the expression "silent strike" to identify one strike tactic among many ascribed to the IWW. However, it doesn't appear that the Industrial Workers of the World often used the expression "silent strike." One exception was a 1911 report from Frank Little to the Industrial Worker on his time working with California farmworkers. "We have the silent strike on. ... The slave drivers are wild—the slaves won't work as hard as they want them to."
A definition of silent strike is offered in a book about the Filipino sugar strike of 1924–1925:
Employees who do not receive the wages demanded will go on a silent strike, staying on the job, but doing only enough work to earn the wages they receive.
According to the book, no IWW organizers were involved in a strike that erupted into a gunbattle, but the Honolulu Star-Bulletin blamed the IWW for the labor unrest anyway.
The Harvard Monthly of 1913 offers a more embellished definition,
In case of failure to achieve any gains by a strike, the worker resorts to sabotage, the silent strike by which are gained all the advantages of the open strike without its dangers; i.e., the men keep their places at their machines, thus preventing and making unnecessary the employment of scabs, pretending to do the work for which they receive their pay, but actually doing only so much of it as is needed to deceive the overseers. At the same time the worker employs many methods of attacking the employer, such as breaking delicate parts of machinery, mixing wrong ingredients into compounds, telling truth or lies to customers, anything, in short, to force the employer to terms.
It is useless to assert that these methods will not appeal to AngloSaxon workers, as does one writer on the subject. Certainly sabotage is not "fair-play," but neither is in the eyes of the laborer, the condition which forces him to it.
The terms "exceptional obedience" and "work to rule" appear to be modern variations of a similar expression frequently used by the Wobblies—"striking on the job." This tactic went by other names (and descriptions) as well. In her introduction of the 1916 pamphlet "Sabotage", Elizabeth Gurley Flynn observed that "sabotage [is] an instinctive defense [that] existed long before it was ever officially recognized by any labor organization. Sabotage means primarily: the withdrawal of efficiency." (See Sabotage section, below.)
Because the IWW gave vocal support to sabotage during the period after 1910 (usually accompanied by an advisory against violence)—frequently explained as anything from conscious withdrawal of efficiency to more definite measures—the definitions tend to be vague. A common Wobbly expression such as "fix the job" might mean a slowdown, a work stoppage, or something more.
Dubofsky writes that the "on the job strike [is] essentially a form of non-violent sabotage", and that,
Sometimes, it was claimed, the workers could even effect sabotage through exceptional obedience: Williams and Haywood were fond of noting that Italian and French workers had on occasion tied up the national railroads simply by observing every operating rule in their work regulations.
The IWW withdrew the "official" status of Flynn's sabotage pamphlet, but it is still in circulation. In 1919 the IWW likewise advised its membership that the broad IWW definition of sabotage, essentially covering a range of activities from slacking on the job to disabling equipment, had become so distorted toward the latter (in the IWW's view) that the use of the word had become more trouble than it was worth (See Sabotage section, below).
While the IWW pioneered many of these concepts, they have since been adopted and advocated by others. For example, in A Troublemaker's Handbook 2, Aaron Brenner has written,
Workers have the power to inflict economic damage on a company without going on strike. They can use this power to extract concessions at the bargaining table by disrupting production, undermining management control on the shop floor, and hurting the company's profits—while still on the job. Such "inside strategies" are not easy, but they can be better than walking out, especially when the company is prepared for a strike.
The Troublemaker's Handbook discusses some legal aspects of "inside strategies", including the fact that legality may depend, in part, upon the reasons offered for a work to rule campaign. The modern IWW likewise offers disclaimers on its website when introducing historical documents related to sabotage, for example,
[excerpt] The IWW takes no official position on sabotage (i.e., the IWW neither condones nor condemns such actions). Workers who engage in some ... forms of sabotage risk legal sanctions.
Sabotage
When disgruntled workers damage or destroy equipment or interfere with the smooth running of a workplace, it is called workplace sabotage. While Luddites sought to "turn back the clock" to an era before the introduction of workplace machinery, radical labor unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) have advocated sabotage as a tactical means of self-defense against unfair working conditions.
The first references to the terms "sabotage" and "passive resistance" in the IWW press appeared in approximately 1910. These terms were used in connection with a strike against a Chicago clothing company called Lamm & Co. and the connotation of sabotage in that job action referred to "malingering or inefficient work."
The IWW was shaped in part by the industrial unionism philosophy of Big Bill Haywood, and in 1910 Haywood was exposed to sabotage while touring Europe:
The experience that had the most lasting impact on Haywood was witnessing a general strike on the French railroads. Tired of waiting for parliament to act on their demands, railroad workers walked off their jobs all across the country. The French government responded by drafting the strikers into the army and then ordering them back to work. Undaunted, the workers carried their strike to the job. Suddenly, they could not seem to do anything right. Perishables sat for weeks, sidetracked and forgotten. Freight bound for Paris was misdirected to Lyon or Marseille instead. This tactic—the French called it "sabotage"—won the strikers their demands and impressed Bill Haywood.
For the IWW, sabotage came to mean any withdrawal of efficiency—including the slowdown, the strike, or creative bungling of job assignments.
Ralph Chaplin, an IWW artist and poet, drew the IWW's image of a black cat with flashing teeth and bared claws as a symbol of the IWW's concept of sabotage. In testimony before the court in a 1918 trial of IWW leaders, Chaplin stated that the black cat "was commonly used by the boys as representing the idea of sabotage. The idea being to frighten the employer by the mention of the name sabotage, or by putting a black cat somewhere around. You know if you saw a black cat go across your path you would think, if you were superstitious, you are going to have a little bad luck. The idea of sabotage is to use a little black cat on the boss."
Historically the IWW was accused of outright damage to property—for example, getting the blame for causing wheat field fires in a book of fiction by Zane Grey, published in 1919 at the height of the red scare. The extent to which the IWW actually practiced sabotage, other than through their "withdrawal of efficiency," is open to dispute. IWW organizers often counseled workers to avoid any actions that would hurt their own job prospects. Even so, when the term "sabotage" is applied to workers, it is frequently interpreted to mean actual destruction. A study by Johns Hopkins University in 1939 determined,
Although there are contradictory opinions as to whether the IWW practices sabotage or not, it is interesting to note that no case of an IWW saboteur caught practicing sabotage or convicted of its practice is available.
Melvyn Dubofsky has written, "...hard as they tried, state and federal authorities could never establish legal proof of IWW-instigated sabotage. Rudolph Katz ... was perhaps close to the truth when he informed federal investigators, 'The American Federation of Labor does not preach sabotage, but it practices sabotage; and the I.W.W. preaches sabotage, but does not practice it.'"
Conlin seems not to accept the implied Wobbly innocence on the charge of sabotage. Rather, he puts any possible transgressions into a different perspective, writing (in 1969) that in the aftermath of the anti-war crackdown,
The I.W.W.'s actual culpability of wheatfield fires and sawmill wreckings had become unimportant because of the government's greater offenses.
In 1918, sedition and anti-sabotage laws were passed in the United States. The General Executive Board of the IWW issued a statement referring to the anti-sabotage law, which concluded:
The membership will find it to their advantage to forget and drop the word. The word itself is not worth it. It may arise again in the future in its true light and in its true meaning. If so, the future will care for itself. We should be and are too busy building the One Big Union to argue with Congress or departments of justice as to the real meaning of a poor French word.
Robert Hoxie, whose work was collected in the 1921 publication Trade Unionism in the United States, was one of the foremost experts on the trade union movement in the early twentieth century. Hoxie considered the Industrial Workers of the World the "most clear representative" of revolutionary unionism in the United States. In his discussion of the IWW, he explained the nature of sabotage in detail that is worth quoting at length:
Sabotage is an elusive phenomena and is difficult of accurate definition. Briefly described it is called "striking on the job." J. A. Estey, in his "Revolutionary Unionism," does well when he says: "In Syndicalist practice it [sabotage] is a comprehensive term, covering every process by which the laborer, while remaining at work, tries to damage the interests of his employer, whether by simple malingering, or by bad quality of work, or by doing actual damage to tools and machinery" (p. 96). This definition puts admirably the essential, underlying characteristics of sabotage, but in practice it ranges even beyond such limits. There are almost an indefinite number of ways of "putting the boots to the employer" which have come to properly be included under the general designation, and some of them have been employed by conservative unionists time out of mind. Ca' Canny or soldiering is one of them, which was a practice long before revolutionary unionism was known to the mass of workers. In essence it is practiced by every union that sets a limitation on output. Living strictly up to impossible safety rules enacted by the employers for their own protection is another method. Wasting materials, turning out goods of inferior quality or damaging them in the process, misdirecting shipments, telling the truth about the quality of products, changing price cards, sanding the bearings, salting the soup and the sheets, "throwing the monkey wrench into the machinery"—all are methods of practicing sabotage that have become familiar.
Violence
A study in 1969 concluded that "IWW activity was virtually free of violence." However, it was not uncommon for violence to be called for, and used against IWW organizers and members. In 1917, for example, popular organizer Frank Little, an officer of the IWW's General Executive Board, was hanged from a Butte, Montana railroad trestle, a victim of vigilante justice. And during the 1927 coal strike in Colorado, the Denver Morning Post editorialized that if the Wobblies picketed again, then it was time for the governor to stop withholding the "mailed fist", and to strike hard and strike swiftly against them. Two weeks later, the Boulder Daily Camera editorialized that "machine guns manned by willing shooters are wanted" at Colorado coal mines. The following week, striking miners were machine gunned by the state, and six died. Conlin has asserted that "few organizations in American history of any stripe have experienced repression so cynical as did the I.W.W."
In a few cases, violence was met with violence. Who was at fault, and who initiated the attack, have been historical questions debated to the present day in both the Everett massacre and the Centralia massacre, although a study by Philip Taft and Philip Ross concludes that "the IWW in Everett and Centralia was the victim, and the violence was a response to attacks made upon its members for exercising their constitutional rights."
Thus, it is no surprise that the question of violence was a perennial matter of discussion and debate within the IWW. Some, like Arturo Giovannitti, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and Vincent St. John, took the position that while the union did not favor violence, it would not shy away from its use if necessary to accomplish the social revolution. "Smiling Joe" Ettor, on the other hand, agreed with Bill Haywood that the only kind of force to which the organization could lend its name was the use of the general strike for the overthrow of capitalism. Haywood, who had been secretary treasurer of the Western Federation of Miners during a violent period in its history, described the goals of the IWW in 1913:
It will be revolution, but it will be bloodless revolution. The world is turning against war. People are sickened at the thought. Even labor wars of the old type are passing. I should never think of conducting a strike in the old way. There will never be another Coeur d'Alene, another Cripple Creek. I, for one, have turned my back on violence. It wins nothing.
When we strike now, we strike with our hands in our pockets. We have a new kind of violence—the havoc we raise with money by laying down our tools. Our strength lies in the overwhelming power of numbers.
Conlin has also observed that "to dwell on the martyrs and the debacle that did in the I.W.W. (i.e., government repression after World War I) is to detract or at least to distract from the Wobblies' importance as a functioning and ... apparently successful union."
Violence and sabotage as tactics
In 1969 the History of Violence in America reported about the 1918 trial of IWW officers and members,
Unlike the other national federations such as the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the IWW advocated direct action and sabotage. These doctrines were never clearly defined, but did not include violence against isolated individuals. Pamphlets on sabotage by Andre Tridon, Walker C. Smith, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn were published, but Haywood and the lawyers for the defense at the Federal trial for espionage in Chicago in 1918 denied that sabotage meant destruction of property. Instead Haywood claimed it meant slowing down on the job when the employer refused to make concessions.
Foner observes that the IWW's General Executive Board issued a statement opposing violence:
[The IWW] does not now and never has believed in or advocated either destruction or violence as a means of accomplishing industrial reform; first, because no principle was ever settled by such methods; second, because industrial history has taught us that when strikers resort to violence and unlawful methods, all the resources of Government are immediately arrayed against them and they lose their cause; third, because such methods destroy the constructive impulse which it is the purpose of this organization to foster and develop in order that the workers may fit themselves to assume their places in the new society.
Robert Hoxie writes,
In the popular conception of things revolutionary unionism is generally distinguished by violence and sabotage. The tendency, however, to make violence the hall-mark of revolutionary unionists is a great mistake. The bulk of revolutionary unionists embraces the most peaceful citizens we have, and on principle. Most violence in labor troubles is committed by conservative unionists or by the unorganized.
Hoxie continues,
In short, violence in labor troubles is a unique characteristic of no kind of unionism, but is a general and apparently inevitable incident of the rise of the working class to consciousness and power in capitalistic society.
Secondly, revolutionary unionism is not to be marked off from other kinds of unionism by its employment of sabotage as an offensive and defensive weapon. It is true that sabotage is a weapon whose use is highly characteristic of revolutionary unionism, but the notion that its use is confined to revolutionary unionists fades out the moment its true character and varied forms are known. It is moreover distinctly repudiated by many revolutionary unionists, is not confined to revolutionary unions, and, it might be added, is not confined to workers alone.
Hoxie explains,
As the unionists point out, essentially the same thing is practiced by employers and dealers who adulterate goods, make shoddy, conceal defects of products, and sell goods for what they are not.
Legislation, injunctions and law
In 1916, the Commission on Industrial Relations, created by the U.S. Congress, reported,
The greatest uncertainty exists regarding the legal status of almost every act which may be done in connection with an industrial dispute. In fact, it may be said that it depends almost entirely upon the personal opinion and social ideas of the court in whose jurisdiction the acts may occur.
The general effect of the decisions of American courts, however, has been to restrict the activities of labor organizations and deprive them of their most effective weapons, namely, the boycott and the power of picketing, while on the other hand the weapons of employers, namely, the power of arbitrary discharge, of blacklisting, and of bringing in strikebreakers, have been maintained and legislative attempts to restrict the employers' powers have generally been declared unconstitutional by the courts. Furthermore, an additional weapon has been placed in the hands of the employers by many courts in the form of sweeping injunctions, which render punishable acts which would otherwise be legal, and also result in effect in depriving the workers of the right to jury trial.
The report includes the testimony of Judge Walter Clark, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina:
Chairman Walsh. Have you studied the effect of the use of injunctions in labor disputes generally in the United States, as a student of economics and the law?
Judge Clark. I do not think they can be justified, sir, * * * [Their effect] has been, of course, to irritate the men, because they feel that in an anglo-Saxon community every man has a right to a trial by jury and that to take him up and compel him to be tried by a judge, is not in accordance with the principles of equality, liberty, and justice.
Chairman Walsh. Do you think that has been one of the causes of social unrest in the United States?
Judge Clark. Yes, sir, and undoubtedly will be more so, unless it is remedied.
The congressional report concludes from this exchange,
...opinions cited above are very impressive and are convincing that the workers have great reason for their attitude... such injunctions have in many cases inflicted grievous injury upon workmen engaged in disputes with their employers, and ... their interests have been seriously prejudiced by the denial of jury trial, which every criminal is afforded, and by trial before the judge against whom the contempt was alleged ... It is felt to be a duty, therefore, to register a solemn protest against this condition...
By most accounts, in spite of its apparent candor, the U.S. Congress failed to act upon this investigation of the reasons for industrial unrest.
One significant difference between the IWW and mainstream unions (specifically, the AFL) concerns their interpretation of, and reaction to the law. Laws are passed by the state. AFL unions concerned themselves with issues of law and order. In the eyes of the IWW, the state was variously considered irrelevant, illegitimate, or merely an extension of capitalist power. The IWW Preamble and Constitution, which encapsulate the organization's philosophy and to some extent, formulate policy, are silent on the specific question of government, yielding only a strong implication that government as constituted would cease to exist in a Wobbly world (a "new society within the shell of the old").
To Wobblies beaten by cops while picketing the job, the only law that mattered was the law of the jungle. In the words of historian Melvyn Dubofsky, the AFL sought industrial harmony, the IWW praised perpetual industrial war.
Dubofsky concludes that while Wobbly speechmaking often created a wrong perception of IWW intentions and practices, the IWW actually practiced passive resistance and promoted non-violence. Yet passive resistance is distinct from pacifism. Dubofsky wrote,
Nonviolence was only a means to an end. If passive resistance resulted only in beatings and deaths, then the IWW threatened to respond in kind.
Arturo Giovannitti summarized his perception of the Wobbly philosophy, "The generally accepted notion seems to be that to kill is a great crime, but to be killed is the greatest."
Labor legislation can have a very significant impact upon union organizing, and efforts to organize the coal industry offer a good example. Coal miners had been struggling for sixty years to organize unions in the Western United States, with little success. All of that changed in the early 1930s when the companies began to perceive a difference between the business unionism of the United Mine Workers, and their more radical competitors.
In 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt established the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) including Section 7(a), guaranteeing the right to collective bargaining. The law originated with the coal industry, which had been beset by organizing drives by radical labor organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World (Colorado strike in 1927), the Progressive Miners in Illinois, the West Virginia Mine Workers Union, and the National Miners Union (formed in 1928), which also was founded on the principles of class struggle. Facing such stiff competition, the AFL-affiliated United Mine Workers was a "shambles" during this period, with its membership having dropped to less than a quarter of its former strength.
After decades of hostility toward unions, in 1931 the coal industry's magazine, Coal Age, began editorializing in favor of the "desired stabilization of wages and working conditions [via] recognition and acceptance of an outside labor organization." John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers, later claimed that his union had written the language that ultimately appeared in the NIRA. The NIRA favored a specific type of industrial union, and greatly increased the barriers to organizing radical unions.
The United Mine Workers union was also supported by the government and by some coal companies against their more radical rivals. In some cases, the United Mine Workers legitimized strike breaking by issuing union cards to miners who had crossed picket lines of a rival organization. By 1936, the United Mine Workers had gained contracts with all the major coal operators in North America.
Minority unionism
In U.S. legal terminology, the concept of minority unionism refers to the situation in which workers who wish to engage in concerted activity, which means action taken by workers for mutual aid or protection. In the U.S., such activity is protected by federal labor law. Generally speaking, concerted activity takes place, and is therefore protected, whenever two or more employees act together to improve their terms and conditions of employment. (The protections are fairly broad, although corporations frequently benefit from employees not knowing their rights.)
According to union activists, workers engaging in concerted activity may also be said to be engaging in minority unionism. While the status of concerted activity is well established, the precise legal status of bargaining rights for a minority union, or alternatively of bargaining rights for individual members of such a union, is not clear. In 2005, Charles Morris published a legal treatise called The Blue Eagle At Work: Reclaiming Democratic Rights in the American Workplace which offers an as yet untested legal theory about minority unionism.
However, the Industrial Workers of the World have held from the organization's founding that workers, whether in a majority or not, nonetheless have the right and the ability to join to act in their own best interest, whether through traditional bargaining, or by other means. This is quite different from more orthodox unions, which typically rely upon union recognition by a workplace majority and a collective bargaining agreement, accompanied by dues checkoff and other conventions, before they will represent a group of employees.
Dues collection
The IWW relies upon members to submit dues voluntarily, instead of relying on the "dues check off" system, in which dues are automatically deducted from workers' paychecks by their employer. Throughout the organization's history, a constitutional provision has prohibited IWW organizations from allowing employers to handle union dues.
IWW dues collection most typically operates according to the Job Delegate system, which was developed by the Agricultural Workers Organization (AWO) of the IWW.
Boxcar Organizing
Beginning around 1915 with the rise of the Agricultural Workers Organization, the field delegates for the IWW used itinerant workers' means of transportation, illegally hopping freight trains, to grow to their ranks. Delegates rode trains and demanded to see a Red Card, proof of membership in the IWW, from each hobo bound for the harvests. If a rider could not produce a card, he or she either had to purchase one from the delegate or get off the train. IWW organizer Harry Howard describes an instance of this in a 1916 letter to Solidarity, the union's national newspaper, writing, "We left on the night of August 10th with twenty-five or thirty other fellow workers. We took charge of the train and ditched all unorganized men at stops north of Fargo." In 1922, the U.S. Marshal to the Western District of Washington collected 19 affidavits from freight train riders in that state who admit seeing this practice. One reads, "The IWW tried to make me take out a card in North Dakota but I refused. When in the State of Washington… I was forced to take out a card or be thrown off in a desolate country." This tactic lost effectiveness as the automobile supplanted the freight train as the most popular form of transportation for itinerant laborers in the mid- to late-1920s.
Publicity and the Wobbly image
The Industrial Workers of the World has enjoyed and occasionally suffered from a distinctive public image. The organization has been chronicled in fiction as varied as Zane Grey's anti-Wobbly book Desert of Wheat, and James Jones' influential 1951 novel, From Here to Eternity. Conlin attributes some of the chronicles to "fascination with the vitality of those on the bottom. He notes, however, that a romantic image of the Wobblies was not ever entirely inappropriate. For example, Haywood was frequently the recipient of invitations from Mabel Dodge Luhan and "other fashionable literati," and "a romanticized IWW" was the subject of books and poems throughout the 1910s. Conlin observes that "no later than 1908, the Wobblies were vividly conscious of their romantic aspect and took easily to self-dramatization." This was evident in their singing, in their song parodies, in their skits, in their poetry and in their cartoons. From soap boxing to the Paterson pageant, from their colorful lingo to "building the battleship" in the free speech fight jails, Wobblies seemed to instinctively comprehend the benefits of publicity for their cause.
Conlin does note, however, that shortly after the 1913 Paterson Pageant at Madison Square Garden, the IWW officially disclaimed the utility of such productions, and "turned to more proper union activity" (in a period which coincided with the organization's dramatic growth) until the "apocalypse" of government intervention in 1917–1918.
See also
Anti-union violence
Labor federation competition in the United States
One Big Union (concept)
Notes
References
External links
Wobbly Wheels: The IWW's Boxcar Strategy: An essay about the IWW using boxcars as organizing spaces, recruiting new members, and collecting dues.
The Industrial Workers of the World in the Seattle General Strike
The IWW, the Newspapers, and the 1913 Seattle Potlatch Riot
The Songbird and the Martyr: Katie Phar, Joe Hill, and the Songs of the IWW
Organizing.Work: A blog edited by long-time IWW organizer Marianne Garneau about contemporary solidarity union organizing with a special (although non-exclusive) emphasis on IWW tactics and strategy
Labor disputes
Civil disobedience
Labor relations
Protest tactics |
Guerra Revolucionaria (2011) (Spanish for "Revolutionary War") was a major professional wrestling event produced by Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on April 17, 2011 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. The main event of the show was a 20-man Battle Royal where the eliminated wrestlers would all remain at ringside and act as "Lumberjacks" to ensure none of the participants left the ring. Each lumberjack would be given a leather straps they were allowed to use on the still-active competitors. There was no official prize for winning the match other than the increased public profile of the winning wrestler.
Production
Background
Beginning in 2009 the Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; Sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Spanish) held an annual show called Guerra Revolucionaria ("The Revolutionary War"), a reference to the Mexican revolutionary war (1810-1821). The main event match, the eponymous Guerra Revolucionaria, a 20-man Battle Royal where all 20 wrestlers start out in the ring. Once a wrestler is thrown over the top rope to the floor that wrestler is eliminated from the actual match and instead will act as a "Lumberjack" outside the ring, ensuring that none of remaining competitors try to escape the ring. Each "lumberjack" is given a leather strap that they are allowed to use on anyone that leaves the ring. The multi-man match often allows IWRG to intersect various ongoing storylines as another step in the escalating tension. At other times the match itself was used as a way to start new feuds due to interactions inside or outside the ring. The Guerra Revolucionaria shows, as well as the majority of the IWRG shows in general, are held in "Arena Naucalpan", owned by the promoters of IWRG and their main arena. The 2011 Guerra Revolucionaria show was the third year in a row that IWRG held a show under that name.
Storylines
The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers, where some were involved in pre-existing scripted feuds or storylines and others simply put together by the matchmakers without a backstory. Being a professional wrestling event matches are not won legitimately through athletic competition; they are instead won via predetermined outcomes to the matches that is kept secret from the general public. Wrestlers portray either heels (the bad guys, referred to as Rudos in Mexico) or faces (fan favorites or Técnicos in Mexico).
Results
Guerra revolucionaria order of elimination
References
External links
2011 in professional wrestling
2011 in Mexico
2011
April 2011 events in Mexico |
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