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Ola Bertelsen (10 October 1864 – 26 November 1946) was a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Liberal Left Party.
Born in Haugesund as the son of a bricklayer, he enrolled as a law student in 1883 and graduated as cand.jur. in 1888. He worked as an attorney in his hometown, before being appointed chief of police in 1911. In 1917 he was appointed estate administrator. Finally, from 1921 to 1934 he worked as district stipendiary magistrate (sorenskriver) of Karmsund.
He was a member of Haugesund city council from 1896 to 1898, later serving as mayor from 1904 to 1907. He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament during the term 1931–1933, representing the Market towns of Vest-Agder and Rogaland counties.
References
1864 births
1946 deaths
Deputy members of the Storting
Mayors of places in Rogaland
Free-minded Liberal Party politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Norwegian jurists
People from Haugesund |
The Party at Kitty and Stud's is a 1970 American softcore pornographic romance film directed, written & produced by Morton Lewis and starring Sylvester Stallone in his first starring and leading role. Stallone worked two days and was paid $200. Shortly after the 1976 release of Rocky, The Party at Kitty and Stud's was edited and re-released as Italian Stallion to capitalize on its now-famous star.
Plot
The film deals with the sex life of a young New York City woman, Kitty, and her boyfriend, Stud. Stud is brutal and oafish but Kitty is enamored with his sexual performance. They sometimes engage in light sadomasochism, with Stud belt-whipping Kitty. Stud later posts a sign on a bulletin board inviting people to a party. Several people show up at Kitty and Stud's apartment and they engage in group sex, with Stud servicing all the women.
Cast
Sylvester Stallone as Stud
Henrietta Holm as Kitty
Jodi Van Prang as Jodi
Nicholas Warren as Nick
Frank Micelli as Frank
Barbara Strom as Barb
Janet Banzet as Girl in Park (uncredited)
Production
Development
According to Stallone, the film was financed by "a group of wealthy lawyers, very, very solid." The actor said in a 1978 Playboy interview that he had done the film out of desperation after being bounced out of his apartment and finding himself homeless for several days, sleeping in a New York City bus station in the middle of winter. In Stallone's words: "It was either do that movie or rob someone because I was at the end—at the very end—of my rope. Instead of doing something desperate, I worked two days for $200 and got myself out of the bus station". The actor also called the film "horrendous" and commented "By today's standards, the movie would almost qualify for a PG rating".
Release
Theatrical
Although some sources, including Stallone himself, have stated that The Party at Kitty and Stud's was never released until after his success in Rocky (1976), contemporary newspaper advertisements indicate that the film was screened in adult cinemas in at least four U.S. states between 1970 and 1972.
Stallone has stated that after Rocky became a hit, the owners of The Party at Kitty and Stud's offered to sell him the rights to the film for about US$100,000 in order to prevent its re-release, but the actor "wouldn't buy it for two bucks". The film was then rereleased in theaters under the new title The Italian Stallion. In a prologue included with the reissued version, and in the film's trailer, pornography director Gail Palmer sat by an editing machine addressing the audience and presented the film as X-rated. The release campaign implied that the original film was hardcore pornography, but that the material had now been edited into a milder version. However, the truth of this version has been repeatedly challenged, notably by trade journal AVN, which examined an original print, finding no trace of hardcore scenes. The "Sylvester Stallone porno movie" evolved over the years into a minor urban legend.
Home media
The film was released on DVD in the United States in July 2004 by Ventura Distribution, then again in October 2007 by Cinema Epoch, both under short licenses from Bryanston Distributing Company. Bryanston owned all worldwide rights to the title and also granted short overseas licenses to various territories at the time.
In 2007, the film was released on DVD in a supposedly hardcore version with the lead actor performing actual sexual penetrations. However, the hardcore scenes in that version were revealed as inserts not involving Stallone.
Scenes from The Party at Kitty and Stud's surfaced in a German version of Roger Colmont's hardcore film White Fire (1976), released on DVD under license by Another World Entertainment in 2008.
Protracted negotiations between Bryanston and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for sale of all rights to the picture were terminated in June 2009, as neither party could agree on financial terms. The film's worldwide rights and original 35 mm negatives were auctioned on eBay for $412,000 in November 2010.
Reception
Box office
When rereleased as Italian Stallion, the film was distributed to movie theaters for $10,000 a night, about which Stallone commented "Hell, for $10,000 forget the movie! I'll be there myself!"
Notes
References
External links
1970 films
1970s pornographic films
American pornographic films
Films set in New York City
1970s English-language films
1970s American films |
David Korn or Corn may refer to:
David Korn (computer scientist) (born 1943), American computer scientist
David A. Korn (1930–2022), American diplomat, ambassador to Togo
David Corn (born 1959), American political journalist and author |
Takashi Fukutani (; February 4, 1952 – September 9, 2000) was a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his manga series Dokudami Tenement.
Early life and career
Fukutani was born in the Saidaiji area of Okayama and was raised by his father, a strict military veteran, after his parents divorced. His father died when he was 15, and he lived an unhappy life with his stepmother. By the age of 16 he was placed on juvenile probation following arrests for drug use and other petty crime. Upon turning 18, he went in search of his birth mother, and eventually settled in Tokyo.
After a series of low-paying jobs, Fukutani applied for a position as an assistant to Yukichi Yamamatsu (jp). Fukutani's drunkenness interfered with his work, and he was fired on his first day. Inspired by the experience, however, he began creating manga based upon his experiences and in 1978 Fukutani was awarded an honorable mention in a contest run by Dakkusu manga magazine for his story Tokyo Adieu.
Dokudami Tenement
In 1979 he used his own experiences about his near destitute life, living and drinking in the Asagaya and Koenji districts while working as a day laborer on construction sites as inspiration for his manga. His first published work was the story Bohemian Rhapsody in the Weekly Manga Goraku in 1979.
He took some of his stories to publishing company Houbunsha, owners of magazine Weekly Manga Times who began to serialize the stories as Dokudami Tenement. Fukutani depicted life at the margins of Japan's largely middle-class society, among social groups rarely shown in the media, but necessary for the economic boom then occurring. The popular series ran for 14 years, and was adapted as a live action movie in 1988, three volumes of original video animation in 1989 and two direct-to-video movies in 1995.
As the series gained popularity, Fukutani developed a public reputation as a hard-drinking bohemian, with fans bringing gifts of alcohol and cigarettes to his public appearances. This image was reinforced by a notorious appearance on the late-night talk show 11PM (jp), where he shocked producers by drinking excessively throughout the program.
Later career and death
Fukutani eventually tired of writing Dokudami Tenement, and after missing several deadlines announced that he would end the series in 1993. His attempts to create new series, such as the Yakuza-themed RETAKE, met with little success, and after strong pressure from fans and his publishers, he relaunched his best-known work as New Dokudami Tenement in 1994, continuing for only a few months. Throughout the 1990s he struggled with alcoholism, and was repeatedly hospitalized, before dying of pulmonary edema in 2000.
Posthumous recognition
Despite his domestic success, Fukutani and his work were little-known outside of Japan until well after his death, when French and English translations of Dokudami Tenement were published. When his work was introduced to a new international audience, Fukutani began to receive critical attention beyond Japan.
In French, the first volume of Dokudami Tenement (published as Le Vagabond de Tokyo) was an official selection of the Angoulême International Comics Festival in 2010. The third volume in the same series was nominated for the ACBD's Prix Asie de la Critique in 2013. In English, the first translated volume of Dokudami Tenement was nominated for the 2017 Broken Frontier Award for "Best Collection of Classic Material".
Paul Gravett includes Fukutani in his list of the 1001 most important creators in worldwide comics history. He also included Dokudami Tenement (translated as The Tokyo Drifter) in 1001 Comics You Must Read Before You Die, his list of "the best or most significant works in the medium".
Partial bibliography
Dokudami Tenement (1979-1993, Weekly Manga Times)
New Dokudami Tenement (1994, Weekly Manga Times)
Don't Look Back, (1981, Weekly Young Magazine)
Duck Tail Yuu 「Duck Tail遊」, (1982, Weekly Young Magazine)
RETAKE 「リ・テ・イ・ク」, (1992, ACTION PIZAZZ)
Exhibitions of work
Asagaya Manga Chronicle: Takashi Fukutani, Gallery Hakusen, Tokyo, July 30 - August 8, 2014
Dokudami Tenement, Orbital Comics Gallery, London, 1–14 August 2017
Mangasia: Wonderlands of Asian Comics, (group show) Barbican BIE, Worldwide, Ongoing
Related works
Legend - The Definitive Dokudami Tenement (Seirinkogeisha, 1 volume)
References
External links
1952 births
2000 deaths
Manga artists from Okayama Prefecture
Respiratory disease deaths in Japan
Deaths from pulmonary edema |
Andrew Goodman may refer to:
Andrew Goodman (activist) (1943–1964), American social worker and activist
Andrew Goodman (rugby union) (born 1982), New Zealand rugby union player
See also
Andrew Goldman (born 1965), American Olympic sailor
André Goodman (born 1978), American football player |
Jerome Bech (born 1970) famous for his colourful paintings and sculptures. You can find his work on his Facebook : Jerome Bech
Early life
Bech was born in Amsterdam and grew up in Hoevelaken. He attended a Waldorf school, known for its foundation in Anthroposophy. In the 1980s he moved with his parents and brother close to Bergen, North Holland.
Career
Bech started his career in several areas but none satisfied him, until he found out he liked to paint and create objects of all kinds of materials. He was initially strongly influenced by the COBRA movement. Early in his career his talent was noticed by Lucebert, who saw one of Bech's first pieces and commented that whoever created it had talent which could be developed further as an independent artist. As an autodidactive artist, he developed his own style which has incorporated various objects — a brush, a chain — anything he can think of with his creative mind.
In 2003, Bech had an exposition in the Art Calvia Grand Casino at Mallorca, Spain.
From October 2006 to June 2007 Bech was one of the artists involved in the "Taste of art" project where diners at the t Jagershuis restaurant in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel dined off a plate he had designed and took the plate home.
In April 2007, Bech was involved in a project together with Harold van Geerestein in Muiden, The Netherlands.
Sources
DZD Art Gallery
Nederlandse Galerie Associatie
Noball Kunstbemiddeling
References
Nederlandse Galerie Associatie
DZD art
External links
Artist's web site. Accessed 2008-01-08.
Zo blij als een kind (As happy as a kid). Article in Atelier'', 115''':21-24 (2005). Accessed 2008-01-08.
Several works of Jerome Bech
Paintings of Jerome Bech
Dutch page about the Bergense school
Current Art Project of 17 artists among others Jerome Bech
Diner at the artist from Harold van Geerestein
Partners in Xpo Crime
Work in auction
1970 births
Living people
Dutch illustrators
Dutch graphic designers
Painters from Amsterdam
Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Waldorf school alumni |
Parabagrotis sulinaris is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Parabagrotis sulinaris is 11048.
References
Further reading
Noctuinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Moths described in 1998 |
The Jaracatiá River is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil.
See also
List of rivers of Paraná
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Paraná (state) |
Legislative elections were held in Åland on 20 October 1991 to elect members of the Landstinget. The 30 members were elected for a four-year term by proportional representation.
Following the elections, the previous government of the Åland Centre, Liberals for Åland and Freeminded Co-operation parties, was replaced by one formed of the Åland Centre, Freeminded Co-operation and Åland Social Democrats.
Results
References
External links
Parties and Elections in Europe
Legislative Assembly elections
Elections in Åland
Aland
Aland
Aland |
Matthew Dwyer (born 18 January 1985) is a Welsh rugby union player. A hooker, he plays club rugby for the Ospreys regional team having previously played for Worcester Warriors, Bridgend RFC.He now plays at Merthyr rfc. He is also a serving soldier in the Welsh Guards and a regular in the British Army first xv .
References
External links
Ospreys profile
1988 births
Living people
21st-century British Army personnel
Ospreys (rugby union) players
Rugby union players from Newport, Wales
Welsh Guards soldiers
Welsh rugby union players
Rugby union hookers |
22 Squadron may refer to:
No. 22 Squadron RAF, a unit of the Royal Air Force
22 Squadron SAAF, a unit of the South African Air Force
103 Squadron (22 Squadron), a unit of the Portuguese Air Force
No. 22 Squadron (Finland), a fighter squadron of the Finnish Air Force |
Donald Watt (15 March 1920 – 20 May 2007) was an Australian first-class cricketer who played for Queensland. He also represented his state in Australian rules football and rugby union.
A middle order batsman and leg spin bowler, Watt made his first appearances in first-class cricket in the 1939/40 Sheffield Shield season. In five matches he struggled with the ball and could only take one wicket at an average of 278 but scored two half centuries. The competition was then suspended due to the war so Watt never got a chance to improve his Shield record. Up until 1945/46, Watt continued to play for Queensland at first-class level and was easily most successful with the ball against New South Wales. He never took a wicket against South Australia, despite conceding 200 runs and only took three wickets at 80.33 in matches against Victoria. However, when it came to New South Wales he managed 14 wickets at 28.35.
Watt, a key forward, played Australian rules football in the Queensland Australian National Football League, during the off-season. An interstate player, he had started out at South Brisbane and then in 1941 was appointed captain of Coorparoo, despite being only 21 years of age. The following year he was also playing rugby league at the high level, as the full-back for the Eastern Suburbs Tigers. He however had more success in rugby union, where his efforts as a lock for Toowoomba got him called up to the Queensland team for an interstate match against rivals New South Wales in 1950, as a reserve forward. Throughout the 1950s he continued the play cricket, in the country, and represented a Queensland Country side in matches against India, the West Indies and South Africa. In 1954 and 1955 he represented Queensland at rugby, including a fixture against Fiji in the former year.
References
1920 births
Australian cricketers
Queensland cricketers
Australian rules footballers from Queensland
Coorparoo Football Club players
Australian rugby league players
Australian rugby union players
2007 deaths
Cricketers from Brisbane |
The 1990 Santa Clara Broncos football team represented Santa Clara University as a member of the Western Football Conference (WFC) during the 1990 NCAA Division II football season. The Broncos were led by sixth-year head coach Terry Malley. They played home games at Buck Shaw Stadium in Santa Clara, California. Santa Clara finished the season with a record of six wins and five losses (6–5, 2–3 WFC). The Broncos outscored their opponents 251–231 for the season.
Schedule
References
Santa Clara
Santa Clara Broncos football seasons
Santa Clara Broncos football |
Milefortlet 16 was a Milefortlet of the Roman Cumbrian Coast defences. These milefortlets and intervening stone watchtowers extended from the western end of Hadrian's Wall, along the Cumbrian coast and were linked by a wooden palisade. They were contemporary with defensive structures on Hadrian's Wall. There is little to see on the ground but Milefortlet 16 has been located.
Description
Milefortlet 16 is situated west of the village of Mawbray in the civil parish of Holme St Cuthbert. The site is among sand dunes on the coast and has been damaged by wind erosion and quarrying. Only the rear eastern rampart survives. Examination of the damaged remains of the rampart revealed two post-pits, presumably of a gate tower, and a cambered gravel road.
Associated towers
Each milefortlet had two associated towers, similar in construction to the turrets built along Hadrian's Wall. These towers were positioned approximately one-third and two-thirds of a Roman mile to the west of the Milefortlet, and would probably have been manned by part of the nearest Milefortlet's garrison. The towers associated with Milefortlet 16 are known as Tower 16A () and Tower 16B ().
Tower 16A was excavated in 1937 and two scraps of 2nd and 3rd century coarseware were found. Three large sandstone blocks in the vicinity may have come from the tower. Tower 16B was excavated in 1954. Foundations of the west wall and half of the north wall were found. Finds included pottery, three spear-heads and occupation debris. The outer face of the north wall, 15 centimetres high, is still visible on the ground.
References
External links
Milecastles of Hadrian's Wall
Roman sites in Cumbria
Holme St Cuthbert |
Erich Kubak is an East German film. It was released in 1959.
Story
A film about lignite strip mining.
External links
1959 films
East German films
1950s German-language films
1950s German films |
Grand Prix () is 2010 South Korean sports film directed by Yang Yun-ho. It stars Kim Tae-hee and Yang Dong-geun in lead roles as horse jockeys.
Plot
Seo Ju-hee is a horse jockey who dreams of winning the Grand Prix championship. One day, she suffers an accident during a horse race. Her beloved horse is put down and she injures her arm. Feeling as if her dreams were crushed, Seo Ju-hee falls into depression and quits horse racing. Then, Seo Ju-hee decides to go to Jeju for a vacation. There, she meets Woo-suk, a fellow horse jockey who has previously won the championship. They fall in love and he helps and encourages her to make a comeback at the Grand Prix Championship.
Cast
Kim Tae-hee as Seo Ju-hee
Yang Dong-geun as Lee Woo-suk
Park Geun-hyung as Hwang Man-chul
Go Doo-shim as Ko Yu-jeong
Lee Hye-eun as Oh Kang-ja
Park Hee-von as Lee Da-som
Park Sa-rang as Yang So-shim
Song Jae-rim as In-jae
Woo Hyun as Park Kwang-ho
Production
Lee Joon-gi was originally cast as the male lead and took part in the first month of filming. However he dropped out when the Military Manpower Administration declined his application to postpone enlistment for mandatory military service. His role was subsequently re-cast with Yang Dong-geun, as his comeback project after being discharged from military service.
References
External links
2010 films
2010s Korean-language films
2010s romance films
2010s sports drama films
South Korean romance films
South Korean sports drama films
Sidus Pictures films
2010s South Korean films |
Amable Tastu, born Sabine Casimire Amable Voïart, (30 August 1795 - 10 January 1885) was a 19th-century French poet and writer (femme de lettres).
Biography
Amable was born in Metz, northeastern France to Jacques-Philippe Voïart and Jeanne-Amable Bouchotte. Four years after her mother died in 1802, her father married Anne-Élisabeth-Élise Petitpain (who became known as Élise Voïart), a woman of letters, 30 years his junior, from Nancy, France who shared with Amable her knowledge of English, German and Italian.
After an early poem "Le Narcisse" (The Narcissus) was published in 1816 by Mercure de France (the French Mercury gazette), Amable's work was noticed by Adelaïde Dufrénoy who became a patron and with whom she developed a close friendship. Her poetry was praised for its delicacy by the literary critic Sainte-Beuve.
In 1816, Amable married Joseph Tastu, a printer in Perpignan and they had one child. But in 1830, the bankruptcy of her husband's printing business spurred Tastu to support her family by working in the book trade. She produced educational works as well as literary criticisms including guides to Italian and German literature: Tableau de la littérature italienne (1843), and Tableau de la littérature allemande, respectively.
According to Buck, after Amable's husband died in 1849, Tastu "accompanied her son on diplomatic missions to Cyprus, Baghdad, Belgrade and Alexandria, and only returned to France in 1864 when her sight began to fail."
Amable died 10 January 1885 in Palaiseau (Essonne) France.
Works
1821: La Chevalerie française, Ambroise Tardieu, Paris.
1825: Ode sur la mort de madame Dufrénoy, Joseph Tastu, Paris.
1826: Poésies, Joseph Tastu, Paris,.
1829: Chroniques de France, Paris, Delangle Frères.
1832: Soirées littéraires de Paris, Janet, Paris.
1835: Poésies nouvelles, Paris, Denain et Delamare.
1835: Œuvres de Madame Tastu, in 2 volumes. Brussels, E. Laurent.
1836: Prose, J. Jamar, Brussels,.
1837: Cours d’histoire de France. Lectures tirées des chroniques et des mémoires, avec un précis de l’histoire de France, Lavigne, Paris.
1838: Chroniques de France, Didier, Paris.
1842: Alpes et Pyrénées ; arabesques littéraires. Composées de nouvelles historiques, anecdotes, descriptions, chroniques et récits divers, P.-C. Lehuby, Paris.
1843: Tableau de la littérature allemande depuis l’établissement du christianisme jusqu’à nos jours, Alfred Mame, Tours, rééd 1858.
1843: Les femmes célèbres, contemporaines françaises. Le Bailly, libraire, Paris.
1845: La Normandie historique, pittoresque et monumentale, P.-C. Lehuby, Paris.
1846: Voyage en France, Alfred Mame et cie, Tours.
1848: Éducation maternelle : simples leçons d’une mère à ses enfants, Didier, Paris.
1858: Poésies complètes, Didier, Paris.
1870: Tableau de la littérature italienne depuis l’établissement du christianisme jusqu’à nos jours, Alfred Mame, Tours.
Bibliography
Émile Albert Babeau, Madame Amable Tastu ; sa vie et son œuvre, Toulouse, Douladoure, 1945.
Ferdinand Des Robert, Madame Tastu (Sabine-Casimir-Amable), 1798-1885, Nancy, Berger-Levrault, 1887.
Afifa Marzouki, Amable Tastu, une poétesse à l’époque romantique, Tunis, Publications de la Faculté des lettres de la Manouba, 1997
Catherine Poussard-Joly, Madame Tastu ou La muse oubliée : Biographie, Palaiseau, Société historique de Palaiseau, 1995
Maurice Souriau, Grandeur et décadence de Mme. Amable Tastu, Paris, Société française d’imprimerie et de librairie, 1910.
Marie Daffini, « L'amour de Madame Tastu pour Metz et la Lorraine » in La Nouvelle Revue, Lorraine, n°35 (December 2015–January 2016)
André Bellard, « Pléiade messine » in Mémoires de l'Académie nationale de Metz, n°59, 1966–1967.
References
External links
Edmond Biré, Memories of Beyond the Grave, 1899-1900. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96607967/f563.item.r=tastu
Amable Tastu on wikisource
Cover of Éducation maternelle
Notice by Jeannine Moulin
Actualité Amable Tastu (blog)
Amable Tastu on Clio.revue
Amable Tastu Collection at John Rylands Library, Manchester.
19th-century French writers
French women poets
French opera librettists
1798 births
Writers from Metz
1885 deaths
19th-century women writers |
Mycena clariviolacea is a mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. First reported as a new species in 2007, it is known only from Kanagawa, Japan, where it fruits on dead fallen twigs in forests dominated by oak and chinquapin trees. Distinctive features of this species are found in its medium-sized, dark violet fruit bodies, with caps up to in diameter and slender stems that are about long. Microscopic characteristics include the amyloid spores (staining when treated with Melzer's reagent), the club-shaped cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) that are covered with one or more, knob-like, apical protuberances, the absence of pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face), and the cylindrical, diverticulate caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem).
Taxonomy, naming, and classification
The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 2000, and, along with seven other Mycena species, was reported as a new species in a 2007 publication. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words clari- (meaning "clear") and violacea ("violaceous"). The Japanese name is Shikon-sakuratake (シコンサクラタケ).
According to Takahashi, the amyloid spores, the cheilocystidia covered with one or more, knob-like, apical excrescences, the diverticulate elements in the cortical layer of cap and stem, and the diverticulate caulocystidia suggest that the species is best classified in the section Fragilipedes, as defined by the Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus.
Description
Depending on the age of the mushroom, the cap can range in shape from conic to convex to bell-shaped to somewhat flattened in age; it reaches in diameter. It is sometimes shallowly umbilicate (with a small depression like a navel), radially grooved almost to the center, and somewhat hygrophanous (changing color as it loses or absorbs water). The cap surface is dry, and pruinose (covered with what appears to be a fine white powder), but this soon sloughs off, leaving the surface smooth. Initially, the cap color is dark violet, but it later fades to grayish-violet around the edges. The whitish flesh is up to 0.5 mm thick, and lacks any distinctive taste or odor. The slender stem is long by thick, cylindrical, centrally attached to the stem, and hollow. Its surface is dry, pruinose over the entire length, and grayish-violet to dark violet in color. The base is covered with a white mycelial tomentum (a hairy covering of short, closely matted hairs). The gills are adnate (fused to the stem), and distantly spaced, with about 15–19 gills reaching the stem. The gills are up to broad, thin, and the same color as the cap or paler.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores are broadly ellipsoid, smooth, colorless, amyloid (staining bluish to blue-black when treated with Melzer's reagent), thin-walled, and measure 8–9 by 5–6 µm. The basidia are 40–60 by 10–12 µm, club-shaped, and four-spored. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are abundant, club-shaped, and measure 30–45 by 10–17 µm. Their tips are covered with one or more, knob-like short excrescences that are colorless and thin-walled. Pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are absent. The hymenophoral tissue (tissue of the hymenium-bearing structure) is made of thin-walled hyphae that are 12–21 µm wide, cylindrical (but often somewhat inflated), smooth, and contain cytoplasmic brownish pigment. These hyphae are dextrinoid, meaning that they stain reddish to reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent. The cap cuticle is made of parallel, bent-over hyphae that are 2–7 µm wide, and cylindrical. These hyphae are smooth, or can be covered with scattered, warty or finger-like thin-walled diverticulae that are colorless or pale brownish, and dextrinoid. The layer of hyphae underlying the cap cuticle is parallel, cylindrical, hyaline or brownish, and dextrinoid; it has short and inflated cells that are up to 48 µm wide. The stem cuticle is made of parallel, bent-over hyphae that are 3–8 µm wide, and similar to the hyphae of the cap cuticle. The caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) are 45–88 by 5–8 µm, cylindrical, diverticulate, colorless or brownish, and thin-walled. The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally running, cylindrical hyphae that are 8–25 µm wide, smooth, colorless, and dextrinoid. Clamp connections are present in the cap cuticle, the stem cuticle, the gill flesh, and at the basal septa of the basidia.
Similar species
Mycena clariviolacea is similar to the Brazilian species M. cerasina and the European M. diosma. Mycena cerasina, which belongs in the section Cerasinae of the genus Mycena, differs in having a grayish-purple cap and stem, and forming somewhat utriform (wineskin-shaped) to lageniform (flask-shaped), smooth cheilocystidia. Mycena diosma, classified in the section Calodontes, subsection Purae, may be distinguished microscopically from M. clariviolacea by its smooth, spindle-shaped cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia, and nondiverticulate hyphae in the cortical layer of cap and stem.
Habitat and distribution
Mycena clariviolacea is known only from Kanagawa, Japan. Fruit bodies are found growing solitary or scattered, on dead fallen twigs in forests that are dominated by oak and chinquapin trees. The mushroom fruits from June to September.
References
External links
The Agaricales in Southwestern Islands of Japan Images of the holotype specimen
clariviolacea
Fungi of Asia
Fungi described in 2007 |
Reuben Hallam (1818 – 1908), also known as Wadsley Jack, was an English carver, cutler, musician and author, from the Wadsley district of Sheffield, England, who wrote in the Sheffield dialect. He is best known for the autobiographical work Wadsley Jack; or, the Humours and Adventures of a Travelling Cutler.
Wadsley Jack..., and its sequel Wadsley Jack's Married Life, were each serialised in the Sheffield Daily Telegraph in 1865 and 1866 respectively, prior to publication in book form.
In various decennial censuses, Hallam is listed as:
1851 a teacher of singing
1861 a spring knife cutler
1871 a spring knife cutler
1881 an artist (as are three of his children)
1891 a weighman
1901 a spring knife cutler
He also worked as an organist, orator and singer.
His portrait, in oil on canvas, by W. Lindley, is in the collection of Museums Sheffield. Another portrait of Hallam, by Willis Eadon, was exhibited at the August 1888 Sheffield Society of Artists' exhibition. The Sheffield Daily Telegraph'''s unnamed reviewer wrote that "it shows evidence of rather clever treatment in bringing out a strong individuality". Reviewing the same exhibition, The Sheffield and Rotherham Independent referred to Hallam as "a local celebrity".
A pub in Wadsley, The Wadsley Jack, formerly The Star, was renamed in his honour.
Works
References
External links
ArtUK discussion of the Lindley portrait
T'Days ov Ahr Fathers'' newspaper article by Hallam, in dialect
1818 births
Place of birth missing
1908 deaths
Place of death missing
People from Wadsley
19th-century English writers
Cutlers
English classical organists
19th-century organists
19th-century British male musicians
Musicians from Sheffield |
Michael John Daley (born 1 November 1965) is an Australian politician and has been the Attorney-General of New South Wales since 28 March 2023. He was previously the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from November 2018 to March 2019. He is the member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Maroubra for the Australian Labor Party since 2005. Daley is aligned with the Labor Right faction.
Personal life
Daley is of Irish Catholic background. He was educated at Marcellin College, Randwick, finishing in 1983. He spent 13 years as a customs officer with the Australian Customs Service, during which time he studied law at night.
Daley married Christina Ithier in 2005 whom he met "at a photocopier" at his legal firm in 1997. She had two children from a previous marriage whom Daley counts as his own. He and Christina have since had two other children.
Early career
In 1998, having completed his legal studies he was admitted to the Supreme Court of New South Wales as a legal practitioner and began to pursue a career as a lawyer, and worked for a year in a law firm in central Sydney before spending five years as a senior in-house lawyer with NRMA Motoring and Services.
Daley was elected as a councillor to Randwick City Council in 1995 and was deputy mayor from 2000 to 2004.
Political career
Daley was elected to represent Maroubra for the Australian Labor Party in 17 Sep 2005, replacing previous Labor member Bob Carr who announced his retirement from politics. Daley served on the backbench until the elevation of Nathan Rees as Premier of New South Wales in September 2008 when Daley became the Minister for Roads on 8 September 2008. Daley held this portfolio until a cabinet reshuffle on 14 September 2009 where he was subsequently appointed Minister for Police and Minister for Finance, the portfolios he held until 4 December 2009.
When Kristina Keneally became Premier in December 2009 he remained as Minister for Police and Minister for Finance until the 2011 state election, where he was one of just 20 Labor MPs elected. Daley was believed to be a potential candidate for the Labor leadership, however, he did not contest it. As a result, John Robertson was elected unopposed as Keneally's replacement, and Daley was appointed as Shadow Treasurer and Shadow Minister for Finance and Services in the Robertson shadow ministry and the subsequent Foley shadow ministry from 11 April 2011 to 10 March 2016 and 28 March 2014, respectively.
In March 2016 he was appointed Shadow Minister for Gaming and Racing, Shadow Minister for Planning and Infrastructure which he held on to until 27 November 2018. He also served as Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 7 March 2016 before being elected as the Leader of the Opposition on 10 November 2018.
Leader of the Opposition
Following Luke Foley's resignation of the role, Daley nominated for the role of New South Wales Labor leader and Leader of the New South Wales Opposition. On 10 November 2018, Daley won the leadership election against Chris Minns 33 votes to 12, and was elected as the Leader of the Labor Party in New South Wales and became the 38th NSW Leader of the Opposition.
On 19 March 2019, a few days before the state election, a video from September 2018 surfaced in which Daley made comments about Asian immigration in Sydney. Daley said "Our young children will flee and who are they being replaced with? They are being replaced by young people from typically Asia with PhDs," and "So there's a transformation happening in Sydney now where our kids are moving out and foreigners are moving in and taking their jobs". Daley apologised from his comments, stating "What I was referring to was housing affordability in Sydney ... I could've expressed myself better, no offence was meant." The party was unsuccessful in the election a few days later, and Daley subsequently stood aside as leader and withdrew his candidacy for the subsequent leadership ballot after initially stating that he would contest it. Jodi McKay became the new permanent as party leader and opposition leader in June 2019 after Daley's resignation.
On 30 May 2021, following the resignation of McKay as party leader, Daley announced he would run again for party leadership. On 4 June 2021, he pulled out of the leadership contest, allowing Chris Minns to be elected leader unopposed.
See also
Shadow Ministry of Michael Daley
Minns ministry
References
External links
Michael Daley – NSW Labor web page
1965 births
Living people
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Australian public servants
Australian Roman Catholics
Customs officers
Australian Labor Party councillors
Deputy mayors of places in Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
21st-century Australian lawyers
21st-century Australian politicians
Leaders of the Opposition in New South Wales
Lawyers from Sydney
Labor Right politicians
Politicians from Sydney
Attorneys General of New South Wales
People from the Eastern Suburbs (Sydney) |
Frank Cosentino (born May 22, 1937) is a former Canadian football quarterback in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and a former head coach in University football. He played professionally for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Edmonton Eskimos and Toronto Argonauts for ten years where he was a two-time Grey Cup champion, winning in 1963 and 1965. He was head coach of the Western Mustangs football team for five years where he led the team to two Vanier Cup wins in 1971 and 1974 before completing his coaching career with the York Yeomen. Cosentino was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 2018.
Early life
Born and raised in Hamilton, he played baseball with Russ Jackson and Murray Oliver in the Hamilton Police Minor Baseball Association. He attracted offers from the Cleveland Indians, Milwaukee Braves and Kansas City Athletics. He played Junior and senior intercounty baseball with Hamilton teams. He was also a noted fastball pitcher and played basketball through his years at Cathedral High School and one year with the University of Western Ontario Mustangs baseball team. His football career began with the Hamilton Old Boys Football Association and later as a quarterback at Cathedral High School in 1954. The League championship was won in 1954; the team went to the Red Feather game in 1955 and were league finalists that year.
University career
Cosentino had offers from universities in Canada and the United States but decided on the University of Western Ontario where he graduated in Honours Business Administration in 1960. While at Western, he played four season with the Mustangs, winning Yates Cup championships in 1957 and 1959. His last game with Western was as Captain and quarterback in the inaugural Canadian Intercollegiate championship contest versus UBC Thunderbirds, a 34–12 win for Western.
Professional career
Cosentino was drafted fifth overall in the first found in the 1960 CFL Draft by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He was with Hamilton from 1960 to 1966 where he was primarily a backup behind Bernie Faloney and later Joe Zuger. He played in five Grey Cup games, winning championships in 1963 and 1965. Following the emergence of Zuger as the team's starter, Cosentino was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos in 1967, where he became the team's starter and was their nominee for the CFL's Most Outstanding Canadian Award. He had a reduced role with Edmonton in 1968 and then joined the Toronto Argonauts for the 1969 season. His year with Toronto was stifled by what Leo Cahill called "an act of God" when Ottawa and Russ Jackson erased an 8-point Toronto lead to defeat the Argos, represent the East, and win the 1969 Grey Cup game. He finished his career after the 1969 season, playing in 141 regular season games and starting in 41, posting 20 wins, 19 losses, and two ties in that span. He completed 482 passes out of 996 attempts for 7,678 passing yards with 53 touchdowns and 66 interceptions.
Coaching and teaching career
While playing in the CFL, Cosentino continued his education after having graduated from Western in 1960 with an HBA. He acquired a Bachelor of Physical Health & Education (BPHE) degree at McMaster University in 1967, a master's from the University of Alberta in 1969, followed by a PhD from Alberta in 1973. During six years of teaching, including five of coaching at the University of Western Ontario, his teams won the Vanier Cup in 1971 and 1974. From 1976 through 1981 he served at York University in Toronto as professor and chair of Physical Education and Athletics and also coached for seven more years. He retired from the university in 1997. Cosentino is also known for authoring eighteen books, three of which are on Canadian football, mostly on the history of sport in Canada. He is a member of Halls of Fame at McMaster, York, Western, Ontario University Athletics and the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Cosentino lives in Eganville, Ontario, with his wife Sheila. They have four children, twelve grandchildren, and two great grandchildren.
References
External links
Frank Cosentino Books
1937 births
Living people
Canadian football quarterbacks
Canadian sportspeople of Italian descent
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
McMaster University alumni
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Canadian football people from Hamilton, Ontario
Toronto Argonauts players
University of Alberta alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Western Mustangs football coaches
Western Mustangs football players
York Lions football coaches
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees |
Pál Jávor may refer to:
Pál Jávor (painter) (1880–1923), Hungarian painter
Pál Jávor (actor) (1902–1959), Hungarian actor
Pál Jávor (footballer) (1907–1989), Hungarian football player and coach who spent most of his career with Újpest FC |
```java
/*
* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* file, You can obtain one at path_to_url
*/
package com.vaticle.typedb.core.test.behaviour.query.language.fetch;
import io.cucumber.junit.Cucumber;
import io.cucumber.junit.CucumberOptions;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(
strict = true,
plugin = "pretty",
glue = "com.vaticle.typedb.core.test.behaviour",
features = "external/vaticle_typedb_behaviour/query/language/fetch.feature",
tags = "not @ignore and not @ignore-typedb"
)
public class FetchTest {
// ATTENTION:
// When you click RUN from within this class through Intellij IDE, it will fail.
// You can fix it by doing:
//
// 1) Go to 'Run'
// 2) Select 'Edit Configurations...'
// 3) Select 'Bazel test GetTest'
//
// 4) Ensure 'Target Expression' is set correctly:
// a) Use '//<this>/<package>/<name>:test-core' to test against typedb
// b) Use '//<this>/<package>/<name>:test-kgms' to test against typedb-cluster
//
// 5) Update 'Bazel Flags':
// a) Remove the line that says: '--test_filter=com.vaticle.typedb.core.*'
// b) Use the following Bazel flags:
// --cache_test_results=no : to make sure you're not using cache
// --test_output=streamed : to make sure all output is printed
// --subcommands : to print the low-level commands and execution paths
// --sandbox_debug : to keep the sandbox not deleted after test runs
// --spawn_strategy=standalone : if you're on Mac, tests need permission to access filesystem (to run TypeDB)
//
// 6) Hit the RUN button by selecting the test from the dropdown menu on the top bar
}
``` |
Roman Stefurak (; born 17 April 1996 in Tomakivka, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian football midfielder.
Career
Demchenko is a product of FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia youth team system.
He made his debut for Metalurh Zaporizhzhia in the Ukrainian Premier League in a match against FC Shakhtar Donetsk on 28 August 2015.
In January 2016 he signed a contract with another Ukrainian Premier League side FC Chornomorets Odesa.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia players
Ukrainian Premier League players
People from Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Kramatorsk players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
The 2013 Open 13 was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 20th edition of the Open 13, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2013 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Palais des Sports in Marseille, France, from 18 February through 24 February 2013. Third-seeded Jo-Wilfried Tsonga won the singles title.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of February 11, 2013.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Ernests Gulbis
Gaël Monfils
Lucas Pouille
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Filip Krajinović
Édouard Roger-Vasselin
Sergiy Stakhovsky
Dmitry Tursunov
Withdrawals
Before the tournament
Victor Hănescu
Tatsuma Ito
Łukasz Kubot
Paul-Henri Mathieu
Radek Štěpánek
Grega Žemlja
Doubles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of February 11, 2013.
Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
Maxime Chazal / Martin Vaïsse
David Guez / Josselin Ouanna
Finals
Singles
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga defeated Tomáš Berdych, 3–6, 7–6(8–6), 6–4
Doubles
Rohan Bopanna / Colin Fleming defeated Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi / Jean-Julien Rojer, 6–4, 7–6(7–3)
References
External links
Official website
Open 13
Open 13 |
Major Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule II (September 26, 1895 – August 7, 1943) was the director of the Public Works Administration in New Jersey, United States. He also succeeded his father, Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule Sr., as Engineer in Charge of the decommissioning and dismantlement of the Morris Canal.
Biography
He was born to Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule I on September 26, 1895. He married Catherine Sayre (née Comstock) December 3, 1921. They had one child, the renowned art historian Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule III, in Orange, New Jersey, on August 10, 1925.
Vermeule continued his father's work with the government of the state of New Jersey, holding several positions over time and serving a pivotal role in the dismantlement and preservation of the Morris Canal.
In 1934, Vermeule Jr. was issued the Distinguished Service Medal by the War Defense in for his "great courage and daring" staying on the line for three successive periods during the battle of Meuse-Argonne as a Major with the Machine Gun Company of the 320th Regiment, 80th Division, in the World War.
A resident of East Orange, New Jersey, Cornelius C. Vermeule Jr's body was found in Hoboken aboard a ferry on August 7, 1943, where he is believed to have taken his own life with a revolver.
Career
Cornelius C. Vermeule Sr. resigned from his post as consulting and directing engineer of the dismantlement of the Morris Canal and Banking Company and on April 7, 1924, was succeeded by Vermeule Jr.
Vermeule Jr. completed the work and submitted his final report on June 29, 1929. This report is considered to be one of the most important sources of technical information, photos, and history of the Morris Canal.
References
Suicides by firearm in New Jersey
1895 births
1943 deaths
Vermeule family
People from East Orange, New Jersey
United States Army officers
Morris Canal
United States Army personnel of World War I |
Charles Danvers (by 1580 – 21 October 1626), of Baynton, Edington, Wiltshire and the Middle Temple, London, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Ludgershall in 1614.
Danvers married one Mary, of Steeple Ashton, Wiltshire, in 1605 and they had five sons and nine daughters. He died at his house at Baynton on 21 October 1626 and was buried in Edington church.
Danvers had a fondness for the poet and priest George Herbert, a distant relative, and had expressed a desire for him to marry one of his daughters. Herbert duly married Jane (d. 1661) at Edington church in 1629.
References
16th-century births
1626 deaths
Politicians from Wiltshire
Members of the Middle Temple
English MPs 1614 |
```php
<?php
/*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals
* and is licensed under the MIT license. For more information, see
* <path_to_url
*/
namespace Doctrine\Common\Cache;
/**
* Base class for cache provider implementations.
*
* @since 2.2
* @author Benjamin Eberlei <kontakt@beberlei.de>
* @author Guilherme Blanco <guilhermeblanco@hotmail.com>
* @author Jonathan Wage <jonwage@gmail.com>
* @author Roman Borschel <roman@code-factory.org>
* @author Fabio B. Silva <fabio.bat.silva@gmail.com>
*/
abstract class CacheProvider implements Cache, FlushableCache, ClearableCache, MultiGetCache
{
const DOCTRINE_NAMESPACE_CACHEKEY = 'DoctrineNamespaceCacheKey[%s]';
/**
* The namespace to prefix all cache ids with.
*
* @var string
*/
private $namespace = '';
/**
* The namespace version.
*
* @var integer|null
*/
private $namespaceVersion;
/**
* Sets the namespace to prefix all cache ids with.
*
* @param string $namespace
*
* @return void
*/
public function setNamespace($namespace)
{
$this->namespace = (string) $namespace;
$this->namespaceVersion = null;
}
/**
* Retrieves the namespace that prefixes all cache ids.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getNamespace()
{
return $this->namespace;
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function fetch($id)
{
return $this->doFetch($this->getNamespacedId($id));
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function fetchMultiple(array $keys)
{
// note: the array_combine() is in place to keep an association between our $keys and the $namespacedKeys
$namespacedKeys = array_combine($keys, array_map(array($this, 'getNamespacedId'), $keys));
$items = $this->doFetchMultiple($namespacedKeys);
$foundItems = array();
// no internal array function supports this sort of mapping: needs to be iterative
// this filters and combines keys in one pass
foreach ($namespacedKeys as $requestedKey => $namespacedKey) {
if (isset($items[$namespacedKey])) {
$foundItems[$requestedKey] = $items[$namespacedKey];
}
}
return $foundItems;
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function contains($id)
{
return $this->doContains($this->getNamespacedId($id));
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function save($id, $data, $lifeTime = 0)
{
return $this->doSave($this->getNamespacedId($id), $data, $lifeTime);
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function delete($id)
{
return $this->doDelete($this->getNamespacedId($id));
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function getStats()
{
return $this->doGetStats();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
public function flushAll()
{
return $this->doFlush();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
public function deleteAll()
{
$namespaceCacheKey = $this->getNamespaceCacheKey();
$namespaceVersion = $this->getNamespaceVersion() + 1;
$this->namespaceVersion = $namespaceVersion;
return $this->doSave($namespaceCacheKey, $namespaceVersion);
}
/**
* Prefixes the passed id with the configured namespace value.
*
* @param string $id The id to namespace.
*
* @return string The namespaced id.
*/
private function getNamespacedId($id)
{
$namespaceVersion = $this->getNamespaceVersion();
return sprintf('%s[%s][%s]', $this->namespace, $id, $namespaceVersion);
}
/**
* Returns the namespace cache key.
*
* @return string
*/
private function getNamespaceCacheKey()
{
return sprintf(self::DOCTRINE_NAMESPACE_CACHEKEY, $this->namespace);
}
/**
* Returns the namespace version.
*
* @return integer
*/
private function getNamespaceVersion()
{
if (null !== $this->namespaceVersion) {
return $this->namespaceVersion;
}
$namespaceCacheKey = $this->getNamespaceCacheKey();
$namespaceVersion = $this->doFetch($namespaceCacheKey);
if (false === $namespaceVersion) {
$namespaceVersion = 1;
$this->doSave($namespaceCacheKey, $namespaceVersion);
}
$this->namespaceVersion = $namespaceVersion;
return $this->namespaceVersion;
}
/**
* Default implementation of doFetchMultiple. Each driver that supports multi-get should owerwrite it.
*
* @param array $keys Array of keys to retrieve from cache
* @return array Array of values retrieved for the given keys.
*/
protected function doFetchMultiple(array $keys)
{
$returnValues = array();
foreach ($keys as $index => $key) {
if (false !== ($item = $this->doFetch($key))) {
$returnValues[$key] = $item;
}
}
return $returnValues;
}
/**
* Fetches an entry from the cache.
*
* @param string $id The id of the cache entry to fetch.
*
* @return string|boolean The cached data or FALSE, if no cache entry exists for the given id.
*/
abstract protected function doFetch($id);
/**
* Tests if an entry exists in the cache.
*
* @param string $id The cache id of the entry to check for.
*
* @return boolean TRUE if a cache entry exists for the given cache id, FALSE otherwise.
*/
abstract protected function doContains($id);
/**
* Puts data into the cache.
*
* @param string $id The cache id.
* @param string $data The cache entry/data.
* @param int $lifeTime The lifetime. If != 0, sets a specific lifetime for this
* cache entry (0 => infinite lifeTime).
*
* @return boolean TRUE if the entry was successfully stored in the cache, FALSE otherwise.
*/
abstract protected function doSave($id, $data, $lifeTime = 0);
/**
* Deletes a cache entry.
*
* @param string $id The cache id.
*
* @return boolean TRUE if the cache entry was successfully deleted, FALSE otherwise.
*/
abstract protected function doDelete($id);
/**
* Flushes all cache entries.
*
* @return boolean TRUE if the cache entries were successfully flushed, FALSE otherwise.
*/
abstract protected function doFlush();
/**
* Retrieves cached information from the data store.
*
* @since 2.2
*
* @return array|null An associative array with server's statistics if available, NULL otherwise.
*/
abstract protected function doGetStats();
}
``` |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Valine dehydrogenase (NADP+)}}
In enzymology, a valine dehydrogenase (NADP+) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-valine + H2O + NADP+ 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + NH3 + NADPH + H+
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-valine, H2O, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, NH3, NADPH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-valine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (deaminating). Other names in common use include valine dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), and valine dehydrogenase (NADP+).
References
EC 1.4.1
NADPH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Walter Wallmann (24 September 1932 – 21 September 2013) was a German lawyer politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as the Mayor of Frankfurt between 1977 and 1986, and as Minister-president of Hesse from 1987 to 1991.
In 1966 and 1970, he was elected to the Landtag of Hesse from the CDU party list, before resigning in 1972 upon being elected to Bundestag, and again being elected in 1976.
In 1977, Wallmann resigned his Bundestag mandate upon CDU winning a majority in Frankfurt's urban elections to become the Mayor of Frankfurt (at the time, the mayor was not directly elected). Frankfurt had been governed by SPD since the end of World War II, so the election marked a turning point with CDU winning an absolute majority in the city elections. This was largely regarded as backlash to the SPD's urban policies (Frankfurter Häuserkampf), primarily directed against land speculation in the city's west end and possible gentrification, also his predecessor Rudi Arndt (SPD) had been willing to dynamite the rubbish of the World War II ruins of the Alte Oper opera house to build a modern office building on the site instead. CDU was also helped by local SPD's party donations' scandal, and Frankfurt suffering from a high crime rate, being dubbed as Bankfurt and Krankfurt (krank meaning sick in German) in the media.
Between 1986 and 1987 he was the first Federal Minister for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The ministry was established by chancellor Helmut Kohl on 6 June 1986 in response to the Chernobyl disaster and formed from departments of the Ministries of the Interior, of Agriculture and of Health. Important state regulations during his tenure were the change of the car tax law for the introduction of low emission cars and the detergent Act of 5 March 1987.
He left the Federal Ministry for Environment to become the 5th Minister President of Hesse (1987–1991). As Minister-President he also served as the 39th President of the Bundesrat from May to October 1987. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union.
References
External links
Biography on the website of Hessian State Chancellery
1932 births
2013 deaths
People from Uelzen
Presidents of the German Bundesrat
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Ministers-President of Hesse
Environment ministers of Germany
Politicians from the Province of Hanover
Mayors of Frankfurt
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
David Allen Hickling (May 29, 1934 - Dec 18, 2022), known as Allen Hickling, was an Architect, Planning/Strategic Choice Process consultant, author, game designer, and an authority in the field of toy forts and castles.
Early life
Hickling was born in Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, UK, and spent his childhood years in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and Budleigh Salterton, South Devon.
In 1959, Hickling received a Diploma of Architecture from The Royal West of England Academy School of Architecture (RWA) in Bristol, UK. In 1970, he received a master's degree in City Planning (MCP) as well as a master's degree in Architecture (MArch) from the Urban Design graduate program at the University of Pennsylvania.
Career
Architect
In 1959 Hickling moved from the UK to Montréal, Canada, where he lived for 9 years. He joined the architectural firm Van Ginkel Associates as Chef de Bureau, working on the development of Downtown Montreal and Meadowvale, Ontario, a new town community for the newly incorporated City of Mississauga. In 1963 Hickling joined Mayerovitch & Bernstein as project architect on one of the interconnected buildings that make up Montreal's Underground City, a development linking offices, retail space, hotels and residential complexes to the city's entirely subterranean mass transit system—the Montreal Metro. During his time in Canada, he was also part of the small team that designed the Circuit Mont-Tremblant (race track).
Planning and Strategic Choice
From 1971 to 1980 Hickling worked at the Institute of Operational Research (IOR), a unit of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, as a senior research scientist. During his time at IOR, he was instrumental in developing the use of Strategic Choice Theory (a dynamic socio-technical approach to planning and decision making) to help diverse groups experiencing multi-faceted challenges reach consensus. In 1979 Hickling presented a paper titled Using Strategic Choice as a Framework for Communication at a one-day event, OR, Social Science, and Strategic Choice, held at the Royal Society, London, led by the Operational Research Society.
In the 1980s Hickling's work became closely linked to environmental policy and planning, which led him to set up his consultancy firm; Allen Hickling and Associates. The company collaborated with an international network of specialists working on the processes of planning, conflict resolution, and strategic choice, while providing services in action research, training, and facilitation. Hickling was employed by the Environment Directorates of the Dutch, German, French, Italian, Latvian, Estonian, Hungarian and British Governments, the OECD, and the European Commission, to facilitate the solving of complex problems at the highest levels by enabling politicians, professionals, managers, industry representatives, and special interest groups to work together interactively.
Hickling was also heavily involved in the private sector, working for large and small companies including British Nuclear Fuels, Direct Rail Services, IBM, Cable and Wireless, Shell, Thames Water, EBRD, and Hamersley Iron.
Hickling was a founding member of the Environmental Resolve Committee, through which he worked with the Environment Council in London. As a leading member of The Environment Council's facilitation team, he designed their consensus-building program and played a central role in developing their facilitation and mediation training program.
Writer
Hickling was a well-known lecturer and authored 8 books, including the best-selling Planning Under Pressure: The Strategic Choice Approach, which provides planners, consultants, managers and students with practical ways to approach complex decision making. The SCA (Strategic Choice Approach) process is also implemented in a software tool called STRAD (Strategic Advisor). In addition, Hickling wrote numerous papers and made many contributions to books and journals on the subject of planning and strategic choice.
RPG Game Design
In the 1980s Hickling set up Endless Games, and partnered in Integrated Games. Both companies designed and produced add-on products for Fantasy Role-playing games (FRP) such as Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) and RuneQuest.
Toy Forts and Castles
Hickling was an authority on the subject of toy forts and castles and spent 30 years researching the subject. He amassed one of the largest collections of toy forts and castles in the world - half of which now resides in a museum in Cyprus. He wrote numerous articles in journals such as Toy Soldier Parade, Old Toy Soldier, and Plastic Warrior. Hickling wrote the only reference book on the subject; Toy Forts and Castles: European-Made Toys of the 19th and 20th Centuries.
Car racing
Hickling raced Production Sports Cars (TVR and Ginetta Cars) from 1962 to 1967 in Canada and the U.S., during which time he was a National Instructor with the Canadian Automobile Sport Clubs In 1965 he won his class in the Quebec Championship, and in 1966 he did it again coming third overall.
Cricket
Hickling had a lifelong passion for the sport of Cricket. He served as president of the Long Itchington Cricket Club, of which he was one of the founding fathers in 1976. He was a qualified Umpire and Senior Coach with the England and Wales Cricket Board (Association of Cricket Officials) and (Coaches Association).
Personal life
He was married to Judith Hickling, his wife of 58 years, and had 4 children. He lived in the village of Long Itchington, Warwickshire, England, for 52 years.
Hickling was fluent in Dutch, which he learned with the Nuns of Vught, at the Regina Coeli Language Institute in The Netherlands.
Works and publications
Books
Book Contributions
Hickling, Allen; Sutton, Alan (1975). "Planning as a Process of Strategic Choice". In: IFHP. Papers and Prcoeedings, International Congress, Amsterdam, pp. 49–69.
Hickling, Allen; Friend, John; Luckman, John (1979). "An Analytical Framework for Inter-Organisational Coordination". In: Holm, Per. Research into Local Planning Processes, pp. 157–182. Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. .
Hickling, Allen (1982). "Beyond a Linear Iterative Process?" In: Evans, Barrie; Powell, James; Talbot, Reg. Changing Design, pp. 275–293. John Wiiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
Hicklng, Allen (1985). "Evaluation is a Five Finger Exercise". In: Faludi, Andreas; Voogd, Henk. Evaluation of Complex Policy Problems, pp125–134. Delftsche Uitgevers, Delft, The Netherlands. .
Breure, Abraham; Hickling, Allen (1990). "Coping with Unconventional Projects: a 'Socio-Technical' Approach". In: Gareis, Roland. Handbook of Management Projects pp. 347–355. Manzsche Verlag, Vienna, Austria.
Hickling, Allen (1990). Decision Spaces': A Scenario about Designing Appropriate Rooms for Decision Management". In: Eden, Colin; Radford, Jim. Tackling Strategic Problems, pp. 169–177. Sage Publications, London. .
Hicking, Allen; (2001). "Gambling with Frozen Fire?" In: Rosenhead, Jonathan; Mingers, John. Rational Analysis for a Problematic World Revisited. pp. 151–180. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England. .
Journals
References
External links
Allen Hickling
English writers
Toy collecting
British game designers
Architects from Warwickshire
People from Sutton Coldfield
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
Living people
1934 births |
) was a Japanese composer.
Biography
He studied at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, with Tomojirō Ikenouchi and Akio Yashiro. He served as a professor in the music department of the Kyoto City University of Arts from 1977 to 1996, afterwards filling various administrative posts there. He has also served as lecturer at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg (1997), Essen Music University (2003), the Kunitachi College of Music (1977–79), and the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music (1991–1998).
He has composed for both Japanese and Western instruments, but is best known for his compositions for shakuhachi and recorder. He has also composed for viola da gamba.
Hirose's recorder music has been widely recorded. See Recorded Recorders for a comprehensive discography.
Hirose died on November 24, 2008.
Compositions
Triste (cello concerto) (1971)
Festival Overture (orchestra) (1971)
Concerto for Shakuhachi and Orchestra (1976)
Blue Train (flute orchestra) (1979)
Sonata for Flute and Harpsichord (1964)
Hare for 3 shakuhachi (1969)
Aki 2 Shakuhachi (1969, arr. for Rec 1988)
Composition for Percussions, Viola and Violoncello (1970)
Potalaka Rec(A), Vc, Hp (1972)
Padma for oboe solo (1973)
Pāramitā for alto-flute solo with accompaniment of organ-point (1973)
Kakurin for shakuhachi solo (1973)
Karavinka Rec, Ob, Vn, Va, Vc, Perc (1973)
Mitsu no mai Rec, Guit (1974)
Mitsu no uta Rec, Perc, Koto (1974)
Lamentation Rec-ens(A, A, T, B) (1975)
Meditation Rec(A or T) (1975)
Idyll 1 Rec-ens.(Sn.A.T.B.) (1976)
Tenral-Cbikyo 4 Rec, 4 Perc, Shaku, etc. (1976)
Topography 2 Rec, Perc, etc. (1976)
Kama Rec-pl(Sn-B), Va da Gamba, Cem, etc. (196?, arr. for Rec 1978)
Hymn Rec(A) / 1979 (arr. for Fl (1982)
Ode I 2 Rec-pl(A-B, 'r-B) (1979)
Ode II Rec-pl(A-B, A-T-B) (1980)
Aubade 2 Rec.(A.T-S.Sn-A.T-S.T-A.A) (1989)
Suite for noble cats 5 Vdg (1990, arr. Rec-ens(S, A, T, B, CB) 1991)
Dirge of Troja 2 Rec-pl(2B) (1995)
Lamenta of Inca Rec(B) (1995)
Illusion of the Crescent 1 Rec(T) (2005)
References
External links
Ryouhei Hirose official website
Ryohei Hirose page (The International Shakuhachi Society)
1930 births
2008 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century Japanese male musicians
21st-century classical composers
21st-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese male musicians
Concert band composers
Japanese classical composers
Japanese male classical composers
Musicians from Hokkaido
People from Hakodate
Tokyo University of the Arts alumni |
Tự Đức (, , lit. "inheritance of virtues", 22 September 1829 – 19 July 1883) (personal name: Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm, also Nguyễn Phúc Thì) was the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam; he ruled from 1847 to 1883.
Biography
Prince Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm was born on 22 September 1829. He was a son of the emperor Thiệu Trị and succeeded his father as emperor of Vietnam in 1847 as Tự Đức. Family troubles, however, plagued the beginning of his reign. Thiệu Trị had passed over his more moderate eldest son Hồng Bảo, in favour of Tự Đức, known for his staunch Confucianism and opposition to foreigners and innovation. As a result and due to the repressive policies of the previous emperor, there was now a great deal of dissatisfaction with Nguyễn rule and a legitimate royal figure for opposition to rally around.
Rule
Cholera and natural disaster
In summer 1849, one year after Tu Duc's coronation, a cholera epidemic struck Vietnam and Cambodia. Around 600,000 lost their lives according to the royal archives. Military physician O'neill Barrett (1982) and the Vietnamese Ministry of Health (2007) estimated that a total of two million people had been affected during the pandemic. Historian Christopher Goscha suggests the overall death toll of 800,000.
Unusual heavy rainy seasons were recorded during 1847–1861, followed by a period of extremely dry and severe droughts between 1864 and 1889. Typhoons ravaged Tonkin in 1880–1881. A plague of locusts devastated Sơn Tây and Bắc Ninh provinces in 1854.
Conflict with Hồng Bảo and his descendants
As the eldest son of Thiệu Trị, Prince Hồng Bảo was resentful of his brother. He plotted rebellion against Tự Đức with a wide range of supporters: Confucians who were angered that Hồng Bảo as the eldest son had been passed over in favour of Tự Đức, Lê dynasty supporters, corrupt mandarins, Catholic missionaries and Christian converts who had been persecuted by Minh Mạng and Thiệu Trị, and peasants disgruntled with Nguyễn taxation. He never had the chance to rebel however, as he was arrested in 1854 and scheduled to be executed. The dowager empress Từ Dụ advised him against it, and Hồng Bảo killed himself in prison. He was buried simply without a funeral.
In 1866, Hồng Bảo's son Đinh Đạo rebelled against Tự Đức. The rebellion was crushed and Tự Đức ordered Đinh Đạo, his brothers and his mother to be put to death.
Religious suppression
Emperor Tự Đức continued the policies of his predecessors, shutting Vietnam off from the outside world and refusing all efforts to modernize the country. Accounts of his personal life show a gentle and educated man, but his policies brought on conflict with Europe that Vietnam could not win. He oppressed all foreigners in Vietnam, especially the Christian community, who had tried to overthrow his grandfather, such as in the Lê Văn Khôi revolt, calling their religion a "perverse doctrine". The Christian mandarin Nguyễn Trường Tộ tried to convince Tự Đức that this was a suicidal policy, but he did not listen, confident that France was too involved with the chaos in Europe in 1848 to respond, but he was mistaken.
Attempts at reforms
It was quite ironic that even during the height of Tu Duc's persecution against Catholic Christians, there were always devout Catholic officials serving in his court, occupied among the high-ranking positions. Among them, Nguyễn Hữu Thơ, an accomplish priest, was sent by Tu Duc to France with another French priest, to plan the creation of a school of "Sciences, and Arts and Crafts" in Hue, but later that project was defied by Tu Duc himself who quickly lost interest in reforms. Another Catholic official, Nguyễn Trường Tộ, had attempted forty-three times to persuade the court of Tu Duc to renovate the kingdom and adopt the changing global order. In 1866 he was sent to Europe on the Vietnamese third mission to recruit technicians and teachers for a Western-style school foundation in Vietnam, but that project was also cancelled in 1867 when France annexed the rest of Cochinchina.
Nguyễn Trường Tộ launched an campaign against the established-Confucian education and thinking in Vietnam. He denounced Confucianism "the evil that has been brought on China and on our country by the Confucian way of life." Concluding "No other country in the world has so irrational a system of education," Nguyễn Trường Tộ advocated for a new, modernized education system followed the European model. Indeed, neither of his proposals was applied.
In 2018 Lê Minh Khải claimed that he found two instances where the Tự Đức Emperor had ordered the Chinese edition of several classic books on science and industry from the West to be read by the mandarins and soldiers of the country. As an example he mentioned the book "Vạn Quốc Công Pháp" (萬國公法), a Chinese translation of The Elements of International Law, first published in 1836 by American lawyer Henry Wheaton, a book noted by many researchers to have made a profound contribution to the ideological transformation of the ruling elites in Qing China and Japan. It is noted that the very slow adoption of the ideas from this work in the Nguyễn dynasty showed how slowly its elites adopted Western ideas and despite learning about Western ideas they proved to be unable or unwilling adopt them or adapt to them.
Invasions by Chinese rebels and mercenaries
Tonkin or Northern Vietnam, had been ravaged by constant cholera epidemic, natural disasters, and famines in the 1840s–1850s, was left barely administrated by the court. The mountainous parts of Tonkin were territories of mainly indigenous Tai-speaking communities, and later Hmong, who were autonomous and lightly submissive in relations with the court of Hue. Rebellion and pirate activities increased. In 1857, Chinese Muslim rebels from Yunnan attacked and occupied areas near Tụ Long mines, Tuyên Quang. Tụ Long was an important mining zone for the Vietnamese economy which depended on copper coins in every transaction.
In 1860, the Chinese Muslim rebels were driven back, but the new White Flag army invaded Tonkin and laid Tụ Long abandoned by 1863, disrupting Vietnamese finance and the opium trade. Threats from the White Flags mounted as violence and anarchy escalated. In 1862, Tu Duc appointed Nguyễn Bá Nghi to fought off the White Flag rebels. The White Flags made a series of devastating raids in Hưng Hóa, Cao Bằng, Thái Nguyên, and lowland Red River Delta, made local governments there dysfunctional. In summer 1865, the White Flags ambushed Vietnamese troops at Tuyên Quang, killing three hundred soldiers. In February 1868, the White Flags seized Lục Yên and chased the Vietnamese away. Unable to defeat the White Flags in conventional warfare, the Vietnamese began to hire Chinese and Tai-Zhuang mercenaries. In 1860, He Junchang, a Chinese opium merchant, had recruited his own personal militia to protect the opium trade from the White Flags. His private army effectively drove the White Flags away from Lào Cai, the main station along Kunming-Hanoi opium trade route.
Liu Yongfu proclaimed the Kingdom of Yanling in Guangxi in 1861. In 1865, after the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Liu Yongfu fled to China-Vietnam borders and founded the Black Flag Army, consisting of Chinese and Tai-Zhuang militia. The Vietnamese immediately made an alliance with the Black Flags to fight against the White Flags. In 1868, war in Tonkin broke out between the White Flags and the Black Flags, resulting in White Flags defeat and their forces diminished. The Vietnamese now were harboring the Black Flags and benefiting from their good fighting and reputations.
New waves of Chinese rebels invaded Vietnam in form of the Yellow Flag Army, led by Wu Yazhong and later his lieutenant Pan Lunsi. In March 1868, thousands of Yellow Flags crossed the borders and attacking local Vietnamese authorities and raiding grain warehouses in Cao Bằng. The Yellow Flags occupied large territories in Tonkin, and continued their operations until 1885.
European conquest
France and Spain responded to Tự Đức's persecution with a large military expeditionary force and attacked up from southern Vietnam in 1858–1862. The Nguyễn army fought bravely for some time, but their antiquated weapons and tactics were no match for the French, who suffered more from the climate and disease than from enemy resistance. The fighting around Hanoi against the Black Flag in the 1880s pirates ended with France victorious and the Qing Empire gave up its supremacy over Vietnam and recognized France as the ruling power over the region.
Rebellions
To make matters worse, Emperor Tự Đức had to deal with renewed internal rebellions which had become commonplace for the Nguyễn dynasty. There were literally hundreds of small rebellions and uprisings against Nguyễn rule. Ineffective attempts to enforce the ban on Christian missionaries were also the biggest source of trouble, including the execution of a Spanish bishop which was used to justify the French and Spanish invasion that led to the fall of Saigon. By an order of 1848 Tự Đức commanded all Vietnamese Catholic converts to renounce their religion, otherwise they would be branded on the face with the mark of a heretic and surrender all of their rights and privileges. This rallied most of the European powers against Vietnam, and Tự Đức by doing this had given up any hope of Vietnam gaining help as a victim from the outside world.
Treaties
When further rebellions broke out as the French were advancing on the capital, Tự Đức feared that his authority was crumbling. He preferred to make a deal with the French so that he could crush the rebellion since while France may demand humiliating concessions, the rebels would most likely depose and/or kill him. He signed away the southernmost of Vietnam, Cochinchina, to be a French colony and accepted the status of a French protectorate for his country. This caused a huge uproar, and many, such as the famous mandarin Trương Định, refused to recognize the treaty and fought on in defense of their country, denouncing Tự Đức for surrendering any part of their homeland.
After the Tonkin incident (1873), Third French Republic governor of Cochinchina Marie Jules Dupré and the Hue court official Nguyễn Văn Tường signed treaty of Saigon (1874), concluding Vietnam as a vassal of France but allowing Vietnam's status quo in foreign relationships. But in 1876 Tu Duc sent a delegation to Beijing, reassessing Vietnam's tributary status for the Chinese Empire. Another Vietnamese mission in 1880 went on to pay homage to the Qing court. On 10 November 1880, the Chinese ambassador in Paris announced that Dai Nam was still a vassal of China and rejected the Franco-Vietnamese treaty of 1874. In the next year, the Qing sent an envoy to Vietnam to negotiate trade relationship.
Siam and Vietnam renewed their relationship in 1878. In 1880, Tu Duc welcomed an Italian trade delegation. Frustrated of being harassed by Tu Duc, Résident‐supérieur Rheinart France retaliated by barring Vietnam from joining the Paris International Fair, and from sending envoy to congratulate President Jules Grévy's inauguration.
By September 1882, more than 200,000 Chinese troops had been sent to Northern Vietnam (Tonkin) following Tu Duc's request of aid fighting against new French incursion.
Death
Emperor Tự Đức did not live to see the worst effects of colonialism on his country, and he was also the last Vietnamese monarch to rule independently. A case of smallpox left him impotent so he had no children despite a huge harem of wives he kept in his palace. He died in 1883 and, according to legend, cursed the French with his dying breath. His adopted son, Dục Đức, succeeded him but was deposed by court officials after a reign of three days.
Family
See also
Tự Đức Thông Bảo
Tự Đức Bảo Sao
References
External links
1829 births
1883 deaths
Emperors of Nguyen Vietnam
Nguyen dynasty emperors
People from Huế
Vietnamese Confucianists
19th-century Vietnamese monarchs
18th-century Vietnamese philosophers |
In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. Used while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as water wells.
The two main categories of drilling fluids are water-based muds (WBs), which can be dispersed and non-dispersed, and non-aqueous muds, usually called oil-based muds (OBs). Along with their formatives, these are used along with appropriate polymer and clay additives for drilling various oil and gas formations. Gaseous drilling fluids, typically utilizing air or natural gas, sometimes with the addition of foaming agents, can be used when downhole conditions permit.
The main functions of liquid drilling fluids are to exert hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the well bore, and carrying out drill cuttings as well as suspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused such as when the drilling assembly is brought in and out of the hole. The drilling fluid also keeps the drill bit cool and clears out cuttings beneath it during drilling. The drilling fluid used for a particular job is selected to avoid formation damage and to limit corrosion.
Composition of drilling mud
Liquid fluids are composed of natural and synthetic material in a mixed state, which can be of two types:
Aqueous; usually with substances added that control viscosity, along with lubricants, for the inhibition of corrosive inhibitors, salts, and pH-control agents.
Oil; which could be usually using hydrocarbon oil,
Water-based drilling mud most commonly consists of bentonite clay (gel) with additives such as barium sulfate (baryte) to increase density, and calcium carbonate (chalk) or hematite. Various thickeners are used to influence the viscosity of the fluid, e.g. xanthan gum, guar gum, glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, polyanionic cellulose (PAC), or starch. In turn, deflocculants are used to reduce viscosity of clay-based muds; anionic polyelectrolytes (e.g. acrylates, polyphosphates, lignosulfonates (Lig) or tannic acid derivates such as Quebracho) are frequently used. Red mud was the name for a Quebracho-based mixture, named after the color of the red tannic acid salts; it was commonly used in the 1940s to 1950s, then was made obsolete when lignosulfonates became available. Other components are added to provide various specific functional characteristics as listed above. Some other common additives include lubricants, shale inhibitors, fluid loss additives (to control loss of drilling fluids into permeable formations). A weighting agent such as baryte is added to increase the overall density of the drilling fluid so that sufficient bottom hole pressure can be maintained thereby preventing an unwanted (and often dangerous) influx of formation fluids.
Types
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Many types of drilling fluids are used on a day-to-day basis. Some wells require different types to be used in different parts of the hole, or that some types be used in combination with others. The various types of fluid generally fall into broad categories:
Air: Compressed air is pumped either down the bore hole's annular space or down the drill string itself.
Air/water: Air with water added to increase viscosity, flush the hole, provide more cooling, and/or to control dust.
Air/polymer: A specially formulated chemical, typically a type of polymer, is added to the water and air mixture to create specific conditions. A foaming agent is a good example of a polymer.
Water: Water is sometimes used by itself. In offshore drilling, seawater is typically used while drilling the top section of the hole.
Water-based mud (WBM): Most water-based mud systems begin with water, then clays and other chemicals are added to create a homogeneous blend with viscosity between chocolate milk and a malt. The clay is usually a combination of native clays that are suspended in the fluid while drilling, or specific types of clay processed and sold as additives for the WBM system. The most common type is bentonite, called "gel" in the oilfield. The name likely refers to the fluid viscosity as very thin and free-flowing (like chocolate milk) while being pumped, but when pumping is stopped, the static fluid congeals to a "gel" that resists flow. When adequate pumping force is applied to "break the gel," flow resumes and the fluid returns to its free-flowing state. Many other chemicals (e.g. potassium formate) are added to a WBM system to achieve desired effects, including: viscosity control, shale stability, enhance drilling rate of penetration, and cooling and lubricating of equipment.
Oil-based mud (OBM): Oil-based mud has a petroleum based fluid such as diesel fuel. Oil-based muds are used for increased lubricity, enhanced shale inhibition, and greater cleaning abilities with less viscosity. Oil-based muds also withstand greater heat without breaking down. The use of oil-based muds has special considerations of cost, environmental concerns such as disposal of cuttings in an appropriate place, and the exploratory disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in wildcat wells. Using an oil-based mud interferes with the geochemical analysis of cuttings and cores and with the determination of API gravity because the base fluid cannot be distinguished from oil that is returned from the formation.
Synthetic-based fluid (SBM) (Otherwise known as Low Toxicity Oil Based Mud or LTOBM): Synthetic-based fluid is a mud in which the base fluid is a synthetic oil. This is most often used on offshore rigs because it has the properties of an oil-based mud, but the toxicity of the fluid fumes are much less. This is important when the drilling crew works with the fluid in an enclosed space such as an offshore drilling rig. Synthetic-based fluid poses the same environmental and analysis problems as oil-based fluid.
On a drilling rig, mud is pumped from the mud pits through the drill string, where it jets out of nozzles on the drill bit, thus clearing away cuttings and cooling the drill bit in the process. The mud then carries the crushed or cut rock ("cuttings") up the annular space ("annulus") between the drill string and the sides of the hole being drilled, up through the surface casing, where it emerges from the top. Cuttings are then filtered out with either a shale shaker or the newer shale conveyor technology, and the mud returns to the mud pits. The mud pits allow the drilled "fines" to settle and the mud to be treated by adding chemicals and other substances.
The returning mud may contain natural gases or other flammable materials which will collect in and around the shale shaker/conveyor area or in other work areas. Because of the risk of a fire or an explosion, special monitoring sensors and explosion-proof certified equipment are commonly installed, and workers are trained in safety precautions. The mud is then pumped back down the hole and further re-circulated. The mud properties are tested, with periodic treating in the mud pits to ensure it has desired properties to optimize drilling efficiency and provide borehole stability.
Function
The functions of a drilling mud can be summarized as:
Remove well cuttings
Drilling fluid carries the rock excavated by the drill bit up to the surface. Its ability to do so depends on cutting size, shape, and density, and speed of fluid traveling up the well (annular velocity). These considerations are analogous to the ability of a stream to carry sediment. Large sand grains in a slow-moving stream settle to the stream bed, while small sand grains in a fast-moving stream are carried along with the water. The mud viscosity and gel strength are important properties, as cuttings will settle to the bottom of the well if the viscosity is too low.
Other properties include:
Most drilling muds are thixotropic (viscosity increases when static). This characteristic keeps the cuttings suspended when the mud is not flowing during, for example, when replacing the drill bit.
Fluids that have shear thinning and elevated viscosities are efficient for hole cleaning.
Higher annular velocity improves cutting transport. Transport ratio (transport velocity / lowest annular velocity) should be at least 50%.
High-density fluids may clean holes adequately even with lower annular velocities (by increasing the buoyancy force acting on cuttings).
Higher rotary drill-string speeds introduce a circular component to the annular flow path. This helical flow around the drill string causes drill cuttings near the wall, where poor hole cleaning conditions occur, to move into higher transport regions of the annulus. Increased rotation speed is one of the best methods for increasing hole cleaning in high-angle and horizontal wells.
Suspend and release cuttings
One of the functions of drilling mud is to carry cuttings out of the hole.
Source:
Drilling mud must suspend drill cuttings and weight materials under a wide range of conditions.
Drill cuttings that settle can cause bridges and fill, which can cause stuck pipe and lost circulation.
Heavy material that settles is referred to as sag, which causes a wide variation in the density of well fluid. This more frequently occurs in high-angle and hot wells.
High concentrations of drill solids are detrimental to drilling efficiency because they increase mud weight and viscosity, which in turn increases maintenance costs and increased dilution.
Drill cuttings that are suspended must be balanced with properties in cutting removal by solids control equipment.
For effective solids controls, drill solids must be removed from mud on the 1st circulation from the well. If re-circulated, cuttings break into smaller pieces and are more difficult to remove.
A test must be conducted to compare the solids content of mud at the flow line and suction pit (to determine whether cuttings are being removed).
Control formation pressures
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If formation pressure increases, mud density should be increased to balance pressure and keep the wellbore stable. The most common weighting material is baryte. Unbalanced formation pressure will cause an unexpected influx (also known as a kick) of formation fluids into the wellbore possibly leading to a blowout from pressurized formation fluid.
Hydrostatic pressure = density of drilling fluid * true vertical depth * acceleration of gravity. If hydrostatic pressure is greater than or equal to formation pressure, formation fluid will not flow into the wellbore.
Well being under control means no uncontrollable flow of formation fluids into the wellbore.
Hydrostatic pressure also controls the stress from tectonic forces, which can render wellbores unstable even when formation fluid pressure is balanced.
If formation pressures exposed in the open borehole are subnormal, air, gas, mist, stiff foam, or low-density mud (oil base) can be used.
In practice, mud density should be limited to the minimum necessary for well control and wellbore stability. If too great it may fracture the formation.
Seal permeable formations
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Mud column pressure must exceed formation pressure; in this condition mud filtrate invades permeable formations and a filter cake of mud solids is deposited on the wellbore wall.
Mud is designed to deposit thin, low permeability filter cake to limit the invasion.
Problems can occur if a thick filter cake is formed: tight hole conditions, poor log quality, stuck pipe, lost circulation and formation damage.
In highly permeable formations with large pore throats, whole mud may invade the formation, depending on mud solids size:
Use bridging agents to block large openings so mud solids can form a seal.
For effectiveness, bridging agents must be over the half size of pore spaces / fractures.
Bridging agents include calcium carbonate and ground cellulose.
Depending on the mud system in use, a number of additives can improve the filter cake (e.g. bentonite, natural & synthetic polymer, asphalt and gilsonite).
Maintain wellbore stability
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Chemical composition and mud properties must combine to provide a stable wellbore. The density of the mud must be within the necessary range to balance the mechanical forces.
Wellbore instability = sloughing formations, which can cause tight hole conditions, bridges and fill on trips (same symptoms indicate hole cleaning problems).
Wellbore stability = hole maintains size and cylindrical shape.
If the hole is enlarged, it becomes weak and difficult to stabilize, and problems such as low annular velocities, poor hole cleaning, solids loading and poor formation evaluation may result.
In sand and sandstones formations, hole enlargement can occur from mechanical actions (hydraulic forces & nozzles velocities). Formation damage is reduced by a conservative hydraulics system. A good quality filter cake containing bentonite is known to limit bore hole enlargement.
In shales when using water-based mud, chemical differences can cause interactions between mud & shale that lead to weakening of the native rock. Highly fractured, dry, brittle shales can be extremely unstable, leading to mechanical problems.
Various chemical inhibitors can control mud/shale interactions (calcium, potassium, salt, polymers, asphalt, glycols and oil – best for water-sensitive formations)
Oil (and synthetic oil) based drilling fluids can be used to drill water-sensitive Shales in areas with difficult drilling conditions.
To add inhibition, emulsified brine phase (calcium chloride) drilling fluids are used to reduce water activity and creates osmotic forces to prevent adsorption of water by shales.
Minimizing formation damage
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Skin damage or any reduction in natural formation porosity and permeability (washout) constitutes formation damage
skin damage is the accumulation of residuals on the perforations and that causes a pressure drop through them.
Most common damage;
Mud or drill solids invade the formation matrix, reducing porosity and causing skin effect
Swelling of formation clays within the reservoir, reduced permeability
Precipitation of solids due to mixing of mud filtrate and formations fluids resulting in the precipitation of insoluble salts
Mud filtrate and formation fluids form an emulsion, reducing reservoir porosity
Specially designed drill-in fluids or workover and completion fluids, minimize formation damage.
Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly
Source:
Heat is generated from mechanical and hydraulic forces at the bit and when the drill string rotates and rubs against casing and wellbore.
Cool and transfer heat away from source and lower to temperature than bottom hole.
If not, the bit, drill string and mud motors would fail more rapidly.
Lubrication based on the coefficient of friction.("Coefficient of friction" is how much friction on side of wellbore and collar size or drill pipe size to pull stuck pipe) Oil- and synthetic-based mud generally lubricate better than water-based mud (but the latter can be improved by the addition of lubricants).
Amount of lubrication provided by drilling fluid depends on type & quantity of drill solids and weight materials + chemical composition of system.
Poor lubrication causes high torque and drag, heat checking of the drill string, but these problems are also caused by key seating, poor hole cleaning and incorrect bottom hole assemblies design.
Drilling fluids also support portion of drill-string or casing through buoyancy. Suspend in drilling fluid, buoyed by force equal to weight (or density) of mud, so reducing hook load at derrick.
Weight that derrick can support limited by mechanical capacity, increase depth so weight of drill-string and casing increase.
When running long, heavy string or casing, buoyancy possible to run casing strings whose weight exceed a rig's hook load capacity.
Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit
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Hydraulic energy provides power to mud motor for bit rotation and for MWD (measurement while drilling) and LWD (logging while drilling) tools. Hydraulic programs base on bit nozzles sizing for available mud pump horsepower to optimize jet impact at bottom well.
Limited to:
Pump horsepower
Pressure loss inside drillstring
Maximum allowable surface pressure
Optimum flow rate
Drill string pressure loses higher in fluids of higher densities, plastic viscosities and solids.
Low solids, shear thinning drilling fluids such as polymer fluids, more efficient in transmit hydraulic energy.
Depth can be extended by controlling mud properties.
Transfer information from MWD & LWD to surface by pressure pulse.
Ensure adequate formation evaluation
Source:
Chemical and physical mud properties as well as wellbore conditions after drilling affect formation evaluation.
Mud loggers examine cuttings for mineral composition, visual sign of hydrocarbons and recorded mud logs of lithology, ROP, gas detection or geological parameters.
Wireline logging measure – electrical, sonic, nuclear and magnetic resonance.
Potential productive zone are isolated and performed formation testing and drill stem testing.
Mud helps not to disperse of cuttings and also improve cutting transport for mud loggers determine the depth of the cuttings originated.
Oil-based mud, lubricants, asphalts will mask hydrocarbon indications.
So mud for drilling core selected base on type of evaluation to be performed (many coring operations specify a bland mud with minimum of additives).
Control corrosion (in acceptable level)
Source:
Drill-string and casing in continuous contact with drilling fluid may cause a form of corrosion.
Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) cause serious corrosion problems;
Cause rapid, catastrophic failure
May be deadly to humans after a short period of time
Low pH (acidic) aggravates corrosion, so use corrosion coupons to monitor corrosion type, rates and to tell correct chemical inhibitor is used in correct amount. A corrosion coupon is a small piece of metal exposed to the process so to evaluate the effect the corrosive conditions would have on other equipment of similar composition.
Mud aeration, foaming and other O2 trapped conditions cause corrosion damage in short period time.
When drilling in high H2S, elevated the pH fluids + sulfide scavenging chemical (zinc).
Facilitate cementing and completion
Source:
Cementing is critical to effective zone and well completion.
During casing run, mud must remain fluid and minimize pressure surges so fracture induced lost circulation does not occur.
Temperature of water used for cement must be within tolerance of cementers performing task, usually 70 degrees, most notably in winter conditions.
Mud should have thin, slick filter cake, with minimal solids in filter cake, wellbore with minimal cuttings, caving or bridges will prevent a good casing run to bottom. Circulate well bore until clean.
To cement and completion operation properly, mud displace by flushes and cement. For effectiveness;
Hole near gauges, use proper hole cleaning techniques, pumping sweeps at TD, and perform wiper trip to shoe.
Mud low viscosity, mud parameters should be tolerant of formations being drilled, and drilling fluid composition, turbulent flow - low viscosity high pump rate, laminar flow - high viscosity, high pump rate.
Mud non progressive gel strength
Minimize impact on environment
Source:
Mud is, in varying degrees, toxic. It is also difficult and expensive to dispose of it in an environmentally friendly manner.
A Vanity Fair article described the conditions at Lago Agrio, a large oil field in Ecuador where drillers were effectively unregulated.
Water based drilling fluid has very little toxicity, made from water, bentonite and baryte, all clay from mining operations, usually found in Wyoming and in Lunde, Telemark.
There are specific chemicals that can be used in water based drilling fluids that alone can be corrosive and toxic, such as hydrochloric acid. However,
when mixed into water based drilling fluids, hydrochloric acid only decreases the pH of the water to a more manageable level.
Caustic (sodium hydroxide), anhydrous lime, soda ash, bentonite, baryte and polymers are the most common chemicals used in water based drilling fluids.
Oil Base Mud and synthetic drilling fluids can contain high levels of benzene, and other chemicals
Most common chemicals added to OBM Muds:
Baryte
Bentonite
Diesel
Emulsifiers
Water
Factors influencing drilling fluid performance
Some factors affecting drilling fluid performance are:
Fluid Rheology
The change of drilling fluid viscosity
The change of drilling fluid density
The change of mud pH
Corrosion or fatigue of the drill string
Thermal stability of the drilling fluid
Differential sticking
Drilling mud classification
They are classified based on their fluid phase, alkalinity, dispersion and the type of chemicals used.
Dispersed systems
Freshwater mud: Low pH mud (7.0–9.5) that includes spud, bentonite, natural, phosphate treated muds, organic mud and organic colloid treated mud. high pH mud example alkaline tannate treated muds are above 9.5 in pH.
Water based drilling mud that represses hydration and dispersion of clay.Water-based muds are the most commonly used type of drilling fluids. They are made from water and various additives including clays, polymers, and weighing agents. WBM is primarily used in shallow wells and is effective in preventing the swelling and disintegrating of the shale formation. – There are 4 types: high pH lime muds, low pH gypsum, seawater and saturated salt water muds.
Non-dispersed systems
Low solids mud: These muds contain less than 3–6% solids by volume and weight less than 9.5 lbs/gal. Most muds of this type are water-based with varying quantities of bentonite and a polymer.
Emulsions: The two types used are oil in water (oil emulsion muds) and water in oil (invert oil emulsion muds).
Oil based mud: Oil based muds contain oil as the continuous phase and water as a contaminant, and not an element in the design of the mud. They typically contain less than 5% (by volume) water. Oil-based muds are usually a mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt, however can be based on produced crude oil and mud
Synthetic-based Muds (SBM): Synthetic-based muds are made from synthetic fluids and are used in deep wells with extreme temperatures. SBM has excellent lubricating properties and is less toxic than OBM.
Air and Foam-based Mud: Air and foam-based muds use air or nitrogen to create a foam that carries the drill cuttings to the surface. These types of drilling fluids are used in wells where the formation is highly porous and prone to caving.
High-density Muds:High-density muds are used in wells with high pressures and temperatures. They are made from barite and other weighing agents and are used to control the pressure in the well and prevent blowouts.
Non-damaging Muds: Non-damaging muds are designed to prevent damage to the formation being drilled. They are typically used in wells where the formation is susceptible to damage from drilling mud
Mud engineer
"Mud engineer" is the name given to an oil field service company individual who is charged with maintaining a drilling fluid or completion fluid system on an oil and/or gas drilling rig. This individual typically works for the company selling the chemicals for the job and is specifically trained with those products, though independent mud engineers are still common. The role of the mud engineer, or more properly drilling fluids engineer, is critical to the entire drilling operation because even small problems with mud can stop the whole operations on rig. The internationally accepted shift pattern at off-shore drilling operations is personnel (including mud engineers) work on a 28-day shift pattern, where they work for 28 continuous days and rest the following 28 days. In Europe this is more commonly a 21-day shift pattern.
In offshore drilling, with new technology and high total day costs, wells are being drilled extremely fast. Having two mud engineers makes economic sense to prevent down time due to drilling fluid difficulties. Two mud engineers also reduce insurance costs to oil companies for environmental damage that oil companies are responsible for during drilling and production. A senior mud engineer typically works in the day, and a junior mud engineer at night.
The cost of the drilling fluid is typically about 10% (may vary greatly) of the total cost of drilling a well, and demands competent mud engineers. Large cost savings result when the mud engineer and fluid performs adequately.
The mud engineer is not to be confused with mudloggers, service personnel who monitor gas from the mud and collect well bore samples.
Compliance engineer
The compliance engineer is the most common name for a relatively new position in the oil field, emerging around 2002 due to new environmental regulations on synthetic mud in the United States. Previously, synthetic mud was regulated the same as water-based mud and could be disposed of in offshore waters due to low toxicity to marine organisms. New regulations restrict the amount of synthetic oil that can be discharged. These new regulations created a significant burden in the form of tests needed to determine the "ROC" or retention on cuttings, sampling to determine the percentage of crude oil in the drilling mud, and extensive documentation. No type of oil/synthetic based mud (or drilled cuttings contaminated with OBM/SBM) may be dumped in the North Sea. Contaminated mud must either be shipped back to shore in skips or processed on the rigs.
A new monthly toxicity test is also now performed to determine sediment toxicity, using the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Various concentrations of the drilling mud are added to the environment of captive L. plumulosus to determine its effect on the animals. The test is controversial for two reasons:
These animals are not native to many of the areas regulated by them, including the Gulf of Mexico
The test has a very large standard deviation, and samples that fail badly may pass easily upon retesting
See also
Directional drilling
Driller (oil)
Drilling fluid decanter centrifuge
Drilling rig
Environmental issues in Venezuela
Formation evaluation
Heavy metals
Landfarming
Mercury
Mud Gas Separator
Mud systems
MWD (measurement while drilling)
Oil well control
Roughneck
Underbalanced drilling
References
Further reading
ASME Shale Shaker Committee (2005). The Drilling Fluids Processing Handbook. .
Kate Van Dyke (1998). Drilling Fluids, Mud Pumps, and Conditioning Equipment.
G. V. Chilingarian & P. Vorabutr (1983). Drilling and Drilling Fluids.
G. R. Gray, H. C. H. Darley, & W. F. Rogers (1980). The Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids.
DCS Shale Shaker SUPPLIER. The Drilling Fluids cleaning system.
Drilling technology |
A work permit or work visa is the permission to take a job within a foreign country. The foreign country where someone seeks to obtain a work permit for is also known as the "country of work", as opposed to the "country of origin" where someone holds citizenship or nationality.
European Union
Currently, every EU country has a different process for granting work permits to nationals of non-EU countries. To address this issue, the European Commission began work in 1999 on developing an EU-wide process for the entry of non-EU nationals into the work force. In October 2007, they adopted a proposal to introduce a work permit similar to the United States' "Green Card" program, called the "Blue Card". It is similar to the UK's Highly Skilled Migrant Programme, with the exception that it will require an employment contract in place prior to migration. After two years in the first country, the migrant will be allowed to move and work in another EU country, and can sum the number of years spent in the EU for purposes of residency. This new card will abolish work permits across the EU and centralize the issuing from Brussels.
Belgium
Czech Republic
The issuing of work permit in the Czech Republic is governed by three basic sources: labor code, Act No. 435/2004 Coll. On employment and Act no. 326/1999 Coll. On the residence of foreign nationals. There are various rights and obligations depending on nationality.
France
A foreigner seeking to work in France must obtain work authorization () with a visa, a residence permit or a special document by the government.
United Kingdom
There are seven standard ways to apply for a work permit in the United Kingdom: the Business and Commercial Arrangements, the Training and Work Experience Arrangements, the Sports people and Entertainers Arrangements, Student Internships, GATS, Ancestry Visa and the Sectors Based Scheme. All applications require the work permit holder to leave the country where the work permit was issued every three months under the Work Permit Arrangements. Costs for leaving the airport are £64, per person and you must return to the airport after 24 hours or one working day to leave the country. If you remain in the airport the cost is £35 per person and you must leave the country after 24 hours or one working day in the airport. Each of these involves its own application process, and generally requires a job offer from a UK employer.
The UK work permit system is currently being replaced by a new points-based immigration system.
Russia
According to the Federal Migration Service of Russia estimates, in Russia today there are 5 million working foreign nationals.
In order to work in Russia, foreign citizens must have a work visa (visa firms for arriving at the order) to obtain a work permit and get on migration registration in the Russian Federal Migration Service bodies.
For foreign citizens arriving without visas (CIS countries except Turkmenistan and Georgia) there is a simplified procedure. The period of temporary stay for them is 90 days, but can be extended up to one year from the date of entry into the Russian Federation on presentation of the migration service of the employment contract or a contract of civil-legal nature. That is, a foreigner can obtain a work permit for up to 90 days, and then to extend it after the job. However, it is recommended to immediately impose a labor or civil contract and to issue a work permit for the duration of its validity.
Issuance of work permits is carried out taking into account the established quota. The quota is divided by region, Russia and the integrated vocational qualification groups.
A work permit is divided to some categories:
Qualified professionals are employed by their existing profession (specialty), included in the approved list of professions (specialties, positions);
Highly qualified professionals engaged in labor activity in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of the Federal Law "On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation."
The work permit is valid within the subject of the Russian Federation, in which it was issued.
Ukraine
Foreigners and stateless persons can be employed in Ukraine after obtaining an appropriate permit. These requirements are established by article 42 of the Law of Ukraine "On Employment". State Employment Service of Ukraine is the main authority to issue work permit.
Does not require obtaining a work permit for:
foreigners who have residence permit in Ukraine;
refugees;
foreigners who have permission to immigrate to Ukraine;
foreigners who are recognized as persons in need of additional protection, or who are granted temporary protection in Ukraine;
representatives of foreign maritime (river) fleet and airlines that serve such companies on the territory of Ukraine;
employees of foreign media who are accredited to work in Ukraine;
professional athletes, artists and art workers to work in Ukraine;
workers of emergency services for urgent work;
employees of foreign representative (branch) office that are registered in the territory of Ukraine in accordance with the procedure established by the law;
ecclesiastic who are to reside in Ukraine temporarily (on the ground of invitation of religious organization) for canonical activity only in such religious organization;
foreigners who arrived in Ukraine to participate in the implementation of international technical assistance projects;
foreigners who arrived in Ukraine to conduct teaching and / or scientific activities in higher education institutions;
other foreigners in cases provided by laws and international treaties of Ukraine;
Obtaining work permit in Ukraine is one of the basics to obtain residence permit.
United States
In general, the United States does not require work permits for adult citizens. However, certain aliens are required to have an Employment Authorization Document from the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
The federal government of the United States does not require work permits or proof-of-age certificates for a minor to be employed. However, the possession of an age certificate constitutes a good faith effort to comply with minimum age requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. The United States Department of Labor will issue a "certificate of age" if the minor employee's state does not issue them, or if the minor is requested by his or her employer to provide one. Several states are not listed in (a), such as Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah, and thus their certificates may not meet the requirements of (b) as being evidence of compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Many states also require them for workers of certain ages. In some states, for example New Jersey, permits are only required for minors 14 and 15 years old, while others such as Massachusetts require, at least in theory, work permits for all minors until they turn 18 years of age. In some states, enforcement is strict. Permits are usually issued through the school system the minor attends, and typically at a minimum is conditioned on enrollment in high school with regular attendance (no chronic absenteeism, tardiness, or truancy). Some states such as New York and Indiana require high school students with part-time jobs to maintain a certain grade point average. Minors who are working are usually restricted in the number of hours each day or week they are permitted to work as well as the types of jobs they may hold.
Turkey
The immigration in Turkey is regulated by the (Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü) under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior while work permits are delivered by the (Uluslararası İşgücü Genel Müdürlüğü) under the supervision of the Ministry of Labour and Social Security (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı). All applications for both residence permit and work permit are made through online government portals. The residence permit application is made through " "e-Residence" (e-İkamet) while application are made through e-Government (Turkey) (e-Devlet).
South Africa
The South African Immigration Act as amended and which came into effect on 26 May 2014, makes provision for three different categories work visas that a foreigner may apply for to work in South Africa. These are the General Work Visa, the Critical Skills Work Visa and the Intra-Company Transfer Work Visa.
General Work Visa -
This work visa is based on an offer of employment from a South African prospective employer. The employer must apply to the Department of Labour (DOL) for a certification which will confirm to the DHA directly confirmation of whether there exists suitably qualified South African candidates for the position and that the foreign Applicant possess the necessary skills and qualifications for the offered position. Once the DOL has concluded its mandate and conveyed to the DHA its certification (either positive or negative) the Applicant will then file the visa application. The DHA will approve or refuse a general work visa application, depending on its compliance with the statutory scheme the DOL issues a positive certification.
Critical Skills Work Visa -
A critical skills work visa may be issued to a foreigner on the basis of educational qualifications and/or professional experiences for up to 5 years when the application is supported by a contract of employment or for 1 year in absence of the supporting contract of employment. Skills that are recognised to be critical in terms of South African immigration are listed in the Critical Skills List which is published in the Government Gazzette. Each skill is listed as critical specifically to a sector of employment. The sector is relevant not only in respect of the specific requirements including the applicable SAQA recognised professional body but also in respect of the supporting employment which needs to be within that specific sector.
Intra-Company Transfer Work Visa -
An intra company transfer (ICT) work visa is issued to a foreigner who can demonstrate to have been employed by a foreign entity for at least 6 months and who, based on his/her foreign employment, deployed or seconded to South African branch, subsidiary or associate office of the corporate entity aboard. A skills transfer plan needs to support the application. An Intra-Company-Transfer work visa does not allow its holder to change status from within South Africa. The visa is issued for up to 4 years and cannot be renewed from within South Africa. Holding an ICT work visa does not accrue its holder any rights in terms of applying for permanent residence in South Africa.
Canada
Canada work permits are issued under the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) by Canada immigration and Citizenship.
The TFWP has four streams: high-skilled workers, low-skilled workers, the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program, and the Live-In Caregiver Program.
The Canadian work permit is divided into two which include are the “open work permits” and “employer-specific work permits.” With an open work permit, an applicant can work for any employer, but an employer-specific work permit allows the applicant to work for only one employer.
It is required that you already have a job offer before applying for a work permit, although in some cases, you can apply for a work permit without a job offer.
For a foreigner to apply for a work permit in Canada, they would have to apply for a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) from Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC), as this is the most used approach. It would then be the duty of the Canadian employer to undertake domestic recruitment efforts and agrees that no Canadian permanent residents or citizens are qualified for the position at hand. After a positive LMIA has been issued to the applicant, they can go ahead to apply for a work permit.
Israel-Palestine
Philippines
In the Philippines, legal employment of a foreigner in the country for a period of more than six months requires an alien employment permit (AEP) which is issued by the Department of Labor and Employment. A special working permit (SWP) issued by the Bureau of Immigration is required instead for foreigners intending to work in the country for a period of less than six months.
Singapore
In Singapore, the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) issues work passes to eligible foreigners in accordance to the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act (EFMA).
There are three main categories of work passes:
Work Permit (WP) - for unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Subject to quota, levy and nationality requirements. Not allowed to bring family members to Singapore. Not eligible to apply for permanent residence. Marriage restrictions apply; current or former WP holders must seek approval from MOM before marrying a Singapore citizen or permanent resident.
Subsets of Work Permit include Work Permit for foreign domestic worker, Work Permit for confinement nanny and Work Permit for performing artiste working in public entertainment outlets.
S Pass (SP) - for mid-level skilled staff and technicians earning a fixed monthly salary of at least S$2,300. Subject to quota and levy requirements but not subject to nationality restriction. Allowed to bring family members to Singapore if earning a fixed monthly salary of at least S$6,000. Eligible to apply for permanent residence.
Employment Pass (EP) - for professionals, managers and executives earning a fixed monthly salary of at least S$3,600. Not subject to quota, levy and nationality requirements, but fair consideration must be given to qualified local jobseekers. Allowed to bring family members to Singapore if earning a fixed monthly salary of at least S$6,000. Eligible to apply for permanent residence.
A special type of EP is the Personalised Employment Pass (PEP). An EP holder can apply for a PEP if he/she earns a fixed monthly salary of at least S$12,000. For foreign executives relocating to Singapore and applying for a PEP, their last drawn fixed monthly salary must be at least S$18,000. The PEP is not tied to a particular employer, and the PEP holder can spend up to six months unemployed in Singapore. The PEP is valid for up to 3 years and non-renewable.
Other types of work passes include EntrePass (allowing entrepreneurs to set up businesses in Singapore), Work Holiday Pass (for eligible foreign students to work and holiday in Singapore), Training Employment Pass (short-term training for professionals) and Training Work Permit (short-term training for semi-skilled trainees).
In November 2020, the Singapore government announced plans for a new work pass called Tech.Pass, which will be available to applicants by January 2021. According to the Economic Development Board the Tech.Pass will be valid for two years, and is meant to attract skilled technology professionals in fields like e-commerce, artificial intelligence and cyber security.
Notes:
a number of locals (Singapore citizens or permanent residents) must be employed by the employer before a foreign worker can be hired
a daily or monthly tax on each foreign worker, borne by the employer
Australia
Several different types of visas are available for immigrants.
Thailand
Foreigners holding a "B" visa and wishing to work or start a business in Thailand are required to obtain a work permit. The issuance of work permits is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Labor of Thailand. Work without permission in the Kingdom is criminally punishable. It takes 7 working days to process the application for a permit. If the applicant is qualified and able to use "One Stop Service Center", the work permit will only take one day.
Duties
Thai government fees for a work permit:
100 Baht/form = Permit application Fee.
750 Baht = work permit not longer than 3 months.
1,500 Baht = work permit longer than 3 months but does not exceed 6 months.
3,000 Baht = work permit longer than 6 months but does not exceed 12 months.
Thai government fees for amendments:
500 Baht/Book = Substitute of a permit.
1,000 Baht/time = Permission to change or add job description.
3,000 Baht/time = Permission to remove or add an employer.
1,000 Baht/time = Permission to change or add the locality or place of work.
150 Baht/time = Permission to change or add conditions.
According to the Emergency Decree on Non-Thais' Working Management No. 2, 2018, foreigners can work anywhere in the country without having to record these changes in the permit, but each employer must be listed in the book. If the employee is transferred to another office in another part of the country, the employer should notify the office of the Employment Department.
See also
Employment contract: proofs that a person has indeed acquired a work contract in a particular country
Expatriate
Stamp 4
Notes
References
Labour law
Legal documents
Immigration law
Employment of foreign-born people |
Karl von Abel (September 17, 1788 – September 3, 1859) was a Bavarian statesman.
Born in Wetzlar, Abel was the son of a procurator at the superior Court of Justice. He studied law in Gießen from 1806-1809, and became a civil servant of Bavaria in 1810.
In 1817 he was appointed city and police commissar in Bamberg, in 1819, Governmental Councillor in Munich, and in 1827 promoted to Senior Legal Secretary. In the Diet of 1831 he gave a speech in favour of freedom of the press and against censorship.
In the following year, Abel was assigned by King Ludwig I to be a part of the delegation accompanying the young King Otto to Greece. He joined with Georg Ludwig von Maurer in opposing the head of the delegation, Count Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, who he felt was too susceptible to the wishes of the English diplomats. However, the count was able to mobilise his supporters in Munich and have Abel and Maurer unseated from the delegation. Abel once again became Legal Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior. He married Friederike von Rinecker in 1836, a very religious woman, who had much influence on him.
On 1 November 1837, Abel became Privy Councillor in place of Ludwig, Fürst von Wallerstein and began to lead the Ministry of the Interior. At this time, the Cologne Troubles excited the masses on religious and political levels. Soon enough the Ministry under Abel proved to be strictly Catholic, following the traditions of Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. The status of the clergy was raised and large sums were spent for religious issues. This was followed by several edicts, for example prescribing that Protestant soldiers must also genuflect during a Catholic service. The formation of Evangelic communities and the execution of their services was made complicated and restricted and strict censorship applied to all opposing movements.
In other issues Abel showed his absolutist and ultramontane position. He authorized an edict disallowing the use of all modern terms, which try to foist the principle of classes with a representative one. As an example, the term of Ministry of the State was forbidden as the king must unite all power in himself. Several affronts against his precursor Wallerstein resulted in a duel which he lost.
Wallerstein lead the opposition forming mainly in the newly acquired provinces of the kingdom against the paternalism of the Ministry. In the Diet of 1846 he openly fought the existing system. Abel could not avert the claims that he had broken the principle of parity, and that the Christian party was in contact with radical elements. For this the King lost his trust in Abel, and removed him as Ministry of Culture and Education.
Abel was dismissed from power on 17 February 1847 when he and the other ministers opposed the naturalisation of the Kings' young lady Lola Montez. Afterwards, he had not only to suffer the disgrace of the king he had served for a long time, but was also repudiated by the members of his own party. He was appointed as envoy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, but refused to take the charge until the reign of Maximilian II of Bavaria. In 1848 Abel was voted into the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Parliament, where his former administration was attacked from all sides.
Abel was recalled as envoy in 1850 and retired from the political life. Until his death in 1859 he lived on his tenure Stamsried manor in Upper Palatinate.
He died in Munich.
References
Biography of Karl v. Abel in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ABD), Bd. 1, S. 14, 15, at Wikisource (German).
1788 births
1859 deaths
People from Wetzlar
German Roman Catholics
Ministers-President of Bavaria
Members of the Bavarian Chamber of Deputies
History of Greece (1832–1862) |
The 2015 Rhode Island Rams football team represented the University of Rhode Island in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by second year head coach Jim Fleming and played their home games at Meade Stadium. They were a member of the Colonial Athletic Association. They finished the season 1–10, 1–7 in CAA play to finish in last place.
Schedule
Game summaries
At Syracuse
At Albany
Harvard
At Maine
At Brown
Delaware
Richmond
At New Hampshire
Villanova
Stony Brook
At Towson
References
Rhode Island
Rhode Island Rams football seasons
Rhode Island Rams football |
Club Sportiv Municipal Baschet Club Sighetu Marmației, commonly known as CSM BC Sighetu Marmației, or simply Sighetu Marmației, is a Romanian basketball club based in Sighetu Marmației, currently participates in the Liga Națională, the top-tier league in Romania.
The club initially played in the second-tier Liga I. However, in 2018 the league was merged with the top-tier Liga Națională.
Current roster
References
External links
2017 establishments in Romania
Basketball teams in Romania
Basketball teams established in 2017 |
Melati van Java was the pen name of Nicolina Maria "Marie" Sloot (January 13, 1853 – June 13, 1927). She was an Dutch East Indies-born Dutch writer. During the period around the start of the 20th century, her novels were popular with the Dutch public.
The daughter of Wiesje van Haastert and Carel Sloot, she was born in Semarang in Java. She was mainly educated at home. In 1871, her family returned to the Netherlands, first living in The Hague and later in Roermond. Her mother died after the family settled in Roermond; her father remarried and she moved to Amsterdam afterwards in 1881. She began publishing under the name Mathilde in 1872, later using Melati van Java. In 1893, she was invited to join Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, the Dutch literary society, one of the first women to become a member. Later in life, she also used the pseudonym Max van Ravestein.
She was editor of De Huisvriend and Vrouwenwereld. She also contributed to various publications, including and . During and after World War I, she was active in the Roman Catholic women's movement.
Some of her work was translated into German, French and Danish.
She died in Noordwijk in South Holland province at the age of 74.
Selected works
De jonkvrouwe van Groenerode, semi-autobiographical novel (1875)
De familie van den resident, novel (1875)
Anonciade (1876), under the name Mathilde
In de Lente vergaard (1876)
Angeline's beloften, children's literature (1879)
Dorenzathe, novel (1880)
Hermelijn, novel (1885)
Het Viooltje van St. Germain, children's literature (1885)
Nazomer (1888)
Ontmaskerd, children's literature (1888)
De ring der Grootvorstin, children's literature (1889)
References
1853 births
1927 deaths
Indo people
Writers from the Dutch East Indies
Dutch writers
19th-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers
People from Semarang |
```go
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package datareq
import (
"math"
"runtime"
"sort"
"time"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/lib/go-tc"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/lib/go-util"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/traffic_monitor/config"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/traffic_monitor/peer"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/traffic_monitor/threadsafe"
"github.com/json-iterator/go"
)
type JSONStats struct {
Stats Stats `json:"stats"`
}
// Stats contains statistics data about this running app. Designed to be returned via an API endpoint.
type Stats struct {
MaxMemoryMB uint64 `json:"Max Memory (MB),string"`
GitRevision string `json:"git-revision"`
ErrorCount uint64 `json:"Error Count,string"`
Uptime uint64 `json:"uptime,string"`
FreeMemoryMB uint64 `json:"Free Memory (MB),string"`
TotalMemoryMB uint64 `json:"Total Memory (MB),string"`
Version string `json:"version"`
DeployDir string `json:"deploy-dir"`
FetchCount uint64 `json:"Fetch Count,string"`
QueryIntervalDelta int `json:"Query Interval Delta,string"`
IterationCount uint64 `json:"Iteration Count,string"`
Name string `json:"name"`
BuildTimestamp string `json:"buildTimestamp"`
QueryIntervalTarget int `json:"Query Interval Target,string"`
QueryIntervalActual int `json:"Query Interval Actual,string"`
SlowestCache string `json:"Slowest Cache"`
LastQueryInterval int `json:"Last Query Interval,string"`
Microthreads int `json:"Goroutines"`
LastGC string `json:"Last Garbage Collection"`
MemAllocBytes uint64 `json:"Memory Bytes Allocated"`
MemTotalBytes uint64 `json:"Total Bytes Allocated"`
MemSysBytes uint64 `json:"System Bytes Allocated"`
OldestPolledPeer string `json:"Oldest Polled Peer"`
OldestPolledPeerMs int64 `json:"Oldest Polled Peer Time (ms)"`
QueryInterval95thPercentile int64 `json:"Query Interval 95th Percentile (ms)"`
GCCPUFraction float64 `json:"gc-cpu-fraction"`
}
func srvStats(staticAppData config.StaticAppData, healthPollInterval time.Duration, lastHealthDurations threadsafe.DurationMap, fetchCount threadsafe.Uint, healthIteration threadsafe.Uint, errorCount threadsafe.Uint, peerStates peer.CRStatesPeersThreadsafe) ([]byte, error) {
return getStats(staticAppData, healthPollInterval, lastHealthDurations.Get(), fetchCount.Get(), healthIteration.Get(), errorCount.Get(), peerStates)
}
func getStats(staticAppData config.StaticAppData, pollingInterval time.Duration, lastHealthTimes map[tc.CacheName]time.Duration, fetchCount uint64, healthIteration uint64, errorCount uint64, peerStates peer.CRStatesPeersThreadsafe) ([]byte, error) {
longestPollCache, longestPollTime := getLongestPoll(lastHealthTimes)
var memStats runtime.MemStats
runtime.ReadMemStats(&memStats)
var s Stats
s.MaxMemoryMB = memStats.TotalAlloc / (1024 * 1024)
s.GitRevision = staticAppData.GitRevision
s.ErrorCount = errorCount
s.Uptime = uint64(time.Since(staticAppData.StartTime) / time.Second)
s.FreeMemoryMB = staticAppData.FreeMemoryMB
s.TotalMemoryMB = memStats.Alloc / (1024 * 1024) // TODO rename to "used memory" if/when nothing is using the JSON entry
s.Version = staticAppData.Version
s.DeployDir = staticAppData.WorkingDir
s.FetchCount = fetchCount
s.SlowestCache = string(longestPollCache)
s.IterationCount = healthIteration
s.Name = staticAppData.Name
s.BuildTimestamp = staticAppData.BuildTimestamp
s.QueryIntervalTarget = int(pollingInterval / time.Millisecond)
s.QueryIntervalActual = int(longestPollTime / time.Millisecond)
s.QueryIntervalDelta = s.QueryIntervalActual - s.QueryIntervalTarget
s.LastQueryInterval = int(math.Max(float64(s.QueryIntervalActual), float64(s.QueryIntervalTarget)))
s.Microthreads = runtime.NumGoroutine()
s.LastGC = time.Unix(0, int64(memStats.LastGC)).String()
s.MemAllocBytes = memStats.Alloc
s.MemTotalBytes = memStats.TotalAlloc
s.MemSysBytes = memStats.Sys
s.GCCPUFraction = memStats.GCCPUFraction
oldestPolledPeer, oldestPolledPeerTime := oldestPeerPollTime(peerStates.GetQueryTimes(), peerStates.GetPeersOnline())
s.OldestPolledPeer = string(oldestPolledPeer)
s.OldestPolledPeerMs = time.Now().Sub((oldestPolledPeerTime)).Nanoseconds() / util.MSPerNS
s.QueryInterval95thPercentile = getCacheTimePercentile(lastHealthTimes, 0.95).Nanoseconds() / util.MSPerNS
json := jsoniter.ConfigDefault
return json.Marshal(JSONStats{Stats: s})
}
func getLongestPoll(lastHealthTimes map[tc.CacheName]time.Duration) (tc.CacheName, time.Duration) {
var longestCache tc.CacheName
var longestTime time.Duration
for cache, time := range lastHealthTimes {
if time > longestTime {
longestTime = time
longestCache = cache
}
}
return longestCache, longestTime
}
type Durations []time.Duration
func (s Durations) Len() int {
return len(s)
}
func (s Durations) Less(i, j int) bool {
return s[i] < s[j]
}
func (s Durations) Swap(i, j int) {
s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
}
// getCacheTimePercentile returns the given percentile of cache result times. The `percentile` should be a decimal percent, for example, for the 95th percentile pass 0.95
func getCacheTimePercentile(lastHealthTimes map[tc.CacheName]time.Duration, percentile float64) time.Duration {
times := make([]time.Duration, 0, len(lastHealthTimes))
for _, t := range lastHealthTimes {
times = append(times, t)
}
sort.Sort(Durations(times))
n := int(float64(len(lastHealthTimes)) * percentile)
return times[n]
}
func oldestPeerPollTime(peerTimes map[tc.TrafficMonitorName]time.Time, peerOnline map[tc.TrafficMonitorName]bool) (tc.TrafficMonitorName, time.Time) {
now := time.Now()
oldestTime := now
oldestPeer := tc.TrafficMonitorName("")
for p, t := range peerTimes {
if !peerOnline[p] {
continue
}
if oldestTime.After(t) {
oldestTime = t
oldestPeer = p
}
}
if oldestTime == now {
oldestTime = time.Time{}
}
return oldestPeer, oldestTime
}
``` |
```objective-c
function single_layer_classification_hw()
% This file is associated with the book
% "Machine Learning Refined", Cambridge University Press, 2016.
% by Jeremy Watt, Reza Borhani, and Aggelos Katsaggelos.
minx = -1;
maxx = 1;
% load/make function to approximate
num_its = 1;
[X,y] = load_data(num_its);
M = 4; % number of hidden units
%%% Main: perform gradient descent to fit tanh basis sum %%%
for j = 1:num_its
subplot(1,num_its,j)
[b,w,c,V] = tanh_softmax(X',y,M);
% plot resulting fit
hold on
plot_separator(b,w,c,V,X,y);
end
%%%%%%%%%%%% subfunctions %%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%% gradient descent for single layer tanh nn %%%
function [b,w,c,V] = tanh_softmax(X,y,M)
% initializations
[N,P] = size(X);
b = randn(1);
w = randn(M,1);
c = randn(M,1);
V = randn(N,M);
l_P = ones(P,1);
% stoppers
max_its = 10000;
grad = 1;
count = 1;
%%% main %%%
while count <= max_its && norm(grad) > 10^-5
F = obj(c,V,X);
% calculate gradients
% ---> grad_b =
% ---> grad_w =
% ---> grad_c =
% ---> grad_V =
% determine steplength
% alpha = adaptive_step();
alpha = 10^-2;
% take gradient steps
b = b - alpha*grad_b;
w = w - alpha*grad_w;
c = c - alpha*grad_c;
V = V - alpha*grad_V;
% update stoppers
count = count + 1;
end
norm(grad)
function p = adaptive_step()
g_n = norm(grad)^2;
step_l = 1;
step_r = 0;
u = 1;
p = 1;
while step_l > step_r && u < 30
p = p*0.7;
% left
F = obj(c - p*grad_c,V - p*grad_V,X);
o2 = sum(log(1 + exp(-y.*((b - p*grad_b) + F'*(w - p*grad_w)))));
step_l = o2 - o;
% right
step_r = -(p*g_n)/2;
u = u + 1;
end
end
end
function y = sigmoid(z)
y = 1./(1+exp(-z));
end
function F = obj(z,H,A)
F = zeros(M,size(A,2));
for p = 1:size(A,2)
F(:,p) = tanh(z + H'*A(:,p));
end
end
% load data
function [A,b] = load_data(num_its)
data = csvread('genreg_data.csv');
A = data(:,1:end - 1);
b = data(:,end);
for j = 1:num_its
subplot(1,num_its,j)
% plot data
hold on
ind = find(b == 1);
red = [ 1 0 .4];
scatter(A(ind,1),A(ind,2),'Linewidth',2,'Markeredgecolor',red,'markerFacecolor','none')
hold on
ind = find(b == -1);
blue = [ 0 .4 1];
scatter(A(ind,1),A(ind,2),'Linewidth',2,'Markeredgecolor',blue,'markerFacecolor','none')
end
end
% plot the seprator + surface
function plot_separator(b,w,c,V,X,y)
% plot determined surface in 3d space
s = [minx:0.01:maxx];
[s1,s2] = meshgrid(s,s);
s1 = reshape(s1,numel(s1),1);
s2 = reshape(s2,numel(s2),1);
g = zeros(length(s1),1);
for i = 1:length(s1)
t = [s1(i);s2(i)];
F = obj(c,V,t);
g(i) = tanh(b + F'*w);
end
s1 = reshape(s1,[length(s),length(s)]);
s2 = reshape(s2,[length(s),length(s)]);
g = reshape(g,[length(s),length(s)]); % divide by # for visualization purposes only!
alpha(0.4)
% plot contour in original space
hold on
contour(s1,s2,g,[0,0],'Color','k','LineWidth',2)
axis([0 1 0 1])
% graph info labels
xlabel('x_1','Fontsize',16)
ylabel('x_2 ','Fontsize',16)
set(get(gca,'YLabel'),'Rotation',0)
axis square
set(gcf,'color','w');
end
end
``` |
Alcamenca District is one of twelve districts of the province Víctor Fajardo in Peru.
Ethnic groups
The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (93.45%) learnt to speak in childhood, 6.30% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
References |
Helperich (Helferich) (d. 1118), Count of Plötzkau and Walbeck, and Margrave of the Nordmark, son of Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde von Walbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck, and Adelheid of Bavaria. The count's sister Irmgard was married to Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the Nordmark, and was the mother of Helperich's successor in ruling the margraviate, Henry II.
Helperich inherited the title Count of Plötzkau upon his father’s death and the title Count of Walbeck from his mother, although this title was mostly ceremonial at this point. In 1112, Emperor Henry V deposed Rudolf I as Margrave of the Nordmark because of conspiracy against the crown in his alliance with Lothair of Supplinburg, then Duke of Saxony (and later Holy Roman Emperor). The margraviate was given to Helperich as an interim measure until Henry II, nephew of Rudolf and heir to the title, was of age.
In 1106, Helperich married Adele, daughter of Kuno of Northeim and Kunigunde of Weimar-Orlamünde, widow of Dietrich III, Count of Katlenburg. Helperich and Adele had four children:
Bernhard (d. 1147), Count of Plötzkau
Conrad, Margrave of the Nordmark
Irmgard, Abbess of Hecklingen
Mathilde.
Halperich died in 1118 and was buried at the Hecklingen Monastery. Upon his death, he was succeeded as Count of Plötzkau by his son Bernhard. Henry II assumed the role of Margrave of the Nordmark in 1114.
Sources
Hucke, Richard G., Die Grafen von Stade. 900–1144. Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodialbesitz der sächsischen Udonen. Stade 1956
Margraves of the Nordmark
1118 deaths |
Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Biosphere Reserve ( Priokska-Tyerrasnyy gosudarstvyennyy prirodnyy biasfyernyy zapavyednik) is one of Russia's smallest zapovedniks (nature reserves), sprawling over an area of 5,000 hectares along the left bank of the Oka River in the Serpukhov District of Moskva Oblast. It was established in 1945 as part of the Moscow Nature Reserve and is home to 900 plant species, 130 bird species, and 54 mammal species. A wisent nursery was established in 1948 to populate the region with European bison from the Belovezhskaya Pushcha and Western Caucasus. There is also a small herd of American bison.
The important thing to scientists was that the Prioksko-Terrasny biosphere reserve is situated on the border of the subzone of European taiga with the admixture of broad-leaved species and the subzone of broad-leaved forests. The functions of reserve were in preservation of typical ecosystems and unique observation of the natural dynamics of ecosystems and their components (biota, soil, water, climate), the study of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the change in the natural state of the natural environment at the territory of the biosphere reserve and training researchers in conservation and environmental monitoring.
Birds of the Prioksko-Terrasny State Biosphere Reserve
On the territory of the Prioksko-Terrasny state nature biosphere reserve, covering 4945 ha, 134 species of birds from 14 orders (Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Apodiformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes) had been registered by 1991. Later 5 more species were observed here. Thus, by the present time, the list of species of birds registered in the Reserve numbers 139 species. About 55% of them are Passerines. Most of the birds of the Reserve belong to migratory breeding species or to nomadic breeding species. Some species are vagrants in the Reserve and in the Moscow Region (nutcracker Nicifraga caryocatactes (L.), etc.). Birds, nesting in central parts of Russia and on the territory of the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, in autumn are migrating to the south-west. Part of them are wintering in southern regions of Russia and near the Black Sea, others are flying to the south-western part of Europe: the Balkans, the Apennines, South France, South Germany. The rest migrate across the Mediterranean Sea and fly to Northern Africa.
Forty-one bird species winter in the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve. Among wintering species are: Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis L., Eurasian sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus L., Eurasian black grouse Lyrurus tetrix L., western capercaillie Tetrao urogallus L., hazel grouse Tetrastes bonasia L., grey partridge Perdix perdix L., long-eared owl Asio otus L., Tengmalm's owl Aegolus funereus L., little owl Athene noctua Scop., Eurasian pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum L., tawny owl Strix aluco L., European green woodpecker Picus viridis L., grey-headed woodpecker Picus canus Gm., black woodpecker Dryocopus martius L., great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major L., white-backed woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos Bechst., middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos medius L., lesser spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos minor L., Eurasian jay Garrulus glandarius (L.), Eurasian magpie Pica pica (L.), hooded crow Corvus cornix L., common raven Corvus corax L., Bohemian waxwing Bombicilla garrulous (L.), goldcrest Regulus regulus (L.), fieldfare Turdus pilaris L., long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus (L.), willow tit Parus montanus Bald., crested tit Parus cristatus L., coal tit Parus ater L., blue tit Parus caeruleus L., great tit Parus major L., Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europea L., common treecreeper Certhia familiaris L., house sparrow Passer domesticus (L.), Eurasian tree sparrow ( Passer montanus L.), Eurasian siskin Spinus spinus (L.), European goldfinch Carduelis carduelis (L.), common redpoll Acanthis flammea (L.), red crossbill Loxia curvirosrta L., Eurasian bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula (L.), yellowhammer Emberiza citinella L.
Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve is situated on the border of the subzone of European taiga with the admixture of broad-leaved species and of a subzone of broad-leaved forests of the western type. Owing to this phenomenon among birds in the reserve, there are species from taiga faunistic complex and species from faunistic complex of broad-leaved forests of western type. Typical representatives of taiga faunistic complex are: western capercaillie Tetrao urogallus L., hazel grouse Tetrastes bonasia L., black woodpecker Dryocopus martius L., golcrest Regulus regulus (L.), fieldfare Turdus pilaris L., mistle thrush Turdus viscivorus L., redwing Turdus iliacus L., siskin ( Spinus spinus (L.), red crossbill Loxia curvirostra L., bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula (L.).
Among typical representatives of faunistic complex of broad-leaved forests of western type are: green woodpecker Pinus viridis L., golden oriole Oriolus oriolus L., blackbird Turdus merula L., icterine warbler Hippolais icterina (Vieill.), blackcap Sylvia atricapilla (L.), pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (Pall.), common rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus(Pall.), greenfinch Chloris chloris (L.), hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes (L.).
Among birds registered in the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, two species are enlisted in Red Data Book of the Russian Federation: Osprey Pandion haliaetus L. and great grey shrike Lanius excubitor L.
Twenty-six species of birds registered in the Reserve are enlisted in Red Data Book of the Moscow Region. Among them: 8 species of birds of prey: Osprey Pandion haliaetus L., European honey buzzard Pernis apivorus L., black kite Milvus migrans Bodd., hen harrier Cyrcus cyaneus L., Montagu's harrier Cyrcus pygargus L., booted eagle Hieraetus pennatus Gm., greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga Pall., red-footed falcon Falco vespertinus L., 1 species of wader: Great snipe Gallinago media Lath., 1 species of dove: stock dove Columba oenas L., 3 species of owls: Eurasian eagle owl Bubo bubo L., Eurasian scops owl Otus scops L., little owl Athene noctua Scop., 2 species of roller: roller Coracius garrulous L., common kingfisher Alcedo atthis L., 1 species of hoopoe: common hoopoe Upupa epops L., 5 species of woodpecker: Green woodpecker Picus canus Gm., white-backed woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos Bechst., middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos medius L., Eurasian three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus L. and 5 species of passerines: wood lark Lullula arborea (L.), great grey shrike Lanius excubitor L., Eurasian nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.), barred warbler Sylvia nisoria (Bechst.), azure tit Paruus cyanus Pall.).
References
External links
Official website of the Prioksko-Terrasny State Nature Biosphere Reserve
Geography of Moscow Oblast
Nature reserves in Russia
Biosphere reserves of Russia
Protected areas established in 1945
Nature conservation in Russia
Tourist attractions in Moscow Oblast
Zapovednik |
A bottle glorifier is a display that is designed to fit on a bottle, typically with a cut-out area to hold the bottle in position.
Bottle glorifiers can be made of acrylic, wood, stainless steel, plastic, or polyresin. New lighting technology brings LED and electroluminescent illumination options to the display. Most bottle glorifiers are illuminated with LED or fluorescent
lighting elements. The units can be powered via AC current or by using DC (batteries) although batteries have a short shelf life when illuminating bottle glorifiers. Other options such as rechargeable batteries are available.
Bottle glorifiers are used for all sorts of marketing expressions but mostly in B2C business.
Decorative arts |
Class 5MT is a steam locomotive power classification used by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and British Railways. It applied to number of different locomotive classes including:
LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0
BR Standard Class 5 |
Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Surajpur District, Chhattisgarh, India. It is named after the Tamor Hill and Pingla Nalla, the old and prominent features of the area. In 2021, National Tiger Conservation Authority has approved the Chhattisgarh government's proposal to declare the combined areas of the Guru Ghasidas National Park and Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary as a Tiger Reserve.
Geography and history
The northern boundary is the Moran river, eastern boundary is Bonga Nalla, and western boundary is Rihand River. This was notified as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1978. In 2011, it was notified by Chhattisgarh's Government as a part of Surguja Jashpur Elephant Reserve. There are seven revenue villages within this sanctuary, namely Khond, Injani, Archoka, Durgain, Kesar, Chattauli and Dhaulpur. Except for Khond, these villages are very small, with less than 20 households. The Tamor Hills, having an area of 250 km2, is a table land rising sharply from the neighboring villages of Tamki, Ghui and Barpetia.
Flora
The area, which is under Tamor, Khond and Pingla Ranges of the Surguja Jashpur Elephant Reserve Forest Division, consists of sal and bamboo forests.
Fauna
Spread over , the sanctuary supports Asian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, bears, sambar, nilgai, chital, bison, chousingha, chinkara, muntjac, boar, dhole, wolf, jackal, hyena, hare, cobras, pythons, red jungle fowl, gray jungle fowl and green pigeon.
Access
November to June is ideal to visit the sanctuary. The sanctuary is about north of Surajpur. Surajpur Railway Station is the nearest railhead. A forest guest house is available at Ramkola.
See also
Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve
Surguja State
Notes
Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh
Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests
1978 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Protected areas established in 1978 |
```go
package configs
import "golang.org/x/sys/unix"
const (
// EXT_COPYUP is a directive to copy up the contents of a directory when
// a tmpfs is mounted over it.
EXT_COPYUP = 1 << iota //nolint:golint // ignore "don't use ALL_CAPS" warning
)
type Mount struct {
// Source path for the mount.
Source string `json:"source"`
// Destination path for the mount inside the container.
Destination string `json:"destination"`
// Device the mount is for.
Device string `json:"device"`
// Mount flags.
Flags int `json:"flags"`
// Propagation Flags
PropagationFlags []int `json:"propagation_flags"`
// Mount data applied to the mount.
Data string `json:"data"`
// Relabel source if set, "z" indicates shared, "Z" indicates unshared.
Relabel string `json:"relabel"`
// RecAttr represents mount properties to be applied recursively (AT_RECURSIVE), see mount_setattr(2).
RecAttr *unix.MountAttr `json:"rec_attr"`
// Extensions are additional flags that are specific to runc.
Extensions int `json:"extensions"`
// Optional Command to be run before Source is mounted.
PremountCmds []Command `json:"premount_cmds"`
// Optional Command to be run after Source is mounted.
PostmountCmds []Command `json:"postmount_cmds"`
}
func (m *Mount) IsBind() bool {
return m.Flags&unix.MS_BIND != 0
}
``` |
```go
//go:build go1.18
// +build go1.18
package exported
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"net/http"
"regexp"
"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/internal/log"
"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/internal/shared"
"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal/exported"
)
// NewResponseError creates a new *ResponseError from the provided HTTP response.
// Exported as runtime.NewResponseError().
func NewResponseError(resp *http.Response) error {
// prefer the error code in the response header
if ec := resp.Header.Get(shared.HeaderXMSErrorCode); ec != "" {
return NewResponseErrorWithErrorCode(resp, ec)
}
// if we didn't get x-ms-error-code, check in the response body
body, err := exported.Payload(resp, nil)
if err != nil {
// since we're not returning the ResponseError in this
// case we also don't want to write it to the log.
return err
}
var errorCode string
if len(body) > 0 {
if fromJSON := extractErrorCodeJSON(body); fromJSON != "" {
errorCode = fromJSON
} else if fromXML := extractErrorCodeXML(body); fromXML != "" {
errorCode = fromXML
}
}
return NewResponseErrorWithErrorCode(resp, errorCode)
}
// NewResponseErrorWithErrorCode creates an *azcore.ResponseError from the provided HTTP response and errorCode.
// Exported as runtime.NewResponseErrorWithErrorCode().
func NewResponseErrorWithErrorCode(resp *http.Response, errorCode string) error {
respErr := &ResponseError{
ErrorCode: errorCode,
StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
RawResponse: resp,
}
log.Write(log.EventResponseError, respErr.Error())
return respErr
}
func extractErrorCodeJSON(body []byte) string {
var rawObj map[string]any
if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &rawObj); err != nil {
// not a JSON object
return ""
}
// check if this is a wrapped error, i.e. { "error": { ... } }
// if so then unwrap it
if wrapped, ok := rawObj["error"]; ok {
unwrapped, ok := wrapped.(map[string]any)
if !ok {
return ""
}
rawObj = unwrapped
} else if wrapped, ok := rawObj["odata.error"]; ok {
// check if this a wrapped odata error, i.e. { "odata.error": { ... } }
unwrapped, ok := wrapped.(map[string]any)
if !ok {
return ""
}
rawObj = unwrapped
}
// now check for the error code
code, ok := rawObj["code"]
if !ok {
return ""
}
codeStr, ok := code.(string)
if !ok {
return ""
}
return codeStr
}
func extractErrorCodeXML(body []byte) string {
// regular expression is much easier than dealing with the XML parser
rx := regexp.MustCompile(`<(?:\w+:)?[c|C]ode>\s*(\w+)\s*<\/(?:\w+:)?[c|C]ode>`)
res := rx.FindStringSubmatch(string(body))
if len(res) != 2 {
return ""
}
// first submatch is the entire thing, second one is the captured error code
return res[1]
}
// ResponseError is returned when a request is made to a service and
// the service returns a non-success HTTP status code.
// Use errors.As() to access this type in the error chain.
// Exported as azcore.ResponseError.
type ResponseError struct {
// ErrorCode is the error code returned by the resource provider if available.
ErrorCode string
// StatusCode is the HTTP status code as defined in path_to_url#pkg-constants.
StatusCode int
// RawResponse is the underlying HTTP response.
RawResponse *http.Response
}
// Error implements the error interface for type ResponseError.
// Note that the message contents are not contractual and can change over time.
func (e *ResponseError) Error() string {
const separator = your_sha256_hash----------------"
// write the request method and URL with response status code
msg := &bytes.Buffer{}
if e.RawResponse != nil {
if e.RawResponse.Request != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(msg, "%s %s://%s%s\n", e.RawResponse.Request.Method, e.RawResponse.Request.URL.Scheme, e.RawResponse.Request.URL.Host, e.RawResponse.Request.URL.Path)
} else {
fmt.Fprintln(msg, "Request information not available")
}
fmt.Fprintln(msg, separator)
fmt.Fprintf(msg, "RESPONSE %d: %s\n", e.RawResponse.StatusCode, e.RawResponse.Status)
} else {
fmt.Fprintln(msg, "Missing RawResponse")
fmt.Fprintln(msg, separator)
}
if e.ErrorCode != "" {
fmt.Fprintf(msg, "ERROR CODE: %s\n", e.ErrorCode)
} else {
fmt.Fprintln(msg, "ERROR CODE UNAVAILABLE")
}
if e.RawResponse != nil {
fmt.Fprintln(msg, separator)
body, err := exported.Payload(e.RawResponse, nil)
if err != nil {
// this really shouldn't fail at this point as the response
// body is already cached (it was read in NewResponseError)
fmt.Fprintf(msg, "Error reading response body: %v", err)
} else if len(body) > 0 {
if err := json.Indent(msg, body, "", " "); err != nil {
// failed to pretty-print so just dump it verbatim
fmt.Fprint(msg, string(body))
}
// the standard library doesn't have a pretty-printer for XML
fmt.Fprintln(msg)
} else {
fmt.Fprintln(msg, "Response contained no body")
}
}
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The Phoenix Street drill hall is a former military installation in Lancaster, Lancashire.
History
The building was designed as the headquarters of the Lancaster Rifle Volunteers and completed in 1894. This unit evolved into the 5th Battalion the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) in 1908. The battalion was mobilised at the drill hall in August 1914 before being deployed to the Western Front. The battalion was redesignated the 4th/5th (Territorial) Battalion The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) at the drill hall in 1961. The battalion was reduced to a cadre in 1969 but reconstituted as the 4th (Territorial Army) Battalion of the King's Own Royal Border Regiment in 1975.
After the battalion moved to Alexandra Barracks at Caton Road in Lancaster in 1990, the drill hall was decommissioned and is now used as a church.
References
Drill halls in England
Buildings and structures in Lancaster, Lancashire |
The Archdiocese of Wrocław (; ; ; ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church centered in the city of Wrocław in Poland. From its founding as a bishopric in 1000 until 1821, it was under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland. From 1821 to 1930 it was subjected directly to the Apostolic See. Between 1821 and 1972 it was officially known as (Arch)Diocese of Breslau.
History
Medieval era (within Poland)
Christianity was first introduced into Silesia by missionaries from Moravia and Bohemia. After the conversion of Duke Mieszko I of Poland and the conquest of Silesia, the work of bringing the people to the new faith went on more rapidly. Up to about the year 1000 Silesia had no bishop of its own, but was united with neighbouring dioceses. The upper part of the Oder River formed the boundary of the Kingdom of Poland. All the territory which is now Silesia – lying on the right-hand bank of the Oder – belonged, therefore, to the Diocese of Poznań, which was suffragan to the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. This part of Silesia was thus under the jurisdiction of a priest named Jordan who was appointed first Bishop of Poznań in 968. The part of Silesia lying on the left bank of the Oder belonged to the territory included in then Bohemia, and was consequently within the diocesan jurisdiction of Prague. The Bishopric of Prague, founded in 973, was suffragan to the Archbishopric of Mainz.
Duke Bolesław I the Brave, the son of Mieszko, obtained the Bohemian part of Silesia during his wars of conquest, and a change in the ecclesiastical dependence of the province followed. By a patent of Emperor Otto III in 995, Silesia was attached to the Bishopric of Meissen, which, like Poznań, was suffragan to the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. Soon after, Bolesław, who ruled all of Silesia, and emperor Otto, to whom Bolesław had pledged allegiance, founded the Diocese of Wrocław, which, together with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Otto in 1000 during the Congress of Gniezno. The first Bishop of Wrocław is said to have been named Jan, but nothing more than this is known of him, nor is there extant any official document giving the boundaries of the diocese at the time of its erection. However, they are defined in the Bulls of approval and protection issued by Pope Adrian IV, 23 April 1155, and by Pope Innocent IV, 9 August 1245.
The powerful Polish ruler Bolesław I was succeeded by his son Mieszko II Lambert, who had but a short reign. After his death a revolt against Christianity and the reigning family broke out, the new Church organization of Poland disappeared from view, and the names of the Bishops of Wrocław for the next half century are unknown. Casimir I, the son of Mieszko, and his mother were driven out of the country, but through German aid they returned and the affairs of the Church were brought into better order. A Bishop of Wrocław from probably 1051 to 1062 was Hieronymus, said by later tradition to have been a Roman nobleman. He was followed by John (1062–72), who was succeeded by Piotr I (1071–1111). During the episcopate of Piotr I, Count Piotr Włostowic entered upon the work of founding churches and monasteries which has preserved his name. Petrus was followed by: Żyrosław I (1112–20); Heymo (1120–26), who welcomed Otto of Bamberg to Wrocław in May 1124 when the saint was on his missionary journey to Pomerania; Robert I (1127–42), who was Bishop of Kraków; Robert II (1142–46); and Janik (1146–49), who became Archbishop of Gniezno.
With the episcopate of Bishop Walter (1149–69) the history of the diocese of Wrocław begins to grow clearer. Pope Adrian IV, at Walter's request in 1155, took the bishopric under his protection and confirmed to it the territorial possessions of which a list had been submitted to him. Among the rights which the Pope then confirmed was that of jurisdiction over the lands belonging to the castle of Otmuchów, which had been regarded as the patrimony of the diocese from its foundation. In 1163 the sons of the exiled Polish duke Władysław returned from the Empire and, through the intervention of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, received as an independent duchy the part of Silesia which was included at that date in the see of Wrocław. Bishop Walter built a new, massively constructed cathedral, in which he was buried. Żyrosław II (1170–98) encouraged the founding of the Cistercian monastery of Lubusz by Duke Bolesław I the Tall. In 1180 Żyrosław took part in the national assembly at Łęczyca at which laws for the protection of the Church and its property were promulgated. Jarosław (1198–1201), the oldest son of Duke Bolesław, and Duke of Opole, was the first prince to become Bishop of Wrocław (see prince-bishop).
Cyprian (1201–7) was originally Abbot of the Premonstratensian monastery of St. Vincent near Wrocław, then Bishop of Lubusz, and afterwards Bishop of Wrocław. During Cyprian's episcopate Duke Heinrich I and his wife, St. Hedwig, founded the Cistercian convent at Trzebnica. The episcopate of Bishop Wawrzyniec (1207–32) was marked by his efforts to bring colonies of Germans into the church territories, to effect the cultivation of waste lands. This introduction of German settlers by the bishop was in accordance with the example set by Duke Henry the Bearded and Duchess consort St. Hedwig. The monasteries of the Augustinian Canons, Premonstratensians and Cistercians took an active part in carrying out the schemes of the rulers by placing great numbers of Germans, especially Thuringians and Franconians, on the large estates that had been granted them.
One of the most noted bishops of the diocese, Tomasz I (1232–68), continued the work of German colonization with so much energy that even the first Mongol invasion of Poland (1241) made but a temporary break in the process. As German colonization in Silesia increased, the city of Wrocław began to be also known by the Germanized name of Breslau, leading to the diocese also becoming called the Bishopric of Breslau. Tomasz's defence of the rights of the Church involved him in bitter conflicts with Duke Bolesław II the Horned. Tomasz began the construction of the present cathedral, the chancel being the first part erected. St. Hedwig died during his episcopate; and he lived until the process of her canonization was completed, but died before the final solemnity of her elevation to the altars of the Catholic Church. After Tomasz I, Ladislaus, a grandson of Saint Hedwig, and Archbishop of Salzburg, was Administrator of the Diocese of Wrocław until his death in 1270.
He was followed by Tomasz II Zaremba (1270–92), who was involved for years in a violent dispute with Duke Henryk IV Probus as to the prerogatives of the Church in Silesia. In 1287 a reconciliation was effected between them at Regensburg, and in 1288 the duke founded the collegiate church of the Holy Cross at Wrocław. Before his death, on the Eve of St. John in 1290, the duke confirmed the rights of the Church to sovereignty over the territories of Nysa and Otmuchów. Tomasz II consecrated the high altar of the cathedral; he was present at the First Council of Lyon (1274) and in 1279 held a diocesan synod. Jan III Romka (1292–1301), belonged to the Polish party in the cathedral chapter. His maintenance of the prerogatives of the Church brought him, also, into conflict with the temporal rulers of Silesia; in 1296 he called a synod for the defence of these rights.
In the election of Henry of Wierzbna (1302–19), the German party in the cathedral chapter won, but this victory cost the new bishop the enmity of the opposing faction. He was made guardian of the youthful Dukes of Wrocław, and this appointment, together with the factional disputes, led to the bringing of grave accusations against him. The researches of more recent times have proved the groundlessness of these attacks. He was kept in Avignon a number of years by a suit before the Curia which was finally settled in his favour. Notwithstanding the troubles of his life he was energetic in the performance of his duties. He carried on the construction of the cathedral, and in 1305 and 1316 held diocesan synods. The office of Auxiliary Bishop of Wrocław dates from his episcopate. After his death a divided vote led to a vacancy of the see. The two candidates, Wit and Lutold, elected by the opposing factions, finally resigned, and Pope John XXII transferred Nanker of Kraków to Wrocław (1326–41).
Within Bohemia and the Habsburg Monarchy
The constant division and subdivision of Silesian territory into small principalities for the members of the ruling families resulted in a condition of weakness that resulted in dependence on a stronger neighbour, and parts of Silesia thus came under the control of Bohemia (first between 1289 and 1306; definitely from 1327 onwards), which itself was part of the Holy Roman Empire. A quarrel broke out between Bishop Nanker and the suzerain of Silesia, King John I of Bohemia, when the king seized the castle of Milicz which belonged to the cathedral chapter. The bishop excommunicated the king and those members of the Council of Wrocław who sided with him. On account of this he was obliged to flee from Breslau and take refuge in Nysa, where he died.
Przecław of Pogorzela (1341–1376) was elected bishop while pursuing his studies at Bologna, and was consecrated bishop at Avignon. Through his friendship with Charles, the son of King John, he was soon able to settle the discord that had arisen under his predecessor. The diocese prospered greatly under his rule. He bought the Duchy of Grodków from Duke Bolesław III the Generous and added it to the episcopal territory of Nysa. The Bishops of Wrocław had, therefore, after this the titles of Prince of Nysa and Duke of Grodków, and took precedence over the other Silesian rulers who held principalities in fief.
Emperor Charles IV wished to separate Wrocław from the Archdiocese of Gniezno and to make it a suffragan of the newly erected Archbishopric of Prague (1344) but the plan failed, owing to the opposition of the Archbishop of Gniezno. Przecław added to the cathedral the beautiful Lady Chapel, in which he was buried and where his tomb still exists. Dietrich, dean of the cathedral, who was elected as successor to Przecław, could not obtain the papal confirmation, and the Bishop of Olomouc, who was chosen in his place, soon died. After a long contest with Charles, Bishop Wenceslaus of Lebus, Duke of Legnica, was transferred to Wrocław (1382–1417). The new bishop devoted himself to repairing the damage inflicted on the Church in Silesia by the actions of Charles. He held two synods, in 1410 and 1415, with the object of securing a higher standard of ecclesiastical discipline; and he settled the right of inheritance in the territory under his dominion by promulgating the church decree called "Wenceslaus' law". Resigning his bishopric in 1417, Wenceslaus died in 1419.
The episcopate of Konrad IV the Older, Duke of Oleśnica, the next bishop (1417–47), was a trying time for Silesia during the Hussite wars. Konrad was placed at the head of the Silesian confederation formed to defend the country against hostile incursions. In 1435 the bishop issued a decree of which the chief intent was to close the prebends in the diocese of Wrocław to "foreigners", and thus prevent the Poles from obtaining these offices. The effort to shut out the Polish element and to loosen the connection with Gniezno was not a momentary one; it continued, and led gradually to a virtual separation from the Polish archdiocese some time before the formal separation took place. The troubles of the times brought the bishop and the diocese into serious pecuniary difficulties, and in 1444 Konrad resigned, but his resignation was not accepted and he resumed his office. In 1446 he held a diocesan synod and died in the following year.
Konrad's successor was the provost of the cathedral of Wrocław, Peter II Nowak (1447–56). By wise economy Bishop Peter succeeded in bringing the diocesan finances into a better condition and in redeeming the greater part of the church lands which his predecessor had been obliged to mortgage. At the diocesan synod of 1454 he endeavoured to suppress the abuses that had arisen in the diocese.
Jošt of Rožmberk (1456–67) was a Bohemian nobleman and Grand Prior of the Knights of St. John. His love of peace made his position a very difficult one during the fierce ecclesiastic-political contention that raged between the Hussite King of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady, and the people of Breslau, who had taken sides with the German party. Jodokus was followed by a bishop from the region of the Rhine, Rudolf of Rüdesheim (1468–82). As papal legate, Rudolf had become popular in Breslau through his energetic opposition to George of Podebrady; for this reason the cathedral chapter requested his transfer from the small Diocese of Lavant in Carinthia, after he had confirmed their privileges. From this time these privileges were called "the Rudolfian statutes". Under his leadership the party opposed to Podebrady obtained the victory, and Rudolf proceeded at once to repair the damage which had been occasioned to the Church during this strife; mortgaged church lands were redeemed; in 1473 and 1475 diocesan synods were held, at which the bishop took active measures in regard to church discipline.
As coadjutor, he had selected a Swabian, Johann IV Roth, Bishop of Lavant, a man of humanistic training. Urged by King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, to whom Silesia was then subject, the cathedral chapter, somewhat unwillingly, chose the coadjutor as bishop (1482–1506). His episcopate was marked by violent quarrels with the cathedral chapter. But at the same time he was a promoter of art and learning, and strict in his conception of church rights and duties. He endeavoured to improve the spiritual life of the diocese by holding a number of synods. Before he died the famous worker in bronze, Peter Vischer of Nuremberg, cast his monument, the most beautiful bishop's tomb in Silesia. His coadjutor with right of succession was John V Thurzó (1506–20), a member of the noble Hungarian family of Thurzó. John V took an active part in the intellectual life of the time and sought at the diocesan synods to promote learning and church discipline, and to improve the schools. On the ruins of the old stronghold of Javorník he built the Jánský Vrch castle, later the summer residence of the Prince-Bishop of Breslau.
The religious disturbances of the 16th century began to be conspicuously apparent during this episcopate, and soon after John's death Protestantism began to spread in Silesia, which belonged to the Habsburg monarchy since 1526. Princes, nobles, and town councils were zealous promoters of the new belief; even in the episcopal principality of Neisse (Nysa)-Grottkau (Grodków) Protestant doctrines found approval and acceptance. The successors of John V were partly responsible for this condition of affairs. Jacob von Salza (1520–39) was personally a stanch adherent of the Church; yet the gentleness of his disposition caused him to shrink from carrying on a war against the powerful religious movement that had arisen. To an even greater degree than Jacob von Salza his successor, Balthasar von Promnitz (1539–63), avoided coming into conflict with Protestantism. He was more friendly in his attitude to the new doctrine than any other Bishop of Breslau. Casper von Logau (1562–74) showed at first greater energy than his predecessor in endeavouring to compose the troubles of his distracted diocese, but later in his episcopate his attitude towards Lutheranism and his slackness in defending church rights gave great offence to those who had remained true to the Faith. These circumstances make the advance of Protestantism easy to understand. At the same time it must be remembered that the bishops, although also secular rulers, had a difficult position in regard to spiritual matters. At the assemblies of the nobles and at the meetings of the diet, the bishops and the deputies of the cathedral chapter were, as a rule, the only Catholics against a large and powerful majority on the side of Protestantism. The Habsburg suzerains, who lived far from Silesia (in Vienna or Prague), and who were constantly preoccupied by the danger of a Turkish invasion, were not in a position to enforce the edicts which they issued for the protection of the Church.
The Silesian clergy had in great measure lost their high concept of the priestly office, although there were honourable exceptions. Among those faithful were the majority of the canons of the cathedral of Breslau; they distinguished themselves not only by their learning, but also by their religious zeal. It was in the main due to them that the diocese did not fall into spiritual ruin. The chapter was the willing assistant of the bishops in the reform of the diocese. Martin of Gerstmann (1574–85) began the renovation of the diocese, and the special means by which he hoped to attain the desired end were: the founding of a seminary for clerics, visitations of the diocese, diocesan synods, and the introduction of the Jesuits.
His successor, Andreas von Jerin (1585–96), a Swabian who had educated at the German College at Rome, followed in his footsteps. At the diocesan synod of 1592 he endeavoured to improve church discipline. Besides his zeal in elevating the life of the Church, he was also a promoter of the arts and learning. The silver altar with which he adorned his cathedral still exists, and he brought the schools in the principality of Neisse into a flourishing condition. The bishop also rendered important services to the emperor, as legate at various times.
Bonaventura Hahn, elected in 1596 as the successor of Andreas von Jerin, was not recognized by the emperor and was obliged to resign his position. The candidate of the emperor, Paul Albert (1599–1600), occupied the see only one year. Johann VI (1600–8), a member of a noble family of Silesia named von Sitsch, took more severe measures than his predecessors against Protestantism, in the hope of checking it, especially in the episcopal principality of Neisse-Grottkau.
Bishop Charles (1608–24), an Archduke of Austria, had greater success than his predecessor after the first period of the Thirty Years' War had taken a turn favourable to Austria and the Catholic party. Charles wanted to move under protection of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, hoping to avoid participation in the war which was ravaging the Holy Roman Empire. As Charles's bishopric was nominally subordinated to the Polish Archbishopric of Gniezno, he asked the Archbishop of Gniezno for mediation in talks with King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland about protection and subordination of his bishopric. In May 1619, Prince Władysław (the future King Władysław IV Vasa), invited by his uncle Charles, left Warsaw and started a trip to Silesia. During talks with Władysław in mid-1619, the Habsburgs promised to agree to a temporary occupation of part of Silesia by Polish forces, which the unsuccessfully Vasas hoped would later allow the re-incorporation of those areas into Poland.
In July 1619 Czech Protestants rebelled against King Ferdinand II and offered the Bohemian crown to Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate. On 27 September 1619, probably on hearing the news, Władysław and Charles left Silesia in a hurry and on 7 October 1619 arrived in Warsaw. In December 1619, young Władysław's brother, Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole, was chosen by Charles as auxiliary bishop of Wrocław, which was confirmed by the Polish episcopate. The Battle of the White Mountain (1620) broke the revolt in Bohemian Crown (i.e. including the opposition of the Protestants of Silesia). The Bishopric of Breslau (Wrocław) returned to the rule of the Archbishopric of Gniezno in 1620, having before been practically independent. Bishop Charles began the restoration of the principality of Neisse (Nysa) to the Catholic faith. The work was completed by his successor, Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Poland (1625–55), who spent most of his time in his own country, but appointed excellent administrators for the diocese, such as the Coadjutor-Bishop Liesch von Hornau, and Archdeacon Gebauer. Imperial commissioners gave back to the Catholic Church those church buildings in the chief places of the principalities which had become the property of the sovereign through the extinction of vassal families. Until 1632 de facto rule was held in Warsaw by King Sigismund III and not by the bishop or archbishop.
According to the terms of the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, the remaining churches, 693 in number, of such territories were secularized in the years 1653, 1654, and 1668. This led to a complete reorganization of the diocese. The person who effected it was Sebastian of Rostock, a man of humble birth who was vicar-general and administrator of the diocese under the bishops Archduke Leopold Wilhelm (1656–62) and Archduke Charles Joseph (1663–64), neither of whom lived in the territory of Breslau. After Sebastian of Rostock became bishop (1664–71) he carried on the work of reorganization with still greater success than before.
Frederick of Hesse-Darmstadt, Cardinal and Grand Prior of the Order of St. John, was the next Bishop of Breslau (1671–82). The new bishop was of Protestant origin but had become a Catholic at Rome. Under his administration the rehabilitation of the diocese went on. He beautified the cathedral and elaborated its services. For the red cap and violet almutium of the canons he substituted the red mozzetta. He was buried in a beautiful chapel which he had added to the cathedral in honour of his ancestress, St. Elizabeth of Thuringia.
After his death the chapter presented Carl von Liechtenstein, Bishop of Olomouc, for confirmation. Their choice was opposed by the emperor, whose candidate was the Count Palatine Wolfgang of the ruling family of Pfalz-Neuburg. Count Wolfgang died, and his brother Francis Louis (1683–1732) was made bishop. The new ruler of the diocese was at the same time Bishop of Worms, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Provost of Ellwangen and Elector of Trier, and later was made Elector of Mainz. He separated the ecclesiastical administration and that of the civil tribunals, and obtained the definition, in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1699, of the extent of the jurisdiction of the vicariate-general and the consistory. In 1675, upon the death of the last reigning Piast duke, the Silesian Duchy of Legnica-Brzeg-Wołów lapsed to the emperor, and a new secularization of the churches begun. But when King Charles XII of Sweden secured for the Protestants the right to their former possessions in these territories, by the Treaty of Altranstädt, in 1707, the secularization came to an end, and the churches had to be returned. The Habsburg Emperor Joseph I endeavoured to repair the loss of these buildings to the Catholic faith by founding the so-called Josephine vicarships.
Within Prussia and the German Empire (main part) and the Bohemian Lands of Austria and Austria-Hungary (lesser part)
The next prince-bishop, Philip, Count von Sinzendorf, Cardinal and Bishop of Győr (1732–1747), owed his elevation to the favour of the emperor. During his episcopate, the greater part of the diocese was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the Silesian Wars. King Frederick II of Prussia desired to erect a "Catholic Vicariate" at Berlin, to be the highest spiritual authority for the Catholics of Prussia. This would have been in reality a separation from Rome, and the project failed through the opposition of the Holy See. Bishop Sinzendorf had neither the acuteness to perceive the inimical intent of the king's scheme, nor sufficient decision of character to withstand it. The king desired to secure a successor to Sinzendorf who would be under royal influence. In utter disregard of the principles of the Church, and heedless of the protests of the cathedral chapter, he presented Count Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch as coadjutor-bishop.
After the death of Cardinal Sinzendorf the king succeeded in the placement of Schaffgotsch as Bishop of Breslau (1748–95). Although the method of his elevation caused the new bishop to be regarded with suspicion by many strict Catholics, he was zealous in the fulfilment of his duties. During the Seven Years' War he fell into discredit with Frederick on account of his firm maintenance of the rights of the Church, and the return of peace did not fully restore him to favour. In 1766 he fled to the Austrian part of his diocese in order to avoid confinement in Oppeln (Opole), which the king had decreed against him. After this Frederick made it impossible for him to rule the Prussian part of his diocese, and until the death of the bishop this territory was ruled by vicars Apostolic.
The former coadjutor of von Schaffgotsch, Joseph Christian, Prince von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (1795–1817), succeeded him as bishop. During his episcopate the temporal power of the Bishops of Breslau came to an end through the secularization, in 1810, of the church estates in Prussian Silesia – only the estates in Austrian Silesia remained to the see. The cathedral foundation, eight collegiate foundations, and over eighty monasteries were suppressed, and their property confiscated. Only those monastic institutions which were occupied with teaching or nursing were allowed to exist.
Bishop Joseph Christian was succeeded by his coadjutor, Emmanuel von Schimonsky. The affairs of the Catholic Church in Prussia had been brought into order by the Bull "De salute animarum", issued in 1821. Under its provisions the cathedral chapter elected Schimonsky, who had been administrator of the diocese, as Prince-Bishop of Breslau (1824–1832).
The bull disentangled Breslau diocese from Gniezno ecclesiastical province and made Breslau an exempt bishopric. The bull also reconfined the Breslau diocesan area which from then on remained unchanged until 1922. Breslau diocese then included the bulk of the Catholic parishes in the Prussian Province of Silesia with the exception of Catholic parishes in the districts of Ratibor (Racibórz) and Leobschütz (Głubczyce), which until 1972 belonged to the Archdiocese of Olomouc, and Catholic parishes in the Prusso-Silesian County of Glatz (Kłodzko), which were subject to the Diocese of Hradec Králové within the Archdiocese of Prague until 1972. The Breslau Diocese included the Catholic parishes in the Duchy of Teschen and the Austrian part of the Principality of Neisse. The bull also assigned the Prussian-annexed parts of the Apostolic Prefecture of Meissen in Lower Lusatia (politically part of Prussian Brandenburg since 1815) and eastern Upper Lusatia (to Silesia province as of 1815) to Breslau diocese.
With the exception of the districts of Bütow (Bytów) and Lauenburg (Pommern) (Lębork), until 1922 both part of the Diocese of Culm/Chełmno, the rest of Brandenburg and Pomerania province were, since 1821, supervised by the Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania.
Schimonsky retained for himself and his successors the title of prince-bishop, although the episcopal rule in the Principality of Neisse had ended by its secularization. However, the rank of prince-bishop later included the ex officio membership in the Prussian House of Lords (since 1854) and in the Austrian House of Lords (since 1861).
Schimonsky combatted the rationalistic tendencies which were rife among his clergy in regard to celibacy and the use of Latin in the church services and ceremonies. During the episcopate of his predecessor the government had promulgated a law which was a source of much trouble to Schimonsky and his immediate successors; this was that in those places where Catholics were few in number, the parish should be declared extinct and the church buildings given to the newly founded Evangelical Church in Prussia. In spite of the protests of the episcopal authorities, over one hundred church buildings were lost in this way. King Frederick William III of Prussia put an end to this injustice, and sought to make good the injuries inflicted.
For several years after Schimonsky's death the see remained vacant. It was eventually filled by the election, through government influence, of Count Leopold von Sedlnitzky (1836–40). Prince-Bishop von Sedlnitzky was neither clear nor firm in his maintenance of the doctrines of the Church; on the question of mixed marriages, which had become one of great importance, he took an undecided position. At last, upon the demand of Pope Gregory XVI, he resigned his see in 1840. He went afterwards to Berlin, where he was made a privy-councillor, and where he became a Protestant in 1862. In 1871 he died in Berlin and was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Rankau (today's Ręków, a part of Sobótka).
The dean of the cathedral, Dr. Ritter, administered the diocese for several years until the election of Joseph Knauer (1843–44), earlier Grand Dean of the Silesian County of Glatz within the Diocese of Hradec Králové. The new prince-bishop, who was 79 years old, lived only a year after his appointment.
His successor was Melchior, Freiherr von Diepenbrock (1845–53). This episcopate was the beginning of a new religious and ecclesiastical life in the diocese. During the revolutionary period the prince-bishop not only maintained order in his see, which was in a state of ferment, but was also a supporter of the government. He received unusual honours from the king and was made a cardinal by the Pope. He died 20 January 1853, at the Johannisberg (Jánský Vrch) castle and was buried in the Breslau cathedral.
His successor, Heinrich Förster (1853–81), carried on his work and completed it. Prince-Bishop Förster gave generous aid to the founding of churches, monastic institutions, and schools. The strife that arose between the Church and the State brought his labours in the Prussian part of his diocese to an end. He was deposed by the State and was obliged to leave Breslau and retire to the Austrian Silesian castle of Johannisberg where he died, 20 October 1881; he was buried in the cathedral at Breslau.
Pope Leo XIII appointed as his successor in the disordered diocese Robert Herzog (1882–86), who had been Prince-Episcopal Delegate for Brandenburg and Pomerania and provost of St. Hedwig's in Berlin. Prince-Bishop Herzog made every endeavour to bring order out of the confusion into which the quarrel with the State during the immediately preceding years had thrown the affairs of the diocese. His episcopate was but of short duration; he died after a long illness, 26 December 1886.
The Holy See appointed as his successor a man who had done much to allay the strife between Church and State, the Bishop of Fulda, Georg Kopp. He was transferred from Fulda to Breslau and installed 20 October 1887; later created a cardinal (1893).
According to the census of 1 December 1905, the German part of Breslau diocesan area, including the prince-episcopal delegation, comprised 3,342,221 Catholics; 8,737,746 Protestants; and 204,749 Jews. It was the richest German diocese in revenues and offertories. There were actively employed in the diocese 1,632 secular and 121 regular, priests. The cathedral chapter included the two offices of provost and dean, and had 10 regular, and 6 honorary, canons.
The prince-bishopric was divided into 11 commissariates and 99 archipresbyterates, in which there were 992 cures of various kinds (parishes, curacies, and stations), with 935 parish churches and 633 dependent and mother-churches. Besides the theological faculty of the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Breslau, the diocese possessed, as episcopal institutions for the training of the clergy, 5 preparatory seminaries for boys, 1 home (recently much enlarged) for theological students attending the university, and 1 seminary for priests in Breslau. The statistics of the houses of the religious orders in the dioceses were as follows:
Benedictines, 1 house
Dominicans, 1
Franciscans, 8
Jesuits, 3
Piarists, 1
Brothers of Mercy, 8
Order of St. Camillus of Lellis, 1
Redemptorists, 1
Congregation of the Society of the Divine Word, 1
Alexian Brothers, 1
Poor Brothers of St. Francis, 2
Sisters of St. Elizabeth, 6
Magdalen Sisters, 1
Ursulines, 6
Sisters of the Good Shepherd, 4
Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo, (a) from the mother-house at Trebnitz, 181, (b) from the mother-house at Trier, 5
Servants of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, 2
Sisters of Poor Handmaids of Christ, 3
Sister-Servants of Mary, 27
German Dominican Sisters of St. Catharine of Siena, 11
Sisters of St. Francis, 9
Grey Sisters of St. Elizabeth, 169
Sisters of St. Hedwig, 9
Sisters of Mary, 27
Poor School-Sisters of Notre Dame, 15
Vincentian Sisters, 7
Sisters of the Holy Cross, 1
Sisters of St. Joseph, 1
In the above-mentioned monastic houses for men there were 512 religious; in those for women, 5,208 religious.
Within the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, Czechoslovakia and the Second Polish Republic
After World War I, the Poles and Czechs regained independence, and the Duchy of Teschen, until 1918 politically an Austro-Bohemian fief and ecclesiastically a part of the Breslau diocese, was politically divided into a Czechoslovakian western and a Polish eastern part (Cieszyn/Těšín Silesia), even dividing its capital into Czech Těšín and Polish Cieszyn. However, the ecclesiastical affiliation remained unchanged, the Breslau diocese, a cross-border bilateral bishopric since 1742 between – at last – Germany and Austro-Hungary, thus turned into a trilateral Czechoslovakian-German-Polish bishopric. Since 1770 the prince-bishop had appointed separate vicars general for the Bohemian (or Austrian, since 1918 partially Czechoslovakian and Polish, resp.) part of the diocese. Also the Dioceses of Hradec Králové and of Olomouc comprised cross-border diocesan territories in Czechoslovakian Bohemia and smaller parts in German Silesia (Hradec Kr. diocese: Bad Altheide, Glatz, Habelschwerdt and Neurode; Olomouc archdiocese: Branitz, Katscher, Leobschütz and Owschütz). So also the Roman Catholic parishes in Czechoslovakian Těšín Silesia remained part of Breslau diocese.
Following the German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia, signed in Geneva on 15 May 1922, also eastern Upper Silesia was transferred from Weimar Germany to the Second Polish Republic on 20 June the same year and formed together with the Polish Cieszyn Silesia part of the new Polish Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. On 7 November 1922 the Holy See disentangled the Catholic parishes in the new voivodeship from the Breslau diocese and subordinated them to an Apostolic Administrator on 17 December the same year. On 28 October 1925 Pope Pius XI elevated that apostolic administration to the new diocese of Katowice with Bishop August Hlond, then a suffragan of Kraków, by the papal Bull Vixdum Poloniae Unitas.
According to the Prussian Concordat of 1929 the prior exempt Bishopric of Breslau was elevated to the rank of archdiocese in 1930 and was henceforth known as the Archbishopric of Breslau, then supervising the Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province comprising Breslau proper and three suffragans, to wit the new diocese of Berlin, comprising the former Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania, the formerly exempt Diocese of Ermland (Warmia), and the new Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl (Piła).
Within Poland (main part), Czechoslovakia and East Germany (lesser parts)
After World War II, the city of Breslau became again part of Poland under its historic Polish name Wrocław. On 21 June 1945, the Archbishop, Cardinal Adolf Bertram, while staying in the episcopal castle of Jánský Vrch in Czechoslovak Javorník, appointed František Onderek (1888–1962) as vicar general for the Czechoslovak part of the archdiocese. Bertram died on 6 July 1945 in Jánský Vrch castle in Czechoslovakia, supposedly due to the Polish demands upon him (an ethnic German, who, however, had pleaded for German-Polish reconciliation during the time of Piłsudski's rule). Expelled, deported, German ex-Silesians from West Germany have since ca. 1946 entertained claims that Bertram was actually killed or brought near to death by Polish "imperialists" inside the Catholic Church of Poland.
On 16 July 1945 the archdiocesan chapter, still comprising nine members, elected the Polish-speaking Ferdinand Piontek as capitular vicar, whom the Gestapo had banned from Breslau in early February 1945. On his return to the town he was sworn in by the chapter on 23 July. On 12 August 1945 Cardinal August Hlond appeared and demanded Piontek to resign from his office for the archdiocesan territory east of the Oder-Neisse line, claiming to act on the authority of papal mandates, however, only applying to the pre-war territory of Poland.
So Piontek – not knowing of the restricted mandate – resigned for the Polish-held parts of the Archdiocese, but not for the remaining parts in Czechoslovakia and Allied occupied Germany. Hlond divided the Polish-held area of the ecclesiastical province into four apostolic administrations of Gorzów Wielkopolski, Olsztyn, Opole, and Wrocław proper and appointed a diocesan administrator for each of them on 15 August, with effect of 1 September. Capitular Vicar Piontek confirmed Onderek on 18 August 1945 as vicar general for the Czechoslovakian part of the archdiocese. Piontek was asked to help Karol Milik, the new administrator in Wrocław, and stayed. He could also take care of the Catholic clergy and laymen of German language, who were in the course of expulsion in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement by the Soviet-installed communist authorities.
Pope Pius XII did not recognise Hlond's overbearances. In order to strengthen Piontek's position Pius XII granted him the rights of a residing bishop on 28 February 1946. However, on 9 July the Polish authorities expelled Piontek and he was stranded in Peine, then British zone of occupation. On 31 July Pius XII confirmed Onderek's appointment and advanced him to Apostolic Administrator of the Czechoslovak part of the Archdiocese of Breslau (), seated in Český Těšín, thus definitely divesting it from Breslau's jurisdiction. The East German Ecclesiastical Province of Breslau remained in existence de jure; however, de facto this only applied to the archdiocesan territory in the Allied Occupation Zones in the remainder of German post-war territories. This also included big parts of the suffragan diocese of Berlin, except for its areas east of the Oder-Neisse line. However, the territory of the other suffragans and the Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl/Piła had come under Polish or Soviet rule.
In 1947 Piontek returned to the archdiocesan territory west of the Oder-Neisse line (then part of Soviet occupation zone) and officiated as capitular vicar at the local branch of the archdiocesan ordinariate in Silesian Görlitz, built up since October 1945. Despite the anticlerical Soviet policy he managed to build up a new seminary in Neuzelle in 1948, after the old seminary in Poland was inaccessible for candidates from west of the new border. In 1953 Pius XII invested Piontek with the right to bear a crosier and bestow episcopal blessings. On 23 May 1959 Piontek became titular bishop of Barca.
The Holy See refused to acknowledge Polish Catholic Church claims, however, and only appointed auxiliary bishops to the Archdiocese of Kraków in order to serve the Poles, who remained in Silesia and those who settled in the region. Legally the archdiocese was still considered part of the German Fulda Conference of Catholic Bishops inside Germany of the borders of 31 December 1937. In 1951, the Holy See appointed Teodor Bensch (1903–1958), titular bishop of Tabuda, as auxiliary bishop of Breslau, also responsible for the Polish part of the diocese of Berlin.
Within Poland since 1972
On 28 June 1972, however, – in response to West Germany's change in Ostpolitik – Pope Paul VI redrew the archdiocesan boundary along the post-war borders. The Apostolic constitution Vratislaviensis – Berolinensis et aliarum disentangled the East German archdiocesan territory (becoming the exempt new Apostolic Administration of Görlitz), the diocesan district of Gorzów Wielkopolski (becoming the new Diocese of Gorzów) and that of Opole (becoming the new Diocese of Opole). The suffragans Berlin, Piła, and Warmia were also disentangled: the former – belittled to the German territory – becoming exempt; Piła dissolved and allocated between the new dioceses of Gorzów and Koszalin-Kołobrzeg; the Warmia changing as suffragan into the Archdiocese of Warsaw.
The remaining archdiocesan territory, enlarged by the County of Kłodzko area (with Bystrzyca Kłodzka, Kłodzko, Nowa Ruda, and Polanica-Zdrój, heretofore part of Hradec Králové diocese), became the new Archdiocese of Wrocław and a member of the Polish Episcopal Conference. So Rev. Bolesław Kominek was appointed to the archiepiscopal see, becoming its first Polish bishop since Prince-Bishop Leopold Graf Sedlnitzky Choltitz von Odrowąż, a Polish-Austrian nobleman, who had resigned from the see in 1840. In 1978 the Apostolic Administration of the Czech Silesian archdiocesan area was incorporated into the Archdiocese of Olomouc. Since 1996 the area of the former Apostolic Administration forms the bulk of the new Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava, a suffragan of Olomouc.
The expelled German priests and German Silesian faithful from the now Polish part of the original Archdiocese of Breslau were granted the privilege of an apostolic visitator, given all diocesan jurisdiction required, by Pope Paul VI in 1972, in order to serve the Catholic Heimatvertriebene from Silesia, in West Germany, their new home. The first apostolic visitator was monsignor Hubert Thienel, the present and second visitator is monsignor Winfried König.
On November 6, 2020, The Holy See's nuncio to Poland announced that following a Vatican investigation regarding sex abuse allegations, prominent Cardinal Henryk Gulbinowicz, the former Archbishop of Wroclaw whose support of the trade union Solidarity played a critical role in the collapse of communism in Poland, was now "barred from any kind of celebration or public meeting and from using his episcopal insignia, and is deprived of the right to a cathedral funeral and burial." Gulbinowicz was also ordered to pay an "appropriate sum" to his alleged victims. On November 16, 2020, 10 days after the Vatican action, Gulbinowicz died, but, as a result of the Vatican disciplinary action, could not have a funeral in Wroclaw's Cathedral of St. John the Baptist or be buried in the cathedral.
Suffragan dioceses
Present suffragans
Diocese of Legnica (since 1992)
Diocese of Świdnica (since 2004)
Former suffragans within Wrocław ecclesiastical province
Diocese of Gorzów (1972–1992)
Diocese of Opole (1972–1992)
Former suffragans within the Eastern German ecclesiastical province
In 1930 the see was elevated to the rank of archdiocese and three suffragans were subordinated to its jurisdiction, forming together with Breslau's own territory the Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province.
Diocese of Berlin (1930–1972)
Diocese of Ermland/Warmia (1930–1972)
Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl/Piła (1930–1972)
See also
List of bishops of Wrocław
Notes
External links
Archdiocese website
Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Christianity in Wrocław
Wroclaw
10th-century establishments in Poland
1000 establishments in Europe
Wroclaw
Religious organizations established in the 1000s |
In mathematics, the Bell triangle is a triangle of numbers analogous to Pascal's triangle, whose values count partitions of a set in which a given element is the largest singleton. It is named for its close connection to the Bell numbers, which may be found on both sides of the triangle, and which are in turn named after Eric Temple Bell. The Bell triangle has been discovered independently by multiple authors, beginning with and including also and , and for that reason has also been called Aitken's array or the Peirce triangle.
Values
Different sources give the same triangle in different orientations, some flipped from each other. In a format similar to that of Pascal's triangle, and in the order listed in the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, its first few rows are:
1
1 2
2 3 5
5 7 10 15
15 20 27 37 52
52 67 87 114 151 203
203 255 322 409 523 674 877
Construction
The Bell triangle may be constructed by placing the number 1 in its first position. After that placement, the leftmost value in each row of the triangle is filled by copying the rightmost value in the previous row. The remaining positions in each row are filled by a rule very similar to that for Pascal's triangle: they are the sum of the two values to the left and upper left of the position.
Thus, after the initial placement of the number 1 in the top row, it is the last position in its row and is copied to the leftmost position in the next row. The third value in the triangle, 2, is the sum of the two previous values above-left and left of it. As the last value in its row, the 2 is copied into the third row, and the process continues in the same way.
Combinatorial interpretation
The Bell numbers themselves, on the left and right sides of the triangle, count the number of ways of partitioning a finite set into subsets, or equivalently the number of equivalence relations on the set.
provide the following combinatorial interpretation of each value in the triangle. Following Sun and Wu, let An,k denote the value that is k positions from the left in the nth row of the triangle, with the top of the triangle numbered as A1,1. Then An,k counts the number of partitions of the set {1, 2, ..., n + 1} in which the element k + 1 is the only element of its set and each higher-numbered element is in a set of more than one element. That is, k + 1 must be the largest singleton of the partition.
For instance, the number 3 in the middle of the third row of the triangle would be labeled, in their notation, as A3,2, and counts the number of partitions of {1, 2, 3, 4} in which 3 is the largest singleton element. There are three such partitions:
{1}, {2, 4}, {3}
{1, 4}, {2}, {3}
{1, 2, 4}, {3}.
The remaining partitions of these four elements either do not have 3 in a set by itself, or they have a larger singleton set {4}, and in either case are not counted in A3,2.
In the same notation, augment the triangle with another diagonal to the left of its other values, of the numbers
An,0 = 1, 0, 1, 1, 4, 11, 41, 162, ...
counting partitions of the same set of n + 1 items in which only the first item is a singleton. Their augmented triangle is
1
0 1
1 1 2
1 2 3 5
4 5 7 10 15
11 15 20 27 37 52
41 52 67 87 114 151 203
162 203 255 322 409 523 674 877
This triangle may be constructed similarly to the original version of Bell's triangle, but with a different rule for starting each row: the leftmost value in each row is the difference of the rightmost and leftmost values of the previous row.
An alternative but more technical interpretation of the numbers in the same augmented triangle is given by .
Diagonals and row sums
The leftmost and rightmost diagonals of the Bell triangle both contain the sequence 1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, ... of the Bell numbers (with the initial element missing in the case of the rightmost diagonal). The next diagonal parallel to the rightmost diagonal gives the sequence of differences of two consecutive Bell numbers, 1, 3, 10, 37, ..., and each subsequent parallel diagonal gives the sequence of differences of previous diagonals.
In this way, as observed, this triangle can be interpreted as implementing the Gregory–Newton interpolation formula, which finds the coefficients of a polynomial from the sequence of its values at consecutive integers by using successive differences. This formula closely resembles a recurrence relation that can be used to define the Bell numbers.
The sums of each row of the triangle, 1, 3, 10, 37, ..., are the same sequence of first differences appearing in the second-from-right diagonal of the triangle. The nth number in this sequence also counts the number of partitions of n elements into subsets, where one of the subsets is distinguished from the others; for instance, there are 10 ways of partitioning three items into subsets and then choosing one of the subsets.
Related constructions
A different triangle of numbers, with the Bell numbers on only one side, and with each number determined as a weighted sum of nearby numbers in the previous row, was described by .
Notes
References
.
.
.
. Reprinted with an addendum as "The Tinkly Temple Bells", Chapter 2 of Fractal Music, Hypercards, and more ... Mathematical Recreations from Scientific American, W. H. Freeman, 1992, pp. 24–38.
. The triangle is on p. 48.
.
.
.
External links
Triangles of numbers
Charles Sanders Peirce |
Joseph Lindley Scales, (25 July 1895 – 29 July 1967) was an Australian soldier and Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Born in Mitta Mitta, Victoria, Scales joined the Australian Imperial Force on 1 February 1915 for service in the First World War. He was awarded the Military Medal for leading a daylight patrol and gathering valuable intelligence at Bapaume in March 1917 and was commissioned a second lieutenant the following month. At Poelcappelle in October, he led a platoon with "conspicuous gallantry" and singlehandedly cleared a German machine-gun post, for which he was recommended for the Victoria Cross. He was instead awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Scales was subsequently Mentioned in Despatches and, with the war over, returned to Australia in July 1919 and soon after relinquished his commission. He returned to service in the Second World War, rising to the rank of captain while posted to Headquarters, Australian Military Forces.
Notes
External links
1895 births
1967 deaths
Australian Army officers
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian military personnel of World War II
Australian recipients of the Military Medal
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Fitzroy Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Military personnel from Victoria (state) |
Zulu (stylized in all caps) is an American hardcore punk band formed in Los Angeles in 2019. Beginning as a solo project by multi–instrumentalist and principal vocalist Anaiah Lei, the band grew to also include Dez Yusuf (guitar), Braxton Marcellous (guitar) and Satchel Brown (bass). Zulu has released two EPs in addition to their 2023 debut album A New Tomorrow. In a 2023 article, Metal Hammer described them as the year's "most vital hardcore band".
History
Zulu was founded by Anaiah Lei in 2019. Lei became aware of heavy music because of his father, who was involved in the Los Angeles hardcore scene in the 1970s and 1980s, and introduced him to groups like T.S.O.L. and the Adolescents. At the age of five, he had begun to learn guitar. However, he soon discovered he preferred drums. He and his older brother Mikaiah formed garage punk band the Bots in 2007, in 2016 Lei began drumming in straight edge hardcore band Dare and in 2018 he began playing in rock band Culture Abuse. Zulu began as a solo project in 2019 due to Lei wishing to pursue vocals in an all black hardcore band however being unable to find anyone to form one with. Lei originally intended for the band's music to be sporadic and atypical powerviolence. Zulu's debut EP Our Day Will Come was released on October 18, 2019, on Bandcamp. The band played their first live performance in summer 2020, with Lei now accompanied by Christine Cadette (drums), Dez Yusuf (guitar), Braxton Marcellous (guitar) and Satchel Brown (bass). Zulu's second EP My People... Hold On was released on September 2, 2020.
On November 30, 2022, they announced the release of their debut album A New Tomorrow, and issued its lead single "Fakin' tha Funk (You Get Did)". On January 11, 2023, the album's second single "Where I'm From" was released, which featured Pierce Jordan of Soul Glo and Obioma Ugonna of Playytime. The single was accompanied by a music video which featured a cameo by Eric André. On June 14, 2023, they released a double single featuring a cover of "Wait and Bleed" by Slipknot, and a reworked version of their jazz-funk instrumental track "Shine Eternally" which features King Isis on vocals. Beginning on June 15, 2023, the band toured Europe alongside Speed. On 12 September, the band revealed in an Los Angeles Times interview that Cadette had departed.
Musical style
The band's music has been categorised by critics as powerviolence, metallic hardcore and hardcore punk, incorporating elements of beatdown hardcore, rhythm and blues, hip hop, reggae, dub, spoken word, slam metal, death metal, retro soul, jazz-rap and funk music. Their music is based around contrasting the extreme elements of hardcore with samples and passages from black music styles like soul, jazz and reggae. Treblezine writer Tom Morgan stated their sound is based in the sound of late-1990s hardcore bands like Disembodied, as well as that of death metal and powerviolence, upon which elements of hip hop, jazz and indigenous African music are incorporated.
Zulu's lyrics discuss progressive politics, particularly black pride. On Our Day Will Come, they sample speeches by both Nina Simone and Malcolm X, and on A New Tomorrow, the track "Créme de Cassis" is an interlude featuring black poet Alesia Miller, and the album's concluding lyrics are interpolated from Bob Marley's "Small Axe". Kerrang! writer Sam Law stated that "their music marks the intersection where the current hardcore movement and the energy of Black Lives Matter thrillingly meet." In particular, the band have discussed topics including racism, disenfranchisement, racial injustice and police brutality. The band's lyrics are also informed by the gang violence in Los Angeles, Lei's Rastafari faith as a youth and his current Islamic faith. Stereogum writer Tom Breihan stated that their lyrics can "be angry and defiant, but it can also be celebratory."
Revolver writer Eli Enis called them "one of the heaviest bands in contemporary hardcore", and the New York Times writer Hank Shteamer stated their music is "a visionary fusion of cathartic heaviness, hip-hop flow and artfully interwoven samples from classic R&B and reggae." Metal Hammer writer Stephen Hill stated their music is "the classic sound of punk rock, hardcore and powerviolence reimagined and rebred with both the liquid grooves and righteous protest polemic of the golden era of funk and soul."
Members
Current
Anaiah Lei – vocals, guitar, bass, drums (2019–present)
Dez Yusuf – guitar (2020–present)
Braxton Marcellous – guitar (2020–present)
Satchel Brown – bass (2020–present)
Former
Christine Cadette – drums, vocals (2020–2023)
Discography
Albums
A New Tomorrow (2023)
EPs
Our Day Will Come (2019)
My People... Hold On (2020)
Singles
"Fakin' Tha Funk (You Get Did)" (2022)
"Where I'm From" (2023)
"Wait and Bleed"/"Shine Eternally" (2023)
References
2019 establishments in California
African-American heavy metal musical groups
African-American punk rock musical groups
Hardcore punk groups from California
Musical groups established in 2019
Metalcore musical groups from California
Powerviolence groups |
"The Ride" is a 1994 song by Swedish band Basic Element, featuring new singer Saunet Sparell and released as the first single from their second album, The Ultimate Ride (1995). It was very successful in Scandinavia, peaking at number two in both Sweden and Finland, and number five in Denmark. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached a respectable number 20. A music video was produced to promote the single, featuring Sparell as a villain that has kidnapped the guys of the band and is transporting them to somewhere on a speedboat.
Single track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1994 songs
1994 singles
English-language Swedish songs
EMI Records singles
Eurodance songs
Songs written by Stefan Andersson (singer) |
Leptosiaphos graueri, also known commonly as the Rwanda five-toed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Africa.
Etymology
The specific name, graueri, is in honor of Rudolf Grauer, who was an Austrian zoologist and explorer.
Geographic range
L. graueri is found in Burundi, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda.
Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of L. graueri is forest at altitudes up to .
Behavior
L. graueri is diurnal and fossorial.
Diet
L. graueri preys upon insects.
Reproduction
L. graueri is oviparous. Clutch size is two eggs.
References
Further reading
Loveridge A (1936). "African Reptiles and Amphibians in the Field Museum of Natural History" Zoological Series, Field Museum of Natural History 22 (1): 1–111. (Siaphos graueri, new combination, pp. 71–72).
Mittleman MB (1952). "A Generic Synopsis of the Lizards of the Subfamily Lygosominae". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (17): 1–35. (Leptosiaphos graueri, new combination, p. 25).
Spawls S, Howell K, Hinkel H, Menegon M (2018). Field Guide to East African Reptiles, Second Edition. London: Bloomsbury Natural History. 624 pp. . (Leptosiaphos graueri, p. 159).
Sternfeld R (1912). "Reptilia ". pp. 197–279. In: Schubotz H (editor) (1912). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1907–1908, unter Führung Adolf Friedrichs zu Mecklenburg. Band IV [Volume 4]. Zoologie II. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann. 405 pp. + Plates I–XI. (Lygosoma graueri, new species, pp. 240–241, Figure 3 + Plate VI, figure 5). (in German).
Leptosiaphos
Reptiles described in 1912
Taxa named by Richard Sternfeld |
George Frost (16 October 1848 – 12 February 1913) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1872 and 1880.
Frost was born in Wirksworth, the son of George Frost, a farmer/builder, and his wife Mary. He became a joiner and played cricket for Wirksworth - taking part in matches against All England XI in 1866, 1868 and 1870
Frost played his first match for Derbyshire in the 1872 season, against Lancashire which Derbyshire lost. This was also the second game for Joseph Flint who had played together with the Frosts at Wirksworth Cricket Club. Frost next played for Derbyshire in the 1874 season. In a win against Kent, he played alongside his brother John Frost who was making his single Derbyshire appearance, for a 41-run second-wicket partnership. Frost was top scorer for Derbyshire in 1874 in a season of three out of four wins. He played regularly in the 1875 season. Frost scored one half-century for the Derbyshire team, against Hampshire in the 1876 season. He played for two further seasons in 1877 and 1878 season and then in five games in the 1880 season. Frost was a right-handed batsman and played 67 innings in 37 first-class games, with a top score of 52 and an average of 12.23.
Frost died in Wirksworth at the age of 64.
Frost's brother John, 21 months his senior, played one first-class match for Derbyshire.
References
1848 births
1913 deaths
Derbyshire cricketers
English cricketers
People from Wirksworth
Cricketers from Derbyshire |
Douglas Kelly or Doug Kelly may refer to:
Douglas Tynwald Kelly (1920–2006), Canadian politician
Douglas F. Kelly, American theologian
Doug Kelly (footballer) (born 1934), English professional footballer
Doug Kelly (journalist), Canadian journalist
See also
Douglas Kelley (disambiguation) |
Gas Guzzlers Extreme is a combat racing game, released on October 8, 2013 for Microsoft Windows. The game uses the PranaEngine, developed by Gamepires. The purpose of the game is to dominate the tracks by racing and/or shooting opponents. The game offers a total of 7 race types such as Classic Race, Power Race, Battle Race, Knockout, Capture The Flag, (Team) Deathmatch, and Last Man Standing. Gas Guzzlers Extreme includes 18 different vehicles and 12 weapons that can be used in 40 tracks and 8 different arenas.
Gameplay
Players start out with low performance vehicles and soon work their way up to high-performance models, by earning money in a series of hi-octane races and arena battles. New game modes, tracks and vehicles are unlocked as players progress through the game. Along with developing their driving and fighting skills, players can spend their hard-fought cash, customizing their vehicle to match their clan members or pimping their ride for the road to glory.
Combat racing at its best, featuring a blood pumping single player campaign with over 12 hours of gameplay
Multi-path tracks and sponsored events.
Instant play with vicious AI Bots populating your multiplayer match while other players begin to join in on the fun
Beautifully displayed high definition visuals with extensive vehicle damage, motion blur effects and custom paint jobs
Packed with tons of unique humor and personality
Full integration with Steam – Single-player, multi-player, achievements, leaderboards, Steam Cloud, stats, Valve Anti-Cheat, full controller support (with the Xbox 360 controller) and Steam Trading Cards
Gas Guzzlers Extreme: Full Metal Frenzy DLC
Domination Derby: A Destruction Derby with flags. Keep your flag and try to score points, the player with most points wins.
References
External links
Official website
2013 video games
Gamepires games
Iceberg Interactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 4 games
Vehicular combat games
Video games about death games
Video games developed in Croatia
Video games set in Croatia
Windows games
Xbox One games |
```sqlpl
update ACT_GE_PROPERTY set VALUE_ = '6.5.1.2' where NAME_ = 'common.schema.version';
alter table ACT_RU_JOB add column CATEGORY_ varchar(255);
alter table ACT_RU_TIMER_JOB add column CATEGORY_ varchar(255);
alter table ACT_RU_SUSPENDED_JOB add column CATEGORY_ varchar(255);
alter table ACT_RU_DEADLETTER_JOB add column CATEGORY_ varchar(255);
``` |
Rissoa is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Rissoidae.
The genus was first introduced by M. de Freminville for some small shells observed by M. Antoine Risso, a distinguished naturalist of Nice, France. They were described by M. Demarest in 1814 in the "New Bulletin of the Philomatic Society".
Description
The soft body of the snail is elongated and spiral. The somewhat prolonged mouth has a proboscis. The tentacles are awl-shaped with the eyes on a small prominence near the base. The foot is oval or elliptical. The species is phytophagous.
The conical shell has an elongated spire with its apex nipple-shaped. The size of the shell varies between 1 mm and 8 mm. The whorls are generally convex-shaped with a distinct suture. The aperture is ovate, roundish or pear-shaped with its anterior end rounded, the posterior end acute and with the peristome complete. The thin and horny operculum is spirally marked and equally ovate, roundish or pear-shaped.
Habitat
This species can be found on brown algae (genus Fucus), in clefts of rocks, on stones, on mud or sand. Most will be found on sandy beaches along the line of the last tide.
Species
Species within the genus Rissoa include:
Rissoa aartseni Verduin, 1985
Rissoa acerosa Seguenza, 1903
Rissoa acutata Schauroth, 1857 †
Rissoa acuticosta (Sacco, 1895) † (Homonymy junior secondary homonym of R. acuticosta Von Koenen, 1892, which seems to be a true Rissoa)
Rissoa acuticosta Von Koenen, 1892 †
Rissoa adela d'Orbigny, 1852 †
Rissoa aethiopica Thiele, 1925
Rissoa albugo Watson, 1873
† Rissoa alienocurta Lozouet, 1998
Rissoa alleryi (Nordsieck, 1972)
Rissoa alpina Gümbel, 1861 †
Rissoa angusticostata Sandberger, 1860 †
Rissoa angustior (Monterosato, 1917) (taxon inquirendum)
Rissoa anomala Eichwald, 1830 †
Rissoa arata Philippi, 1849
Rissoa athymorhyssa Dall, 1892 †
Rissoa auriculata Seguenza, 1903
Rissoa auriformis Pallary, 1904
Rissoa auriscalpium (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rissoa australis G. B. Sowerby II, 1877
Rissoa baldacconii Cantraine, 1842 †
Rissoa balliae W. Thompson, 1840
Rissoa banatica Jekelius, 1944 †
Rissoa basisulcata Etheridge & Bell in Bell, 1898 †
Rissoa becki W. H. Turton, 1933
Rissoa bissulca Buvignier, 1843 †
Rissoa boytonensis Harmer, 1925 †
Rissoa buccinalis (Lamarck, 1804) †
Rissoa callistrophia Dall, 1892 †
Rissoa candidata W. H. Turton, 1932
Rissoa certa Svagrovský, 1971 †
Rissoa clotho Hörnes, 1856 †
Rissoa conica L. Périer, 1867
Rissoa conuloidea Etheridge & Bell in Bell, 1893 †
Rissoa cooperi Tryon, 1865
Rissoa costeiensis Kowalke & Harzhauser, 2004 †
Rissoa costellata Grateloup, 1838 †
Rissoa crefeldensis Wiechmann, 1874 †
Rissoa crux Eichwald, 1853 †
Rissoa cureti Cossmann, 1918 †
Rissoa curta Dall, 1927: (taxon inquirendum, non Dujardin, 1837)
Rissoa curticostata S. V. Wood, 1848 †
Rissoa cylindrella Odhner, 1924
Rissoa decipiens Deshayes, 1861 †
Rissoa decorata Philippi, 1846
Rissoa decorticata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 †
Rissoa degrangei (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1919) †
Rissoa densecosta Etheridge & Bell in Bell, 1893 †
Rissoa dilemma O. Boettger, 1907 †
Rissoa dissimilis Harmer, 1920 †
Rissoa dobrogica Necrasov, 1936
Rissoa duboisii Nyst, 1845 †
Rissoa dupiniana d'Orbigny, 1842 †
Rissoa electrae Manousis, 2019
Rissoa elegantula Piette, 1857 †
Rissoa epulata Pilsbry & C. W. Johnson, 1917 †
Rissoa eurydictium Cossmann, 1888 †
Rissoa euxinica Milaschevich, 1909
Rissoa exigua Eichwald, 1830 †
Rissoa flexuosa Von Koenen, 1892 †
Rissoa fragilis (Lamarck, 1804) †
Rissoa fraterna Wiechmann, 1874 †
Rissoa frauenfeldiana Brusina, 1868
Rissoa gemmula Fischer P. in de Folin, 1869
Rissoa geraea Dall, 1892 †
Rissoa gibsoni T. Brown, 1841 †
Rissoa glabrata G. B. Sowerby II, 1859
Rissoa goepperti Schauroth, 1857 †
Rissoa gomerica (Nordsieck & Talavera, 1979)
Rissoa gracilicosta Etheridge & Bell in Bell, 1893 †
Rissoa granulum Philippi, 1844 (taxon inquirendum)
Rissoa guerinii Récluz, 1843
Rissoa guernei Dautzenberg, 1889
Rissoa harmeri Faber, 2018 †
Rissoa hebes O. Boettger, 1907 †
Rissoa hidasensis Csepreghy-Meznerics, 1950 †
Rissoa houdasi Cossmann, 1907
Rissoa ilca Thiele, 1925
Rissoa inchoata Deshayes, 1861 †
Rissoa incompta A. A. Gould, 1862
Rissoa incrassata J. Müller, 1851 †
Rissoa inflexicosta (Cossmann, 1921) †
Rissoa infrastriolata Thiele, 1925
Rissoa innocens W. H. Turton, 1932
Rissoa intermedia Grateloup, 1838 †
Rissoa intusstriata Etheridge & Bell in Bell, 1893 †
Rissoa irritans Thiele, 1925
Rissoa italiensis Verduin, 1985
Rissoa janusi (Nordsieck, 1972)
Rissoa jurensis Etallon, 1862 †
Rissoa karsteni R. Janssen, 1978 †
Rissoa latior (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1844)
Rissoa leighi T. Brown, 1841 †
Rissoa lia (Monterosato, 1884)
Rissoa lilacina Récluz, 1843
Rissoa lipeus Dall, 1892 †
Rissoa lusoria Yokoyama, 1926 †
Rissoa macra R. B. Watson, 1886
Rissoa maya Yokoyama, 1926 †
Rissoa membranacea (Adams J., 1800)
Rissoa microcharia Dall, 1892 †
Rissoa mirabilis Manzoni, 1868
Rissoa misera Deshayes, 1861 †
Rissoa mitreola Eichwald, 1853 †
Rissoa modesta (H. C. Lea, 1845)
Rissoa monodonta Philippi, 1836
Rissoa moreana Buvignier, 1852 †
Rissoa mosensis Buvignier, 1852 †
Rissoa mucronata Svagrovský, 1971 †
Rissoa multicincta (Smriglio & Mariottini, 1995)
Rissoa multicostata (Nordsieck & Talavera, 1979)
Rissoa munieri Szöts, 1953 †
Rissoa nina Nordsieck, 1972 (nomen dubium)
Rissoa obeliscoides Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 †
Rissoa obeliscus May, 1915
Rissoa obtusa T. Brown, 1841 †
Rissoa olangoensis Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
Rissoa oldhamiana Stoliczka, 1867 †
Rissoa ovulum Philippi, 1844 †
Rissoa pachia R. B. Watson, 1886
Rissoa panhormensis Verduin, 1985
Rissoa papuana Tapparone Canefri, 1877
Rissoa paradoxa (Monterosato, 1884)
Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Rissoa patens A. A. Gould, 1862
Rissoa paupera Thiele, 1925
Rissoa peregra Thiele, 1925
Rissoa perforata Thiele, 1925
Rissoa perspecta E. A. Smith, 1904
Rissoa phagon J. A. Gardner, 1947 †
Rissoa plagiostoma Thiele, 1925
Rissoa plica Can, 18444traine, 1842
Rissoa pompholyx Dall, 1927
Rissoa poustagnacensis Lozouet, 1998 †
Rissoa pouweri Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016 †
Rissoa proditoris Thiele, 1925
Rissoa pseudoguerini (Nordsieck & Talavera, 1979)
Rissoa pseudoturricula Strausz, 1966 †
Rissoa pucilla T. Brown, 1841 †
Rissoa punctatissima R. Janssen, 1978 †
Rissoa punctum Cantraine, 1842
Rissoa quantilla W. H. Turton, 1932
Rissoa quarantellii Brunetti & Vecchi, 2005 †
Rissoa reussi Geinitz, 1875 †
Rissoa rimata Philippi, 1844 †
Rissoa robusta (H. C. Lea, 1845)
Rissoa rodhensis Verduin, 1985
Rissoa rufa Philippi, 1849
Rissoa rufanensis W. H. Turton, 1933
Rissoa rugosa Svagrovský, 1971 †
Rissoa rustica R. B. Watson, 1886
Rissoa sadoensis Yokoyama, 1926 †
Rissoa sandbergeri J. Müller, 1851 †
Rissoa sarae Brunetti, Cresti & Forli, 2017 †
Rissoa scurra (Monterosato, 1917)
Rissoa scutula Bell, 1892 †
Rissoa searlesii Harmer, 1925 †
Rissoa seguenzorum Bertolaso & Palazzi, 2000 †
Rissoa selseyensis Harmer, 1925 †
Rissoa semicarinata de Folin, 1870
Rissoa semilaevis Von Koenen, 1892 †
Rissoa senecta S. V. Wood, 1872 †
Rissoa siberutensis Thiele, 1925
Rissoa similis Scacchi, 1836
Rissoa sismondiana Issel, 1869
Rissoa sobieskii Friedberg, 1923 †
Rissoa soceni Jekelius, 1944 †
Rissoa solidula Philippi, 1849
Rissoa sordida W. H. Turton, 1932
Rissoa sowerbyi W. H. Turton, 1932
Rissoa spinosa Seguenza †
Rissoa splendida Eichwald, 1830
Rissoa striatula Eichwald, 1830 †
Rissoa strombecki Schauroth, 1857 †
Rissoa subcarinta Cantraine, 1842 †
Rissoa subclathrata Buvignier, 1852 †
Rissoa sublachesis Zhizhchenko, 1936 †
Rissoa submarginata d'Orbigny, 1850 †
Rissoa subperforata Jeffreys, 1884 †
Rissoa sulcifera G. B. Sowerby II, 1876
Rissoa sumatrana Thiele, 1925
Rissoa sundaica Thiele, 1925
Rissoa suttonensis Harmer, 1925 †
Rissoa tenuilineata (Cossmann, 1921) †
Rissoa terebellum Philippi, 1844 †
Rissoa terebralis Grateloup, 1838 †
Rissoa teres W. H. Turton, 1932
Rissoa texta Borchert, 1901
Rissoa tirolensis Koken in Wöhrmann & Koken, 1892 †
Rissoa tomlini W. H. Turton, 1933
Rissoa torquata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 †
Rissoa torquilla Pallary, 1912
Rissoa trabeata Weisbord, 1962 †
Rissoa triasina Schauroth, 1857 †
Rissoa tristriata W. Thompson, 1840
Rissoa tritonia W. H. Turton, 1932
Rissoa tropica Stoliczka, 1868 †
Rissoa turbinata (Lamarck, 1804) †
Rissoa turbinopsis Deshayes, 1861 †
Rissoa turricula Eichwald, 1830 †
Rissoa umbilicata Philippi, 1851
Rissoa undulata Deshayes, 1861 †
Rissoa unisulca Buvignier, 1843 †
Rissoa valfini Guirand & Ogérien, 1865 †
Rissoa variabilis (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824)
Rissoa velata Zekeli, 1852 †
Rissoa ventricosa Desmarest, 1814
Rissoa venus d'Orbigny, 1852 †
Rissoa venusta Philippi, 1844
Rissoa verdensis Rolán & Oliveira, 2008
Rissoa vicina Milaschevich, 1909
Rissoa violacea Desmarest, 1814
Rissoa virdunensis Buvignier, 1852 †
Rissoa winkleri Müller, 1851 †
Rissoa ziga De Gregorio, 1890 †
Rissoa zosta Bayan, 1873 †
Synonyms
Rissoa adarensis E.A. Smith, 1902: synonym of Onoba kergueleni (E. A. Smith, 1875)
Rissoa albella Lovén, 1846: synonym of Pusillina sarsii (Lovén, 1846)
Rissoa albella Alder, 1844: synonym of Rissoella diaphana (Alder, 1848)
Rissoa albida C. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of Zebinella albida (C. B. Adams, 1845)
Rissoa albolirata Carpenter, 1864: synonym of Lirobarleeia albolirata (Carpenter, 1864)
Rissoa alifera Thiele, 1925: synonym of Hoplopteron alifera (Thiele, 1925)
Rissoa alveata Melvill & Standen, 1901: synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (O. Boettger, 1893)
Rissoa atomus E. A. Smith, 1890 : synonym of Eatonina fulgida (Adams J., 1797)
Rissoa australis Watson, 1886: synonym of Powellisetia australis (Watson, 1886)
Rissoa basispiralis Grant-Mackie & Chapman-Smith, 1971 † a: synonym of Diala semistriata (Philippi, 1849)
Rissoa boscii (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Melanella polita (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rissoa calathus Forbes & Hanley, 1850: synonym of Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844)
Rissoa candidissima Webster, 1905 : synonym of Subonoba candidissima (Webster, 1905)
Rissoa carnosa Webster, 1905: synonym of Fictonoba carnosa (Webster, 1905)
Rissoa cazini Vélain, 1877: synonym of Pisinna cazini (Vélain, 1877)
Rissoa cerithinum Philippi, 1849: synonym of Cerithidium cerithinum (Philippi, 1849)
Rissoa columna Pelseneer, 1903: synonym of Onoba kergueleni (E. A. Smith, 1875)
Rissoa corilea G. B. Sowerby II, 1876: synonym of Stosicia corilea (G. B. Sowerby II, 1876)
Rissoa coronata Scacchi, 1844: synonym of Opalia hellenica (Forbes, 1844)
Rissoa costata (J. Adams, 1796): synonym of Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)
Rissoa costulata Alder, 1844: synonym of Rissoa guerinii Récluz, 1843
Rissoa crassicostata C. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of Opalia hotessieriana (d’Orbigny, 1842)
Rissoa deserta E.A. Smith, 1907: synonym of Powellisetia deserta (E.A. Smith, 1907)
Rissoa diaphana Alder, 1848: synonym of Rissoella diaphana (Alder, 1848)
Rissoa dolium Nyst, 1845: synonym of Pusillina philippi (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844)
Rissoa dubiosa C. B. Adams, 1850: synonym of Schwartziella dubiosa (C. B. Adams, 1850)
Rissoa edgariana Melvill & Standen, 1907: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Rissoa edwardiensis Watson, 1886: synonym of Skenella edwardiensis (Watson, 1886)
Rissoa emarginata Hutton, 1885: synonym of Nozeba emarginata (Hutton, 1885)
Rissoa emblematica Hedley, 1906: synonym of Emblanda emblematica (Hedley, 1906)
Rissoa eulimoides (C.B. Adams, 1850): synonym of Melanella eulimoides (C. B. Adams, 1850)
Rissoa filostria Melvill & Standen, 1912: synonym of Onoba filostria (Melvill & Standen, 1912)
Rissoa finckhi Hedley, 1899: synonym of Chrystella finckhi (Hedley, 1899)
Rissoa garretti Tate, 1899: synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (O. Boettger, 1893)
Rissoa georgiana Pfeffer, 1886: synonym of Onoba georgiana (Pfeffer, 1886)
Rissoa gracilis Pease, 1860: synonym of Pyramidelloides angustus (Hedley, 1898)
Rissoa griegi Friele, 1879: synonym of Cingula griegi (Friele, 1879)
Rissoa grisea Martens, 1885: synonym of Onoba grisea (Martens, 1885)
Rissoa inconspicua Alder, 1844: synonym of Pusillina inconspicua (Alder, 1844)
Rissoa inconspicua C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of Alvania monserratensis Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930
Rissoa inflatella Thiele, 1912: synonym of Onoba inflatella (Thiele, 1912)
Rissoa infrequens C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of Opalia infrequens (C. B. Adams, 1852)
Rissoa integella Hedley, 1904: synonym of Attenuata integella (Hedley, 1904)
Rissoa interrupta (J. Adams, 1800): synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Rissoa janmayeni Friele, 1878: synonym of Frigidoalvania janmayeni (Friele, 1878)
Rissoa kelseyi Dall & Bartsch, 1902: synonym of Lirobarleeia kelseyi (Dall & Bartsch, 1902)
Rissoa kergueleni E. A. Smith, 1875: synonym of Onoba kergueleni (E. A. Smith, 1875)
Rissoa labiosa (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Rissoa membranacea (J. Adams, 1800)
Rissoa laevigata C. B. Adams, 1850: synonym of Zebina browniana (d'Orbigny, 1842)
Rissoa lantzi Vélain, 1877: synonym of Onoba lantzi (Vélain, 1877)
Rissoa lineolata Michaud, 1830: synonym of Pusillina lineolata (Michaud, 1832)
Rissoa lirata Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Lirobarleeia lirata (Carpenter, 1857)
Rissoa marionensis Watson, 1886: synonym of Eatoniella subrufescens (E.A. Smith, 1875)
Rissoa miliaris Thiele, 1912: synonym of Skenella sinapi (Watson, 1886)
Rissoa observationis Thiele, 1912: synonym of Onoba kergueleni (E. A. Smith, 1875)
Rissoa ordinaria E. A. Smith, 1890: synonym of Eatoniella ordinaria (E. A. Smith, 1890)
Rissoa paucilirata Melvill & Standen, 1912: synonym of Onoba paucilirata (Melvill & Standen, 1912)
Rissoa pelseneeri Thiele, 1912: synonym of Powellisetia pelseneeri (Thiele, 1912)
Rissoa porifera (Lovén, 1843): synonym of Rissoa lilacina Récluz, 1843
Rissoa principis Watson, 1886: synonym of Powellisetia principis (Watson, 1886)
Rissoa proxima Forbes & Hanley, 1850: synonym of Ceratia proxima (Forbes & Hanley, 1850)
Rissoa punctatostriata Tenison Woods, 1879: synonym of Leucotina casta (A. Adams, 1853)
Rissoa punctulum Philippi, 1836: synonym of Pisinna glabrata (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824)
Rissoa rufilabris Alder, 1844: synonym of Rissoa lilacina Récluz, 1843
Rissoa rufilabrum Alder, 1844: synonym of Rissoa lilacina Récluz, 1843
Rissoa sarsii Lovén, 1846: synonym of Pusillina sarsii (Lovén, 1846)
Rissoa scalarella C. B. Adams, 1845: synonym of Schwartziella scalarella (C. B. Adams, 1845)
Rissoa scotiana Melvill & Standen, 1907: synonym of Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803)
Rissoa semistriata Philippi, 1849: synonym of Diala semistriata (Philippi, 1849)
Rissoa sinapi Watson, 1886: synonym of Skenella sinapi (Watson, 1886)
Rissoa sinuosa Scacchi, 1836: synonym of Melanella sinuosa (Scacchi, 1836)
Rissoa striata (J. Adams, 1797): synonym of Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803)
Rissoa striatula Jeffreys, 1847: synonym of Ceratia proxima (Forbes & Hanley, 1850)
Rissoa studeriana Thiele, 1912: synonym of Onoba steineni (Strebel, 1908)
Rissoa suavis Thiele, 1925: synonym of Onoba suavis (Thiele, 1925)
Rissoa subangulata C.B. Adams, 1850: synonym of Schwartziella bryerea (Montagu, 1803)
Rissoa subantarctica Thiele, 1912: synonym of Onoba subantarctica (Thiele, 1912)
Rissoa subcostulata Schwartz, 1864: synonym of Rissoa guerinii Récluz, 1843
Rissoa subtruncata Pelseneer, 1903: synonym of Powellisetia pelseneeri (Thiele, 1912)
Rissoa subtruncata Vélain, 1877: synonym of Scrobs subtruncata (Vélain, 1877)
Rissoa syngenes (A. E. Verril, 1884): synonym of Alvania syngenes (A. E. Verrill, 1884)
Rissoa transenna Watson, 1886: synonym of Onoba transenna (Watson, 1886)
Rissoa valdiviae Thiele, 1925: synonym of Onoba steineni (Strebel, 1908)
Rissoa venusta Garrett, 1873: synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (O. Boettger, 1893)
Rissoa vitrea C. B. Adams, 1850: synonym of Zebina vitrea (C. B. Adams, 1850)
Rissoa xanthias Watson, 1886: synonym of Benthonellania xanthias (Watson, 1886)
Rissoa xanthias var. acuticostata Dall, 1889: synonym of Benthonellania acuticostata (Dall, 1889)
References
Nordsieck, F. (1972). Die europäischen Meeresschnecken (Opisthobranchia mit Pyramidellidae; Rissoacea). Vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. XIII + 327 pp.
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp.
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
External links
Desmarest A. G. (1814). Description des coquilles univalves du genre Rissoa de M. De Fréminville. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomatique de Paris. 1814: 7-9, pl. 1.
Leach W. E. (1852). Molluscorum Britanniae Synopsis. A synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain arranged according to their natural affinities and anatomical structure. London pp. VIII + 376
Monterosato, T. A. di. (1884). Nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee. Virzi, printed for the author, Palermo, 152 pp
Bucquoy E., Dautzenberg P. & Dollfus G. (1882-1886). Les mollusques marins du Roussillon. Tome Ier. Gastropodes. Paris: Baillière & fils. 570 pp., 66 pls.
Ponder W. F. (1985). A review of the Genera of the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda: Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum supplement 4: 1-221
Rissoidae
Gastropod genera |
Muhammad Saad al-Beshi (Arabic: محمد سعد البيشي; born 1961) has been an executioner for the government of Saudi Arabia since 1998. He has been described as "Saudi Arabia's leading executioner". Beshi claims to have executed ten people in one day.
Al-Beshi performs executions by decapitation, using a sword, and occasionally uses a firearm. Al-Beshi also performs amputations of limbs when required under Saudi Arabia's sharia law.
Al-Beshi is married and is the father of seven children. He has been known to allow his children to help clean his sword.
Notes
1961 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian people of African descent
Saudi Arabian executioners
Saudi Arabian Muslims |
is a Japanese speed skater. She competed in four events at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
References
1985 births
Living people
Japanese female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Japan
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in speed skating
Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Speed skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Speed skaters from Hokkaido
People from Obihiro, Hokkaido
20th-century Japanese women
21st-century Japanese women |
Events in the year 2003 in Gabon.
Incumbents
President: Omar Bongo Ondimba
Prime Minister: Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane
Events
The country competed in the 2003 All-Africa Games held at the National Stadium in the city of Abuja, Nigeria.
Deaths
References
2000s in Gabon
Years of the 21st century in Gabon
Gabon |
Pavel Shabalin (born 23 October 1988) is a Kazakhstani footballer who plays for Kazakhstan Premier League club FC Taraz as a midfielder.
Career
Club
On 3 July 2019, Shabalin was released by Irtysh Pavlodar, going on to sign for FC Taraz on 24 July 2019, until the end of the 2019 season.
Career statistics
Club
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 15 October 2013
Honours
Aktobe
Kazakhstan Super Cup: 2014
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Kazakhstani men's footballers
Kazakhstan men's international footballers
Kazakhstan men's under-21 international footballers
Kazakhstan Premier League players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
FC Aktobe players
FC Okzhetpes players
FC Atyrau players
Men's association football midfielders
People from Pavlodar Region |
```javascript
import Link from 'next/link';
const CustomLink = ({
href,
title,
children,
}) => {
return (
<span className="link-container">
<Link href={href} legacyBehavior>
<a className="link" title={title}>
{children}
</a>
</Link>
<style jsx>{`
.link {
text-decoration: none;
color: var(--geist-foreground);
font-weight: 500;
}
`}</style>
</span>
);
};
export default CustomLink;
``` |
"Inside a Dream" is a pop song by Go Go's guitarist Jane Wiedlin. It was the second single from her album Fur. Its predecessor "Rush Hour" fared better commercially. The track "Song of the Factory", also from Fur, was the B-side to "Inside a Dream", while remixed versions by Mark S. Berry augmented the 12" and CD formats. The music video for the song featured Wiedlin in dream-like scenic landscapes in the mountains and on a coast.
Interpretation
Although the song has an upbeat major chord progression, the song's lyrics have a yearning, somewhat misanthropic theme. Wiedlin, in the chorus, sings how she wants to "live in a dream" in order to "find a world worth living for".
Chart positions
References
1988 singles
Jane Wiedlin songs
Songs written by Jane Wiedlin
Songs written by Gardner Cole
Song recordings produced by Stephen Hague
1988 songs
Manhattan Records singles |
Adrenergic release inhibitors are a class of drugs which inhibit the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and/or norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from adrenergic nerve terminals and are used as antihypertensives. Examples of these agents include bethanidine, bretylium, debrisoquine, guanadrel, guanazodine, guancydine, guanethidine, guanoclor, and guanoxan. Most agents of this class are guanidinium compounds and have little capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier.
References
Adrenergic release inhibitors |
Phys.org is an online science, research and technology news aggregator offering briefs from press releases and reports from news agencies. Phys.org is one of the most updated science websites, with an average of 98 posts per day. It is part of the Science X network of websites, headquartered on the Isle of Man, United Kingdom.
See also
EurekAlert!
Science Daily
Churnalism
References
External links
British news websites
Technology websites
British technology news websites
News aggregators
British science websites
Internet properties established in 2004 |
Kyle Martin Magennis (born 26 August 1998) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock. He has previously played for St Mirren and Hibernian, and also represented Scotland at under-17 and under-21 level.
Club career
St Mirren
Born in Glasgow, Magennis attended Paisley Grammar School. Magennis joined St Mirren's youth academy at the age of five and remained there throughout his youth career until making his debut for the senior team against Hibernian in October 2016, aged 18, in the Scottish Championship. He continued to appear for the club throughout the season, scoring his first goal for the club in a narrow win over Queen of the South. Having impressed manager Jack Ross with his performances, he was offered a new contract with St Mirren in December 2016 which extended his contract with the club until summer 2019.
Now established as a first team player in the Saints squad, Magennis signed a new contract committing him to the club until the summer of 2020, and after clinching the 2017–18 Scottish Championship title, he further extended his contract with St Mirren to 2021. He was in the side which secured their status in the Scottish Premiership via the relegation playoff in May 2019.
Magennis and Saints suffered a major blow in January 2020, when he injured his knee during a 1–0 defeat to Rangers, ending his season after having appeared in every match of the campaign until suffering the injury. In September 2020, St Mirren stated they had rejected a "substantial" offer for Magennis from Hibernian. A few days later another offer from the same club was accepted.
Hibernian
Magennis signed a five-year deal with Hibernian on 5 October 2020.
On 1 August 2021, Magennis scored Hibernian’s opening Scottish Premiership goal for the 2021–22 season against Motherwell which ended in a 3–2 victory for Hibs. Magennis had a good start to the 2021–22 season, but then missed most of it due to groin and knee injuries.
After he suffered from more injury problems during the 2022–23 season, Magennis was allowed to leave Hibs in June 2023.
Kilmarnock
Following his release by Hibs, Magennis signed a two-year contract with Kilmarnock on 21 June 2023.
International career
Magennis was selected for the Scotland under-20 squad in the 2017 Toulon Tournament, in which they won the bronze medal. It was the nation's first ever medal at the competition. He then played for the Scotland under-21 team, making his debut in a 2–1 win against the Netherlands in September 2018.
Career statistics
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
People educated at Paisley Grammar School
Footballers from Glasgow
Men's association football midfielders
St Mirren F.C. players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scotland men's youth international footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Hibernian F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players |
Convent de Bon Secours is an early-20th century residence located in the Tenleytown neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. It has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 2004.
History
The Congregation of the Sisters of Bon Secours was founded in France in 1824. They came to the United States in the 1880s and came to Washington in 1905 during a typhoid epidemic to provide healthcare. They were particularly beneficial during a Spanish flu outbreak after World War I.
Upon arriving in Washington, D.C., in 1905, the Sisters moved into the old rectory at St. Ann's Church in Tenleytown. Between 1927 and 1928, the Italianate style convent was constructed to be the chapter house for the Washington, D.C., location for the Sisters. The -story structure clad in buff-colored brick was designed by Irish-born architect Maurice F. Moore. The building is composed of a main dormitory section with a hipped roof, a chapel, a small arcaded tower, and rear loggias that are reminiscent of a Renaissance cloister.
References
External links
Convents in the United States
District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites
Italianate architecture in Washington, D.C.
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1928
Italianate church buildings in the United States |
Cirès (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department
References
Communes of Haute-Garonne |
Anthony Canute Lund (February 25, 1871 – June 11, 1935) was the director of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in Salt Lake City, Utah from 1916 until 1935. Lund was also a professor of music at Brigham Young University.
Early life and education
Lund was born of Danish immigrant Anthon H. Lund in Ephraim, Utah Territory. He began taking organ lessons at the age of eight. At 18, he was made choir director in Ephraim. In 1891, Lund graduated from Brigham Young Academy as valedictorian of his class. He then studied at the Royal Conservatory in Leipzig. He also did studies in London and Paris.
Leadership
In 1895, at the age of 25, Lund served as the youngest member of the Utah Constitutional Convention, which allowed the Utah territory to become a state in America. In 1897, Lund became head of what was then the Brigham Young Academy Music Department. Under his direction it was changed from being a department to being a school of music in 1901. He continued as head of the music department after the school became Brigham Young University. Lund served as the president of the BYU Alumni Association from 1904 to 1905. He also was on the faculty of the Utah Conservatory and the McCune School of Music. Lund served on the LDS Church's first General Music Committee, established in 1920.
Lund's left BYU to direct the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in 1916, and BYU had difficult replacing him. Lund replaced Evan Stephens as choir director. He implemented a European choral sound, and directed the choir in its first electrical recordings on the Victor Label. Lund held the position of choir director until his death in 1935. He was succeeded as director of the choir by J. Spencer Cornwall.
Lund also composed music. Some of Lund's most popular compositions include "Day Follows Night", "Build Thee More Stately Mansions, O My Soul", and "Bring, O Heavy Heart, Your Grief to Me". He worked in collaboration with Herbert S. Auerbach on these songs.
Family and death
Lund married Cornelia Sorenson on December 21, 1902. The two met at Brigham Young Academy. They had six children together. Lund died at home on June 11, 1935, of a heart attack and kidney trouble. A public funeral service was held in Lund's honor on June 16, 1935. Over 6,000 people were in attendance of the services held at the Salt Lake Tabernacle. An additional memorial service was held in Lund's hometown of Ephraim the same day.
Notes
References
Utah Artists Project - Julia Farnsworth Lund Wassner at www.lib.utah.edu
Campus Photos : Browse at contentdm.lib.byu.edu This link includes two photos that contain Anthony C. Lund
External links
Anthony C. Lund notes and talks, MSS 276 box 4 folder 4, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Lund, Anthony C., UA 909 Series 1 box 110 folder 29, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
1871 births
1935 deaths
American choral conductors
American male conductors (music)
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Tabernacle Choir music directors
People from Ephraim, Utah
People of Utah Territory
American expatriates in Germany
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles |
Estola benjamini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940. It is known from Colombia.
References
Estola
Beetles described in 1940 |
Barter rings (Tagalog: panika) are ring-shaped gold ingots used as currency in the Philippines until the 16th century. These barter rings are bigger than a doughnut in size and are made of nearly pure gold.
Description
The early Filipinos traded piloncitos along with barter rings.
Barter rings varies in thickness with a dual purpose: round hollow circlets of gold used as earrings or anklets by kadatuan and high-ranking nobility, aside for money. They are also very similar to the first coins invented in the Kingdom of Lydia in present-day Turkey. Barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to the 16th century. As the discovery of gold deposits were seen by the locals, the precious metal was mined and worked in the Philippines, evidenced by many Spanish accounts like one in 1586 that stated:
See also
Piloncitos and Siamese photduang
History of Philippine money
Philippine peso, the currency of the modern Philippines.
Philippine real
List of historical currencies
References
External links
https://asiasociety.org/new-york/exhibitions/philippine-gold-treasures-forgotten-kingdoms
Central Bank of the Philippines – Money museum
Ancient currencies
Medieval currencies
Modern obsolete currencies
Philippines currency history
1600 disestablishments |
Peter Frederick Simpson (born 13 January 1945) is an English former footballer who played most of his career as a defender with Arsenal.
Career
Born in Gorleston-on-Sea, Norfolk, Simpson initially joined Arsenal as a member of the club's groundstaff in 1960, before signing as an apprentice a year later in October 1961. He turned professional seven months later, in May 1962. He played for Arsenal's youth and reserve teams at first, before making his first team debut against Chelsea, in a First Division match on 14 March 1964; Arsenal lost 4–2.
He was not immediately a regular in the Arsenal side, making just 22 appearances over the course of three seasons. However, with the appointment of Bertie Mee before the start of the 1966–67 season, Simpson was promoted to a first-team place, and became a mainstay of the Arsenal side for the best part of a decade. He started out as a utility man playing in every outfield position, but by the time he was a regular he had settled into the centre half position, usually alongside Frank McLintock.
Simpson was a leading figure in Arsenal's brief period of success in the early 1970s. After losing both the 1968 and 1969 League Cup finals, Simpson was a key part of the side that won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969–70, making a total of 57 appearances in all competitions that season. Simpson went on to be part of the side that won the League Championship and FA Cup Double in 1970–71; though he missed the first three months of that season with a cartilage problem, he returned in time for the FA Cup run, and appeared in the final, a 2–1 victory over Liverpool after extra time.
Despite his long career at the top, he was never capped for England, although he was called into a few squads by Sir Alf Ramsey during 1969–70. He continued to play for the club in the trophyless years following the Double, playing more than 35 games a season for four seasons. However, by 1975 age was starting to get the better of him, and he only played nine times in 1975–76. He earned a recall in 1976–77, appearing in 25 games, but was dropped the following season. He left Arsenal in 1978, having played 477 times for the club, having scored 15 goals; as of 2006 he is tenth in the Arsenal all-time appearances list.
He had brief stints with the New England Tea Men of the NASL in the US, and then returned to England to play for non-league Hendon, before retiring. For the remainder of the 1968 summer season he played in the National Soccer League with Toronto Hellas.
Honours
Arsenal
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1969-70
Football League First Division: 1970-71
FA Cup: 1970-71
Individual
Arsenal Player of the Season: 1968−69
Sources
References
Peter Simpson NASL
People from Gorleston-on-Sea
1945 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Arsenal F.C. players
Gorleston F.C. players
Hendon F.C. players
National Professional Soccer League (1967) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Boston Beacons players
New England Tea Men players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
English expatriate sportspeople in Canada
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate men's footballers
Canadian National Soccer League players |
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Kawachi Bankan (Citrus kawachiensis), also called Mishokan and Uwa Gold, is a Citrus hybrid cultivated for its edible fruit.
Genetics
Two varieties of Kawachi Bankan have been identified: one, a hybrid between the ujukitsu (seed parent, Citrus ujukitsu) and an unidentified species (pollen parent), and the other, a hybrid between the yuge-hyoukan (seed parent, Citrus yuge-hyokan) and an unidentified species (pollen parent).
Distribution
It originated and is grown in Japan and is also grown in the United States.
Description
The Kawachi Bankan was first discovered in Kumamoto Prefecture in 1910. Since the 1980s, the acreage growing this fruit has been increasing. The fruits are large, normally weighing and are slightly conical in shape, with most having a nipple at the stem end. They contain few seeds. The rind is thick, somewhat pebbly, and yellow in color; the flesh is also yellow. The flavor is said to be sweet and slightly acidic, and the fruit is very juicy. The tree is densely branched and the leaves are elliptic in shape. The fruit matures late and is shipped at the end of May in Japan.
Chemistry
The peel of the Kawachi Bankan fruit contains many biologically active substances including naringin, narirutin, auraptene, and 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone. The dried powder of the peel exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects against aging in the brain of mice and ameliorates microglial activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and suppression of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mice. It also ameliorates DSS-induced body weight loss, colon shortening, increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased expression of colonic tight junctions in colitic mice.
Confectionery products
A limited-edition flavor of the Japanese candy Hi-Chew is based on the Kawachi Bankan fruit.
See also
List of citrus fruits
Japanese citrus
References
Citrus
Citrus hybrids
Fruit trees
Edible fruits
Japanese fruit
Fruits originating in East Asia
Flora of Japan |
Madeleine Wanamaker (born 14 February 1995) is an American rower. In the 2018 World Rowing Championships, she won a gold medal in the women's coxless four event.
She has qualified to represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
See also
American female rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
Living people
1995 births
Rowers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Neenah, Wisconsin
21st-century American women |
The Domus, formerly known in Spanish as "", is a science museum located in A Coruña, in Galicia, Spain. It was inaugurated on April 7, 1995.
Background and Architecture
The museum was conceived by Ramón Núñez Centella and designed by architects Arata Isozaki and César Portela.
It includes walls and staircases made of granite, and on its facade it includes 6,600 pieces of slate. The museum includes 1500 m2 of space for exhibitions, spread over almost 200 modules. Most of them are interactive.
See also
Aquarium Finisterrae
References
External links
Official website
Museums in Galicia (Spain)
Science museums in Spain
Buildings and structures in A Coruña |
The Sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin of the Gate (Santuario della Beata Vergine della Porta) is a Baroque style, Roman Catholic church in the town of Guastalla, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The Sanctuary takes its name from the presence of the ancient gate of St. Francis (Porta di San Francesco) near the site.
History
An icon of the Madonna painted in 1646 by Damiano Padovani, had begun to be attached to miracles, and this led the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga to commission a design from Prospero Mattioli in 1693, when construction began. The church was consecrated in 1709, but labor on construction continued for many decades.
In 1702, when Guastalla was under the siege of the French and Spanish armies, the city promised to the Blessed Virgin Mary to build up two altars: one to the Crucifix and another to the saint recurring in the day of the liberation. Guastale was liberated in July 1703.
The Padovani altarpiece is sheltered at the main altar in a ciborium (1702), the altar scagliola panels has spiralling columns with a triumph of angels by Antonio Maria Ferraboschi and Michele Costa. The large collection of votive offerings displayed in the museum adjacent to the church testifies to the miracles performed. The altar of San Francesco da Paola, erected in 1741 (right arm of the transept) is the work of Pietro Franzini. The statues of the twelve prophets (1786) were created by Giovanni Marini da Viadana.
In 2014, the church was closed for restoration.
References
Churches in the province of Reggio Emilia
Baroque architecture in Emilia-Romagna
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy |
Sapho is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Hugh Ford and written by Hugh Ford and Doty Hobart. The film stars Pauline Frederick, Frank Losee, John St. Polis, Pedro de Cordoba, and Thomas Meighan. It is based on the novel Sapho by Alphonse Daudet. The film was released on March 11, 1917, by Paramount Pictures. It is not known whether the film currently survives.
Plot
Beautiful and poor, Fanny tries to escape from a life of hardship and her drunkard father. She earns her living selling flowers but, one evening, while looking for customers in a restaurant, her beauty catches the attention of Caoudal, a famous sculptor who takes her as his model. Having become his mistress, the young woman begins to love that luxurious life. A poet, a friend of Caoudal and even more famous than him, is inspired by her for his poems. Greedy for success and admiration, Fanny also leaves her new lover, too old for her, for the young engraver Flamant. The latter, mad with love for the woman, wants her to be surrounded by the luxury he loves so much and to make her happy, he breaks the law and ends up in prison.
At a great ball, where she introduces herself as Sapho, Fanny meets Jean, a young provincial unaware of his past. The woman falls deeply in love with him and the two are happy together. But, when Jean finds out who Sapho really is, he leaves her to return to his abandoned girlfriend. In church, during the wedding ceremony, Fanny decides to leave the past behind and start a new life. From that moment, she will join the Red Cross where she will work as a nurse, dedicating herself to her fellow men.
Cast
Pauline Frederick as Sapho, aka Fanny Lagrand
Frank Losee as Caoudal
John St. Polis as Dejoie (credited as John Sainpolis)
Pedro de Cordoba as Flamant
Thomas Meighan as Jean Gaussin
Reception
Like many American films of the time, Sapho was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required a cut of the view of Jean pointing at the bed and accusing Sapho.
References
External links
Film stills at silentfilmstillarchive.com
Daudet, Alphonse (1905 edition), Sapho; Parisian Manners, New York: Société des Beaux-Arts, on the Internet Archive
1917 films
1910s English-language films
Silent American drama films
1917 drama films
Paramount Pictures films
Films based on French novels
Films based on works by Alphonse Daudet
Films directed by Hugh Ford
American black-and-white films
American silent feature films
1910s American films |
Spirit of the Century is a pulp role-playing game published by Evil Hat Productions, and based on Evil Hat's FATE system. It is billed as a 'pick-up' game that can be played quickly, with little preparation.
Gameplay
Spirit of the Century is a pulp action game. The gorilla in a biplane on the cover is one of the sample player characters.
Setting
The game is set in the pulp era of the 1920s. Player characters are 'Centurions': 'potent individuals of action', born on the first day of the century, and endowed with extraordinary skills and abilities, much like Warren Ellis's conception of Century Babies in the Wildstorm comics universe. It has been released under the OGL with a freely accessible System Reference Document.
Part of the setting is created in character generation; all characters have ten free-form aspects that have an effect on the game and on the world. Each character gains two aspects from their background, two from what they did in the Great War, and a further two from the stories that would make up an imaginary novel about their life before the game started. They then get a further four aspects by guest starring in two of the other PCs' novels for two aspects apiece.
Rules
Spirit of the Century uses the Fate 3 engine, meaning that all rolls are made by rolling four Fudge dice and adding the character's skill to find the outcome. In addition to the skills, all characters have aspects that can be invoked at the cost of a Fate Point for a bonus or compelled by the GM to gain a Fate Point in exchange for doing something bad for the character (such Fate Points may be refused at the cost of a further Fate Point). Also all characters have a number of stunts that represent things they can do that go above and beyond normal capabilities.
Development
The game marks the first appearance of Evil Hat's FATE 3rd Edition, which was also designed for Evil Hat's The Dresden Files Roleplaying Game.
Reception
It was released to positive reviews, quickly reaching #1 on RPGnet's rankings. Spirit of the Century won the 2006 Indie RPG Award for Independent Game of the Year and also won the 2007 Silver ENnie Award for Best Rules.
Co-author Fred Hicks claims that as of early 2009, Spirit of the Century had sold 3,313 copies in a mix of PDF and print. while by Q3 2013 they had sold 11,711 units.
Reviews
Pyramid
References
External links
Spirit of the Century webpage
Spirit of the Century at RPGnet
ENnies winners
Evil Hat Productions games
Historical role-playing games
Indie role-playing games
Indie RPG Awards winners
Open-source tabletop games
Pulp and noir period role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 2006 |
Sandy Robertson may refer to:
Sandy Robertson (footballer, born 1860), Scottish football player for Preston North End
Sandy Robertson (footballer, born 1878)
Sandy Robertson (footballer, born 1971), Scottish football player for Rangers
See also
Alexander Robertson (disambiguation) |
The Clarke's triplefin or Clarke's threefin (Trinorfolkia clarkei) is a species of triplefin blenny in the genus Trinorfolkia. It was described by Alexander Morton in 1888 from specimens collected from Clarke Island in the Bass Strait. This species occurs I southern and western Australia from Camden Haven in New South Wales to Rottnest Island in Western Australia and around Tasmania. It occurs on coastal reefs and in estuaries frequently being observed around the pylons supporting structures such as jetties.
References
Clarke's triplefin
Fish described in 1888 |
Niarebama is a village in the Banfora Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 262.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in the Cascades Region
Comoé Province |
Intercourse is an unincorporated community located at a crossroads in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. A post office called Intercourse was established in 1840, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1913. It is named for the traffic intersection of the town's crossroads (called "intercourse" at that time). Although a share of the residents want the unusual name changed to Siloam, state maps still identify the place as Intercourse.
References
Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Sumter County, Alabama |
Theo Piniau (born 8 June 1993) is a Papua New Guinean track and field athlete. At the 2016 Summer Olympics he competed in the Men's 200 m.
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Papua New Guinean male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Papua New Guinea
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games competitors for Papua New Guinea
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
People from East New Britain Province |
George Albert Russell II (July 12, 1921 – December 27, 2016) was an American academic administrator, who was a president of the University of Missouri System from 1991 to 1996.
Russell was born in Bertrand, Missouri. He was a 1938 graduate of Sikeston High School. He served in the Navy from 1940 to 1960 and retired as a commander. During his time in the Navy he received his bachelor's degree from The University of Pennsylvania, a Masters from MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his Doctorate Degree from the University of Illinois.
After 20 years of service with the Navy he retired and began a second career teaching physics at the University of Illinois, he later became the Dean of the Graduate College for Research and Development. In 1977 he was named Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City, a position he held until being named president of the University of Missouri System in 1991 (at the age of 70). He died on December 27, 2016, in Kansas City, Missouri.
References
1921 births
2016 deaths
People from Mississippi County, Missouri
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Presidents of the University of Missouri System
United States Navy personnel of World War II |
```javascript
/**
* Block helper that compares to values. The body is executed if values are not equal.
* Example:
*
* ```hbs
* {{#ifneq value 10}}
* Value is not 10
* {{else}}
* Value is 10
* {{/ifeq}}
* ```
*
* @param {object} `v1` the first value
* @param {object} `v2` the second value
*/
module.exports = function(v1, v2, options) {
if (v1 !== v2) {
return options.fn(this)
}
return options.inverse(this)
};
``` |
Paul Albert Collins (July 22, 1926 – January 31, 1995) was a long-distance runner from Canada, who was born in the London Borough of Lewisham. He represented his native country in the men's marathon at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. There he finished in 40th place.
Collins won the national title in the classic distance three times: in 1949 (Toronto), 1950 (Verdun, Quebec) and 1952 (Saint Hyacinthe). He finished sixth in the 1950 British Empire Games marathon and tenth in the 1950 British Empire Games six miles event.
Achievements
References
Canadian Olympic Committee
sports-reference
1926 births
1995 deaths
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Lewisham
Athletes from London
Canadian male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada
English emigrants to Canada |
Frank Ginn (born May 23, 1962) is an American politician who has served in the Georgia State Senate from the 47th district since 2011.
Ginn graduated from the University of Georgia with a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering in 1985.
References
1962 births
Living people
Republican Party Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
University of Georgia alumni
21st-century American politicians |
The Lippisch P.12, P.13a and P.13b were related design projects for a ramjet-powered delta wing interceptor aircraft studied in 1944 by German designer Alexander Lippisch. The P.12 and P.13a were unarmed, relying on reinforced wings to ram its opponent. The P.13a and b were to be powered by powdered coal. The DM-1 was a full-size glider, flown to test the P.12/13a low-speed aerodynamics. The design series were unrelated to the earlier P.13 produced by Messerschmitt's Lippisch design office.
Design and development
Initial studies
During 1942, while still working on the Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket fighter, Alexander Lippisch developed a sharply-swept, leaf-shaped delta wing which he believed was capable of supersonic flight. Out of this and subsequent development of the P.11/Delta VI "power wing" through 1943 and early 1944, he conceived the idea of a hollow delta wing with its interior shaped like a ramjet duct. As an interceptor fighter it would achieve supersonic speeds but would carry no armament. Instead it would be heavily reinforced and would ram its opponent. Initially conceived as a disposable machine with the pilot bailing out at the end of the mission, a landing skid was later added. Launch to ramjet operational speed would be via catapult and/or booster rockets.
The resulting design was initially assumed to use conventional liquid fuel and designated the P.12. But Lippisch had also become convinced of the benefits of solid fuel for short-duration high-speed flight and adopted this power source as the P.13. The design of both types then proceeded in parallel.
From autumn 1944, Alexander Lippisch had opened his own development office at the Aviation Research Institute Vienna (LFW) in Wiener Neustadt together with his mathematician from Messerschmitt Hermann Behrbohm on half-time (who still on half time worked for Messerschmitt in the underground facility of the Oberbayerische Forschungsanstalt in Oberammergau). Lippisch and Willy Messerschmitt disagreed about the design, in which Lippisch did not want the rear wing, drag and worse performance.
In Wiener Neustadt, Lippisch worked on the further development of the delta wing (rear wingless) mini - (coal jet) fighter aircraft Lippisch P.13a, which at the end of the war became part of the Volksjäger program and finally taken over by the occupying US armed forces, that let them continue work.
P.12
The P.12 was never fully defined but comprised studies of many variations. A model of it showed a typical configuration comprising a highly-swept delta flying wing with a protruding nose intake, raised cockpit canopy and single tail fin. Small turned-down winglets or "ears" were located at the wing tips. The wing centre section was hollow, with air ducts on either side of the cockpit leading to a large cavity which comprised the ramjet. The engine exhausted through a wide nozzle with control flaps above and below.
Later iterations included a thick tail fin almost as large as one wing and with its forward section comprising the pilot's cockpit, now fully raised above the wing, and/or a tubular central ramjet.
P.13a
The solid-fuel powered P.13 was one of several distinct Lippisch design studies to be so designated and became identified as the P/13a. It underwent much the same variations of form as the P.12, being presented in a brochure with the large fin and integral raised cockpit, and with an articulated, double-hinged landing skid. The wing trailing edge is angled slightly forwards and the downturned tip surfaces have been discarded. The outer wing sections could be folded upwards for transportation by rail.
A variant with a rectangular canard foreplane was wind-tunnel tested. This was not really consistent with ramming and there are other indications that conventional gun armament was being considered.
As conventional fuels were in extremely short supply by late 1944, Lippisch proposed that the P.13a be powered by coal. Lippisch soon came to conclude that this might even be more effective than liquid fuel, as the location of combustion was more precisely controllable. Initially, it was proposed to employ a wire-mesh basket holding even-sized granules of brown coal, placed in the lower region of the internal airflow. The burning coal gave off carbon monoxide (CO) gas which was mixed and combusted with the upper air flow downstream. The arrangement proved inefficient.
To replace it a spinning circular basket was developed, revolving on a vertical axis at 60 rpm. The hot exhaust would be mixed with cooler bypass air to improve thermodynamic efficiency, before being expelled through the rear nozzle. Other fuels considered promising, due to their ability to generate flammable vapours, included bituminous coal, or pine wood heat-soaked in oil or paraffin. A burner and drum were built and tested successfully in Vienna.
Glider studies and the DM-1
A scale model of the P12/13 configuration was successfully tested at Spitzerberg Airfield, near Vienna in Austria, in 1944.
The P.13a had reached a stage where full-scale aerodynamic trials would be possible. A glider with the same general design and wingspan, but with the intake and exhaust faired in, was built as the DM-1. Lippisch however took little interest; having moved on from the design, he set up the glider project only to keep students of Darmstadt and Munich Universities from being drafted into a by-then hopeless war.
The DM-1 had not been finished when it was captured by American forces. The Americans ordered Lippisch's team to complete the glider, and it was then shipped to the United States where it was test-flown. According to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics the results were positive and lessons learned were incorporated into NASA's research aircraft of the 1950s and on.
P.13b
Before the DM.10 was begun, in December 1944 Lippisch's attention moved to a revised design similar in some respects to the earlier P.11 / Delta VI but keeping the P.13a's sharp sweep angle and solid-fuel ramjet with rotating burner.
The wing was essentially that of the P.12/13 but larger at span and cut short at the front for unswept air intakes at the roots. Like the P.11 it had a conventional nose nacelle and cockpit with small twin tail fins either side of a centre section inset on the straight wing trailing edge. The landing skid was moved further back and refined, with a return of the early P.12's small downturned winglets or fins on the wingtips to act as outrigger bumpers when landing.
Wind tunnel tests had just begun by the time the Russians arrived in Vienna and Lippisch had to flee.
Post-World War II
The Lippisch P.13a delta wing technology is also the basis of the Dassault Mirage and Saab 35 Draken design after the war. Development that Lippisch's mathematician Hermann Behrbohm later participated in from 1946 for BEE (French Aerodynamic Research and Development Institute, today part of the Deutsch-Französisches Forschungsinstitut Saint-Louis) and from 1952 for Saab until 1970.
Specifications (P.13a)
Replicas
There is a static replica at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia located in the Cottbus hangar.
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Sharp, Dan; Luftwaffe: Secret jets of the Third Reich, Mortons 2015.
External links
Lippisch P13a YouTube - Supersonic Ramjet Fighter footage
1940s German experimental aircraft
Ramjet-powered aircraft
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
P.13a
Coal in Germany |
Gustavo Ramírez (born 15 May 1941) is a Guatemalan wrestler. He competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
Guatemalan male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Guatemala
Wrestlers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
People from San Marcos Department |
Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute of Telangana is a training institute for civil servants and government officials of Government of Telangana located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
MCRHRD offers a diverse range of training programs and courses, including short-term and long-term programs, in-person and online training, and customized programs for specific organizations or groups.
MCRHRD also conducts research, consultancy services, and policy analysis in the areas of human resource development, management, and governance.
History
The institute started as Institute of Administration in 1996. It was renamed in 1998 after former Chief Minister of united Andhra Pradesh, Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy.
Campus
The institute is located on a verdant 45-acre campus. It was expanded in 2006 with 375 centrally air-conditioned rooms. It also has a helipad on its premises. It has a guesthouse with 15 rooms.
References
External links
Official site
Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India
Human resource management
1976 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1976 |
The 2011 Victoria Curling Classic Invitational was held at the Archie Browning Sports Centre in Victoria, British Columbia from March 31 to April 3. There was a men's and women's draw. The men played a triple-knockout tournament to determine 8 quarterfinal spots, while the women played a round-robin tournament in two pools of four, and the top two teams of each pool advanced to the semifinals.
Men
Teams
Results
A Event
B Event
C Event
Playoffs
Women
Teams
Round Robin
Standings
Results
Playoffs
External links
WCT Men's Event Page
WCT Women's Event Page
Victoria Curling Classic Invitational
Victoria Curling Classic Invitational
Sports competitions in Victoria, British Columbia
Curling in British Columbia |
Tiruvallur railway station is one of the railway stations of the Chennai Central–Arakkonam section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network. It is one of the terminal and oldest stations in the network where some of the suburban trains originate and terminate. It serves the neighbourhood of Tiruvallur, a suburb of Chennai, and is located 41 km west of the Chennai Central railway station. It has an elevation of 47.46 m above sea level.
History
The lines at the station were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–Tiruvallur section.
Traffic
As of 2018, the station handles about 100,000 passengers a day.
See also
Chennai Suburban Railway
References
Railway stations in India opened in 1856
Stations of Chennai Suburban Railway
Railway stations in Tiruvallur district
Tiruvallur |
In mathematics, the Chevalley–Shephard–Todd theorem in invariant theory of finite groups states that the ring of invariants of a finite group acting on a complex vector space is a polynomial ring if and only if the group is generated by pseudoreflections. In the case of subgroups of the complex general linear group the theorem was first proved by who gave a case-by-case proof. soon afterwards gave a uniform proof. It has been extended to finite linear groups over an arbitrary field in the non-modular case by Jean-Pierre Serre.
Statement of the theorem
Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field K and let G be a finite subgroup of the general linear group GL(V). An element s of GL(V) is called a pseudoreflection if it fixes a codimension 1 subspace of V and is not the identity transformation I, or equivalently, if the kernel Ker (s − I) has codimension one in V. Assume that the order of G is relatively prime to the characteristic of K (the so-called non-modular case). Then the following properties are equivalent:
(A) The group G is generated by pseudoreflections.
(B) The algebra of invariants K[V]G is a (free) polynomial algebra.
(B) The algebra of invariants K[V]G is a regular ring.
(C) The algebra K[V] is a free module over K[V]G.
(C) The algebra K[V] is a projective module over K[V]G.
In the case when the field K is the field C of complex numbers, the first condition is usually stated as "G is a complex reflection group". Shephard and Todd derived a full classification of such groups.
Examples
Let V be one-dimensional. Then any finite group faithfully acting on V is a subgroup of the multiplicative group of the field K, and hence a cyclic group. It follows that G consists of roots of unity of order dividing n, where n is its order, so G is generated by pseudoreflections. In this case, K[V] = K[x] is the polynomial ring in one variable and the algebra of invariants of G is the subalgebra generated by xn, hence it is a polynomial algebra.
Let V = Kn be the standard n-dimensional vector space and G be the symmetric group Sn acting by permutations of the elements of the standard basis. The symmetric group is generated by transpositions (ij), which act by reflections on V. On the other hand, by the main theorem of symmetric functions, the algebra of invariants is the polynomial algebra generated by the elementary symmetric functions e1, ... en.
Let V = K2 and G be the cyclic group of order 2 acting by ±I. In this case, G is not generated by pseudoreflections, since the nonidentity element s of G acts without fixed points, so that dim Ker (s − I) = 0. On the other hand, the algebra of invariants is the subalgebra of K[V] = K[x, y] generated by the homogeneous elements x2, xy, and y2 of degree 2. This subalgebra is not a polynomial algebra because of the relation x2y2 = (xy)2.
Generalizations
gave an extension of the Chevalley–Shephard–Todd theorem to positive characteristic.
There has been much work on the question of when a reductive algebraic group acting on a vector
space has a polynomial ring of invariants. In the case when the algebraic group is simple all cases when the invariant ring is polynomial have been classified by
In general, the ring of invariants of a finite group acting linearly on a complex vector space is Cohen-Macaulay, so it is a finite rank free module over a polynomial subring.
Notes
References
(English translation: )
Invariant theory
Theorems about finite groups |
In computing, a directory service or name service maps the names of network resources to their respective network addresses. It is a shared information infrastructure for locating, managing, administering and organizing everyday items and network resources, which can include volumes, folders, files, printers, users, groups, devices, telephone numbers and other objects. A directory service is a critical component of a network operating system. A directory server or name server is a server which provides such a service. Each resource on the network is considered an object by the directory server. Information about a particular resource is stored as a collection of attributes associated with that resource or object.
A directory service defines a namespace for the network. The namespace is used to assign a name (unique identifier) to each of the objects. Directories typically have a set of rules determining how network resources are named and identified, which usually includes a requirement that the identifiers be unique and unambiguous. When using a directory service, a user does not have to remember the physical address of a network resource; providing a name locates the resource. Some directory services include access control provisions, limiting the availability of directory information to authorized users.
Comparison with relational databases
Several things distinguish a directory service from a relational database. Data can be made redundant if it aids performance (e.g. by repeating values through rows in a table instead of relating them to the contents of a different table through a key, which technique is called denormalization; another technique could be the utilization of replicas for increasing actual throughput).
Directory schemas are object classes, attributes, name bindings and knowledge (namespaces) where an object class has:
Must - attributes that each instances must have
May - attributes which can be defined for an instance but can be omitted, with the absence similar to NULL in a relational database
Attributes are sometimes multi-valued, allowing multiple naming attributes at one level (such as machine type and serial number concatenation, or multiple phone numbers for "work phone"). Attributes and object classes are usually standardized throughout the industry; for example, X.500 attributes and classes are often formally registered with the IANA for their object ID. Therefore, directory applications try to reuse standard classes and attributes to maximize the benefit of existing directory-server software.
Object instances are slotted into namespaces; each object class inherits from its parent object class (and ultimately from the root of the hierarchy), adding attributes to the must-may list. Directory services are often central to the security design of an IT system and have a correspondingly-fine granularity of access control.
Replication and distribution
Replication and distribution have distinct meanings in the design and management of a directory service. Replication is used to indicate that the same directory namespace (the same objects) are copied to another directory server for redundancy and throughput reasons; the replicated namespace is governed by the same authority. Distribution is used to indicate that multiple directory servers in different namespaces are interconnected to form a distributed directory service; each namespace can be governed by a different authority.
Implementations
Directory services were part of an Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative for common network standards and multi-vendor interoperability. During the 1980s, the ITU and ISO created the X.500 set of standards for directory services, initially to support the requirements of inter-carrier electronic messaging and network-name lookup. The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is based on the X.500 directory-information services, using the TCP/IP stack and an X.500 Directory Access Protocol (DAP) string-encoding scheme on the Internet.
Systems developed before the X.500 include:
Domain Name System (DNS): The first directory service on the Internet, still in use
Hesiod: Based on DNS and used at MIT's Project Athena
Network Information Service (NIS): Originally Yellow Pages (YP) Sun Microsystems' implementation of a directory service for Unix network environments. It played a role similar to Hesiod.
NetInfo: Developed by NeXT during the late 1980s for NEXTSTEP. After its acquisition by Apple, it was released as open source and was the directory service for Mac OS X before it was deprecated for the LDAP-based Open Directory. Support for NetInfo was removed with the release of 10.5 Leopard.
Banyan VINES: First scalable directory service
NT Domains: Developed by Microsoft to provide directory services for Windows machines before the release of the LDAP-based Active Directory in Windows 2000. Windows Vista continues to support NT Domains after relaxing its minimum authentication protocols.
LDAP implementations
LDAP/X.500-based implementations include:
389 Directory Server: Free Open Source server implementation by Red Hat, with commercial support by Red Hat and SUSE.
Active Directory: Microsoft's directory service for Windows, originating from the X.500 directory, created for use in Exchange Server, first shipped with Windows 2000 Server and supported by successive versions of Windows
Apache Directory Server: Directory service, written in Java, supporting LDAP, Kerberos 5 and the Change Password Protocol; LDAPv3 certified
Apple Open Directory: Apple's directory server for Mac OS X, available through Mac OS X Server
eDirectory: NetIQ's implementation of directory services supports multiple architectures, including Windows, NetWare, Linux and several flavours of Unix and is used for user administration and configuration and software management; previously known as Novell Directory Services.
Red Hat Directory Server: Red Hat released Red Hat Directory Server, acquired from AOL's Netscape Security Solutions unit, as a commercial product running on top of Red Hat Enterprise Linux as the community-supported 389 Directory Server project. Upstream open source project is called FreeIPA.
Oracle Internet Directory: (OID) is Oracle Corporation's directory service, compatible with LDAP version 3.
Sun Java System Directory Server: Sun Microsystems' directory service
OpenDS: Open-source directory service in Java, backed by Sun Microsystems
Oracle Unified Directory: (OUD) is Oracle Corporation's next-generation unified directory solution. It integrates storage, synchronization, and proxy functionalities.
Windows NT Directory Services (NTDS), later renamed Active Directory, replaced the former NT Domain system.
Critical Path Directory Server
OpenLDAP: Derived from the original University of Michigan LDAP implementation (like Netscape, Red Hat, Fedora and Sun JSDS implementations), it supports all computer architectures (including Unix and Unix derivatives, Linux, Windows, z/OS and a number of embedded-realtime systems).
Lotus Domino
Nexor Directory
OpenDJ - a Java-based LDAP server and directory client that runs in any operating environment, under license CDDL. Developed by ForgeRock, until 2016, now maintained by OpenDJ Community
Open-source tools to create directory services include OpenLDAP, the Kerberos protocol and Samba software, which can function as a Windows domain controller with Kerberos and LDAP back ends. Administration is by GOsa or Samba SWAT.
Using name services
Unix systems
Name services on Unix systems are typically configured through nsswitch.conf. Information from name services can be retrieved with getent.
See also
Access control list
Directory Services Markup Language
Hierarchical database model
LDAP Data Interchange Format
Metadirectory
Service delivery platform
Virtual directory
References
Citations
Sources
Computer access control
Computer access control protocols
Domain Name System |
DNZ may refer to:
Democratic People's Union (Demokratska narodna zajednica), political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Denizli Çardak Airport, Turkey (by IATA code)
Destination New Zealand, tourism television program
Deutsche National Zeitung, German extreme-right newspaper
Die Neue Zeit, socialist theoretical journal
Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone (Divided [Neutral] Zone) |
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