text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```python
"""Tests for :mod:`numpy.core.fromnumeric`."""
import numpy as np
A = np.array(True, ndmin=2, dtype=bool)
B = np.array(1.0, ndmin=2, dtype=np.float32)
A.setflags(write=False)
B.setflags(write=False)
a = np.bool_(True)
b = np.float32(1.0)
c = 1.0
d = np.array(1.0, dtype=np.float32) # writeable
reveal_type(np.take(a, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.take(b, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.take(c, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.take(A, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.take(B, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.take(A, [0])) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.take(B, [0])) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.reshape(a, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.reshape(b, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.reshape(c, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.reshape(A, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.reshape(B, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.choose(a, [True, True])) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.choose(A, [True, True])) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.repeat(a, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.repeat(b, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.repeat(c, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.repeat(A, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.repeat(B, 1)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
# TODO: Add tests for np.put()
reveal_type(np.swapaxes(A, 0, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.swapaxes(B, 0, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.transpose(a)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.transpose(b)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.transpose(c)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.transpose(A)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.transpose(B)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.partition(a, 0, axis=None)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.partition(b, 0, axis=None)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.partition(c, 0, axis=None)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.partition(A, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.partition(B, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.argpartition(a, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.argpartition(b, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.argpartition(c, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.argpartition(A, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.argpartition(B, 0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sort(A, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.sort(B, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.argsort(A, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.argsort(B, 0)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.argmax(A)) # E: {intp}
reveal_type(np.argmax(B)) # E: {intp}
reveal_type(np.argmax(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.argmax(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.argmin(A)) # E: {intp}
reveal_type(np.argmin(B)) # E: {intp}
reveal_type(np.argmin(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.argmin(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.searchsorted(A[0], 0)) # E: {intp}
reveal_type(np.searchsorted(B[0], 0)) # E: {intp}
reveal_type(np.searchsorted(A[0], [0])) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.searchsorted(B[0], [0])) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.resize(a, (5, 5))) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.resize(b, (5, 5))) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.resize(c, (5, 5))) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.resize(A, (5, 5))) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.resize(B, (5, 5))) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.squeeze(a)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.squeeze(b)) # E: {float32}
reveal_type(np.squeeze(c)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.squeeze(A)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.squeeze(B)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.diagonal(A)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.diagonal(B)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.trace(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.trace(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ravel(a)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.ravel(b)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.ravel(c)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.ravel(A)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.ravel(B)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.nonzero(a)) # E: tuple[numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]]
reveal_type(np.nonzero(b)) # E: tuple[numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]]
reveal_type(np.nonzero(c)) # E: tuple[numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]]
reveal_type(np.nonzero(A)) # E: tuple[numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]]
reveal_type(np.nonzero(B)) # E: tuple[numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]]
reveal_type(np.shape(a)) # E: tuple[builtins.int]
reveal_type(np.shape(b)) # E: tuple[builtins.int]
reveal_type(np.shape(c)) # E: tuple[builtins.int]
reveal_type(np.shape(A)) # E: tuple[builtins.int]
reveal_type(np.shape(B)) # E: tuple[builtins.int]
reveal_type(np.compress([True], a)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.compress([True], b)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.compress([True], c)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.compress([True], A)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.compress([True], B)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.clip(a, 0, 1.0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.clip(b, -1, 1)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.clip(c, 0, 1)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.clip(A, 0, 1)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.clip(B, 0, 1)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sum(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sum(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sum(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sum(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sum(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sum(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.sum(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.all(a)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.all(b)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.all(c)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.all(A)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.all(B)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.all(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.all(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.all(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.all(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.any(a)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.any(b)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.any(c)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.any(A)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.any(B)) # E: numpy.bool_
reveal_type(np.any(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.any(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.any(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.any(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.cumsum(a)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumsum(b)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumsum(c)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumsum(A)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumsum(B)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.ptp(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.ptp(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amax(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.amin(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(b, out=d)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.prod(B, out=d)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.cumprod(a)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumprod(b)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumprod(c)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumprod(A)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.cumprod(B)) # E: numpy.ndarray[Any, Any]
reveal_type(np.ndim(a)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.ndim(b)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.ndim(c)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.ndim(A)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.ndim(B)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.size(a)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.size(b)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.size(c)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.size(A)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.size(B)) # E: int
reveal_type(np.around(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.around(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.around(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.around(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.around(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(b, out=d)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.mean(B, out=d)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(b, out=d)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.std(B, out=d)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(a)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(b)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(c)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(A)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(B)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(A, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(B, axis=0)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(A, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(B, keepdims=True)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(b, out=d)) # E: Any
reveal_type(np.var(B, out=d)) # E: Any
``` |
Angel: Live Fast, Die Never is a soundtrack album for the TV series Angel.
The album primarily features scores composed by Robert J. Kral. It also contains an extended version of the opening credits by Darling Violetta, performances from actors Andy Hallett, and Christian Kane, as well as Kim Richey's "A Place Called Home" which is featured in the episode "Shells" and VAST's "Touched" which was featured in the second episode "Lonely Hearts". The album was released in the United States on May 17, 2005, a year after the show's final episode.
All of the tracks performed by outside bands meant something special to the show. "I'm Game" was composed by Christophe Beck, who also composed seasons two through four of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and was used throughout the series as a theme for whenever Angel or his team were involved in heroic actions. "Touched" was considered by many fans to be a theme of the show, and VAST's music was used in the original unaired pilot episode of Angel.
"LA Song" was written by David Greenwalt, who co-created the series, and was performed by Christian Kane, who played Lindsey McDonald through all five seasons of the show. "Lady Marmalade" and "It's Not Easy Being Green" were both performed by Andy Hallett, the actor who portrayed Lorne in the series. "A Place Called Home" by Kim Richey was performed during the final season as a tribute to the character Fred Burkle.
Elin Carlson provided all vocals featured in the score tracks. Robert J. Kral stated that the tracks were culled from all five seasons of the series based on popularity amongst fans. Many of the tracks are actually extended suites that combine many score pieces from one episode.
Track listing
"Angel Main Theme [The Sanctuary Extended Remix]" - Darling Violetta
"Start the Apocalypse"
"The End of the World"
"Massive Assault"
"Home"
"Hero" (Featuring Elin Carlson)
"Judgment & Jousting"
"The Birth of Angelus" (Featuring Elin Carlson)
"Rebellion"
"The Trials for Darla"
"Dreaming of Darla"
"Untouched/Darla's Fire"
"Darla's Sacrifice"
"Welcome to Pylea"
"Through the Looking Glass"
"Castle Attack"
"Cordy Meets Fred"
"Princess Cordelia"
"Farewell Cordelia"
"I'm Game" - Christophe Beck
"Touched" - VAST
"LA Song" - Christian Kane
"Lady Marmalade" - Andy Hallett
"It's Not Easy Being Green" - Andy Hallett
"A Place Called Home" - Kim Richey
Live Fast, Die Never
Television soundtracks
2005 soundtrack albums |
The Cottage House, formerly known as the White Horse Inn and Vernon Stiles Inn, is a historic bed and breakfast located in Thompson, Connecticut, United States.
History
Built in 1814 by Stephen Tefft, Dr. James Webb, Noadiah Comins, and Hezekiah Olney, the inn began as one of many public houses in the area. After Captain Vernon Stiles purchased it in 1830, it became Stiles Tavern and quickly gained popularity, boasting that “more stage passengers dined there every day than at any other house in New England.”
In addition to its fame as an inn, Stiles Tavern also became known as a wedding facility. Couples who disliked their state's requirements for publishing their intentions to marry fled to Connecticut. There, Captain Stiles, also a Justice of the Peace, wed them in his tavern. The unions of these run-aways earned Stiles Tavern the celebrated reputation as the “Gretna Green of New England.”
When the temperance movement arose in the mid-1830s, Captain Stiles disposed of his liquor, transforming his tavern into a temperance house. After Captain Stiles, several innkeepers owned and managed the inn over the years. Eventually changing from a tavern to a restaurant, the building took on different titles, such as the Vernon Stiles Inn, the White Horse Inn at Vernon Stiles, and simply the White Horse Inn.
Present state
Now a bed and breakfast, the inn currently is called The Cottage House. Though it no longer holds wedding ceremonies, it still accommodates several brides and guests of couples who host their weddings or receptions at its nearby sister property, Lord Thompson Manor, also a historic site.
The Cottage House is part of the Thompson Hill Historic District, registered with the National Register of Historic Places; the State Register, and the Local Register, and is also recognized as a National Historical Site, a State Historical Site, and a City Historical Site.
Claims to fame
Since Captain Vernon Stiles's purchase of the inn in the 1830s, the signs outside The Cottage House have portrayed a gentleman riding in a carriage pulled by a white horse. This image depicts a visit from the famous Marquis de Lafayette in 1824. Lafayette stayed at the inn for three days during his tour of America, and visited with a few of the town locals.
The Cottage House also was used in the 1959 filming of the mystery movie, The Man in the Net.
References
Iamartino, Joseph, ed. (2003). Echoes of Old Thompson: A Pictorial History of Thompson, Connecticut. The Donning Company Publishers.
Larned, Ellen D. (2000). History of Windham County Connecticut, Vol. 2, 1760-1880. Swordsmith Productions.
Bayles, Richard M. History of the Village of Thompson. Connecticut Genealogy. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
External links
The Cottage House
Thompson Historical Society
Buildings and structures in Windham County, Connecticut
Bed and breakfasts in Connecticut
Thompson, Connecticut |
Jochen Piest (1964 in Bad Honnef – 1995 in Tscherwljonnaja) was a German correspondent for the German newsmagazine Stern.
Life
On 10 January 1995, Piest was killed in a suicide attack by a Chechen rebel against a Russian mine-clearing unit in the village of Chervlyonna, about 24 kilometers northeast of the Chechen capital, Grozny. Piest was fatally hit by three bullets, while a Rossiskaya Gazeta correspondent Vladimir Sorokin was wounded in the attack. The gunman died when the locomotive collided with the military train.
References
1964 births
1995 deaths
German reporters and correspondents
German male journalists
Journalists killed while covering the Chechen wars
War correspondents of the Chechen wars
German male writers |
Upper Mangrove is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about upstream and north of Spencer along Mangrove Creek. It is part of the local government area.
Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales) |
Clubiona pacifica is a species of sac spider in the family Clubionidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.
References
External links
Clubionidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Spiders described in 1896 |
```html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSONEditor | Load and save</title>
<link href="../dist/jsoneditor.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<script src="../dist/jsoneditor.js"></script>
<script src="path_to_url"></script>
<script src="path_to_url"></script>
<style>
html, body {
font: 11pt sans-serif;
}
#jsoneditor {
width: 500px;
height: 500px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Load and save JSON documents</h1>
<p>
This examples uses HTML5 to load/save local files.
Powered by <a href="path_to_url">FileReader.js</a> and
<a href="path_to_url">FileSaver.js</a>.<br>
Only supported on modern browsers (Chrome, FireFox, IE10+, Safari 6.1+, Opera 15+).
</p>
<p>
Load a JSON document: <input type="file" id="loadDocument" value="Load"/>
</p>
<p>
Save a JSON document: <input type="button" id="saveDocument" value="Save" />
</p>
<div id="jsoneditor"></div>
<script>
// create the editor
var editor = new JSONEditor(document.getElementById('jsoneditor'));
// Load a JSON document
FileReaderJS.setupInput(document.getElementById('loadDocument'), {
readAsDefault: 'Text',
on: {
load: function (event, file) {
editor.setText(event.target.result);
}
}
});
// Save a JSON document
document.getElementById('saveDocument').onclick = function () {
var blob = new Blob([editor.getText()], {type: 'application/json;charset=utf-8'});
saveAs(blob, 'document.json');
};
</script>
</body>
</html>
``` |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\ContainerAnalysis;
class DiscoveryNote extends \Google\Model
{
/**
* @var string
*/
public $analysisKind;
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setAnalysisKind($analysisKind)
{
$this->analysisKind = $analysisKind;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getAnalysisKind()
{
return $this->analysisKind;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(DiscoveryNote::class, 'Google_Service_ContainerAnalysis_DiscoveryNote');
``` |
Leon McFadden Jr. (born October 26, 1990) is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football at San Diego State.
Early years
McFadden attended St. John Bosco High School in Bellflower, California, and played high school football for the Bosco Braves. As a senior, he recorded 32 receptions for an average of 16.3 yards per catch, 7 touchdowns, 48 tackles and 4 interceptions, while being selected to the Trinity League first-team defense. Against Lutheran High School, he had a season-high 7 receptions for 108 yards.
He was also a standout athlete for the St. John Bosco High School track team. He was timed at 10.9 seconds in the 100 meters in 2008. He had a career-best leap of 6.46 meters in the long jump.
College career
McFadden accepted a football scholarship from San Diego State University to play as a wide receiver, but was switched to cornerback. As a true freshman, he started 6 games (including the first 5) out of 12, posting 26 tackles, one sack, one interception and 2 blocked extra points. Against Southern Utah University, he blocked a kick and returned it after a lateral for a defensive extra point.
As a sophomore, he was named a regular starter at cornerback and also served as the punt returner. He registered 55 tackles (third on the team), 7 tackles for loss (third on the team), 10 passes defensed and 2 interceptions.
As a junior, he had 46 tackles (3 for loss), 2 interceptions and 17 passes defended (led the conference). As a senior, he recorded 61 tackles, 3 interceptions (2 returned for touchdowns) and 12 passes defended.
During his college career, he accumulated 188 tackles (13 for loss), 39 pass break ups, 8 interceptions (2 returned for touchdown), 3 sacks and one forced fumble. He also returned 17 punts for 116 yards (6.8-yard average) and blocked an extra point. He was just the fifth player in school history to be named a first-team All-MWC selection for three years.
Professional career
Cleveland Browns
McFadden was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the third round (68th overall pick) of the 2013 NFL Draft. On August 30, 2014, McFadden was released by the Browns.
New York Jets
He was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets on August 31, 2014. He was released on September 11.
San Francisco 49ers
On November 1, 2014, he was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to the practice squad. On November 1, he was promoted to the active roster. He was released by the 49ers on September 5, 2015.
Arizona Cardinals
On September 7, 2015, the Arizona Cardinals signed McFadden to their practice squad.
New York Giants
On October 21, 2015, the New York Giants signed McFadden from the Arizona Cardinals practice squad. He was waived on December 5. On December 8, he was signed to the practice squad. On January 4, 2016, McFadden signed a reserve/future contract with the Giants. He was waived by the Giants on September 3, 2016.
Dallas Cowboys
On October 24, 2016, the Dallas Cowboys signed McFadden to their practice squad. On November 5, after injuries to Morris Claiborne and Barry Church, the Cowboys were forced to promote him to the active roster. Playing in his second game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he allowed a pump-fake touchdown from Ben Roethlisberger to Antonio Brown, although he was one of the few Cowboys players that reacted to the play. He was mostly a core special teams player during the season.
On August 29, 2017, McFadden was placed on injured reserve with a hamstring injury. He was released on September 2, 2017.
Atlanta Falcons
On December 4, 2017, McFadden was signed by the Atlanta Falcons, to provide depth while Brian Poole recovered from a back injury. He was declared inactive the rest of the season and the playoffs.
On March 13, 2018, he signed a one-year contract extension. He was released on August 31, 2018.
Personal life
His father, Leon McFadden, was a shortstop and outfielder for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball between 1968 and 1970.
References
External links
San Diego State Aztecs Bio
Cleveland Browns Bio
1990 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
Arizona Cardinals players
Atlanta Falcons players
Cleveland Browns players
Dallas Cowboys players
New York Giants players
New York Jets players
Players of American football from Bellflower, California
San Diego State Aztecs football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Players of American football from Inglewood, California
St. John Bosco High School alumni |
Antonov Peak (, ) is the peak rising to 1316 m in the northwest part of Trakiya Heights on Trinity Peninsula, Antarctic Peninsula. Situated 4.45 km east of Mount Schuyler, 4.25 km southeast of Sirius Knoll, 4.9 km west by north of Mount Daimler, and 8.23 km north of Skakavitsa Peak in Kondofrey Heights. Surmounting Russell West Glacier to the north and Victory Glacier to the south.
The peak is named after the Bulgarian automobile constructor Rumen Antonov (b. 1944) who invented an innovative automatic gearbox.
Location
Antonov Peak is located at . German-British mapping in 1996.
Maps
Trinity Peninsula. Scale 1:250000 topographic map No. 5697. Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie and British Antarctic Survey, 1996.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 1993–2016.
Notes
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Antonov Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
External links
Antonov Peak. Copernix satellite image
Mountains of Trinity Peninsula
Bulgaria and the Antarctic |
FC Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk was a professional Ukrainian football team in the Ukrainian Second League since 2004 till 2012.
History
The Prykarpattia club was originally known as Fakel Ivano-Frankivsk, a Ukrainian football club based in Ivano-Frankivsk. The club was formed out of a school team of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas. After gained the promotion from the Druha Liha, the club began seeking financial support knowing that the club would not be able to be viable in the Persha Liha.
On 17 July 2007, information was released to the media that FC Fakel Ivano-Frankivsk had been reformed into the FSC Prykarpattia. This reformation was to keep the historically traditional name of the team that was associated with Ivano-Frankivsk.
The initiative came from the former president of the old Prykarpattya, Anatoliy Revutskyi who together with the mayor of Ivano-Frankivsk, Viktor Anushkevichus, the president of the FC Fakel, Evstahiy Kryzhanivskyi, and Andriy Romanchuk signed the documents of the establishment of the Football Sport Club Prykarpattya. The director of the Municipal Central Stadium "Rukh" ("Movement" in English), Ivan Sliusar became the executive director of the club.
The new club's logo carries the year of the club's establishment 1989 with the name FC Prykarpattia. This implies that Spartak renamed themselves this name and continued to compete in the Ukrainian First League. A similar occurrence took place with FC LUKOR Kalush in 2003. With this reformation, FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk was reestablished at the Oblast championship as part of FSC Prykarpattia under the name of Prykarpattia-2 Ivano-Frankivsk.
On 29 July 2010, information was released to the media that FSC Prykarpattia had been reformed into the Professional Football Club Prykarpattia. Ivano-Frankivsk Town Council and Limited liability company "Skorzonera" (owner of tourism complex "Bukovel") are club's founders.
The club dissolved in the summer of 2012 and were expelled from the PFL when they were not included in the draw for the first round of the next season.
Coaches
Serhiy Ptashnyk (2004 – July 2008) (Record 63–20–39 170:144 in Second and First League)
Stepan Matviyiv (July 2008 – November 2008)
Mykola Prystay (November 2008 – July 2009)
Serhiy Ptashnyk (July 2009 – December 2010)
Petro Kushlyk (January 2011 – March 2011)
Mykola Prystay (March 2011 – June 2011)
Petro Kushlyk (July 2011 – June 2012)
Volodymyr Kovalyuk (June 2016 – present)
League and cup history
Fakel Ivano-Frankivsk (2004–2007)
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Season
! Div.
! Pos.
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Domestic Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|-bgcolor=PowderBlue
|align=center|2004–05
|align=center|3rd "A"
|align=center|4
|align=center|28
|align=center|15
|align=center|4
|align=center|9
|align=center|38
|align=center|35
|align=center|49
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-bgcolor=PowderBlue
|align=center|2005–06
|align=center|3rd "A"
|align=center bgcolor=silver|2
|align=center|28
|align=center|19
|align=center|5
|align=center|4
|align=center|56
|align=center|24
|align=center|62
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-bgcolor=PowderBlue
|align=center|2006–07
|align=center|3rd "A"
|align=center bgcolor=silver|2
|align=center|28
|align=center|18
|align=center|5
|align=center|5
|align=center|39
|align=center|18
|align=center|59
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center bgcolor=green|Promoted
|}
Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk (2007–2012)
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Season
! Div.
! Pos.
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Domestic Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|-bgcolor=LightCyan
|align=center|2007–08
|align=center|2nd
|align=center|17
|align=center|38
|align=center|11
|align=center|6
|align=center|21
|align=center|37
|align=center|67
|align=center|39
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Renamed
|-bgcolor=LightCyan
|align=center|2008–09
|align=center|2nd
|align=center|16
|align=center|32
|align=center|7
|align=center|7
|align=center|18
|align=center|26
|align=center|54
|align=center|28
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Reinstated
|-bgcolor=LightCyan
|align=center|2009–10
|align=center|2nd
|align=center|16
|align=center|34
|align=center|5
|align=center|7
|align=center|22
|align=center|26
|align=center|68
|align=center|22
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-bgcolor=LightCyan
|align=center|2010–11
|align=center|2nd
|align=center|17
|align=center|34
|align=center|5
|align=center|1
|align=center|28
|align=center|27
|align=center|82
|align=center|16
|align=center|1/16 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center bgcolor=red|Relegated
|-bgcolor=PowderBlue
|align=center|2011–12
|align=center|3rd "A"
|align=center|6
|align=center|26
|align=center|11
|align=center|6
|align=center|9
|align=center|40
|align=center|32
|align=center|36
|align=center|1/32 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center bgcolor=pink|–3 – Expelled
|}
See also
FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk
MCS Rukh
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
Notes
References
External links
Unofficial site of the club
Profile at Soccerway
Defunct football clubs in Ukraine
Football clubs in Ivano-Frankivsk
Association football clubs established in 2004
2004 establishments in Ukraine
Association football clubs disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in Ukraine
University and college football clubs in Ukraine |
"I'm Not the Only One" is a 2014 song by Sam Smith.
I'm Not the Only One may also refer to:
I'm Not the Only One (book), a 2004 autobiography of George Galloway
"I'm Not the Only One", a song by Rene and Rene, composed by Milt Lance 1965
"I'm Not the Only One", a song by Rancid from the EP Rancid 1992
"I'm Not the Only One", a song by Laura Branigan, composed by D. Warren, from the album Branigan 2 1983
"I'm Not the Only One", a song by Filter, composed R. Patrick, from the album Title of Record 1999, also Filter: The Very Best Things (1995-2008)
"I'm Not the Only One", a song by Atlanta Rhythm Section, composed by Buddy Buie & Ronnie Hammond, from Truth in a Structured Form 1989 and Eufaula (album) 1999
"I'm Not the Only One", a single by Ed Hale and The Transcendence from Sleep With You 2003
See also
Not the Only One (disambiguation)
"Imagine" (John Lennon song), containing the line "I'm not the only one"
"Rape Me" (Nirvana song), containing the line "I'm not the only one" |
```kotlin
package cn.yiiguxing.plugin.translate.ui
import cn.yiiguxing.plugin.translate.ui.UI.emptyBorder
import cn.yiiguxing.plugin.translate.ui.settings.SettingsUi
import com.intellij.ui.components.JBScrollPane
fun main() = uiTest("Settings UI Test", 650, 900/*, true*/) {
val settingsUi = object : SettingsUi() {
override fun isSupportDocumentTranslation(): Boolean = true
}
val panel = settingsUi.createMainPanel()
panel.border = emptyBorder(11, 16)
JBScrollPane(panel)
}
``` |
```objective-c
/*
**********************************************************************
* and others. All Rights Reserved.
**********************************************************************
* Date Name Description
* 01/14/2002 aliu Creation.
**********************************************************************
*/
#ifndef UNIFUNCT_H
#define UNIFUNCT_H
#include "unicode/utypes.h"
#include "unicode/uobject.h"
/**
* \file
* \brief C++ API: Unicode Functor
*/
U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
class UnicodeMatcher;
class UnicodeReplacer;
class TransliterationRuleData;
/**
* <code>UnicodeFunctor</code> is an abstract base class for objects
* that perform match and/or replace operations on Unicode strings.
* @author Alan Liu
* @stable ICU 2.4
*/
class U_COMMON_API UnicodeFunctor : public UObject {
public:
/**
* Destructor
* @stable ICU 2.4
*/
virtual ~UnicodeFunctor();
/**
* Return a copy of this object. All UnicodeFunctor objects
* have to support cloning in order to allow classes using
* UnicodeFunctor to implement cloning.
* @stable ICU 2.4
*/
virtual UnicodeFunctor* clone() const = 0;
/**
* Cast 'this' to a UnicodeMatcher* pointer and return the
* pointer, or null if this is not a UnicodeMatcher*. Subclasses
* that mix in UnicodeMatcher as a base class must override this.
* This protocol is required because a pointer to a UnicodeFunctor
* cannot be cast to a pointer to a UnicodeMatcher, since
* UnicodeMatcher is a mixin that does not derive from
* UnicodeFunctor.
* @stable ICU 2.4
*/
virtual UnicodeMatcher* toMatcher() const;
/**
* Cast 'this' to a UnicodeReplacer* pointer and return the
* pointer, or null if this is not a UnicodeReplacer*. Subclasses
* that mix in UnicodeReplacer as a base class must override this.
* This protocol is required because a pointer to a UnicodeFunctor
* cannot be cast to a pointer to a UnicodeReplacer, since
* UnicodeReplacer is a mixin that does not derive from
* UnicodeFunctor.
* @stable ICU 2.4
*/
virtual UnicodeReplacer* toReplacer() const;
/**
* Return the class ID for this class. This is useful only for
* comparing to a return value from getDynamicClassID().
* @return The class ID for all objects of this class.
* @stable ICU 2.0
*/
static UClassID U_EXPORT2 getStaticClassID(void);
/**
* Returns a unique class ID <b>polymorphically</b>. This method
* is to implement a simple version of RTTI, since not all C++
* compilers support genuine RTTI. Polymorphic operator==() and
* clone() methods call this method.
*
* <p>Concrete subclasses of UnicodeFunctor should use the macro
* UOBJECT_DEFINE_RTTI_IMPLEMENTATION from uobject.h to
* provide definitios getStaticClassID and getDynamicClassID.
*
* @return The class ID for this object. All objects of a given
* class have the same class ID. Objects of other classes have
* different class IDs.
* @stable ICU 2.4
*/
virtual UClassID getDynamicClassID(void) const = 0;
/**
* Set the data object associated with this functor. The data
* object provides context for functor-to-standin mapping. This
* method is required when assigning a functor to a different data
* object. This function MAY GO AWAY later if the architecture is
* changed to pass data object pointers through the API.
* @internal ICU 2.1
*/
virtual void setData(const TransliterationRuleData*) = 0;
protected:
/**
* Since this class has pure virtual functions,
* a constructor can't be used.
* @stable ICU 2.0
*/
/*UnicodeFunctor();*/
};
/*inline UnicodeFunctor::UnicodeFunctor() {}*/
U_NAMESPACE_END
#endif
``` |
Events in the year 2021 in Andorra.
Incumbents
Co-Princes: Emmanuel Macron and Joan Enric Vives Sicília
Prime Minister: Xavier Espot Zamora
Events
Ongoing — COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra
Deaths
24 January – Antoni Puigdellívol, businessman and politician (born 1946).
31 March – Climent Palmitjavila, politician, member of the General Council (born 1940).
References
2020s in Andorra
Years of the 21st century in Andorra
Andorra
Andorra |
Curly on the Rack is a 1958 Australian play by Ru Pullan set in Rabaul after World War II.
Pullan was an experienced radio writer. The play came about from a discussion Pullan had with a friend about treasure left behind in the war.
It was presented by the Elizabethan Theatre Trust at a time when production of Australian plays was rare.
It was considered a disappointment after their successful productions of The Shifting Heart and Summer of the Seventeenth Doll.
Plot
After World War Two, two brothers, the tough Max and the gentler Harry, live in Rabaul with their sister Pet, salvaging war time equipment. Their truck driver, Curly, waits for his opportunity to recover £10,000 he planted on a nearby island during the Japanese invasion along with a fellow soldier called Scobie.
Scobie arrives, having lost both his legs during the war, demanding his half of the money. Smith, a philosophical drunk, comments on the action.
Cast of original production
Stewart Ginn as Scobie
John Gray as Smith
Coralie Neville as Pet Finton
Max Osbiston as Harry
Grant Taylor as Max Finton
Ken Wayne as Harry Finton
Owen Weingott as Tim, a ship's captain
Reception
Reviewing the original production, The Bulletin said "the dramatic cliches and tortuous contrivings that go with resolving the situations are rather less thanbearable, and the scene wherein Scobie recovers his manhood and Max reveals his yellow streak must be one of the most preposterous bits of hoo-ha served to an audience for many a day."
The Sydney Morning Herald said the play "ran a wayward course through melodramatic shallows" and "had an entertaining enough adventure yarn to tell, but Mr Pullan seemed unable to develop the issues of his intriguing first act in a rich way through the stationary second, and then abandoned adventure to turn his third act into a much too rapid_, much too tritely tremulous, much too improbable study of a wrecked man's redemption into full and confident manhood." The paper's reviewer added that the "dialogue had the surface fluency to be expected of an experienced hand in day-to-dsy radio writing, but the play...had something of radio's way of forcing over-heated dramatics into situations that could seem more plausible if allowed to generate more stealthily."
The Age said the play was "undistinguished" with "some of the most predictable action ever seen on stage". The same critic later elaborated that the problem was not that the play fails to be distnguished but that "it fails to be an ordinary play."
Leslie Rees later caled it "sloppily written, novelettish and second-rate. It played to empty houses and quickly lost over £5000 for the Trust. Such a failure illustrated how easily managements that are supposed to be highly skilled in evaluating plays can make woeful mistakes."
According to the Trust Annual Report, the production lost the Trust £5,621.
Radio adaptation
The play was adapted for Australian radio in 1960. Pullan adapted the play himself and the roles were played by John Ewart (Curly), Stewart Ginn (Scobie) and John Gray (Smith).
References
External links
details of premiere production at AusStage
Curly on the Rack at AustLit
Review of initial production
Program of Original Production at Elizabethan Theatre Trust
1950s Australian plays
1958 plays
Australian plays
1960s Australian radio dramas |
Michael Liam Farnan (born January 29, 1941) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1995, and was a cabinet minister in the government of Bob Rae.
Background
Farnan was educated at University College Dublin, the National University of Ireland; the University of London in England; and McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He has a Master's degree in Education, and a bachelor's degree of arts. He has worked as a primary and secondary school teacher in London, Montreal, Cambridge, Ontario and Brampton Ontario for twenty-seven years. A devout Roman Catholic working within Ontario's separate school system, he served as provincial director of the Ontario English Catholic Teacher's Association for a time, as well as participating in a variety of community outreach projects in Cambridge. After he retired from teaching in 2002, he studied to become a real estate agent and broker of his own company Mike Farnan Realty in Cambridge. He also served as associate broker for Crown Realty Royal Le Page and for Peak Realty, both located in Cambridge.
Politics
Farnan ran for the federal New Democratic Party in Cambridge during the 1980 federal election. He came second, 3,080 votes behind Progressive Conservative Chris Speyer. He also served on the Cambridge city council for the period in the 1980s.
Farnan was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1987 provincial election, defeating Liberal candidate Claudette Millar in the provincial riding of Cambridge (incumbent Progressive Conservative Bill Barlow finished third). The NDP were the official opposition in this period, and Farnan served as his party's critic for Correctional Services and Tourism and Recreation.
The NDP won a majority government in the 1990 provincial election, and Farnan was re-elected by a landslide in Cambridge. On October 1, 1990, he was appointed as the Rae government's first Solicitor General and Minister of Correctional Services.
As Solicitor-General, Farnan introduced employment equity provisions for Ontario's police force. He also established a "common pause day" which continued the province's previous restrictions on Sunday shopping. In the spring of 1991, he became involved in a minor controversy concerning two letters which had been sent from his staff to Justices of the Peace in Ontario, one of which requested the review of a case. This was seen by some as inappropriate interference from his office, and while Farnan did not write the letters himself, he was nonetheless dropped from cabinet on July 31, 1991. In September 1991 he was appointed as Deputy Chairman of the house and he served in that role for the next two years.
On June 17, 1993, Farnan was re-appointed as a Minister without portfolio responsible for Education and Training. In this capacity, he served as an assistant to Minister of Education Dave Cooke.
Farnan returned to a full cabinet position on October 21, 1994, having been appointed Minister of Transportation.
In 1994, Farnan was one of twelve NDP members to vote against Bill 167, a bill extending financial benefits to same-sex partners. Premier Bob Rae allowed a free vote on the bill which allowed members of his party to vote with their conscience.
The NDP were defeated in the 1995 provincial election, and Farnan lost the Cambridge seat to Progressive Conservative Gerry Martiniuk by about 5,500 votes. He ran a second time for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1997 federal election, but finished third against Liberal Janko Peric.
Cabinet positions
After politics
In the late 1990s, Farnan became a school teacher at St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School in Brampton, Ontario. He specialized in social science courses (mainly Religion). He retired in December 1996.
In 2021 mike renounced his membership to the NDP and joined the Green Party.
As of December 2021 Mike is currently the campaign manager for Green Party of Ontario candidate Carla Johnson in the riding of Cambridge Ontario.
Electoral record
Provincial
Federal
References
External links
1941 births
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of University College Dublin
Canadian Roman Catholics
Living people
McGill University alumni
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs |
```c
/*
* jddctmgr.c
*
* Modified 2002-2013 by Guido Vollbeding.
* This file is part of the Independent JPEG Group's software.
* For conditions of distribution and use, see the accompanying README file.
*
* This file contains the inverse-DCT management logic.
* This code selects a particular IDCT implementation to be used,
* and it performs related housekeeping chores. No code in this file
* is executed per IDCT step, only during output pass setup.
*
* Note that the IDCT routines are responsible for performing coefficient
* dequantization as well as the IDCT proper. This module sets up the
* dequantization multiplier table needed by the IDCT routine.
*/
#define JPEG_INTERNALS
#include "jinclude.h"
#include "jpeglib.h"
#include "jdct.h" /* Private declarations for DCT subsystem */
/*
* The decompressor input side (jdinput.c) saves away the appropriate
* quantization table for each component at the start of the first scan
* involving that component. (This is necessary in order to correctly
* decode files that reuse Q-table slots.)
* When we are ready to make an output pass, the saved Q-table is converted
* to a multiplier table that will actually be used by the IDCT routine.
* The multiplier table contents are IDCT-method-dependent. To support
* application changes in IDCT method between scans, we can remake the
* multiplier tables if necessary.
* In buffered-image mode, the first output pass may occur before any data
* has been seen for some components, and thus before their Q-tables have
* been saved away. To handle this case, multiplier tables are preset
* to zeroes; the result of the IDCT will be a neutral gray level.
*/
/* Private subobject for this module */
typedef struct {
struct jpeg_inverse_dct pub; /* public fields */
/* This array contains the IDCT method code that each multiplier table
* is currently set up for, or -1 if it's not yet set up.
* The actual multiplier tables are pointed to by dct_table in the
* per-component comp_info structures.
*/
int cur_method[MAX_COMPONENTS];
} my_idct_controller;
typedef my_idct_controller * my_idct_ptr;
/* Allocated multiplier tables: big enough for any supported variant */
typedef union {
ISLOW_MULT_TYPE islow_array[DCTSIZE2];
#ifdef DCT_IFAST_SUPPORTED
IFAST_MULT_TYPE ifast_array[DCTSIZE2];
#endif
#ifdef DCT_FLOAT_SUPPORTED
FLOAT_MULT_TYPE float_array[DCTSIZE2];
#endif
} multiplier_table;
/* The current scaled-IDCT routines require ISLOW-style multiplier tables,
* so be sure to compile that code if either ISLOW or SCALING is requested.
*/
#ifdef DCT_ISLOW_SUPPORTED
#define PROVIDE_ISLOW_TABLES
#else
#ifdef IDCT_SCALING_SUPPORTED
#define PROVIDE_ISLOW_TABLES
#endif
#endif
/*
* Prepare for an output pass.
* Here we select the proper IDCT routine for each component and build
* a matching multiplier table.
*/
METHODDEF(void)
start_pass (j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
my_idct_ptr idct = (my_idct_ptr) cinfo->idct;
int ci, i;
jpeg_component_info *compptr;
int method = 0;
inverse_DCT_method_ptr method_ptr = NULL;
JQUANT_TBL * qtbl;
for (ci = 0, compptr = cinfo->comp_info; ci < cinfo->num_components;
ci++, compptr++) {
/* Select the proper IDCT routine for this component's scaling */
switch ((compptr->DCT_h_scaled_size << 8) + compptr->DCT_v_scaled_size) {
#ifdef IDCT_SCALING_SUPPORTED
case ((1 << 8) + 1):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_1x1;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((2 << 8) + 2):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_2x2;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((3 << 8) + 3):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_3x3;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((4 << 8) + 4):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_4x4;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((5 << 8) + 5):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_5x5;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((6 << 8) + 6):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_6x6;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((7 << 8) + 7):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_7x7;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((9 << 8) + 9):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_9x9;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((10 << 8) + 10):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_10x10;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((11 << 8) + 11):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_11x11;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((12 << 8) + 12):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_12x12;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((13 << 8) + 13):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_13x13;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((14 << 8) + 14):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_14x14;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((15 << 8) + 15):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_15x15;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((16 << 8) + 16):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_16x16;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((16 << 8) + 8):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_16x8;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((14 << 8) + 7):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_14x7;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((12 << 8) + 6):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_12x6;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((10 << 8) + 5):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_10x5;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((8 << 8) + 4):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_8x4;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((6 << 8) + 3):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_6x3;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((4 << 8) + 2):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_4x2;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((2 << 8) + 1):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_2x1;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((8 << 8) + 16):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_8x16;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((7 << 8) + 14):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_7x14;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((6 << 8) + 12):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_6x12;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((5 << 8) + 10):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_5x10;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((4 << 8) + 8):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_4x8;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((3 << 8) + 6):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_3x6;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((2 << 8) + 4):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_2x4;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
case ((1 << 8) + 2):
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_1x2;
method = JDCT_ISLOW; /* jidctint uses islow-style table */
break;
#endif
case ((DCTSIZE << 8) + DCTSIZE):
switch (cinfo->dct_method) {
#ifdef DCT_ISLOW_SUPPORTED
case JDCT_ISLOW:
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_islow;
method = JDCT_ISLOW;
break;
#endif
#ifdef DCT_IFAST_SUPPORTED
case JDCT_IFAST:
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_ifast;
method = JDCT_IFAST;
break;
#endif
#ifdef DCT_FLOAT_SUPPORTED
case JDCT_FLOAT:
method_ptr = jpeg_idct_float;
method = JDCT_FLOAT;
break;
#endif
default:
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_NOT_COMPILED);
break;
}
break;
default:
ERREXIT2(cinfo, JERR_BAD_DCTSIZE,
compptr->DCT_h_scaled_size, compptr->DCT_v_scaled_size);
break;
}
idct->pub.inverse_DCT[ci] = method_ptr;
/* Create multiplier table from quant table.
* However, we can skip this if the component is uninteresting
* or if we already built the table. Also, if no quant table
* has yet been saved for the component, we leave the
* multiplier table all-zero; we'll be reading zeroes from the
* coefficient controller's buffer anyway.
*/
if (! compptr->component_needed || idct->cur_method[ci] == method)
continue;
qtbl = compptr->quant_table;
if (qtbl == NULL) /* happens if no data yet for component */
continue;
idct->cur_method[ci] = method;
switch (method) {
#ifdef PROVIDE_ISLOW_TABLES
case JDCT_ISLOW:
{
/* For LL&M IDCT method, multipliers are equal to raw quantization
* coefficients, but are stored as ints to ensure access efficiency.
*/
ISLOW_MULT_TYPE * ismtbl = (ISLOW_MULT_TYPE *) compptr->dct_table;
for (i = 0; i < DCTSIZE2; i++) {
ismtbl[i] = (ISLOW_MULT_TYPE) qtbl->quantval[i];
}
}
break;
#endif
#ifdef DCT_IFAST_SUPPORTED
case JDCT_IFAST:
{
/* For AA&N IDCT method, multipliers are equal to quantization
* coefficients scaled by scalefactor[row]*scalefactor[col], where
* scalefactor[0] = 1
* scalefactor[k] = cos(k*PI/16) * sqrt(2) for k=1..7
* For integer operation, the multiplier table is to be scaled by
* IFAST_SCALE_BITS.
*/
IFAST_MULT_TYPE * ifmtbl = (IFAST_MULT_TYPE *) compptr->dct_table;
#define CONST_BITS 14
static const INT16 aanscales[DCTSIZE2] = {
/* precomputed values scaled up by 14 bits */
16384, 22725, 21407, 19266, 16384, 12873, 8867, 4520,
22725, 31521, 29692, 26722, 22725, 17855, 12299, 6270,
21407, 29692, 27969, 25172, 21407, 16819, 11585, 5906,
19266, 26722, 25172, 22654, 19266, 15137, 10426, 5315,
16384, 22725, 21407, 19266, 16384, 12873, 8867, 4520,
12873, 17855, 16819, 15137, 12873, 10114, 6967, 3552,
8867, 12299, 11585, 10426, 8867, 6967, 4799, 2446,
4520, 6270, 5906, 5315, 4520, 3552, 2446, 1247
};
SHIFT_TEMPS
for (i = 0; i < DCTSIZE2; i++) {
ifmtbl[i] = (IFAST_MULT_TYPE)
DESCALE(MULTIPLY16V16((INT32) qtbl->quantval[i],
(INT32) aanscales[i]),
CONST_BITS-IFAST_SCALE_BITS);
}
}
break;
#endif
#ifdef DCT_FLOAT_SUPPORTED
case JDCT_FLOAT:
{
/* For float AA&N IDCT method, multipliers are equal to quantization
* coefficients scaled by scalefactor[row]*scalefactor[col], where
* scalefactor[0] = 1
* scalefactor[k] = cos(k*PI/16) * sqrt(2) for k=1..7
* We apply a further scale factor of 1/8.
*/
FLOAT_MULT_TYPE * fmtbl = (FLOAT_MULT_TYPE *) compptr->dct_table;
int row, col;
static const double aanscalefactor[DCTSIZE] = {
1.0, 1.387039845, 1.306562965, 1.175875602,
1.0, 0.785694958, 0.541196100, 0.275899379
};
i = 0;
for (row = 0; row < DCTSIZE; row++) {
for (col = 0; col < DCTSIZE; col++) {
fmtbl[i] = (FLOAT_MULT_TYPE)
((double) qtbl->quantval[i] *
aanscalefactor[row] * aanscalefactor[col] * 0.125);
i++;
}
}
}
break;
#endif
default:
ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_NOT_COMPILED);
break;
}
}
}
/*
* Initialize IDCT manager.
*/
GLOBAL(void)
jinit_inverse_dct (j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
my_idct_ptr idct;
int ci;
jpeg_component_info *compptr;
idct = (my_idct_ptr)
(*cinfo->mem->alloc_small) ((j_common_ptr) cinfo, JPOOL_IMAGE,
SIZEOF(my_idct_controller));
cinfo->idct = &idct->pub;
idct->pub.start_pass = start_pass;
for (ci = 0, compptr = cinfo->comp_info; ci < cinfo->num_components;
ci++, compptr++) {
/* Allocate and pre-zero a multiplier table for each component */
compptr->dct_table =
(*cinfo->mem->alloc_small) ((j_common_ptr) cinfo, JPOOL_IMAGE,
SIZEOF(multiplier_table));
MEMZERO(compptr->dct_table, SIZEOF(multiplier_table));
/* Mark multiplier table not yet set up for any method */
idct->cur_method[ci] = -1;
}
}
``` |
```python
from prowler.lib.check.models import Check, Check_Report_Azure
from prowler.providers.azure.services.defender.defender_client import defender_client
class defender_ensure_defender_for_cosmosdb_is_on(Check):
def execute(self) -> Check_Report_Azure:
findings = []
for subscription, pricings in defender_client.pricings.items():
if "CosmosDbs" in pricings:
report = Check_Report_Azure(self.metadata())
report.status = "PASS"
report.subscription = subscription
report.resource_id = pricings["CosmosDbs"].resource_id
report.resource_name = "Defender plan Cosmos DB"
report.status_extended = f"Defender plan Defender for Cosmos DB from subscription {subscription} is set to ON (pricing tier standard)."
if pricings["CosmosDbs"].pricing_tier != "Standard":
report.status = "FAIL"
report.status_extended = f"Defender plan Defender for Cosmos DB from subscription {subscription} is set to OFF (pricing tier not standard)."
findings.append(report)
return findings
``` |
UTC+01:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +01:30.
History
It was used by the then-governments of the Orange Free State, Transvaal and the Cape Colony from 1892 to 1903 in what is now South Africa. This time zone was also used briefly by the former German South West Africa (present-day Namibia).
See also
History of time zones in Namibia
History of time zones in South Africa
References
UTC offsets
Time in South Africa |
A small number of municipalities in Serbia held local elections in 2006 for mayors, assembly members, or both. These were not part of the country's regular cycle of local elections but instead took place in certain jurisdictions where either the local government had fallen or the term of the municipal assembly had expired.
Serbia had introduced the direct election of mayors in 2002. This practice was abandoned with the 2008 cycle, but it was still in effect in 2006, and some mayoral by-elections took place in that year. The constituent municipalities of Belgrade did not have directly elected mayors, and in these jurisdictions mayors were chosen by the elected assembly members.
Not many local elections were held in 2007 due to the approaching 2008 Serbian local elections, in which all Serbian municipalities elected assembly members under a revised system. At least one sitting mayor won a recall election in that year, however.
All assembly elections were held under proportional representation with a three per cent electoral threshold. Successful lists were required to receive three per cent of all votes, not only of valid votes.
Results
2006
Belgrade
Barajevo
An election for the Barajevo municipal assembly was held on 1 October 2006, with repeat voting in some polls on 8 October.
Incumbent mayor Rade Stevanović of the Democratic Party of Serbia was selected for another term in office on 8 December 2006. He was dismissed from office on 12 February 2007 but was reinstated nine days later. Branislav Đurić of the Radical Party appears to have been acting mayor during the brief time Stevanović was out of office.
Stevanović was again dismissed on 30 April 2007. Igor Jevtić of New Serbia was initially dismissed as deputy mayor at the same time; however, his dismissal was overturned on 15 May and he appears to have served as acting mayor prior to the appointment of Branka Savić of the Democratic Party on 25 June.
Vojvodina
Bečej
Former Bečej mayor Đorđe Predin had been defeated in a 2005 recall election, and a by-election to replace him was held over two rounds on 5 and 19 February 2006. Peter Knezi, who had served as deputy mayor, may have been acting mayor during the election period.
Beočin
Beočin mayor Zoran Tesić won a recall election on 3 December 2006. The preliminary results of the election were:
Kovin
A new municipal assembly election was held in Kovin on 4 June 2006, and a mayoral by-election was held in two rounds on 25 June and 9 July.
Krstić was elected in the second round with the support of 17.45% of eligible voters, as against 16.41% for Kolarević.
Kula
Kula mayor Tihomir Đuričić was defeated in a recall election on 7 May 2006. A by-election to select a new mayor was held over two rounds on 25 June and 9 July 2006.
Novi Bečej
Novi Bečej mayor Aca T. Ðukičin was defeated in a recall election on 9 April 2006.
A by-election to select a new mayor was held over two rounds on 4 and 18 June 2006.
Odžaci
Odžaci mayor Milan Ćuk won a recall election on 3 December 2006.
Central Serbia (excluding Belgrade)
Despotovac
Elections were held in Despotovac on 1 October 2006 to elect a mayor and members of the municipal assembly. The second round of voting in the mayoral election took place on 15 October 2006.
Results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Despotovac:
Doljevac
Elections were held in Doljevac on 1 October 2006 to elect members of the municipal assembly. The results do not appear to be available online. Goran Ljubić's status as mayor was not affected, and the next local assembly elections took place as part of the regular cycle in 2008.
Kraljevo
Radoslav Jović resigned as mayor of Kraljevo on 24 November 2006. A by-election to choose his replacement was held over two rounds on 5 and 19 February 2006. The results were as follows:
Novi Pazar
The 2004 elections in Novi Pazar produced a divided government: Sulejman Ugljanin of the Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak was elected as mayor, but his party did not command a majority in the assembly and the rival Sandžak Democratic Party was able to form a coalition administration.
The government of Serbia introduced a provisional administration to Novi Pazar in April 2006 on the grounds that the assembly did not adopt the budget within the legal deadline. A new assembly election was scheduled for 11 September 2006.
At the time this happened, there was already an effort underway to recall Ugljanin as mayor. This effort ended in chaos, with two separate votes taking place. The first recall election, held on 14 May 2006, was organized by an election commission appointed by the former SDP-led administration. In this vote, ninety-eight per cent of voters supported recall. The second election, held on 25 June 2006, was by contrast led by a commission appointed by the interim government; in the latter vote, about ninety-seven per cent of voters opposed recall. Ultimately, Ugljanin was not removed from office.
The results of the municipal assembly election were as follows:
Ražanj
Ražanj mayor Životije Popović was defeated in a recall election on 30 April 2006.
New assembly elections had originally been scheduled for later in the year, as the previous elections had been held in 2002. Following Popović's defeat in the recall vote, the assembly elections were brought forward by a few months to coincide with the new mayoral election. Both elections took place on 25 June 2006. The second round of voting in the mayoral election took place on 9 July 2006.
Results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Ražanj:
Smederevo
Jasna Avramović, who had been elected as mayor in the 2004 Serbian local elections, was defeated in a recall election in late 2005. A by-election to determine her successor was held over two rounds on 12 February and 5 March 2006. The results were as follows:
2007
Central Serbia (excluding Belgrade)
Svilajnac
Svilajnac mayor Dobrivoje Budimirović won a recall election on 2 September 2007.
References
Local elections in Serbia
2006 elections in Serbia |
2021–2022 Language Movement in Jharkhand is a language movement organized on 2021 in Jharkhand, which is still going on in 2022. The people's demand was expressed to protect the local language and to prevent the aggression of other languages on the local language. Local language rights activists in Dhanbad and Bokaro protested against the inclusion of Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili languages in the state government's list of regional languages for Dhanbad and Bokaro, and launched a series of movements under the banner of Jharkhandi Bhasa Bachao Sangharsh Samiti. On 30 January 2022, Local language right activists making a 50- km long human chain from Telmachcho to Chandankiyari in Bokaro with intensely protests. The voice of the protesters on that day was "Bahari Bhasa Nei Chalto", means outsiders' languages will not work.
About five kilometer long torch procession was taken out under the banner of Jharkhand Bhasha Sangharsh Samiti, Nawadih on Tuesday to protest against making Bhojpuri and Magahi languages as regional languages in Dhanbad-Bokaro. About two thousand youths involved in this raised slogans against the government with torches in their hands. Nawadih Deputy Chief Vishwanath Mahato said that in any case the encroachment of language will not be accepted. Hemant government, who talks about the soil, is tampering with its culture, language and identity, which will not be tolerated. Protest foot march will be taken out in Nawadih on Wednesday. Bokaro district general secretary of Mukhiya Sangh, Gaurishankar Mahto said that Jharkhand has been found after a long fight. Under no circumstances will the identity of Jharkhand be allowed to be played with.
References
History of Jharkhand
Linguistic rights
Language conflict in India |
Riot! Entertainment is an independent record label, music distribution service and tour promoter based in Wollongong, Australia. According to their website, Riot is Australia's biggest heavy metal music distribution company. The company serves as the Australian distributor for Nuclear Blast, Metal Blade, Relapse, Season of Mist, Victory Records, Peaceville Records, Good Fight Records and several others. Riot is also a record label with a roster that currently includes Hellyeah, Black Label Society, Ace Frehley, Stuck Mojo, Mortal Sin, The Poor, LORD, and Voyager among others.
Current roster
* denotes Australia/New Zealand distribution only
Hellyeah*
Black Label Society*
Ace Frehley*
Stuck Mojo
Yngwie Malmsteen*
Free Reign
Annihilator*
The Poor
Mortal Sin
Melody Black
Voyager
LORD
Vanishing Point
Universum
Ink
Skintilla*
Our Last Enemy*
Former artists
Fozzy
Buried in Verona
Five Star Prison Cell
Aiden
The Berzerker
Black Asylum
Australian record labels
Australian independent record labels
Companies based in New South Wales
Heavy metal record labels |
West Point is an unincorporated community in Upper Gwynedd Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. Zacharias Creek starts here and flows west into the Skippack Creek, a tributary of the Perkiomen Creek. Merck & Co. has a facility in West Point, which is split between the Lansdale and North Wales post offices with the ZIP codes of 19446 and 19454, respectively. It is part of the North Penn Valley region that is centered on the borough of Lansdale.
References
Unincorporated communities in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania |
```javascript
import { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';
import { Notification } from '../Notification';
export function observeOn(scheduler, delay = 0) {
return function observeOnOperatorFunction(source) {
return source.lift(new ObserveOnOperator(scheduler, delay));
};
}
export class ObserveOnOperator {
constructor(scheduler, delay = 0) {
this.scheduler = scheduler;
this.delay = delay;
}
call(subscriber, source) {
return source.subscribe(new ObserveOnSubscriber(subscriber, this.scheduler, this.delay));
}
}
export class ObserveOnSubscriber extends Subscriber {
constructor(destination, scheduler, delay = 0) {
super(destination);
this.scheduler = scheduler;
this.delay = delay;
}
static dispatch(arg) {
const { notification, destination } = arg;
notification.observe(destination);
this.unsubscribe();
}
scheduleMessage(notification) {
const destination = this.destination;
destination.add(this.scheduler.schedule(ObserveOnSubscriber.dispatch, this.delay, new ObserveOnMessage(notification, this.destination)));
}
_next(value) {
this.scheduleMessage(Notification.createNext(value));
}
_error(err) {
this.scheduleMessage(Notification.createError(err));
this.unsubscribe();
}
_complete() {
this.scheduleMessage(Notification.createComplete());
this.unsubscribe();
}
}
export class ObserveOnMessage {
constructor(notification, destination) {
this.notification = notification;
this.destination = destination;
}
}
//# sourceMappingURL=observeOn.js.map
``` |
```java
package com.ctrip.framework.xpipe.redis.utils;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.JarURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class JarFileUrlJar {
public static final String TMP_PATH = "/tmp/redis/proxy/";
private JarFile jarFile;
private JarEntry entry;
private String fileName;
public JarFileUrlJar(URL url) throws IOException {
try {
// jar:file:...
JarURLConnection jarConn = (JarURLConnection) url.openConnection();
jarConn.setUseCaches(false);
jarFile = jarConn.getJarFile();
entry = jarConn.getJarEntry();
fileName = TMP_PATH + entry.getName();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new IOException(jarFile.getName() + ":" + jarFile.size(), e);
}
}
public void close() {
if (jarFile != null) {
try {
jarFile.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// Ignore
}
}
}
private InputStream getEntryInputStream() throws IOException {
if (entry == null) {
return null;
} else {
return jarFile.getInputStream(entry);
}
}
public String getJarFilePath() throws IOException {
InputStream inputStream = getEntryInputStream();
Files.copy(inputStream, getDistFile(fileName));
return fileName;
}
private Path getDistFile(String path) throws IOException {
Path dist = Paths.get(path);
Path parent = dist.getParent();
if (parent != null) {
if (Files.exists(parent)) {
delete(parent);
}
Files.createDirectories(parent);
}
return dist;
}
private void delete(Path root) throws IOException {
Stream<Path> children = Files.list(root);
children.forEach(p -> {
try {
Files.deleteIfExists(p);
} catch (IOException e) {
}
});
}
}
``` |
The 2018–19 FA Women's National League is the 27th season of the competition, and the first since a restructure and rebranding of the top four tiers of English football by The Football Association. Began in 1992, it was previously known as the FA Women's Premier League. It sits at the third and fourth levels of the women's football pyramid, below the FA Women's Championship and above the eight regional football leagues.
The league features six regional divisions: the Northern and Southern divisions at level three of the pyramid, and below those Division One North, Division One Midlands, Division One South East, and Division One South West. The league normally consists of 72 teams, divided equally into six divisions of twelve teams. After two resignations from and one late promotion to the FA Women's Championship, and one withdrawal from Division One, the league started the 2018–19 season with 13 teams in the Northern Division but only 11 in Division One Midlands. At the end of the season the champions of the Northern and Southern divisions will both qualify for a Championship Play Off match against each other which will decide the overall National League Champion. Subject to meeting league requirements both teams will be promoted to the FA Women's Championship. As part of the Football Association's restructure, clubs from the FA Women's Super League and FA Women's Championship were able to enter teams into the Reserve Section.
Premier Division
Northern Division
Changes from last season:
Leicester City Women was awarded a FA Women's Championship licence through application.
Sunderland was demoted from the FA WSL 1 after failing to retain a licence in the top 2 tiers.
Doncaster Rovers Belles and Sheffield withdrew from the FA Women's Championship before the season started after initially successfully retaining a Tier 2 licence.
West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers were relegated to Division One Midlands.
Hull City were promoted into the Northern Division from Northern Division One.
League table
Results
Southern Division
Changes from last season:
League champions Charlton Athletic was promoted to FA Women's Championship.
West Ham United was awarded a FA Women's Super League licence through application.
Lewes was awarded a FA Women's Championship licence through application.
Crystal Palace was awarded a FA Women's Championship licence through application after the withdrawal of Sheffield during the closed season.
Oxford United and Watford were relegated from the FA WSL 2 after failing to retain a licence for Tier 2.
Loughborough Foxes, Plymouth Argyle and Milton Keynes Dons were promoted into the Southern Division from Midlands Division One, South West Division One and South East Division One respectively.
Swindon Town was relegated to Division One South West.
League table
Results
Championship play-off
The overall FA WNL champion will be decided by a play-off match to be held at the end of the season. Both sides will also earn promotion to the FA Women's Championship subject to meeting licensing requirements.
Division One
Division One North
Changes from last season:
Hull City was promoted to the Northern Division.
Norton & Stockton Ancients was promoted from the North East Regional League.
Burnley was promoted from the North West Regional League.
Mossley Hill was relegated to the regional leagues.
League table
Results
Division One Midlands
Changes from last season:
Loughborough Foxes was promoted to the Southern Division.
Sheffield United was awarded a FA Women's Championship licence through application.
West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers were relegated from the Northern Division.
Bedworth United was promoted from the West Midlands Regional League.
Nettleham was promoted from the East Midlands Regional League.
Leicester City Ladies and Rotherham United were relegated to the regional leagues.
Radcliffe Olympic withdrew from the league before the season started.
League table
Results
Division One South East
Changes from last season:
Milton Keynes Dons was promoted to the Southern Division.
Billericay Town was promoted from the Eastern Region League.
Crawley Wasps was promoted from the London & South East Regional League.
Haringey Borough was relegated to the regional leagues.
League table
Results
Division One South West
Changes from last season:
Plymouth Argyle was promoted to the Southern Division.
Swindon Town was relegated from the Southern Division.
Chesham United was promoted from the Southern Region League.
Buckland Athletic was promoted from the South West Regional League.
Basingstoke withdrew from the league during the 2017–18 season.
St Nicholas withdrew from the league after the first weekend without playing a match due to a lack of numbers.
League table
Results
Reserve Division
Reserve Northern Division One
Sheffield and Sunderland withdrew their entries before the season started.
Hull City was moved from Reserve Northern Division Two to Reserve Northern Division One before the season started after the withdrawal of Sheffield and Sunderland.
Bradford City withdrew from the league during winter 2018–19. All results involving Bradford City were expunged.
League table
Results
Reserve Northern Division Two
Bolton Wanderers withdrew their entry at the start of the season.
Hull City was moved to Reserve Northern Division Two to Reserve Northern Division One before the season started after the withdrawal of Sheffield and Sunderland.
Fylde Ladies withdrew from the league during winter 2018–19. All results involving Fylde Ladies were expunged.
League table
Results
Reserve Midland Division
The New Saints withdrew their entry before the season started.
League table
Results
Reserve South/South East Division
West Ham United withdrew their entry at the start of the season.
Ipswich Town withdrew from the league during autumn 2018. All results involving Ipswich Town were expunged.
League table
Results
Reserve South/South West Division
Poole Town withdrew from the league during autumn 2018. All results involving Poole Town were expunged.
League table
Results
References
External links
Official website of the FA Women's National League
League results and standings
FA Women's National League seasons
2018–19 in English women's football
2018–19 domestic women's association football leagues |
Campo Alegre is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. Its population is 57,537 (2020 est) and its area is .
References
Municipalities in Alagoas |
Simon Kranitz (born 5 June 1996) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Nöttingen.
Career
On 17 July 2014, Kranitz joined SpVgg Unterhaching on loan until the end of the season from VfB Stuttgart. He made 16 appearances in the 3. Liga for Unterhaching before he returned to VfB Stuttgart II.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Footballers from Stuttgart (region)
Germany men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
VfB Stuttgart II players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
SpVgg Unterhaching II players
TSV Steinbach Haiger players
FC Astoria Walldorf players
FC Nöttingen players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
People from Böblingen |
Apocellus is a genus of spiny-legged rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae. There are about 11 described species in Apocellus.
Species
These 11 species belong to the genus Apocellus:
Apocellus analis LeConte, 1877
Apocellus andinus
Apocellus bicolor Casey, 1885
Apocellus brevipennis Casey, 1885
Apocellus cognatus Sharp, 1887
Apocellus crassicornis Casey, 1885
Apocellus gracilicornis Casey, 1885
Apocellus niger Casey, 1886
Apocellus sphaericollis (Say, 1831)
Apocellus stilicoides LeConte, 1877
Apocellus ustulatus Erichson, 1840
References
Further reading
External links
Oxytelinae
Articles created by Qbugbot |
Lights Out is the third and final studio album by American rock band Sugarcult, released on September 12, 2006 by V2 Records.
Release
On June 12, Lights Out was announced for release. "Do It Alone" was released to radio on July 18; the song's music video was posted online on August 4, 2006. On August 24, 2006, Lights Out was made available for streaming, before being released on September 12 through Fearless/V2. The next day, an alternative video for "Do It Alone" was posted online. In September and October, the band went on a headlining tour, with support from the Spill Canvas, Halifax, Maxeen, and So They Say. Following this, they appeared at the Bamboozle Left festival, and toured the US throughout November 2006 with the Pink Spiders. In April and May 2007, the band supported Talib Kweli on the Virgin College Mega Tour in the US. In August 2007, the band headlined the Bay Area Indie Music Festival.
Track listing
Personnel
Tim Pagnotta – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Airin Older – bass guitar, backing vocals
Marko DeSantis – lead guitar
Kenny Livingston – drums
References
External links
Official Website
MySpace
Sugarcult albums
2006 albums
V2 Records albums |
No. 92 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) ground attack squadron of World War II. It was raised in May 1945 to operate Bristol Beaufighter aircraft, but had not completed its training by the end of the war in August and was disbanded the following month.
History
No. 92 Squadron was formed at Kingaroy, Queensland, on 25 May 1945. Its first aircraft, an Avro Anson trainer, was delivered on 19 June followed by a Bristol Beaufort light bomber the next day. The squadron's intended aircraft, Bristol Beaufighter ground attack aircraft, began to arrive on 4 July.
The squadron undertook little flying during the first months of its existence, but began flying training sorties using the Beaufighters from July 1945. The end of the war on 15 August was marked by a two-day stand down and several celebratory events.
The squadron began demobilising shortly after the end of the war. Some flying continued, however, and one of No. 92 Squadron's Beaufighters struck high tension wires and crashed at Narrandera in southern New South Wales on 3 September. This accident resulted in the death of the pilot and six airmen from a RAAF repair and maintenance unit located in the town who were being taken on a joy flight. The Beaufighter had flown from Kingaroy to Narrandera several days earlier to transport another RAAF airman to his mother's funeral. The squadron completed disbanding on 17 September 1945.
Notes
References
92
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 |
```shell
Cache your authentication details to save time
Create a new branch from a stash
Show history of a function
Debug using binary search
Sharing data by bundling
``` |
Abel Villanueva (born 1981) is a Peruvian long distance runner who specialises in the marathon. He competed in the marathon event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Peruvian male long-distance runners
Peruvian male marathon runners
World Athletics Championships athletes for Peru
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Farid Alakbarli (; 3 January 1964 – 7 April 2021) was an Azerbaijani scholar, PhD and professor in history, specialist in the field of history of science, culturology, and medieval medical manuscripts, the head of Department of Information and Translation of the Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, president of the Azerbaijan Association of Medical Historians (AAMH), National Delegate from Azerbaijan to International Society for the History of Medicine (ISHM), author of more than 200 scientific and educational works including 23 books and booklets in Azeri Turkish, Russian, English, German and Italian.
Alakbarli was a significant researcher of the history of medicine in Azerbaijan. In 2005, Alakbarli created the first society on the history of medicine in this country – Azerbaijan Association of Medical Historians (AAMH), and organized in Baku first scientific conferences in this field in 2005 and 2006.
Alakbarli was the author of the first books in English on the history of medicine and medical manuscripts in ancient and medieval Azerbaijan. He also is the author of many books in Azeri and Russian, where many problems of the history of medicine and medieval medical manuscripts are researched.
In 2004–2005, he was responsible for the Memory of the World Programme of UNESCO in the Institute of Manuscripts in Baku. On 29 July 2005, UNESCO officially included three medieval medical manuscripts from the Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences into the register of the Memory of the World Programme, which includes the most unusual and irreplaceable written monuments of the humankind.
In 2011–2013, he was the first Azerbaijani scholar who worked during long time in the Vatican Secret Archives and in Vatican Apostolic Library, where valuable medieval manuscripts related to Azerbaijan were discovered.
Early life and youth
Farid Alakbarli was born in Ganja, Azerbaijan, and grew up in Baku, where he moved with his family at the age of one. He graduated from the secondary school No 134 (1981), and from Baku State University (1986)
Scientific contribution
Traditional medicine
Based on the study of medieval (10th to 18th centuries) sources in the field of medicine and pharmacy, Alakbarli identified and studied in detail for the first time the concept of health protection, which existed in medieval Azerbaijan. He identified and studied the main features of this concept: health protection through the protection of the environment (air, soil, water), health protection through the proper management of dwellings, healthy living and disease prevention (nutrition, exercise, work and rest, and emotion regulation etc.), disease treatment (medicine and pharmacy). 724 species of plants, 150 species of animals, and 115 species of minerals used in the traditional medicine of medieval Azerbaijan have been explored and identified. A list was compiled with a detailed systematic review of examined species and the information on their medicinal properties. The information on 866 species of multi-component drugs, their classification dosage forms and therapeutic groups was identified and analyzed.
In 2004, Alakbarli with a group of colleagues founded the Azerbaijan Association of Medical Historians (AAMH). It was the first association for the study of the history of medicine in Azerbaijan. Alakbarli was elected the first president of this organization. In the same year, he became the first national representative of Azerbaijan in the International Society for the History of Medicine (ISHM).
Medieval Manuscripts
Alakbarli attracted to the study more than one hundred medieval manuscripts. As a result, for the first time the following unique manuscripts: "Arvah al-Ajsad" by Kamaladdin Kashani (15th century), "Khirga" by Murtuza Gulu Khan Shamlu (17th century), “Mualijati-munfarida” by Abulhasan Maragi (18th century) were discovered and investigated. Alakbarli translated a number of medieval manuscripts from Azerbaijani, Arabic and Persian into Russian and English. A total of 7 books of translations were published in Azeri, Russian and English. Translation of “Tibbname” was published by the St. Petersburg State University. It was the first medieval Azerbaijani treatise on medicine, published in Russian.
Books of Alakbarli about medieval manuscripts of Azerbaijan were published in Italian in 2011 and in English in 2012: "Azerbaijani manuscripts". Text by Alakbarli. Baku, Heydar Aliyev Foundation, 2012.
From 2011 to 2013 Alakbarli conducted research at Vatican libraries where he discovered numerous documents and medieval manuscripts related to Azerbaijan in Arabic, Persian and Turkish (Azeri and Ottoman).
History and Philosophy
Alakbarli is the author of the section in a special volume of the Azerbaijan National Encyclopedia, devoted to the history of the development of scientific knowledge in Azerbaijan since ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century.
In 2012 in Moscow, the Rudomino All-Russian Library of Foreign Literature published a collection of selected, including previously unpublished works of the Azerbaijani philosopher and playwright of the 19th century Mirza Fatali Akhund-Zadeh (Akhundov) compiled by Prof. Alakbarli co-authored with Dr. Ilya Zaytsev.
In 2013, in New York, there was published a book "Memories of Baku". The author of the chapter, which tells the history of Baku from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century, is Alakbarli. The book is richly illustrated with historical photos of Baku of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Alakbarli is the author of the philosophical book "Between Lie and Truth: Crisis of the Antihumane Civilization" which was published in Baku in Russian (2006) and Azerbaijani (2010)
Selected works
Books in English
Alakbarli is the author of 12 books in different languages. These are some of them:
"Azerbaijan: medieval manuscripts, history of medicine, medicinal plants". (Baku, 2005).
"Medical Manuscripts of Azerbaijan" (Baku, 2006)
Co-author of the book "Memories of Baku" (Edited by Nicolas V. Iljine. Text by Fuad Akhundov, Alakbarli, Farah Aliyeva, Jahangir Selimkhanov, Tadeusz Swietochowski. New-York, Marquand Books, 2013)
Scientific papers
Alakbarli is the author of 150 scientific papers and educational articles. Some of them are cited below.
Edwin D. Lawson, Alakbarli, Richard F. Sheil. The Mountains (Gorski) Jews of Azerbaijan: their Twenty-Century Naming Patterns. “These are the Names”. Studies in Jewish Onomastics. Vol. 5, Bar-Ilan University Press, Ramat Gan, 2011, p. 158-177
Educational articles
Alakbarov Farid. The Institute of Manuscripts: Early Alphabets in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 8.1, 2000, pp. 50–53
Alakbarov Farid. Voices from the Ages: Baku's Institute of Manuscripts. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 8.2, 2000, pp. 50–55
Alakbarov Farid. Nutrition for Longevity. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 8.3, 2000, pp. 20–24
Alakbarov Farid. Etiquette: Minding Your "P's and Q's" In Medieval Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 8.3, 2000, pp. 32–36
Alakbarov Farid. Ancient Wines: Exactly What the Doctor Ordered. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 8.3, 2000, pp. 38–42
Alakbarov Farid. You Are What You Eat: Islamic Food Practices and Azerbaijani Identity. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 8.3, 2000, pp. 48–52
Alakbarov Farid and Isgandar Aliyev. Silk Road: Origin of the Mulberry Tree. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 8.3, 2000, pp. 52–55
Alakbarov Farid. Early Practice of Aromatherapy. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 9.1, 2001, pp. 37–40
Alakbarov Farid. A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 9.2, 2001, pp. 48–49
Alakbarov Farid. Writing Azerbaijan's History. Digging for the Truth. Azerbaijan International Magazine,9.3, 2001, pp. 40–49
Alakbarov Farid. Baku's Architecture. Identity Of Architects And Financiers Revealed. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 9.4, 2001, pp. 30–36
Alakbarov Farid. Koroghlu: Tbilisi Manuscript About Azerbaijani Hero. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 10.1, 2002, pp. 54–58
Alakbarov Farid. Baku: City That Oil Built. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 10.2, 2002, pp. 28–33
Alakbarov Farid. Baku's Old City: Memories of about How It Used to Be. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 10.3, 2002, pp. 38–45
Alakbarov Farid. Baku's Institute of Manuscripts. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 10.3, 2002, pp. 45–46
Alakbarov Farid. Atashgah As Seen By French Writer Alexander Dumas 150 Years Ago. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 11.2, 2003, pp. 52–53
Alakbarov Farid. Azerbaijan – Land of Fire. Observation from the Ancients. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 11.2, 2003, p. 54
Alakbarov Farid. Music therapy. What Doctors Knew Centuries Ago. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 11.3, 2003, p. 60
Alakbarli Farid. Cures Through The Ages. Lion Hearts, Rhinoceros Horn and Wolf Paws. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 12.4, 2004, pp. 66–68
Alakbarli Farid. Childagh. How to Cure a Bad Case of Nerves. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 12.4, 2004pp.68–70
Alakbarli Farid. Aghakhan Aghabeyli: Azerbaijani genetist. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 2005, 13.1, p. 28
Alakbarli Farid. The Science of Genetics under Stalin. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 13.1, 2005, p. 29
Alakbarli Farid. Water Buffalo in Azerbaijan: Prized for its Milk and meat. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 13.1, 2005, p. 31
Betty Blair and Alakbarli Farid. Sofi Hamid: Life Mirrored in Pastel Colors. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 13.1, 2005, pp. 40–63
Alakbarli Farid. Amazons: Legends in History: Fearless Women Warriors in Life and Lore. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 13.1, 2005, pp. 74–77
Alakbarli Farid. First International Medical Manuscript Conference. Azerbaijan International Magazine, 14.3, 2006, pp. 74–75
References
External links
Personal website
Jean Patterson. Researching Baku's Medical Manuscripts
Betty Blair. The Medical Manuscripts of Azerbaijan: Unlocking Their Secrets.
Website of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences.
Writers from Ganja, Azerbaijan
20th-century Azerbaijani historians
1964 births
2021 deaths
Medical historians
21st-century Azerbaijani historians |
This article details the Bradford Bulls rugby league football club's 2007 season. This is the 12th season of the Super League era.
Season Review
February 2007
March 2007
April 2007
May 2007
2007 Milestones
Round 1: Shontayne Hape scored his 75th try and reached 300 points for the Bulls.
Round 1: Glenn Morrison and David Solomona scored their 1st tries for the Bulls.
Round 2: Michael Platt and James Evans scored their 1st tries for the Bulls.
Round 2: Michael Platt scored his 1st hat-trick for the Bulls.
Round 3: Lesley Vainikolo scored his 11th hat-trick for the Bulls.
Round 3: Paul Deacon reached 2,000 points for the Bulls.
Round 5: Michael Platt scored his 2nd hat-trick for the Bulls.
Round 10: Iestyn Harris reached 200 points for the Bulls.
Round 10: Dave Halley scored his 1st try for the Bulls.
Round 11: Paul Deacon kicked his 900th goal for the Bulls.
Round 12: Paul Deacon reached 2,100 points for the Bulls.
CCR5: Matt Cook scored his 1st try for the Bulls.
Round 15: Lesley Vainikolo scored his 12th hat-trick for the Bulls.
Round 15: Richard Hawkyard scored his 1st try for the Bulls.
CCQF: Tame Tupou scored his 1st try for the Bulls.
Round 17: Terry Newton scored his 1st four-try haul and 1st hat-trick for the Bulls.
Round 17: Lesley Vainikolo kicked his 1st goal for the Bulls.
Round 19: Paul Deacon reached 2,200 points for the Bulls.
Round 22: Sam Burgess kicked his 1st goal for the Bulls.
Round 25: Ben Harris scored his 25th try and reached 100 points for the Bulls.
EPO: David Solomona scored his 1st hat-trick for the Bulls.
Table
2007 Fixtures and results
2007 Engage Super League
Challenge Cup
Playoffs
2007 squad statistics
Appearances and Points include (Super League, Challenge Cup and Play-offs) as of 2012.
References
External links
Bradford Bulls Website
Bradford Bulls in T&A
Bradford Bulls on Sky Sports
Bradford on Super League Site
Red,Black And Amber
BBC Sport-Rugby League
Bradford Bulls seasons
Bradford Bulls |
Local elections were held in Marinduque on May 9, 2022, as part of the 2022 Philippine general election. Voters selected candidates for all local positions: a town mayor, vice mayor and town councilors, as well as members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, a vice-governor, a governor and a representative for the province's at-large congressional district in the House of Representatives.
The local office of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) in the province confirmed that as of September 29, 2021, some 159,000 eligible voters throughout Marinduque were registered to vote for this election. While this number is lower than in previous provincial elections, the COMELEC expected the number of registered voters to increase with the extension of voter registration brought about by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.
Provincial elections
On October 9, 2021, the COMELEC released its final list of candidates running for provincial office, with 29 candidates vying for 11 posts.
Governor
Incumbent governor Presbitero Velasco Jr. was eligible to run for a second term in office, and ran for re-election. His vice governor, Romulo Bacorro, joined Aksyon Demokratiko on September 23, 2021, in the process leaving PDP–Laban, and sought the governorship against Velasco.
On October 3, 2021, James Marty Lim, barangay captain of Barangay Dos in Gasan and national chairman emeritus of the League of Barangays in the Philippines, announced on Facebook that he would run for governor. Lim last sought a province-wide post in 2007, when he ran for congressman against Carmencita Reyes, while his mother, Gasan mayor Victoria L. Lim, also unsuccessfully sought the governorship against Reyes in the 2016 election. Lim filed his certificate of candidacy on October 5, 2021, and ran under his Alliance for Barangay Concerns party list.
Per Municipality
Vice Governor
Romulo Bacorro, the incumbent vice governor, was eligible to run for another term but instead sought the governorship. His running mate was John R. Pelaez, a member of the Marinduque Provincial Board who, along with Bacorro and fellow Provincial Board member Gilbert Daquioag, joined Aksyon on September 23, 2021.
On October 1, 2021, Teodolfo "Tito" Rejano, brother of former Vice Governor Teodoro "Teody" Rejano, filed his certificate of candidacy for the vice governorship as an independent, becoming the first candidate in Marinduque to formally file their candidacy with the COMELEC. Five days later on October 6, former Provincial Board member Reynaldo Salvacion, who ran for governor in the 2019 election, filed his certificate of candidacy for the post, running in the election as the running mate of James Marty Lim. Meanwhile, in the final list of candidates running for provincial-level positions released by the COMELEC, Provincial Board member Adeline Angeles was announced as the running mate of Presbitero Velasco Jr.
Per Municipality
Provincial Board
In the final list of candidates running for provincial-level positions released by the COMELEC, 20 candidates were announced as running for eight seats in the Provincial Board, with eleven candidates running in the first district and nine in the second district.
1st District
Municipality: Boac, Mogpog, Gasan
|colspan=5 bgcolor=black|
2nd District
Municipality: Santa Cruz, Torrijos, Buenavista
|colspan=5 bgcolor=black|
Congressional election
Lord Allan Velasco, Speaker of the House of Representatives and son of governor Presbitero Velasco Jr., was the incumbent and was eligible to run for another term. He initially announced his candidacy for re-election on July 26, 2021, and confirmed this with local media outlet Marinduque News on October 3, 2021.
Velasco's opponent in the election was supposed to be former Provincial Board member Jojo Alvarez of Boac, running under Aksyon. However, Alvarez's certificate of candidacy was canceled by the COMELEC on December 14, 2021, and took effect on January 5, 2022.
Municipal elections
Parties are as stated in their certificates of candidacy.
Boac
In Boac, the provincial capital, the municipal election was contested primarily between candidates from PDP–Laban and the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP).
Mayor
Incumbent Armi Carrion, the widow of former governor Jose Antonio Carrion, ran for re-election.
Vice Mayor
Incumbent Sonny Paglinawan ran for re-election. Unlike in the 2019 election, where he ran under PDP–Laban, he ran as a candidate of the PFP. PDP–Laban's candidate for the vice mayoral election was former Provincial Board member Mark Anthony Seño.
Mogpog
In Mogpog, the municipal election was contested primarily between candidates from PDP–Laban and several independent candidates, with Aksyon fielding one candidate for councilor.
Mayor
Incumbent Augusto Leo Livelo ran for re-election.
Vice Mayor
Incumbent Jonathan Garcia ran unopposed.
Gasan
In Gasan, the municipal election was contested primarily between candidates from the Alliance for Barangay Concerns, which last fielded candidates in the 2010 election, PDP–Laban and several independent candidates.
Mayor
Incumbent Victoria L. Lim, the mother of James Marty Lim, ran for re-election. Unlike in the 2019 election, where she ran under PDP–Laban, she ran as a candidate of the ABC. Her opponents in the election were former mayor Rolando Tolentino, who was PDP–Laban's candidate for this position, and the incumbent vice mayor, Yudel Sosa.
Vice Mayor
Incumbent Yudel Sosa was term limited and ran for mayor.
Santa Cruz
In Santa Cruz, the municipal election was contested primarily between candidates from Lakas–CMD, the Nationalist People's Coalition and the People's Reform Party.
Mayor
Incumbent Antonio Uy Jr. ran for re-election. Unlike in the 2019 election, where he ran under the United Nationalist Alliance, he ran as a candidate of the PRP. His opponents in the election were former mayor Marisa Red, and the incumbent vice mayor, Geraldine Morales.
Vice Mayor
Incumbent Geraldine Morales ran for mayor.
Torrijos
In Torrijos, the municipal election was contested primarily between candidates from PDP–Laban and Aksyon.
Mayor
Incumbent Lorna Velasco, the wife of Presbitero Velasco Jr., ran for re-election.
Vice Mayor
Incumbent Ricardo de Galicia ran for re-election.
Buenavista
In Buenavista, the municipal election was contested primarily between candidates from PDP–Laban and Aksyon.
Mayor
Incumbent Nancy Madrigal ran for re-election.
Vice Mayor
David Vitto assumed office after the death of Vice Mayor Hannilee Siena and ran for his first full term.
References
2022 Philippine local elections
Elections in Marinduque
May 2022 events in the Philippines |
Vladimir Nikolayevich Nikolayev (Russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Никола́ев) (born March 16, 1959) is a Russian murderer from Novocheboksarsk.
Nikolayev is best known for the cannibalism of his victims, and of distributing and selling their flesh to others in disguise of exotic animal meat.
Background
Prior to his murder convictions, Nikolayev had a long criminal history, first being convicted for theft and robbery in 1980.
On his own account, the first murder happened "accidentally" when Nikolayev killed a drinking companion, (who also had a criminal history) during a fist fight. He then carried the victim upstairs to his apartment and attempted to revive him with cold water. When he realized that the man was dead he dismembered his body in the bathtub. Nikolaev has stated via later interview that it was not originally his intent to cannibalize his victims, but rather the idea occurred to him spontaneously while dismembering the first body. He stated that he had originally intended only to bury it.
During this first dismemberment Nikolayev removed a portion of flesh from the victim's thigh, which he roasted. Finding the results of this culinary experiment satisfactory, he continued utilizing flesh from his victims as food.
Nikolayev distributed the flesh to acquaintances, and even went so far as to sell at an open market, telling buyers that it was kangaroo meat. He used the money from this venture to buy alcohol.
The ruse was at last discovered when some people who ate the product Nikolayev procured as "Saiga trimmings" became suspicious of the taste and submitted it to a doctor. Upon analysis the meat was found to contain human blood.
Vladimir Nikolayev was arrested and confessed shortly thereafter. Investigators searched his apartment, where they found human remains and a heavily blood stained bathtub.
Sentence
In 1997 Vladimir Nikolayev was convicted under articles 105, 152, 162 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
He was sentenced to death. In 1999, by presidential decree, the death penalty was suspended, being replaced by life imprisonment. He has stated that while he is generally against the idea of the death penalty, he would prefer it for himself, rather than continuing to live in prison for the duration of his life. In 2001 he was transferred to IK-6 Black Dolphin Prison.
Vladimir Nikolayev was featured in the National Geographic documentary "Russia's Toughest Prisons".
References
Additional sources
NatGeo interview with "Vladimir the Cannibal" (English translation)
Тюрьма Чёрный дельфин, людоед - DTV [Interview: Cannibal of Black Dolphin] (in Russian)
See also
Black Dolphin Prison
White Swan (prison)
Crime in Russia
capital punishment in Russia
Nikolai Dzhumagaliev
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Russia
People convicted of murder by Russia
Russian people convicted of murder
1959 births
Living people
1997 murders in Russia
Russian cannibals
Inmates of Black Dolphin Prison |
```java
/*
*
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are
* permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of
* conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of
* conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
* with the distribution.
*
* 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to
* endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written
* permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS
* OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
* GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
* AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
* OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
package com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.interop.access;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.CompilerDirectives.TruffleBoundary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Cached;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateAOT;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.GenerateUncached;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl.Specialization;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.InteropLibrary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.interop.UnsupportedMessageException;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.library.CachedLibrary;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.profiles.BranchProfile;
import com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.except.LLVMPolyglotException;
import com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.interop.access.LLVMInteropType.SpecialStruct;
import com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.interop.access.LLVMInteropType.SpecialStructAccessor;
import com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.interop.access.LLVMInteropType.Structured;
import com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.interop.convert.ToLLVM;
import com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.interop.convert.ForeignToLLVM.ForeignToLLVMType;
import com.oracle.truffle.llvm.runtime.nodes.api.LLVMNode;
@GenerateUncached
public abstract class LLVMInteropSpecialAccessNode extends LLVMNode {
public abstract Object execute(Object foreign, ForeignToLLVMType accessType, Structured type, long offset);
protected SpecialStructAccessor notNullOrException(SpecialStruct type, long offset, SpecialStructAccessor accessor) {
if (accessor == null) {
throw new LLVMPolyglotException(this, "The type '%s' has no node at offset %d.", type.toDisplayString(false), offset);
}
return accessor;
}
protected Object doAccess(Object foreign, ForeignToLLVMType accessType, SpecialStruct type, long offset, SpecialStructAccessor accessor, ToLLVM toLLVM, BranchProfile exception1,
BranchProfile exception2, BranchProfile exception3, InteropLibrary interop) {
if (accessor == null) {
exception1.enter();
throw new LLVMPolyglotException(this, "The type '%s' has no node at offset %d.", type.toDisplayString(false), offset);
}
if (accessor.type instanceof LLVMInteropType.Value) {
try {
return toLLVM.executeWithType(accessor.getter.get(foreign, interop), (LLVMInteropType.Value) accessor.type, accessType);
} catch (UnsupportedMessageException ex) {
exception3.enter();
throw new LLVMPolyglotException(this, "Special read failed with unsupported message exception.");
}
} else {
exception2.enter();
throw new LLVMPolyglotException(this, "Special read of type '%s' is not supported.", accessor.type.toDisplayString(false));
}
}
@TruffleBoundary
SpecialStructAccessor findAccessor(SpecialStruct type, long offset) {
return type.findAccessor(offset);
}
@Specialization(guards = {"type == cachedType", "offset == cachedOffset"})
@GenerateAOT.Exclude
public Object doSpecialized(Object foreign, ForeignToLLVMType accessType,
@SuppressWarnings("unused") SpecialStruct type, @SuppressWarnings("unused") long offset,
@Cached("type") SpecialStruct cachedType,
@Cached("offset") long cachedOffset,
@Cached("findAccessor(cachedType, cachedOffset)") SpecialStructAccessor accessor,
@Cached ToLLVM toLLVM,
@Cached BranchProfile exception1,
@Cached BranchProfile exception2,
@Cached BranchProfile exception3,
@CachedLibrary(limit = "3") InteropLibrary interop) {
return doAccess(foreign, accessType, cachedType, cachedOffset, accessor, toLLVM, exception1, exception2, exception3, interop);
}
@Specialization(replaces = "doSpecialized")
@GenerateAOT.Exclude
public Object doUnspecialized(Object foreign, ForeignToLLVMType accessType,
SpecialStruct type, long offset,
@Cached ToLLVM toLLVM,
@Cached BranchProfile exception1,
@Cached BranchProfile exception2,
@Cached BranchProfile exception3,
@CachedLibrary(limit = "3") InteropLibrary interop) {
SpecialStructAccessor accessor = findAccessor(type, offset);
return doAccess(foreign, accessType, type, offset, accessor, toLLVM, exception1, exception2, exception3, interop);
}
public static LLVMInteropSpecialAccessNode create() {
return LLVMInteropSpecialAccessNodeGen.create();
}
}
``` |
The Red Army intervention in Afghanistan in 1930 was a special operation of the Central Asian Military District command to destroy the Basmachi economic bases and exterminate their manpower in Afghanistan. The operation was carried out by parts of the combined cavalry brigade under the command of the brigade commander Yakov Melkumov.
Prelude
In 1930, the Central Asian Military District command developed a plan to attack the Basmachi bases and destroy their manpower in northern Afghanistan, where active fighters against the Soviet government emigrated from Turkestan in the 1920s and systematically violated the Soviet-Afghan border. In addition, as early as the end of 1929, Soviet intelligence received reliable information from the recently defeated Emir of Afghanistan Habibullāh Kalakāni (Bacha-ye Saqao) about the planned tearing away of northern Afghanistan and the formation of a separate state on its territory, headed by Ibrahim Bek. At a meeting of elders in Kunduz in March 1930, the Prime Minister of Afghanistan, Mohammad Hashim Khan, on behalf of the King of Afghanistan, Mohammed Nadir Shah, who had taken power from Habibullah, again demanded that Ibrahim Bek lay down his arms. However, the latter stated:
These circumstances to a great extent bothered the Afghan government, and it agreed to force intervention by the USSR in their country.
Campaign
Before crossing the border at the Aivaj post with the soldiers of the Red Army, explanatory work was carried out on the need for their invasion of the territory of a neighboring state. The purpose of the campaign was explained, and the possibility of causing any damage to the indigenous population of Afghanistan was strictly excluded. The results of the operation were to be “our gift” to the 16th Party Congress.
At the end of June 1930, the combined cavalry brigade of the Red Army under the command of the brigade commander Yakov Melkumov (Hakob Melkumyan, known in the Basmachi environment as Yakub Tura), crossed the Amu Darya, entering Afghanistan. Not meeting on its way opposition from the local authorities and the regular Afghan army, the Soviet detachment advanced 50–70 km inland. The local population, which was clearly dissatisfied with the emigrants (Basmachis and their families), who, in their opinion, occupied the “best lands” , was friendly towards the Red Army units. Local residents often acted as guides. Unit commanders, in turn, as noted in the report: "They strictly controlled that during the operation the fighters did not accidentally“ touch ”the farms and property of the indigenous people, and did not affect their national and religious feelings". Representatives of the local administration assisted the Soviet detachment when crossing the Khanabad River, as well as in the acquisition of supplies and fodder. Payment for receiving the latter was carried out in a currency convenient for the local population.
Upon learning of the Red Army's invasion of Afghanistan, Ibrahim Bek initially wanted to fight, but after specifying the enemy’s strength, he hastily left for the mountains, while informing the naibul-hukuma (governor-general) of the Qataghan-Badakhshan Province, Mir-Muhammed-Safar Khan, to attack of the Red Army. Safar Khan, in turn, sent a letter to the Soviet commanders on 23 June, reproaching them "for a sudden border crossing" and urging them to return "to their territory", but this did not impede the further operation of the latter. The next day, Ibrahim Bek received an order from Safar Khan to "join the battle with the Reds". However, seeing that the local authorities "do not interfere with the Russians", the Lokai at the assembled council decided that the Afghans were deliberately trying to push them against the Red Army. Another prominent kurbashi was Utan Bek, who was aware of his agents on the border as well as Ibrahim Bek went to the mountains. As a result of this, units of the Red Army, as noted in the report: "did not have to meet organized resistance and they eliminated individual gangs of 30–40 dzhigits, individual basmachi and their accomplices".
During the punitive raid, Ak-Tepe (White Hill) and Ali-Abad villages in Kunduz Province were burned and destroyed, except for that part of the village where the native Afghans lived. Also, during the raid for 35 km, all villages and yurts in the river valley were destroyed. Up to 17,000 cartridges were blown up, up to 40 rifles were seized, emigrants' grain stocks were burned, cattle were destroyed and partially stolen. The Soviet detachment took 200 camels, 80 horses and 400 rams with them. The local Afghan population did not leave their yurts and remained untouched. The total losses of the Basmachis and their accomplices amounted to 839 people killed, including the head of the religious sect Pir-Ishan and the ideological inspirers of the Basmachi by the kurbashi Ishan-Palvan and Domullo-Donahan. The losses of the Soviet side amounted to one drowned at the crossing and two wounded.
See also
Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)
Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
Soviet–Afghan War
References
1930 in Afghanistan
1930s in Afghanistan
Political history of Afghanistan
Military history of the Soviet Union
Soviet military occupations
Afghanistan–Soviet Union relations |
Kelly Demetrius Skipper (born July 25, 1967) is an American football coach who is the running backs coach for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). Previously, he was the running backs coach under head coach Dennis Allen for the Oakland Raiders from 2009 to 2014. Skipper spent two summers doing NFL coaching internships with the Seattle Seahawks and Washington Redskins. He played running back at Fresno State.
Personal
His father, Jim Skipper, is a retired veteran NFL assistant coach. He has a brother, Tim Skipper, who is currently the linebackers coach at Fresno State.
References
Living people
Fresno State Bulldogs football coaches
California Golden Bears football coaches
UCLA Bruins football coaches
Washington State Cougars football coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
People from Brawley, California
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
1967 births
Buffalo Bills coaches |
```java
/*******************************************************************************
* <p>
* <p>
* path_to_url
* <p>
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*******************************************************************************/
package com.intuit.wasabi.api.pagination.comparators.impl;
import com.intuit.wasabi.api.pagination.comparators.PaginationComparator;
import com.intuit.wasabi.api.pagination.comparators.PaginationComparatorProperty;
import com.intuit.wasabi.auditlogobjects.AuditLogAction;
import com.intuit.wasabi.auditlogobjects.AuditLogEntry;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;
/**
* Implements the {@link PaginationComparator} for {@link AuditLogEntry} objects.
*/
public class AuditLogEntryComparator extends PaginationComparator<AuditLogEntry> {
/**
* Initializes an AuditLogEntryComparator.
* <p>
* Sets the default sort order to descending time, that means
* the most recent events are first.
*/
public AuditLogEntryComparator() {
super("-time");
}
/**
* Implementation of {@link PaginationComparatorProperty} for {@link AuditLogEntry}s.
*
* @see PaginationComparatorProperty
*/
private enum Property implements PaginationComparatorProperty<AuditLogEntry> {
firstname(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getUser().getFirstName(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
lastname(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getUser().getLastName(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
user(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getUser().getUsername().toString(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
username(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getUser().getUsername().toString(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
userid(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getUser().getUserId(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
mail(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getUser().getEmail(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
action(AuditLogAction::getDescription, String::compareToIgnoreCase),
experiment(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getExperimentLabel().toString(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
bucket(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getBucketLabel().toString(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
app(auditLogEntry -> auditLogEntry.getApplicationName().toString(), String::compareToIgnoreCase),
time(AuditLogEntry::getTime, Calendar::compareTo),
attribute(AuditLogEntry::getChangedProperty, String::compareToIgnoreCase),
before(AuditLogEntry::getBefore, String::compareToIgnoreCase),
after(AuditLogEntry::getAfter, String::compareToIgnoreCase),
description(AuditLogAction::getDescription, String::compareToIgnoreCase),;
private final Function<AuditLogEntry, ?> propertyExtractor;
private final BiFunction<?, ?, Integer> comparisonFunction;
/**
* Creates a Property.
*
* @param propertyExtractor the property extractor
* @param comparisonFunction the comparison function
* @param <T> the property type
*/
<T> Property(Function<AuditLogEntry, T> propertyExtractor, BiFunction<T, T, Integer> comparisonFunction) {
this.propertyExtractor = propertyExtractor;
this.comparisonFunction = comparisonFunction;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public Function<AuditLogEntry, ?> getPropertyExtractor() {
return propertyExtractor;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public BiFunction<?, ?, Integer> getComparisonFunction() {
return comparisonFunction;
}
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public int compare(AuditLogEntry left, AuditLogEntry right) {
return super.compare(left, right, Property.class);
}
}
``` |
Business chess is a variant of chess played in teams. It was invented in 1992 by Dr. Grachya Ovakimyan of Moscow with the aim of making chess more entertaining and spectacular.
In the opinion of the inventor, free and open discussion between team members and collective decision-making process may make the game spectacular by increasing its dynamism and presenting the various stages of chess players' thinking, evaluation of positions, calculation of variants, choice of alternatives, and so on. In turn, in order to ensure active team discussion and effective decision-making process the Interactive Cognitive Scenario was developed.
Ovakimyan describes this version of chess as a sports business game.
Key ideas
Branch – version of a chess game having own rating, that is played on one demonstration chessboard (Photo 2).
Branch rating – a number indicating how important the branch, which is a marks (colored chips), located in the upper part of the demonstration chessboard (Photo 2). The score of each branch is equal to its chess result, multiplied by the rating of the given branch.
Branching – splitting a branch of a single move by splitting one of the existing branches (the "parent") into two and distributing the ratings between the two "child" branches. Different moves will subsequently be made in each branch. This can only be done if there is a free demonstration chessboard.
Selection – removing a branch in a single move in recognition of defeat from a position on that branch, and redistribution of its branch rating between those of its remaining siblings. The opponent team gets points equal to the lost branch rating.
Passing – transferring one unit (colored chip) in a single move from one branch rating to a sibling, with no gain nor loss of points.
Description
The board, pieces, their positions and rules of movement are the same as for standard chess. But several parallel branches (versions of the same game) can be played at the same time on the several boards, with the help of rating (importance) indicators of a certain branch (red marks on top of the board, see Photo 2). The game is for two teams, recommended each to have five members. During the game members of one team may discuss it, as well as actively move, and then form the alternative (parallel) branches. They also can change the rating of each branch by transferring its marks. With the possibility of changing the number of simultaneously played branches and their ratings, qualitatively new, tactical and strategic methods of competition appear which are inherent only in this version of chess.
In the Interactive Cognitive Scenario the following mechanisms are envisaged: (Photo 1 and Figure 1):
Official moves in business chess are made on demonstration chessboards. Up to five such boards may be displayed side-by-side each with a branch arising during one game. Each demonstration board involved in a game has its rating (Photo 2). The basic mechanisms of the scenario – Branching, Selection and Passing of chess positions – are shown on the demonstration boards. These mechanisms affect the current and final score in a game and require members of both teams to coordinate their actions and carry out their decisions.
To discuss positions and calculate variants, each of the teams is provided with five ordinary chessboards with full sets of pieces.
To limit the time of a game there is only one chess clock, however many branches are played in parallel. It is started after the team makes a move in all branches. The time of each team is limited to one hour. If one branch remains in the endgame, an additional five minutes is given.
Interactive Cognitive Scenario
Demonstration boards
Parallel variants of a game (branches) can be played on five nearby demonstration boards, numbered 1 to 5, each of which has its own rating (See Photo 2). Teams can decide to change the number of branches and their ratings. The score of each branch (on a particular board) is equal to its chess result, multiplied by the rating of the given branch. The final score of the game is equal to the sum of results of all branches.
The game begins on one demonstration board only, representing branch 1 (see Figure 1) with rating 10. Branching is used (see Figure 2) to increase the number of branches.
To carry out a Branching the team on its move copies the position from board 1 to a free demonstration board, apply differing continuations (for example, on a demonstration board 1 move e4, and on a board 2 – g3). In this case, the rating of the original (maternal) branch is distributed between the child branches according to the decision made by the team making the branch. As a result of the subsequent branching there will appear branches 3, 4, and 5.
If in the course of a game one of the teams gets a branch with a lost position (e.g. branch 1 in Figure 3), then the team may resign the game in that branch and transfer all the chips of its rating to the demonstration board of another (parallel) branch, where the team has an undefeated position (e.g. branch 2). This represents the so-called Selection, which offers a team a possibility of winning back what has been lost.
As a result of such a redistribution, the rating of the lost branch is added to the rating of the remaining one and the opponent gets points equal to the lost branch rating (in the given case, three points).
A Business chess game tree structure resulting from operations of Branching and Selection is shown in Figure 4.
On Figure 4 the increasing number of branches is shown (after move 7, there are already two branches, after move 11, three, after the move 12, four, and after move 18, five branches). Then, as a result of the selection and drawing (on moves 24, 25, 29 and 37, respectively) the number of branches gradually decreases. After move 37 and until the end of the game there remains only one branch, with a rating of eight.
A very important tactical element of the business chess scenario is chess Passing. Such a pass enables one to transfer, in a single move, one unit of rating from one branch to another without loss of points. It is a way of adjusting branch ratings as the team reassesses their positions. The game tree with Passing has a more complicated form (see Figure 5).
Only one member of the team may move pieces and ratings on the demonstration board after the team decides collectively. This stops players crowding in front of the demonstration boards. For this purpose the zone before the rows of demonstration boards is separated from the zone of team location by red lines which only one team member may cross.
Discussion
Each team is provided five ordinary chess boards to freely discuss positions and calculate variants (Figure 1). At each board the team (or part of it) discusses the position arising in one of the branches of a game (Photo 3 and Video). The team itself determines how it organizes discussions and makes decisions. Interactive Cognitive Scenario only suggests the possibility of alternative actions of each team member (using branching) in combination with the possibility of subsequent rejection from them when it becomes clear for team that these actions were erroneous (using selection).
Game parameters
There is a huge number of possible ways the Interactive Cognitive Scenario can be realized. Therefore, before a game is played some parameters should be agreed:
Initial game rating
The number of demonstration boards (the maximum allowed number of branches)
The number of players in each team and the rules for their replacement during the game
The rules of branching, selection, distribution, redistribution and passing
The time allowed for thinking over the moves and the form of time control.
Spectators
Focus on chess
During the game, spectators are able to hear and see team discussions: what information and in what scope the players analyze, how much and what options are offered for continuation, at what depth they are calculated, how the evaluations of positions changes during the passing and what final decisions are taken as a result. For the first time this becomes available for spectators' assessment directly, rather than via expert analysis.
The demonstration boards show several competing versions of the game (branches). Their number and ratings change throughout the game and directly affect the current and final score of the game.
Focus on people
Business chess creates a team spirit and socio-psychological atmosphere that is not specific to chess. It may be of interest even for spectators who do not care much for chess.
Playing business chess brings out familiar social problems for the teams such as leadership and psychological compatibility, a division of labor and specialization, choosing effective ways of management (authoritarian, democratic, etc.) and problem solving, generating new ideas, their discussion, implementation and development in a competitive environment, and so on.
Spectators can also watch almost all varieties of situations typical in group competition, and their continuous change, depending on the availability or shortage of advantages, time, alternative ways of development, and so on.
Tournaments
Tournaments have been held regularly since 1997. Running commentary of one of them was broadcast on Armenian national television.
In Moscow Russian leading grandmasters participated in two representative tournaments. The first was held in the Central House of Chess by M. M. Botvinnik in 2004, the proceedings of which were broadcast by the Sports channel of Russian TV. The second was held in the Moscow Chess Club by T. V. Petrosian in 2005.
Wider aspects
Apart from being a sport, Business Chess can also be used for scientific modelling of mental activity, the processes of problem solving and a choice of strategy, as a general educational business game, method of psychological evaluation, psychological training and play therapy. Such opportunity is conditioned by team active discussion and a multistage process of group decision-making based on sociocultural evolution depending on changing conditions (game). It can be seen that the main mechanisms of Interactive Cognitive Scenario (branching and selection) resemble biological mechanisms of evolution (genetic mutation and natural selection).
Scientific model
Business chess as a scientific model can be effectively used for researches in following areas: game theory, bifurcation theory, information theory, control theory and decision theory, the theory of innovation diffusion, management science, sociocultural evolution, cognitive psychology and social psychology, research into natural intelligence and artificial intelligence, and so on. Thus as an expert system the application of existing chess computer programs is possible.
In school
Experts in the field of child psychology agree that the system of national school education must first socialize pupils, that is, accustom and adapt them for the life in social structures. With this purpose it is reasonable to use Business Chess as a general educational business game. The primary goal of similar lessons is to carry out intellectual and socially-psychological trainings for the pupils to make them skilled in constructive communication, communicative competence, efficient management, social self-organization, psychological strength and adaptation in group. It is supposed, that it promotes effective socialization and harmonious development of cogitative (cognitive), behavioral (interactive) and emotional (motivational) components of pupils' personality studying at comprehensive schools.
It is also reasonable to use Business Chess for carrying out psychological evaluation at schools. The opportunity to register a lot of individual and group psychological parameters at the same time so as to observe their changes in dynamics, allows a complex estimation of intelligence, aptitude, level of achievement, personal situational correlations and mental development. Available expert systems in the form of modern chess computer programs enhance reliability of such researches.
A section of the "Business Chess" book is devoted to this subject, and also a lot of popular articles are included in the collection entitled "Sports business games: Business Chess, Go, Renju and others", 2007.
References
External links
Business chess site
Business Chess on the site of Moscow chess federation - Chessmoscow.ru
Business Chess on the Chess-News.ru
Chess academy of Armenia
Board games introduced in 1992
Chess variants
Chess in Russia
Chess in Armenia
Business simulation games
Russian inventions |
Rumph may refer to:
People
Alice Rumph (1878–1978), American painter
Chris Rumph (born 1971), American football coach
Chris Rumph II (born 1998), American football player
Mike Rumph (born 1979), American football player
Rumph., taxonomic author abbreviation of Georg Eberhard Rumphius (1627–1702), German-born botanist
Places
Rumph House, a historic house in Camden, Arkansas
Rumph Mortuary, a historic commercial building in El Dorado, Arkansas |
This is Buenos Aires (Así es Buenos Aires) is a 1971 Argentine musical film comedy directed by Emilio Vieyra and written by Salvador Valverde Calvo. The film starred Hugo Marcel and Víctor Bó. The tango film was premièred in Argentina on May 6, 1971.
Cast
Hugo Marcel
Soledad Silveyra
Ricardo Bauleo
Víctor Bó
Nelly Panizza
Walter Kliche
Adriana Hope
Lucio Deval
Gloria Prat
Esther Velázquez
Susana Giménez
Silvio Soldán as Narrator (voice)
Alfredo Suárez
Juan Manuel Tenuta
External links
1971 films
Argentine musical comedy films
1970s Spanish-language films
Tango films
Argentine black-and-white films
1970s musical comedy films
Films shot in Buenos Aires
Films set in Buenos Aires
1971 comedy films
1970s Argentine films
Films directed by Emilio Vieyra |
```sqlpl
-- Note: Requires the driver to be installed ahead of time.
-- list available providers
EXEC sp_MSset_oledb_prop -- get available providers
-- Enable show advanced options
sp_configure 'show advanced options',1
reconfigure
go
-- Enable ad hoc queries
sp_configure 'ad hoc distributed queries',1
reconfigure
go
-- Write text file
INSERT INTO OPENROWSET('Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0','Text;Database=c:\temp\;HDR=Yes;FORMAT=text', 'SELECT * FROM [file.txt]')
SELECT @@version
-- Note: This also works with unc paths \\ip\file.txt
-- Note: This also works with webdav paths \\ip@80\file.txt However, the target web server needs to support propfind.
``` |
```smalltalk
using System;
using UnityEngine;
// Grayscale effect, with added ExcludeLayer option
// Usage: Attach this script to camera, Select excludeLayers, Set your excluded objects to that layer
#if !UNITY_5_3_OR_NEWER
namespace UnityStandardAssets.ImageEffects
{
[ExecuteInEditMode]
[AddComponentMenu("Image Effects/Color Adjustments/Grayscale")]
public class GrayscaleLayers : ImageEffectBase
{
public Texture textureRamp;
public LayerMask excludeLayers = 0;
private GameObject tmpCam = null;
private Camera _camera;
[Range(-1.0f, 1.0f)]
public float rampOffset;
// Called by camera to apply image effect
void OnRenderImage(RenderTexture source, RenderTexture destination)
{
material.SetTexture("_RampTex", textureRamp);
material.SetFloat("_RampOffset", rampOffset);
Graphics.Blit(source, destination, material);
// exclude layers
Camera cam = null;
if (excludeLayers.value != 0) cam = GetTmpCam();
if (cam && excludeLayers.value != 0)
{
cam.targetTexture = destination;
cam.cullingMask = excludeLayers;
cam.Render();
}
}
// taken from CameraMotionBlur.cs
Camera GetTmpCam()
{
if (tmpCam == null)
{
if (_camera == null) _camera = GetComponent<Camera>();
string name = "_" + _camera.name + "_GrayScaleTmpCam";
GameObject go = GameObject.Find(name);
if (null == go) // couldn't find, recreate
{
tmpCam = new GameObject(name, typeof(Camera));
} else
{
tmpCam = go;
}
}
tmpCam.hideFlags = HideFlags.DontSave;
tmpCam.transform.position = _camera.transform.position;
tmpCam.transform.rotation = _camera.transform.rotation;
tmpCam.transform.localScale = _camera.transform.localScale;
tmpCam.GetComponent<Camera>().CopyFrom(_camera);
tmpCam.GetComponent<Camera>().enabled = false;
tmpCam.GetComponent<Camera>().depthTextureMode = DepthTextureMode.None;
tmpCam.GetComponent<Camera>().clearFlags = CameraClearFlags.Nothing;
return tmpCam.GetComponent<Camera>();
}
}
}
#endif
``` |
```java
package quickstart;
public class App {
public String getName() {
return "App";
}
}
``` |
The Asa Lincoln House is a historic house located at 171 Shores Street in Taunton, Massachusetts.
Description and history
The simple vernacular house was built in about 1760, and is locally significant for its status as the original homestead of Asa Lincoln, one of Taunton's first settlers. The asymmetrically bayed, -story house features a central chimney, entrance and 6/6 sash windows that are irregularly spaced. The small house is next door to a newer, larger (non-NRHP listed) 18th century house located 173 Shores Street, that has been added on to.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1984. Since that time, the historic house has been significantly altered with three large dormers added to the upper level. A new garage has also been constructed on the property.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Taunton, Massachusetts
References
National Register of Historic Places in Taunton, Massachusetts
Houses in Taunton, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Bristol County, Massachusetts |
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# ==============================================================================
"""
Train the program by launching it with random parametters
"""
from tqdm import tqdm
import os
def main():
"""
Launch the training with different parametters
"""
# TODO: define:
# step+noize
# log scale instead of uniform
# Define parametter: [min, max]
dictParams = {
"batchSize": [int, [1, 3]]
"learningRate": [float, [1, 3]]
}
# Training multiple times with different parametters
for i in range(10):
# Generate the command line arguments
trainingArgs = ""
for keyArg, valueArg in dictParams:
value = str(random(valueArg[0], max=valueArg[1]))
trainingArgs += " --" + keyArg + " " + value
# Launch the program
os.run("main.py" + trainingArgs)
# TODO: Save params/results ? or already inside training args ?
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
``` |
The Swedish-American Art Association was founded on February 5, 1905, by a number of Chicago artists with the goal of promoting the work of Swedish-American artists. Sculptor Carl Johan Nilsson was chosen as president. The association was incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois in 1905.
First exhibition
The Swedish-American Art Association opened its first exhibition of eighty pieces at the Anderson Art Galleries in Chicago in October 1905. The exhibition was extended from two weeks to three weeks due to its popularity.
Participants in the exhibition included the Swedish-American artists Gerda Ahlm, Arvid Nyholm and Henry Reuterdahl.
The Swedish artists Carl Larsson, Bruno Liljefors, Anders Zorn and Anshelm Schultzberg sent canvases from Sweden, and Charles Friberg sent three sculptures.
Later exhibitions
Exhibits were held in later years, though not always annually.
The 1929 exhibit was held in conjunction with the Illinois Women's Athletic Club at which 136 pieces by forty-eight artists were exhibited.
The 1934 exhibit was held at the Swedish Club of Chicago. Thirty-nine artists exhibited eighty-two works in the categories of black and whites, oil paintings, sculpture, water colors and "In Memoriam."
The Swedish-American Art Association held exhibitions to at least 1936 when an exhibit was held at the Marshall Field's department store in Chicago.
References and notes
Art societies
Swedish-American culture in Chicago
1905 establishments in the United States |
The Diocese of Elbląg () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese located in the city of Elbląg in Poland. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Warmia.
History
The diocese was established on March 25, 1992, as the Diocese of Elbląg from the Diocese of Chelmno, Diocese of Gdańsk and Diocese of Warmia. According to the Catholic Church statistics, 28.4% of the population went to church once a week in 2013 which was the lowest rank ever since 1980.
Leadership
Bishops of Elbląg
Bishop Jacek Jezierski (since 2014.06.08)
Bishop Jan Styrna (2003.08.02 – 2014.05.10)
Bishop Andrzej Śliwiński (1992.03.25 – 2003.08.02)
Special churches
Former Cathedrals:
Konkatedra św. Jana Chrzciciela w Kwidzynie, Kwidzyn
Konkatedra św. Wojciecha, Prabuty
See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland
Sources
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy
Diocese website
Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Roman Catholic Diocese of Elbląg
Christian organizations established in 1992
Roman Catholic Diocese of Elbląg
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century |
David Hillhouse Buel may refer to:
David Hillhouse Buel (priest) (1862–1923), American Jesuit and president of Georgetown University; later an Episcopal minister
David Hillhouse Buel (soldier) (1839–1870), Union Army officer
See also
Buel (disambiguation)
Hillhouse (disambiguation) |
Sir James Weeks Szlumper JP DL (29 January 1834 – 27 October 1926) was an English civil engineer. He was Chief Engineer on a number of key railway engineering projects in the Victorian era.
Biography
Szlumper was born in Westminster to Albert Szlumper, a Polish tailor, and his first wife, Eliza. He began his career with a London firm of engineers, and in 1853 was appointed surveyor to the county of Cardiganshire, a position in which he held for 25 years. In this position, he was often in correspondence and conflict with the local landowners, particularly John Waddingham, the then owner of the Hafod Estate. His younger half-brother Alfred Weeks Szlumper (1858–1934) was also a railway engineer.
Railway engineer
Szlumper had a dual career as a railway engineer, laying out some of key lines linking the major routes to the wider countryside of Wales and the West.
He started his railway career engineering parts of the London Underground in employment in London. When he took the job of Surveyor to the county of Cardiganshire, he also held the role of deputy engineer of the Manchester and Milford Railway, which never reached either of the locations in its title, being restricted to a line between Strata Florida and Pencader, Carmarthenshire. However, he became good friends with the line's manager James Cholmeley Russell, and resultantly later became civil engineer to the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways and in 1906 became a director. Russell and Szlumper were two of the proposers of the Vale of Rheidol Light Railway from Aberystwyth to Devil's Bridge (originally proposed by the Manchester & Milford Railway), although Russell resigned from the VofR project in its infancy in 1899.
Szlumper later worked on projects in the Montgomeryshire; the South Wales Valleys including the Barry Railway, the Pethick and Vale of Glamorgan Railway and the Pontypridd Caerphilly and Newport Railway; and Devon including the Plymouth, Devonport and South-Western Junction Railway, and the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway.
West Wales railways
On 31 December 1868, Szlumper was appointed Chief Engineer of the Whitland & Taf Vale Railway (W&TVR), having been recommended by business partner and Member of Parliament David Davies. The W&TVR was closely aligned to the Pembroke and Tenby Railway (P&TR), having a virtually common set of investors and board of directors. The P&TR also had close links to the Manchester and Milford Railway (M&MR), which ran over the Szlumper engineered metals of the Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway (C&CR) to connect to Carmarthen station
The W&TVR was driven by John Owen, the proprietor of some slate quarries near Glogue, and Szlumper agreed to see the construction of the railway for £50 per mile and £15 per mile for out of pocket expenses, and to deal with the preparation of all plans and sections for the necessary Parliamentary Bill. By 1868, Szlumper was engineer to the C&CR, M&MR, P&TR and the W&TVR.
After an accident with a through LNWR train to Tenby, Szlumper rebuilt the stations at Tenby and Pembroke, and extended the P&TR further into Pembroke Dock, to allow larger trains to access the line from 3 August 1870. The M&MR promoted the benefits of the P&TR to access Pembroke Dock to its customers in the Midlands, but the relationship only prospered for three years after the P&TR ceased working east of Whitland station over the Great Western metals, from 31 July 1872.
The board of the P&TR realised they needed to gain economies of scale, and so appointed the largest M&MR shareholder J.J.Barrow to their board on 31 August 1871. Barrow needed the stable income and docks of the P&TR as his own M&MR was suffering financially through lack of traffic from the Midlands to Wales. Barrow appointed A.C.Sheriff to the board of the P&TR in May 1872, the former Traffic Manager of the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway. Further developments had to wait until the formation of the P&TR and M&MR Joint Committee in 1879; but by this point the M&MR was totally insolvent and the GWR had developed its strength in West Wales.
On 24 March 1873 the W&TR opened to Glogue, and by October 1874 to Crymmych Arms. During the period 1859 to 1876, the P&TR had seen three different chairmen, two secretaries and three engineers. Due to the insolvency of the M&MR, in June 1879 the board joint board of company to investigate the costs of the railway. Szlumper was paid a salary of £150 per annum by the M&MR, and £80 for the P&TR. The board felt Szlumper had not fulfilled his duties properly, particularly after incorrectly engineering the M&MR junction at Pencader which was investigated by the Railway Inspectorate. He was replaced by Lionel R. Woods, formerly of the North Eastern Railway, in December 1879.
The W&TVR extension to Cardigan was completed on 31 August 1886, after the GWR had taken over the joint companies in 1881.
Public life
Szlumper was elected as a Liberal member of Cardiganshire County Council at a by-election in 1892 but did not seek re-election in 1895. Having served as a Justice of the Peace, in 1898 Szlumper became High Sheriff of Cardiganshire.
Personal life
Szlumper married Mary Culliford in 1867 and had one son and two daughters. The family lived at Sandmarsh, Aberystwyth. After Szlumper's retirement from the role of surveyor of Cardiganshire, the family moved to Holmesdale Road in Richmond, Surrey, where he became Mayor twice. He was also a major benefactor of Darell Road School in Kew and was, for many years, president and patron of the Victoria Working Men's Club in Kew.
A Master Freemason of the Jubilee Masters Lodge, No. 2712, and also a Past Master of Aberystwyth Lodge, No. 1072, his long-term friends included Mary of Teck, the Queen Consort of George V.
Szlumper died on 27 October 1926 and is buried in Richmond Cemetery (Section O, grave number 2414).
Projects engineered
Barry Railway, 1884–1885
Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway
London Underground
Lynmouth and Minehead Light Railway, 1896–1898
Lynton and Barnstaple Railway
Manchester and Milford Railway
Pembroke and Tenby Railway
Pethick and Vale of Glamorgan Railway, 1889–1901
Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway
Pontypridd Caerphilly and Newport Railway
North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways
Vale of Glamorgan Railway, 1894
Vale of Rheidol Light Railway
Whitland & Taf Vale Railway
As Szlumper helped plan various lines running from or attaching to/joining with the South Wales Railway, he left in his collection of papers complete Ordnance Survey maps from 1896, in continuous length, showing the proposed routes of the railways from London to Swansea and its connections, and the proposed railway from London to Cardiff and its connections
References
Sources
1834 births
1926 deaths
19th-century British engineers
19th-century Welsh judges
20th-century British engineers
British railway pioneers
Burials at Richmond Cemetery
Deputy Lieutenants of Cardiganshire
Engineers from London
British railway civil engineers
English justices of the peace
English people of Polish descent
English Freemasons
High Sheriffs of Cardiganshire
History of Ceredigion
Knights Bachelor
Liberal Party (UK) councillors
Lynton and Barnstaple Railway
Mayors of places in Surrey
Members of Cardiganshire County Council
People associated with transport in London
People from Richmond, London
People from Westminster |
The Hamriyah Free Zone is a free zone place in the city of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. Established by an Emiri decree in November, 1995, the Free Zone is 24 square kilometers in size and has a 14 meter deep port and 7 meter deep inner harbor. Sharjah is the only emirate which has ports on the Arabian Gulf's west coast and east coast with direct access to the Indian Ocean. Sharjah is the third largest emirate in the UAE.
See also
List of company registers
H.E Dr. Rashid Alleem
Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority
References
External links
Gulfnews.com
Khaleejtimes.com
Khaleejtimes.com
Hamriyah Free Zone's Official website
Gulfnews.com
Sharjah (city)
Free-trade zones of the United Arab Emirates |
First Light ( ), also known as The First Light, is a 2015 drama film written and directed by Vincenzo Marra and starring Riccardo Scamarcio. It was screened in the Venice Days section at the 72nd Venice International Film Festival, in which it won the Pasinetti Award for Venice Days' Best film.
Plot
Marco is a young and cynical lawyer from Bari. He lives with his partner Martina and their 7-year-old son Mateo. The love story between Marco and Martina, who is Chilean, is about to end. Martina wants to go back to Chile with little Mateo, but Marco doesn't agree as he doesn't want to be separated from his son. However, Martina decides to run away with Mateo, going to Chile and losing her tracks. Marco has no news of his son, and after a period of anguish and confusion he decides to go look for him. He finds himself in a South American metropolis of 6 million people, a reality that makes his research difficult. After an agonizing and inconclusive search, Martina and Mateo seem to have vanished into thin air.
Cast
Riccardo Scamarcio as Marco
Daniela Ramirez as Martina
Gianfabio Pezzolla as Mateo
Luis Gnecco as Ramos, the Lawyer
Alejandro Goic as Carlos, the Detective
Paulina Urrutia as the Judge
Maria Eugenia Barrenechea as Martina's Aunt
See also
List of Italian films of 2015
References
External links
2015 drama films
2015 films
Italian drama films
Films directed by Vincenzo Marra
2010s Italian films |
Thysanactis dentex, the Broomfin dragonfish, is a species of barbeled dragonfish found in the ocean depths from . This species grows to a length of SL. This species is the only known member of its genus.
References
Stomiidae
Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan
Taxa named by Ethelwynn Trewavas
Fish described in 1930 |
, also known as Black & White, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Taiyō Matsumoto, originally serialized from 1993 to 1994 in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Spirits. The story takes place in the fictional city of Takaramachi (Treasure Town) and centers on a pair of orphaned street kids – the tough, canny, Black, and the childish, innocent, White, together known as the Cats – as they deal with yakuza attempting to take over Treasure Town.
A pilot film directed by Kōji Morimoto was released in January 1999. A feature-length anime film directed by Michael Arias and animated by Studio 4°C premiered in Japan in December 2006.
Plot
While the manga follows multiple plot threads, the film adaptation consists of most plots shown in the manga.
The film follows two orphans, and , as they attempt to keep control of the streets of the pan-Asian metropolis of Takaramachi, once a flourishing town and now a huge, crumbling slum fraught with warring between criminal gangs. Black is a violent and streetwise punk, considering Takaramachi to be "his town". White is younger and appears to be mentally impaired, out of touch with the world around him and often living in a world of illusions. They call themselves "the Cats". Despite their extreme differences, they complement and support each other, similar to the Chinese Taoist principle of yin and yang.
During one of their "missions", they take on thugs and Black ends up beating up three Yakuza gang members who are menacing a street gangster friend of his. The Yakuza work for , the head of a corporation called "Kiddy Kastle". Snake plans to tear down and rebuild Takaramachi as a theme park to fit his own goals and dreams. When Black interferes once too often, Yakuza are sent to kill him, but fail. Angered, Snake then sends the deadly "three assassins" known as Dragon, Butterfly, and Tiger, near-superhuman hitmen, to finish the job.
In order to save Black and himself, White has to kill the first assassin Dragon by tipping gasoline and setting it alight, burning him alive. The second assassin Butterfly pursues White and stabs him with a samurai sword. White is then sent to the hospital. The police, who have been watching both Snake and the two youngsters, decide to take White into protective custody "for his own good", while Black watches White go knowing he would be too hard to look after while being hunted. Black later falls into a depressive state.
Alongside the children's narrative is a story is told through the eyes of , an average man who gets caught up in the Yakuza, leading him to have a violent encounter with Black. Eventually, Kimura is forced by Snake to kill his former boss and mentor, , to remove possible competition. While Kimura fulfills his mission, he is deeply shocked by having murdered his mentor. Summoned once again by Snake, Kimura rebels and kills the Yakuza boss, before attempting to flee with his pregnant wife from Takaramachi. He is gunned down in a drive-by shooting by Snake's men.
While the police feel it is for the best for White to remain with them outside Takaramachi, White feels empty without Black there for support. In parallel, without White, Black soon begins to lose grip on reality and allows his violence to consume him. He soon develops a split personality, with his dark side manifesting as the "minotaur". Things reach a climax when White is brought back to Takaramachi by one of the officers and taken to a local fair. There, a delusional Black is trying to show people that "White", in reality a mocked-up doll, has returned to life. When Black is attacked by Snake's two remaining assassins, the doll is damaged and Black flies into a murderous rage, killing the assassins. It is then that he is confronted by the real White, and is forced to fight the "minotaur", who wishes to completely consume him. Black manages to triumph over his dark side and reunites with White, last seen playing in the beach.
Media
Manga
Written and illustrated by Taiyō Matsumoto, Tekkonkinkreet was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Spirits from the July 5, 1993, to the March 21, 1994, issues. Shogakukan collected its chapters in three wide-ban volumes, released from February 7, 1994, to May 30, 1994. Shogakukan republished the series in a single volume on December 15, 2006.
In North America, the series was renamed Black & White, and start publishing in the first issue of Viz Media's Pulp in December 1997, along with Strain, Dance till Tomorrow and Banana Fish. The manga completed two-thirds of its run in the magazine, and in September 1999, it was replaced by Bakune Young. Viz Media published the three volumes from March 8, 1999, to November 30, 2000. In 2007, Viz Media released the series into a single volume, with the title Tekkonkinkreet: Black & White, on September 25, 2007.
Volumes
Anime films
Pilot
A CG-animated pilot film was released in 1999. The film was directed by Kōji Morimoto and had character models designed by Naoko Sugita. Hiroaki Takeuchi was the producer, Lee Fulton was the animation supervisor, and the 2006 feature-length film's director, Michael Arias, served as CG director. The entire 4-minute short was completed with a staff of 12 people.
2006 film
A feature-length anime film adaptation, directed by Michael Arias and animated by Studio 4°C, premiered in Japan on December 23, 2006. The city featured in Tekkonkinkreet was deemed as "the central character of the film" and the city's design was inspired by the cityscapes of Tokyo, Japan; Hong Kong; Shanghai, China; and Colombo, Sri Lanka to give a pan-Asian feel to the city. The English electronic music duo Plaid composed the music. Asian Kung-Fu Generation performed the theme song for the film "Aru Machi no Gunjō".
The film featured the following cast:
* - Minor Role
** - Not credited on the DVD
Stage play
A stage play adaptation, starring Nogizaka46's former member Yumi Wakatsuki as Black and Mito Natsume as White, ran at the Galaxy Theatre in Tokyo from November 18–25, 2019.
Reception
Manga
Tekkonkinkreet has been generally well received by critics, for its story and particularly for Matsumoto's artwork and style. Jason Henderson of Mania.com, reviewed the third volume of the manga. He noted Matsumoto's influence by French comics and writing, and how he was able to create a "truly remarkable story that mixes Japanese sensibility with a European look and pace". Matthew J. Brady of Manga Life, gave the series an "A" grade. Brady praised the series for its unique and expressive artwork, stating that it is more like something seen in independent American or European comics than in standard manga, also comparing his style to Western artists Brandon Graham, Corey Lewis and Bryan Lee O'Malley. He also wrote that the relationship and character of the main protagonists is very believable, despite their superhuman acrobatic and fighting abilities. Brady concluded: "It's a rich book that you can pore over absorbing at all the content". Shaenon K. Garrity wrote: "Tekkon Kinkreet is one of the most visually stunning comics I know. Matsumoto can draw the hell out of anything, and the warped, kinetic, graffiti-influenced style he uses here is perfect for the loopy action-packed story". Garrity added that it also got a strong story, and the two central characters are "surprisingly lovable and touching", and that their "odd, clumsily affectionate, ultimately powerful relationship" is the core of the manga. Scott Campbell of activeAnime, said that the manga is "one of those books that everyone will get a slightly different feeling from, and a different idea of what the point of it all was". About the art style, he wrote that it does not fit anything exactly, and "it gives a feel of grunge, cyber-punk, and our confusion over the separation of ourselves from nature – or whether a cityscape could now be described as nature to humankind". Campbell concluded: "It’s masterful at what it does in both telling a compelling story and being so visually unique. A mature work worth giving a chance to entertain you". Sandra Scholes, of the same website, wrote that the art is "rough and rugged, much like the character's personalities", but that "there is room for fun in this huge epic novel of life in neo-punk Japan, its sprawling place, urban people and slightly dodgy nightlife", making it a "one off masterpiece". Joseph Luster of Otaku USA, felt that the brotherly bond between the protective Black and the endearing White was the heart of the manga. Regarding Matsumoto's artwork, he wrote that it could be "an acquired taste for some, but I also doubt anyone that gets into it will ever want to let it go". Luster concluded: "Tekkonkinkreet is a mighty achievement that should be inspirational to artists and just plain absorbing to anyone else." Deb Aoki of About.com, gave the series 4.5 out of 5 stars. Aoki was less enthusiastic about Matsumoto's artwork, and wrote that his dreamlike vision of a Japanese city "chaotically" defies the laws of perspective, and it is like "Las Vegas on acid". Nonetheless, she affirmed that the main appeal of the series is its story and "how it touches the heart"; "two orphans become symbols of a struggle between opposing opposites: innocence and corruption, hope and cynicism, imagination versus reality".
Kai-Ming Cha of Publishers Weekly, ranked Tekkon Kinkreet: Black and White first on the "Top 10 Manga for 2007".
Film
The film holds a 76% rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, and an average score of 65 on Metacritic based on 9 critics.
Chris Beveridge, writing in Mania, declared: "While it may not be what anime fans have come to expect for a traditional film, the end result is something that while predictable is surprisingly engaging." Chris Johnston of Newtype USA wrote: "Regardless of how much you watch this one, though, this is a film that no serious anime fan should miss".
Awards
Manga
The manga won the 2008 Eisner Award for "Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Japan".
Film
Tekkonkinkreet won the "Best Film Award" at the 2006 Mainichi Film Awards. It was also named Barbara London's top film of 2006 in the annual "Best of" roundup by the New York Museum of Modern Art's Artforum magazine. In 2008, it received "Best Original Story" and "Best Art Direction" from the Tokyo International Anime Fair.
It won the 2008 Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Tekkonkinkreet official site
Tekkonkinkreet official site at Sony Pictures
Tekkonkinkreet trailer
Viz Media official site
Interviews
Taiyo Matsumoto’s "Tekkon Kinkreet" into anime
Otaku USA interview with Michael Arias
IONCINEMA.com interview with Michael Arias
Daily Yomiuri/de-VICE interview with Michael Arias
Interview with Arias
2006 anime films
2006 films
Animated films about orphans
Animated films based on manga
Aniplex
Coming-of-age anime and manga
Eisner Award winners
Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year winners
Manga series
Seinen manga
Shogakukan manga
Studio 4°C
Urban fantasy anime and manga
Viz Media manga
Yakuza films
1999 films |
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#distributing-applications-for-mobile-using-ringqt">Distributing Applications for Mobile using RingQt</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#important-information-about-ring2exe">Important Information about Ring2EXE</a></li>
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<section id="distributing-ring-applications-using-ring2exe">
<span id="index-0"></span><h1>Distributing Ring Applications using Ring2EXE<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-ring-applications-using-ring2exe" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>In this chapter we will learn about distributing Ring applications.</p>
<p>Starting from Ring 1.6 we have a nice tool called Ring2EXE (Written in Ring itself)</p>
<p>Using Ring2EXE we can distribute applications quickly for Windows, Linux, macOS, WebAssembly and Mobile devices</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>We can use the Distribute Menu in the Ring Notepad application (More Easy)</p>
</div>
<section id="using-ring2exe">
<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Using Ring2EXE<a class="headerlink" href="#using-ring2exe" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe filename.ring [Options]
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will set filename.ring as input to the program</p>
<p>The next files will be generated</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>filename.ringo (The Ring Object File - by Ring Compiler)
filename.c (The C Source code file
Contains the ringo file content
Will be generated by this program)
filename_buildvc.bat (Will be executed to build filename.c using Visual C/C++)
filename_buildgcc.bat (Will be executed to build filename.c using GNU C/C++)
filename_buildclang.bat (Will be executed to build filename.c using CLang C/C++)
filename.obj (Will be generated by the Visual C/C++ compiler)
filename.exe (Will be generated by the Visual C/C++ Linker)
filename (Executable File - On Linux & MacOS X platforms)
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="how-ring2exe-works">
<span id="index-2"></span><h2>How Ring2EXE works?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-ring2exe-works" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>At first the Ring compiler will be used to generate the Ring object file (<a href="#id1"><span class="problematic" id="id2">*</span></a>.ringo)</p>
<p>If we have a C compiler (optional), This object file will be embedded inside a C source code file</p>
<p>Then using the C compiler and the Ring library (Contains the Ring Virtual Machine) the executable file</p>
<p>will be generated!</p>
<p>If we dont have a C compiler, the Ring executable will be copied and renamed to your application name</p>
<p>And your Ring object file (<a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id4">*</span></a>.ringo) will become ring.ringo to be executed at startup of the executable file.</p>
<p>So its better and easy to have a C compiler on your machine to be used by Ring2EXE.</p>
</section>
<section id="example">
<span id="index-3"></span><h2>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>We have test.ring contains the next code</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Hello, World!"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To build the executable file for Windows, Linux or macOS</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test.ring
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To run the program (Windows)</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>test
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To run the program (Linux and macOS)</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./test
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="options">
<span id="index-4"></span><h2>Options<a class="headerlink" href="#options" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>-keep : Don't delete Temp. Files
-static : Build Standalone Executable File
(Don't use ring.dll/ring.so/ring.dylib)
-gui : Build GUI Application (Hide the Console Window)
-dist : Prepare application for distribution
-allruntime : Include all libraries in distribution
-mobileqt : Prepare Qt Project to distribute Ring Application for Mobile
-webassemblyqt : Prepare Qt Project to distribute Ring Application for the web (WebAssembly)
-noqt : Remove RingQt from distribution
-noallegro : Remove RingAllegro from distribution
-noopenssl : Remove RingOpenSSL from distribution
-nolibcurl : Remove RingLibCurl from distribution
-nomysql : Remove RingMySQL from distribution
-noodbc : Remove RingODBC from distribution
-nosqlite : Remove RingSQLite from distribution
-noopengl : Remove RingOpenGL from distribution
-nofreeglut : Remove RingFreeGLUT from distribution
-nolibzip : Remove RingLibZip from distribution
-noconsolecolors : Remove RingConsoleColors from distribution
-nomurmuhash : Remove RingMurmurHash from distribution
-nocruntime : Remove C Runtime from distribution
-qt : Add RingQt to distribution
-allegro : Add RingAllegro to distribution
-openssl : Add RingOpenSSL to distribution
-libcurl : Add RingLibCurl to distribution
-mysql : Add RingMySQL to distribution
-odbc : Add RingODBC to distribution
-sqlite : Add RingSQLite to distribution
-postgresql : Add RingPostgreSQL to distribution
-opengl : Add RingOpenGL to distribution
-freeglut : Add RingFreeGLUT to distribution
-libzip : Add RingLibZip to distribution
-libuv : Add RingLibuv to distribution
-consolecolors : Add RingConsoleColors to distribution
-murmurhash : Add RingMurmurHash to distribution
-cruntime : Add C Runtime to distribution
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="building-standalone-console-application">
<span id="index-5"></span><h2>Building standalone console application<a class="headerlink" href="#building-standalone-console-application" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Using the -static option we can build executable console application</p>
<p>So we dont have to use ring.dll, ring.so or ring.dylib</p>
<p>This avoid only the need to Ring dynamic link library</p>
<p>If you are using another libraries, You will need to include it with your application.</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test.ring -static
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="distributing-ringallegro-applications">
<span id="index-6"></span><h2>Distributing RingAllegro Applications<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-ringallegro-applications" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>We have test2.ring contains the next code</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># Just a simple program to test Ring2EXE Tool!</span>
<span class="c"># Using RingAllegro</span>
<span class="k">load</span> <span class="s">"gameengine.ring"</span> <span class="c"># Give Control to the Game Engine</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">main</span> <span class="c"># Called by the Game Engine</span>
<span class="n">oGame</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">New</span> <span class="n">Game</span> <span class="c"># Create the Game Object</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"My First Game"</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To build the executable file and prepare for distributing the Game</p>
<p>We use -dist option and -allruntime to include all libraries</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test2.ring -dist -allruntime
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>After executing the previous command</p>
<p>On Windows we will have : target/windows folder</p>
<p>On Linux we will have : target/linux folder</p>
<p>On macOS we will have : target/macos folder</p>
<p>The previous command will add all of the Ring runtime libraries to our distribution</p>
<p>But we may need only RingAllegro, So its better to use the next command</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test2.ring -dist -allegro -cruntime
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will produce smaller size distribution and will avoid the runtime files that we dont need!</p>
<p>Also we could use the -gui option to hide the console window</p>
<p>So its better to use the next command</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test2.ring -dist -gui -allegro -cruntime
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="distributing-ringqt-applications">
<span id="index-7"></span><h2>Distributing RingQt Applications<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-ringqt-applications" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>We have test3.ring contains the next code</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># Just a simple program to test Ring2EXE Tool!</span>
<span class="c"># Using RingQt</span>
<span class="k">load</span> <span class="s">"guilib.ring"</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">qApp</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">qWidget</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">setwindowtitle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello, World!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">400</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">400</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To build the executable file and prepare for distributing the GUI application</p>
<p>We use -dist option and -allruntime to include all libraries</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test3.ring -dist -allruntime
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>After executing the previous command</p>
<p>On Windows we will have : target/windows folder</p>
<p>On Linux we will have : target/linux folder</p>
<p>On macOS we will have : target/macos folder</p>
<p>The previous command will add all of the Ring runtime libraries to our distribution</p>
<p>But we may need only RingQt, So its better to use the next command</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test3.ring -dist -qt -cruntime
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will produce smaller size distribution and will avoid the runtime files that we dont need!</p>
<p>Also we could use the -gui option to hide the console window</p>
<p>So its better to use the next command</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test3.ring -dist -gui -qt -cruntime
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="distributing-applications-for-mobile-using-ringqt">
<span id="index-8"></span><h2>Distributing Applications for Mobile using RingQt<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-applications-for-mobile-using-ringqt" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>To prepare a Qt project for your RingQt application (test3.ring) use the -mobileqt option</p>
<p>Example :</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test3.ring -dist -mobileqt
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>After executing the previous command, We will have the Qt project in target/mobile/qtproject folder</p>
<p>The main project file will be project.pro which we can open using the Qt Creator IDE.</p>
<p>Also we will have the resource file : project.qrc</p>
<p>Another important file is our C++ main file : main.cpp</p>
</section>
<section id="distributing-applications-for-webassembly-using-ringqt">
<span id="index-9"></span><h2>Distributing Applications for WebAssembly using RingQt<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-applications-for-webassembly-using-ringqt" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>To prepare a Qt project (WebAssembly) for your RingQt application (myapp.ring) use the -webassemblyqt option</p>
<p>Example :</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe myapp.ring -dist -webassemblyqt
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>After executing the previous command, We will have the Qt project in target/webassembly/qtproject folder</p>
<p>The main project file will be project.pro which we can open using the Qt Creator IDE.</p>
<p>Also we will have the resource file : project.qrc</p>
<p>Another important file is our C++ main file : main.cpp</p>
</section>
<section id="building-the-cards-game-for-mobile-using-ringqt">
<span id="index-10"></span><h2>Building the Cards Game for Mobile using RingQt<a class="headerlink" href="#building-the-cards-game-for-mobile-using-ringqt" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>For a better example, consider building an Android package for the Cards game that comes with the</p>
<p>Ring language in this folder : ring/application/cards</p>
<p>The Cards game folder contains three files</p>
<p>cards.ring : The Game source code</p>
<p>cards.jpg : The image file used by the game</p>
<p>project.qrc : Resource file to be used with the Qt project</p>
<p>The resource file contains the next content</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><RCC>
<qresource>
<file>cards.ringo</file>
<file>cards.jpg</file>
</qresource>
</RCC>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We have two files in the resource file</p>
<p>The first file is cards.ringo (The Ring Object File) and the second file is cards.jpg (The image file)</p>
<p>As a start, Ring2EXE will generate this resource file in target/mobile/qtproject/project.qrc</p>
<p>But this file will contains only cards.ringo (That Ring2EXE will generate by calling Ring compiler)</p>
<p>We need to update this resource file to add the image file : cards.jpg</p>
<p>After this update, we copy the resource file to the main application folder</p>
<p>So when we use Ring2EXE again, Our updated resource file will be used!</p>
<p>Now to build the cards game for Mobile</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Run the next command</p></li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe cards.ring -dist -mobileqt
</pre></div>
</div>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li><p>Open target/mobile/qtproject/project.pro using Qt creator</p></li>
<li><p>Build and Run using Qt Creator</p></li>
</ol>
<p>How the Cards game will find the image file ?</p>
<p>RingQt comes with a simple function : AppFile() that we can use to determine the files that we may</p>
<p>access on Desktop or Mobile platforms</p>
<p>The next code from cards.ring</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">mypic</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">QPixmap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AppFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"cards.jpg"</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>So all what you need is using AppFile() function around your image files!</p>
</section>
<section id="building-the-weight-history-application-for-mobile-using-ringqt">
<span id="index-11"></span><h2>Building the Weight History Application for Mobile using RingQt<a class="headerlink" href="#building-the-weight-history-application-for-mobile-using-ringqt" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Another example to distribute your application for Mobile Devices using Ring2EXE and Qt</p>
<p>consider building an Android package for the Weight History application that comes with the</p>
<p>Ring language in this folder : ring/application/weighthistory</p>
<p>The Weight History application folder contains four files</p>
<p>weighthistory.ring : The application source code</p>
<p>weighthistory.db : The SQLite database</p>
<p>project.qrc : The resource file for the Qt project</p>
<p>main.cpp : The main C++ source file for the Qt project</p>
<p>To build the Weight History application for Mobile</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Run the next command</p></li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe weighthistory.ring -dist -mobileqt
</pre></div>
</div>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li><p>Open target/mobile/qtproject/project.pro using Qt creator</p></li>
<li><p>Build and Run using Qt Creator</p></li>
</ol>
<p>The resource file (project.qrc) contains two files</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><RCC>
<qresource>
<file>weighthistory.ringo</file>
<file>weighthistory.db</file>
</qresource>
</RCC>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The first file is weighthistory.ringo (Ring Object File - Generated by Ring2EXE by calling Ring compiler)</p>
<p>The database file : weighthistory.db</p>
<p>The main.cpp contains the next little update, To copy the database file from resources to a writable location</p>
<p>on the mobile device</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>QString path3 ;
path3 = path+"/weighthistory.db";
QFile::copy(":/weighthistory.db",path3);
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You will need to do this with database files only!</p>
<p>When we use Ring2EXE, the tool will check for project.qrc and main.cpp, if they exist then your updated</p>
<p>files will be used in target/mobile/qtproject instead of the default version generated by Ring2EXE</p>
<p>So Use Ring2EXE to generate these files, Then copy them to your application folder when you update them.</p>
</section>
<section id="building-the-form-designer-for-mobile-using-ringqt">
<span id="index-12"></span><h2>Building the Form Designer for Mobile using RingQt<a class="headerlink" href="#building-the-form-designer-for-mobile-using-ringqt" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>To build the Form Designer application (ring/tools/formdesigner) for Mobile</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Run the next command</p></li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe formdesigner.ring -dist -mobileqt
</pre></div>
</div>
<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
<li><p>Open target/mobile/qtproject/project.pro using Qt creator</p></li>
<li><p>Build and Run using Qt Creator</p></li>
</ol>
<p>in the folder ring/application/formdesigner You will find the resource file : project.qrc</p>
<p>It will be used automatically by Ring2EXE</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><RCC>
<qresource>
<file>formdesigner.ringo</file>
<file>image/allevents.png</file>
<file>image/checkbox.png</file>
<file>image/close.png</file>
<file>image/combobox.bmp</file>
<file>image/datepicker.bmp</file>
<file>image/dial.png</file>
<file>image/formdesigner.png</file>
<file>image/frame.png</file>
<file>image/grid.bmp</file>
<file>image/hyperlink.png</file>
<file>image/image.png</file>
<file>image/label.png</file>
<file>image/layout.png</file>
<file>image/lcdnumber.png</file>
<file>image/listview.png</file>
<file>image/lock.png</file>
<file>image/new.png</file>
<file>image/open.png</file>
<file>image/progressbar.png</file>
<file>image/project.png</file>
<file>image/pushbutton.png</file>
<file>image/radiobutton.png</file>
<file>image/save.png</file>
<file>image/saveas.png</file>
<file>image/select.png</file>
<file>image/slider.png</file>
<file>image/spinner.bmp</file>
<file>image/statusbar.png</file>
<file>image/tab.png</file>
<file>image/textarea.png</file>
<file>image/textfield.png</file>
<file>image/timer.png</file>
<file>image/toolbar.png</file>
<file>image/tree.bmp</file>
<file>image/videowidget.png</file>
<file>image/webview.png</file>
</qresource>
</RCC>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As we did in the Cards game, The Form Designer will use the AppFile() function to determine the
name of the Image files.</p>
<p>The next code from ring/tools/formdesigner/mainwindow/formdesignerview.ring</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">CreateToolBar</span>
<span class="n">aBtns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">[</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">qtoolbutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">win</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">setbtnimage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">AppFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"image/new.png"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">setclickevent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(:</span><span class="n">NewAction</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">settooltip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"New File"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">,</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">qtoolbutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">win</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">setbtnimage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">AppFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"image/open.png"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">setclickevent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(:</span><span class="n">OpenAction</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">settooltip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Open File"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">,</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">qtoolbutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">win</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">setbtnimage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">AppFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"image/save.png"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">setclickevent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(:</span><span class="n">SaveAction</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">settooltip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Save"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">,</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">qtoolbutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">win</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">setbtnimage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">AppFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"image/saveas.png"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">setclickevent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(:</span><span class="n">SaveAsAction</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">settooltip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Save As"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">,</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">qtoolbutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">win</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">setbtnimage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">AppFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"image/close.png"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">setclickevent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(:</span><span class="n">ExitAction</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">settooltip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Exit"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="o">]</span>
<span class="n">tool1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">win</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">addtoolbar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"files"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">aBtns</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">addwidget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">addseparator</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>From this example, We know that we can use sub folders for images.</p>
</section>
<section id="creating-the-qt-resource-file-using-folder2qrc">
<span id="index-13"></span><h2>Creating the Qt resource file using Folder2qrc<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-the-qt-resource-file-using-folder2qrc" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>When we have large RingQt project that contains a lot of images and files, We need to add these files
to the resource file ( <a href="#id5"><span class="problematic" id="id6">*</span></a>.qrc ) when distributing applications for Mobile devices.</p>
<p>Instead of adding these files one by one, Ring 1.6 comes with a simple tool that save our time, Its
called Folder2qrc.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>folder2qrc formdesigner.ring
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We determine the main source file while we are in the application folder, and Folder2qrc will check all
of the files in the current folder and sub folders, Then add them to the resource file after the
mainfile.ringo (In our example this will be formdesigner.ringo)</p>
<p>The output file will be : project.qrc</p>
<p>You can open it and remove the files that you dont need in the resources!</p>
</section>
<section id="important-information-about-ring2exe">
<span id="index-14"></span><h2>Important Information about Ring2EXE<a class="headerlink" href="#important-information-about-ring2exe" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Using Ring2EXE to prepare distribution will delete all of the files in the old distribution</p></li>
</ul>
<p>for example, if you have target/windows folder then used</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test3.ring -dist -allruntime
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The files in target/windows will be deleted before adding the files again</p>
<p>This is important when you prepare a distribution for Mobile devices</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ring2exe test3.ring -dist -mobileqt
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you modified the resource file : project.qrc or the main file : main.cpp</p>
<p>Dont forget to copy them to the application folder!</p>
<p>So Ring2EXE can use the updated version if you tried the previous command again!</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Ring2EXE is written in Ring, and you can read the source code from</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">path_to_url
</div></blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>The libraries information are stored in a separated files, So these files can be updated in the future</p></li>
</ul>
<p>automatically to support new libraries</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">path_to_url
</div></blockquote>
</section>
</section>
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Samuel Hazan (; born 5 March 1983) is a Canadian-Israeli football player.
Biography
2005 Maccabiah Games
Hazan was part of the Canadian team that played in its first Maccabiah Games. He set the record and was the first-ever goalscorer for Canada at the 2005 Maccabiah Games in a 1–0 win over defending gold medal champions, Argentina. At the 2022 Maccabiah Games, he played for Canada in the Masters Men competition.
References
External links
Fanzine.co.il
1983 births
Canadian Soccer League (1998–present) players
Living people
Jewish Canadian sportspeople
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Israeli men's footballers
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Maccabiah Games competitors for Canada
Competitors at the 2005 Maccabiah Games
York Region Shooters players
Canadian emigrants to Israel
Israeli Premier League players
Men's association football forwards |
Manawa Energy limited is a New Zealand electricity generation company that offers bespoke electricity products to commercial and industrial customers across New Zealand. Manawa energy currently operate 26 power schemes from the Bay of Plenty in the north, to Otago in the south.
The company is listed on the New Zealand stock exchange, but its ownership structure is dominated by its two major shareholders: Infratil which owns 51.0% and the Tauranga Energy Consumer Trust (TECT) which owns 26.8%. The remaining 22.2% is widely held.
Mercury NZ Limited acquired Trustpower Limited’s retail business for the final acquisition price of $467 million. The acquisition will double Mercury’s total customer connections. Trustpower’s retail business sells electricity, gas, fixed and wireless broadband, and mobile phone services, totalling approximately 416,000 connections. The combined business will have approximately 787,000 connections creating New Zealand’s leading multi-product utilities retail business. Mercury Chief Executive Vince Hawksworth says that Mercury and Trustpower customers will continue to receive the same high standard of service they’ve known from both retail brands.
History
Tauranga city
In 1913, the Tauranga Borough Council applied to the Department of Lands to have the Omanawa Falls vested in their body corporate for the purposes of water power generation. They also applied under section 268 of the Public Works Act 1908 for a licence to generate electricity.
In October 1914, the Public Works Department gave its approval for water to be taken from the Omanawa River to generate electricity and circulate it throughout the borough and surrounding area.
With plans underway to build its new Omanawa Falls Power Station the Tauranga Borough Council established on 5 October 1914 a municipal electricity department to market and distribute the electricity that would be produced by the new station. Its supply area ranged from the causeway bridges leading through the town, 17th Avenue in the south to Sulphur Point in the north, a total of 210 square miles (544 square km).
In 1915 the borough council hired Lloyd Mandeno as its electrical engineer, with responsibility not only for building the distribution system that will take power from the new power station but also to convince the population of 1,540 to give up their candles, kerosene lamps and town gas for the new untried electricity.
By 1924 68 homes out of the 700 in the borough were using electric cooking.
Lloyd Mandeno was made chief electrical engineer in 1917.
Local citizen R. S. Ready was so sure of the advantages of electricity that he built on 5th Avenue the first house in New Zealand that relied solely on electricity. Mandeno designed a hot water cylinder for the house, that was built from galvanized iron insulated with 150 mm of pumice. Within four years the council had expanded its reticulation to supply rural areas as far as Gate Pa, Otumoetai, Papamoa and Oropi.
By 1923 the department had 845 customers generating a revenue of £10,470.
In 1921 Lloyd Mandeno undertook some investigations and proposed that the borough consider building a new power station using the head generated by fall on the Wairoa River. With demand increasing the borough council agreed to build what became the McLaren Falls power station. This began generating on 25 June 1925.
The falls and the power station were to named after a couple who operated a cookhouse during construction and whose son had been killed in World War I.
In addition to his duties as an employee of the Tauranga electricity department, Mandeno was also a consultant to Te Puke Town Board and the newly constituted Tauranga Power Board. In 1925 Mandeno resigned after being accused of a conflict of interest by Tauranga's Mayor, Bradshaw Dive. He was replaced by Claude W. Boak as electrical and general engineer.
By 1928 the department had installed 232 water heaters and 120 electric stoves and was supplying 848 customers with a revenue of £22,116.
With demand still continuing to increased through the 1930 the combined output of Omanawa Falls and McLaren Falls was proving insufficient. As a result, the electricity department was forced to arrange with the SHD to take supply from its Aongatete and Te Puke. In 1962 the department began using underground cabling systems in new subdivisions.
In the same decade the department decided to proceed with construction of two new power stations that utilized the waters of the Mangapapa and Wairoa Rivers, which had been designed by consultants Mandeno Chitty & Bell in whom Lloyd Mandeno was a principal. Approval to proceed was granted by the New Zealand government in 1963 continual upon the station's output being equally shared with the Tauranga Electric Power Board. As a result, the Tauranga Joint Generation Committee was established in 1965 to develop, control and sell electricity generation. As a result of this initiative the original two planned stations, the Lloyd Mandeno Power Station was commissioned in 1972, and the Ruahihi Power Station in 1981. In between these two dates an additional station, the Lower Mangapapa Power Station had been commissioned in April 1979. All three stations were operated as part of the Kaimai hydro power scheme.
By 1981 the Tauranga Joint Generation Committee was making a profit of NZ$1.29 million and had 231 employees.
In 1989 the McLaren Falls Power Station was decommissioned.
Following the introduction of the Energy Companies Act in 1992, after consulting with local citizens the Tauranga City Council transferred the assets of its electricity department to the newly established Tauranga Electricity Ltd. The majority shareholder in the new company was the council owned Tauranga Civic Holdings Ltd, which held 5,099,994 shares with the remaining six shares in the company held by the public. In June 1993 Tauranga Civic Holdings Ltd took full control. By that year the company had 5,576 customers.
Tauranga Electric Power Board
Using the provisions of the Electric Power Boards Act of 1918 proposals were put to create a power board to supply the rural areas of the Bay of Plenty. As a result, the Tauranga Electric Power Board was established and held its first meeting on 13 September 1923. The following year a poll of ratepayers in the board's area which covered 667 square miles (1,753 km2), including the towns of Katikati, Mt Maunganui and Te Puke the board raised a loan of £110,000 to construct its distribution system. Rather than build its own power stations the board arranged to obtain its electricity from the Electricity Department of the Tauranga Borough Council.
Following his resignation from Tauranga Borough Council Lloyd Mandeno took up a position as general manager of the Tauranga Electric Power Board in January 1926. He was only in the position until he resigned on 25 May of that year, leaving the position in August, to go into private practice in Auckland. However the board retained him as their consulting engineer on an annual retaining fee of £250 plus travelling expenses, a position he retained until 1929. While involved with the power board he invented, developed and introduced into service the single wire earth return reticulation system. This allowed the board to reduce the cost of distributing electricity across its predominantly rural customer base.
In response to the State Hydro-Electric Department (SHD), introducing charging for peak demand the power board in 1952 introduced what is believed to have been the world's first automatic load control system. That same year the power board also began manufacturing pre-stressed concrete power poles. It is believed that it was one of the first power boards to do this in New Zealand. In 1958 the SHD was renamed the New Zealand Electricity Department (NZED).
By the early 1990s the power board was supplying those areas the city of Tauranga, where it had expanded out of the defined city electricity department's geographical inner city area, the surrounding Tauranga country and the towns of Te Puke and Mt Maunganui. In 1990 it had a staff of 201, 43,158 customers and was making a profit of 2.55 million.
In response to the introduction of the Energy Companies Act in 1992, the Tauranga and Rotorua Electric Power Boards proposed to merge, but it was rejected both by the public and the government.
The power board investigated other options and in 1994 changed its name to Trustpower and its financial structure so that 50% of the ownership was held in a consumer trust, 49% was directly held by customers with the remaining 1% in an employee share ownership scheme.
On 18 April 1994 Trustpower listed on the New Zealand stock exchange. This allowed the specialist infrastructure and utility investor Infratil Ltd to acquire 11 million shares and become its largest shareholder. By this time it had approximately 40,000 customers as well as a half share in the Kaimai hydro power scheme. Meanwhile, the Rotorua Electric Power Board had also changed its financial structure to become the Rotorua Electricity Ltd. By 1995 Trustpower had built up a 67.7% shareholding in this new entity and in 1996 took full control.
In 1995 Trustpower purchased Taupo Electricity Limited and Taupo Generation Limited which gave it a total of 89,000 customers to make it New Zealand's fourth largest power company and third largest power generator.
Merger with Tauranga Electricity
While for many years the directors of Tauranga Electricity had been opposed to merging with other companies to create a Bay of Plenty wide energy company as they were of the opinion the resulting monopoly would push up prices. Eventually however the City Council after receiving many proposals over the years agreed to merge with Trustpower.
The merger which occurred on 31 October 1997 guaranteed that the City Council's shareholding in Trustpower would provide an annual revenue of NZ$3.3 million over the next five years.
By 1998 the addition of the Tauranga City's customers meant that new company was supplying 96,513 customers. In 1998 the state-owned Electricity Corporation of New Zealand sold five of its smaller hydro stations, of which Trustpower purchased Coleridge (NZ$91 million), Highbank/Montalto ($37 million) and Matahina ($115 million) hydro power stations.
1998 electricity sector reforms
In 1998 the New Zealand Government passed the Electricity Industry Reform Act 1998 which was intended to change the structure of the electricity industry to encourage competition. This Act required the operational separation of lines and generation business activities by 1 July 1999 and separation of the ownership by 1 January 2004. As by now Trustpower had built up a substantial generation portfolio it elected to be a generator/retailer and so sold its lines and its contracting business, PowerLink Limited. Following a competitive sales process, TrustPower sold its lines business to United Networks Limited (formerly Power New Zealand) for $485 million. Trustpower also acquired the retail business from eight energy companies: Waipa Power, Wairoa Power, Marlborough Electric, Buller Electricity, Westpower, Electricity Ashburton, Central Electric, and Otago Power.
Using the proceeds of the sale of these businesses Trustpower began purchasing the generation assets being shed by those energy companies that had opted to be a lines company. This led to it purchasing the following hydro power stations and schemes: Arnold, Branch and Waihopai, Kumara, Mangorei, Motukawa, Paerau, Patearoa, Patea (for $72m) Wahapo, Waipori (for $70m) as well as the Tararua Wind Farm (for $49m). Thus by March 1999 it had 421.5 MW of installed capacity, capable of generating up to 1,769 GWh per annum.
In March 2003 Trustpower completed the purchase of the Cobb Power Station for $92.5m from NGC.
Share buyback
In 2003 Trustpower bought back some of its shares. Infratil did not participate in the buy-back, which lead to it increasing its shareholding to 33.5%. In 2006 Infratil purchased Allient Energy's shareholding for NZ$6.20 a share, which gave it 51% and thus majority control of Trustpower.
Expansion
In 2013, Trustpower bought Energy Direct, a Whanganui electricity and gas company.
In 2015, it bought 65% of King Country Energy Ltd from Nova Energy. King Country Energy generates all of its electricity from renewable sources (principally hydro-electric generation) and supplies electricity to the Waitomo, King Country and Ruapehu Districts. King Country Energy was incorporated in 1991.
On 18 December 2015, Trustpower announced that it was considering a process to demerge its wind assets in Australia and New Zealand, separating into two New Zealand incorporated listed companies by way of a Court-approved scheme of arrangement. The Demerger, effective on 31 October 2016, resulted in the creation of two new companies, Trustpower and Tilt Renewables. The demerger enables each business to focus on their respective areas of specialisation.
In 2018, Trustpower and King Country Electric Power Trust (KCEPT), assumed full ownership of King Country Energy Limited (KCE). This is the outcome of a joint venture takeover made by a wholly owned subsidiary of Trustpower and KCEPT, initiated in December 2017, that sought to acquire the balance of KCE's ordinary shares at $5 per share. Trustpower now controls 75% of KCE, with KCEPT controlling the remaining 25%. KCE sold its retail business to Trustpower in July 2018.
Trustpower sold its Australian hydro-power generation assets operator GSP Energy Pty Limited for A$168 million ($129.46 million), as the company focuses on its core New Zealand business.
Sale of the mass market retail business and name change
In May 2022, Trustpower sold its mass market retail business, retail customer base and the Trustpower brand to Mercury NZ Ltd. The company retained its hydro-electricity assets to become NZ's largest independent electricity generator, representing around 5% of the New Zealand generation capacity and changed their name to Manawa Energy, Manawa means ‘heart’ and it speaks to the heart of the company's operations in the Bay of Plenty. The name was gifted by Ngāti Hangarau hapū in the Kaimai area. It traces the company's origins back to the first hydro-electric power station on the Omanawa River., but Trustpower continue to operate under the Trustpower brand and offer bundled services for power, gas, broadband and mobile.
Power stations
Decommissioned stations
The McLaren Falls Station on the Kaimai hydro power scheme was decommissioned in 1989 following the commissioning of the Ruahihi Power Station.
In 1998 Trustpower decommissioned the Omanawa Falls Power Station and gifted it to the Tauranga City Council.
See also
Electricity sector in New Zealand
New Zealand electricity market
References
External links
Manawa Energy
Electric power companies of New Zealand |
Meineke Car Care Centers, Inc., more commonly known as just Meineke ( ) is a franchise-based international automotive repair chain with 966 locations. The chain is ranked #52 in the Franchise 500 (2014) and #54 in America’s Top Global (2013). Previously known as Meineke Discount Mufflers, the company changed its name to Meineke Car Care Centers in 2003 when it expanded to offer full-service auto repairs.
History
Meineke was founded in 1971 in Houston, Texas, by Sam Meineke. He started to franchise the name in 1972, with Harold Nedell. In 1983, GKN, a multinational British company, bought out Meineke Discount Mufflers. In 1986, the company headquarters moved to Charlotte, North Carolina.
In 2003, the same year Meineke Discount Muffler Shops, Inc. became Meineke Car Care Centers, Inc., Meineke became a privately held company, no longer publicly traded.
In January of 2021 the parent company of Meineke, Driven Brands, had an IPO and began trading on NASDAQ with the ticker symbol DRVN. The collision repair franchise MAACO is also part of Driven Brands along with a variety of other automotive businesses.
Acquisitions
In 2006, Meineke Car Care Centers’ parent company, Meineke Holding Company, became Driven Brands, Inc. and acquired the quick oil change company, Econo Lube 'N Tune Inc. In 2008, it acquired Maaco, Auto Qual, and Drive N Style.
In April 2013, Meineke Car Care Centers, Inc. announced the acquisition of the Seattle-Tacoma auto repair chain, Walt’s Auto Care Centers, or “Walt’s”. In June 2014, Meineke acquired eight America’s Service Station locations in the Atlanta area.
Advertising
Former boxing champion George Foreman was a spokesperson for the Meineke brand in the United States from 1993 to 2010. Former NHL player Wendel Clark is the Meineke spokesperson in Canada, as well as a current Meineke franchisee.
Meineke sponsored Jimmy Spencer in the 1993 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season at Bobby Allison Motorsports. The following season, sponsorship moved to Joe Nemechek and the Cup team owned by Larry Hedrick. For the 1995 season, Meineke was on the move again, this time to the Diamond Ridge Motorsports team driven by Steve Grissom.
Meineke has sponsored college football bowl games in two locations. From 2005 to 2010, the Meineke Car Care Bowl was played in Charlotte, North Carolina, while the Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas was played in Houston from 2011 to 2012. , those two bowls are now known as the Duke's Mayo Bowl and the Texas Bowl, respectively.
References
External links
Official site
Driven Brands, Official Site
American companies established in 1972
Retail companies established in 1972
Automotive repair shops of the United States
Companies based in Charlotte, North Carolina |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
require "spec_helper"
module Decidim
describe PermissionAction do
let(:permission_action) do
PermissionAction.new(scope: :test, action: :check, subject: :result)
end
context "when checking for same attributes" do
it "is the same action" do
expect(permission_action.matches?(:test, :check, :result)).to be true
end
end
context "when checking for different attributes" do
it "has different scope" do
expect(permission_action.matches?(:testing, :check, :result)).to be false
end
it "has different action" do
expect(permission_action.matches?(:test, :match, :result)).to be false
end
it "has different subject" do
expect(permission_action.matches?(:test, :check, :asdf)).to be false
end
end
end
end
``` |
```javascript
thisWontBeFormatted ( 1 ,3)
<<<PRETTIER_RANGE_START>>> thisWillBeFormatted (2 ,3<|>, )
<<<PRETTIER_RANGE_END>>> thisWontBeFormatted (2, 90 ,)
``` |
Signal Peak is the highest point in the San Joaquin Hills area of Orange County, California, United States. Its elevation is . The peak is visible in the southern sky in most of north Orange County, and from far southern Los Angeles County. Signal Peak overlooks the University of California, Irvine, to the north and Crystal Cove State Park to the south and southeast. It is the first and highest peak that one encounters traveling southbound on State Route 73. It is a major two-way radio site for Orange County.
Signal Peak also serves as a visual reporting checkpoint for incoming private aircraft from the south, inbound to land at John Wayne Airport.
References
External links
Mountains of Orange County, California
Mountains of Southern California |
was a poet and translator of French literature in Taishō and Shōwa period Japan. He is credited with introducing French surrealism to Japanese poetry, and to translating the works of over 66 French authors into Japanese.
Early life
Horiguchi was born in the Hongō neighborhood of Tokyo. His father, Horiguchi Kumaichi was the son of ex-samurai from Echigo and a career diplomat with the Foreign Ministry who was the Japanese consul at Incheon during the First Sino-Japanese War.
Horiguchi attended the Literature Department of Keio University, but never graduated (which is rather ironic, since his given name "Daigaku" is written with the same kanji as "university", and came from the fact that his father was still a student at Tokyo Imperial University when he was born). Even prior to entering the university, he was a member of the Shinshisha (The New Poetry Society) and contributing tanka poetry to Subaru (Pleiades) and other literary magazines, such as Mita Bungaku. Under the encouragement of Tekkan Yosano and his wife Akiko Yosano he also began to write other types of verse.
In 1911, Horiguchi left school to accompany his father on overseas postings and during the next 14 years overseas he became fluent in French (assisted by his Belgian stepmother) and interested in French literature, particularly the novels and poetry of the Symbolist movement. He first spent over a year in Mexico, where he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, causing Horiguchi to abandon his father's hope that he become a diplomat, and he devoted his time to writing verse and translation of French works instead. He was in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution, and it was also during this time that he was drawn to Parnassianism as a style of verse. In 1913, the family relocated to Belgium, via Siberia. While in Belgium, he studied the works of Paul Verlaine and the works of the Symbolist movement, including the works of Remy de Gourmont. He subsequently lived for brief periods in Spain, Paris, Brazil and Romania and maintained correspondence with Marie Laurencin and Thomas Mann, whose works he also translated while recuperating at a sanatorium in Switzerland.
Pre-war career
In 1919, Horiguchi published his first anthology of verse, Gekko to Pierrot (Moonlight and Pierrot), and a book of waka verse, Pan no fue (Pan pipes). On returning to Japan in 1925, he brought out a collection of poems Gekka no ichigun, which introduced the Japanese literary world to the works of Jean Cocteau, Raymond Radiguet, Paul Verlaine, and Guillaume Apollinaire. This work greatly influenced modern Japanese poetry starting from the late 1920s and 1930s. In addition, his translation of Paul Morand's Ouvert la nuit (Yo hiraku; Night opens) had a strong impact on the Shinkankakuha, or the New Sensation School whose best-known exponent was Yokomitsu Riichi.
In 1928 he created his own poetry magazine, Pantheon, but its publication was discontinued the following year after he had a falling out with co-author Kōnosuke Hinatsu. He subsequently launched a new poetry magazine, Orpheon.
In 1932, Horiguchi moved to the Ishikawa neighborhood of Tokyo. In 1935, he became vice-chairman of the Japan PEN Club (the chairman at the time was Tōson Shimazaki), and in May of the same year entertained Jean Cocteau during his visit to Japan, by taking him to see kabuki. However, spoke out against the increasing militarization of Japan, and after promulgation of the National Mobilization Law, went into self-imposed confinement at a hotel on the shores of Lake Nojiri, continuing with his translations of French literature under the ever more vigilant eyes of the censors. In 1941, he was evacuated to Okitsu, Shizuoka, but returned briefly to Tokyo in 1942 to give a eulogy at the funeral of Akiko Yosano. He remained in Shizuoka until 1945, and moved briefly to Sekikawa, Niigata before the end of the war.
Post-war career
Horiguchi moved back to Shizuoka at the end of World War II, and an anthology of five volumes of his poetry was published in 1947. From 1950, he moved to Hayama, Kanagawa, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1957, he was made a member of the Japan Art Academy, and met with André Chamson, the president of PEN International who was visiting Japan, the same year. In 1959, one of his works was awarded the prestigious Yomiuri Prize. Over the next ten years, he was in demand as a guest speaker on modern Japanese poetry around the country. In 1967, his submission of poetry in the traditional Japanese style for the Utakai Hajime contest at the Imperial Palace on the topic of fish drew praise from Emperor Hirohito (an amateur marine biologist), and Horiguchi was awarded the 3rd class of the Order of the Sacred Treasures. In 1970, he became honorary chairman of the Japan Poetry Club, and in November of the same year was made a Person of Cultural Merit by the Japanese government. In 1973, he was awarded the 2nd class of the Order of the Sacred Treasures. In 1976 a limited edition collection of Horiguchi's poems, entitled "Tôten no Niji" ("Rainbow in the Eastern Sky"), was illustrated by noted modernist artist Hodaka Yoshida, who contributed seven signed and numbered prints to accompany the poems.
In 1979 he was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government. Horiguchi died in March 1981 at the age of 89. His grave is at the Kamakura Reien cemetery.
During his career, Horiguchi published more than 20 books of poetry. His verses combined the flexibility of the Japanese style with hints of the resonance of the French language, and he was noted for making use of colloquial Japanese words in his translations to come closer to the original imagery, rather than attempting to force the translated poems into a more traditional Japanese format.
See also
Japanese literature
List of Japanese authors
References
Horiguchi, Sumireko. Chichi no katamigusa: Horiguchi Daigaku to watakushi. Bunka Shuppankyoku (1990). (Japanese)
Epp, Robert, "Introduction" (pp. 17–30), in Rainbows—Selected Poetry of Horiguchi Daigaku (1994). 565 works; 360 pp.
Frederic, Louise. Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press (2002). .
Baker, Mona. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Routledge (2001).
1892 births
1981 deaths
Writers from Tokyo
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
20th-century Japanese poets
20th-century Japanese translators |
Sephardic Bnei Anusim (, , lit. "Children [of the] coerced [converted] Spanish [Jews]) is a modern term which is used to define the contemporary Christian descendants of an estimated quarter of a million 15th-century Sephardic Jews who were coerced or forced to convert to Catholicism during the 14th and 15th century in Spain and Portugal. The vast majority of conversos remained in Spain and Portugal, and their descendants, who number in the millions, live in both of these countries. The small minority of conversos who did emigrate normally chose to emigrate to destinations where Sephardic communities already existed, particularly to the Ottoman Empire and North Africa, but also to more tolerant cities in Europe, where many of them immediately reverted to Judaism. In theory, very few of them would have traveled to Latin America with colonial expeditions, as only those Spaniards who could certify that they had no recent Muslim or Jewish ancestry were supposed to be allowed to travel to the New World. Recent genetic studies suggest that the Sephardic ancestry present in Latin American populations arrived at the same time as the initial colonization, which suggests that significant numbers of recent converts were able to travel to the new world and contribute to the gene pool of modern Latin American populations despite an official prohibition on them doing so. In addition, later arriving Spanish immigrants would have themselves contributed additional converso ancestry in some parts of Latin America.
The Bnei Anusim concept has gained some popularity in the Hispanic community in the American South West as well as in countries in Latin America. Thousands of Hispanics have expressed the belief that they are the descendants of conversos and many of them have expressed their desire to return to Judaism. Such a desire may probably be understood within the complex identity politics of both Latin and Anglo-America and their interplay with social mobility. Belief in converso identity is normally based on memories of family practices which may resemble perceptions or understandings of Jewish customs and religion. In addition, some have conducted internet genealogical research and have studied publicly available population genetics and atDNA analysis, leading them to their conclusions.
Since the early 21st century, a growing number "of [Sephardic] Benei Anusim have been established in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and in Sefarad (Iberia) itself" as "organized groups." Some members of these communities have formally reverted to Judaism, and they have become functional communities of public Judaizers.
Although reversion to Judaism among these communities is largely a question of individual belief and interest, and any knowledge of Jewish ancestry has generally been long lost over the past four centuries, two specific exceptions exist: The Xueta community of the island of Majorca in Spain and the Marrano community of Belmonte in Portugal. Both communities have practiced endogamy over generations, thus maintaining awareness of their Jewish heritage. In the case of the Xueta, they also suffered social stigma and discrimination well into the 20th century for their converso origin.
The Jewish Agency for Israel estimates the Sephardic Bnei Anusim population to number in the millions. Although they are the least prominent of Sephardic descendants, Sephardic Bnei Anusim outnumber their Jewish-integrated Sephardic Jewish counterparts, which consist of Eastern Sephardim, North African Sephardim, and the ex-converso Western Sephardim. With up to 20% of Spain and Portugal's population and at least 10% of Latin America's Iberian-descended population estimated to have at least some Sephardic Jewish ancestry (90% of Latin America's modern population having at least partial Iberian ancestry, in the form of criollos, mestizos, and mulattos), the total population size of Sephardic Bnei Anusim (67.78 million) is not only several times larger than the combined population of Jewish-integrated Sephardic sub-groups, but also more than four times the size of the total world Jewish population as a whole. The latter encompasses Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews and various other smaller groups.
Status
Halakha
Under Jewish religious law, also known as halakha, the Jewish status of Sephardic Bnei Anusim as a collective group is not automatically recognized by most religious authorities, for two reasons. Firstly, because of issues regarding generational distance, and secondly, because of issues relating to proving an unbroken direct maternal Jewish lineage, which is required for Orthodox recognition. However, there is a path of "return" for individuals, written about in a letter by HaRav Mordechau Eliahu in 1995, and an official "return certificate" he created that has been in use.
In regards to the first issue, many generations have passed since the coerced conversions of the anusim forebears of the Sephardic Bnei Anusim. Depending on Jewish legal rulings being followed, the maximum generational distance for acceptance as Jews (without the requirement of formal reversion/conversion) is between 3 and 5 generations from the anusim forebear/s who was/were forced to convert from Judaism to Catholicism.
In regards to the second issue, in Rabbinic Judaism, a person's Jewish status is determined in one of two ways:
a Jew by conversion, if he/she has personally gone through a formal conversion to Judaism, or
a natural-born Jew, if he/she was born from an unbroken direct maternal Jewish lineage which is
a Jewish lineage ab initio ("from the beginning", from time immemorial descending from an Israelite-era Hebrew woman), or
a Jewish lineage established by a female ancestor's formal conversion to Judaism whose unbroken direct Jewish maternal lineage descendants encompasses only the children born to her after her conversion (and the direct maternal-line descendants of only her post-conversion children).
Also lately, for returnees, appearing before a Beit Din to establish the evidences for the mother's female line of secretly Jewish ancestors.
Thus, natural-born Jewish status of a child (male or female) comes from its mother, via its maternal direct line of ancestry. As a consequence of the number of generations that have passed since the forced conversion of the Anusim ancestors of the Sephardic Bnei Anusim, the likelihood of a broken direct maternal Jewish lineage in that time (or the difficulty in producing documentary evidence proving otherwise) precludes the establishment of natural-born Jewishness for the majority of Bnei Anusim. If the direct maternal lineage of a Sephardic Ben Anusim is not Jewish or cannot be proven to be Jewish (due to a lack of documentary evidence to that effect), it is irrelevant whether some or all other lineages of that Sephardic Ben Anusim are confirmed Jewish lineages (be it the direct paternal lineage, all other paternal lineages, or all other maternal lineages). Therefore, a person who can *prove* their mother's Jewish lineage will be given by a Beit Din a letter simply stating that they were born Jewish. But for those who have strong evidences of the mother's female Jewish lineage (going back at least 4 generations) - and who have studied to learn the basics of Jewish Law - they can be given a "return certificate" (giyur l'chumra) like what was done for the Ethiopians and others not of the Bnei Anousim.
Halakhically non-Jewish status from the mother, however, does not preclude Sephardic Bnei Anusim from being classed as Zera Yisrael, since they are otherwise of Jewish ancestry. On that basis, some individual Sephardic Bnei Anusim have begun formally returning to Judaism by following a formal process of conversion, and thus "regaining" their status as individual Jews.
At least one Israeli Chief Rabbi has ruled that Sephardic Bnei Anusim should be considered Jewish for all purposes, but this is not the consensus. He says that a symbolic ceremony denoting reversion/conversion is necessary only in the event of a marriage in which a Sephardic Bnei Anusim origin is not shared by both spouses (i.e. a marriage between a spouse of Sephardic Bnei Anusim origin with a Jew of another community origin.). This pro-forma conversion for the purpose of marriage is solely to remove any doubt relating to any possibility of a broken maternal lineage (which religiously might affect the status of offspring borne to that marriage). It does not imply that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim are otherwise of Jewish ancestry.
Zera Yisrael
Although not halakhically Jewish as a collective group, Sephardic Bnei Anusim are broadly categorized as Zera Yisrael (זרע ישראל, literally "Seed of Israel"). Zera Yisrael are the Halakhically non-Jewish descendants of Jews who, for practical purposes, are neither completely Jewish nor completely gentile.
According to some of the most prominent medieval Jewish sages, the designation of Zera Yisrael means that although these persons are not halakhically Jewish, they nevertheless embody "the holiness of Israel."
History
Relation to other Sephardi communities
The term Sephardi means "Spanish" or "Hispanic", and is derived from Sepharad, a Biblical location. The location of the biblical Sepharad is disputed, but later Jews identified the Sepharad as Hispania, that is, the Iberian Peninsula and which includes Portugal. Sepharad still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.
The common feature among Western Sephardim, Sephardic Bnei Anusim, and Neo-Western Sephardim is that all three are descended in part from conversos. "Western Sephardim" are descendants of ex-conversos from earlier centuries; "Sephardic Bnei Anusim" are nominally Christian descendants of conversos, or secret Jews; and "Neo-Western Sephardim" refers to individuals among the Sephardic Bnei Anusim population who are converting to Judaism in order to return to the origin of some of their ancestors.
The distinguishing factor between "Western Sephardim" and the nascent "Neo-Western Sephardim" is the time frame of the reversions to Judaism (in the present day, usually formal conversions, or reversions, are required because of the time from the original force conversion), the location of the reversions, and the religious and legal circumstances surrounding their reversions (including impediments and persecutions). The converso descendants who became the Western Sephardim had reverted to Judaism between the 16th and 18th centuries. They did so after migrating out of the Iberian cultural sphere and before the abolition of the Inquisition in the 19th century. Conversely, the converso descendants who are today becoming the Neo-Western Sephardim have been reverting to Judaism since the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Because the Inquisition had been abolished, these later converts have not have to leave the Iberian cultural sphere.
Differentiating Anusim and Bnei Anusim
The Sephardic Anusim ("forced [converts]") were the Jewish conversos to Catholicism and their second and third, fourth, and up to fifth generation converso descendants (the maximum acceptable generational distance depended on the particular Jewish responsa being followed by the receiving Jewish community).
The Sephardic Bnei Anusim ("[later] children [of the] coerced [converts]"), on the other hand, were any subsequent generations of descendants of the Sephardic Anusim, living anywhere in the world. These descendants, the Sephardic Bnei Ansuim, have remained hidden mainly in Iberia and Ibero-America - but they also live today all over European countries, Scandinavia, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, the Balkans, the Middle East countries, North African Countries, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines and Indonesia. Their ancestors were subject to the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions in the Iberian Peninsula and its Inquisition franchises exported to the New World, and would have been persecuted as Jews. But also, intermarriage and other generations of practice meant that many descendants began to live as assimilated Christians in a Latin world. The converso descendants of Sephardic Anusim in the Hispanosphere became the Sephardic Bnei Anusim.
Conversely, those Sephardic Anusim who migrated to other countries (such as the Netherlands and Italy, among other places), tended to revert to Judaism. However, many still live as secret Jews to this day. They have since been classified as the Western Sephardim.
At least some Sephardic Anusim in the Hispanosphere (both in Iberia and their colonies in Ibero-America) had tried to maintain crypto-Jewish practices in privacy. Those who migrated to Ibero-America, especially, had initially also tried to revert to Judaism outright. Such choice was not feasible long-term in that Hispanic environment, as Judaizing conversos in Iberia and Ibero-America were subject to being persecuted, prosecuted, and liable to conviction and execution under the Inquisition. The Inquisition was not formally disbanded until the 19th century. The last known auto de fe (burning at the stake) was executed in Mexico City in 1820. But Crypto-Judaism (Secret Judaism) continued to survive into the present day. In the early 20th century there was a move to encourage the secret Jews of Portugal to come out of hiding (by a man named Barros Basto, called the Portuguese Dreyfus). But then they saw what was happening to the Jews from the Nazis, so they continued to remain in hiding.
Past and present customs and practices
Among descendants of Sephardic Bnei Anusim, some maintained crypto-Judaism. There are people today in Spain, Portugal and throughout Latin America (and other countries where they had migrated) have recognized that they retain familial customs of Jewish origins, and we know this because of publicity about research and DNA analysis showing Jewish ancestry.
The specifics and origin for these practices within families are sometimes no longer known, or were only passed down in portions of the family, and then at times the knowledge of the origin of the customs is vague. In some families Jewish customs and tradition were passed down mainly by the women, but not the Jewish identity of the ancestors (to keep the children protected). Whereas the Jewish identity (knowledge of the Jewishness of ancestors) was passed down along the male line. And in practically all of these families the children were taught a great fear of outsiders to the family. And that no one outside the family could be trusted. This is one of the most common themes of Crypto-Judaism. This has somewhat impaired those helping people with such fears - except when the helpers are also from this same ancestry. Some of these communities in Iberia and throughout Latin America have only recently (late 20 century) begun to acknowledge their family's Jewish practices.
Groups of Bnei Anusim in Latin America and Iberia congregate and associate as functional communities of Judaizers. Such practice was particularly persecuted under the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions, which were finally abolished in the 19th century. Under the Inquisition, the penalty for "Judaizing" by Jewish converts to Christianity (and their Christian-born descendants) was usually death by burning.
Members of modern-day organized groups of Sephardic Bnei Anusim who have openly and publicly come back to the faith and traditions of their ancestors have either formally converted, or made a formal "return" through Beit Din. The Israeli government called these groups "emerging communities" in a report that was published on 2017 by the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs (based on research done, by a committee, also under the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs between 2015 and 2017).
Old and New World inquisitions and migrations
The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions in the Iberian Peninsula, their persecution of New Christians of Jewish origin, and the virulent racial anti-Semitism are well known. The traditional Jewish holiday of Purim was celebrated disguised as the feast day of a fictional Christian saint, the "Festival of Santa Esterica" - based on the story of Queen Esther in Persia. Other Jewish festivals were also celebrated, in hiding, and were disguised as something else.
The branches of the Spanish Inquisition in the Americas, however, were originally established as a result of the complaints made by Spanish conquerors and settlers of Old Christian backgrounds to the Crown. They had noticed a significant illegal influx of New Christians of Sephardi origin into their colonies, many coming in via the Portuguese colony of Brazil.
Only Spaniards of Old Christian backgrounds were legally allowed passage into the Spanish colonies as conquistadors and settlers. Many Spanish "New Christians" (secret Jews) falsified their pedigree documents, or obtained perjured witness statements attesting pureza de sangre (purity of blood) from other New Christians who had entered the colonies and built up "Old Christian" identities. Others evaded the screening process through influence from family, friends, community connections, and acquaintances who were already passing as Old Christians. Some immigrants became members of ships' crews and assistants of conquistadors, lowly positions that did not require evidence of "pureza de sangre". (Later, even persons seeking these positions were more closely scrutinized). There was a land grant given by the Spanish King for the areas in Mexico known as Neuvo de Leon (the New Lion) and that land grant specific that the people did not have to have pure Christian blood. Today the city of Monterrey, MX (in this region of Neuvo de Leon) has many descendants of the Secret Jews living there.
Portuguese New Christians, on the other hand, settled the Portuguese (like the Azores Islands, Madeira and Sao Tome) and later migrated to New England (especially New Bedford, Fall River and Gloucester, MA). And a major migration to South America via Brazil. From there some entered the Spanish colonies. Brazil was more lax at enforcing the prohibition on Sephardic New Christian immigrant passage. Between 1580 and 1640, when the Spanish Crown annexed the Kingdom of Portugal, the influx of Portuguese conversos into the Spanish colonies in South America became such that by the early 1600s the term "portugués" had become synonymous with "Jewish" in the Spanish colonies. The Old Christian majority among the Portuguese in Portugal and Brazil complained that they were being denigrated by such association. To this day, Portuguese surnames are among the many descendants of these people in Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. Many Hispanicized their surnames to fit Spanish orthography, hiding their "Portuguese" (i.e. Jewish) origin. And to this day Portuguese Bnei Anousim are some of the staunchest promoters of the coming back to Sephardi Judaism (through conversion, or formal "return"). In Brazil alone there are over 50 of these communities and who have also created a Federation.
Reverting to Judaism
Only a small number of people of colonial-era Sephardic descent in Spain, Portugal, Hispanic America, or Brazil are reverting to Judaism. Generally formal or officially sanctioned or sponsored reversions by Jewish religious institutions, including the Israeli rabbinate, require individuals to undergo a formal conversion process to be accepted as Jews. There are Rabbis today, however, in Europe, USA and Latin America who are addressing this "injustice" of the ban on "returnees" from being members of the normative Jewish communities in Latin American countries and we see this trend growing.
Since the early 21st century there has been a steady growth in the number of descendants indicating interest in a return to normative Judaism. Many Sephardic Bnei Anusim have accepted their historical Jewish ancestry and generations of intermarriage, and a contemporary Christian affiliation, along with their modern national identities as Spaniards, Portuguese, and Latin Americans of various nations. The Bnei Anousim Return Movement is alive and well and growing every year.
Whereas Conversos (those whose families did not preserve Jewish customs and traditions) have begun to syncretize their Christian religious identities and ethnic identities with an ethnic Jewish secular identity, without seeking reversion to Judaism. Among these are some who have shifted toward adopting Messianic Judaism (that is, Jewish-emphasizing forms of Christianity). Messianic Jewish congregations (styled less like churches, and more like synagogues) have been sprouting up around Latin America in the last several years, and are composed largely of Sephardic Bnei Anusim. Members of these congregations often call their congregation a sinagoga (Spanish for "synagogue"), Beit Knesset (Hebrew for "synagogue") or Kehilah (Hebrew for "congregation").
The fact of Conversos leaning towards Messianic "Jewish" forms of Christianity, rather than reverting to Judaism itself, is suggested as a paradigm resulting from factors in Latin America. Some factors impede their adoption of normative Judaism both for the Conversos as well as for the Bnei Anousim (secret Jews). Those factors are being identified and modified so their come back will not be impeded in the future.
Impeding factors
Internal reluctance due to habitual tradition
Sephardic Bnei Ansuim, and Conversos, are sometimes reluctant to fully abandon a Christian faith (or living secretly as Jews) within which they and their immediate ancestors have lived. It has been tradition in their families for centuries now. And it may also be the case that some individuals want to make a come back to Judaism while other family members are against it. And it is sometimes the case that other family members are even reluctant for it to be known that they were originally Jewish (the fears because of anti-Semitism and the history of persecutions still haunt some of them to this day). And a general lack of welcoming them back, from the normative Jewish world, doesn't help this situation.
Some Sephardic Bnei Anusim, and the Conversos, who engage in Messianic Judaism, seem to be approaching normative Judaism. If they fully abandon central Christian doctrines incompatible with Judaism (such as the divinity of Jesus), they fully leave Messianic Judaism and seek to embrace normative Judaism ... even at the risk of criticism from other family members.
Targeting by Messianic Judaism
In addition, many Sephardic Bnei Anusim, and Conversos, resent being targeted and proselytized by Messianic Jewish organizations since there has been more publicity about the ancient, partially Jewish communities. Such Messianic Jewish organizations have been accused of discouraging Sephardic Bnei Anusim from rejoining normative Judaism, suggesting their faith as a form to integrate their complex ancestries. The Messianic Jewish (but Christian in theology) groups are simply continuing an early 2nd century Church doctrine of replacement theology, which is why Jews in Iberia were persecuted and slaughtered in the first place.
Takkanah prohibition on conversions in Latin America
The major factor impeding reversions, however, stems from a takkanah, or Jewish religious community edict, which was decreed in 1927 in Argentina and later adopted by almost all the normative Jewish communities in Latin America. This was done at the request of recently arrived immigrant Eastern Sephardim from Syria. The normative Jewish community in Argentina (composed of a Syrian Sephardim minority and a European Ashkenazim majority, who were made up of 20th-century immigrants) ruled in the takkanah that, to combat the high rate of assimilation of the relatively newly formed Argentine Jewish community of that time, and their intermarriage with to gentiles, the local normative Jewish communities would not support conversion of gentile spouses, suspicious that they were insincere. Conversions in Argentina were prohibited "until the end of time".
The takkanah was directed against gentiles of no historical Jewish ancestry. But the takkanah has been applied to all conversions, and thus have prevented any of the Sephardic Bnei Anusim in Argentina (and later in other countries in Latin America) who may want to formally convert (or return) to Judaism.
The takkanah was intended to combat what some of the community and rabbinate considered high rates of insincere conversions being performed solely to enable intermarriages of Jews to gentiles. Because sometimes such converts and their children did not fully embrace Judaism, there were net losses to the Jewish population.
The takkanah later had influence throughout the rest of Latin America. Most local normative Jewish communities have continued to prohibit all conversions/reversions in the continent. New York City's Syrian Jewish community also adopted this prohibition, although in theory it was limited to conversions to be performed for the sake of marriage. As implemented in 1935, the takkanah in New York has been amended to say that "no future Rabbinic Court will have the right or authority to convert non-Jews who seek to marry into our [Syrian Jewish] community." The takkanah in New York City holds no force among the overwhelmingly Ashkenazi Jewish population of the city and North America in general.
Because of the takkanah, Sephardic Bnei Ansuim have accused normative Jewish communities in Latin America of classism, and racism, and outright discrimination as many of their members have African and Native American or indigenous ancestry in addition to European. In Latin America the Jewish communities are predominantly made up of European Ashkenazim. The normative Jewish communities, on the other hand, think it is best for converts and returnees to form their own communities where they all share that experience of conversion (or return) and will be accepted by their own kind. These are the communities that the Israeli government calls "emerging communities" and are banned (by the Ministry of Interior) from making aliyah (immigration to the Jewish State).
And so for their part, the local Jewish communities (whether Ashkenazi or Syrian Sephardi) have insisted that the status quo of non-conversions/reversions in Latin America by local Jewish communities, and their isolated and insular natures in Latin America, is due to the historical anti-assimilationist needs for the Jewish community to survive. Often the Syrian Sephardim and European Ashkenazim were isolated from each other, as they came from different cultural spheres and tended to settle with others of their kind. They were not united across such barriers by Judaism. But in the 21st century, the Ashkenazim and Sephardim have largely melded into a single communal identity in Latin America.
Local Jewish desire to avoid accusations of proselytizing
In addition, the local Jewish communities did not want to be accused of proselytizing Judaism to Christian people. Latin American Catholics of non-Jewish background said that the Jews were "stealing souls" from the Catholic Church. This is no longer the case however. Since 1965 with the 2nd Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church decided that they will no longer blame ALL Jews for ALL time for the killing of their Christian Messiah. In 1968, influenced by Vatican II, the civil government of Spain finally (and formally) revoked the Alhambra Decree (also known as the edict of expulsion from Spain in 1492). More recently both Spain and Portugal had invited the descendants of the exiled Sephardi Jews to return as citizens of Spain and Portugal, once they could demonstrate that ancestry.
Because of these factors, the limited numbers of recent reversions/conversions to Judaism performed in Latin America (especially South America), have generally been conducted by visiting religious emissaries from either North American Ashkenazi Jewish communities or from Sephardi Rabbis in America, or delegated by the Israeli Rabbinate.
The conversions/reversions have been based on a formal conversion process. Whereas some individuals have gone through a "return" process. Prospective converts have to undergo at least one year of online Jewish religious study with the sponsoring foreign Jewish religious organization or authority. They must complete the physical requirements of reversion/conversion for the individual or small group, which are performed by a delegation sent by the foreign sponsoring foreign Jewish religious organization. Some individual Latin Americans have also reverted/converted to Judaism abroad. Other Batei Din (of mainly Sephardi and some Ashkenazi Rabbis) require for "returnees" documentation of their "evidences" of the mother's female line of secretly Jewish women, plus some amount of time in learning the basics of Judaism (halakha) and basic level of observance.
In the late 20th century a group of people in Iquitos, Peru, who believed they were descendants of 19th-century male Jewish traders and their indigenous wives, began to study Judaism seriously. They were aided by a rabbi from Brooklyn, New York. They were allowed to make aliyah to Israel. There they had to undergo formal conversion as overseen and conducted by Orthodox authorities in order to be accepted as Jewish. Their Jewish ancestors had been among Moroccan immigrants to Iquitos during the rubber boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Foreign Jewish outreach programs
Several foreign Jewish outreach organization are appealing to Sephardic Bnei Anusim. Among these is Shavei Israel, which operates in Spain, Portugal, and throughout Latin America, and has headquarters in Israel. They deal with Sephardi-descended Spaniards, Portuguese, and Latin Americans who are seeking a formal conversion to the Jewish people, after centuries of separation. Their Rabbis typically do not work with "returnees" who want to present "evidences" to the Beit Din of their secretly Jewish ancestors. Other organizations working to reach out to and/or reconnect the Sephardic Bnei Anusim include Sephardim Hope International and Reconectar. Lastly, Ezra L'Anousim is an Israeli non-profit (since 2005). They are the only non-profit made up of all volunteers most of whom are also from the Bnei Anousim ancestry. They are helping the Bnei Anousim (both converts and returnees) on a global basis and have an international social media team for their outreach. They work with European Bnei Anousim, Bnei Anousim in all the Americas and Caribbean, Bnei Anousim from M.E.N.A. (Middle East and North Africa) and Bnei Anousim individuals who live as far away as Australia, New Zealand, Philippines and Indonesia Ezra L'Anousim.
Settlements and concentrations
Iberia
In Iberia itself, known and attested settlements of Bnei Anusim include the population of Belmonte, in Portugal, and the Xueta of Palma de Majorca, in Spain.
In 2011 Rabbi Nissim Karelitz, a leading Halachic authority and chairman of the Beit Din Tzedek rabbinical court in Bnei Brak, Israel, recognized the entire Xueta community of Bnei Anusim in Palma de Majorca, as Jews. That population consisted of approximately 18,000 people, or just over 2% of the entire population of the island.
Of the Bnei Anusim community in Belmonte, Portugal, some officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s. They opened a synagogue, Bet Eliahu, in 1996. The Belmonte community of Bnei Anusim as a whole, however, have not yet been granted the same recognition as Jews that the Xueta of Palma de Majorca achieved in 2011.
Both Portugal and Spain have people with Jewish ancestry. According to DNA studies, up to 20% of the modern population of Spain and Portugal have Jewish ancestry. Some are likely Bnei Ansuim whose Sephardic Jewish ancestors converted but stayed in the Peninsula.
Ibero-America
Recent historical studies suggest that the number of New Christians of Sephardi origin who participated in the conquest and settlement was more significant than previously estimated. Noted Spanish conquistadors, administrators, settlers, and Pedro Cieza de León, chronicler, have been confirmed to have been of Sephardi origin.
Recent discoveries have been related to newly found records in Spain,. These have related to conversions, marriages, baptisms, and Inquisition trials of the parents, grandparents and great-grandparents of the Sephardi-origin Iberian immigrants.
Overall, scholars estimate that up to 10% of colonial Latin America's Iberian settlers may have been of Sephardic origin. Their regional distribution of settlement was varied. Iberian settlers of New Christian origin ranged anywhere from none in most areas, to as high as 1 in every 3 (approx. 30%) Iberian settlers in other areas.
Recent DNA studies and historical settlement patterns of New Christians indicate that the concentration of these Hispanic/Latino-assimilated Christian-professing descendants of Sephardic Jews are found primarily in the following localities (from north to south):
The formerly Spanish/Mexican-held American Southwest, especially northern New Mexico and southern Colorado
The northernmost states of Mexico bordering the American Southwest, particularly Nuevo León and also in the region of Los Altos de Jalisco
Cities near the valleys of the Acaraú River, and the Jaguaribe River, located in the state of Ceará, in northeastern Brazil.
Seridó region in northeastern Brazil
The Antioquia department of central Colombia
South and central regions of Ecuador, especially Loja and Zaruma
The sierra areas of northwestern Peru
Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia's east
The Río de la Plata Basin region in eastern Argentina, and
The southern region of Chile.
The common characteristic of all the above-mentioned localities is that they are situated in remote areas, isolated either by distance or geographical features from the Spanish colonial administrative centers. These were located in Mexico City, in central Mexico, and Lima, in central Peru. This contrasts with the initial settlement patterns of the New Christians during the early days of the Spanish Conquest. Most settled in the urban colonial and commercial hubs of Mexico City and Lima, seeking more familiar centers to their former lives.
When the Spanish Inquisition was introduced to the New World, it set up bases in Mexico City and Lima. Many New Christians fled to more geographically isolated areas in neighboring Spanish colonies, and it was also a pattern of gradual settlement of the more distant areas. These events accomplished the depopulation of Sephardi-origin New Christians from all of Peru and Mexico, other than their respective northernmost regions.
Later Sephardic arrivals
After the Inquisition was finally officially disbanded in the 19th century, descendants of Sephardim immigrated to Latin America as Jews. These Sephardim are clearly distinguishable history from the Sephardic Bnei Anusim. The following are a few of the more notable immigration waves of Sephardic Jews into Latin America since the 19th century.
During the rubber boom in the 19th century, Peru received Sephardic immigrants, many of whom were North African Sephardim from Morocco. Thousands of their mostly assimilated mixed-race (mestizo) descendants still live throughout the Amazon basin. (See also Amazonian Jews).
Mexico and Argentina also received Sephardic immigrants, many being Eastern Sephardim from Syria. This wave arrived prior to and following World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Venezuela received Western Sephardim in its northern region from neighboring island nations to its north. These Western Sephardic immigrants usually arrived with other Dutch immigrants to their colonies in the Americas such as Curaçao, as they had first settled in the tolerant Netherlands. They have also settled in places such as Panama, Honduras, and Colombia. This multi-stop migration was a centuries-long process.
The descendants of Western Sephardi immigrants in Latin America include at least four heads of state: Max Delvalle Levy-Maduro and his nephew Eric Arturo Delvalle Cohen-Henríquez (both presidents of Panama); Ricardo Maduro (former president of Honduras), all three of whom were raised as Jews; and Nicolás Maduro (current president of Venezuela, who was raised as Catholic).
North African Sephardim in Peru have largely assimilated to the majority culture, in part because their early immigrants were mostly men, who married local women to establish their families. Eastern Sephardim in Mexico, who arrived as families, have remained largely in Jewish communities. Western Sephardim in Hispanic America have include both descendants who have assimilated and others who live as Jews.
Israel
There is a small but strong contingent of Jewish immigrants to Israel from Latin America, predominantly from within the normative Jewish (Ashkenazi and Sephardi) communities resident in Latin America. Among these immigrants from Latin America, however, there are also some, but not many, persons of Sephardic Bnei Anusim origin that have also immigrated, most of which arrived in Israel after official reversions/conversions outside Israel.
It has been reported in the Israeli media that some Sephardic Bnei Anusim have regularized their status once in Israel after arriving as tourists or visitors. Other Sephardic Bnei Ansuim have been deported or threatened with deportation. In one instance in 2009, the Interior Ministry sought to deport the elderly Bnei Anusim parents of Colombian siblings who were Israeli citizens. All the members of the family are of Bnei Ansuim heritage, but only the younger generation (the siblings) had reverted to Judaism, while their parents had not. The siblings made aliyah as Jews and acquired Israeli citizenship. Having been left alone in Colombia, the parents then followed their children to Israel, where they lived with them for 5 years. The parents were then threatened with deportation.
Law of Return
The Israeli Law of Return does not apply to Sephardic Bnei Anusim in their own right unless, on an individual basis, a prospective applicant for the Law of Return who is of Sephardic Bnei Anusim origin has officially reverted/converted to Rabbinic Judaism.
In the case of Sephardic Bnei Anusim who officially convert to Judaism through a normative Jewish community, the Law of Return then encompasses that individual not because the applicant is of Sephardic Bnei Anusim origin (i.e. having Jewish ancestry), but because he or she is now an official normative Jew following formal conversion to Judaism. Please see that article for further information on the details of the Law of Return. However, for the Bnei Anousim who convert as a member of an "emerging community" of all converts (who cannot join a normative Jewish community due to a ban on that in Latin American countries) the current Ministry of Interior had placed a further discriminatory ban on them prohibiting them making aliyah under the Law of Return.
The Law of Return does encompass, however, an individual from the Bnei Anousim who has made a "return" to the faith and traditions of their Sephardic Jewish ancestors - and is accepted by a Beit Din as Jewish - provided that they have sufficient evidence(s) of their mother's female line of Crypto-Jewish women. Yaffah Batya daCosta (CEO of Ezra L'Anousim in Jerusalem) is just one such example of a "returnee". She was accepted as Jewish by an Orthodox Beit Din (of the RCA in New York) in 2000, and made aliyah on her "return certificate" in 2004. She is knowledgeable and experienced in what kind of "evidences" a Beit Din will need to see, and acts as a coach for Bnei Anousim worldwide who would also like to return (or revert) to Sephardi Judaism. She works with Orthodox Rabbis in Europe, the US and Latin America.
Public awareness campaigns
Several organizations catering to Sephardic Bnei Anusim have been established around Israel. Some are cultural and information centres for the education of the general Israeli public, while others are a combination of cultural and information centres which also promote and provide assistance and advocate for rights to conversions, immigration and absorption of reverts to Judaism of Sephardic Bnei Ansuim origin.
Casa Shalom holds lectures and seminars in their centre in Netanya, Israel and work to help Sephardic Bnei Ansusim investigate and reclaim their heritage.
Shavei Israel, with headquarters in Jerusalem is an advocacy and Jewish outreach organization with links to religious institutions in helping Bnei Anusim in their branches in Spain, Portugal and South America return to Judaism. Shavei Israel has thus far assisted over 2,000 Bnei Anusim in Spain and Portugal to return to Judaism.
Sephardi Hope International (SHI) runs the Anusim Center in Be'er Sheva, Israel.
Reconectar has a mission to reconnect those descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jewish communities that wish it, and at the level they seek, with the Jewish world. Ashley Perry is the current president of the organization and also director of the Knesset Caucus for the Reconnection with the Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jewish communities.
Ezra L'Anousim is an Israeli non-profit (since 2005) helping the descendants of Spanish and Portuguese individuals and communities globally. Yaffah Batya daCosta is the CEO and she is herself a "returnee" from the Bnei Anousim and has been working within this movement for almost 30 years. Her organization is the only one helping the Bnei Anousim with an all volunteer staff of managing directors, most of whom are also from this Bnei Anousim ancestry.
India
Outside of Iberia and the Iberian colonies in the Americas, the Portuguese colony of Goa, now part of India, also received Sephardic Anusim, where they were subjected to the Goa Inquisition. In 1494, after the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, authorized by Pope Alexander VI, Portugal was given the right to found colonies in the Eastern Hemisphere and Spain was given dominance over the New World. In the East, as Professor Walter Fischel, the now deceased Chair of the Department of Near Eastern History at the University of California - Berkeley, explains, the Portuguese found use for the Sephardic anusim in Goa and their other Indian and Asian possessions. Jews were used as "letter-carriers, translators, agents, etc." The ability of the Sephardic Jews and anusim to speak Arabic made them vital to Portuguese colonial ambitions in the East, where they could interact and go on diplomatic and trade missions in the Muslim courts of the Mughal Empire. India also attracted Sephardic Jews and anusim for other reasons. In his lecture at the Library of Congress, Professor Sanjay Subrahmanyam, chair in Social Sciences at University of California, Los Angeles, explains that Sephardic anusim were especially attracted to India because not only was it a center of trade in goods such as spices and diamonds, but India also had established and ancient Jewish settlements, such as the one at Cochin, along its Western coast. The presence of these older communities offered the anusim, who had been forced to accept Catholicism, the chance to live within the Portuguese Empire, away from the Inquisition, and, if they wished, they were able to contact the Jews in these communities and re-adopt the faith of their fathers. The presence of anusim in India aroused the anger of the Archbishop of Goa, Dom Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira and others who wrote polemics and letters to Lisbon urging that the Inquisition be brought to India. Twenty-four years after Portuguese Inquisition began, the Goan Inquisition came to India in 1560 after Francis Xavier placed another request for it to the King of Portugal. The impact of anusim in Portuguese India and Portugal's other eastern colonies continues to be a subject of on-going academic research.
There was also an influential presence of Sephardic anusim in the Fort St. George which was later called Madras and is today called Chennai, India. In its earlier years under Governor Elihu Yale (who later founded Yale University) appointed three Jewish aldermen (out of a total of 12 aldermen) to represent the Jewish population in the fledgling city.
The conqueror of Jaffna kingdom, included Phillippe de Oliveira, probably has Sephardi origin with his surname and he probably has converso ancestry. Oliveiras has family tradition source which said this surname has origin of Levite or Judah from the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.
DNA and genetics
In some cases, Sephardi-descended Hispanics of the communities of Bnei Anusim have inherited genetic mutations and diseases to Jews or Sephardi Jews in particular, including Jewish-specific mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes which increases the risk of breast cancer (found also among Hispanos of the Southwestern United States) and Laron syndrome (found also among Ecuadorians).
The mutations are found in Ashkenazi Jews of European maternal lineage, who have European mt-DNA that is passed from mother to child, and in Anusim women of Hispanic maternal lineage. The Ashkenazi Anusim and Hispanic Anusim are different from the Middle Eastern Sephardi Jews Anusim. The ancestors of the Middle Eastern Sephardi Jews Anusim exiled from the Middle East to Spain. "...This is the largest study to date of high-risk Hispanic families in the United States. Six recurrent mutations accounted for 47% (16 of 34) of the deleterious mutations in this cohort. The BRCA1185delAG mutation was prevalent (3.6%) in this clinic-based cohort of predominantly Mexican descent, and shared the Ashkenazi Jewish founder haplotype.
Surnames
Almost all Sephardic Bnei Anusim today carry surnames which are known to have been used by Sephardic Jews during the 15th century. Surnames known to have been carried by Jews included Cueva, Luna, León, Pérez, López, Salazar, Córdova, Torres, Castro, Álvarez, González, Gómez, Fernández, Costa, Mendes, Rivera, Maduro. Then other surnames included De Leon and de Oliveira. It is extremely important to note, however, that all of these mentioned surnames, and almost all other surnames which were carried by 15th century Sephardim, were never specifically Jewish in origin, that is, they were never exclusively "Sephardic surnames", if such a thing exists other than in the most rarest and limited of cases.
Almost all these surnames are in fact surnames of gentile Spanish origin (or gentile Portuguese origin) which only became common among Sephardic Jews (and consequently among Sephardic Anusim when Sephardic Jews converted to Catholicism under pressure, and passed by these onto their Bnei Anusim descendants) precisely because Sephardic Jews deliberately adopted these surnames, which were stereotypically common among the Old Christian population. In this way, they hoped to be associated with being Old Christians, in an attempt to obscure their true Jewish pedigrees, and avoid discrimination and social ostracism. After conversion, New Christians of Jewish origin generally adopted Christian given names and Old Christian surnames. Eventually, all Old Christian given names and surnames were in use by New Christians of Jewish origin.
Only a small number of surnames held by Sephardic Bnei Anusim (or for that matter, only a very few surnames held by modern-day Sephardic Jews who may still carry Spanish and Portuguese surnames) are surnames that pertain exclusively to a Sephardic or Sephardic Anusim origin to the exclusion of any Old Christian carriers of the same surname.
Among descendants of Sephardic Jews today, there are three categories of descendants:
1) Eastern Sephardim and North African Sephardim, being those who are today Jewish because they descend from Sephardim who remained Jewish (never becoming New Christians), and left Iberia before the deadline set in the Alhambra Decree.
2) Western Sephardim, being those who are today Jewish because they descended from Sephardim who initially became New Christians because they did not, or could not, leave Iberia by the deadline set in the Alhambra Decree, but later reverted to Judaism (even if generations later) once they finally left Iberia by venturing to places other than the Iberian colonies in the Americas.
3) Sephardic Bnei Anusim (including Neo-Western Sephardim), the subjects of this article, being those who are today fully assimilated as Spanish, Portuguese, Hispanic or Brazilian Christians, since they descend from Sephardim who became New Christians, never reverted to Judaism in any subsequent generation, because they could not leave Iberia or they ventured to the Iberian colonies in the Americas where the Inquisition eventually followed them.
Generally, it is only those who descend from Eastern Sephardim and North African Sephardim who carry surnames which typically identify the surname (and thus the carrier of the surname) as being of Jewish origins. The other descendants of Sephardic Jews (those descended from Western Sephardim, and especially those who are Sephardic Bnei Anusim and Neo-Western Sephardim) almost always carry "Old Christian" Spanish or Portuguese surnames because they became nominal Christians, whether intermittently or permanently.
Especially for Western Sephardim, Sephardic Bnei Anusim, and Neo-Western Sephardim, only a very and extremely limited number of surnames carried by are exclusively Jewish or "New Christian" surnames being capable of, on their own, indicating Jewish origins of the surname or the surname-carrier. The great majority of the surnames of persons in these groups are, per se, Old Christian surnames, and these surnames alone cannot indicate a Jewish origin without congregational membership (if the person is a Western Sephardic Jew), or accompanying genealogical documentation, family traditions and customs, and/or Genealogical DNA testing (if the person is a Sephardic Ben/Bat Anusim or a newly reverted Neo-Western Sephardic Jew).
Although it is true that a few surnames among those specifically mentioned above became popularly adopted by New Christians (including, most notably the surname Pérez, because of its similarity to the Hebrew surname Peretz), such popularly adopted surnames by New Christians remain Old Christian surnames in origin, and carrying these surnames does not by itself indicate Jewish ancestry.
This phenomenon is much the same as is the situation with surnames which are typically considered to be Ashkenazi "Jewish" surnames. Most "Jewish" surnames among Ashkenazi Jews are not in fact "Jewish" per se, but are simply German or Slavic surnames (including so-called "Jewish" names like Goldberg) which were adopted by Ashkenazi Jews, some of which became so overwhelmingly carried by Jews that they came to be seen as "Jewish", although there are gentile carriers of those same surnames, because it is with those gentile families that the surnames originated to begin with. Only some surnames found among Ashkenazi Jews today are surnames which are exclusively "Jewish" surnames being capable of, on their own, indicating Jewish origins of the carrier.
Notable people
Linda Chavez (June 17, 1947) American author, commentator, and radio talk show host. She is also a Fox News analyst, Chairman of the Center for Equal Opportunity, and has a syndicated newspaper column. Former Secretary of Labor under George W. Bush.
Diego Rivera (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter and the husband of Frida Kahlo.
See also
Marranos
Zera Yisrael
Crypto-Judaism
Lançados
Degredados
Sinagoga
Amazonian Jews
References
Jewish ethnic groups
Judaism-related controversies
Sephardi Jews topics
Jewish Portuguese history
People of Sephardic-Jewish descent |
```objective-c
*
* This file is in the Public Domain.
*
* For jurisdictions in which the Public Domain does not exist
* or it is not otherwise applicable, this file is licensed CC0
* (Creative Commons Zero).
*/
/* This file contains definitions for non-standard macros defined by
* glibc, but quite commonly used in packages.
*
* Because they are non-standard, musl does not define those macros.
* It does not provide cdefs.h either.
*
* This file is a compatibility header written from scratch, to be
* installed when the C library is musl.
*
* Not all macros from the glibc's cdefs.h are available, only the
* most commonly used ones.
*
* Please refer to the glibc documentation and source code for
* explanations about those macros.
*/
#ifndef BUILDROOT_SYS_CDEFS_H
#define BUILDROOT_SYS_CDEFS_H
/* Function prototypes. */
#undef __P
#define __P(arg) arg
/* C declarations in C++ mode. */
#ifdef __cplusplus
# define __BEGIN_DECLS extern "C" {
# define __END_DECLS }
#else
# define __BEGIN_DECLS
# define __END_DECLS
#endif
/* Don't throw exceptions in C functions. */
#ifndef __cplusplus
# define __THROW __attribute__ ((__nothrow__))
# define __NTH(f) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) f
#else
# define __THROW
# define __NTH(f) f
#endif
#endif /* ifndef BUILDROOT_SYS_CDEFS_H */
``` |
Saint-Aubin-du-Thenney () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Eure department
References
Communes of Eure |
TDW may refer to one of the following:
TDW (Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme), a European weapons manufacturer;
Three-Day Week, one of several measures introduced in the United Kingdom by the Conservative Government of 1970–1974 to help conserve electricity;
The Dark World, a science fantasy novel by Henry Kuttner;
Tidewater Inc. (NYSE:TDW), an international petroleum service company;
The Daily WTF, a humorous blog on software engineering disasters;
Borland Turbo Debugger for Windows 3 |
The Azores Voyage of 1589, also known as Cumberland's Third Voyage, was a series of conflicts in the Azores islands between August and September 1589 by an English military joint stock expedition led by George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, during the Anglo–Spanish War. All the islands were attacked either for provisions or the attainment of Spanish and Portuguese prizes. A number of Portuguese and Spanish ships were captured and also included a battle at Faial which resulted in the capture of the fort and the main town, which was subsequently sacked and burned. The English were able to return home unmolested with a total of thirteen prizes – the expedition was a success and with a good profit for the investors although many people died to disease and storms.
The expedition was also a scientific one in that the eminent mathematician and cartographer Edward Wright carried out navigational studies that, for the first time, explained the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection.
Background
By virtue of the Iberian Union, the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 was in abeyance, and as the Anglo–Spanish War was still ongoing, Portuguese shipping was a fair target for the Royal Navy. As a result, the Azores and the Cape Verde islands were also subject to attack – this was partly due to the influx of Spanish traders to the islands as a result of the Union but also a place for the Spanish treasure galleons to replenish for victuals before the final leg of their journey to Spain.
With the English Armada being organised at the same time, a breakaway expedition to the Azores was also authorised by Queen Elizabeth I. George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, was put in command of a private venture of which he set up a number of ships which included the Victory, Meg, Margaret, a caravel and two other support vessels. William Monson, a 20 year old at the time, was second in command as captain of the Margaret. Cumberland set off on 18 June 1589 from Plymouth and headed to the coast of Spain.
Expedition
On his approach to the Spanish coast Cumberland's ships seized a number of French Catholic League and Flemish vessels with Newfoundland fish stock to the value of £4,500 which were bound to a rich merchant in Lisbon. Cumberland sailed on and reached the Azores islands on 1 August and then positioned themselves where they awaited the passage of the galleons from Spanish America. Within a few days Cumberland then decided to attack the group of islands for supplies and any ships that were there.
São Miguel & Flores
Cumberland's first call came at São Miguel – he flew a Spanish flag to fool the Iberian forces there and proceeded to the capital Ponta Delgada, where he surprised and captured four small Portuguese carracks just offshore. These were laden with olive oil and 30 tuns of Madeira wine, besides woollen cloth, silk, and taffeta.
On August 14 the fleet put in at the island of Flores for water and food, but while there they received intelligence of certain Spanish and Portuguese ships that were at anchor at Terceira Island. After some quick repairs and a gathering of victuals unmolested, the English at once set sail for that island.
Terceira
Upon his arrival Cumberland sailed into Angra Bay, sighted, trapped, and then immediately launched an attack on the Spanish and Portuguese ships. He was assisted by another English ship, the Barke of Lyme, which was one of Sir Walter Raleigh's vessels commanded by Captain Marksburie which happened to be in those parts. Under fire from the fort's cannon he assaulted seven ships; the largest, a Spanish galleon where a running battle ensued, but as the ship tried to escape, English gunfire damaged her so much that she sank taking with her pearls, silver, and 200,000 golden ducats. An attempt on a large heavily armed Portuguese carrack failed which then managed to escape. Another, a Portuguese carrack, however, which had come from Malacca and India, was captured when the English sailors boarded her. Overall seven ships were captured and these included the Spanish ships Nuestra Señora del Loreto, San Juan, El Espiritu Sanctu, and the San Cristobal coming from Spanish America. The riches included silk, gold, silver, and porcelain. From two Portuguese ships Cumberland took cargoes of elephants teeth, grain, coconuts, and Guinean goat skins. Whilst the battle was raging English captives on the island managed to escape, stole a small boat, and were subsequently rescued by the Margaret. After the capture and destruction of the vessels the English ships gathered some water further round the island and set sail to Faial Island.
Faial
On 6 September 1589 the English fleet arrived off Horta harbour in Faial. The Forte de Santa Cruz which dominated the harbour was approached under a truce and a surrender was demanded, but the Governor of the place refused saying that their "oath and allegiance lay to King Philip of Spain". After this was done 300 English troops descended on the beach of Lagoa, launched an attack on the port then swiftly attacked the village, sacked the buildings and forced the residents to flee into the interior. For four days they plundered the possessions of the inhabitants, in addition to demanding a ransom of 2000 ducats. This eventually was paid by the authorities, mostly with the silver of the churches whose buildings were not spared by the destructive fury of the Englishmen. When they attacked the fort, the building was defended by less than fifty Spanish and Portuguese soldiers and was quickly overwhelmed after some resistance. The Governor Diego Gomez was however given a safe conduct by Cumberland personally. Fifty-eight pieces of iron ordnance were also captured and taken away and the platform on which they had stood was demolished, and the buildings within the fort were burned down.
After gathering booty the fleet sailed to the nearby island of Graciosa whereby an attack was then made. The Portuguese villagers however immediately produced a flag of truce and some sixty tons of wine, and fresh food was brought out to the fleet, after which they then set sail from the island. By this time however a Spanish treasure fleet had just entered Terceria and Cumberland not realising had missed them whilst being at Graciosa.
Santa Maria
The next prize was taken off Santa Maria Island, a small Portuguese carrack having come from Portuguese Brazil laden with sugar, but this was not secured without a severe struggle, in which the English lost two men and had sixteen others wounded. Cumberland sent the Margaret which was unfit to go along further to accompany the captured vessel which was sent back to England, with many of the hurt and wounded on board. Soon after Cumberland planned an attack upon the fortifications of the island which was undertaken at Captain Lister's advice.
After they disembarked in the Vila do Porto, they climbed the rocky cliffs of Conceição and were met by gunfire from the defenders, under the command of Captain-Major Brás Soares de Albergaria and his adjutant André de Sousa (as recorded by Father Manoel Corvelo, who also an active participant; extorting the defenders while holding an image of the Virgin Mary in his hands). Throwing rocks from the cliffs, the Portuguese inflicted casualties, disorder, and confusion, eventually causing the English to desist, retreating and leaving behind small boats, muskets, and cutlasses. Cumberland was himself wounded in the side, head, and legs, and Captain Lister was shot in the shoulder.
Cumberland's men left to lick their wounds but not to be disheartened by this failure they then waited off Santa Maria in their ships. Within a few days they sighted an approaching vessel which was set upon and quickly captured – a Portuguese vessel of 110 tons bringing from Brazil 410 chests of sugar and a large quantity of Brazil wood. Then acting on information obtained on board her, set off in pursuit of the companion vessel the Spanish nao Nuestra Señora de Guia. Two days later Victory caught sight of her, overhauled the ship battered her and then boarded her supported by the Meg. After a short bitter fight the galleon surrendered; the Captain was an Italian who had adventured 25,000 ducats in the expedition. The English explored their loot – Cumberland was surprised by what he saw: the vessel was loaded with hides, cochineal, and some chests of sugar, also with china dishes, plate, and silver.
The remaining vessels now made for the coast of Spain. The fleet started for home, in expectation of being back before Christmas with their rich prizes.
Cartographic voyage
The expedition's route was the subject of the first map to be prepared by Edward Wright – a prominent English mathematician and cartographer. Wright, a fellow of Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University, was requested by Elizabeth I to carry out navigational studies with the raiding expedition organised by the Earl of Cumberland to the Azores. Derek Ingram, a life fellow of Caius, has called him "the only Fellow of Caius ever to be granted sabbatical leave in order to engage in piracy".
In 1599, ten years after the expedition, Wright created and published the first world map produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since Gerardus Mercator's original 1569 map. Together this was published in Certaine Errors in 1599.
Aftermath
With the general success of the expedition they returned to England, but on the way the fleet was struck by severe storms; hunger and disease also took its toll on the fleet as well. Many died of thirst on the return voyage, as water had run out and the efficiency of gathering supplies dogged the whole expedition. After a brief stop in Ireland for supplies due to strong winds driving them there, news soon reached them that an English ship, the Margaret, with the richest prize Nuestra Señora de Guia, had been shipwrecked off the coast of Cornwall near Mounts Bay. Captain Lister and all the crew save six had been drowned, but the vast majority of goods had been saved and kept for them by Sir Francis Godolphin. Meanwhile, the vessels struggled toward Plymouth in the face of a heavy storm. They had to give up the idea of landing at the place from which they had set sail, and returned to Falmouth on 27 December instead. Cumberland had taken thirteen prizes of various sizes, with a varying degree of profit. On reaching London, there was news from his family: his eldest son had died, but a daughter had been born.
On the Azores the fortresses were repaired and were reinforced, but they had insufficient artillery, so the military regiment could do little to prevent ships from off-loading their forces. This was the case in August 1597 when Walter Raleigh and his men attacked, sacked and set the village of Horta aflame, during the campaigns of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex during the Islands Voyage.
The explorer John Davis joined and took part in the expedition.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Conflicts in 1589
Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Naval battles of the Eighty Years' War
Naval battles involving Spain
Naval battles involving England
1589 in the British Empire
History of the Azores
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609) |
Kallikkad is a village in Thiruvananthapuram District in the southern Indian state of Kerala. The village is one of the 11 census villages in the Kattakada taluka of Thiruvananthapuram district.As per the 2001 Census of India, Kallikkad has a population of 9,515. Males number 4,705 and females number 4,810. Neyyar dam is situated in this panchayath. there are so many Kani settlements in this panchayath. vlavetti is one of them. this panchayath have prominent historical and cultural backgrounds. the travancore king, Marthanda varma's plight against Ettuveetil pillas were through the mountain paths of kallikkadu.
The famous Kanipattu strike was organised by the Communist party leaders of Kallikkad and Ottasekharamangalam. Vikraman Nair, Kallikkad Gangan (Gangadharan) politburo member, Kunjiraman Nair etc. were the leaders. Kallikkad Ramachandran the famous filmmaker and writer was born in Kallikkad. K R Ajayan, the journalist and short story writer and Aji daivappura poet and lyricist are from this village. Sporting union the famous sports club which contributed many youngsters to the field is here. Adhyathma Chinthalaya Ashramam is at Neyyardam-Kallikkad. Sivanda Yoga Kendra in Neyyardam is the world-denoted spiritual place at Neyyardam in Kallikkad. The Neyyardam was built in the land given by a famous agriculturist and landlord Mr. Karuvachi Krishnan Panicker,(Father of Kallikkad Kesavan Panicker, Janaki Thankamma) Maruthummootil, Kallikkad and many of his family members from Kallikkad.
Kallikad Grama Panchayat was formed in 1962 from parts of Ottasekharamangalam Panchayat. Some parts of Kallikkad Panchayat were later shifted to Amboori Panchayat.
References
Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district |
```php
<?php
/*
* This file is part of the Symfony package.
*
* (c) Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace Symfony\Component\VarDumper\Cloner;
/**
* DumperInterface used by Data objects.
*
* @author Nicolas Grekas <p@tchwork.com>
*/
interface DumperInterface
{
/**
* Dumps a scalar value.
*
* @param Cursor $cursor The Cursor position in the dump.
* @param string $type The PHP type of the value being dumped.
* @param scalar $value The scalar value being dumped.
*/
public function dumpScalar(Cursor $cursor, $type, $value);
/**
* Dumps a string.
*
* @param Cursor $cursor The Cursor position in the dump.
* @param string $str The string being dumped.
* @param bool $bin Whether $str is UTF-8 or binary encoded.
* @param int $cut The number of characters $str has been cut by.
*/
public function dumpString(Cursor $cursor, $str, $bin, $cut);
/**
* Dumps while entering an hash.
*
* @param Cursor $cursor The Cursor position in the dump.
* @param int $type A Cursor::HASH_* const for the type of hash.
* @param string $class The object class, resource type or array count.
* @param bool $hasChild When the dump of the hash has child item.
*/
public function enterHash(Cursor $cursor, $type, $class, $hasChild);
/**
* Dumps while leaving an hash.
*
* @param Cursor $cursor The Cursor position in the dump.
* @param int $type A Cursor::HASH_* const for the type of hash.
* @param string $class The object class, resource type or array count.
* @param bool $hasChild When the dump of the hash has child item.
* @param int $cut The number of items the hash has been cut by.
*/
public function leaveHash(Cursor $cursor, $type, $class, $hasChild, $cut);
}
``` |
André Gabriel Matias (born 11 September 1987) is a Portuguese football player of Mozambican descent who plays for Almancilense.
Club career
He made his professional debut in the Segunda Liga for Fátima on 22 January 2011 in a game against Gil Vicente.
References
1987 births
People from Portimão
Portuguese people of Mozambican descent
Living people
Portuguese men's footballers
Louletano D.C. players
S.C. Olhanense players
C.D. Fátima players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Atlético Clube de Portugal players
Portimonense S.C. players
S.C. Farense players
Taranto FC 1927 players
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
S.R. Almancilense players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Faro District |
```javascript
import babel from '@babel/core';
import unpkgRewrite from '../plugins/unpkgRewrite.js';
const origin = process.env.ORIGIN || 'path_to_url
export default function rewriteBareModuleIdentifiers(code, packageConfig) {
const dependencies = Object.assign(
{},
packageConfig.peerDependencies,
packageConfig.dependencies
);
const options = {
// Ignore .babelrc and package.json babel config
// because we haven't installed dependencies so
// we can't load plugins; see #84
babelrc: false,
// Make a reasonable attempt to preserve whitespace
// from the original file. This ensures minified
// .mjs stays minified; see #149
retainLines: true,
plugins: [
unpkgRewrite(origin, dependencies),
'@babel/plugin-proposal-optional-chaining',
'@babel/plugin-proposal-nullish-coalescing-operator'
]
};
return babel.transform(code, options).code;
}
``` |
Lezo is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
Municipalities in Gipuzkoa |
John S. Werner is an American scientist who studies human vision and its changes across the life span. He is a Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Davis in the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior. His work has been cited ~ 17,000 times.
Education
John Werner graduated in 1974 from the University of Kansas with BA (with highest distinction) and MA degrees. He received his doctoral degree in 1979 from Brown University. His research was supervised by Billy Rex Wooten and Lewis P. Lipsitt. With support from a NATO-NSF fellowship, he conducted postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Jan Walraven at the Institute for Perception in Soesterberg, The Netherlands. Later, he received a DAAD fellowship to work with Lothar Spillmann in the Department of Neurology at the University of Freiburg.
Research
His research is concerned with the transformations of signals, quantified psychophysically, from photoreceptors to postreceptoral processes, and color appearance. This work demonstrates changes in sensitivity of all three cone pathways from infancy to old age. His laboratory has also developed methods for imaging the living human retina in three dimensions, studies of diseases of the retina and for quantifying vasculature of the retina and choroid. He has made important discoveries that despite large changes in early stages of processing over the life span, color appearance is relatively stable, implying mechanisms of compensation, presumed to occur in cortex.
Teaching
John Werner has taught a variety of courses from introductory psychology to more advanced courses for undergraduates, graduate students and medical residents. He has mentored PhD students at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and the University of California, Davis, who now hold tenured positions in Asia, Europe, and North America. Werner has been a visiting professor at the University of Freiburg, University of Potsdam, University of Regensburg and University College London.
Werner has co-edited books that are widely used in graduate courses, including Visual Perception: The Neurophysiological Foundations, Color Vision: Perspectives from Different Disciplines and The Visual Neurosciences. The latter has been translated to Mandarin.
Awards & honors
Werner is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Psychological Association, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Gerontological Society of America, as well as the Optical Society of America. Other honors and awards include:
American Academy of Optometry, W. Garland Clay Award (1991)
Humboldt-Preis für Naturwissenschaftler (1994)
University of Colorado, Ninetieth Annual Distinguished Research Lecture (1999)
Jules and Doris Stein Research to Prevent Blindness Professorship (2000)
NIH (NIA) MERIT Award (2001)
Lighthouse International (New York), Pisart Award in Vision Science (2008)
Optical Society of America, Robert M. Boynton Lecture (2013)
University of Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, Visiting Scholar (2014)
International Colour Vision Society, Verriest Medal (2015)
Colour Group of Great Britain, W.S. Stiles Memorial Lecture (2016)
University of London, Janet and Peter Wolfe Research Lecture Award (2022)
References
Vision scientists
University of California, Davis faculty
1951 births
University of Kansas alumni
Brown University alumni
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people) |
Mike Doneghey is an American ice hockey former head coach and player who has served as a scout for the Chicago Blackhawks since 2009.
Career
Doneghey was drafted by the Blackhawks in the 12th round of the 1989 NHL Entry Draft before heading to Merrimack to start his college career. In four years with the Warriors Doneghey had an unspectacular but respected tenure, receiving the coaches award in his senior season. After graduating in 1993 with a sociology degree he moved to France and played two seasons for OHC Paris-Viry before retiring as a player.
Doneghey returned to the college game in 1995, becoming an assistant for Division III Hamilton College for one year before jumping up to Division I, taking the same job with New Hampshire. In the fall of 1997, with Fairfield ready to begin D-I play the next year, Doneghey accepted the offer to become the team's new head coach. Although Fairfield was still a Division III program at the time they started offering athletic scholarships for the 1997–98 season (a violation of D-III regulations) and were ruled ineligible for postseason play. The 1998–99 campaign was the first at the D-I level for not only Fairfield, but the entire MAAC ice hockey conference. Even among a group of newcomers the Stags were woefully unprepared for the level of play, winning only 1 contest all season and being outscored 64 to 227 thorough it all. Despite one of the worst records in NCAA history Fairfield made the conference tournament (all 8 teams qualified) but lost their opening round match to Quinnipiac 13-2. Once the disastrous season ended it came as little surprise when Doneghey was replaced.
Doneghey remained in the coaching ranks, returning to his alma mater to serve as an assistant coach for six years before his next big offer came, this time from the Bridgewater Bandits of the EJHL. In his first four years with the team Doneghey got the bandits into the playoffs each season but couldn't win a single game until his fourth attempt, downing the Syracuse Stars 1-0-1 in the quarterfinals before falling in the Semis. He was unable to build on that success, however, and after the Bandits missed the playoffs in each of the next two years he was out as head coach.
After almost 15 years in coaching Doneghey switched jobs and became a scout for the Chicago Blackhawks starting in 2009. His move couldn't have come at a more opportune time as the team won the Stanley Cup that season (its first in 49 years) followed by two more over the next five years.
Head coaching record
College
References
External links
Living people
1970 births
People from West Roxbury, Boston
Ice hockey people from Massachusetts
American ice hockey coaches
Fairfield Stags men's ice hockey coaches
Merrimack Warriors men's ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Chicago Blackhawks scouts
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts |
S.S.P.G. College (Full name: Swami Shukdevanand Post Graduate College) is a college in Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh in India. The school is located at Mumukshu Ashram, near Garra river on Lucknow-Delhi National Highway No. 30. It is affiliated with MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly.
Founded in 1964 by Swami Shukdevanand Saraswati (1901-1965), S.S.P.G. College runs graduate and postgraduate courses in Faculties of Arts, Science, Commerce, Education and Computer Science.
See also
Shahjahanpur
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1964
Postgraduate colleges in Uttar Pradesh
1964 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Education in Shahjahanpur |
```javascript
import '@kitware/vtk.js/favicon';
// Load the rendering pieces we want to use (for both WebGL and WebGPU)
import '@kitware/vtk.js/Rendering/Profiles/Geometry';
import '@kitware/vtk.js/Rendering/Profiles/Molecule'; // vtkStickMapper
import vtkActor from '@kitware/vtk.js/Rendering/Core/Actor';
import vtkCalculator from '@kitware/vtk.js/Filters/General/Calculator';
import vtkFullScreenRenderWindow from '@kitware/vtk.js/Rendering/Misc/FullScreenRenderWindow';
import vtkPlaneSource from '@kitware/vtk.js/Filters/Sources/PlaneSource';
import vtkStickMapper from '@kitware/vtk.js/Rendering/Core/StickMapper';
import { AttributeTypes } from '@kitware/vtk.js/Common/DataModel/DataSetAttributes/Constants';
import { FieldDataTypes } from '@kitware/vtk.js/Common/DataModel/DataSet/Constants';
import controlPanel from './controlPanel.html';
// your_sha256_hash------------
// Standard rendering code setup
// your_sha256_hash------------
const fullScreenRenderer = vtkFullScreenRenderWindow.newInstance({
background: [0, 0, 0],
});
const renderer = fullScreenRenderer.getRenderer();
const renderWindow = fullScreenRenderer.getRenderWindow();
// your_sha256_hash------------
// Example code
// your_sha256_hash------------
const planeSource = vtkPlaneSource.newInstance();
const simpleFilter = vtkCalculator.newInstance();
const mapper = vtkStickMapper.newInstance();
const actor = vtkActor.newInstance();
simpleFilter.setFormula({
getArrays: (inputDataSets) => ({
input: [{ location: FieldDataTypes.COORDINATE }], // Require point coordinates as input
output: [
// Generate two output arrays:
{
location: FieldDataTypes.POINT, // This array will be point-data ...
name: 'orientation', // ... with the given name ...
dataType: 'Float32Array', // ... of this type ...
numberOfComponents: 3, // ... with this many components ...
},
{
location: FieldDataTypes.POINT, // This array will be field data ...
name: 'temperature', // ... with the given name ...
dataType: 'Float32Array', // ... of this type ...
attribute: AttributeTypes.SCALARS, // ... and will be marked as the default scalars.
numberOfComponents: 1, // ... with this many components ...
},
{
location: FieldDataTypes.POINT, // This array will be field data ...
name: 'pressure', // ... with the given name ...
dataType: 'Float32Array', // ... of this type ...
numberOfComponents: 2, // ... with this many components ...
},
],
}),
evaluate: (arraysIn, arraysOut) => {
// Convert in the input arrays of vtkDataArrays into variables
// referencing the underlying JavaScript typed-data arrays:
const [coords] = arraysIn.map((d) => d.getData());
const [orient, temp, press] = arraysOut.map((d) => d.getData());
// Since we are passed coords as a 3-component array,
// loop over all the points and compute the point-data output:
for (let i = 0, sz = coords.length / 3; i < sz; ++i) {
orient[i * 3] =
(coords[3 * i] - 0.5) * (coords[3 * i] - 0.5) +
(coords[3 * i + 1] - 0.5) * (coords[3 * i + 1] - 0.5);
orient[i * 3 + 1] =
(coords[3 * i] - 0.5) * (coords[3 * i] - 0.5) +
(coords[3 * i + 1] - 0.5) * (coords[3 * i + 1] - 0.5);
orient[i * 3 + 2] = 1.0;
temp[i] = coords[3 * i + 1];
press[i * 2] =
(coords[3 * i] * coords[3 * i] +
coords[3 * i + 1] * coords[3 * i + 1]) *
0.05 +
0.05;
press[i * 2 + 1] =
(coords[3 * i] * coords[3 * i] +
coords[3 * i + 1] * coords[3 * i + 1]) *
0.01 +
0.01;
}
// Mark the output vtkDataArray as modified
arraysOut.forEach((x) => x.modified());
},
});
// The generated 'temperature' array will become the default scalars, so the plane mapper will color by 'temperature':
simpleFilter.setInputConnection(planeSource.getOutputPort());
mapper.setInputConnection(simpleFilter.getOutputPort());
mapper.setOrientationArray('orientation');
mapper.setScaleArray('pressure');
actor.setMapper(mapper);
renderer.addActor(actor);
renderer.resetCamera();
renderWindow.render();
// -----------------------------------------------------------
// UI control handling
// -----------------------------------------------------------
fullScreenRenderer.addController(controlPanel);
['xResolution', 'yResolution'].forEach((propertyName) => {
document.querySelector(`.${propertyName}`).addEventListener('input', (e) => {
const value = Number(e.target.value);
planeSource.set({ [propertyName]: value });
renderWindow.render();
});
});
// -----------------------------------------------------------
// Make some variables global so that you can inspect and
// modify objects in your browser's developer console:
// -----------------------------------------------------------
global.planeSource = planeSource;
global.mapper = mapper;
global.actor = actor;
global.renderer = renderer;
global.renderWindow = renderWindow;
``` |
Ella Kovacs (born 11 December 1964) is a retired Romanian middle-distance runner of Hungarian descent who specialized in the 800 metres. She won World Championship bronze medals in 1991 and 1993, and won the European Indoor Championship title in 1985 and 1992. She also finished sixth in the 800m final at the 1992 Olympics. Her 800m best of 1:55.68, was the fastest time in the world in 1985, and ranks second to Doina Melinte on the Romanian all-time list.
Achievements
References
Romanian sportspeople of Hungarian descent
People from Luduș
Romanian female middle-distance runners
1964 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Romania
World Athletics Championships medalists
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
Sportspeople from Mureș County |
Bones are the skeleton of our bodies. They allow us the ability to move and lift our body up against gravity. Bones are attachment points for muscles that help us to do many activities such as walking, jumping, kneeling, grasping, etc. Bones also protect organs from injury. Moreover, bone is responsible for blood cell production in a humans body.
The mechanical properties of bone greatly influence the functionality of bone. For instance, deterioration in bone ductility due to diseases such as osteoporosis can adversely affect individuals’ life. Bone ductility can show how much energy bone absorbs before fracture. In bone, the origin ductility is at the nanoscale. The nano interfaces in Bone are the interface between individual collagen fibrils. The interface is filled with non-collagenous proteins, mainly osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC). The osteopontin and osteocalcin form a sandwich structure with HAP minerals at nano-scale. The nano Interfaces are less than 2 – 3 % of bone content by weight, while they add more than 30% of the fracture toughness .
Deformation mechanisms in nano interfaces
The current knowledge of the structure and deformation mechanisms in nano-interfaces is limited. For the first time, a study unravel the complex synergic deformation mechanism in the nano-interfaces in bone. A synergistic deformation mechanism of the proteins through strong anchoring and formation of dynamic binding sites on mineral nano-platelets were seen. The nano-interface can sustain a ductility approaching 5000% and outstanding specific energy to failure that is several times larger than the most known tough natural materials such as spider silk.
References
Nanotechnology
Nanomedicine |
```java
/*
* Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making
* Tencent GT (Version 2.4 and subsequent versions) available.
*
* Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, any previous version
* of Tencent GT shall not be subject to the license hereunder.
* All right, title, and interest, including all intellectual property rights,
* in and to the previous version of Tencent GT (including any and all copies thereof)
* shall be owned and retained by Tencent and subject to the license under the
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
*/
package com.tencent.wstt.gt.utils;
import com.tencent.wstt.gt.GTApp;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.Notification;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
public class NotificationHelper {
// 1.Notification
// 2.Notificationicon
// 3.PendingIntent
// 4.PendingIntentNotification /
// 5. NotificationManager
// 6.NotificationManager
/**
*
*
* @param c
*
* @param notifyId
* id
* @param n
*
*/
static public void notify(Context c, int notifyId, Notification n) {
final NotificationManager nm = (NotificationManager) c
.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
//
nm.notify(notifyId, n);
}
/**
* Notification
*
* @param c
*
* @param notifyId
* id
* @param iconResId
* iconid
* @param notifyShowText
*
* @param soundResId
* -
* @param titleText
*
* @param contentText
*
* @param cls
*
* @param flag
*
* @return Notification
*/
static public Notification genNotification(Context c, int notifyId,
int iconResId, String notifyShowText, int soundResId,
String titleText, String contentText, Class<?> cls, boolean ongoing, boolean autoCancel,
int notify_way) {
Intent intent = null;
if (cls != null) intent = new Intent(c, cls);
//
final PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getActivity(c, 0, // requestCode
//
intent, 0 // PendingIntentflagupdateflag
);
Notification.Builder builder = new Notification.Builder(c)
.setContentTitle(titleText)
.setContentText(contentText)
.setContentIntent(pi)
.setSmallIcon(iconResId)
.setWhen(System.currentTimeMillis())
.setOngoing(ongoing)
.setAutoCancel(autoCancel)
.setDefaults(notify_way);
if (soundResId == 0)
{
builder.setSound(Uri.parse(GTApp.getContext().getFilesDir().getPath()
+ FileUtil.separator + "greattit.mp3"));
}
else if (soundResId == 1)
{
}
else
{
builder.setDefaults(DEFAULT);
}
Notification notification = builder.getNotification();
return notification;
}
/**
*
*
* @param c
* @param notifyId
* @return void
*/
public static void cancel(Context c, int notifyId) {
((NotificationManager) ((Activity) c)
.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE))
.cancel(notifyId);
}
// flags
final static public int FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT = Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT;
final static public int FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL = Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;
final static public int DEFAULT = Notification.DEFAULT_ALL;
final static public int DEFAULT_VB = Notification.DEFAULT_VIBRATE;
// DEFAULT_ALL
//
// DEFAULT_LIGHTS
//
// DEFAULT_SOUNDS
//
// DEFAULT_VIBRATE
}
``` |
Folau Niua (born January 27, 1985) is an American rugby union former player. He played fly-half for the United States national rugby sevens team from 2011 to 2022, and holds the U.S. record for most tournament appearances with over 65 caps.
Early career
Folau Niua is from East Palo Alto in California, and attended high school at Woodside High. Niua previously played his club rugby with the East Palo Alto Razorbacks, where he helped the club win the 2009 Division II national championship. He then played with San Francisco Golden Gate, where he helped the team win the 2011 Rugby Super League national championship. Niua played in the August 2011 national all-star championships, where his impressive scoring ability and fitness led the Pacific Coast team.
Rugby career
U.S. national team (7s)
Niua debuted for the United States national sevens team at the 2011 Pan American Games, where, despite his lack of international tournament experience, he was the starting flyhalf. Niua was the top scorer for the U.S. in that tournament with 41 points, including a 78% success rate in kicking his conversions, helping the U.S. achieve a bronze medal.
Niua signed a professional contract with USA Rugby in January 2012 to play full-time for the U.S. national sevens team. Niua was a regular on the U.S. national team in the 2011–12 IRB Sevens World Series, finishing the season as one of the leading scorers for the team. Niua also played for the U.S. during the 2012–13 IRB Sevens World Series, leading the team with 30 points at the 2012 South Africa Sevens. Niua also played for the U.S. during the 2016 Summer Olympics.
U.S. national team (15s)
Niua had been in consideration for a place at the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but ultimately did not make the tournament roster. Niua made the roster for the 2015 Rugby World Cup where he played as a center.
Professional career
In February 2014, Niua signed a contract with the Glasgow Warriors. Niua was released by Glasgow at the end of the season having made only one appearance for the club.
References
External links
American rugby union players
United States international rugby union players
1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Palo Alto, California
United States international rugby sevens players
Glasgow Warriors players
Olympic rugby sevens players for the United States
Rugby sevens players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in rugby sevens
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Rugby sevens players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Rugby sevens players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
2015 Rugby World Cup players
Rugby union fly-halves
American expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Scotland
American expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
American people of Oceanian descent |
```c++
// Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
#if !defined(BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_HPP)
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_HPP
#include <boost/preprocessor/comparison/equal.hpp>
#include <boost/preprocessor/control/iif.hpp>
#include <boost/preprocessor/tuple/elem.hpp>
#include <boost/preprocessor/variadic/elem.hpp>
#include <boost/preprocessor/variadic/size.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/identity.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/is_empty.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/detail/equal_type.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/detail/is_array_common.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/detail/is_list.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/detail/modifiers.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/detail/mods.hpp>
#include <boost/vmd/detail/sequence_elem.hpp>
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_ARRAY(dtuple) \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_IS_ARRAY_SYNTAX(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(1,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY, \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_ARRAY_D(d,dtuple) \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_IS_ARRAY_SYNTAX_D(d,BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(1,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_ARRAY, \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_LIST(dtuple) \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_IS_LIST(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(1,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST, \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_LIST_D(d,dtuple) \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_IS_LIST_D(d,BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(1,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST, \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_BOTH(dtuple) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_EQUAL_TYPE \
( \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE, \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_LIST(dtuple) \
), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_ARRAY, \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST) \
) \
(dtuple) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_BOTH_D(d,dtuple) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_EQUAL_TYPE_D \
( \
d, \
BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE, \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_LIST_D(d,dtuple) \
), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_ARRAY_D, \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_LIST) \
) \
(d,dtuple) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MODS(dtuple,rtype) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_PP_EQUAL(rtype,BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RETURN_ARRAY), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_ARRAY, \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_PP_EQUAL(rtype,BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RETURN_LIST), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_LIST, \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_PP_EQUAL(rtype,BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RETURN_TUPLE), \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_BOTH \
) \
) \
) \
) \
(dtuple) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MODS_D(d,dtuple,rtype) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_PP_EQUAL_D(d,rtype,BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RETURN_ARRAY), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_ARRAY_D, \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_PP_EQUAL_D(d,rtype,BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RETURN_LIST), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_LIST_D, \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_PP_EQUAL_D(d,rtype,BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RETURN_TUPLE), \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_BOTH_D \
) \
) \
) \
) \
(d,dtuple) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MORE(dtuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MODS \
( \
dtuple, \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RESULT_RETURN_TYPE \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_NEW_MODS(BOOST_VMD_ALLOW_ALL,__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MORE_D(d,dtuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MODS_D \
( \
d, \
dtuple, \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_MODS_RESULT_RETURN_TYPE \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_NEW_MODS_D(d,BOOST_VMD_ALLOW_ALL,__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_UNARY(dtuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_EQUAL_TYPE(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MORE, \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,dtuple)) \
) \
(dtuple,__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_UNARY_D(d,dtuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_EQUAL_TYPE_D(d,BOOST_VMD_TYPE_TUPLE,BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,dtuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_MORE_D, \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,dtuple)) \
) \
(d,dtuple,__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_SEQUENCE(tuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_IS_EMPTY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(1,tuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_UNARY, \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQUENCE) \
) \
(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,tuple),__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_SEQUENCE_D(d,tuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_IS_EMPTY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(1,tuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_UNARY_D, \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_SEQUENCE) \
) \
(d,BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,tuple),__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE(tuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_IS_EMPTY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,tuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_EMPTY), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_SEQUENCE \
) \
(tuple,__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_D(d,tuple,...) \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY_RESULT \
( \
BOOST_PP_IIF \
( \
BOOST_VMD_IS_EMPTY(BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(0,tuple)), \
BOOST_VMD_IDENTITY(BOOST_VMD_TYPE_EMPTY), \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_SEQUENCE_D \
) \
(d,tuple,__VA_ARGS__) \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE(...) \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE \
( \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_ELEM \
( \
BOOST_VMD_ALLOW_ALL, \
0, \
BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_ELEM(0,__VA_ARGS__), \
BOOST_VMD_RETURN_AFTER, \
BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE \
), \
__VA_ARGS__ \
) \
/**/
#define BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_D(d,...) \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_TUPLE_D \
( \
d, \
BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_ELEM_D \
( \
d, \
BOOST_VMD_ALLOW_ALL, \
0, \
BOOST_PP_VARIADIC_ELEM(0,__VA_ARGS__), \
BOOST_VMD_RETURN_AFTER, \
BOOST_VMD_RETURN_TYPE_TUPLE \
), \
__VA_ARGS__ \
) \
/**/
#endif /* BOOST_VMD_DETAIL_SEQUENCE_TYPE_HPP */
``` |
Northern Expedition or Northern Expeditions can refer to:
In history
In Chinese history (北伐)
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions (228-234), a military campaign led by Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period
Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions (247-262), a military campaign led by Jiang Wei in the Three Kingdoms period
Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions (354-369), a military campaign led by Huan Wen in the Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period
Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions (409-416), a military campaign led by Liu Yu in the Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period
Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion), a military campaign led by the Taiping against the Qing during the Taiping Rebellion
Northern Expedition, a military campaign led by the Kuomintang
In Russian history
Great Northern Expedition, the Russian Empire's exploration of its arctic territories
In Thai history
Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855), a military campaign led by the Siamese against the Konbaung dynasty
Burma campaign, a military campaign led by the Thailand against the British empire
In transportation
MV Northern Expedition, a ferry operating in northern British Columbia |
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Earl Stadtman
| image=Thressa & Earl Stadtman (30850367433) (cropped).jpg| caption= Earl Reece and Thressa Stadtman, 2004
| birth_name = Earl Reece Stadtman
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Carrizozo, New Mexico, USA
| death_date =
| death_place = Derwood, Maryland, USA
| fields = Biochemistry
| workplaces = Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University; National Heart Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; many visiting appointments
| patrons =
| education = University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D. 1949)
| thesis_title = 'Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Synthesis by Clostridium kluyveri
| academic_advisors = Horace Barker
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Fatty aid biosynthesis, glutamine dehydrogenase, cycles of interconvertible enzymes
| influences =
| awards = Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Medal of Science, many others
| spouse = Thressa Campbell Stadtman
| children = None
| parents =
| father =
| mother =
}}
Earl Reece Stadtman NAS (November 15, 1919 – January 7, 2008) was an American biochemist,The Stadtman Way: A Tale of two biochemists at NIH
notable for his research on enzymes
and anaerobic bacteria.
Career
Stadtman started his career as a research assistant in the Division of Plant Nutrition of the University of California. Subsequently he was an Atomic Energy Commission Fellow with Fritz Lipmann in the Massachusetts General Hospital, but after 1960 he worked at the National Heart Institute,
where he became chief of the Laboratory of Biochemistry. In addition, he spent sabbatical periods at the Max Planck Institute in Munich and the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Personal life
In 1944 Earl Stadtman married Thressa Campbell, also a distinguished scientist, the discoverer of selenocysteine. They had no children during their marriage of more than sixty years.
Research
Stadtman's research covered a wide field. Early in his career he worked with Horace Barker on bacterial fatty-acid synthesis, with a series of four papers. In the same period he collaborated with Fritz Lipmann on the function of coenzyme A. Later his work took on a more enzymological character, with investigation of, for example, aldehyde dehydrogenase, aspartate kinase, work carried out during a period in the laboratory of Georges Cohen in France and, most notably, glutamine synthetase, an enzyme that will always be associated with his name.
From the 1970s onwards Stadtman published many papers with P. Boon Chock on the capacity of cycles of interconvertible enzymes, based especially on his results with glutamine synthetase, to generate very high sensitivity to effectors.
Editorial work
Stadtman was active as an editor of numerous prominent journals, including the Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1960–1965, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1960–1969; Annual Review of Biochemistry, 1972–2000; Biochemistry, 1969–1976; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1974–1981; Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 1975–1978.
He was (with Bernard Horecker) founding editor of Current Topics in Cellular Regulation,'' a major series in the subject, and continued in the role up to volume 23 (1984).
Awards and honours
1953: Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry
1966: Medallion of the University of Pisa, Italy
1969: elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1969: elected to the National Academy of Sciences
1970: awarded Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology
1972: Medallion of the University of Camerino, Italy
1979: National Medal of Science
1983: President, American Society of Biological Chemists
1983: ASBC-Merck Award
1987: Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Michigan
1988: Honorary Ph.D., Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
1991: Welch Award in Chemistry
1999: Honorary Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
References
External links
1919 births
2008 deaths
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
People from Lincoln County, New Mexico
Scientists from New Mexico
20th-century American biochemists
National Institutes of Health people |
The station at Fleischmanns, New York, MP 44.1 of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad, was originally called Griffin's Corners station, as that was the town's original name. It was situated on a hill high above the busy town, and, like the town, was always very busy itself. Changes were made to the station when the New York Central purchased the line in 1932; a room was added on, and a chimney and a lookout room on the second floor were removed. The New York Central continued passenger service into the early 1950s, discontinuing it by early 1954. It survived even afterwards, but all that remains now is a freight house, which is used by the Delaware and Ulster Railroad.
References
External links
Delaware and Ulster Railroad
Railway stations in the Catskill Mountains
Former Ulster and Delaware Railroad stations
Railway stations in Delaware County, New York
Former railway stations in New York (state) |
Paintball is a competitive team shooting sport in which players eliminate opponents from play by hitting them with spherical dye-filled gelatin capsules called paintballs that break upon impact. Paintballs are usually shot using low-energy air weapons called paintball markers that are powered by compressed air or carbon dioxide and were originally designed for remotely marking trees and cattle.
The game was invented in June 1981 in New Hampshire by Hayes Noel, a Wall Street stock trader, and Charles Gaines, an outdoorsman and writer. A debate arose between them about whether a city-dweller had the instinct to survive in the woods against a man who had spent his youth hunting, fishing, and building cabins. The two men chanced upon an advertisement for a paint gun in a farm catalogue and were inspired to use it to settle their argument with 10 other men all in individual competition, eventually creating the sport of paintball.
The sport is played for recreation and is also played at a formal sporting level with organized competition that involves major tournaments, professional teams, and players. Games can be played on indoor or outdoor fields of varying sizes. A playing field may have natural or artificial terrain which players use for tactical cover. Game types and goals vary, but include capture the flag, elimination, defending or attacking a particular point or area, or capturing objects of interest hidden in the playing area. Depending on the variant played, games can last from minutes to hours, or even days in "scenario play".
The legality of the sport and use of paintball markers varies among countries and regions. In most areas where regulated play is offered, players are required to wear protective masks, use barrel-blocking safety equipment, and strictly enforce safe game rules.
Equipment
The paintball equipment used may depend on the game type, for example: woodsball, speedball, or scenario; on how much money one is willing to spend on equipment; and personal preference. However, almost every player will utilize three basic pieces of equipment:
Paintball marker: also known as a "paintball gun", this is the primary piece of equipment, used to mark the opposing player with paintballs. The paintball gun must have a loader or "hopper" or magazines attached to feed paint into the marker, and will be either spring-fed, gravity-fed (where balls drop into the loading chamber), or electronically force-fed. Modern markers require a compressed air tank or CO2 tank. In contrast, very early bolt-action paintball markers used disposable metal CO2 cartridges also used by pellet guns. In the mid to late 1980s, marker mechanics improved to include constant air pressure and semi-automatic operation. Further improvements included increased rates of fire; carbon dioxide (CO2) tanks from 100 to 1,180 ml (3.5 to 40 US fluid ounces), and compressed-air or nitrogen tanks in a variety of sizes and pressure capacities up to 34,000 kPa (5,000 psi). The use of unstable CO2 causes damage to the low-pressure pneumatic components inside electronic markers, therefore the more stable compressed air is preferred by owners of such markers.
Paintballs (pellets): Paintballs, the ammunition used in the marker, are spherical gelatin capsules containing primarily polyethylene glycol, other non-toxic and water-soluble substances, and dye. The quality of paintballs is dependent on the brittleness of the ball's shell, the roundness of the sphere, and the thickness of the fill; higher-quality balls are almost perfectly spherical, with a very thin shell to guarantee breaking upon impact, and a thick, brightly colored fill that is difficult to hide or wipe off during the game. Almost all paintballs in use today are biodegradable. All ingredients used in the making of a paintball are food-grade quality and are harmless to the participants and environment. Manufacturers and distributors have been making the effort to move away from the traditional oil-based paints and compressed CO2 gas propellant, to a more friendly water-based formula and compressed air in an effort to become more "eco-friendly". Paintballs come in a variety of sizes, including of 13mm (0.50 in) and 17mm (0.68 in).
Mask or goggles: Masks are safety devices players are required to wear at all times on the field, to protect them from paintballs. The original equipment used by players were safety goggles of the type used in labs and wood shops; today's goggles are derived from skiing/snowboarding goggles, with an attached shell that completely covers the eyes, mouth, ears and nostrils of the wearer. Masks can also feature throat guards. Modern masks have developed to be less bulky compared with older designs. Some players may remove the mouth and/or ear protection for aesthetic or comfort reasons, but this is neither recommended nor often allowed at commercial venues. A good paintball mask will protect the eyes from vision distortion caused by fogging, glare, and scratches. Players who do not wear a paintball mask can suffer serious injury.
Additional equipment, commonly seen among frequent players, tournament participants, and professional players include:
Pods and pod packs: The most common addition to the above "mandatory" equipment, pods are plastic containers, usually with flip-open lids, that store paintballs in a ready-to-use manner. Pods are available in many sizes, including 10, 80, 100 and 140-round sizes, with the larger 140-round pods being most common among tournament players. Pods are carried by the player in pod packs or harnesses which facilitate easy access to the pods during play. There are several designs of pod packs, from belt loops allowing a recreational player to carry one or two extra pods, to harness designs generally designed for either tournament-style or scenario-style players.
Squeegee/swab – From time to time, a paintball will break inside the player's marker. When this happens it coats the inner surfaces of the marker with paint, especially the barrel, which considerably reduces accuracy. While speedball and tournament players generally have no time to clear this obstruction and instead simply "shoot through it", woodsball and scenario players generally carry a tool to allow them to clear the barrel following a break. There are several types of squeegee, most of which are advantageous in two of three areas and disadvantageous in the last: cleaning time, effectiveness, and storage space.
Paintball jerseys and pants: Originally derived from motocross and BMX attire, tournament players commonly wear special outer clothing with integrated padding that allows the player a free range of motion, and helps protect the player both from paintball hits and from incidental contact with rocks and hard ground. Certain designs of jersey and pant even advertise lower incidence of hits, due to increased "bounce-offs" and "breakaways". In indoor fields, where shooting generally happens at very close range, hard-shelled armor is sometimes worn to protect the player from bruising and welts from close-range hits.
Elbow and knee pads: Common among outdoor sports, players can choose to help protect knee, elbow and even hip joints from jarring impact with the use of pads. For paintball, these pads are generally soft foam worn inside a player's pants to prevent abrasion of the pad against the ground.
Gloves: Paintball impacts to the hands, knuckles and fingers can be extremely painful and temporarily debilitating. Outdoors, players are often prone or crawling which can cause scrapes to the hands. Padded or armored gloves help reduce the potential for injury to the hands. These gloves are generally referred to as "tactical gloves" and their purpose is to protect the player's hands while maintaining dexterity.
Athletic supporter: Also called a jockstrap with cup pocket and protective cup. Players generally take care to protect sensitive or vulnerable anatomical areas from painful hits and injury; men commonly wear an athletic supporter with a rigid cup similar to types used in cricket, American football, lacrosse, hockey or baseball, while women often wear a pelvic protector and a padded or hard-shelled sports bra also commonly seen in the aforementioned sports.
Other paint marking equipment: Normally seen in scenario play only, and disallowed at all tournaments, other forms of paint-marking equipment are sold, such as paint-grenades (paint-filled balloons or lengths of surgical hose).
Vehicles: Again normally only seen in scenario play, a variety of vehicles have been devised based on go-karts, pickup trucks, ATVs, small off-road vehicles, etc. to create "armored vehicles", within which players are protected from hits and can move around on the field. Such vehicles may employ a wide range of mounted paint-discharging weaponry.
Hats/Toques/Bandanas: Commonly worn by all levels of players to protect the forehead from direct paintball hits, and stop sweat from running down in to the mask.
Remote lines: Used to increase maneuverability, a remote line is a high- pressure hose connecting the fuel tank to the marker allowing the tank to be stored in a backpack or harness. It is mostly found in Mil-Sim, woodsball and scenario events.
Gameplay
Paintball is played with a potentially limitless variety of rules and variations, which are specified before the game begins. The most basic game rule is that players must attempt to accomplish a goal without being shot and marked with a paintball. A variety of different rules govern the legality of a hit, ranging from "anything counts" (hits cause elimination whether the paintball broke and left a mark or not) to the most common variation: the paintball must break and leave a mark the size of a US quarter or larger. Eliminated players are expected to leave the field of play; eliminations may also earn the opposing team points. Depending on the agreed upon game rules, the player may return to the field and continue playing, or is eliminated from the game completely.
The particular goal of the game is determined before play begins; examples include capture the flag and elimination. Paintball has spawned popular variants, including woodsball, which is played in the natural environment and spans across a large area. Conversely, the variant of speedball is played on a smaller field and has a very fast pace with games as brief as two minutes fifteen seconds in the (NSL) or lasting up to twenty minutes in the PSP (Paintball Sports Promotions). Another variant is scenario paintball, in which players attempt to recreate historical, or fictional settings.
Tournament
Tournaments are skill based competitions. These are often bracket tournaments with 5 person teams, taking place on Speedball (paintball) fields. Tournaments such as the NXL hold different events throughout the summer months all over the United States with a range of skill divisions. Other series such as the Ultimate Woodsball League (UWL) play tournaments with large teams on large wooded fields. The types of tournaments and applicable skill divisions vary wildly to serve the diverse interest of paintball competitors.
Speedball
Speedball is played in an open field that could be compared to a soccer field, it is flat with a minimum of natural obstacles, and sometimes artificial turf is used, especially in indoor fields. The first speedball fields were constructed with flat wooden obstacles staked into the ground to provide cover; this concept was further developed into a number of urban-scenario field styles with larger building-like obstacles for casual play, but speedball itself progressed to using smaller obstacles made from plastic drainage pipe, which offered a more variable field layout and some "give" to the obstacles for increased safety. This style of play was often referred to as "Hyperball". Eventually, inflatable fabric "bunkers" were developed based on common obstacle shapes from previous fields, such as "snake" and "can" bunkers. Often referred to as "Airball", the use of these inflatable obstacles both increases player safety by reducing potential injury from collisions with obstacles, and allows them to be easily moved to reconfigure the field or to set up temporary fields.
Woodsball
Woodsball, or "Bushball", is a fairly recent term that refers to what was the original form of the game: teams competing in a wooded or natural environment, in which varying amounts of stealth and concealment tactics can offer an advantage. The term is commonly used as a synonym for specialized scenario-based play, but it technically refers to virtually any form of paintball played in fields primarily composed of natural terrain and cover such as trees and berms, instead of manmade obstacles. Usually the gamemode is team death match although some times it is capture the flag, or protect the president (where one player is chosen as the "president", the president's team must protect the president, the enemy team must eliminate the president).
Scenario
Commonly referred to as "Big Games" or "Scenario Games". "Big Games" refer to territory control based gameplay, while a "Paintball Scenario" refers to a game where tasks are given to each side at timed intervals. Pioneered by Wayne Dollack, "Scenario Paintball" focus much more heavily on Live Action Roleplaying events, elevating their immersion, storyline, and game play mechanics above the paintball aspect of play. Many variations and combinations of these games are currently played and are unique to each event and event producer. The game uses the entire venue it is at, combining all normal gaming fields into 1 large playing area. Popular examples of the scenario format are Paintball's Grand Finale
at Wayne's World (Ocala, Florida), Cousin's Big Game in Coram, New York (on Long Island), Hell Survivor's Monster Game (just outside Pinckney, Michigan), Invasion of Normandy at Skirmish U.S.A in Pennsylvania, Oklahoma D-Day (in Wyandotte, Oklahoma), Fight For Asylum at PRZ Paintball (Picton, Ontario), Battle Royale at Flag Raiders Paintball (Kitchener, Ontario), the Sherwood Classic at Sherwood Forest (La Porte, Indiana), and Free Finale at Low Country Paintball (Ludowici, GA) events which draws in 100 to 5000 players and run at least 6 hours of uninterrupted play, most often averaging 12 hours of play in 2 days. "True24" scenario events run at least 24 hours continuously, the most recent one taking place in May 2019 at Sherwood Forest. These formats vary widely and are frequently historical MilSim, movie, or pop culture themed.
MilSim
MilSim ("Military Simulation") is a mode of play designed to create an experience closer to military reality, where the attainment of specific objectives is the most important aspect of the game.
MilSim addresses the logistics of combat, mission planning and execution, and dealing with limited resources and ammunition. Players are typically eliminated from the game when struck by paint just like in any traditional game of paintball. MilSim is a popular gamemode also played in Airsoft, which is a similar sport to paintball.
With the advent of shaped projectiles, such as the First Strike, and the resulting development of magazine fed markers, a considerable increase in range, accuracy and MILSIM realism was gained. Functionally speaking, magazine-fed markers are no different from any other paintball marker, with one exception. Instead of paintballs being gravity fed from a bulky hopper, which sits above the marker, shaped projectiles (or paintballs) are fed from a spring-loaded magazine from the bottom of the marker. The caliber of both the gravity fed and magazine fed markers are the same (.68 caliber) and the velocities are also generally the same. The increased range and accuracy of the shaped projectile comes from the higher ballistic coefficient that the shaped projectile has, and the gyroscopic spin imparted onto the projectile from a rifled barrel and fins on the projectile itself. Magazine fed markers and shaped projectiles have allowed marker designs to more closely approximate the styling and functionality of actual (real steel) firearms, which in turn has given paintball a better avenue to compete with Airsoft in the MilSim environment.
MFOG
Mag-Fed Only Game. An increasingly popular style of game play that forbids bulk loading devices such as the traditional paintball "hopper" or "loader" and under or back mounted bulk loaders such as the Dye BoxRotor, Maxxloader backpack, and AGD Warp Feed. In this style of play all markers must accept a magazine, greatly limiting paint capacities and creating a type of paintball much more similar to popular First Person Shooter video games.
Time Trials
A single player paintball attraction in which participants move through a closed course and shoot at a succession of targets. Runs are timed and competition among players is through a leader board, competing to be the quickest.
Zombie Hunt
A static (or mobile) entertainment attraction. Venue staff are padded up and dressed as zombies. Paintball markers are mounted to a flat bed trailer. Participants are taken on a "Haunted Hay Ride" style attraction, towed through the property, where they defend themselves from the zombie hordes with paintballs. Generally, black lights and glow in the dark paintballs are used as ammo.
Enforcement of game rules
Regulated games are overseen by referees or marshals, who patrol the course to ensure enforcement of the rules and the safety of the players. If a player is marked with paint, they will call them out, but competitors may also be expected to follow the honor code; a broken ball means elimination. Field operators may specify variations to this rule, such as requiring a tag to certain body locations only – such as the head and torso only. There are game rules that can be enforced depending on the venue, to ensure safety, balance the fairness of the game or eliminate cheating.
Masks On Even when a game isn't in progress, virtually all venues enforce a masks-on rule while players are within the playing area. More generally, within any given area of the park, either all players'/spectators'/officials' masks must be on, or all players' markers must either have a barrel block in place or be disconnected from their gas source, to ensure that a paintball cannot be fired from any nearby marker and cause eye injury. Some fields encourage players to aim away from opponents' heads during play if possible; splatter from mask hits can penetrate ventilation holes in the goggles and cause eye irritation, close-range hits to the mask can cause improperly maintained lenses to fail, and hits to unprotected areas of the face, head and neck are especially painful and can cause more serious injury.
Minimum distance – When being tagged, depending on the distance from where the shot was fired, a direct paintball impact commonly causes bruises. In certain areas and at close range, these impacts may leave welts, or even break the skin and cause bleeding. To decrease these risks and the severity of associated injuries, commercial venues may enforce a minimum distance, such as , within which players cannot shoot an opponent. Many fields enforce a modified minimum distance surrender rule; a player who advances to within minimum range must offer his opponent the chance to surrender before shooting. This generally prevents injury and discord at recreational games, however it is seldom used in tournaments as it confers a real disadvantage to the attacking player; he must hesitate while his opponent is free to shoot immediately. The act of shooting a player at close range is colloquially called "bunkering"; it happens most often when a player uses covering fire to force his opponent behind the cover of a bunker, then advances on that bunker while still shooting to eliminate the opponent point-blank. A tap of the targeted player with the barrel of a marker, sometimes called a "barrel tag", "Murphy" or "tap-out", is generally considered equivalent to marking them with a paintball and is sometimes used in situations where one player is able to sneak up on an opponent to point-blank range.
Hits - A player is hit if a paintball leaves a solid mark of a specified minimum size (often nickel- or quarter-sized) anywhere on the player's body or equipment. Some variations of paintball don't count hits to the gun or the pod pack, or require multiple hits on the arms or legs. Most professional fields and tournaments, though, count any hit on a person, the equipment on their person, or even objects picked up at random from the field. A grey area of "splatter" often occurs when a paintball breaks on a nearby surface and that paint deflects onto the player; this usually does not count as a hit but it can be difficult to tell the difference between significant splatter and a genuine direct hit.
Overshooting – Fields may discourage players from overshooting (also regarded as bonus balling, "ramping", "overkill", or lighting up), which is to repeatedly shoot an opposing player after he is eliminated from the game. It is also considered overshooting if a player knew the opponent was eliminated but continued to shoot, disregarding the safety of the opposing player and risking dangerous injury to others.
Ramping – Ramping is a feature of many electronic markers, where after a certain number of rapid shots or upon a threshold rate-of-fire being achieved by the player, the gun will begin firing faster than the trigger is being pulled. Ramping of rate of fire is prohibited or sharply limited at most paintball fields, however it is allowed in various tournament formats with specific rules governing when and how the marker may ramp.
Wiping – Players may attempt to cheat by wiping paint from themselves, to pretend they were not hit and stay in the game. If caught, "wipers" are generally called out of the game, and in recreational paintball may be ejected from the field for multiple instances of wiping. Various tournament rules state additional penalties for players or teams caught wiping, such as "3-for-1" (calling the wiping player and the nearest three players out) in PSP capture-the-flag, or a prescribed number of "penalty minutes" in XBall.
Non-contact - While paintball does involve tagging players with paintball projectiles, this is generally considered the sole point of physical contact between members of opposing teams. Players are generally prohibited from physically contacting other players, such as colliding with them, physically restraining them, and especially using fists, feet, protective gear or the markers themselves to hit other players. Fisticuffs in particular are dangerous not only to the participants but to all players on or off the field, and referees are generally trained to respond immediately and aggressively to stop the fight, and to eject and ban instigators of these fights.
Velocity - Though most paintball markers are capable of firing at muzzle velocities of around 300 feet per second (fps), the players' paintball marker is generally limited to a muzzle velocity of 280 fps for safety reasons.
Strategy
Player and team strategy varies depending on the size and layout of the field and the total number and experience level of players. The most basic strategy is to coordinate with the team to distribute the team members across the field roughly perpendicular to the line between starting stations to cover all potential lines of advance; a team that runs all in the same direction is easily flanked by opponents moving around the field on the opposite side. A second basic goal is to control as much of the field as possible, as early as possible, either by being the first to get to advantageous obstacles on the field or by quickly eliminating one or more opponents to reduce the number of directions each player has to watch for incoming paint. The more territory that the members of a team have behind them, the more options they have for choosing effective cover and changing position to get a good shot at one or more opponents, and because the field is of finite size, the fewer options the opposing team has.
A key element of intermediate and advanced strategy is the concept of "firing lanes". These are clear lines of sight between obstacles on the field and thus potentially between opposing players on the field behind them. A lane is "occupied" if at least one player of the opposing team can fire along it, and it's "active" if any player is firing along it, friend or foe. Occupied and active lanes hinder player movement as the player risks getting hit and eliminated. Open fields with sparse cover often have long open lanes between most or all bunkers on the field, most of which will be occupied if not active. Therefore, players have to keep track of which lanes to and from their bunker become occupied by the other team, so the player can make sure the bunker is between themselves and the opponent(s). This becomes harder the more occupied firing lanes there are; when most available firing lanes on the field are occupied, each team has to create cover in at least one direction using suppressing fire (rounds sent to the opponent's location designed to keep their head down more than to eliminate them). Speedball, which tends to use small open fields with relatively few obstacles, requires each player to use hundreds of paintballs in the course of a game to keep his opponents pinned down, lest he be pinned himself. Conversely, if most firing lanes on the field are clear, players on each team have greater mobility and the use of covering fire to pin an opponent is less useful as the player can stay behind cover while moving long distances, so players tend to fire less and move more to gain clear shots. Urban scenarios and woodsball fields tend to be larger and with more cover, shortening firing lanes and requiring players to move more to get good shots against their opponent.
Typically, strategy is limited for casual walk-on style paintball play. Some teamwork will be seen at the beginning of the games with brief discussions on tactics and strategy, such as distributing players between bunkers and assigning defenders that will stay back and cover attackers that advance. However, mid to late game tactics tend to be limited to groups of players sticking together or doing isolated attacks rather than a coordinated sweep down the field. In team paintball tournaments, more serious planned team tactics and strategy is seen throughout each game from the opening to the endgame. Teams generally practice together and have planned tactics they can use in the tournament, and know what each of their teammates will be trying to do in various situations during the game.
Playing venues
Paintball is played at both commercial venues, which require paid admission, and private land; both of which may include multiple fields of varying size and layout. Fields can be scattered with either natural or artificial terrain, and may also be themed to simulate a particular environment, such as a wooded or urban area, and may involve a historical context. Smaller fields (such as those used for speedball and tournament play) may include an assortment of various inflatable bunkers; these fields are less prone to cause injury as the bunkers are little more than air bags, which can absorb the impact of a player colliding with them. Before these inflatable fields became available and popular, speedball fields were commonly constructed of various rigid building materials, such as plywood and framing timber, shipping pallets, even concrete and plastic drainage pipe. The use of plastic pipe tethered with stakes became common, as it allowed for relatively easy reconfiguration of fields and at least some impact-absorption, and was the precursor to the modern inflatable bunker (in fact, certain common features in inflatable fields, such as "can" and "snake" bunkers, were derived from similar features built with plastic drainage pipe). Recreational fields still commonly use these older materials for their higher durability and novelty; inflatable bunkers are prone to bursting seams or otherwise developing holes and leaks. Other fields have wooden or plastic barriers.
Commercial venues may provide amenities such as bathrooms, picnic areas, lockers, equipment rentals, air refills and food service. Countries may have paintball sports guidelines, with rules on specific safety and insurance standards, and paid staff (including referees) who must ensure players are instructed in proper play to ensure participants' safety. Some fields are "BYOP" (Bring Your Own Paint), allowing players to buy paint at unrelated retail stores or online and use it at their field. However, most fields are FPO (Field Paint Only,) meaning players must buy paint at the venue or at a pro shop affiliated with the park. This is largely for revenue reasons; field and rental fees generally do not cover expenses of a paintball park. However, other reasons relating to player safety are generally cited and have some merit, as poor quality or poorly stored paint can cause gun failures or personal injury to targeted players. Other times, FPO policies are in keeping with municipal laws for wastewater and runoff; paintballs contain food dyes, and some formulations have metallic flakes and/or cornstarch to make them more visible, all of which can pose problems in water reservoirs and treatment plants. So, fields that must wash paintball paint into municipal wastewater facilities, or that have substantial rain runoff into bodies of water that are used as sources of drinking water, are generally required by the municipality to restrict players to only certain paint formulations; the easiest way to achieve this is to sell only approved paint and require that field paint be used.
Playing on a non-established field is sometimes referred to as renegade or gonzo play or outlaw ball (with the players nicknamed renegade ballers or outlaws). Though less expensive and less structured than play at a commercial facility, the lack of safety protocols, instruction, and oversight can lead to higher incidence of injuries.
Organized play
The first organized paintball game in record was held by Charles Gaines and his friends in New Hampshire in 1981, with the first paintball field opening approximately a year later in Sutton, New Hampshire. In 1983, the first National Survival Game (NSG) championship was held, with a $14,000 cash award for the winning team. , tournaments are largely organized by paintball leagues.
Leagues
A Speedball league is an organization that provides a regulated competition for Speedball players to compete. Leagues can be of various sizes (for example, regional, national or international) and offer organized tournaments and or games for professional, semi-professional, and amateur teams, sometimes with financial prizes. The first British national league was the British Paintball League created in 1989 by Gary Morhall, Richard Hart and Derek Wildermuth in Essex England. As of 2017, the major leagues in the United States are the National X-ball League (NXL), Carolina Field Owners Association (CFOA), Maximum Velocity Paintball Series (MVPS), the Northern Xtreme Paintball League (NXPL). Internationally, Paintball League Middle-East (PALM) in Middle-East, East Asian Paintball League (PALS) series in East Asia, Hazara Series in Western Europe, the Centurio series in Eastern Europe, and the National Collegiate Paintball Association in the US and Canada (A league was also created for high school and college players, the NCPA.*Not recognized by the NCAA*). They are supplemented by various regional and local leagues spread worldwide. Within these leagues it is narrowed down further to divisions. There are six divisions from division 5 to division 1 besides various professional leagues.
Tournament format
The nature and timing of paintball events are specified by the league running the tournament, with the league also defining match rules – such as number of players per team (anywhere from 3-7 players per team), or acceptable equipment for use. The number of matches in a tournament is largely defined by the number of available teams playing. However, the NSL offers non-tournament game play where a more traditional game day format has been adopted. Two teams face off at a set time and play only one game per game day in the season as beginners play a 24-minute game and amateur and professionals play a 32-minute game, both requiring 90 minutes to resolve.
A match in a tournament is refereed by a judge, whose authority and decisions are final. Tournament rules can vary as specified by the league, but may include for example – not allowing players to use devices to communicate with other persons during a game, or not allowing players to unduly alter the layout of terrain on the field. In contrast to a casual game designed for fun, a tournament is much stricter and violations of rules may result in penalties for the players or entire teams.
Though tournament paintball was originally played in the woods, speedball became the standard competitive format in the 1990s. The smaller fields made use of artificial terrain such as bunkers, allowing symmetrical fields that eliminate terrain advantages for either team; woodsball fields having no such guarantee. Most recently, fields using inflatable bunkers, tethered to the ground with stakes, have become standard for most tournament formats; the soft, yielding bunkers reduce the occurrence of injuries, the bunkers deflate to store in a compact space and anchor to the ground with tent stakes, allowing for temporary fields to be set up and torn down with less impact on the ground underneath, and the arrangement of bunkers can be easily re-configured to maintain novelty of play or to simulate a predetermined field layout for an upcoming event.
Professional teams
A professional paintball team is one that plays paintball with the financial, equipment or other kind of support of one or more sponsors, often in return for advertising rights. Professional teams can have different names in different leagues due to franchising and sponsorship issues.
Accused terrorists' usage
In the past, unlawful groups and terrorists have been accused of using paintball for tactical training purposes in connection with the following incidents:
Mohamed Mahmood Alessa and Carlos "Omar" Eduardo Almonte, two men arrested in June 2010 as they were bound for Somalia, and charged with terrorism and conspiring to kill, maim, and kidnap people outside the U.S., had simulated combat at an outdoor paintball facility in West Milford, New Jersey, according to the complaint against them.
Similarly, 11 men, convicted in 2003–04 of composing the Virginia Jihad Network, engaged in paintball training in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, to simulate guerrilla operations and develop combat skills to prepare for jihad, according to prosecutors. In 2006, Ali Asad Chandia of the Virginia Jihad Network was sentenced to 15 years in prison aiding the Pakistani terrorist organization, Lashkar-e-Taiba, including arranging a shipment of 50,000 paintballs from the U.S. to Pakistan.
In addition, two of the 2005 London 7/7 bombers were filmed while training in June 2005 at a paintball center in Tonbridge, Kent. Also, the suspects in the 2006 Toronto terrorism case played paintball to prepare for their attack. In 2007, paintball training was engaged in by five terrorists to prepare for an attack aimed at killing American soldiers in Fort Dix, New Jersey; they were later convicted.
Safety statistics
The rate of injury to paintball participants has been estimated as 45 injuries per 100,000 participants per year.
Research published by the Minnesota Paintball Association has argued that paintball is one of the statistically safest sports to participate in, with 20 injuries per 100,000 players annually, and these injuries tend to be incidental to outdoor physical activity (e.g. trip-and-fall). A 2003 study of the 24 patients with modern sports eye injuries presenting to the eye emergency department of Porto São João Hospital between April 1992 and March 2002 included five paintball eye injuries. Furthermore, a one-year study undertaken by the Eye Emergency Department, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in Boston has shown that most sports eye injuries are caused by basketball, baseball, hockey, and racquetball. Another analysis concluded that eye injuries incurred from paintball were in settings where protective equipment such as masks were not enforced, or were removed by the player.
Eye injuries can occur when protective equipment is not properly used and such injuries often cause devastating visual loss. For safety, most regulated paintball fields strictly enforce a 'masks-on' policy, and most eject players who consistently disobey.
Regardless, paintball has received criticism due to incidents of injury. In Canada in 2007, an eleven-year-old boy lifted his mask and was shot point blank in the eye by an adult playing on the same field, leading to calls by the Montreal Children's Hospital to restrict the minimum age of paintball participants to 16 years. In Australia, the sport attracted criticism when a 39-year-old man playing at a registered field in Victoria died of a suspected heart attack, after being struck in the chest.
Additionally, the use of paintball markers outside a regulated environment has caused concern. In the United States in 1998, 14-year-old Jorel Lynn Travis was shot with a paintball gun while standing outside a Fort Collins, Colorado ice cream parlor – blinding her in one eye. In 2001, a series of pre-meditated and racially motivated drive-by shootings targeted Alaska Natives in Anchorage, Alaska, using a paintball marker. In Ottawa, Canada in 2007, Ashley Roos was shot in the eye and blinded with a paintball gun while waiting for a bus. In 2014 in the UK, as a marketing strategy, one company advertised and hired a Human Bullet Tester.
Legality
Argentina
Paintball has been considered an inappropriate game, that promotes violence, by the Parliament of the Province of Buenos Aires. The approved law 14,492 (December 2012) regulates its use: it is totally forbidden for children under 16 years old, but can be played with written authorization by the parents, or responsible person in charge, of youths between 16 and 18 years old. Originally, the initiative had proposed the total prohibition for players under 21 years old. The penalties are also established by law, as 30 days of communitarian work or other modalities.
Australia
Paintballing in Australia is controlled by the police in each state, with differing minimum age requirements. Players under 18 are required to have a guardian sign a consent form. The minimum ages are 12 for South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, 15 for Queensland, 16 for Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. Previously the minimum age for Victoria was 18, but legislation has recently been introduced to lower the legal age for paintball to 16. Both major parties in Victoria have supported the changes.
To own a paintball marker privately in Australia (outside Tasmania and the Northern Territory) one must hold a valid firearms license endorsed for paintball use.
In the Northern Territory they are considered a Class C firearm and private ownership is illegal.
In Western Australia they are considered a Category E(5) miscellaneous weapon.
In New South Wales, South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland they are considered Class A firearms for the purposes of licensing and storage.
In Victoria they are now classified as a Category P firearm.
Operators must adhere to legislation on gun storage, safety training and field sizes; private owners have to secure their markers according to state law on storage, as by law paintball markers are considered firearms in Australia.
Cyprus
Paintballing in the Republic of Cyprus is controlled by police, i.e. all paintball markers must be registered and licensed, the field must be in certain standards that is inspected by police in order to obtain the license for a paintball field. The process of buying one's own paintball marker is just as complicated, the buyer must have completed military service, have a clean police record and be over the age of 18 years.
Minimum age for paintball is 14 years old with parents consent, from 16 and up no parental consent is required. It is required that all players must wear a protective mask as well and neck and chest protection.
Paintball markers are not allowed to exceed 290 fps velocity and a maximum of 12 bit/s (balls per second) firing rate.
Germany
In Germany, paintball is restricted to players over 18 years of age. Paintball markers are classified as weapons that do not require a license or permit; they are legal to buy and use, but restricted to adults. Markers are limited to a kinetic energy of 7.5 J. Tampering with the marker to increase muzzle velocity above 214 fps can lead to confiscation/destruction of the marker and a fine. All paintball markers sold officially in Germany must be certified by the government Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB; English translation: "Federal Physical and Technical Institute") to operate within these limits and must have a registered serial number and an official stamp on the firing mechanism. In May 2009, reacting to the Winnenden school shooting, German lawmakers announced plans to ban games such as paintball as they allegedly trivialized and encouraged violence but the plans were retracted a few days later. Most indoor paintball areas in Germany have a strict "no mil-sim" policy, meaning that no camouflage clothing or real-life looking markers are allowed.
Ireland
Paintballing is widely accepted as a recreational pastime in Ireland and is not directly subject to any governing regulations. In Northern Ireland all paintball guns are classified as firearms and as such all gun owners needs to obtain a license from the PSNI (Police Service of Northern Ireland). There is also a minimum age where all players need to be 16 or older. Paintball is governed by the local Gardaí in the Republic of Ireland. A firearms licence is required for both personal and site use. Weapon storage guidelines and security must also be strictly adhered to.
New Zealand
Paintball markers are classified as Airguns under New Zealand law, and as such are legal for persons 18 and over to possess (those between the ages of 16 and 18 require a firearms license). Following the Arms (Military Style Semi-automatic Firearms and Import Controls) Amendment Act 2012 (Which came into effect on December 1, 2013), fully automatic Paintball guns are legal to purchase and use, although a permit to procure from the New Zealand Police is required in order to legally import them into the country. Military replicas require a permit for import.
United Kingdom
The UKPSF (UK Paintball Sports Federation) is the only recognised body on behalf of paintball in the UK.
The UKPSF represents players, traders and sites within the UK and is recognised by the Home Office and government as the representative body for the UK.
Under Covid lockdown exit arrangements the UKPSF established authority and covid operating procedures for the reopening of sites as sports/activity centres in the UK with the authority of Sport England on recognition of safe operating procedures and standards of UKPSF member sites.
Paintballing venues in the United Kingdom accredited by bodies such as the United Kingdom Paintball Association and the UKPSF (UK Paintball Sports Federation). These bodies define codes of practice for venue operators, but accreditation with these bodies is voluntary. The UKPBA is not an accredited body and has been rejected for its attempts to claim that one of players at Delta Force sites were UKPBA/Delta Force members due to having completed game waivers required to play.
Laws pertaining to paintball markers in the United Kingdom classify them as a type of air gun, although some could be considered to be imitation firearms. Owners do not require a license unless the marker fires above . Only approved paintballs may be used, and the marker must not be fully automatic. The minimum age to be in possession of a marker is 17, except in target shooting clubs or galleries, or on private property so long as projectiles are not fired beyond the premises. It is prohibited to be in possession of a paintball marker in public places. The minimum age for a commercial venue is generally 10, although some venues provide lower-powered guns for children of a younger age.
United States
In the United States, eight states define explicit legislation for paintball guns. In Pennsylvania, paintball markers have transport requirements, cannot be used against anyone not participating in a paintball activity, and cannot be used for property damage. New Hampshire and Rhode Island require players be at least 18 years of age to own a marker, with students in New Hampshire faced with the possibility of expulsion from school for possessing a marker. In Illinois, owners must be at least 13 years of age, and Illinois law makes it unlawful to fire a paintball gun from or across a street, sidewalk, road, highway, public land, or public place except on a safely constructed target range.
Virginia is one of two states that permit its towns to adopt ordinances on paintball guns, allowing its local authorities to do so. Delaware on the other hand only authorizes Wilmington to do so, but does allow paintball to be played on farms as it is considered an agritourism activity. Florida and Texas limit government liability if a government entity allows paintball on its property.
In virtually all jurisdictions, the use of a paintball marker in a manner other than its intended purpose and/or outside the confines of a sanctioned game or field can result in criminal charges such as disturbing the peace, disorderly conduct, vandalism, criminal mischief or even aggravated assault. Paintball guns may also be considered air guns in some states. The possession and use of paintball guns in public places may also provoke officer-involved shootings from police.
Paintball around the world
Australia
Despite stiff legislation, paintball is growing in popularity as a competitive sport, with several leagues and tournaments across the country. There are paintball fields in every state except Tasmania that allows paintball marker ownership. In Victoria the Paintball Association of Victoria runs a number of events including scenario, 3v3 and 5v5 competitions.
Canada
Certain paintball fields opened in the Eastern Townships and in the Laurentians. In the beginning it was mostly fields with regular open fields with barricades of wood, old tires and barrels, and very basic infrastructure. Harry Kruger has operated a paintball venue known as "Capture the Flag" in Alberta since the late 1980s. In 1995 Bigfoot Paintball opened in St. Alphonse-Rodriguez in the region of Lanaudière. After only a few years it became more and more prominent in Québec. In 2013, paintball has become relatively mainstream in Canada, with multiple commercial indoor paintball facilities located in most large cities across Canada, as well as a variety of outdoor style commercial paintball fields located in the countryside around the cities. In 2016, the Ontario Paintball League (OPL) was created. The league offers four divisions with cash and gear prizes for the different divisions. In 2018, the most recent NXL World Cup winners, Edmonton Impact, or just Impact, were based out of Canada.
Cyprus
There are about ten fields in Cyprus, the most recognized of them being the Lapatsa Paintball Ranch in Nicosia, DNA-Paintball in Paphos, and Paintball Cyprus in Limassol. The Republic of Cyprus has a number of ongoing paintball leagues, including CRL (Cyprus Rec-ball League) and CSL (Cyprus Speedball League). Each league has tournaments every month for the duration of the season which is usually about 7–9 months.
Denmark
In Denmark paintball is a popular sport. There are around 25 paintball outdoor and indoor fields in Denmark. The largest indoor paintball center in Europe is in Copenhagen.
India
In India, paintball dates back to 2005 when TPCI (The Paintball Co India) joined with PALS (Paintball Asia League Series) which then was the biggest paintball tournament organizer in the Asian circuit and introduced this sport to the country by starting the first commercial paintball park on the outskirts of the national capital at Damdama Lake in Gurgaon, Haryana.
Iran
In Iran, paintball is a popular recreational sport but also considered by some as expensive and/or dangerous. Nearly every city has one or more paintball fields but only a few of them offer woodsball and realistic terrain, and every province has one or more teams that play in the national paintball league. Iran has a national paintball team.
Lebanon
Hezbollah, the militant group and political party based in Lebanon, has trained with paintball.
Malaysia
Paintball is a very popular sport in Malaysia. The Malaysian paintball community is considered the largest in Asia. The Paintball Asia League Series (PALS) is headquartered in Petaling Jaya near the capital city of Kuala Lumpur.
There are also the Malaysian Paintball Official Circuit (MPOC), Malaysian National Paintball League (MY-NPL), the Malaysian Super Sevens Series, World Paintball Players League (WPPL), the Malaysian Ultimate Woodsball League (UWL Malaysia), and Tactical Paintball Championship (TPC). The Paintball World Cup Asia is also held annually in Langkawi island.
Several woodsball and scenario big games are also held throughout the year such as the International Scenario Paintball Games (ISPG) and by Paintball Warfare Group Malaysia (PWG-Malaysia). There are many commercial paintball fields operating in almost every major city across the country, with most of them concentrated around the Klang Valley region. However, in December 2013, the Royal Malaysian Police stated that all paintball markers must be owned with a licence and owners must hand in their markers. Some paintball organizations have stated that this will be "a big blow" to paintball in the country while others stated that this will not affect the sport at all.
In February 2019 The high court has said that paintball markers do not fall under the firearms act but look alike weapons do fall under the category of imitation firearms. This means that paintball markers that do not look like firearms can be owned by anyone with a licence.
South Africa
In South Africa, organised paintball has been played since the late 1980s. The only legal enforcement regarding paintball is the concealment of paintball (and airsoft) guns in public areas. There are no license requirements or age limitations in place, but with the threat of the implementation of the "Dangerous Weapons Act", this could change.
South Africa has seen a steady growth of the sport of paintball since its introduction. Recreational bushball is the most popular form throughout the country, but the last couple of years have seen a big increase in the popularity of speedball. The South African Paintball League has been in existence since 2002. During 2013 South Africa was invited to send a representative paintball team to the first ever Paintball World Cup held in Paris, France. The South African team got officially ranked 13th in the world.
Popular tournaments such as The Tippmann Challenge, D-Day and the Navy Festival SWAT Challenge, see hundreds of players from around the entire country participate.
The first ever public paintball performance in South Africa was held at the Swartkop Airshow during 2013. More than 80 paintball players took part in a simulated a counter terrorist raid on a weapons dealer.
Since 2009 the largest national speedball league in South Africa is the South African Regional Paintball League (SARPL) having over 500 members during 2014 and hosting both a 3-man and 5-man series events at one stage in 5 provinces (including Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape and the Free State). The league hosted around 31 events per year on a regional and national level with the national finals that usually takes place during the beginning of December each year since its inception in 2013. The SARPL currently uses the NXl Mercy-to format and use their own ruleset based on the NXL rules as well as using the APPA system for player classification.
The South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) is the national body looking after the sport of paintball and airsoft in South Africa and is an active member of the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) and also have committee members on both the ASTM as well as the SABS.
Since 2013 The South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) represented South Africa at the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) World Championship events in the Mens category with SANPA also being fortunate enough, in later years, to sent over the first U16, U19, Women's and Veterans teams to represent South Africa.
During 2016 The South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) sent over the first U19 team to compete in the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) World Championships where the team missed out going into the finals due to a technicality in the rules which was subsequently updated by the organization to prevent future situations.
During 2018 the South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) sent over the first all female team to compete in the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) World Championships where they won the Women's 3-player category and brought South Africa the Gold.
2019 saw the South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) sent over teams in the U16, U19, Women's (3 and 5-player) as well as Mens and Veterans Categories to represent South Africa in all the categories at the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) Paintball World Championship.
Thailand
Thai teams have won the Division 1 Paintball Asia League Series (PALS) World Cup and series titles in year 2012, 2014, and 2015. In 2014, Thai teams made history by taking victories in all Divisions 1, 2, and 3 at the PALS World Cup at Langkawi Island, Malaysia. This trend continued into 2015, with Thai teams taking victories in Divisions 1 and 2 during the PALS World Cup 2015. Along with winning the PALS World Cup titles in 2014 and 2015, all respective teams also took the overall series titles for their respective divisions in 2014 and 2015.
Turkey
At first, paintball was engaged to the Turkey Shooting and Hunting Federation in 2006, it has grown especially in recent years in Turkey. It has organized at least four tournaments each year in different cities.
Particularly on the European side of Istanbul, there are some paintball areas opened in the last decade.
United Arab Emirates
Paintball is a growing sport in the United Arab Emirates. Paintball was first introduced in the UAE and the Middle East in 1996. The very first paintball facility was established in Dubai with the technical assistance of some of the best European and American Paintball operators in the industry.
Bangladesh
In Bangladesh paintball as a sport is rare. Paintball was first initiated in the BD and the Middle East in 1996. Paintball games and rules were established in Dhaka.
Paintball was first introduced in Bangladesh in 2017 by Ground Zero, a paintball center located in Vatara, Bashundhara R/A. Even though the idea came in 2017 but the paperwork had taken more than 2 years and in 2020 the paintball center started its journey. Toggy Fun world also has a space for paintballing but it is not a dedicated paintball center.
Singapore
Paintball in Singapore started in the late 1990s as a recreational team building activity for corporate sectors. Singapore was one of the earliest countries in South East Asia to introduce paintball as a team building tool. TAG Paintball which was originally located in Downtown East shifted its operations to Orchid Country Club (Yishun) and remained there for almost a decade. Speedball which is the competitive side of paintball was introduced in 2007 by Red Dynasty Paintball Park through a competition known as the Singapore Paintball Novice Series (SPNS). The first tournament saw the participation of 8 3on3 teams which PSG Warfreakz taking the Champion title. The SPNS was later renamed as the Singapore Paintball Series in 2010 to cater to the growing sport. Over the years, Singapore held many international paintball tournaments notably the Paintball Asia League Series (PALS) Singapore edition in 2015 and 2016, the GI.Sportz Cup in 2017 and the Asia Girls Paintball International Championship (AGPIC) in 2018. The AGPIC is the only All-Female paintball tournament to promote women's paintball in Asia. All tournaments were held in Red Dynasty Paintball Park which houses 2 internationally sized speedball fields with artificial turf grass.
See also
Airsoft
Laser tag
NERF
Paintball equipment
References
External links
Games and sports introduced in 1981
American inventions
Live-action battle gaming
Pervasive games
Shooting sports |
Suhaim bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Muhammed Al Thani (; 1933 – 21 August 1985) was a member of the ruling family of Qatar who served as the country's foreign minister. His brother, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, was the emir of Qatar.
Career
Sheikh Suhaim was appointed minister of foreign affairs in 1972. He served in the post until his death on 21 August 1985.
He had a great deal of participation, particularly in political, humanitarian, social and cultural activities.
In 1985, he plotted a coup against his brother Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani after he learned that Khalifa had named his own son, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, as the heir. He had his own cache of weapons and maintained a cadre of supporters in northern Qatar. After Suhaim died suddenly of a heart attack in August 1985, his sons blamed Ghanim Al Kuwari, the minister of information and culture, for not responding promptly to his calls for medical attention. They were imprisoned after they attempted to assassinate Al Kuwari.
Legacy
In 2008 a fellowship fund was established at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government for the memory of Suhaim bin Hamad Al Thani.
Children
He had nine sons and five daughters from the same wife, Muna bint Jassim Al Hassan Al Dosari.
Daughters
Muna bint Suhaim
Rudha bint Suhaim
Amna bint Suhaim
Al Anoud bint Suhaim
Muneera bint Suhaim
References
External links
althani tree
1933 births
1985 deaths
Foreign ministers of Qatar
Suhaim bin Hamad |
Dondice parguerensis is a species of colourful sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Facelinidae.
Distribution
This species was described from Puerto Rico. It has been reported from Belize.
References
Facelinidae
Gastropods described in 1985 |
The Electric Fountain is a water fountain with public art sculptures and evening lighting, surrounded by mosaic pavement, seating, and landscaping. It is located in Beverly Gardens Park on the corner of Santa Monica and Wilshire Boulevards in Beverly Hills, California.
The fountain
The two-level circular fountain includes a circular raised fountain spray area surrounded by a diameter pool. It was designed by architect Ralph Carlin Flewelling in 1931, in partnership with sculptor Robert Merrell Gage, who created the center sculpture and bas relief.
Public art components
The Electric Fountain contains several individual public art components. These components include sculpture, bas relief, mosaics, landscaping, and lighting program.
Sculpture
Robert Merrell Gage placed the granite sculpture of a Tongva/Gabrieleno tribe member, kneeling in prayer, on a stone column. According to Peter James Holliday, the image was "said to be modeled after Gradin Newsom, who was part Cherokee". The sculpture sits in the center of the smaller circular raised fountain.
Bas relief
The sides of the circular raised stone fountain are carved with high bas relief sculptures by Robert Merrell Gage as a companion piece to the Tongva/Gabrieleno tribe member sculpture. The bas relief images depict scenes of the area's early history and development.
Ceramic tile and mosaic pavement
The surrounding diameter pool is edged with ceramic tile. Terra cotta mosaic pavement tiles show images from the early history of the area and the founding of the city.
Landscaping and lighting program
Landscaping and benches surround the pool and have been modified throughout the decades. The most recent addition to the Electric Fountain was the multi-colored nighttime lighting program for the pool, fountain, and sculpture. Installed in 2016, the lighting program made the Electric Fountain highly visible after dark.
History
The fountain was a gift to the City of Beverly Hills from Sarah Elizabeth (Fraser) Lloyd, mother of silent-screen actor Harold Lloyd in 1931, and the original installation was funded by the Beverly Hills Women's Club. It was built on land donated by the Rodeo Land and Water Company.
In 2014-2015, Chinese businessman Wang Jianlin donated US$200,000 for the restoration of the fountain, and in 2016 the fountain, sculptures, and surrounding public space received a major restoration and renovation.
It was featured in the 1995 movie Clueless and The Go-Go's 1981 music video for "Our Lips Are Sealed".
See also
Beverly Hills - 20th Century
References
Fountains in California
Beverly Hills, California
1931 sculptures
Concrete sculptures in California
Terracotta sculptures in the United States
1931 establishments in California
Sculptures of Native Americans in California |
This is a list of railway stations in Wales, one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. It includes all railway stations in Wales that form part of the British National Rail network that currently have timetabled train services. It does not include stations on heritage railways, except for those shared with the National Rail network.
The main operator is Transport for Wales who run almost all services in Wales. However Great Western Railway operates the South Wales-London service, CrossCountry operates long-distance services to Central and North East England from Cardiff Central and Newport, and Avanti West Coast run from North Wales-West Midlands-London.
The main rail routes in Wales include:
London–South Wales
Cardiff–Newport–Wrexham–Holyhead/Manchester
Valley Lines urban network
London–Holyhead/Bangor/Wrexham
The table includes, where known, the year that each station was opened. Detailed records are not always available, and some stations, particularly in the South Wales Valleys area, were operated as halts for workmen, and public services only appeared later. Additionally, some station names have appeared with several variations, often changing from English to Welsh or vice versa.
The station usage 2007/08 shows that 40,118,437 rail journeys begun and/or finished in Wales that year compared with 36,466,308 the previous year, a rise of 10%.
Stations
The following table lists the name of each station in English and Welsh, along with the year it first opened, and the unitary authority area in which it is situated. The table also shows the train operators who currently serve each station and the final two columns give information on the number of passengers using each station in recent years, as collated by the Office of Rail Regulation, a Government body. The figures are based on ticket sales and are given to the nearest 100.
Gallery
See also
List of railway stations in Cardiff
List of Valley Lines stations
Transport in Wales
Footnotes
Aber opened in 1908 as Beddau Halt. It was renamed in 1926 as Aber Junction Halt, then in 1968 renamed as Aber Halt. It gained its current name in 1969, after a station in Gwynedd named Aber had been closed in 1960.
Abercynon opened in 1840 as Navigation House. It was renamed in 1846 as Aberdare Junction, then in 1896 was renamed as Abercynon. It was renamed Abercynon South in 1988, upon the opening of Abercynon North. It reverted to Abercynon in 2008 upon the closure of Abercynon North.
Abererch was renamed in 1956 as Abererch Halt. The name was changed back in 1968. The station closed in 1994, although it has since reopened.
Abergavenny was renamed in 1950 as Abergavenny Monmouth Road. The name was changed back in 1968.
Aberystwyth is also served by the Vale of Rheidol Railway, a narrow-gauge heritage railway.
Ammanford opened in 1841 as Duffryn. It was renamed in 1889 as Tirydail, and gained its current name in 1960.
Barry Island is also served by the Barry Island Railway, a standard-gauge heritage railway, also known as the Vale of Glamorgan Railway.
The present station at Blaenau Ffestiniog was opened in 1982, on the site of the 1882 Great Western Railway station from where trains ran to Bala. This line closed in 1961. The London & North Western Railway line from Llandudno originally terminated to the North of the present location, having reached the town in 1879. The present station is also served by the Ffestiniog Railway, a narrow-gauge heritage railway.
Coryton was relocated in 1931.
Fairbourne is also served by the nearby Fairbourne Railway, a narrow-gauge heritage railway.
Fishguard Harbour is unusual in that it is not owned by Network Rail, but is privately owned by the ferry operator Stena Line, who operate between Fishguard and Rosslare Europort.
The first station at Holyhead was opened by the Chester and Holyhead Railway in 1848 but this was replaced by the second in 1851. The present station was opened by the London & North Western Railway in 1880.
Llandudno Junction was opened in 1858 on a site slightly to the West of its present location. The station moved to the present site in 1897 in order to allow room for expansion.
Although Llanfairpwll is famous for having the longest station name in Britain, Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, this is only used unofficially. The longest officially used station name on Britain's railway network is in fact Rhoose Cardiff International Airport, in South Wales.
In 1853 a station called Merthyr High Street was first opened on the present day site of Merthyr Tydfil. It was rebuilt on part of the original site in 1974 and again in 1996.
Minffordd is also served by the Ffestiniog Railway, a narrow-gauge heritage railway.
Porthmadog is also served by the Ffestiniog Railway, and the Welsh Highland Railway, both narrow-gauge heritage railways.
Tywyn is also served by the Talyllyn Railway, a narrow-gauge heritage railway.
Although the English spelling for the area served is Llandaff, the station uses the Welsh spelling Llandaf
References
External links
Wales
List of railway stations
Railway stations
Railway stations |
```xml
import { handleActions } from 'redux-actions';
import * as actions from '../actions/filtering';
const filtering = handleActions(
{
[actions.setRulesRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRules: true,
}),
[actions.setRulesFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRules: false,
}),
[actions.setRulesSuccess.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRules: false,
}),
[actions.handleRulesChange.toString()]: (state: any, { payload }: any) => {
const { userRules } = payload;
return { ...state, userRules };
},
[actions.getFilteringStatusRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingFilters: true,
check: {},
}),
[actions.getFilteringStatusFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingFilters: false,
}),
[actions.getFilteringStatusSuccess.toString()]: (state, { payload }: any) => ({
...state,
...payload,
processingFilters: false,
}),
[actions.addFilterRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingAddFilter: true,
isFilterAdded: false,
}),
[actions.addFilterFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingAddFilter: false,
isFilterAdded: false,
}),
[actions.addFilterSuccess.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingAddFilter: false,
isFilterAdded: true,
}),
[actions.toggleFilteringModal.toString()]: (state: any, { payload }: any) => {
if (payload) {
const newState = {
...state,
isModalOpen: !state.isModalOpen,
isFilterAdded: false,
modalType: payload.type || '',
modalFilterUrl: payload.url || '',
};
return newState;
}
const newState = {
...state,
isModalOpen: !state.isModalOpen,
isFilterAdded: false,
modalType: '',
};
return newState;
},
[actions.toggleFilterRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingConfigFilter: true,
}),
[actions.toggleFilterFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingConfigFilter: false,
}),
[actions.toggleFilterSuccess.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingConfigFilter: false,
}),
[actions.editFilterRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingConfigFilter: true,
}),
[actions.editFilterFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingConfigFilter: false,
}),
[actions.editFilterSuccess.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingConfigFilter: false,
}),
[actions.refreshFiltersRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRefreshFilters: true,
}),
[actions.refreshFiltersFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRefreshFilters: false,
}),
[actions.refreshFiltersSuccess.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRefreshFilters: false,
}),
[actions.removeFilterRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRemoveFilter: true,
}),
[actions.removeFilterFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRemoveFilter: false,
}),
[actions.removeFilterSuccess.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingRemoveFilter: false,
}),
[actions.setFiltersConfigRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingSetConfig: true,
}),
[actions.setFiltersConfigFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingSetConfig: false,
}),
[actions.setFiltersConfigSuccess.toString()]: (state, { payload }: any) => ({
...state,
...payload,
processingSetConfig: false,
}),
[actions.checkHostRequest.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingCheck: true,
}),
[actions.checkHostFailure.toString()]: (state: any) => ({
...state,
processingCheck: false,
}),
[actions.checkHostSuccess.toString()]: (state, { payload }: any) => ({
...state,
check: payload,
processingCheck: false,
}),
},
{
isModalOpen: false,
processingFilters: false,
processingRules: false,
processingAddFilter: false,
processingRefreshFilters: false,
processingConfigFilter: false,
processingRemoveFilter: false,
processingSetConfig: false,
processingCheck: false,
isFilterAdded: false,
filters: [],
whitelistFilters: [],
userRules: '',
interval: 24,
enabled: true,
modalType: '',
modalFilterUrl: '',
check: {},
},
);
export default filtering;
``` |
Communist Party of the Valencian Country (, ), is a Spanish communist political party, acting as the federation of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) in the Valencian Community. As such, it is a component party of the United Left of the Valencian Country group.
The PCPV was constituted in 1976, a year after the death of Francisco Franco, during the Spanish transition to democracy. Its first general secretary was Antonio Palomares, a communist leader who had fought against Francoist Spain. In its First Congress in 1979, the PCPV elected Ernest García as its general secretary. Nevertheless, García was in minority in the Executive Board, and had to resign, being replaced by José Galán until the 3rd Congress, which elected Juan Villalba as general secretary. As Villalba stood by Santiago Carrillo when the latter left the PCE, the PCE leadership requested the summoning of a 4th PCPV Congress in 1985, one which elected Pedro Zamora as general secretary in a vote that excluded Carrillo's followers.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, some members of the PCE stood for its dissolution and the conversion of the United Left (IU) coalition into a new political party. In this context, at 1992 the 6th Congress of the PCPV elected a new leadership headed by Joan Ribó. Joan Ribó was elected general coordinator of the United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV) in 1998, being replaced by Alfred Botella as the general coordinator of the PCPV. Botella was re-elected at the 8th (in 2000) and 9th (2002) Congresses.
At 2005, during a conflict inside the IU, Botella resigned and the leadership of the PCPV convoked an extraordinary 10th Congress, which elected a new leadership that unanimously voted for Marga Sanz as general secretary.
References
External links
PCPV website
1976 establishments in Spain
Valencian Country
Political parties established in 1976
Political parties in the Valencian Community |
```c++
//
// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
// <boost/thread/sync_queue.hpp>
// class sync_queue<T>
// sync_queue();
#define BOOST_THREAD_VERSION 4
#include <boost/thread/sync_queue.hpp>
#include <boost/detail/lightweight_test.hpp>
class non_copyable
{
BOOST_THREAD_MOVABLE_ONLY(non_copyable)
int val;
public:
non_copyable(int v) : val(v){}
non_copyable(BOOST_RV_REF(non_copyable) x): val(x.val) {}
non_copyable& operator=(BOOST_RV_REF(non_copyable) x) { val=x.val; return *this; }
bool operator==(non_copyable const& x) const {return val==x.val;}
template <typename OSTREAM>
friend OSTREAM& operator <<(OSTREAM& os, non_copyable const&x )
{
os << x.val;
return os;
}
};
int main()
{
{
// default queue invariants
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
{
// empty queue push rvalue/non_copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
q.push(non_copyable(1));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
#endif
{
// empty queue push rvalue/non_copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc(1);
q.push(boost::move(nc));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// empty queue push rvalue succeeds
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
q.push(2);
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 2u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// empty queue push lvalue succeeds
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
int i;
q.push(i);
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// empty queue try_push rvalue/copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.try_push(1));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// empty queue try_push rvalue/copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.try_push(1));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
{
// empty queue try_push rvalue/non-copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success ==q.try_push(non_copyable(1)));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
#endif
{
// empty queue try_push rvalue/non-copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc(1);
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.try_push(boost::move(nc)));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// empty queue try_push lvalue succeeds
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
int i=1;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.try_push(i));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// empty queue try_push rvalue succeeds
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.nonblocking_push(1));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
{
// empty queue nonblocking_push rvalue/non-copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.nonblocking_push(non_copyable(1)));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
#endif
{
// empty queue nonblocking_push rvalue/non-copyable succeeds
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc(1);
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.nonblocking_push(boost::move(nc)));
BOOST_TEST(! q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 1u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
int i;
q.pull(i);
BOOST_TEST_EQ(i, 1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc1(1);
q.push(boost::move(nc1));
non_copyable nc2(2);
q.pull(nc2);
BOOST_TEST_EQ(nc1, nc2);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
int i = q.pull();
BOOST_TEST_EQ(i, 1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc1(1);
q.push(boost::move(nc1));
non_copyable nc = q.pull();
BOOST_TEST_EQ(nc, nc1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue try_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
int i;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.try_pull(i));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(i, 1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue try_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc1(1);
q.push(boost::move(nc1));
non_copyable nc(2);
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.try_pull(nc));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(nc, nc1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue nonblocking_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
int i;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.nonblocking_pull(i));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(i, 1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue nonblocking_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc1(1);
q.push(boost::move(nc1));
non_copyable nc(2);
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.nonblocking_pull(nc));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(nc, nc1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue wait_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc1(1);
q.push(boost::move(nc1));
non_copyable nc(2);
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.wait_pull(nc));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(nc, nc1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue wait_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
int i;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.wait_pull(i));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(i, 1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element queue wait_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<non_copyable> q;
non_copyable nc1(1);
q.push(boost::move(nc1));
non_copyable nc(2);
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.wait_pull(nc));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(nc, nc1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(! q.closed());
}
{
// closed invariants
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.close();
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(q.closed());
}
{
// closed queue push fails
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.close();
try {
q.push(1);
BOOST_TEST(false);
} catch (...) {
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(q.closed());
}
}
{
// 1-element closed queue pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
q.close();
int i;
q.pull(i);
BOOST_TEST_EQ(i, 1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(q.closed());
}
{
// 1-element closed queue wait_pull succeed
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.push(1);
q.close();
int i;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::success == q.wait_pull(i));
BOOST_TEST_EQ(i, 1);
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(! q.full());
BOOST_TEST_EQ(q.size(), 0u);
BOOST_TEST(q.closed());
}
{
// closed empty queue wait_pull fails
boost::sync_queue<int> q;
q.close();
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(q.closed());
int i;
BOOST_TEST(boost::queue_op_status::closed == q.wait_pull(i));
BOOST_TEST(q.empty());
BOOST_TEST(q.closed());
}
return boost::report_errors();
}
``` |
Fouchy (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
It shares its latitude with the southern suburbs of Paris being located in the south-western corner of the department.
Nomenclatures
Residents are called Fouchyssois.
The name Fouchy may derive from a German patois and relate to a noun or adjective, 'Fosche' or 'fossé' describing a large ditch or river bed. (The village is traversed by the River Giessen.) In the local Alsace dialect residents are called Fouchottes, a word that is disconcertingly similar to the French word for a fork (fourchette) (fourchette).
Long before Alsace became officially francophone the village was called Groba, which then mutated to Grube. The ancient Germanic name of Grube was revived after 1871 when Alsace found itself incorporated within the German Empire and again during the German occupation between 1940 and 1944.
Geography
Located on the left bank of the little River Giessen, Fouchy occupies a site of 787 hectares embraced on one side by the river and faced on its north side by wooded hills culminating in the peaks of the Guichat and Rougerain, respectively 623 meters and 650 meters above sea level. The altitude of the village itself is very varied, but 300 meters is a reasonable average (median) value. The southern part of the village rests on the dividing ridge between the valleys of the Giessen and of the River Liepvrette: this ridge rises from 690 meters in the east to 830 meters at the Schnarupt peak, dominating the hamlet of Hingie in the adjacent commune of Rombach-le-Franc. The ridge is traversed by the 608 meter high Fouchy which connects the two valleys.
From outside the village, it is dominated by the spire of the church, and this is the focus from which Fouchy's streets radiate. One route runs to the bottom of the valley, and leads out of the village towards Saint-Dié: scattered farms comprise a few hamlets some of the larger ones being La Combre, Berlicombelle, Noirceux, Rouhu, Schlingoutte, and Schnarupt. To the west, along the departmental road D39, is the village of Urbeis while three kilometers to the east, the same road leads to Villé.
History
Early records
The village of Fouchy (Groba) is first documented around 1150, at which time the village was part of the patrimony of the Convent of St Faith in Sélestat. Originally the settlement would have been located in a clearing, supported by a few fields cleared from the surrounding woodlands. Some value would have come to the convent from the economic potential of the woodlands, but the valley had also a considerable strategic importance. Linking Alsace to Lorraine along the route through Villé and Urbeis, the route had commercial significance in that it provided an alternative route for the important trade in salt from nearby deposits in the eastern part of Lorraine. The salt trade otherwise was dependent of the state of Steige Pass, which would have presented challenges during the cold wet weather that is still a frequent feature of the weather in this region. The convent exploited the Fouchy route, charging a toll for merchandise conveyed along it.
Until the late Medieval period, the valley, part of a route between Alsace and Lorraine, played an intriguing role as an interface between the two very different worlds of the residual Gallo-Roman heritage on the one hand and the Germanic sphere on the other. This is one reason why lives in the valley have been regularly shaken by crimes and betrayals which have, on occasion, sent their shock waves across Europe. But probably it is only since a little before 1150 that a small group of men came to clear the forest and create a permanent settlement in what, then, they would have called Groba. For the next two hundred years the wealth of Fouchy lands and the surrounding forests offered tempting prizes to local property holders. An example is provided by a legal case which the Convent of St Faith found itself in opposition to the Abbey of Honcourt and the Villé priest, Father Huno. Honcourt Abbey provided religious instruction to populations subject to the Convent of St faith, in return for which they expected payment. However, in a judgment of 1169/70 the court rejected the claim of Honcourt Abbey and Father Huno on the Fouchy tithe, which thereby remained payable in full to Convent of St Faith. Later on in 1170 the court's judgment was upheld in favour of the convent by the Pope, on the grounds that the parish of Fouchy was considered to be a part of the property of the Convent of St Faith which was thereby entitled to exercise within the parish all rights concerning tithes, along with fees for baptisms and burials. Just over a century later, in 1309, we find a papal bull requiring the Abbey of Ebersmunster to restore assets alienated from the church at Fouchy. Suffering of a different sort is recorded around 1313 when the citizens of Fouchy were touched by plague, and between 1348 and 1349 they were attacked by the Black Death which ravaged western Europe at this time. These were also years during which Fouchy experienced a particularly high and unwelcome level of attention from passing armies and other pillaging hoards, leaving behind them desolation and misery.
Late Medieval
In 1359 Fouchy was incorporated within Ban county while retaining its ecclesiastical relationship with the convent at Sélestat. Later, in 1489, the district passed into the control of the cathedral chapter of Strasbourg.
The influence of the Convent of St Faith diminished progressively after 1217 when Sélestat was granted the rights and status of a free city. Increasingly the convent found itself competing with a growing mercantile class in the young city, and in the process conceding its traditional rights and possessions to the increasingly assertive middle class. That is the context in which, following the population collapse caused by the black death, "Grube et Breytenowe" (Fouchy and Breitenau) were ceded to the lords of Frankenbourg, and came to form a part of Ban County. Fouchy now would share its destiny with the neighboring settlements of Neuve-Église, Hirtzelbach, Dieffenbach-au-Val and Neubois. In the same year, the Ban county along with the Castle of Frankenbourg were purchased by the Bishop of Strasbourg, John of Lichtenberg. Fouchy thus became an episcopal possession of Strasbourg while continuing to depend for its spiritual sustenance on the Convent of St Faith in Sélestat.
However, during the fifteenth century the spiritual influence exercised by the convent diminished, and in 1464 it was the abbot of Honcourt Abbey who appointed the Fouchy rector. In its turn, the power of Honcourt declined and in 1594 Honcourt Abbey came under the control of Andlau Abbey.
The ravages of the Middle Ages
Because of its position on a strategic route between Lorraine and Alsace, Fouchy periodically encountered by transiting armies and pillagers. It was overrun by the Armagnacs in 1444-1445 and endured twenty -five years later the presence of Peter of Hagenbach and his men. Hagenbach was a Burgundian knight in command of the Ninth Regiment of Charles the Bold. In 1474 Hagenbach would, according to some sources, be executed for war crimes: his reputation was one of corruption and brutality. In 1470 he turned up in the valley of Villé, accompanied by a band estimated at 5,000 horsemen, en route towards the Pass of Steige. The first night he spent at Villé, which he took over along with the Castle of Ortenburg: the next day he established his headquarters at Châtenois, committing numerous atrocities in the process. He marched on Colmar where he encountered fierce resistance. He then turned his attention to Breisach where he would be killed. Charles the Bold himself would be killed in battle at Nancy less than three years later, leaving behind him a disputed succession which would sow the seeds for the end of the Burgundian Kingdom. Alsace had been part of the empire since Ottonian times, and as the fifteenth century drew to a close the directing influence of the Holy Roman Empire became more visible with the emperor Frederick III and his Habsburg dynasty exercising increased levels of central control from Vienna.
Life in the valley became relatively peaceful until 1493 when new troubles erupted: this time the source of the problem was closer to home. There was an uprising of peasant farmers from the areas of Sélestat, Dambach, Stotzheim, Châtenois, Scherwiller and Dieffenthal. They were inspired by a former mayor of Sélestat called Jean Uhlmann. Other rebel leaders were Jacques Hanser from Blienschwiller and Nicolas Ziegler from Stotzheim. Ulhmann soon gave up and sought refuge in Basel where he was arrested, convicted and put to death, his body subsequently being quartered. As he died he declared to his judges, "sooner or later, the people's alliance will win". Nicholas Zielger met a similar fate at Sélestat: it is not known what became of Jacques Hanser. Other leading protagonists were captured and punished: some had their fingers cut off while others were banished or fined. The Peasants' uprising of 1493 failed miserably thanks to measures implemented by the emperor's son, the future Emperor Maximilian, when he found himself in Colmar on the way home from Burgundy.
The idea of greater independence and social justice for impoverished peasants had certainly not permanently disappeared, however. Such notions continued to be advocated by committed reformers and found a receptive audience among the people, putting pressure on landowners. In 1524 the 'Peasants' War' broke out. In 1525 the inhabitants of Fouchy undoubtedly participated in the fighting, and some undoubtedly were lost on the Battle of Scherwiller. In any event, there is evidence of a savage population reduction.
Fouchy in the Thirty Years War
By 1618 when war broke out, advances in weapons technology and in military organisation had made warfare significantly more lethal, even, than it had been in the Medieval period, not merely for soldiers but also for any civilian populations that found themselves in the wrong place. Located on a principal communications route, Fouchy was one of several villages in the valley that suffered badly during the Thirty Years' War: villagers were frequently forced to seek safety in the forest and many houses were destroyed. Of the fifty-eight houses in the village in 1618, only twenty-five were habitable thirty years later. By 1648 many of the propertied families in the village had simply disappeared: the overall population had declined to 364 by 1660, from a prewar level of 1,050. The valley was ruined economically: climate deterioration experienced in northern Europe during the first half of the seventeenth century will have done nothing to help the survivors at harvest time. Recovery would come to Fouchy only slowly.
Repopulation
The Treaty of Westphalia confirmed the conquest of Alsace by France, and in due course the French state addressed the challenge of rebuilding population levels in its new eastern territories. In about November 1662 the government issued an order encouraging former owners of abandoned lands to return and reclaim their former properties, and in addition encouraging newcomers to colonise the abandoned territories in the region. The only condition imposed on newcomers wishing to settle in the villages was that they must be Roman Catholics. Powerful incentives for newcomers included the offer of a five-year exemption from taxation. The policy succeeded, with immigrants arriving from nearby parts of Lorraine, across the Vosges Mountains as well as from more distant places. By 1801 the population would be back up to 696 as the village was rebuilt around the church. Today the year 17.. inscribed on several of the older houses in the centre of the village bears silent testimony to a century of peace and reconstruction. These houses are generally of traditional Vosgien stone built construction with a house on one end and a stable at the other, and a barn in the middle. A long corridor from the front leads to a large kitchen at the rear. The stone used is the local sandstone, and the walls are coated with plaster.
Revolutionary Fouchy
The parish was spared the worst excesses of the revolution: Mass continued to be celebrated, but the priests avoided drawing attention to themselves and major damage was avoided by means of a ruse in which the parishioners collaborated. To escape the attention of fanatical 'patriots', the fine 18th century presbytery was quietly converted into an inn, complete with its own 'dance room'. Revolutionary fanatics nevertheless did attack rural crosses, though the extent of resulting destruction is hard to assess two centuries later since many crosses appear to have been erected in the nineteenth century and it is no longer clear how far these replace pre-revolutionary forerunners.
Notable people
Pierre Adrian
See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
References
Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Penarth Pier is a Victorian era pier in the town of Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales. The pier was opened in 1898 and was a popular attraction to seaside-goers at the time, who also enjoyed trips on pleasure steamers that operated from the pier. It has on several occasions been damaged by vessels colliding with the structure and in 1931, a fire broke out in one of the pavilions. This wooden pavilion was never replaced, but a concrete pavilion has been used over the years as a concert hall, ballroom, cinema and for other purposes. It is currently home to the Penarth Pier Pavilion.
Background
The growing popularity of Penarth beach and the need for better communications with Cardiff led to the Cardiff Steam and Navigation Company starting a regular ferry service between Cardiff and Penarth in 1856, which continued until 1903. Boats were loaded and unloaded at Penarth using a landing stage on wheels which was hauled up the beach.
In the 1880s an attempt was made to construct a permanent pier, because of the need to find a safer way to unload larger boats. However, construction ground to a halt at an early stage when the London-based contractors went into liquidation.
Construction
As a result, the Penarth Promenade and Landing Company Ltd was formed, to make a second attempt at building a permanent pier. Designed by H. F. Edwards, construction of the cast iron screw piers, cast iron supports and wooden deck was begun by Mayohs Brothers in 1894. The pier successfully opened in 1895, long.
History
The pier was opened in 1898, having been constructed by James & Arthur Mayoh, assisted by Herbert Francis Edwards, a local engineer. The pier, at , was rather short; it was not permitted to be longer for fear of obstructing the deep water channel into Cardiff Docks. It was built of cast iron with a timber decking, and acted both as a promenade, and as a landing jetty for steam ships trading in the Bristol Channel. The pier was an immediate success, chiefly because the cruises, provided by the pleasure steamers that used the pier’s landing stage, proved very popular with the public. In 1907, a small wooden "Concert Party" theatre was built at the far end of the pier.
During World War I, the pleasure steamers were used as minesweepers and the pier was requisitioned by the army. After the war, it was found that the landing stage was considerably damaged, and compensation payments were inadequate to fund the necessary repairs. The pier went into a period of decline, and in 1929, it was sold to Penarth Borough Council. As a result, a new concrete landing stage was built at the seaward end, and in 1930, a spectacular Art Deco pavilion, built of ferro-concrete, was constructed at the shoreward end.
On August Bank Holiday 1931, a fire broke out in the wooden theatre. A dramatic sea and land rescue commenced, with the fire department attending the scene until the fire burnt out three days later. Over 800 people survived. As a result, a large proportion of the pier was destroyed. The pier was rebuilt at a cost of £3,157, without replacement of the wooden pavilion.
The remaining pavilion provided concerts and variety shows, but over time, people's tastes changed and the pavilion was turned into a cinema. This was unsuccessful however, and the cinema closed. After another attempt at operating it as a concert hall, it reopened in 1934 as the Marina Ballroom. This flourished and dances were taking place there until the start of World War II in 1939. At this time the paddle steamers were requisitioned and the pier closed to the public.
In 1947 the 7,130 ton Canadian cargo steamship , under contract to the flag of the Tavistock Shipping Company, collided with the pier in a gale causing severe structural damage. The damage included the shattering and buckling of the decking, but more seriously, the fracturing or displacing of over seventy of the main supporting cast-iron structures. Repairs, including underpinning to the cast iron columns and the addition of new cast concrete columns, took two years to complete at a cost of £28,000. The pier reopened in 1950.
In August 1966, whilst operating in dense fog, the 600-ton P & A Campbell pleasure steamer hit the pier, causing an estimated £25,000 damage. The last regular paddle steamer service operated by the White Funnel Line was withdrawn in 1966 although the MV Balmoral continued to operate a cruise service. Even this was withdrawn in 1982 when cruises by P&A Campbell from the pier ceased.
In 1994, a restoration programme was completed at a cost of £650,000, including repairs to the rotting substructure. This wood now forms one of the offerings at the souvenir shop. In 1996 a £1.7M programme started, replacing steelwork, decking and the berthing pontoon. The final restoration was completed after a £1.1M grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, with the restored formally reopening in May 1998.
The pier pavilion
The 1929 designed art deco Pier Pavilion, opened in 1930 by the council, was used as a venue for traditional seaside entertainment, as well as a concert hall. As it lacked heating, the hall was greatly under utilised in the winter, although it was used at different periods as a cinema, dance hall (Marina ballroom) and nightclub.
From the 1960s onwards, it was rented out to a series of commercial tenant customers, who used it as a restaurant and snooker club. In 1961, former Olympics gymnast Gwynedd Lingard founded the Penarth and district gymnastics club, which today is the sole tenant.
In 2008, the charity Penarth Arts & Crafts Ltd (PACL) was formed to restore the pavilion. In November 2009 PACL were awarded a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of £99,600 to develop plans for detailed restoration. PACL have now developed a £3.9m refurbishment scheme, to use enable the pavilion to be restored as a cinema, cafe, observatory and multi-purpose community complex. After planning permission was granted for the project, the HLF awarded PACT a further £1.68m in May 2011. The project was completed in 2013 and is known as the Penarth Pier Pavilion.
Present
Owned today by Vale of Glamorgan Council, the pier is open all year round. Sea fishing is possible from the pier head, without a licence, in all months except June, July and August.
The Penarth Pier Pavilion includes an art gallery, auditorium, a cinema able to seat seventy, retail area, bar, and a tea room with a view out over the Bristol Channel.
Dr David Trotman, was appointed director in 2013 and said that he was excited and privileged to serve the community, and added that the "iconic pier site would be used to educate, inform and entertain." Since then, renovation of the exterior has taken place, and ornamental zinc tiles have been installed to replace the faded paint on the barrel roof and four domes.
The pier was voted Pier of the Year by the National Piers Society in 2014.
Since 2007, the pier has appeared on S4C in an ident as part of its on-air branding.
The pier appeared in the 2008 BBC Torchwood episode "To the Last Man", in which characters Tosh and Tommy share a brief moment on Penarth Pier, built in 1894, the same year that Tommy was born.
A new director, Marta Ghermandi, was appointed by the Board of Penarth Arts and Crafts Limited, in 2018.
Notes
References
External links
Penarth Pier at Vale of Glamorgan Council
Penarth Pier Pavilion
Penarth Pier at National Piers Society
Pier
Piers in Wales
Grade II listed buildings in the Vale of Glamorgan
Transport infrastructure completed in 1895
1895 establishments in Wales
Bristol Channel
Art Deco architecture in Wales
Tourist attractions in the Vale of Glamorgan
Pier fires
Burned buildings and structures in the United Kingdom |
This article gives details of the official charts from 2003.
Whilst weeks at number one began to increase with significant numbers achieving 4-week runs, single sales rapidly plummeted, decreasing by 34% since 2002. The year became the first in ten not to contain a million selling single. The year was particularly successful for Justin Timberlake, Busted, Avril Lavigne, Christina Aguilera, t.A.T.u. and Dido.
Summary of UK chart activity
January
Remaining at the top from 2002, new girl band, Girls Aloud spent the first 2 weeks of the year at the top of the charts with their debut single "Sound of the Underground", and would consolidate their success with a platinum selling debut album and 3 more top 3 hits in this year. One talent show winner was replaced by another, in the form of David Sneddon a young performer from Scotland, who'd had lead roles in musicals and sung with bands around the pub circuit, including the Martians, and won BBC's Fame Academy performing Elton John's "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" beating 36,000 other applicants. His debut single "Stop Living The Lie", entered the UK charts at No. 1 and remained there for 2 weeks. To date he is the only artist from a reality TV show to reach No. 1 with a self-written song. He had a further two top twenty hit singles and a top ten album, Seven Years Ten Weeks, and signed a development publishing deal with Universal Music in October 2003. In the singles chart that same week, British rock band Feeder gained only their second top 10 hit with "Just the Way I'm Feeling", one week and two years to the day "Buck Rogers" made #5. The chart success of the former saw its parent album Comfort in Sound become a regular chart fixture throughout the course of the year, before winning the Kerrang! Award for "Best British Band" (which Grant Nicholas dedicated to their late drummer Jon Lee) and later headlining many of the nation's largest arenas in December, after many years of playing small clubs, university campus halls and standard sized theatres.
After the release of her debut single, "Complicated", which made No. 3 in the singles charts, Avril Lavigne's début album, Let Go climbed to the top of the album charts for 3 weeks. Consequently, she became the youngest female solo artist to top the albums chart at only 17 years of age. The album spawned three other Top 40 hits, the upbeat "Sk8er Boi", the powerful "Losing Grip" and the loneliness ballad "I'm with You". None of these equalled the success of her début single, the highest peaking at #7.
February
Hitting the Russian charts 3 years earlier, female duo t.A.T.u. released their début single, "All the Things She Said" in the UK and it topped the charts for a total of 4 weeks, taking all of February with it. The accompanying video ostensibly depicted the girls imprisoned but concluded by revealing that it was the audience who was imprisoned; it stirred controversy with its images of the two girls kissing. They became the first Russian act to hit number 1 in the UK. Their album, 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane peaked at No. 12 in the charts and spawned a No. 7 hit, "Not Gonna Get Us" in May. London duo Turin Brakes scored their first UK top ten hit when "Pain Killer" entered the chart at No. 5 on 23 February. Previous to this, they had only enjoyed average success outside of the top 20.
After the massive success of his debut single as a solo artist, "Like I Love You" (#2), ex-*NSYNC member, Justin Timberlake released his solo album, Justified. Making No. 6 on its first chart run, it climbed back into the charts and this time made No. 1 for 2 weeks. Another solo star previously in a successful group took over from Justin. Previously in Destiny's Child, Kelly Rowland released her debut album, Simply Deep which topped the charts for one week. Her debut single "Stole", peaked at #2. Following their No. 1 album from 1999, alternative electronic band, Massive Attack hit the top again with their new album, 100th Window. The album spawned one single hit, "Special Cases" which made #15.
March
Returning to the top of the UK charts for the 4th time, US superstar, Christina Aguilera hit the top with a second release from her second album, Stripped. "Beautiful" contrasted with the upbeat and raunchy "Dirrty", as "Beautiful" was a love ballad that seemed to be very personal to Christina. She received praise from GLAAD because of the positive presentation of homosexual people in the video to the song, which was edited by the BBC for showing on Top of the Pops. Despite the fact that Britney has received 1 more chart topper than Christina, as of January 2005, Christina has spent more weeks on top of the UK charts than Britney, with "Beautiful" adding another 2 to that list. With the official comic relief song of the year, Gareth Gates returned to the top of the UK charts for a 4th and final time with a cover of Norman Greenbaum's "Spirit in the Sky". Taking it to the top for a 3rd time, Gareth became the only act to get to the top with this single who was not a one-hit wonder (however he performed the song with The Kumars who themselves were a one hit wonder). Ringo Starr released his album Ringo Rama on the 24th.
Returning to the top for a week was Justin Timberlake and his debut album, Justified. By this time, he had released a follow-up single to "Like I Love You" from the album. "Cry Me A River", also peaked at No. 2 and was an emotional ballad creating controversy because many thought the song was about Britney, seeing as there was a Britney look-alike in the video. Taking the top of the albums chart for the following 4 weeks was jazz singer, Norah Jones with her debut album, Come Away With Me. No singles were released from the album, but despite this it was a hugely successful album.
April
Becoming the second single of the year to have a 4-week run at number one, the next chart topper was a re-working of Oliver Cheatham's 1983 No. 38 hit, "Get Down Saturday Night". Featuring his vocals on the track, "Make Luv" was re-worked by Room 5 and was used in a TV advertisement for Lynx Deodorant. Consequently, it sold very well and topped the singles charts for almost the whole of April. The duo did another collaboration, "Music And You" in December as a Christmas release, but it only made #38.
Nu Metal band, Linkin Park hit No. 1 for the first time with their third album, Meteora. The album spawned 4 single hits, the highest peaking at #10. After a week, rock and roll duo, The White Stripes took over for 2 weeks with their fourth album, Elephant, spanning the very popular single, "7 Nation Army", which peaked at #7. Returning to the top of the charts with A Rush of Blood to the Head were Coldplay. This album was previously at No. 1 in September 2002. It only remained at the top for a week this time.
May
With their 3rd chart single, guitar playing pop trio, Busted scored their first UK chart topper when "You Said No" hit the top. This was their 3rd consecutive Top 3 hit, following their debut single, "That's What I Go To School For" which made No. 3 in September 2002 and their second single, "Year 3000" which hit No. 2 in January of this year. "You Said No" was a slightly more lyrics focused compared to their previous 2 singles which had been more tune based. Criticised for making a mockery of rock bands in the new millennium, Busted quickly gained a huge fanbase with young audiences. Taking over after 7 days was German producer, Thomas Bruckner, renamed Tomcraft for his one and only UK single, "Loneliness". It became the second of 9 to spend only a week at the top during the whole of 2003. This was a very good sign for the popularity of singles, however sales were at their all-time low. Back at the top for the first time in 6 years, was soul/RNB singer, R. Kelly with a track from his new album, Chocolate Factory. "Ignition Remix" was his first No. 1 single since "I Believe I Can Fly" hit the top in 1997. The single was successful, topping the charts for 4 weeks receiving hugely high levels of airplay across all radio stations. Other big hits included Lisa Maffia with her single All Over which managed to stay 3 weeks in the top 10 going on to sell over 90,000 copies.
With her 8th UK No. 1 album, Madonna returns to the top of the album charts with her new release American Life. The album contained the hits "Love Profusion", "Hollywood", "American Life" and "Die Another Day". The latter was taken from the soundtrack to the James Bond film of the same name, which itself was also a success. Returning to the top yet again was Justin Timberlake and his debut album, Justified, but its stay was only for a week. By this time it had spawned a 3rd No. 2 single, "Rock Your Body", which saw Justin turn towards dance music and show off his moves in the video. Despite the fact that Blur scored a 5th No. 1 album with their latest release, Think Tank, Justified was not kept from the top for long, returning to the top after a week, for what became its longest consecutive run at the top, ending at 3 weeks. In total, the album had spent 7 weeks at the top.
June
Alternative metal band Evanescence made their mark on the music industry with their début single "Bring Me To Life", which topped the charts for 4 weeks. The band, a four piece from Little Rock, Arkansas, fronted by Amy Lee, went on to massive success with their début album, Fallen which topped the album chart for a week and spawned another 3 Top 10 hits during the year.
Topping the charts for the third time since their career began in 1997, the Stereophonics were back at the top with You Gotta Go There to Come Back. The album spawned 2 Top 5 hits, following the pattern from their previous 2 chart topping albums. Back at the top for the first time since 2001 were Radiohead with their 4th UK No. 1 album, Hail to the Thief. Only at the top for a week, just like the Stereophonics, Evanescence reached the top of the charts with Fallen while "Bring Me To Life" was still at the top of the singles chart.
July
Following in the footsteps of her former colleague, Kelly Rowland, Beyoncé Knowles managed to reach the top of the UK charts with a solo release. After making an appearance in the third Austin Powers movie, Austin Powers in Goldmember, Beyoncé put herself back in the public eye and then released her debut solo single from the movie, "Work It Out" which managed to make No. 7 on the UK singles chart. Her debut album, Dangerously in Love topped the charts a week before she received her first (third, including her career with Destiny's Child) number one single, and they both continued runs at the top simultaneously for 3 weeks when her second single was knocked off the top spot. "Crazy in Love" was an upbeat pop ballad, but was not as dance emphasised as "Work It Out". It featured the rapper Jay-Z who was already a very successful artist and whose career began 6 years ago in 1997.
Featuring her four Top 10 hits; the club tune "Work It Out", the chart topping "Crazy in Love", the No. 2 hit "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" also with Jay-Z and the massive US No. 1, "Baby Boy" in a duet with Sean Paul. Beyoncé's debut album, "Dangerously in Love" topped the charts for five consecutive weeks, three of those weeks coinciding with when her second single, "Crazy in Love" was at the top of the charts. Her debut album sold 113,000 copies in its first week and was eventually certified two times (2x) platinum in October by the BPI. The album itself have the most consecutive weeks to reach the top position on the UK album chart for 2003.
In 2004, Beyoncé released more singles from the album which fared well and then re-formed with her old girl group, Destiny's Child who proved to be much more successful than expected.
August
Hitting the top of the UK charts for the third time with his 5th single was Daniel Bedingfield with another love ballad, "Never Gonna Leave Your Side" which he said was a twin of his previous chart topper, "If You're Not The One", being about the same girl. Not only was the theme similar, but so was the chart performance, only spending a week at the summit. Urban/R&B songstress, Blu Cantrell was next to top the charts with a single from her second album, Bittersweet. The single was "Breathe" and was a collaboration with Sean Paul, who was a Jamaican born Reggae performer. Although never airing enough on Radio 1 to make the play list, it still managed to enter the chart at No. 1 and stay there for 4 weeks and became the surprise smash hit of the year.
With an original fusion of modern rock and country/folk, English rock band The Coral scored their 1st No. 1 album with their second release, Magic And Medicine. The album spawned 3 hit singles, one of which hit the top 5, becoming their highest peaking single ever. However, it only took a week before Robbie Williams hit the top of the charts again when Escapology returned to the top of the charts after its 6-week stay over the Christmas season of 2002. It contained the hits, "Feel", "Come Undone", "Something Beautiful" and "Sexed Up". Taking over after a week for a 2-week run was Eva Cassidy with her 3rd UK No. 1 album, American Tune. She became the second female solo artist to have 3 consecutive UK No. 1 albums, after Madonna achieved this in 2000, however it could be said that Eva holds this record solo, because one of Madonna's albums was the soundtrack to Evita which featured other vocalists as well as her, whereas Cassidy holds the full credit for all three of her albums. Even more amazingly, Cassidy's run of consecutive No. 1 albums started after her death, so the entire record is posthumous.
September
Hitting the top for only the 6th time since his massively successful career began in 1971, Elton John's No. 42 hit from 1979 "Are you ready for love" was shortened, put into use in by Sky TV for their football premiership ads and consequently re-released when it shot straight to the top of the charts for a week. It was only Elton's 3rd solo No. 1 single. Next was the second single and first Top 30 hit from The Black Eyed Peas. They are a 4 piece rap act from Los Angeles, California and scored a 6-week run at the top with this single, becoming the biggest selling single of the year (however, failing to sell a million copies, becoming the first year not to have a million selling single since 1993) and also the longest stay at the top of the UK charts since Cher's "Believe" in 1998. The song, "Where Is The Love?" featured an unaccredited Justin Timberlake's vocals on the chorus and was about society and the corruption that had engulfed it and that people should begin to spread love to bring the world to a better state.
Topping the charts for 4 weeks with their debut album were rock band, The Darkness. Modelling themselves on bands like Queen they had already scored one Top 40 hit from the album, with "Growing on Me", which peaked at #11. Their next hit from the album, in the following month was their biggest, peaking at No. 2 and becoming what was considered to be the first classic anthem of the 21st century. "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" was very Queen-esque and marked them as a hugely popular band. They made No. 2 again with their special Christmas release and the album, Permission to Land spawned one final hit the following year, "Love Is Only A Feeling", which hit #5. Following on from the split of S Club earlier in the year, Rachel Stevens made her solo debut in this month with "Sweet Dreams My LA Ex", peaking at No. 2 for two inconsecutive weeks and spending a further 3 in the top 10. She would enjoy two top 30 albums and a further 6 top 30 singles before taking time out from music to focus on an acting career in 2006.
October
Finally ending the long stint at the top from the Black Eyed Peas, the Sugababes were back for a 3rd time with their new single "Hole in the Head" taken from their 3rd album, Three which strangely enough peaked at No. 3 in the albums chart. This was their last No. 1 single until "Push the Button" hit the top spot in October 2005. They continued successfully into 2004, scoring 2 No. 8 hits, "In The Middle" & "Caught in a Moment".
Absolution was the 4th release from British rock band, Muse. Gradually acquiring a larger fan base, they finally scored a No. 1 album, with what has been by far their most successful to date. However, their run at the top was short-lived, because only after 7 days, Dido was back at the top with her second album, Life For Rent. Due to the success of No Angel when re-issued due to her appearance in Eminem's "Stan", she began recording again and this album became another massive hit, but not quite as big as her debut. The album spawned 3 hit singles, two of which failed to make the Top 20, but one became her most successful single, "White Flag", peaking at #2. It spent 4 weeks at the top, but was to return to the top several times over the course of the next few months.
November
New York hip hop producer, club DJ and radio DJ, Fatman Scoop combining with Crooklyn Clan were the first No. 1 November with "Be Faithful" which was made 5 years earlier, but only released now. It spent 2 weeks at No. 1 and became the second No. 1 of the year to hit the top many years after being made, with the first being t.A.T.u. and "All the Things She Said". The dance song "Slow" saw Kylie Minogue hit the top for a 7th time. She was praised all over for trying a different style and making it just as good as her other music, however it did join record with Iron Maiden's "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter" in becoming the lowest selling number one single of all time. Hitting the top for the second time were pop trio, Busted with their 5th chart hit, "Crashed The Wedding". Taking a different stance to their other singles, it still only managed one week at the summit. Hitting the top for a record 12th time were boyband Westlife with their remake of the Barry Manilow No. 11 hit from 1975, "Mandy". They were now 2 chart toppers ahead of the queen of pop, Madonna and 2 chart toppers behind the British Elvis, Cliff Richard.
With a collection of their best tracks such as "Everybody Hurts", "Imitation of Life", "Losing My Religion" & "The Great Beyond", R.E.M. were back at the top with In Time – The Best of R.E.M. – 1988–2003.
Failing to top the singles chart all year were boyband Blue who scored a 3rd consecutive UK No. 1 album with their new release Guilty. It had already spawned one hit, "Guilty", and would create more including "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" a collaboration with Stevie Wonder on one of his old tracks, "Breathe Easy" and "Bubblin'". They split at the end of 2004 releasing a Greatest Hits compilation promoting it with a new track "Curtain Falls". Returning to number one for the first time was Dido with Life For Rent. Taking over from her was Michael Jackson with his Number Ones collection. Scoring 7 #1's in the UK and 13 in the US, he had accumulated a large amount to make an album with. The album contained the likes of "Billie Jean", "Rock with You", "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Black or White", "Earth Song" & "Thriller".
December
After a break of a year, Pop Idol Will Young returned to the top of the UK charts for the 4th time with his new single "Leave Right Now". It was taken from his new album, Friday's Child, which later topped the charts. He now had as many chart toppers as Gareth Gates and as of January 2005, they are still level. Taking over after 2 weeks was a duet from Ozzy Osbourne and his daughter Kelly with "Changes". Tipped to be the Christmas No. 1, Kelly was experiencing great success as a solo artist and also the song gave Ozzy his first No. 1 after 33 years of chart activity since he first started with Black Sabbath. It was also the first father/daughter chart topper since Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra topped the charts with "Somethin' Stupid" in 1967. The Darkness' "Christmas Time (Don't Let The Bells End)" was also anticipated to take the top spot, however in the week leading up to Christmas, the most unexpected thing happened. Taken from the soundtrack to the film Donnie Darko, Michael Andrews & Gary Jules scored a chart topper with "Mad World". It was a remake of the "Tears for Fears" No. 3 hit from 1982 and topped the UK charts for 3 weeks becoming the fastest selling single of the year and took the Christmas number one spot along with it.
With their 5th album, Turnaround gave Westlife their 4th No. 1 album. It contained the chart topping "Mandy" and the No. 3 hit from the following year, "Obvious". The following year Brian McFadden split from the group, but they continued as a foursome releasing Allow Us To Be Frank with a cover of old big band classics. Topping the charts with his second album was Will Young and Friday's Child. which contained "Leave Right Now". However, the Christmas number one album was by one of the most successful female solo artists in the 21st century on the albums chart. Dido returned to the top for a further 3 weeks with Life For Rent. It has sold in excess of 2.2 million copies.
Charts
Number-one singles
Number-one albums
Year-end charts
Between 29 December 2002 and 27 December 2003.
Best-selling singles
Best-selling albums
Notes:
Best-selling compilations
See also
List of UK Dance Singles Chart number ones of 2003
List of UK Independent Singles Chart number ones of 2003
List of UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart number ones of 2003
References
External links
Top 200 singles of 2003
United Kingdom
2003 in British music
British record charts |
Simeon Monev (, born 10 July 1957) is a Bulgarian modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics, finishing in 28th place.
References
1957 births
Living people
Bulgarian male modern pentathletes
Olympic modern pentathletes for Bulgaria
Modern pentathletes at the 1980 Summer Olympics |
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