text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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The Pathways Foundation is an Australian non-profit organisation aiming to provide boys and girls with a contemporary rite of passage to manhood or womanhood. Their most popular program is the Pathways to Manhood camp at which over two thousand boys aged 12–16 have so far completed.
About
The Pathways Foundation provides a transition for boys to become young men. They also aim to inspire boys to have a vision and reach their potential. There are approximately 20 camps held each year with around 15 boys attending each.
This process is run over a four- to six-day period in the bush. All boys have a male adult guardian to accompany them. The camps are run in eight locations around Australia.
History
The Pathways to Manhood programme was developed by a group of men passionate about the health and well-being of boys and young men in Australia. The foundation was officially created in 1995, with the first camp being run that year.
The creators of the programme believed that boys need a large range of adult men to act as role models, confidants, mentors and friends to enable them do develop and discover their male identity and grow into helpful and respected members of society.
Who is involved
Pathways to Manhood
The Pathways to Manhood camp are aimed at young males (approx 12–16) together with their fathers, step fathers, uncles, grandfathers or mentors.
Pathways into Womanhood
The Pathways to Womanhood camp is specifically designed for girls just entering puberty up to age of 16, who go to camp with their mother, grandmother, stepmother, auntie or mentor.
Young Stars
The Young Stars program is designed for fathers and their sons aged 6–10 years. This program is not a rite of passage, but quality time fathers can spend with their sons. This program is looking to expand into father and daughter, grandparent and son or daughter.
Principles
Core principles advocated by the group are respect, Responsibility and awareness. These principles are used throughout the camp and used to assist boys and girls in finding their own identity.
Locations
Melbourne, Victoria,
Mullumbimby, New South Wales,
Perth, Western Australia,
South East, Queensland,
South Coast, New South Wales,
Sydney, New South Wales,
References
External links
The Petre Foundation
Men's movement
Youth organisations based in Australia
1995 establishments in Australia |
```linker script
/*
*
*/
/* ROM function interface esp32c61.rom.ld for esp32c61
*
*
* Generated from ./target/esp32c6lite/interface-esp32c6lite.yml md5sum 27eb0efac0883ee622c22767242c9457
*
* Compatible with ROM where ECO version equal or greater to 0.
*
* THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED. DO NOT EDIT.
*/
/***************************************
Group common
***************************************/
/* Functions */
rtc_get_reset_reason = 0x40000018;
rtc_get_wakeup_cause = 0x4000001c;
pmu_enable_unhold_pads = 0x40000020;
ets_printf = 0x40000024;
ets_install_putc1 = 0x40000028;
ets_install_putc2 = 0x4000002c;
ets_install_uart_printf = 0x40000030;
ets_install_usb_printf = 0x40000034;
ets_get_printf_channel = 0x40000038;
ets_delay_us = 0x4000003c;
ets_get_cpu_frequency = 0x40000040;
ets_update_cpu_frequency = 0x40000044;
ets_install_lock = 0x40000048;
UartRxString = 0x4000004c;
UartGetCmdLn = 0x40000050;
uart_tx_one_char = 0x40000054;
uart_tx_one_char2 = 0x40000058;
uart_tx_one_char3 = 0x4000005c;
uart_rx_one_char = 0x40000060;
uart_rx_one_char_block = 0x40000064;
uart_rx_intr_handler = 0x40000068;
uart_rx_readbuff = 0x4000006c;
uartAttach = 0x40000070;
uart_tx_flush = 0x40000074;
uart_tx_wait_idle = 0x40000078;
uart_div_modify = 0x4000007c;
ets_write_char_uart = 0x40000080;
uart_tx_switch = 0x40000084;
uart_buff_switch = 0x40000088;
roundup2 = 0x4000008c;
multofup = 0x40000090;
software_reset = 0x40000094;
software_reset_cpu = 0x40000098;
ets_clk_assist_debug_clock_enable = 0x4000009c;
clear_super_wdt_reset_flag = 0x400000a0;
disable_default_watchdog = 0x400000a4;
esp_rom_set_rtc_wake_addr = 0x400000a8;
esp_rom_get_rtc_wake_addr = 0x400000ac;
send_packet = 0x400000b0;
recv_packet = 0x400000b4;
GetUartDevice = 0x400000b8;
UartDwnLdProc = 0x400000bc;
GetSecurityInfoProc = 0x400000c0;
Uart_Init = 0x400000c4;
ets_set_user_start = 0x400000c8;
/* Data (.data, .bss, .rodata) */
ets_rom_layout_p = 0x4003fffc;
ets_ops_table_ptr = 0x4084fff8;
g_saved_pc = 0x4084fffc;
/***************************************
Group miniz
***************************************/
/* Functions */
mz_adler32 = 0x400000cc;
mz_free = 0x400000d0;
tdefl_compress = 0x400000d4;
tdefl_compress_buffer = 0x400000d8;
tdefl_compress_mem_to_heap = 0x400000dc;
tdefl_compress_mem_to_mem = 0x400000e0;
tdefl_compress_mem_to_output = 0x400000e4;
tdefl_get_adler32 = 0x400000e8;
tdefl_get_prev_return_status = 0x400000ec;
tdefl_init = 0x400000f0;
tdefl_write_image_to_png_file_in_memory = 0x400000f4;
tdefl_write_image_to_png_file_in_memory_ex = 0x400000f8;
tinfl_decompress = 0x400000fc;
tinfl_decompress_mem_to_callback = 0x40000100;
tinfl_decompress_mem_to_heap = 0x40000104;
tinfl_decompress_mem_to_mem = 0x40000108;
/***************************************
Group tjpgd
***************************************/
/* Functions */
jd_prepare = 0x4000010c;
jd_decomp = 0x40000110;
/***************************************
Group spi_extmem_common
***************************************/
/* Functions */
esp_rom_spi_cmd_config = 0x40000114;
esp_rom_spi_cmd_start = 0x40000118;
esp_rom_spi_set_op_mode = 0x4000011c;
/***************************************
Group spiflash_legacy
***************************************/
/* Functions */
esp_rom_spiflash_wait_idle = 0x40000120;
esp_rom_spiflash_write_encrypted = 0x40000124;
esp_rom_spiflash_write_encrypted_dest = 0x40000128;
esp_rom_spiflash_write_encrypted_enable = 0x4000012c;
esp_rom_spiflash_write_encrypted_disable = 0x40000130;
esp_rom_spiflash_erase_chip = 0x40000134;
_esp_rom_spiflash_erase_sector = 0x40000138;
_esp_rom_spiflash_erase_block = 0x4000013c;
_esp_rom_spiflash_write = 0x40000140;
_esp_rom_spiflash_read = 0x40000144;
_esp_rom_spiflash_unlock = 0x40000148;
_SPIEraseArea = 0x4000014c;
_SPI_write_enable = 0x40000150;
esp_rom_spiflash_erase_sector = 0x40000154;
esp_rom_spiflash_erase_block = 0x40000158;
esp_rom_spiflash_write = 0x4000015c;
esp_rom_spiflash_read = 0x40000160;
esp_rom_spiflash_unlock = 0x40000164;
SPIEraseArea = 0x40000168;
SPI_write_enable = 0x4000016c;
esp_rom_spiflash_config_param = 0x40000170;
esp_rom_spiflash_read_user_cmd = 0x40000174;
esp_rom_spiflash_select_qio_pins = 0x40000178;
esp_rom_spi_flash_auto_sus_res = 0x4000017c;
esp_rom_spi_flash_send_resume = 0x40000180;
esp_rom_spi_flash_update_id = 0x40000184;
esp_rom_spiflash_config_clk = 0x40000188;
esp_rom_spiflash_config_readmode = 0x4000018c;
esp_rom_spiflash_read_status = 0x40000190;
esp_rom_spiflash_read_statushigh = 0x40000194;
esp_rom_spiflash_write_status = 0x40000198;
esp_rom_spiflash_write_disable = 0x4000019c;
spi_cache_mode_switch = 0x400001a0;
spi_common_set_dummy_output = 0x400001a4;
spi_common_set_flash_cs_timing = 0x400001a8;
esp_rom_spi_set_address_bit_len = 0x400001ac;
SPILock = 0x400001b0;
SPIMasterReadModeCnfig = 0x400001b4;
SPI_Common_Command = 0x400001b8;
SPI_WakeUp = 0x400001bc;
SPI_block_erase = 0x400001c0;
SPI_chip_erase = 0x400001c4;
SPI_init = 0x400001c8;
SPI_page_program = 0x400001cc;
SPI_read_data = 0x400001d0;
SPI_sector_erase = 0x400001d4;
SelectSpiFunction = 0x400001d8;
SetSpiDrvs = 0x400001dc;
Wait_SPI_Idle = 0x400001e0;
spi_dummy_len_fix = 0x400001e4;
Disable_QMode = 0x400001e8;
Enable_QMode = 0x400001ec;
spi_flash_attach = 0x400001f0;
spi_flash_get_chip_size = 0x400001f4;
spi_flash_guard_set = 0x400001f8;
spi_flash_guard_get = 0x400001fc;
spi_flash_read_encrypted = 0x40000200;
/* Data (.data, .bss, .rodata) */
rom_spiflash_legacy_funcs = 0x4084fff0;
rom_spiflash_legacy_data = 0x4084ffec;
g_flash_guard_ops = 0x4084fff4;
/***************************************
Group cache
***************************************/
/* Functions */
Cache_Get_Line_Size = 0x40000614;
Cache_Get_Mode = 0x40000618;
Cache_Address_Through_Cache = 0x4000061c;
ROM_Boot_Cache_Init = 0x40000620;
MMU_Set_Page_Mode = 0x40000624;
MMU_Get_Page_Mode = 0x40000628;
Cache_Sync_Items = 0x4000062c;
Cache_Op_Addr = 0x40000630;
Cache_Invalidate_Addr = 0x40000634;
Cache_Clean_Addr = 0x40000638;
Cache_WriteBack_Addr = 0x4000063c;
Cache_WriteBack_Invalidate_Addr = 0x40000640;
Cache_Invalidate_All = 0x40000644;
Cache_Clean_All = 0x40000648;
Cache_WriteBack_All = 0x4000064c;
Cache_WriteBack_Invalidate_All = 0x40000650;
Cache_Mask_All = 0x40000654;
Cache_UnMask_Dram0 = 0x40000658;
Cache_Suspend_Autoload = 0x4000065c;
Cache_Resume_Autoload = 0x40000660;
Cache_Start_Preload = 0x40000664;
Cache_Preload_Done = 0x40000668;
Cache_End_Preload = 0x4000066c;
Cache_Config_Autoload = 0x40000670;
Cache_Enable_Autoload = 0x40000674;
Cache_Disable_Autoload = 0x40000678;
Cache_Enable_PreLock = 0x4000067c;
Cache_Disable_PreLock = 0x40000680;
Cache_Lock_Items = 0x40000684;
Cache_Lock_Addr = 0x40000688;
Cache_Unlock_Addr = 0x4000068c;
Cache_Disable_Cache = 0x40000690;
Cache_Enable_Cache = 0x40000694;
Cache_Suspend_Cache = 0x40000698;
Cache_Resume_Cache = 0x4000069c;
Cache_Freeze_Enable = 0x400006a0;
Cache_Freeze_Disable = 0x400006a4;
Cache_Set_IDROM_MMU_Size = 0x400006a8;
Cache_Get_IROM_MMU_End = 0x400006ac;
Cache_Get_DROM_MMU_End = 0x400006b0;
Cache_MMU_Init = 0x400006b4;
Cache_MSPI_MMU_Set = 0x400006b8;
Cache_MSPI_MMU_Set_Secure = 0x400006bc;
Cache_Count_Flash_Pages = 0x400006c0;
Cache_Travel_Tag_Memory = 0x400006c4;
Cache_Get_Virtual_Addr = 0x400006c8;
flash2spiram_instruction_offset = 0x400006cc;
flash2spiram_rodata_offset = 0x400006d0;
flash_instr_rodata_start_page = 0x400006d4;
flash_instr_rodata_end_page = 0x400006d8;
Cache_Set_IDROM_MMU_Info = 0x400006dc;
Cache_Flash_To_SPIRAM_Copy = 0x400006e0;
/* Data (.data, .bss, .rodata) */
rom_cache_op_cb = 0x4084ffcc;
rom_cache_internal_table_ptr = 0x4084ffc8;
/***************************************
Group clock
***************************************/
/* Functions */
ets_clk_get_xtal_freq = 0x400006e4;
ets_clk_get_cpu_freq = 0x400006e8;
/***************************************
Group gpio
***************************************/
/* Functions */
gpio_set_output_level = 0x400006ec;
gpio_get_input_level = 0x400006f0;
gpio_matrix_in = 0x400006f4;
gpio_matrix_out = 0x400006f8;
gpio_bypass_matrix_in = 0x400006fc;
gpio_output_disable = 0x40000700;
gpio_output_enable = 0x40000704;
gpio_pad_input_disable = 0x40000708;
gpio_pad_input_enable = 0x4000070c;
gpio_pad_pulldown = 0x40000710;
gpio_pad_pullup = 0x40000714;
gpio_pad_select_gpio = 0x40000718;
gpio_pad_set_drv = 0x4000071c;
gpio_pad_unhold = 0x40000720;
gpio_pad_hold = 0x40000724;
/***************************************
Group interrupts
***************************************/
/* Functions */
esprv_intc_int_set_priority = 0x40000728;
esprv_intc_int_set_threshold = 0x4000072c;
esprv_intc_int_enable = 0x40000730;
esprv_intc_int_disable = 0x40000734;
esprv_intc_int_set_type = 0x40000738;
PROVIDE( intr_handler_set = 0x4000073c );
intr_matrix_set = 0x40000740;
ets_intr_register_ctx = 0x40000744;
ets_intr_lock = 0x40000748;
ets_intr_unlock = 0x4000074c;
ets_isr_attach = 0x40000750;
ets_isr_mask = 0x40000754;
ets_isr_unmask = 0x40000758;
/***************************************
Group crc
***************************************/
/* Functions */
crc32_le = 0x4000075c;
crc16_le = 0x40000760;
crc8_le = 0x40000764;
crc32_be = 0x40000768;
crc16_be = 0x4000076c;
crc8_be = 0x40000770;
esp_crc8 = 0x40000774;
/* Data (.data, .bss, .rodata) */
crc32_le_table_ptr = 0x4003fff8;
crc16_le_table_ptr = 0x4003fff4;
crc8_le_table_ptr = 0x4003fff0;
crc32_be_table_ptr = 0x4003ffec;
crc16_be_table_ptr = 0x4003ffe8;
crc8_be_table_ptr = 0x4003ffe4;
/***************************************
Group md5
***************************************/
/* Functions */
md5_vector = 0x40000778;
MD5Init = 0x4000077c;
MD5Update = 0x40000780;
MD5Final = 0x40000784;
/***************************************
Group hwcrypto
***************************************/
/* Functions */
ets_sha_enable = 0x40000788;
ets_sha_disable = 0x4000078c;
ets_sha_get_state = 0x40000790;
ets_sha_init = 0x40000794;
ets_sha_process = 0x40000798;
ets_sha_starts = 0x4000079c;
ets_sha_update = 0x400007a0;
ets_sha_finish = 0x400007a4;
ets_sha_clone = 0x400007a8;
/***************************************
Group efuse
***************************************/
/* Functions */
ets_efuse_read = 0x400007ac;
ets_efuse_program = 0x400007b0;
ets_efuse_clear_program_registers = 0x400007b4;
ets_efuse_write_key = 0x400007b8;
ets_efuse_get_read_register_address = 0x400007bc;
ets_efuse_get_key_purpose = 0x400007c0;
ets_efuse_key_block_unused = 0x400007c4;
ets_efuse_find_unused_key_block = 0x400007c8;
ets_efuse_rs_calculate = 0x400007cc;
ets_efuse_count_unused_key_blocks = 0x400007d0;
ets_efuse_secure_boot_enabled = 0x400007d4;
ets_efuse_secure_boot_aggressive_revoke_enabled = 0x400007d8;
ets_efuse_cache_encryption_enabled = 0x400007dc;
ets_efuse_download_modes_disabled = 0x400007e0;
ets_efuse_find_purpose = 0x400007e4;
ets_efuse_force_send_resume = 0x400007e8;
ets_efuse_get_flash_delay_us = 0x400007ec;
ets_efuse_get_uart_print_control = 0x400007f0;
ets_efuse_direct_boot_mode_disabled = 0x400007f4;
ets_efuse_security_download_modes_enabled = 0x400007f8;
ets_efuse_jtag_disabled = 0x400007fc;
ets_efuse_usb_print_is_disabled = 0x40000800;
ets_efuse_usb_download_mode_disabled = 0x40000804;
ets_efuse_usb_device_disabled = 0x40000808;
ets_efuse_secure_boot_fast_wake_enabled = 0x4000080c;
/***************************************
Group secureboot
***************************************/
/* Functions */
ets_ecdsa_verify = 0x40000810;
ets_secure_boot_verify_bootloader_with_keys = 0x40000814;
ets_secure_boot_verify_signature = 0x40000818;
ets_secure_boot_read_key_digests = 0x4000081c;
ets_secure_boot_revoke_public_key_digest = 0x40000820;
/***************************************
Group usb_device_uart
***************************************/
/* Functions */
usb_serial_device_rx_one_char = 0x40000a20;
usb_serial_device_rx_one_char_block = 0x40000a24;
usb_serial_device_tx_flush = 0x40000a28;
usb_serial_device_tx_one_char = 0x40000a2c;
``` |
```python
# =============================================================================
# IMPORTS
# =============================================================================
import os
import re
import hou
import datetime
import toolutils
node = hou.pwd()
oppath = toolutils.createModuleFromSection("oppath",node.type(),"oppath.py")
#from LaidlawFX import oppath
# =============================================================================
# GLOBAL VARIABLES
# =============================================================================
hip = hou.getenv("HIP")
job = hou.getenv("JOB")
hipname = hou.getenv("HIPNAME",'default-0001')
user = hou.getenv("USER",'username')
branch = hou.getenv("DATA_BRANCH", 'branch')
proj = hou.getenv("WORLD_NAME", 'main')
# =============================================================================
# FUNCTIONS
# =============================================================================
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: dir_check(path)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Hqueue Rop - project path.
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def dir_check(path):
path = os.path.normpath(path)
if not os.path.exists(path):
os.makedirs(path)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: path_create(dirlist,filelist=None)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Combines file paths.
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def path_create(dirlist,filelist=None):
global hip
dirpath = hip
if dirlist :
dirpath = os.path.join(*dirlist)
dirpath = os.path.normpath(dirpath)
if filelist :
file = ''.join(filelist)
path = dirpath + file
else :
path = dirpath
path = os.path.normpath(path) #.replace("\\",'/')
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: file_type(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Figures out Load and Write Frame
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def file_type(node, file_type):
#default extension
if file_type == 'geo':
ext = '.bgeo.sc'
elif file_type == 'img':
ext = '.exr'
if node.parm("file_type") :
ext = node.evalParm("file_type")
return ext
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: frame(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Figures out Load and Write Frame
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def frame(node):
fWrite ='.0001'
fLoad ='.0001'
if node :
f = hou.frame()
if node.parm("frame") :
f = float( node.evalParm("frame"))
timeRange = hou.playbar.timelineRange()
if node.parm("f1") :
f1 = float(int(node.evalParm("f1")) )
else :
f1 = timeRange[0]
if node.parm("f2") :
f2 = float(int(node.evalParm("f2")) )
else :
f2 = timeRange[1]
if node.parm("f3") :
f3 = float( node.evalParm("f3") )
else :
f = 1
fClampWrite = max(min(hou.frame(), f2), f1)
fClampLoad = max(min(f, f2), f1)
fIntWrite = "."+ str(int(float(fClampWrite))).zfill(4)
fIntLoad = "."+ str(int(float(fClampLoad ))).zfill(4)
fDecWrite = str(fClampWrite % 1).strip("0")
fDecLoad = str(fClampLoad % 1).strip("0")
fWrite = fIntWrite + ( "" if ( float(fClampWrite) % 1 == 0 ) else fDecWrite )
fLoad = fIntLoad + ( "" if ( float(fClampLoad ) % 1 == 0 ) else fDecLoad )
return fWrite, fLoad
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: asset(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Defines the asset to be worked on.
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def asset(node):
name = 'asset'
if node and node.parm("asset") :
default = node.parent().name()
name = node.evalParm("asset")
enable = node.evalParm("asset_enable")
if enable == 1 and name != "" :
name = name
else :
name = default
name = re.sub('[. ]','',name)
return name
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: component(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Defines what component of the asset you are working on.
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def component(node):
name = 'component'
if node and node.parm("component") :
default = node.name()
name = node.evalParm("component")
enable = node.evalParm("component_enable")
if enable == 1 and name != "" :
name = name
else :
name = default
name = re.sub('[. ]','',name)
return name
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: component(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Defines what component of the asset you are working on.
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def version(node):
global hipname
ver = hipname
if node.parm("ver") :
ver = node.evalParm("ver")
if ver == '' :
ver = hipname
return ver
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: project(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Allows you to change the root of the project.
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def project(node):
global hip
global job
global branch
global proj
dirlist =[hip,branch,proj]
path =path_create(dirlist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: hq_job_name(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Hqueue Rop - project path.
# '$JOB/$ASSET/$COMPONENT/$HIPNAME'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def hq_job_name(node):
global hipname
process_node = oppath.node_input(node)
#print process_node.path()
filelist =['Asset : ',asset(process_node), ' Component : ',component(process_node), ' Hipname : ',hipname, ' Submitted : ',datetime.datetime.today().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M')]
job_name = ''.join(filelist)
name = node.evalParm("job")
enable = node.evalParm("job_enable")
if enable == 1 and name != "" :
job_name= name
return job_name
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: hq_project_path(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Hqueue Rop - project path.
# '$JOB/$ASSET/$COMPONENT/$HIPNAME'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def hq_project_path(node):
global hipname
dirlist =[project(node), asset(node), component(node), hipname]
path =path_create(dirlist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: hq_hip(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Hqueue Rop - project path.
# '$JOB/$ASSET/$COMPONENT/$HIPNAME'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def hq_hip(node):
global hipname
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node)]
filelist =['/',hipname,'.hip']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: hq_input_ifd(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Hqueue Rop - ifd path.
# '$HIP/ifds/$HIPNAME.$F.ifd'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def hq_input_ifd(node):
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'ifd']
filelist =['/','ifd','.$F4','.ifd']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: hq_outputifd(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Hqueue Rop - ifd path.
# '$HIP/ifds/$HIPNAME.$F.ifd'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def hq_outputifd(node):
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'ifd']
filelist =['/','ifd','.$F4','.ifd']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: soho_diskfile(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Mantra Rop - ifd path.
# '$HIP/mantra.ifd'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def soho_diskfile(node):
path =hq_input_ifd(node)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: vm_tmpsharedstorage(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Mantra Rop - temp shared storage path.
# '$HIP/ifds/storage'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def vm_tmpsharedstorage(node):
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'ifds','storage']
path =path_create(dirlist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: vm_tmplocalstorage(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Mantra Rop - temp local storage path.
# '$HOUDINI_TEMP_DIR/ifds/storage'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def vm_tmplocalstorage(node):
dirlist =[hou.getenv("HOUDINI_TEMP_DIR"),'ifds','storage']
path =path_create(dirlist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: vm_picture(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Mantra Rop - render path.
# '$HIP/render/$HIPNAME.$OS.$F4.exr'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def vm_picture(node):
ext = file_type(node, 'img')
if ext == 'md' or ext == 'ip' :
path = ext
else :
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'render']
filelist =['/','render',frame(node)[0],ext]
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: vm_filename_plane(node,i)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Mantra Rop - image plane path(s).
# '$HIP/render/$HIPNAME.$OS.$F4.exr'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def vm_filename_plane(node,parm):
i =re.match('.*?([0-9]+)$', parm).group(1)
channel =str(node.evalParm("vm_variable_plane"+i))
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'render',channel]
filelist =['/',channel,frame(node)[0],'.exr']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: picture(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Opengl Rop - render path.
# '$HIP/render/$HIPNAME.$OS.$F4.exr'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def picture(node):
ext = file_type(node, 'img')
if ext == 'md' or ext == 'ip' :
path = ext
else :
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'flip']
filelist =['/','flip',frame(node)[0],ext]
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: copout(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Composite Rop - render path.
# '$HIP/render/$HIPNAME.$OS.$F4.exr'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def copoutput(node):
ext = file_type(node, 'img')
if ext == 'md' or ext == 'ip' :
path = ext
else :
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'comp']
filelist =['/','comp',frame(node)[0],ext]
path = path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: copaux(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Composite Rop - render path.
# '$HIP/copaux#/copaux#.$F4.exr'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def copaux(node,parm):
i =re.match('.*?([0-9]+)$', parm).group(1)
channel =str("copaux"+i)
ext = file_type(node, 'img')
if ext == 'md' or ext == 'ip' :
path = ext
else :
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),channel]
filelist =['/',channel,frame(node)[0],ext]
path = path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: vm_dcmfilename(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Mantra Rop - deep camera path.
# '$HIP/dcm.rat'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def vm_dcmfilename(node):
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'dcm']
filelist =['/','dcm','.rat']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: vm_dsmfilename(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Mantra Rop - deep shadow path.
# '$HIP/dsm.rat'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def vm_dsmfilename(node):
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'dsm']
filelist =['/','dsm','.rat']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: dopout(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Dynamic Rop - render path.
# '$HIP/sim/$HIPNAME.$OS.$SF.sim'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def dopoutput(node):
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'sim']
filelist =['/','sim','.$SF','.sim']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist).replace("\\",'/')
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: sopout(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Geometry Rop - render path.
# '$HIP/geo/$HIPNAME.$OS.$F.bgeo.sc'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def sopoutput(node):
dirlist =[hq_project_path(node),'geo']
filelist =['/','geo','.$F4','.bgeo.sc']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist).replace("\\",'/')
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: file_write(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: File Cache Sop - render path.
# '$HIP/geo/$HIPNAME.$OS.$F.bgeo.sc'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def file(node):
path =sopoutput(node)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: file_write(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: File Cache Sop - render path.
# '$HIP/geo/$HIPNAME.$OS.$F.bgeo.sc'
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def file_load(node):
dirlist =[project(node), asset(node), component(node), version(node),'geo']
filelist =['/','geo',frame(node)[0],'.bgeo.sc']
path =path_create(dirlist,filelist)
return path
# your_sha256_hash-------------
# Name: MakeList(node)
# Raises: N/A
# Returns: None
# Desc: Search directory for rendered folders
# your_sha256_hash-------------
def file_version(node):
try:
dirlist =[project(node), asset(node), component(node)]
path =path_create(dirlist)
dirList = os.listdir(path)
dirs = []
for dirName in dirList:
fullPath = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(path, dirName))
if os.path.isdir(fullPath):
dirs += [dirName, dirName]
return dirs
except WindowsError:
return ["ElementNotRendered", "ElementNotRendered"]
except :
return ["ElementNotRendered", "ElementNotRendered"]
``` |
Al-Shatra District () is a district of the Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq.
Districts of Dhi Qar Province |
```go
package graphrbac
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//
//
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
import (
"context"
"github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest"
"github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/azure"
"net/http"
)
// DomainsClient is the the Graph RBAC Management Client
type DomainsClient struct {
BaseClient
}
// NewDomainsClient creates an instance of the DomainsClient client.
func NewDomainsClient(tenantID string) DomainsClient {
return NewDomainsClientWithBaseURI(DefaultBaseURI, tenantID)
}
// NewDomainsClientWithBaseURI creates an instance of the DomainsClient client.
func NewDomainsClientWithBaseURI(baseURI string, tenantID string) DomainsClient {
return DomainsClient{NewWithBaseURI(baseURI, tenantID)}
}
// Get gets a specific domain in the current tenant.
// Parameters:
// domainName - name of the domain.
func (client DomainsClient) Get(ctx context.Context, domainName string) (result Domain, err error) {
req, err := client.GetPreparer(ctx, domainName)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "Get", nil, "Failure preparing request")
return
}
resp, err := client.GetSender(req)
if err != nil {
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "Get", resp, "Failure sending request")
return
}
result, err = client.GetResponder(resp)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "Get", resp, "Failure responding to request")
}
return
}
// GetPreparer prepares the Get request.
func (client DomainsClient) GetPreparer(ctx context.Context, domainName string) (*http.Request, error) {
pathParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"domainName": autorest.Encode("path", domainName),
"tenantID": autorest.Encode("path", client.TenantID),
}
const APIVersion = "1.6"
queryParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"api-version": APIVersion,
}
preparer := autorest.CreatePreparer(
autorest.AsGet(),
autorest.WithBaseURL(client.BaseURI),
autorest.WithPathParameters("/{tenantID}/domains/{domainName}", pathParameters),
autorest.WithQueryParameters(queryParameters))
return preparer.Prepare((&http.Request{}).WithContext(ctx))
}
// GetSender sends the Get request. The method will close the
// http.Response Body if it receives an error.
func (client DomainsClient) GetSender(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
return autorest.SendWithSender(client, req,
autorest.DoRetryForStatusCodes(client.RetryAttempts, client.RetryDuration, autorest.StatusCodesForRetry...))
}
// GetResponder handles the response to the Get request. The method always
// closes the http.Response Body.
func (client DomainsClient) GetResponder(resp *http.Response) (result Domain, err error) {
err = autorest.Respond(
resp,
client.ByInspecting(),
azure.WithErrorUnlessStatusCode(http.StatusOK),
autorest.ByUnmarshallingJSON(&result),
autorest.ByClosing())
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
return
}
// List gets a list of domains for the current tenant.
// Parameters:
// filter - the filter to apply to the operation.
func (client DomainsClient) List(ctx context.Context, filter string) (result DomainListResult, err error) {
req, err := client.ListPreparer(ctx, filter)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "List", nil, "Failure preparing request")
return
}
resp, err := client.ListSender(req)
if err != nil {
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "List", resp, "Failure sending request")
return
}
result, err = client.ListResponder(resp)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "List", resp, "Failure responding to request")
}
return
}
// ListPreparer prepares the List request.
func (client DomainsClient) ListPreparer(ctx context.Context, filter string) (*http.Request, error) {
pathParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"tenantID": autorest.Encode("path", client.TenantID),
}
const APIVersion = "1.6"
queryParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"api-version": APIVersion,
}
if len(filter) > 0 {
queryParameters["$filter"] = autorest.Encode("query", filter)
}
preparer := autorest.CreatePreparer(
autorest.AsGet(),
autorest.WithBaseURL(client.BaseURI),
autorest.WithPathParameters("/{tenantID}/domains", pathParameters),
autorest.WithQueryParameters(queryParameters))
return preparer.Prepare((&http.Request{}).WithContext(ctx))
}
// ListSender sends the List request. The method will close the
// http.Response Body if it receives an error.
func (client DomainsClient) ListSender(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
return autorest.SendWithSender(client, req,
autorest.DoRetryForStatusCodes(client.RetryAttempts, client.RetryDuration, autorest.StatusCodesForRetry...))
}
// ListResponder handles the response to the List request. The method always
// closes the http.Response Body.
func (client DomainsClient) ListResponder(resp *http.Response) (result DomainListResult, err error) {
err = autorest.Respond(
resp,
client.ByInspecting(),
azure.WithErrorUnlessStatusCode(http.StatusOK),
autorest.ByUnmarshallingJSON(&result),
autorest.ByClosing())
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
return
}
``` |
Song to a Seagull (also known as Joni Mitchell) is the debut studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell. Produced by David Crosby, the album was recorded in early 1968 at Sunset Sound and released in March 1968 by Reprise Records.
Production
The album was recorded at Sunset Sound in Hollywood, California. David Crosby was assigned as producer as part of the deal with Reprise Records, following meeting Mitchell in October 1967. Crosby wanted Mitchell to sound pure and natural, so he asked her to sing into the studio grand piano, and set up extra microphones to capture her voice reverberating off the strings; unfortunately the set-up captured too much ambient noise, resulting in excessive tape hiss, which could only be removed post-production at the cost of the high sounds in the audio range, which gives the album a flat feel.
Mitchell had written songs that were hits for other artists (e.g., "Both Sides Now" and "Chelsea Morning" by Judy Collins and Dave Van Ronk, "Eastern Rain" by Fairport Convention, "Urge for Going" and "The Circle Game" by Tom Rush), but none of those songs were recorded for her debut.
Content
Mitchell has said that "Sisotowbell" stands for "Somehow, in spite of trouble, ours will be ever lasting love".
Record World said of the single "Night in the City" that "The marvelous Joni Mitchell lights up the imagination with this provocative rock."
The album was dedicated to her Grade 7 English teacher, "Mr. Kratzmann, who taught me to love words".
Release
This album was originally released as Joni Mitchell because the LP album covers were printed incorrectly, cutting off part of the Song to a Seagull title (spelled out by birds in flight). The cut-off, as well as the publishers at Reprise Records not noticing that the birds spelled out the album name, caused the eponymous album title.
The two sides of the LP were labelled as Part 1 – "I Came to the City", and Part 2 – "Out of the City and Down to the Seaside".
On April 8, 2021, Rhino Entertainment, the catalog arm of Warner Music Group, announced that a new mix of the album overseen by Mitchell and mixer Matt Lee would be released on June 25, 2021 as part of a special remaster collection comprising the singer's first four albums. Commenting on the quality of the original mix, Mitchell called it "atrocious" and said it "sounded like it was recorded under a Jello bowl". The remastered collection is part of the ongoing Joni Mitchell Archives project.
Track listing
Personnel
Joni Mitchell – guitar, piano, vocals, album cover, banshee
Stephen Stills – bass on "Night in the City"
Lee Keefer – banshee
Technical
David Crosby – producer
Art Crist – engineer
Ed Thrasher – art direction
Charts
Other versions and covers
Cass Elliot covered two songs from the album: "Sisotowbell Lane" and "I Had a King". Elliot sang "I Had a King" "live" on Andy Williams's Kaleidoscope in 1968. Neither song has ever been released on any of Elliot's seven albums. "Sisotowbell Lane" can be found on the CD compilation The Complete Solo Collection – 1968–71, released in 2005.
Judy Collins covered "Michael from Mountains" on her LP Wildflowers, as did Gábor Szabó on his LP 1969. Buffy Sainte-Marie recorded "Song to a Seagull" on her album Fire & Fleet & Candlelight issued in 1967.
References
External links
Joni Mitchell albums
1968 debut albums
Albums produced by David Crosby
Albums recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders
Albums with cover art by Joni Mitchell
Concept albums
Reprise Records albums |
Château-l'Hermitage is a commune in the Sarthe department in the Pays de la Loire region in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Sarthe department
References
Communes of Sarthe |
```batchfile
::your_sha256_hash---------------------------------------
::your_sha256_hash---------------------------------------
:: PGO Build Workflow:
:: - pre_pgi.cmd
:: - build (with PGI instrumentation enabled)
:: - post_pgi.cmd
:: - pogo_training.ps1
:: * pre_pgo.cmd
:: - build (using PGO profile)
:: - post_pgo.cmd
@echo off
if "%PogoConfig%"=="False" (
echo ---- Not a Pogo Config. Skipping step.
exit /b 0
)
REM Optimize build with PGO data
set POGO_TYPE=PGO
goto:eof
``` |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var tape = require( 'tape' );
var proxyquire = require( 'proxyquire' );
var IS_BROWSER = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-browser' );
var dsnanmeanors = require( './../lib' );
// VARIABLES //
var opts = {
'skip': IS_BROWSER
};
// TESTS //
tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
t.ok( true, __filename );
t.strictEqual( typeof dsnanmeanors, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'attached to the main export is a method providing an ndarray interface', function test( t ) {
t.strictEqual( typeof dsnanmeanors.ndarray, 'function', 'method is a function' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'if a native implementation is available, the main export is the native implementation', opts, function test( t ) {
var dsnanmeanors = proxyquire( './../lib', {
'@stdlib/utils/try-require': tryRequire
});
t.strictEqual( dsnanmeanors, mock, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
function tryRequire() {
return mock;
}
function mock() {
// Mock...
}
});
tape( 'if a native implementation is not available, the main export is a JavaScript implementation', opts, function test( t ) {
var dsnanmeanors;
var main;
main = require( './../lib/dsnanmeanors.js' );
dsnanmeanors = proxyquire( './../lib', {
'@stdlib/utils/try-require': tryRequire
});
t.strictEqual( dsnanmeanors, main, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
function tryRequire() {
return new Error( 'Cannot find module' );
}
});
``` |
Bruce Turner Marshall (July 23, 1962 – October 15, 2016) was an American ice hockey coach who was – at his death – the head coach at Franklin Pierce University. He was previously the head coach of the Connecticut Huskies ice hockey team. Marshall took over for Ben Kirtland prior to the start of the 1988–1989 season. In his 24 years as the coach since then, he has transitioned them to Division I status. Just ten years later, in 1998–1999, the Huskies began Division I play. In their first year at the highest level, Connecticut went 20–10–4. The next year was successful as well, for a new program, with a 19–16–1 record overall. However, that success was short lived, as Marshall and the Huskies have finished with a losing record every year since, consistently rating near the very bottom of the RPI ratings. Marshall's 2010–11 season was his best in recent history, however, when he did manage to reach the 2011 AHA semifinals in Rochester.
On January 7, 2013, Marshall resigned as head coach for health reasons. He had been on a medical leave of absence since November 6, 2012. Assistant coach David Berard was named head coach for the remainder of the 2012–13 season. Following a nationwide search, Mike Cavanaugh was named as Marshall's replacement after serving 18 years as an assistant at Boston College He died on October 15, 2016, at the age of 54.
Head coaching record
† Marshall stepped down on November 6, 2012
References
External links
Official biography, Franklin Pierce Ravens
Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts
American ice hockey coaches
UConn Huskies men's ice hockey coaches
People from West Boylston, Massachusetts
1962 births
UConn Huskies men's ice hockey players
2016 deaths
Sportspeople from Worcester County, Massachusetts |
Sakchi was a village in north eastern Indian territory of Singhbhum which was selected by Jamsetji Tata to be the location of a planned steel city, which in 1919 became Jamshedpur. Sakchi is now part of the city between the Tata Steel site and the river Subarnarekha. Then it was known as Kalimati. Due to the presence of iron ore, river water and sand, Jamsetji Tata decided to establish TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited) there. The company is now known as Tata Steel Ltd.
Overview
Even today running through Sakchi is the Kalimati Road. During British India, a railway line connecting Jamshedpur to Howrah (Calcutta) was started. Jamshedpur is in the Indian mineral-rich state of Jharkhand which was earlier in South Bihar.
As Tata Steel was established, the first planned urban settlement started in Sakchi area and it included businessmen (Gujaratis, Parsis, Punjabis), servicemen (Biharis, Bengalis, Oriyas, Telugus, Tamils, Malayalis). Many people who then migrated from West Bengal, East Bengal (now Bangladesh), Gujarat and Assam are now permanent residents of Jamshedpur city and their ancestral homes were either lost or sold after separation of East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Old houses of Bengalis, Parsis, Anglo-Indians and Gujaratis can still be seen in Aambagan, Hill Cart Road, Kalimati Road, Pennar road, Sakchi Bazar areas of Sakchi. A few such houses are also present in Bistupur.
Once, there used to be a single line railway track which would carry sand for the factory in present-day Aambagan Maidan near the Masjid, it does not exist anymore.
Mode of transport in the Jamshedpur city were buggies and taxis. There were single lane roads with old British style street lamps. Most roads between Sakchi and Bistupur were surrounded by jungles.
The city is unique because it is a very small town even today with extreme ends being covered within 45 minutes (including traffic). It is not a metro city, yet it has the demography of a metro town as people from all ethnicities live here as permanent residents. Sakchi is located in the centre of the city, with Bistupur, Kadma, and Sonari lying in the West. In the East, lies Baradwari, Kasidih, Bhalubasa, Sitaramdera, Agrico and Sidhgora. In the North, lies Mango which is also one of the busiest locations of the city and down south lies Burmamines, Tatanagar station, Jugsalai and Parsudih.
Sakchi today has numerous cinema halls, Sakchi Bazaar which holds Mangla Market (Tuesday market) every Tuesday on footpath. Sakchi Market (or Sakchi Bazaar) is the oldest market in the city.
History
In April 1904, Dorabji Tata, Shapurji Saklatvala and C. M. Weld, went on a journey to locate a site rich in iron, coal, limestone and water. One day they reached to Sakchi village, situated in the dense forests of the Chota Nagpur plateau, near the convergence of the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers. It appeared to be an ideal choice for a steel plant and the location was selected. Sakchi was a tribal village, mainly inhabited by the Bhumij and Santhal tribes. Sakchi village was populated by 17 families of Bhumij, and its two hamlets – Kashidih consisted 18 families of Bhumij and 3 families of Santhal; and Mahulbeda consisted 17 families of Santhal.
The construction of the plant began in 1908, the plant rolled its first steel ingot on 16 February 1912. In 1919, Lord Chelmsford renamed Sakchi to Jamshedpur in honour of its founder, Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata.
Civic administration
There is a police station at Sakchi.
References
Jamshedpur |
This article lists the Labour Party's election results from the 1945 United Kingdom general election until 1955, including by-elections.
All candidates were sponsored, in some cases by the Divisional Labour Party (noted as "Constituency").
Summary of general election performance
Sponsorship of candidates
Election results
1945 UK general election
By-elections, 1945-1950
1950 UK general election
By-elections, 1950-1951
1951 UK general election
By-elections, 1951-1955
References
Election results by party in the United Kingdom
Results 1945 |
Davidovka concentration camp was a Hungarian-controlled World War II labor camp in Davidovka.
See also
:Category:People who died in Davidovka concentration camp
References
Nazi concentration camps in Belarus |
The Norway women's national under-18 ice hockey team is the national under-18 ice hockey team in Norway. The team represents Norway at the International Ice Hockey Federation's IIHF World Women's U18 Championships.
History
The inaugural Norway national under-18 participation was on 12–14 December 2008 in Hønefoss. The team would compete at Division I, which were held in Chambéry, France from 28 December 2008 to 2 January 2009. Birger Aaserud og Kjersti Malo Dyb lead the national team.
Their division competition were: Japan, France, Slovakia and Austria. They lost in every match, earned a goal deposit of 9–16 and avoided relegation as there is no placement lower than last team of Division I. Japan earned a promotion.
The 2010 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship – Division I tournament was on 3–9 April in Piešťany, Slovakia. They faced France, Slovakia and Austria, relegated Switzerland, and new team Kazakhstan. They lost four of the matches, won their first match against Kazakhstan, and ended 5th in the Division. Switzerland was promoted
World Women's U18 Championship record
^Includes one win in extra time (in the round robin)
*Includes one loss in extra time (in the round robin)
**Includes two losses in extra time (in the round robin)
References
External links
Coverage of 2010 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship at hockey.no
Ice hockey
Ice hockey in Norway
Women's national under-18 ice hockey teams |
1TAF may refer to:
Australian First Tactical Air Force
Desert Air Force, also known as the First Tactical Air Force |
Mount Vernon is the county seat of Skagit County, Washington, United States. The population was 35,219 at the 2020 census. It is one of two principal cities of and included in the Mount Vernon-Anacortes, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area. Downtown Mount Vernon is known for its annual Tulip Festival Street Fair, which is part of the Skagit Valley Tulip Festival. The climate of Skagit County is similar to that of Northern France, with millions of tulips grown in the Skagit Valley. In 1998, Mount Vernon was rated the #1 "Best City in America" by the New Rating Guide to Life in America's Small Cities.
History
Early days
Jasper Gates and Joseph Dwelley first settled on the banks of the Skagit River, where the city of Mount Vernon now lies, in 1870. Later on, Harrison Clothier came to the community in 1877 to teach school and join in business with a former student, E.G. English. They were later recognized as the city's founders and pioneer businessmen. A post office was established in November 1877 with Clothier appointed postmaster. The city was named after Mount Vernon, the plantation estate and resting place of George Washington. The two men laid out the city's first plan while the area was still heavily timbered.
Mount Vernon's first industry was logging; camps were set up to log the townsite. The community grew quickly following the loggers, and hotels and saloons opened up along the Skagit River next to English & Clothiers' store. While poised to grow, river access to the community was stymied by a massive and ancient log jam in the river which prevented large ships from being able to port. Mail carriers instead had to paddle canoes down-stream to nearby Skagit City which enjoyed a brief period of prosperity thanks to this obstacle. The mining activity at nearby Ruby Creek spurred growth for a short time in 1880, gaining the city a new hotel, but little else was accomplished when the mines proved to be shallow. More logging operations were established but were not profitable due to the low price of logs at the time. By 1881, Mount Vernon's permanent population was a modest 75.
Growth in the 1880s was steady. In 1882, the Odd Fellows Lodge was established, followed by the first newspaper in 1884, The Skagit News. The first church, Baptist, was also established in 1884 but would not build a permanent building for several years. In November 1884, Mount Vernon's future was secured when it was chosen for the new Skagit County seat, taking the designation from La Conner. The Odd fellows building, built the following year, served the county's needs until a permanent building was built.
Railroad and growth into the 20th century
Mount Vernon's growth was helped by its central location in reference to the mining, logging and farming communities of the eastern and central parts of the county as well as its access to Puget Sound. The only thing it was lacking was a railroad connection to the outside world, especially, Everett, Seattle and Vancouver, B.C. A committee was appointed in 1889 to negotiate with railroads on line placement. Their efforts paid off when the Great Northern Railway agreed to lay their line through the city. This was completed in 1891. The city was also in the process of convincing the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway to come to Mt. Vernon. This deal fell through after the railroad was acquired by Northern Pacific Railway who chose to lay tracks further east through Sedro-Woolley in 1896.
The railroad's arrival caused great commotion in Mount Vernon, bringing hundreds of new businesses and residents. Mount Vernon was officially incorporated on July 5, 1893. That same year, a large brick courthouse was built on Main street, which still stands today. Due to the area's stable economy, Mount Vernon never boomed in the 1890s like many other speculative settlements in the region, all vying for a railroad terminus. The city experienced its first of many fires in 1891 when several blocks along the waterfront were destroyed. The same year the city's riverfront eroded taking away Front Street and the west side of Main Street. The boost from the railroad's construction quickly replaced these buildings. 1891 also saw the construction of several large civic structures such as a large brick schoolhouse on the hill above the city as well as the Mount Vernon Opera House, designed by Peacock & Dalton.
Growth slowed considerably after the Panic of 1893. Following a large flood in 1894, the first dike was built along the Skagit River. Another great fire in 1900 wiped out all of Mount Vernon's original structures including English & Clothiers' store and the Ruby Hotel. Fire would destroy more downtown businesses in 1903. The city finally received a water system in 1902 after a failed attempt in 1894.
Later events and transportation
The city again grew in the 1910s when it became the southern terminus for the Bellingham & Skagit Railway's interurban railroad line, which would carry passengers as well as freight between Bellingham and Mount Vernon as well as Burlington and Sedro-Woolley. The line opened on August 31, 1912, with passenger trips to Bellingham every two hours during the day and freight operating at night. Mount Vernon business owners soon began pressuring the railway company, since renamed the Pacific Northwest Traction Company, to extend the rails south to connect with the interurban line in Everett. Plagued by a weakening economy, the onset of America's entrance into World War I in 1917, and numerous infrastructure failures that led to line closures for months at a time, extension of the interurban was put off indefinitely. The completion of the Pacific Highway between Seattle and Bellingham in 1920 posed a great threat to the still incomplete interurban line. After a series of accidents and bridge wash outs, passenger service on the money-losing line was permanently suspended in June 1930. In 1969, Interstate 5 was built through downtown, severing it from most of the residential district and opening the farm lands north of the city to urban development, where many of Mount Vernon's downtown businesses moved.
Culture
The Historic Lincoln Theatre on First Street in downtown Mount Vernon was originally built in 1926 as a vaudeville and silent movie house. Through the early 1980s, the Lincoln was a movie theater showing first-run films and now hosts live theatrical performances and concerts while also showcasing classic, as well as contemporary, movies year-round. The Lincoln is one of only 98 theaters in the United States that still possesses its original Wurlitzer theatre organ, which is often played prior to a show.
In addition, the Skagit Symphony resides in the area.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water.
Climate
Like much of the Pacific Northwest, according to the Köppen climate classification, Mount Vernon falls within a cool dry-summer subtropical zone (Csb), with "cool"-summer Mediterranean characteristics. Other sources classify it as belonging in the marine west coast climate (Köppen Cfb) zone, with cool, wet winters and warm, distinctly drier summers.
Flood control and waterfront redevelopment
Since this city was founded, the downtown area of Mount Vernon bordering the Skagit River has been plagued by flooding, especially during times of heavy rain. Each time the water rises above a certain level, citizens historically had to join to build a sandbag wall that stretches six city blocks and can be as high as . In the spring of 2007, the city council authorized the mayor to purchase a mobile flood wall from Norway-based company AquaFence, the first such flood wall sold in the United States. The flood wall is high and can be assembled in as little as three hours by a handful of volunteers as opposed to the up to 12 hours and hundreds of volunteers required by the traditional sandbag wall. The flood wall was completed in 2019.
After adequate flood control is in place, a Citizens' Advisory Committee plans to enhance the city's use of the revetment, which is currently used mostly for parking and a seasonal farmer's market. Current plans call for a promenade with condos or mixed-use development facing the river. A two- or three-story parking garage is planned to replace the revetment parking lost due to development. During Thanksgiving 2017 the city, as well as Lyman and Hamilton, experienced flooding; and again on November 15, 2021.
Transportation
Mount Vernon's main transportation hub is Skagit Station, built in 2004, which is served by Amtrak and bus operators. Commuters and travelers can switch between modes of transportation in downtown Mount Vernon. The station offers stops for Skagit Transit buses, Greyhound bus, Amtrak Cascades rail and local taxi. The new Everett Express bus route connects to the Sounder Train in Everett.
Skagit Regional Airport, northwest, fills much of the area's general aviation needs. It has service on two cargo airlines. The closest commercial airport with scheduled passenger service is Bellingham International Airport, north.
Major highways
Interstate 5 runs north–south from the Mexican Border to the Peace Arch at the Canada–US border, at Blaine, Washington and to the Surrey, British Columbia border-crossing. It connects Mount Vernon to Seattle, Portland, Eugene, Redding, Sacramento, Los Angeles and San Diego.
State Route 9 runs parallel to Interstate 5, linking Mount Vernon with Snohomish and Arlington to the south and Sedro-Woolley and the Canada–US border near Sumas to the north.
State Route 536 runs from SR 20 into downtown Mount Vernon and Interstate 5.
State Route 538 runs east–west from Interstate 5 to SR 9 at the Baker Heights neighborhood of Mount Vernon.
Government and politics
The City of Mount Vernon is a code city and uses a Mayor-Council form of government. The Mayor is the chief executive and administrative officer for the City of Mount Vernon and oversees and manages all operations including: Finance, City Attorney, Information Services, Human Resources, Development Services, Library, Public Works, Parks and Enrichment Services, Police, and Fire Department. This includes a City staff of 235 full time employees, 56 part time/seasonal employees, and a total City budget of $70 million. The directly elected mayor serves a four-year term, with the next election being set to occur on November 7, 2023. Six of the seven city council members are elected by the three wards of Mount Vernon for staggered four-year terms. The seventh council member is elected at-large every two years. Incumbent Mayor of Mount Vernon Jill Boudreau started her third term on January 1, 2020.
Mount Vernon is represented by Representative Rick Larsen (D) in the U.S. House of Representatives representing the state's 2nd district, and represented in Olympia by the 40th, 39th, and 10th districts.
Demographics
The median income for a household in the city was $53,496. Males had a median income of $33,724 versus $27,244 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,041. About 10.8% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 31,743 people, 11,342 households, and 7,443 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 12,058 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 72.8% White, 1.0% African American, 1.6% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 17.6% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.7% of the population.
There were 11,342 households, of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.4% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.33.
The median age in the city was 32.3 years. 28.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.5% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 12.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 26,232 people, 9,276 households, and 6,205 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,360.6 people per square mile (911.6/km2). There were 9,686 housing units at an average density of 871.6 per square mile (336.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.44% White, 0.73% African American, 1.02% Native American, 2.58% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 17.13% from other races, and 2.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25.12% of the population.
There were 9,276 households, out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.32.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 29.0% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males.
Notable people
Glenn Beck, American television and radio host
Cheryl Bentyne, Grammy Award–winning singer and member of The Manhattan Transfer
Winnie Brinks, majority leader of the Michigan Senate
Jim Caviezel, film and television actor, portrayed John Reese on CBS drama series Person of Interest from 2011 to 2016
Scott Clements, professional poker player
Harriet Ball Dunlap, temperance leader
Don Eldridge, businessman and politician
R. Garcia y Robertson, fantasy and science fiction writer
David Gates, Singer/songwriter for the 1970s group Bread, and cattle rancher
N. Bruce Hannay, physical chemist, Vice President of Bell Telephone Laboratories
Mark Hendrickson, Major League Baseball player and former NBA basketball player
Oscar Jimenez, soccer player for Louisville City FC
Craig Kelly, pioneer snowboarder
Kyle Kendrick, Major League Baseball, Starting Pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies
Graham Kerr, culinary expert, author and television personality known as "The Galloping Gourmet"
Chad Lindberg, film and television actor
Ross Mathews, Ross the Intern on the Tonight Show, host of E!'s Hello Ross, appearances on Chelsea Lately, Judge on RuPaul's Drag Race
T. J. Oshie, ice hockey player for the Washington Capitals (NHL) and U.S. Olympian
Michael E. Pegram, the owner of the 1998 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Real Quiet
Jillian Speer, musician and singer
Coady Willis, drummer for Melvins, Big Business and Murder City Devils
Sister cities
Mount Vernon has the following Sister Cities, according to the Washington State Lt. Governor's office:
Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada
See also
Skagit City
References
External links
City website
Mount Vernon's annual Tulip Festival
Lincoln Theater
Cities in Washington (state)
Cities in Skagit County, Washington
County seats in Washington (state)
Populated places established in 1870
1870 establishments in Washington Territory |
East Coast fever, also known as theileriosis, is a disease of cattle which occurs in Africa and is caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva. The primary vector which spreads T. parva between cattle is a tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. East Coast fever is of major economic importance to livestock farmers in Africa, killing at least one million cattle each year.
The disease occurs in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Zambia. In 2003, East Coast fever was introduced to Comoros by cattle imported from Tanzania. It has been eradicated in South Africa.
A more acute form of East Coast fever called corridor disease occurs when buffalo-derived T. parva is transmitted to cattle. Another form, called January disease, only occurs over the winter months in Zimbabwe due to the tick lifecycle.
Native cattle are often resistant to the parasite, but not without symptoms. They are hosts to the parasite, but do not suffer as severely as foreign cattle.
Clinical signs and diagnosis
Mortality can be up to 100%, with death occurring around 18–30 days after the initial attachment of infected ticks, because the incubation required is around 10–25 days, and the parasite spreads quickly and is rather aggressive.
Clinical signs include fever and enlarged lymph nodes near the tick bites.
Smears and stains can also be done to check for the parasite. Schizonts (meronts, or segmentors) can be found in infected lymphocytes. Pathology includes anorexia, dyspnea, corneal opacity, nasal discharge, frothy nasal discharge, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, leukopenia, and anemia. Endemic cattle given medication sometimes recover to varying degrees, or death follows due to blocked capillaries and parasites infecting the central nervous system. Cattle in endemic areas which survive infection become carriers.
For diagnosis, post mortem findings are characteristic and mainly include damage to the lymphoid and respiratory systems.
Treatment and control
One study using the medicinal plant Peganum harmala showed it to have a lifesaving effect on cattle infected with East Coast fever.
The classical treatment with tetracyclines (1970–1990) cannot provide efficiency more than 50%.
Since the early 1990s, buparvaquone is used in bovine theileriosis with remarkable results (90 to 98% recovery).
Other than the buparvaquones, other chemotherapeutic options are the parvaquones, e.g. Clexon. Halofuginone lactate has also been shown to have an 80.5% efficacy against Theirelia parva parva infections. The ultimate factor that causes death is pulmonary edema.
In May 2010, a vaccine to protect cattle against East Coast fever reportedly had been approved and registered by the governments of Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania. This consists of cryopreserved sporozoites from crushed ticks, but it is expensive and can cause disease.
Control of the disease relies on control of ticks of domestic animals. This is a major concern in tropical countries with large livestock populations, especially in the endemic area. Pesticides (acaricides) are applied in dipping baths or spray races, and cattle breeds with good ability to acquire immune resistance to the vector ticks are used.
Future treatment and control research will be informed by Gardner et al 2005's genome and protein expression and Bishop et al 2005's expression-by-stage and antigen results.
History
This disease was first reported in southern Africa, south of the Zambezi river, in 1902. It became known as East Coast fever after it was determined that the disease had originated in cattle imported from the East Coast of Africa.
References
Bovine diseases |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#include "isearchableindexcollection.h"
#include <vespa/searchlib/util/searchable_stats.h>
namespace searchcorespi {
/**
* Holds a set of index searchables with source ids, and a source selector for
* determining which index to use for each document.
*/
class IndexCollection : public ISearchableIndexCollection
{
struct SourceWithId {
uint32_t id;
IndexSearchable::SP source_wrapper;
SourceWithId(uint32_t id_in, const IndexSearchable::SP &source_in)
: id(id_in), source_wrapper(source_in)
{}
SourceWithId() : id(0), source_wrapper() {}
};
// Selector shared across memory dumps, replaced on disk fusion operations
using ISourceSelectorSP = std::shared_ptr<ISourceSelector>;
ISourceSelectorSP _source_selector;
std::vector<SourceWithId> _sources;
public:
IndexCollection(const ISourceSelectorSP & selector);
IndexCollection(const ISourceSelectorSP & selector, const ISearchableIndexCollection &sources);
~IndexCollection();
void append(uint32_t id, const IndexSearchable::SP &source) override;
void replace(uint32_t id, const IndexSearchable::SP &source) override;
IndexSearchable::SP getSearchableSP(uint32_t i) const override;
void setSource(uint32_t docId) override;
// Implements IIndexCollection
const ISourceSelector &getSourceSelector() const override;
size_t getSourceCount() const override;
IndexSearchable &getSearchable(uint32_t i) const override;
uint32_t getSourceId(uint32_t i) const override;
// Implements IndexSearchable
std::unique_ptr<search::queryeval::Blueprint>
createBlueprint(const IRequestContext & requestContext, const FieldSpec &field, const Node &term) override;
std::unique_ptr<search::queryeval::Blueprint>
createBlueprint(const IRequestContext & requestContext, const FieldSpecList &fields, const Node &term) override;
search::SearchableStats getSearchableStats() const override;
search::SerialNum getSerialNum() const override;
void accept(IndexSearchableVisitor &visitor) const override;
static ISearchableIndexCollection::UP
replaceAndRenumber(const ISourceSelectorSP & selector, const ISearchableIndexCollection &fsc,
uint32_t id_diff, const IndexSearchable::SP &new_source);
// Implements IFieldLengthInspector
/**
* Returns field length info from the newest disk index, or empty info for all fields if no disk index exists.
*/
search::index::FieldLengthInfo get_field_length_info(const std::string& field_name) const override;
};
} // namespace searchcorespi
``` |
Bangladesh first issued its own postage stamps upon gaining independence in 1971. A set of eight stamps, with various motifs including a map of the country, were issued. Shortly after, stamps in eight values were overprinted "Bangladesh Liberated" in both English and Bengali were prepared in the United Kingdom, but only three values were issued in Bangladesh.
Overprints
While the initial stamps were being produced, local postmasters were authorised to overprint the Pakistani stamps that they had in stock with the name of their new country. This practice led to a large number of varieties, not catalogued in the major stamp catalogues. These issues ceased to be valid in 1973.
First stamps
The first stamps of the country were issued in rupees (1 rupee = 100 paisa) on 29 July 1971, but in 1972 a new currency was introduced (1 taka = 100 poisha) and since then all stamps have been inscribed with taka or poisha values.
Issuing policy
Since the first 1971 issue, the Bangladeshi postal authorities have maintained a conservative issuing policy. Just over 900 individual stamps and miniature sheets were listed in the regular Stanley Gibbons catalogues by 2008, plus approximately 50 issues overprinted "Official" for Governmental use. No stamp booklets have yet been produced.
The majority of themes featured on Bangladeshi stamps have been locally based; these are interspersed with occasional general thematic issues (e.g. fish, birds, etc.) and those for worldwide events (e.g. Olympic Games, football and cricket World Cups, etc.)
See also
Bangladesh National Philatelic Association
Revenue stamps of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Institute of Philatelic Studies
Further reading
Ishtique Ahmed Khan, The Meter Franking Cancellations of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Philatelic Studies, 1996.
References and sources
References
Sources
Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities
External links
Bangladesh Post Office
Siddique Mahmudur Rahman, History of Postal Service and Postage Stamps of Bangladesh, TrulyBangladesh.com (13 October 2009)
THE FIRST STAMPS OF BANGLADESH
Online catalogue of Bangladesh stamps.
Postal system of Bangladesh
Bangladesh
History of Bangladesh by topic |
Bulbul Lalitakala Academy (now known as Bulbul Academy of Fine Arts or BAFA) is an institution of fine arts established in Dhaka on 17 May 1955, founded by Begum Afroza Bulbul, wife of Bulbul Chowdhury, under the financial support of the government.
Roles
Students have to be present in their classes. Students with less than 70% attendance will not be able to sit for the two examinations. While attending any course at the academy students must take permission to attend radio, TV or any other programs from the academy authority.
References
External links
Online-Dhaka.com - BAFA
Old Dhaka
Cultural organisations based in Bangladesh
Schools in Dhaka District
Education in Bangladesh
1955 establishments in East Pakistan
Clubs and societies in Bangladesh |
MainStreet was a department store chain based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The chain was launched in November 1983 by Federated Department Stores (now known as Macy's, Inc.). Throughout the 1980s, the chain expanded to twenty-nine stores in Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Minnesota. By 1988, MainStreet was sold to the Wisconsin-based chain Kohl's, which converted most MainStreet locations to Kohl's that year.
History
Federated Department Stores, now known as Macy's, Inc., founded the MainStreet chain in 1983 with seven stores in the Chicago, Illinois area. The store was a middle-market chain focused primarily on softlines, similar to Kohl's and Mervyns. MainStreet stores often featured a "racetrack" layout like a discounter, but checkouts were distributed around the store like a traditional department store. The first locations outside the Chicago area opened around Metro Detroit in 1986.
The MainStreet chain was sold by Campeau Corporation, then-owners of Federated, in order to reduce debts following Campeau's buyout of Federated. Kohl's acquired twenty-six of the twenty-nine MainStreet locations in 1988 for $90 million, and converted them to the Kohl's nameplate in March 1989.
References
Defunct department stores based in Chicago
Defunct companies based in Chicago
American companies established in 1983
Retail companies established in 1983
Retail companies disestablished in 1988
1983 establishments in Illinois
1988 disestablishments in Illinois
Macy's |
```python
from pathlib import Path
from unittest.mock import patch
import pytest
import denite.util as util
def test_convert2fuzzy_pattern():
assert util.convert2fuzzy_pattern('abc') == 'a[^a \t]{-}b[^b \t]{-}c'
assert util.convert2fuzzy_pattern('a/c') == 'a[^a \t]{-}/[^/]*c'
def test_split_input():
assert util.split_input('abc def') == ['abc', 'def']
assert util.split_input('') == ['']
assert util.split_input('abc\ def') == ['abc def']
def test_convert2regex_pattern():
assert util.convert2regex_pattern('def') == 'def'
assert util.convert2regex_pattern('foo bar') == 'foo|bar'
def test_regex_convert_py_vim():
assert util.regex_convert_py_vim(r'/foo/') == r'\v\/foo\/'
assert util.regex_convert_py_vim(r'~foo') == r'\v\~foo'
def test_regex_convert_str_vim():
assert util.regex_convert_str_vim(r'file') == 'file'
def test_parse_jump_line():
assert util.parse_jump_line(
'', 'file:text') == []
assert util.parse_jump_line(
'', 'file:3:text') == ['file', '3', '0', 'text']
assert util.parse_jump_line(
'', 'file:3:4:text') == ['file', '3', '4', 'text']
assert util.parse_jump_line(
'', 'C:/file:3:4:text') == ['C:/file', '3', '4', 'text']
assert util.parse_jump_line(
'', 'file:///file:3:text') == ['/file', '3', '0', 'text']
assert util.parse_jump_line(
'', 'file:///file:3:4') == ['/file', '3', '4', '']
def test_parse_tag_line():
assert util.parse_tagline(
'name file /pattern/;"', '') == {
'name': 'name', 'file': 'file',
'pattern': 'pattern', 'line': '',
'type': '', 'ref': '',
}
assert util.parse_tagline(
'name file 1100;"', '') == {
'name': 'name', 'file': 'file',
'pattern': '', 'line': '1100',
'type': '', 'ref': '',
}
assert util.parse_tagline(
'name file /*foo*', '') == {
'name': 'name', 'file': 'file',
'pattern': r'\*foo\*', 'line': '',
'type': '', 'ref': '',
}
assert util.parse_tagline(
'name file 1;" f', '') == {
'name': 'name', 'file': 'file',
'pattern': '', 'line': '1',
'type': 'f', 'ref': '',
}
assert util.parse_tagline(
'name file 1;" f foo bar', '') == {
'name': 'name', 'file': 'file',
'pattern': '', 'line': '1',
'type': 'f', 'ref': 'foo bar',
}
assert util.parse_tagline(
'name file / pattern/;"', '') == {
'name': 'name', 'file': 'file',
'pattern': ' pattern', 'line': '',
'type': '', 'ref': '',
}
@patch('denite.util.walk')
def test_find_rplugins_kind(walk):
walk.side_effect = _walk_side_effect
context = { 'runtimepath': '/a,/b' }
source = 'kind'
prefix = str(Path('rplugin/python3/denite/%s' % source))
loaded_paths = [str(Path(x % prefix)) for x in (
'/a/%s/loaded.py', '/a/%s/bar/loaded.py', '/a/%s/bar/hoge/loaded.py',
'/b/%s/loaded.py', '/b/%s/bar/loaded.py', '/b/%s/bar/hoge/loaded.py',
)]
it = util.find_rplugins(context, source, loaded_paths)
walk.assert_not_called()
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/foo.py' % prefix, 'foo')
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/base.py' % prefix, 'base')
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/bar/__init__.py' % prefix, 'bar')
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/bar/foo.py' % prefix, 'bar.foo')
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/bar/base.py' % prefix, 'bar.base')
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/bar/hoge/__init__.py' % prefix, 'bar.hoge')
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/bar/hoge/foo.py' % prefix, 'bar.hoge.foo')
assert next(it) == ('/a/%s/bar/hoge/base.py' % prefix, 'bar.hoge.base')
walk.assert_called_once_with(
str(Path('/a/%s' % prefix)),
)
walk.reset_mock()
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/foo.py' % prefix, 'foo')
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/base.py' % prefix, 'base')
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/bar/__init__.py' % prefix, 'bar')
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/bar/foo.py' % prefix, 'bar.foo')
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/bar/base.py' % prefix, 'bar.base')
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/bar/hoge/__init__.py' % prefix, 'bar.hoge')
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/bar/hoge/foo.py' % prefix, 'bar.hoge.foo')
assert next(it) == ('/b/%s/bar/hoge/base.py' % prefix, 'bar.hoge.base')
walk.assert_called_once_with(
str(Path('/b/%s' % prefix)),
)
walk.reset_mock()
with pytest.raises(StopIteration):
next(it)
walk.assert_not_called()
def _walk_side_effect(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False):
yield (
top,
['bar'],
['__init__.py', 'foo.py', 'base.py', 'loaded.py'],
)
yield (
str(Path(top).joinpath('bar')),
['hoge'],
['__init__.py', 'foo.py', 'base.py', 'loaded.py'],
)
yield (
str(Path(top).joinpath('bar', 'hoge')),
['hoge'],
['__init__.py', 'foo.py', 'base.py', 'loaded.py'],
)
``` |
```c
/* $OpenBSD: trace.c,v 1.16 2010/09/07 19:58:09 marco Exp $ */
/*
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OPENBSD PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS
* ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OPENBSD
* PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#include <err.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "mdef.h"
#include "stdd.h"
#include "extern.h"
FILE *traceout;
#define TRACE_ARGS 1
#define TRACE_EXPANSION 2
#define TRACE_QUOTE 4
#define TRACE_FILENAME 8
#define TRACE_LINENO 16
#define TRACE_CONT 32
#define TRACE_ID 64
#define TRACE_NEWFILE 128 /* not implemented yet */
#define TRACE_INPUT 256 /* not implemented yet */
static unsigned int letter_to_flag(int);
static void print_header(struct input_file *);
static int frame_level(void);
unsigned int trace_flags = TRACE_QUOTE | TRACE_EXPANSION;
void
trace_file(const char *name)
{
if (traceout && traceout != stderr)
fclose(traceout);
traceout = fopen(name, "w");
if (!traceout)
err(1, "can't open %s", name);
}
static unsigned int
letter_to_flag(int c)
{
switch(c) {
case 'a':
return TRACE_ARGS;
case 'e':
return TRACE_EXPANSION;
case 'q':
return TRACE_QUOTE;
case 'c':
return TRACE_CONT;
case 'x':
return TRACE_ID;
case 'f':
return TRACE_FILENAME;
case 'l':
return TRACE_LINENO;
case 'p':
return TRACE_NEWFILE;
case 'i':
return TRACE_INPUT;
case 't':
return TRACE_ALL;
case 'V':
return ~0;
default:
return 0;
}
}
void
set_trace_flags(const char *s)
{
char mode = 0;
unsigned int f = 0;
if (*s == '+' || *s == '-')
mode = *s++;
while (*s)
f |= letter_to_flag(*s++);
switch(mode) {
case 0:
trace_flags = f;
break;
case '+':
trace_flags |= f;
break;
case '-':
trace_flags &= ~f;
break;
}
}
static int
frame_level()
{
int level;
int framep;
for (framep = fp, level = 0; framep != 0;
level++,framep = mstack[framep-3].sfra)
;
return level;
}
static void
print_header(struct input_file *inp)
{
fprintf(traceout, "m4trace:");
if (trace_flags & TRACE_FILENAME)
fprintf(traceout, "%s:", inp->name);
if (trace_flags & TRACE_LINENO)
fprintf(traceout, "%lu:", inp->lineno);
fprintf(traceout, " -%d- ", frame_level());
if (trace_flags & TRACE_ID)
fprintf(traceout, "id %lu: ", expansion_id);
}
size_t
trace(const char *argv[], int argc, struct input_file *inp)
{
if (!traceout)
traceout = stderr;
print_header(inp);
if (trace_flags & TRACE_CONT) {
fprintf(traceout, "%s ...\n", argv[1]);
print_header(inp);
}
fprintf(traceout, "%s", argv[1]);
if ((trace_flags & TRACE_ARGS) && argc > 2) {
char delim[3];
int i;
delim[0] = LPAREN;
delim[1] = EOS;
for (i = 2; i < argc; i++) {
fprintf(traceout, "%s%s%s%s", delim,
(trace_flags & TRACE_QUOTE) ? lquote : "",
argv[i],
(trace_flags & TRACE_QUOTE) ? rquote : "");
delim[0] = COMMA;
delim[1] = ' ';
delim[2] = EOS;
}
fprintf(traceout, "%c", RPAREN);
}
if (trace_flags & TRACE_CONT) {
fprintf(traceout, " -> ???\n");
print_header(inp);
fprintf(traceout, argc > 2 ? "%s(...)" : "%s", argv[1]);
}
if (trace_flags & TRACE_EXPANSION)
return buffer_mark();
else {
fprintf(traceout, "\n");
return SIZE_MAX;
}
}
void
finish_trace(size_t mark)
{
fprintf(traceout, " -> ");
if (trace_flags & TRACE_QUOTE)
fprintf(traceout, "%s", lquote);
dump_buffer(traceout, mark);
if (trace_flags & TRACE_QUOTE)
fprintf(traceout, "%s", rquote);
fprintf(traceout, "\n");
}
``` |
Yuval Adler (born Herzliya, Israel) is an Israeli filmmaker. Adler is perhaps best known for directing Bethlehem (2013), a film for which he won the Ophir Award for best director and best screenplay. Several scenes in Bethlehem were filmed in the West Bank. It was described in Haaretz as 'one of the most powerful Israeli films ever made.'
Adler studied mathematics and physics at Tel Aviv University and received a PhD in philosophy from Columbia University in New York City.
Filmography
Bethlehem (2013)
The Operative (2019)
The Secrets We Keep (2020)
Sympathy for the Devil (2023)
References
People from Herzliya
Tel Aviv University alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Israeli television directors
Israeli film directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
External links
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews |
Hasan Gökhan Şaş (, born 1 August 1976) is a Turkish football coach and former player, who played as a winger.
He is known for his time at Galatasaray and for his performance with the Turkey national team at the FIFA World Cup 2002, where he was voted into the All-Star Team. During both assignments, he played as a winger. He was suspended from football for six months in 1998 after doping testing returned a positive result for the banned substance Phenylpropanolamine.
Club career
Born in Karataş, Adana, Şaş began his club career with Ankaragücü in 1995.
Galatasaray
In 1998, Şaş signed with Galatasaray for $4.4 million, but almost immediately upon arrival, he was suspended from football for six months after doping testing returned a positive result for the banned substance Phenylpropanolamine.
Şaş regained his spot with Galatasaray in the 1999–2000 season, in which Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup title in 2000 over Arsenal, and went on to win the 2000 UEFA Super Cup.
In the Champions League competition in 2000–01, Şaş made 12 appearances for Galatasaray. He scored against Spain's Real Madrid and Italy's A.C. Milan as well as against the Brazil national team in 2002 FIFA World Cup.
At the end of the 2008–09 Super Lig season it was announced that Galatasaray would not be renewing his contract and after declining many contracts to play in Qatar and Saudi Arabia, Şaş announced his retirement from professional football.
International career
Hasan made 40 appearances for the Turkey national team from 1998 to 2006.
Coaching career
Şaş resigned from duty of assistant manager of Galatasaray on 11 May 2020.
Personal life
Şaş married Sibel Yalçın on 29 June 2003. They divorced in February 2014. The couple had two children and a cat.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Turkey's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Şaş goal.
Honours
Turkey
FIFA World Cup third place: 2002
Galatasaray
Turkish League: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08
Turkish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2004–05
TSYD Cup: 1998–99, 1999–00
Turkish Super Cup: 2008
UEFA Cup: 2000
UEFA Super Cup: 2000
Individual
FIFA World Cup All Star Team: 2002
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
People from Karataş
Sportspeople from Adana
Men's association football midfielders
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's international footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Süper Lig players
Adana Demirspor footballers
MKE Ankaragücü footballers
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
2002 FIFA World Cup players
Doping cases in association football
Turkish sportspeople in doping cases
Galatasaray S.K. (football) non-playing staff
Turkish Arab people
UEFA Cup winning players
Turkish football managers |
The governor of Bihar is a nominal head and representative of the president of India in the state of Bihar. The governor is appointed by the president for a term of 5 years. Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar is the current governor of Bihar. Former President Zakir Husain and Ram Nath Kovind were two such governors of Bihar who succeeded on to become the president of India.
Powers and functions
The governor has:
Executive powers related to administration, appointments and removals,
Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature, that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad, and
Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the Governor.
In his ex-officio capacity, the governor of Bihar is chancellor of the universities of Bihar (at present 12) as per the Acts of the Universities.
Governors of Bihar
See also
Governor (India)
Chief Minister of Bihar
List of governors of Bihar and Orissa Province
References
External links
Bihar governor website
Bihar
Governors |
Renwick's Elgin Battery Illinois Light Artillery was an artillery battery from Illinois that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The battery was mustered into service in November 1862 and assigned to guard duty in Kentucky. Starting in August 1863, the unit took part in Ambrose Burnside's campaign in east Tennessee and the Knoxville campaign. In February 1865, the battery was transferred to the Atlantic coast where it fought at Wyse Fork shortly before the war ended. The unit was mustered out of service in July 1865.
Organization
Organized at Elgin, Ill., and mustered in November 15, 1862. Ordered to Kentucky and attached to District of Western Kentucky, Dept. of the Ohio, to April, 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 23rd Army Corps, Dept. Ohio, to August, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 23rd Army Corps, to April, 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, 23rd Army Corps, to February, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Dept. of the Cumberland, February, 1865. Artillery, 1st Division, 23rd Army Corps, Dept. of North Carolina, to July, 1865.
Service
Duty at Bowling Green, Ky., until May, 1863, and at Glasgow and Tompkinsville until July. At Munfordsville July. Operations against Morgan in Kentucky July 2-26. Burnside's Campaign in East Tennessee August 16-October 17. At Loudon until November 9. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Moved to Kingston and duty there until December 4. Repulse of Wheeler's attack on Kingston November 24. Near Kingston December 4. March to Mossy Creek December 4-27. Action at Mossy Creek, Talbot's Station, December 29. At Mossy Creek until January, 1864. Post and garrison duty at Knoxville and other points in East Tennessee until February, 1865. Ordered to North Carolina. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 1-21. Battle of Wise's Forks, N. C., March 8-10. Occupation of Goldsborg March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10-14. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty in Dept. of North Carolina until July. Mustered out July 18, 1865.
Battery lost during service 13 by disease.
See also
List of Illinois Civil War units
References
Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
Units and formations of the Union Army from Illinois
1862 establishments in Illinois
1865 disestablishments in Illinois
Artillery units and formations of the American Civil War |
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
#
'''
This script allows flashing a mec172xevb_assy6906 board
attached to a remote system.
Usage:
west flash -r misc-flasher -- mec172x_remote_flasher.py <remote host>
Note:
1. SSH access to remote host with write access to remote /tmp.
Since the script does multiple SSH connections, it is a good idea
to setup public key authentication and ssh-agent.
2. Dediprog "dpcmd" available in path on remote host.
(Can be compiled from path_to_url
3. SSH user must have permission to access USB devices,
since dpcmd needs USB access to communicate with
the Dediprog programmer attached to remote host.
To use with twister, a hardware map file is needed.
Here is a sample map file:
- connected: true
available: true
id: mec172xevb_assy6906
platform: mec172xevb_assy6906
product: mec172xevb_assy6906
runner: misc-flasher
runner_params:
- <ZEPHYR_BASE>/boards/microchip/mec172xevb_assy6906/support/mec172x_remote_flasher.py
- <remote host>
serial_pty: "nc,<remote host>,<ser2net port>"
The sample map file assumes the serial console is exposed via ser2net,
and that it can be accessed using nc (netcat).
To use twister:
./scripts/twister --hardware-map <hw map file> --device-testing
Required:
* Fabric (path_to_url
'''
import argparse
import hashlib
import pathlib
import sys
from datetime import datetime
import fabric
from invoke.exceptions import UnexpectedExit
def calc_sha256(spi_file):
'''
Calculate a SHA256 of the SPI binary content plus current
date string.
This is used for remote file name to avoid file name
collision.
'''
sha256 = hashlib.sha256()
# Use SPI file content to calculate SHA.
with open(spi_file, "rb") as fbin:
spi_data = fbin.read()
sha256.update(spi_data)
# Add a date/time to SHA to hopefully
# further avoid file name collision.
now = datetime.now().isoformat()
sha256.update(now.encode("utf-8"))
return sha256.hexdigest()
def parse_args():
'''
Parse command line arguments.
'''
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(allow_abbrev=False)
# Fixed arguments
parser.add_argument("build_dir",
help="Build directory")
parser.add_argument("remote_host",
help="Remote host name or IP address")
# Arguments about remote machine
remote = parser.add_argument_group("Remote Machine")
remote.add_argument("--remote-tmp", required=False,
help="Remote temporary directory to store SPI binary "
"[default=/tmp for Linux remote]")
remote.add_argument("--dpcmd", required=False, default="dpcmd",
help="Full path to dpcmd on remote machine")
# Remote machine type.
# This affects how remote path is constructed.
remote_type = remote.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
remote_type.add_argument("--remote-is-linux", required=False,
default=True, action="store_true",
help="Set if remote machine is a Linux-like machine [default]")
remote_type.add_argument("--remote-is-win", required=False,
action="store_true",
help="Set if remote machine is a Windows machine")
return parser.parse_args()
def main():
'''
Main
'''
args = parse_args()
# Check for valid arguments and setup variables.
if not args.remote_tmp:
if args.remote_is_win:
# Do not assume a default temporary on Windows,
# as it is usually under user's directory and
# we do not know enough to construct a valid path
# at this time.
print("[ERROR] --remote-tmp is required for --remote-is-win")
sys.exit(1)
if args.remote_is_linux:
remote_tmp = pathlib.PurePosixPath("/tmp")
else:
if args.remote_is_win:
remote_tmp = pathlib.PureWindowsPath(args.remote_tmp)
elif args.remote_is_linux:
remote_tmp = pathlib.PurePosixPath(args.remote_tmp)
# Construct full path to SPI binary.
spi_file_path = pathlib.Path(args.build_dir)
spi_file_path = spi_file_path.joinpath("zephyr", "spi_image.bin")
# Calculate a sha256 digest for SPI file.
# This is used for remote file to avoid file name collision
# if there are multiple MEC17x attached to remote machine
# and all are trying to flash at same time.
sha256 = calc_sha256(spi_file_path)
# Construct full path on remote to store
# the transferred SPI binary.
remote_file_name = remote_tmp.joinpath(f"mec172x_{sha256}.bin")
print(f"[INFO] Build directory: {args.build_dir}")
print(f"[INFO] Remote host: {args.remote_host}")
# Connect to remote host via SSH.
ssh = fabric.Connection(args.remote_host, forward_agent=True)
print("[INFO] Sending file...")
print(f"[INFO] Local SPI file: {spi_file_path}")
print(f"[INFO] Remote SPI file: {remote_file_name}")
# Open SFTP channel, and send the SPI binary over.
sftp = ssh.sftp()
sftp.put(str(spi_file_path), str(remote_file_name))
# Run dpcmd to flash the device.
try:
dpcmd_cmd = f"{args.dpcmd} --auto {str(remote_file_name)} --verify"
print(f"[INFO] Invoking: {dpcmd_cmd}...")
ssh.run(dpcmd_cmd)
except UnexpectedExit:
print("[ERR ] Cannot flashing SPI binary!")
# Remove temporary file.
print(f"[INFO] Removing remote file {remote_file_name}")
sftp.remove(str(remote_file_name))
sftp.close()
ssh.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
``` |
Manipuri culture may refer to:
Meitei culture, the culture of Meitei people, the predominant ethnic group of Manipur
Overall multiethnic culture of Manipur |
The 1941 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox's 41st season in the major leagues, and their 42nd season overall. They finished with a record of 77–77, good enough for 3rd place in the American League, 24 games behind the first place New York Yankees.
Offseason
November 6, 1940: Thurman Tucker was purchased by the White Sox from the Oklahoma City Indians.
Regular season
May 15, 1941: In a game against the Chicago White Sox, Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees began his major league record 56-game hitting streak with a hit off Sox pitcher Eddie Smith.
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Opening Day lineup
Bill Knickerbocker, 2B
Luke Appling, SS
Joe Kuhel, 1B
Moose Solters, LF
Dario Lodigiani, 3B
Larry Rosenthal, RF
Mike Kreevich, CF
Mike Tresh, C
Bill Dietrich, P
Notable transactions
August 1941: Dave Philley was purchased by the White Sox from the Monroe White Sox.
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases
Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts
Farm system
References
External links
1941 Chicago White Sox at Baseball Reference
Chicago White Sox seasons
Chicago White Sox season
Chicago White |
Yuliy Chersanovich Kim (, ; born 23 December 1936, Moscow) is a Russian bard, composer, poet, and songwriter. His songs, encompassing everything from mild humor to biting political satire, appear in at least fifty Soviet movies, including Bumbarash, The Twelve Chairs, and An Ordinary Miracle, as well as the songs "The Brave Captain," "The Black Sea," "The Whale-Fish," "Cursed Lips," "Captain Bering," and "Baron Germont Went to War." Since 1998, he has been living in Israel and has made periodic tours throughout Russia, Europe, and the United States.
Biography
Kim was born in 1936 in Moscow to Kim Chersan (1904–1938), a journalist of Korean descent, and Nina Valentinovna Vsesvyatskaya (1907-1974), a teacher of Russian language and literature whose grandfather, Vasiliy Vsesvyatskiy, was a protoiereus of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Ugodsko-Zavodsky Uezd of the Kaluga Governorate who baptized Georgy Zhukov.
Kim's parents were victims of the Great Purge of 1937 and 1938, in which his father was executed and his mother was sentenced as a "family member of a traitor of the Motherland" to five years in a labor camp and three years of exile, so that Kim didn't see her until age 9. She was rehabilitated during the Khrushchev Thaw period in 1958, but before that, she was under the "101st kilometer" law and could not live in Moscow, so Kim's family settled in Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga Oblast. In 1951, the family moved to Turkmenistan. Kim returned to Moscow in 1954 to enter the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.
In 1959, Kim graduated from the Department of History and Philology of Moscow State Pedagogical University. During his student years, he began writing poems and setting some of them to music. Upon graduation, he was sent to teach in the village of Il'pyrsky, Kamchatka, near Anapka, where he taught for three years. He taught history, literature, geography, and other subjects, and also directed a number of musical plays with the schoolchildren. Since then, the sea has become one of the main themes of his songs.
In 1969, he signed An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights.
After returning to Moscow, Kim worked as a school teacher, and at the same time participated in the Soviet dissident movement, which cost him his job in 1968. Subsequently, Kim earned a living by writing songs for plays and movies as well as publishing plays under the pseudonym Yu. Mikhailov, which he used until 1986. At the same time, while he was barred from giving concerts, he continued his singing underground.
With the advent of glasnost, Kim was finally able to perform legally. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, he has been acclaimed throughout the Russian-speaking world and has performed in numerous locations in Russia, Europe, and the United States. He has received numerous awards, such as the Bulat Okudzhava Prize of the Russian Federation.
Today, Yuliy Kim's discography includes over 20 titles on CD, audio and video tape, and DVD. His songs have been included in almost all anthologies of author's song as well as many anthologies of modern Russian poetry.
His first wife was Irina Yakir — granddaughter of Red Army commander Iona Yakir. They married in 1966, and in 1998 they immigrated to Israel. After Irina's death in 1999, Kim married Lidia Lugovaya, Irina's close friend since school days. He currently splits his time between Jerusalem and Moscow.
Selected filmography
References
External links
Yuliy Kim's bio
Yuliy Kim at bards.ru
1936 births
20th-century Russian male singers
21st-century Russian male singers
Koryo-saram musicians
Living people
Russian bards
Soviet dissidents
Moscow State Pedagogical University alumni
Russian male singer-songwriters
Russian singer-songwriters
Soviet male singer-songwriters
Soviet singer-songwriters
Russian emigrants to Israel
Russian people of Korean descent
Soviet people of Korean descent
Israeli people of Korean descent
Israeli people of Russian descent
Writers from Moscow
Koryo-saram writers
Koryo-saram culture |
Muratlı is a settlement in the Dinar District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. At it is the highest settlement in the district.
References
Dinar District |
Under Fire is a 1983 American political thriller film set during the last days of the Nicaraguan Revolution that ended the Somoza regime in 1979. Directed by Roger Spottiswoode, it stars Nick Nolte, Gene Hackman and Joanna Cassidy. The musical score by Jerry Goldsmith, which featured jazz guitarist Pat Metheny, was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Score. The editing by Mark Conte and John Bloom was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Editing. The film was shot in the Mexican states of Chiapas and Oaxaca.
Plot
Russell Price is a photojournalist covering a military conflict in Chad, where he runs into Oates, a mercenary who he knows. Russell then returns to his hotel, where he attends a "Bon Voyage" party for his friend Alex Grazier, who is giving up covering foreign conflicts to take a lucrative job as a news anchor in New York. It is revealed that Russell is having an affair with Alex's girlfriend, fellow journalist Claire Stryder. Alex's article about the conflict in Chad is paired with Russell's photography to land a cover story in Time magazine.
The journalists then travel to Nicaragua to join the international press corps covering a conflict between the government of President Somoza and rebels led by Rafael, an underground figure who has never been photographed. Russell is arrested for no legitimate reason and spends a night in jail. He and Claire meet Marcel Jazy, a French spy who is closely connected to Somoza, who tips them off that they might find Rafael in León, even though the press corps believes the fighting is shifting to Masaya.
They go to León and cover an intense rooftop gun battle between rebels and government troops. Russell meets rebels led by Pedro who gives him a baseball to take to Dennis Martinez. After more fighting, Russell again meets Oates, who is now fighting for the Nicaraguan government. Afterwards, Oates shoots Pedro in the back, killing him, but Russell does not reveal Oates' location, in order to avoid picking a side in the conflict.
Claire and Russell attend a press conference where President Somoza announces that Rafael has been killed. They then meet rebels who promise to take them to meet Rafael. Led to a remote rebel stronghold, they realize that Rafael is indeed dead, and the rebels ask Russell to fake a living photo of their leader, believing this will sustain the movement long enough to win a victory. Although conflicted, Claire and Russell agree to help the rebels.
The photo is a success, and Alex comes to Nicaragua to get Russell to arrange an interview with Rafael. Alex learns of Russell's affair with his girlfriend, but does not sever his relationship with the photographer. The two go to find Rafael as the war escalates. They are detained and again meet Oates, who this time is with government troops who are conducting a mass execution. Russell learns from Oates that Jazy has been using him to get photographs of rebel leaders, who are then targeted for assassination.
Alex learns that Rafael is dead and Claire and Russell have violated journalistic ethics. Nevertheless, he agrees to not expose them, and will do a fluff piece on Jazy instead. Russell tries to arrange the interview, but fighting has become even more intense as the government is losing the war. Lost on their way back to the hotel, Alex asks government troops for assistance, but they are paranoid and execute him in the street while Russell takes pictures. Russell then escapes from the troops with the help of a local woman who hides him in her home.
Realizing it will end his regime if it is revealed that government troops killed a famous American journalist, President Somoza reports that rebels killed Alex and troops desperately search for Russell to kill him and destroy the pictures. Russell witnesses rebels killing Jazy. Claire is able to get the negatives back to the hotel, then goes to find Russell.
Russell's photographs are broadcast worldwide and Somoza flees to Miami. With the rebels victorious, Claire and Russell are reunited and leave the country. In the final scene, she asks "Do you think we fell in love with too much?", and he replies "I'd do it again".
Cast
Historical basis
Though the film is largely fictional, it was inspired by the murder of ABC reporter Bill Stewart and his translator Juan Espinoza by Nicaraguan National Guard troops on June 20, 1979. ABC cameraman Jack Clark was shooting "incidental" footage, and caught the entire episode on tape. The footage was shown on national television in the United States and became a major international incident, undermining what remained of dictator Anastasio Somoza's support. The US Government had already stopped military aid to Nicaragua and its National Guard in 1978, but the incident was the final straw for the Carter Administration's relationship with Somoza, whose regime fell on July 19.
Reception
Box office
Under Fire opened October 21, 1983 in 816 theaters, earning $1,837,768 ($2,252 average per theater) its opening weekend. The film went on to gross a total of $5,696,391 in North America.
Critical response
Under Fire received a positive response from critics and holds a 91% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes from 22 reviews.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three and a half out of four stars, praising the performances and declaring it one of the year's best films, saying, "The actors in Under Fire never step wrong. Nolte is great to watch as the seedy photographer with the beer gut. Hackman never really convinced me that he could be an anchorman, but he did a better thing. He convinced me that he thought he could be one. Joanna Cassidy takes a role that could have been dismissed as 'the girl' and fills it out as a fascinating, textured adult. Under Fire surrounds these performances with a vivid sense of place and becomes, somewhat surprisingly, one of the year's best films." Geoff Andrew of Time Out praised the film as "tak[ing] an honourable place alongside classic war-torn romance pictures like Casablanca and To Have and Have Not" and concluded by calling it "a thrilling film, with a head, a heart, and muscle."
John Simon of the National Review wrote- "Under Fire is no masterpiece, but it gives you plenty to absorb and think about. How many films nowadays can make that claim?"
Vincent Canby of The New York Times, however, viewed the film less favorably, saying "Under Fire, which was written by Ron Shelton and Clayton Frohman, from a story by Mr. Frohman, means well but it is fatally confused. It's silly enough to use a real, bloody war as the backdrop - the excuse, really - for the raising of the consciousnesses of a couple of mini-characters."
See also
List of American films of 1983
References
External links
Under Fire (1983) movie script sfy.ru
1983 films
1980s political thriller films
Cold War films
1980s English-language films
Films about journalists
Films about Latin American military dictatorships
Films about war correspondents
Films set in Nicaragua
Orion Pictures films
American political thriller films
Films directed by Roger Spottiswoode
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Nicaraguan Revolution
Films shot in Mexico
1980s Spanish-language films
Films set in 1979
1983 multilingual films
American multilingual films
1980s American films |
OK Omens is a wine bar and restaurant in Portland, Oregon.
Description
OK Omens, located in southeast Portland's Hosford-Abernethy neighborhood, has been described as a sibling restaurant to Castagna. The menu has included burgers, duck leg, grilled squid, and oysters.
History
The restaurant opened in June 2018, replacing Cafe Castagna. OK Omens has hosted a late night happy hour, and had covered and heated outdoor seating during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reception
Michael Russell included OK Omens in The Oregonian'''s list of "Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2018". In 2019, the business was included in Wine Enthusiast's list of "America's 100 Best Wine Restaurants" and Willamette Week's list of "The Top Five Restaurants for a Last-Minute Valentine’s Day Dinner".
Lonely Planet says, "OK Omens is a hit, not least for its epic wine list and menu of adventurous shareable dishes. Crowd favorites include a spicy Caesar-style salad with buttermilk fried chicken, hoisin-roasted carrots, adorable cheddar-filled beignets, crab pasta topped with thinly sliced jalapeños, and burgers." The website warns, "One caveat: noise level in the space can be deafening, so plan to sit close to your dinner date, or sit outdoors in warm weather."
See also
List of New American restaurants
References
External links
OK Omens at Condé Nast Traveler''
2018 establishments in Oregon
Drinking establishments in Oregon
Hosford-Abernethy, Portland, Oregon
New American restaurants in Portland, Oregon
Restaurants established in 2018
Wine bars |
Robert Levitan (born April 22, 1961) is an American businessman best known for his multiple entrepreneurial activities in New York City's Silicon Alley, the cluster of web and technology businesses stretching from Manhattan's Flatiron District through SoHo and TriBeCa.
Career
iVillage
In 1995, Levitan co-founded iVillage, one of Silicon Alley's "first settlers" and a startup that would eventually become the web's largest community for women, with Candice Carpenter, former president of Time-Life Video, and Nancy Evans, ex-president and -publisher of Doubleday.
Having never sold ads before, except for his sixth-grade yearbook, Levitan was charged with building the company's advertising department, and he conceived of a strategy beyond selling the nascent standard: the web banner.
Levitan's model gave sponsors, paying between $75,000 and $150,000 for 6- or 12-month terms, the option to build "bridge sites," which sat between iVillage editorial pages and the sponsors’ own corporate sites. Straight links to sponsors' corporate websites, which often had no relevance to iVillage readers, were discouraged.
Bridge sites, alternatively, could fulfill marketers' objectives and at the same time provide content as engaging as the iVillage websites themselves, much like what advertisers, nearly 20 years later, call native advertising and tout as an effective banner alternative.
Once Levitan made a sale, iVillage's sponsorship department provided the assistance of an ad agency and web development shop combined – with one fundamental difference: they had the experience of being a web publisher. Services included site concepts and wireframes, content and design, community-building techniques, sweepstakes and other promotions, site creation and maintenance – all for an additional fee.
Parents visiting Polaroid’s bridge site, for example, learned how to increase their child's self esteem using instant photography via weekly confidence-boosting activities, informational articles and live chats with psychologists and other experts. "I love the notion that they're working with us collaboratively," said Carol Phelan, the senior marketing communications manager at Polaroid, which bought a one-year sponsorship. "I don't even think of this as advertising."
By May 1996, Levitan had sold out a year's worth of sponsorships for iVillage's debut site, Parent Soup, and that September, he was named one of Advertising Age's 20 Digital Media Masters. In March 1998, Levitan sold the company's highest-ticket sponsorship to date to Charles Schwab: a $5-million-plus exclusive sponsorship of "Armchair Millionaire," a financial-planning site produced by iVillage, Intuit and Schwab.
By 1998, sponsorship revenue exceeded $12 million, and momentum was building for iVillage's initial public offering of shares. When the company went public in March 1999, iVillage was worth $1.86 billion. (In 2006, the company was acquired for $600 million in cash by NBC Universal, which operates the women's network within its Digital News Group.)
Flooz
By early 1999, Levitan had left iVillage and launched Flooz.com, a digital currency company. A consumer could go to the company website to buy Flooz, which was e-mailed to someone in a digital greeting card; the recipient could then spend the Flooz at any participating ecommerce site including J.Crew, Barnes & Noble and Tower Records.
Levitan hired Whoopi Goldberg as company spokesperson and launched a series of television commercials.
The company sold $3 million of Flooz currency in the first year and $25 million in 2000. The marketing director for TowerRecords.com, Russ Eisenman, said Flooz attracted new shoppers to the online site. On certain days, he said, gift recipients redeeming Flooz made up half the site's business.
In 2001, the Federal Bureau of Investigation notified Levitan that the company had fallen victim to Internet fraud – specifically from money-laundering credit-card thieves in Russia and the Philippines. Declaring Chapter 7 bankruptcy, Levitan announced the company would cease operations in late August 2001. The Flooz bankruptcy was unprecedented for a few reasons:
It had the largest number of creditors involved on record.
It was the first time email was used as a form of legal communication with creditors.
The security code frequently requested when making a credit card payments has been attributed to the fraud that brought down Flooz.
Pando Networks
In 2004, Levitan built his third Manhattan-based technology business, as CEO of Pando Networks. The company specializes in hybrid peer-to-peer plus server-based cloud distribution of large files. From the beginning, the company launched a freemium consumer business for sending large files over any email account, later adding tools for media distributors and publishers to distribute games, video and software to consumers. Levitan eventually drove sales and product development in the direction of game publishers. Numerous game companies signed on for Pando Networks’ services, and, in 2011 alone, Pando software had delivered 200 million unique video games onto computer desktops.
Because of the massive amounts of data delivered over its networks worldwide, Pando Networks was able to compile and release two studies on broadband delivery speeds, one domestic and one global. The domestic report prompted observations that the best speeds were recorded in wealthy suburbs like Andover, Massachusetts versus the sluggish performance seen in more rural areas, such as in Pocatello, Idaho where downloads were at one-tenth the speed of Andover's. Discussing this with a Bloomberg television reporter, Levitan spoke out about the regional disparity, calling it a business, political and social issue. "From a political standpoint, the FCC [U.S. Federal Communications Commission] and others are looking at this, but we all know it's hard to find agreement in Washington on what to do. If we all believe that fast Internet speeds are good for the economy and development … and if we believe they are as important as the Internet was in developing commerce, then it's important that this [vast speed discrepancy] is addressed." Pando Networks was acquired by Microsoft in 2013.
Live XYZ
In 2014, Levitan co-founded Live XYZ. The company built a live map of cities showing every business on every block, and what's happening inside each location by time of day. Live XYZ data provided retail storefront vacancy rates for a study by the NYC Department of City Planning released in August 2019, and for a study released in September 2019 by the Office of the New York City Controller.
Prone2Help
Prior to joining Igentify, Levitan was Executive Director of Prone2Help. This non-profit was founded by Levitan and his two brothers, Dr. Richard Levitan and Dan Levitan, in April 2020. Prone2Help was founded after Robert’s twin brother, Richard, an emergency medicine airway specialist, volunteered in March 2020 to treat COVID-19 patients at Bellevue Hospital in New York City (NYC) during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Dr. Levitan and other NYC emergency room doctors realized that proning patients on their stomachs while providing oxygen was an effective alternative to intubation for many patients. Two mattress manufacturers, Earthlite in California and Oakworks Medical in Pennsylvania, worked with Dr. Levitan to design new patient proning cushions. Robert worked with FedEx to get a significant shipping discount for the nonprofit and designed a process whereby the cushions shipped directly from the manufacturer to a hospital, sometimes in just one day. Robert developed partnerships with device manufacturers to provide these proning cushions at no cost to hospitals that requested them, and to deliver them in a timely matter to match the urgency of the situation. Within 18 months, Prone2Help manufactured and delivered more than 1,200 proning cushions to 512 hospitals across the United States.
Igentify
From 2020 to 2023, Levitan served as Chief Commercial Officer of Igentify, a provider of cloud-based software solutions for genetic testing and genetic counseling services. As Chief Commercial Officer, Levitan was responsible for developing the company’s sales, marketing, and strategic partnership initiatives.
Other activities
From 2000 to 2009, Levitan served on the board of Mobius Management Systems, an enterprise archiving and record keeping company acquired by ASG Software Solutions in 2007. From 1992 until 2010, Levitan served on the board of directors of New York Cares, where he remains an honorary board member.
References
External links
Pando Networks
iVillage
New York Cares
1961 births
American chief executives
American technology company founders
American advertising executives
Businesspeople in information technology
Living people
Businesspeople from Manhattan |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'cfn-nag/violation'
require_relative 'password_base_rule'
class your_sha256_hashRule < PasswordBaseRule
def rule_text
'AppStream DirectoryConfig ServiceAccountCredentials AccountPassword ' \
'must not be a plaintext string or a Ref to a Parameter ' \
'with a Default value. ' \
'Can be Ref to a NoEcho Parameter without a Default, or a dynamic reference to a secretsmanager value.'
end
def rule_type
Violation::FAILING_VIOLATION
end
def rule_id
'F53'
end
def resource_type
'AWS::AppStream::DirectoryConfig'
end
def password_property
:serviceAccountCredentials
end
def sub_property_name
'AccountPassword'
end
end
``` |
```css
.index {
font-weight: bold;
}
``` |
```xml
export type SubscriptionCancellationRequest = {
reason: string;
feedback?: string;
};
``` |
Debra-Jane Appelby (born c. 1967) is a British award-winning stand-up comedian. She won the third year of the Funny Women competition.
Life
Appelby was born in Huddersfield about 1967.
In 2004 she made the semi-finals of Channel 4’s So You Think You’re Funny. 2005 was her year when she won two awards. She beat Sarah Millican and Ruth Bratt in the third year of the Funny Women competition which Sarah Adams had started in 2003. She also took the main award at the Leicester Comedy Festival that year.
She was later interviewed on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour by Jenni Murray when it was said that the organisers of the Funny Women competition only found out that she was born a man after the contest. The victory in a women's only competition was considered important.
References
1960s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
People from Huddersfield
English stand-up comedians
Transgender comedians
English LGBT comedians |
```javascript
View specific fields of npm packages
Combining script commands in npm
`npm` as an alternative to Gulp
`npm` verifies `sha1` hashes of packages
Tab completion in `npm`
``` |
The Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center is the region's only NCI-designated Cancer Center in La Jolla, California, part of UC San Diego Health and affiliated with the University of California San Diego. It is supported, in part, by the National Cancer Institute.
History
The center was established in 1978 and received its NCI designation the same year. It earned comprehensive status in 2001. There are approximately 360 faculty members affiliated with the center.
A five-story building, home to the center, was opened in La Jolla in 2005.
The Moores Cancer Center provides outpatient treatment on site. Inpatient hospital treatment is provided at the adjacent Jacobs Medical Center in the Pauline and Stanley Foster Pavilion for Cancer Care, which opened in 2016 and has three floors dedicated to oncology, and at UC San Diego Medical Center in Hillcrest, which has recently expanded its cancer services.
Scott Lippman served as the director from 2012 until 2021. He previously worked at MD Anderson Cancer Center.
Lippman was succeeded by Joseph Califano who served in the role from 2022 until early 2023.
The six major research programs at Moores Cancer Center comprise the following: Cancer Biology; Cancer Genes and Genome; Cancer Prevention and Control; Hematologic Malignancies; Reducing Cancer Disparities; and Tumor Growth, Invasion, and Metastasis.
Notable faculty
Roger Tsien
Thomas Kipps, discoverer of ROR1, and contributed to the development of cirmtuzumab
Don W. Cleveland
Marilyn Farquhar
Napoleone Ferrara
Quyen T. Nguyen
References
UC San Diego Health
Teaching hospitals in California
Hospitals established in 1978 |
```yaml
{{- /*
*/}}
{{- if .Values.serviceAccount.create }}
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: {{ include "neo4j.serviceAccountName" . }}
namespace: {{ include "common.names.namespace" . | quote }}
labels: {{- include "common.labels.standard" ( dict "customLabels" .Values.commonLabels "context" $ ) | nindent 4 }}
app.kubernetes.io/component: neo4j
{{- if or .Values.serviceAccount.annotations .Values.commonAnnotations }}
{{- $annotations := include "common.tplvalues.merge" (dict "values" (list .Values.serviceAccount.annotations .Values.commonAnnotations) "context" .) }}
annotations: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" $annotations "context" $ ) | nindent 4 }}
{{- end }}
automountServiceAccountToken: {{ .Values.serviceAccount.automountServiceAccountToken }}
{{- end }}
``` |
The history of Christianity in Romania began within the Roman province of Lower Moesia, where many Christians were martyred at the end of the 3rd century. Evidence of Christian communities has been found in the territory of modern Romania at over a hundred archaeological sites from the 3rd and 4th centuries. However, sources from the 7th and 10th centuries are so scarce that Christianity seems to have diminished during this period.
The vast majority of Romanians are adherent to the Eastern Orthodox Church, while most other populations that speak Romance languages follow the Catholic Church. The basic Christian terminology in Romanian is of Latin origin, though the Romanians, referred to as Vlachs in medieval sources, borrowed numerous South Slavic terms due to the adoption of the liturgy officiated in Old Church Slavonic. The earliest Romanian translations of religious texts appeared in the 15th century, and the first complete translation of the Bible was published in 1688.
The oldest proof that an Orthodox church hierarchy existed among the Romanians north of the river Danube is a papal bull of 1234. In the territories east and south of the Carpathian Mountains, two metropolitan sees subordinate to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople were set up after the foundation of two principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia in the 14th century. The growth of monasticism in Moldavia provided a historical link between the 14th-century Hesychast revival and the modern development of the monastic tradition in Eastern Europe. Orthodoxy was for centuries only tolerated in the regions west of the Carpathians where Roman Catholic dioceses were established within the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century. In these territories, transformed into the Principality of Transylvania in the 16th century, four "received religions" – Catholicism, Calvinism, Lutheranism, and Unitarianism – were granted a privileged status. After the principality was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, a part of the local Orthodox clergy declared the union with Rome in 1698.
The autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church was canonically recognized in 1885, years after the union of Wallachia and Moldavia into Romania. The Orthodox Church and the Romanian Church United with Rome were declared national churches in 1923. The Communist authorities abolished the latter, and the former was subordinated to the government in 1948. The Uniate Church was reestablished when the Communist regime collapsed in 1989. Now the Constitution of Romania emphasizes churches' autonomy from the state.
Pre-Christian religions
The religion of the Getae, an Indo-European people inhabiting the Lower Danube region in antiquity, was characterized by a belief in the immortality of the soul. Another major feature of this religion was the cult of Zalmoxis; followers of Zalmoxis communicated with him by human sacrifice.
Modern Dobruja – the territory between the river Danube and the Black Sea – was annexed to the Roman province of Moesia in 46 AD. Cults of Greek gods remained prevalent in this area, even after the conquest. Modern Banat, Oltenia, and Transylvania were transformed into the Roman province of "Dacia Traiana" in 106. Due to massive colonization, cults originating in the empire's other provinces entered Dacia. Around 73% of all epigraphic monuments at this time were dedicated to Graeco-Roman gods.
The province of "Dacia Traiana" was dissolved in the 270s. Modern Dobruja became a separate province under the name of Scythia Minor in 297.
Origin of the Romanians' Christianity
The oldest proof that an Orthodox church hierarchy existed among the Romanians north of the river Danube is a papal bull of 1234. In the territories east and south of the Carpathian Mountains, two metropolitan sees subordinate to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople were set up after the foundation of two principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia in the 14th century. The growth of monasticism in Moldavia provided a historical link between the 14th-century Hesychast revival and the modern development of the monastic tradition in Eastern Europe. Orthodoxy was for centuries only tolerated in the regions west of the Carpathians where Roman Catholic dioceses were established within the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century. In these territories, transformed into the Principality of Transylvania in the 16th century, four "received religions" – Calvinism, Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Unitarianism – were granted a privileged status. After the principality was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, a part of the local Orthodox clergy declared the union with Rome in 1698.
The core religious vocabulary of the Romanian language originated from Latin. Christian words that have been preserved from Latin include a boteza ("to baptize"), Paște ("Easter"), preot ("priest"), and cruce ("cross"). Some words, such as biserică ("church", from basilica) and Dumnezeu ("God", from Domine Deus), are independent of their synonyms in other Romance languages.
The exclusive presence in Romanian language of Latin vocabulary for concepts of Christian faith may indicate the antiquity of Daco-Roman Christianity; some examples are:
The same is true for the Christian denominations of the main Christian holidays: Crăciun ("Christmas") (from or rather from ) and Paște ("Easter") (from ); Several archaic or popular saint names, sometimes found as elements in place names, also seem to derive from Latin: , and . Today, sfânt, of Slavic origin, is the usual way to refer to saint.
The Romanian language also adopted many Slavic religious terms. For example, words like duh ("soul, spirit"), iad ("hell"), rai ("paradise"), grijanie ("Holy Communion"), popă ("priest"), slujbă ("church service") and taină ("mystery, sacrament") are of South Slavic origin. Even some terms of Greek and Latin origin, such as călugar ("monk") and Rusalii ("Whitsuntide"), entered Romanian through Slavic. Several terms relating to church hierarchy, such as episcop ("bishop"), arhiepiscop ("archbishop"), ierarh ("hierarch"), mitropolit ("archbishop"), came from Medieval or Byzantine Greek, sometimes partly through a South Slavic intermediate A smaller number of religious terms were borrowed from Hungarian, for instance mântuire (salvation) and pildă (parable).
Several theories exist regarding the origin of Christianity in Romania. Those who think that the Romanians descended from the inhabitants of "Dacia Traiana" suggest that the spread of Christianity coincided with the formation of the Romanian nation. Their ancestors' Romanization and Christianization, a direct result of the contact between the native Dacians and the Roman colonists, lasted for several centuries. According to historian Ioan-Aurel Pop, Romanians were the first to adopt Christianity among the peoples who now inhabit the territories bordering Romania. They adopted Slavonic liturgy when it was introduced in the neighboring First Bulgarian Empire and Kievan Rus' in the 9th and 10th centuries. According to a concurring scholarly theory, the Romanians' ancestors turned to Christianity in the provinces to the south of the Danube (in present-day Bulgaria and Serbia) after it was legalized throughout the Roman Empire in 313. They adopted the Slavonic liturgy during the First Bulgarian Empire before their migration to the territory of modern Romania began in the 11th or 12th century.
Roman times
Christian communities in Romania date at least from the 3rd century. According to an oral history first recorded by Hippolytus of Rome in the early 3rd century, Jesus Christ's teachings were first propagated in "Scythia" by Saint Andrew. If "Scythia" refers to Scythia Minor, and not to the Crimea as has been claimed by the Russian Orthodox Church, Christianity in Romania can be considered of apostolic origin.
The existence of Christian communities in Dacia Traiana is disputed. Some Christian objects found there are dated from the 3rd century, preceding the Roman withdrawal from the region. Vessels with the sign of the cross, fish, grape stalks, and other Christian symbols were discovered in Ulpia Traiana, Porolissum, Potaissa, Apulum, Romula, and Gherla, among other settlements. A gem representing the Good Shepherd was found at Potaissa. On a funerary altar in Napoca the sign of the cross was carved inside the letter "O" of the original pagan inscription of the monument, and pagan monuments that were later Christianized were also found at Ampelum and Potaissa. A turquoise and gold ring with the inscription "" ("I am Jupiter's scourge against the dissolute Christians") was also found and may be related to the Christian persecutions during the 3rd century.
In Scythia Minor, a large number of Christians were martyred during the Diocletianic Persecution at the turn of the 3rd and 4th centuries. Four martyrs' relics were discovered in a crypt at Niculițel, with their names written in Greek on the crypt's inner wall. Thirty-five basilicas built between the 4th and 6th centuries have been discovered in the main towns of the province. The earliest basilica, built north of the Lower Danube, was erected at Sucidava (now Celei), in one of the Roman forts rebuilt under Justinian I (527–565). Burial chambers were built in Callatis (now Mangalia), Capidava, and other towns of Scythia Minor during the 6th century. The walls were painted with quotes from Psalms.
Clerics from Scythia Minor were involved in the theological controversies debated at the first four Ecumenical Councils. Saint Bretanion defended the Orthodox faith against Arianism in the 360s. The metropolitans of the province who supervised fourteen bishops by the end of the 5th century had their See in Tomis (modernly Constanța). The last metropolitan was mentioned in the 6th century, before Scythia Minor fell to the Avars and Sclavenes who destroyed the forts on the Lower Danube. John Cassian (360–435), Dionysius Exiguus (470–574) and Joannes Maxentius (leader of the so-called Scythian Monks) lived in Scythia Minor and contributed to its Christianization.
Early Middle Ages
East Roman Empire period
Most Christian objects from the 4th to 6th centuries found in the former province of Dacia Traiana were imported from the Roman Empire. The idea that public edifices were transformed into Christian cult sites at Slăveni and Porolissum has not been unanimously accepted by archaeologists. One of the first Christian objects found in Transylvania was a pierced bronze inscription discovered at Biertan. A few 4th century graves in the Sântana de Mureș–Chernyakhov necropolises was arranged in a Christian orientation. Clay lamps bearing depictions of crosses from the 5th and 6th centuries were also found here.
Dacia Traiana was dominated by "Taifali, Victuali, and Tervingi" around 350. Christian teachings among the Tervingi who formed the Western Goths started in the 3rd century. For instance, the ancestors of Ulfilas, who was consecrated "bishop of the Christians in the Getic land" in 341, had been captured in Capadocia (Turkey) around 250. During the first Gothic persecution of Christians in 348, Ulfilas was expelled to Moesia, where he continued to preach Greek, Latin, and Gothic languages. During the second persecution between 369 and 372, many believers were martyred, including Sabbas the Goth. The remains of twenty-six Gothic martyrs were transferred to the Roman Empire after the invasion of the Huns in 376.
Following the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in 454, the Gepids "ruled as victors over the extent of all Dacia". A gold ring from a 5th-century grave at Apahida is ornamented with crosses. Another ring from the grave bears the inscription "", probably in reference to Omharus, one of the known Gepid kings. The Gepidic kingdom was annihilated in 567–568 by the Avars.
The presence of Christians among the "barbarians" has been well documented. Theophylact Simocatta wrote of a Gepid who "had once long before been of the Christian religion". The author of the Strategikon documented Romans among the Sclavenes, and some of those Romans may have been Christians as well. The presence and proselytism of these Christians does not go so far as to explain how artifacts with Christian symbolism appeared on sites to the south and east of the Carpathians in the 560s. Such artifacts have been found at Botoșana and Dulceanca. Casting molds for pectoral crosses were found in the space around Eastern and Southern Carpathian mountains, starting with the 6th century.
Outer-Carpathian regions and the Balkans
Burial assemblages found in 8th-century cemeteries to the south and east of the Carpathians, for instance at Castelu, prove that local communities practiced cremation The idea that local Christians incorporating pre-Christian practices can also be assumed among those who cremated their dead is a matter of debate among historians. Cremation was replaced by inhumation by the beginning of the 11th century.
For the period from the 9th to 11th centuries, in the regions from the East of Carpathians there are known more than 52 discoveries of Christian origin (moulds, brackets, pendants, groundsels, pottery with Christian signs, rings with Christian signs), many of them locally made; some of these discoveries and the content and the orientation of graves show that local people practised the Christian burial ceremony before the Christianization of Bulgars and Slavs.
The territories between the Lower Danube and the Carpathians were incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire by the first half of the 9th century. Boris I (852–889) was the first Bulgarian ruler to accept Christianity, in 863. By that time differences between the Eastern and the Western branches of Christianity had grown significantly. Boris I allowed the members of the Eastern Orthodox clergy to enter his country in 864, and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church adopted the Bulgarian alphabet in 893. An inscription in Mircea Vodă from 943 is the earliest example of the use of Cyrillic script in Romania.
The First Bulgarian Empire was conquered by the Byzantines under Basil II (976–1025). He soon revived the Metropolitan See of Scythia Minor at Constanța, but this put Christian Bulgarians under the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Ohrid. The Metropolitan See of Moesia was reestablished in Dristra (now Silistra, Bulgaria) in the 1040s when a mission of mass evangelization was dispatched among the Pechenegs who had settled in the Byzantine Empire. The Metropolitan See of Dristra was taken over by the bishop of Vicina in the 1260s.
The Vlachs living in Boeotia, Greece were described as false Christians by Benjamin of Tudela in 1165. However, the brothers Peter and Asen built a church in order to gather Bulgarian and Vlach prophets to announce that St Demetrius of Thessaloniki had abandoned their enemies, while arranging their rebellion against the Byzantine Empire. The Bulgarians and the Vlachs revolted and created the Second Bulgarian Empire. The head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was elevated to the rank of "Primate of the Bulgarians and the Vlachs" in 1204.
Catholic missionaries among the Cumans, who had controlled the territories north of the Lower Danube and east of the Carpathians from the 1070s, were first conducted by the Teutonic Knights, and later by the Dominicans, after 1225. A new Catholic diocese was set up in the region in 1228 by Archbishop Robert of Esztergom, the papal legate for "Cumania and the Brodnik lands". A letter written by Pope Gregory IX revealed that many of the inhabitants of this diocese were Orthodox Romanians, who also converted Hungarian and Saxon colonists to their faith.
Intra-Carpathian regions
Christian objects disappeared in Transylvania after the 7th century. Most local cemeteries had cremation graves by this point, but inhumation graves with west–east orientation from the late 9th or early 10th century were found at Ciumbrud and Orăștie. The territory was invaded by the Hungarians around 896.
The second-in-command of the Hungarian tribal federation, known as the gyula, converted to Christianity in Constantinople around 952. The gyula was accompanied back to Hungary by the Greek Hierotheos, who was the bishop of Tourkia (Hungary) appointed by the Ecumenical Patriarch. Pectoral crosses of Byzantine origin from this period have been found at the confluence of the Mureș and Tisa Rivers. A bronze cross from Alba Iulia, and a Byzantine pectoral cross from Dăbâca from the 10th century have been found in Transylvania. Additionally, a Greek monastery was founded at Cenad by a chieftain named Achtum who was baptized according to the Greek rite around 1002.
Gyula's territory was incorporated with Achtum's territory into the Kingdom of Hungary under Stephen I, who was baptized according to the Latin rite. Stephen I introduced the tithe, a church tax assessed on agricultural products. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alba Iulia, Roman Catholic Diocese of Szeged–Csanád, and Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea Mare were the first three Roman Catholic dioceses in Romania and all became suffragans of the archbishop of Kalocsa in Hungary. The provostship of Sibiu was transferred, upon the local Saxons's request, under the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Esztergom (Hungary) in 1212.
Large cemeteries developed around churches after church officials insisted on churchyard burials. The first Benedictine monastery in Transylvania was founded at Cluj-Manăștur in the second half of the 11th century. New monasteries were established during the next few centuries in Almașu, Herina, Mănăstireni, and Meseș. When the Cistercian abbey at Cârța was founded in the early 13th century, its estates were created on land belonging to the Vlachs. The enmity between the Eastern and Western Churches also increased during the 11th century.
Middle Ages
Orthodox Church in the intra-Carpathian regions
Although the Council of Buda prohibited the Eastern schism from erecting churches in 1279, numerous Orthodox churches were built in the period starting in the late 13th century. These churches were mainly made of wood, though some landowners erected stone churches on their estates. Most of these churches were built on the plan of a Greek cross. Some churches also display elements of Romanesque or Gothic architecture. Many churches were painted with votive portraits illustrating the church founders.
Local Orthodox hierarchies were often under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Sees of Wallachia and Moldavia by the late 14th century. For instance, the Metropolitan of Wallachia also styled himself "Exarch of all Hungary and the borderlands" in 1401. Orthodox monasteries in Romania, including Șcheii Brașovului, were centers of Slavonic writing. The Bible was first translated into Romanian by monks in Maramureș during the 15th century.
In 1356, Pope Innocent VI streghtened a previous bull addressed to the prior of the Dominican Order of Hungary, where he was instructed to preach the crusade “against all the inhabitants of Transylvania, Bosnia and Slavonia, which are heretics” (contra omnes Transilvanos, Bosnenses et Sclavonie, qui heretici fuerint).
Treatment of Orthodox Christians worsened under Louis I of Hungary, who ordered the arrest of Eastern Orthodox priests in Cuvin and Caraș in 1366. He also decreed that only those who "loyally follow the faith of the Roman Church may keep and own properties" in Hațeg, Caransebeș, and Mehadia. However, conversion was infrequent in this period; the Franciscan Bartholomew of Alverna complained in 1379 that "some stupid and indifferent people" disapprove of the conversion of "the Slavs and Romanians". Both Romanians and Catholic landowners objected to this command. Romanian chapels and stone churches built on the estates of Catholic noblemen and bishops were frequently mentioned in documents from the late 14th century.
A special inquisitor sent against the Hussites by the pope also took forcible measures against "schismatics" in 1436. Following the union of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches at the Council of Florence in 1439, the local Romanian Church was considered to be united with Rome. Those who opposed the Church union, such as John of Caffa, were imprisoned.
Although the monarchs only insisted on the conversion of the Romanians living in the southern borderlands, many Romanian noblemen converted to Catholicism in the 15th century. Transylvanian authorities made systematic efforts to convert Romanians to Calvinism in the second half of the 16th century, and the expulsion of priests who did not convert to the "true faith" was ordered in 1566. Orthodox hierarchy was only restored under Stephen Báthory with the appointment of the Moldavian monk, Eftimie, as Orthodox bishop in 1571.
Orthodox Church in Moldavia and Wallachia
An unknown Italian geographer wrongly described the "Romanians and the Vlachs" as pagans in the early 14th century. For instance, Basarab I (c. 1310–1352), the Romanian ruler who achieved the independence of Wallachia in the territories between the Carpathians and the Lower Danube, was mentioned as "schismatic" by a royal diploma of 1332, referring to the Orthodox Church. The Metropolitan See of Wallachia was established in 1359 when the Ecumenical Patriarch assigned Hyakinthos, the last metropolitan of Vicina, to lead the local Orthodox Church. Although a second Metropolitan See, with jurisdiction over Oltenia, was set up in Severin (now Drobeta-Turnu Severin) in 1370, there was again only one Metropolitan in the principality after around 1403. The local Church was reorganized under Radu IV the Great (1496–1508) by Patriarch Nephon II of Constantinople, the former Ecumenical Patriarch who founded two suffragan bishoprics.
A second principality, Moldavia, achieved its independence in the territories to the east of the Carpathians under Bogdan I (1359 – c. 1365), but it still remained under the jurisdiction of the Orthodox hierarch of Halych (Ukraine). Although the metropolitan of Halych consecrated two bishops for Moldavia in 1386, the Ecumenical Patriarch objected to this. The patriarch established a separate metropolitan see for Moldavia in 1394, but his appointee was refused by Stephen I of Moldavia (1394–1399). The conflict was solved when the patriarch recognized a member of the princely family as metropolitan in 1401. In Moldavia, two suffragan bishoprics in Roman, and Rădăuți were first recorded in 1408 and 1471.
From the second half of the 14th century, Romanian princes sponsored the monasteries of Mount Athos (Greece). First, the Koutloumousiou monastery received donations from Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia (1352–1364). In Wallachia, the monastery at Vodița was established in 1372 by the monk Nicodemus from Serbia, who had embraced monastic life at Chilandar on Mount Athos. Monks fleeing from the Ottomans founded the earliest monastery in Moldavia at Neamț in 1407. From the 15th century the four Eastern patriarchs and several monastic institutions in the Ottoman Empire also received landed properties and other sources of income, such as mills, in the two principalities.
Many monasteries, such as Cozia in Wallachia, and Bistrița in Moldavia, became important centers of Slavonic literature. The earliest local chronicles, such as the "Chronicle of Putna", were also written by monks. Religious books in Old Church Slavonic were printed in Târgoviște under the auspices of the monk Macaria from Montenegro after 1508. Wallachia in particular became a leading center of the Orthodox world, which was demonstrated by the consecration of the cathedral of Curtea de Argeș in 1517 in the presence of the Ecumenical Patriarch and the Protos of Mount Athos. The painted monasteries of Moldavia are still an important symbol of cultural heritage today.
The extensive lands owned by monasteries made the monasteries a significant political and economic force. Many of these monasteries also owned Romani and Tatar slaves. Monastic institutions enjoyed fiscal privileges, including an exemption from taxes, although 16th-century monarchs occasionally tried to seize monastic assets.
Wallachia and Moldavia maintained their autonomous status, though the princes were obliged to pay a yearly tax to the sultans starting during the 15th century. Dobruja was annexed in 1417 by the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottomans also occupied parts of southern Moldavia in 1484, and Proilavia (now Brăila) in 1540. These territories were under the jurisdiction of the metropolitans of Dristra and Proilavia for several centuries following the annexation.
Other denominations
The Diocese of Cumania was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of 1241–1242. After this, Catholic missions to the East were carried on by the Franciscans. For example, Pope Nicholas IV sent Franciscan missionaries to the "country of the Vlachs" in 1288. In the 14th and 15th centuries new Catholic dioceses were established in the territories to the east and south of the Carpathians, mainly due to the presence of Hungarian and Saxon colonists. Local Romanians also sent a complaint to the Holy See in 1374 demanding a Romanian-speaking bishop. Alexander the Good of Moldavia (1400–1432) also founded an Armenian bishopric in Suceava in 1401. In Moldavia, however, many Catholic believers were forced to convert to Orthodoxy under Ștefan VI Rareș (1551–1552) and Alexandru Lăpușneanu (1552–1561).
In the Kingdom of Hungary parish organization became fully developed in the 14th to 15th centuries. In the 1330s, according to a papal tithe-register, the average ratio of villages with Catholic parishes was around forty percent in the entire kingdom, but in the territory of modern Romania there was a Catholic church in 954 settlements out of 2100 and 2200 settlements. The institutional and economic power of the Catholic Church in Transylvania was systematically dismantled by the authorities in the second half of the 16th century. The extensive lands of the bishopric of Transylvania were confiscated in 1542. The Catholic Church soon became deprived of its own higher local hierarchy and subordinate to a state governed by Protestant monarchs and Estates. Some of the local noblemen, including a branch of the powerful Báthory family and many Székelys, remained Catholics.
Reformation
First the Hussite movement for religious reform began in Transylvania in the 1430s. Many of the Hussites moved to Moldavia, the only state in Europe outside Bohemia where they remained free of persecution.
The earliest evidence that Lutheran teachings "were known and followed" in Transylvania is a royal letter written to the town council of Sibiu in 1524. The Transylvanian Saxons' assembly decreed the adoption of the Lutheran creed by all the Saxon towns in 1544. Municipal authorities also tried to influence the ritual of the Orthodox services. A Romanian Catechism was published in 1543, and a Romanian translation of the four Gospels in 1560.
Calvinist preachers first became active in Oradea in the early 1550s. The Diet recognized the existence of two distinct Protestant churches in 1564 after the Saxon and Hungarian clergy had failed to agree on the contested points of theology, such as the nature of communion services. The government also exerted pressure on the Romanians in order to change their faith. The Diet of 1566 decreed that a Romanian Calvinist bishop, Gheorghe of Sîngeorgiu, be their sole religious leader.
A faction of Hungarian preachers raised doubts over the doctrine of the Trinity in the 1560s. In a decade Cluj became the center of the Unitarian movement. The four "received religions" was recognized in 1568 by the Diet of Turda which also gave ministers the right to teach according to their own understanding of Christianity. Although a ban on further religious innovation was enacted in 1572, many Székelys turned to Sabbatarianism in the 1580s.
The process of giving up pre-Reformation traditions was extremely slow in Transylvania. Although all or some of the images were eliminated in the churches, sacred vessels were kept. Protestant denominations also kept the strict observance of holidays and fasting periods.
Early Modern and Modern Times
Orthodox Church in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Romania
The use of Romanian in church service was first introduced in Wallachia under Matei Basarab (1632–1654), and in Moldavia under Vasile Lupu (1634–1652). During Vasile Lupu's reign a pan-Orthodox synod adopted the "Orthodox Confession of Faith" in Iași in 1642 in order to reject any Calvinist influence over Orthodox hierarchy. The first complete Romanian "Book of Prayer" was published in 1679 by Metropolitan Dosoftei of Moldavia (1670–1686). A team of scholars also completed the Romanian translation of the Bible in 1688.
The two principalities suffered the highest degree of Ottoman exploitation during the "Phanariot century" (1711–1821) when princes appointed by the sultans ruled in both of them. The second half of the 18th century, brought a spiritual renaissance, initiated by Paisius Velichkovsky. His influence led to a resurgence of Hesychastic prayer in the monasteries in Moldavia. In this period Romanian theological culture benefited from new translations from patristic literature. In the first decades of the 19th century theological seminaries were established in both principalities, such as in the Socola Monastery in 1803, and in Bucharest in 1836.
A new archbishopric subordinated to the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church was created in Chișinău when the Russian Empire annexed Bessarabia in 1812. The Russian authorities soon forbade its archbishop from having any connections with the Orthodox Church in the Romanian principalities.
Romanian society embarked upon a rapid development following the reinstallation of native princes in 1821. For instance, the Romani slaves owned by the monasteries were freed in Moldavia in 1844, and in Wallachia in 1847. The two principalities were united under Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1866), and the new state adopted the name of Romania in 1862. In his reign, the estates of the monasteries were nationalized. He also endorsed the use of Romanian in the liturgy, and replaced the Cyrillic alphabet with the Romanian alphabet. In 1860, the first Faculty of Orthodox Theology was founded at the University of Iași.
The Orthodox churches of the former principalities, the Metropolitan of Ungro-Wallachia and the Metropolitan of Moldavia, merged to form the Romanian Orthodox Church. In 1864, the Romanian Orthodox Church was proclaimed independent, but the Ecumenical Patriarch pronounced the new ecclesiastic regime contrary to the holy canons. Henceforth all ecclesiastic appointments and decisions were subject to state approval. The Metropolitan of Wallachia, who received the title of Primate Metropolitan in 1865, became the head of the General Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The 1866 Constitution of Romania recognized the Orthodox Church as the dominant religion in the kingdom. A law passed in 1872 declared the church to be "autocephalous". After a long period of negotiations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the latter finally recognized the Metropolis of Romania in 1885.
Following the Romanian War of Independence, Dobruja was awarded to Romania in 1878. At that time the majority of Dobruja's population was Muslim, but a massive colonization effort soon began. The region had also been inhabited from the late 17th century by a group of Russian Old Believers called Lipovans.
The Great Powers recognized Romania's independence in 1880, after Romania's constitution was modified to allow the naturalization of non-Christians. In order to solemnize Romania's independence, in 1882 the Orthodox hierarchy performed the ceremony of blessing the holy oil, a privilege that had thereto been reserved for the ecumenical patriarchs. The new conflict with the patriarch delayed the canonical recognition of the autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church for three years, until 1885.
Orthodox Church in Transylvania and the Habsburg Empire
The 16th-century Calvinist princes of Transylvania insisted on the Orthodox clergy's unconditional subordination to the Calvinist superintendents. For instance, when an Orthodox synod adopted measures for regulation of church life Gabriel Bethlen (1613–1630) removed the local metropolitan. By forcing the use of Romanian instead of Old Church Slavonic in the liturgy, the authorities also contributed to the development of the Romanians' national consciousness. Local Orthodox believers remained without their own religious leader after the integration of Transylvania into the Habsburg Empire, when a synod led by the metropolitan declared the union with Rome in 1698.
The first movement for the reestablishment of the Orthodox Church was initiated in 1744 by Visarion Sarai, a Serbian monk. The monk Sofronie organized Romanian peasants to demand a Serbian Orthodox bishop in 1759–1760. In 1761 the government consented to the establishment of an Orthodox diocese in Sibiu under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Metropolitan of Sremski Karlovci. The Serbian Metropolitan was also granted authority, in 1781, over the diocese of Cernăuți (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine) in Bukovina that had been annexed from Moldavia by the Habsburg Empire.
In 1848 Andrei Șaguna became the bishop of Sibiu and worked to free the local Orthodox Church from the control of the Serbian Metropolitan. He succeeded in 1864, when a separate Orthodox Church with its Metropolitan See in Sibiu was established with the consent of the government. In the second half of the 19th century, the local Romanian Orthodox Church supervised the activity of four high schools, and over 2,700 elementary schools. The Orthodox Church in Bukovina also became independent of the Serbian Metropolitan in 1873. A Faculty of Orthodox Theology was founded in the University of Cernăuți in 1875. However, many Romanian priests were deported or imprisoned for propagating the union of the lands inhabited by Romanians after Romania declared war on Austria–Hungary in 1916.
Romanian Church united with Rome
After the Principality of Transylvania was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, the new Catholic rulers tried to attract the Romanians' support in order to strengthen their control over the principality governed by predominantly Protestant Estates. For the Romanians, the Church Union proposed by the imperial court nurtured the hope that the central government would assist them in their conflicts with local authorities.
The union of the local Romanian Orthodox Church with Rome was declared in Alba Iulia, after years of negotiations, in 1698 by Metropolitan Atanasie Anghel and thirty-eight archpriests. This union was based on the four points adopted by the Council of Florence, including the recognition of papal primacy. Atanasie Anghel lost his title of metropolitan and was re-ordained as a bishop subordinated to the archbishop of Esztergom in 1701.
The Orthodox world considered the union with Rome as apostasy. Metropolitan Theodosie of Wallachia referred to Atanasie Anghel as "the new Judas". Since many of the local Romanians opposed the Church union, it also created discord among them.
Uniate Romanians assumed a leading role in the struggle for the Romanians' political emancipation in Transylvania for the next century. Bishop Inocențiu Micu-Klein demanded in dozens of memoranda their recognition as the fourth "political nation" in the province. The Uniate bishopric in Transylvania was raised to the rank of a Metropolitan See and became independent of the archbishop of Esztergom in 1855.
Other denominations
Calvinism was popular in Transylvania during the 17th century. Over sixty Unitarian ministers were expelled from their parishes in the Székely Land in the 1620s due to the influence of Calvinist Church leaders. Although Transylanian Diets also enacted anti-Sabbatarian decrees, Sabbatarian communities survived in some Székely villages, such as Bezid.
The Saxon communities' religious life was characterized by both differentiation from Calvinism, and by an increased number of worship services. Traditional Lutheranism, due to its concern for individual spiritual needs, always remained more popular than Crypto-Calvinism. The assets of the local Catholic Church were administered by the "Catholic Estates", a public body consisting of both laymen and priests. A report on church visitations conducted around 1638 revealed that there were numerous Catholic villages without clergymen in the Székely Land.
The Principality of Transylvania, following its integration into the Habsburg Empire, was administered according to the principles established by the Leopoldine Diploma of 1690, which confirmed the privileged status of the four "received religions". In practice the new regime gave preference to the Roman Catholic Church. Between 1711 and 1750, the apogee of the Counter-Reformation, the government ensured that Catholics would get preference in appointments to high offices. The preeminent status of the Roman Catholic Church was not weakened under Joseph II (1780–1790), despite his issuance of the 1781 Edict of Tolerance. Catholics who wished to convert to any of the other three "received religions" were still required to undergo an instruction. The equal status of the Churches was not declared until the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1868.
In the Kingdom of Romania, a new Roman Catholic archbishopric was organized in 1883 with its See in Bucharest. Among the new Protestant movements, the first Baptist congregation was formed in 1856, and the Seventh-day Adventists were first introduced in Pitești in 1870.
Greater Romania
Following World War I, ethnic Romanians in Banat, Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania voted for the union with the Kingdom of Romania. The new borders were recognized by international treaties in 1919–1920. Thus, a Romania that had thereto been a relatively homogeneous state now included a mixed religious and ethnic population. According to the 1930 census, 72 percent of its citizens were Orthodox, 7.9 percent Greek Catholic, 6.8 percent Lutheran, 3.9 percent Roman Catholic, and 2 percent Reformed.
The constitution adopted in 1923 declared that "differences of religious beliefs and denominations" do not constitute "an impediment either to the acquisition of political rights or to the free exercise thereof". It also recognized two national churches by declaring the Romanian Orthodox Church as the dominant denomination and by according the Romanian Church united with Rome "priority over other denominations". The 1928 Law of Cults granted a fully recognized status to seven more denominations, among them the Roman Catholic, the Armenian, the Reformed, the Lutheran, and the Unitarian Churches.
All Orthodox hierarchs in the enlarged kingdom became members of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1919. New Orthodox bishoprics were set up, for instance, in Oradea, Cluj, Hotin (now Khotyn, Ukraine), and Timișoara. The head of the church was raised to the rank of patriarch in 1925. Orthodox ecclesiastical art flourished in this period due to the erection of new Orthodox churches especially in the towns of Transylvania. The 1920s also witnessed the emergence of Orthodox revival movements, among them the "Lord's Army" founded in 1923 by Iosif Trifa. Conservative Orthodox groups who refused to use the Gregorian calendar adopted by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1925 formed the separate Old Calendar Romanian Orthodox Church.
In this period, the preservation of ethnic minorities' cultural heritage became a primary responsibility of the traditional Protestant denominations. The Reformed Church became closely identified with a large segment of the local Hungarian community, and the Lutheran Church perceived itself as the bearer of Transylvanian Saxon culture. Among the new Protestant denominations, the Pentecostal movement was declared illegal in 1923. The intense hostility between the Baptist and Orthodox communities also culminated in the temporary closing of all Baptist churches in 1938.
Communist regime
According to the armistice signed between Romania and the Allied Powers in 1944, Romania lost Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union. Consequently, the Orthodox dioceses in these territories were subordinated to the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. In Romania, the Communist Party used the same tactics as in other Eastern European countries. The Communist Party supported a coalition government, but in short time drove out all other parties from power.
The 1948 Law on Religious Denominations formally upheld freedom of religion, but ambiguous stipulations obliged both priests and believers to conform to the constitution, national security, public order, and accepted morality. For example, priests who voiced anti-communist attitudes could be deprived of their state-sponsored salaries. The new law acknowledged fourteen denominations, among them the Old Rite Christian, Baptist, Adventist, and Pentecostal churches, but the Romanian Church united with Rome was abolished.
Although the Orthodox church was completely subordinated to the state through the appointment of patriarchs sympathetic to the Communists, over 1,700 Orthodox priests of the 9,000 Orthodox priests in Romania were arrested between 1945 and 1964. The Orthodox theologian Dumitru Stăniloae whose three-volume Dogmatic Theology presents a synthesis of patristic and contemporary themes was imprisoned between 1958 and 1964. The first Romanian saints were also canonized between 1950 and 1955. Among them, the 17th-century Sava Brancovici was canonized for his relations with Russia.
Some other denominations met an even more tragic fate. For instance, four of the five arrested Uniate bishops died in prison. Religious dissident movements became especially active between 1975 and 1983. For instance, the Orthodox priest Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa spent sixteen years in prison for involvement with the fascist Iron Guard and was later condemned to ten more because of his sermons on the relationship of atheism, faith, and Marxism. The crisis that led to the regime's fall in 1989 also started with the staunch resistance of the Reformed pastor László Tőkés, whom the authorities wanted to silence.
Romania since 1989
The Communist regime came to an abrupt end on 22 December 1989. The poet Mircea Dinescu, who was the first to speak on liberated Romanian television, began his statement with the words: "God has turned his face toward Romania once again". The new constitution of Romania, adopted in 1992, guarantees the freedom of thought, opinion, and religious beliefs when manifested in a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect. Eighteen groups are currently recognized as religious denominations in the country. Over 350 other religious associations has also been registered, but they do not enjoy the right to build houses of worship or to perform rites of baptism, marriage, or burial.
Since the fall of Communism, about fourteen new Orthodox theology faculties and seminaries have opened, Orthodox monasteries have been reopened, and even new monasteries have been founded, for example, in Recea. The Holy Synod has canonized new saints, among them Stephen the Great of Moldavia (1457–1504), and declared the second Sunday after Pentecost the "Sunday of the Romanian Saints".
The Greek Catholic hierarchy was fully restored in 1990. The four Roman Catholic dioceses in Transylvania, composed primarily of Hungarian-speaking inhabitants, hoped to be united into a distinct ecclesiastical province, but only Alba Iulia was raised to an archbishopric and placed directly under the jurisdiction of the Holy See in 1992. After the exodus of the Transylvanian Saxons to Germany, only 30,000 of the members of the German Lutheran Church remained in Romania by the end of 1991. According to the 2002 census, 86.7 percent of Romania's total population was Orthodox, 4.7 percent Roman Catholic, 3.2 percent Reformed, 1.5 percent Pentecostal, 0.9 percent Greek Catholic, and 0.6 percent Baptist.
Footnotes
References
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Early Christian inscriptions |
Dana Ellyn is a vegan artist who incorporates political and animal cruelty themes in her work. In 2008, Ellyn created paintings of every American President, as well as each of the 2008 Presidential candidates.
From May 2016 - May 2017, her portrait of artist (and husband) Matt Sesow was the introductory painting to Sesow's 'Shock & Awe' exhibit at the American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. From December 2018 - March 2019, her painting 'Baby Back Ribs' was exhibited in the 'Grotesque in Art' exhibit at the Museum of Art St. Petersburg in St Petersburg Russia.
Her controversial 2009 Blasphemy Day show received coverage by CNN, USA Today, Huffington Post and NPR. She paints from Mather Studios in downtown Washington, DC.
Education
Ellyn earned a BA degree from The George Washington University.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American painters
American veganism activists
Painters from Washington, D.C.
George Washington University alumni |
or is a Japanese Shinto divination ritual using rice or bean gruel.
Traditionally, the kayu ura ritual took place on the 15th day of the first lunar month, but since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar it has been conventional to perform the ceremony on January 15; this date is known as ko-shōgatsu or "Little New Year". Divination by gruel is generally used for agricultural predictions; it is presumed to predict the weather and harvests for the coming year.
The ceremony takes various forms. A common practice is to stir a large pot of rice gruel () with a split wooden stick, and to observe the number and organisation of the grains that adhere to the stick when it is removed. In another variation, known as tsutsugayu shinji, multiple hollow cylinders made of split bamboo or reeds are placed in the gruel, each cylinder corresponding to a specific month. Shinto prayers are chanted and the rice porridge is then left overnight. The following morning, the cylinders are cut open and the contents examined – the more rice that has stuck to the inside of the tube, the more propitious the harvest. If multiple tubes are used, these usually correspond to specific months of the year, and the results are recorded on a month-by-month basis. The tsutsugayu shinji variation is practiced at the Suwa Grand Shrine.
Whilst rice is usually used, a porridge made from red beans (a symbol of fertility) can be substituted as an alternative.
A further variation on the ritual is used in Akita, in which the gruel is not stirred but is instead smeared on a wooden pole; predictions are made based on how much rice sticks to the pole and the patterns that it makes. The oldest form of this ceremony, and the precursor to those listed above, involves a Shinto priest examining the mould that has formed on a bowl of rice porridge that has been stored in a special box for several days.
References
Shinto festivals
Festivals in Japan
Congee
Divination |
"Rubber Lover" is a song written by the Scottish experimental rock group Marmaduke Duke. It is included on their second album 'Duke Pandemonium and was released as a single on 17 April 2009. It charted at a peak position of #12 in the UK singles charts following considerable airplay on radio stations such as BBC Radio 1. The band have described the song as a "dirty pop-ode to a rubber doll".
The song features a sample from Billy Joel's song "Sleeping with the Television On".
Music video
The video is set after the "Kid Gloves" video, in a room with many girls dancing in bikinis. The Duke is playing blackjack against a pig creature, with the Crow who emerged in the previous video watching while sitting next to the Duke. The pig reveals that he has two sixes with one card still face down. The Duke flips one of his two cards over to reveal a queen of hearts. The video then zooms into the heart enters a psychedelic phrase showing the relationship between the Duke and the Crow. It returns to the card game as two girls stand on the pigs side of the table, joined by two more who sit with the Duke. The pig flips over his last card to reveal another six, scoring 18 in the game. The Duke flips over his final card to reveal the Ace of Hearts, beating him. The video again zooms into the heart, entering another strange sequence focusing on the Crow. When it returns, the two girls steal the Duke's watchstop and slip away. The Duke finds the room to be empty, with a pig mask on the table. He overturns it angrily and finds that the man who had been wearing the mask has the Crow captive.
Critical reception
Digital Spy's Nick Levine wrote that the song is "an early contender for most unlikely hit of the year" and went on to write, "it's compact, cheeky and perfectly formed". He also said "'Rubber Lover' has already become a bit of a radio favourite, mainly because it's very catchy indeed".
Live performances
Marmaduke Duke performed the song in Radio 1's Live Lounge - Volume 4 on 23 April 2009.
Charts
The song charted at #12 in the UK Singles Chart on its first week of release before falling to #17 the following week.
References
2009 singles
Marmaduke Duke songs
2009 songs
14th Floor Records singles
Songs written by Billy Joel |
The Cleveland Cascade is a 250-foot-long ornamental stairway near Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, with cascades in the center, designed in 1923 by Howard Gilkey. It opened with great civic pride as "one of the few things of this kind in the West".
The Cascade was reportedly modeled after features in the hill towns of Italy. From the lakefront downhill end, wide concrete steps rise to a landing, then divide around a round-topped fountain niche and pool, and continue to the top following the middle landing as two narrow stairways on either side of a series of concrete bowls that form the cascade. Water flowed down over twenty concrete bowls past colored lights.
It was adequately maintained into the early 1940s but then began to suffer from neglect and resulting disrepair. Until about 1950 the bowls were illuminated at night by colored lights, and an electric pump returned water from the pool to the top of the cascade. The lights and water were shut off sometime in the 1950s, and the bowls were filled in. As “Cleveland Stairs,” the Cascade never lost its popularity. The feature is an active pedestrian thoroughfare and popular with joggers.
Over the past decade efforts have been underway to restore the Cascade to its past glory.
References
bibliography
Tourist attractions in Oakland, California
Buildings and structures in Oakland, California |
```javascript
import React from 'react'
import { storiesOf } from '@storybook/react'
import { Hero } from 'components'
storiesOf('Hero', module)
.add('default', () => (
<Hero />
))
``` |
The Great Distraction is the fourth studio album by English electronic music group Vessels, released on 29 September 2017 on Different Recordings. Critical reception was mixed to decent.
References
2017 albums
Vessels (band) albums |
The Madagascar girdled lizard or Madagascar plated lizard (Zonosaurus madagascariensis) is a species of lizard in the family Gerrhosauridae. It is found in Madagascar, some outlying islands (Nosy Be and the nearby islands; Grande Glorieuse) and the Seychelles (Cosmoledo). This generally common lizard is found in a range of habitat types, including open and degraded humid forest at mid and low altitudes. It also occurs in plantations. On Cosmoledo, it occurs in open shrubland. This oviparous lizard grows to total length.
Evolutionary history
The family Gerrhosauridae shares the strongest evolutionary linkages to Asian and South American Species. However, the population on the island most likely originated from colonization by ancestors "rafting" from the African Mainland. Within the Island of Madagascar, the Malagasy Plated Lizards are denoted by two individual genera of Gerrhosauridae: 1. Tracheloptychus, which consists of 2 separate species that occupy the subarid south and south-west regions of the Island 2. Zonosaurus, which consists of 17 species occupy the majority of the biomes distributed throughout the Island.
Originally, scientists concluded, based on morphological data, that the Zonosaurus was a sister to the Tracheloptychus genera.
In order to determine the evolutionary line of the species of Gerrhosauridae on the Island, specimens representing the species that inhabited the Island were acquired and tissue samples were taken and DNA samples were taken and underwent PCR. From the information, the tree for the evolution pathway was then "inferred per gene and per type of gene," resulting in the following lineage as described by the below link containing a photo: http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1055790313002534-gr2.jpg.
Subspecies
Populations on Cosmoledo and Grande Glorieuse are recognized as subspecies Zonosaurus madagascariensis insulanus Brygoo, 1985.
References
Further reading
Zonosaurus
Reptiles of Madagascar
Reptiles of Seychelles
Reptiles described in 1831
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Yi Gwal (; 1587 – 14 February, 1624) was a general during the Joseon Dynasty, Korea, known for the failed Yi Gwal's Rebellion. His family belonged to the Goseong Yi clan.
He rebelled against King Injo in 1624, but failed. Yi Gwal was then killed by his own troops. Yi Gwal's rebellion put Korea into a state of chaos before it was invaded by the Manchu Qing dynasty.
Background
In 1622, he joined the Injo revolution, which was a movement in Korea to get rid of the government of King Gwanghaegun, who advocated evenhanded diplomacy between the Ming and the Qing. At that time, the Han Ming Dynasty had recently fallen to the invading Jurchen, who had renamed themselves the Manchu. Historically, Korea was in a long time conflict with the Jurchen tribes, who inhabited the wide plains of Manchuria. The Jurchen took Liaoning during the late Ming and established the Later Jin dynasty.
Yi Gwal captured the capital, Hanyang, and exiled Gwanghaegun. However, he was rewarded only as a second class helper and neglected by the King.
As the relations with Later Jin deteriorated, the Korean government and Injo sent Yi Gwal to the border of Pyongan Province to ward off invasions from the Jin. There, Yi strengthened the walls and fortresses around the border and maintained strict military order.
Out of the fifteen thousand troops stationed in the northern border, Yi Gwal had command of ten thousand, stationed in Yongbyon while the five thousand stayed with General Jang Man (张晚) in Pyongyang.
Yi Gwal's Rebellion
Korea's political stance at the time caused the downfall of Yi Gwal. Since the establishment of a Confucian dynasty by King Taejo, there had been political disputes between the parties in the government. Some disputes even ended up in bloodshed, like the one which occurred in the time of King Yeonsangun. Also, during the time of King Seonjo just before the Japanese invasions of Korea, the political parties had been divided between the Easterners and the Westerners. The Easterners gradually split up into two parties called the Northerners and the Southerners.
In January 1624, the Westerners, recently unsatisfied with the success of Yi Gwal (who was part of the Northerners), made a petition to the King stating that Yi Gwal and some members of the Northerners were planning a rebellion. As these ministers all had a close relationship with the King, the petition was examined. However, the reports proved false, and the Westerners failed to condemn Yi Gwal. They tried again soon after, which provoked the suspicion of the King.
The government soon sent an examination and arrest party to Yongbyon to arrest Yi Gwal's son Yi Jeon. As he suspected that he himself would be condemned if his son confessed, he decided on a pre-emptive strike. Finally, he killed the arrest party and the rebellion officially began on January 22, 1624. He and his ten thousand troops headed straight for Hanyang, to relieve the capital and capture the King.
The first clash with the government troops happened on the Hamgyong province, where the government troops were being led by Jeong Chung-sin and Nam Yi-hong. He tried to avoid these two generals and surpassed their troops. During the march to the capital, Yi Gwal met much opposition, but all were defeated. Injo soon abandoned the capital and Yi Gwal captured it on February 10. Since the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty, it was the first time a rebel army had captured the capital.
Yi Gwal then put Heungangun on the throne, a royal relative of the King. Moreover, he put fliers all over the city so the people would support his troops. However, the rebel occupation of the capital did not last long.
Hanseong was soon threatened by Jang Man and other generals from the government forces. Yi Gwal sent Han Myeong-ryun to combat the enemy, but the rebels were defeated due to inferior geographical position. By this time, Yi Gwal tried to escape the capital as the rebel army had disbanded and separated. As Yi Gwal and Han Myeong-ryun tried to escape on February 15, they were murdered by their own troops led by Gi Ik-heon, who were seeking forgiveness from the government.
Yi Gwal failed, but Joseon society effectively entered a period of chaos, which then provoked and facilitated the First Manchu invasion of Korea in 1627. Eventually Joseon would fall and become a vassal to the Qing dynasty.
Afterwards, Yi Gwal's name, along with his father's, was omitted from the family genealogy, but was listed again after 1930. Additional records were discovered about his relative, Yi Eung-tae, who died around the age of 30, and research was being conducted on the mummy discovered for the first time in 445 years.
Family
Father - Yi Je (이제, 李磾)
Mother - Lady Jeong of the Dongrae Jeong clan (동래 정씨, 東萊 鄭氏)
Grandfather - Jeong Sun-ha (정순하, 鄭淳蝦)
Sibling(s)
Older brother - Yi Yun (이윤, 李胤)
Older brother - Yi Ju (이주, 李胄)
Younger brother - Yi Don (이돈, 李遯)
Spouse
Lady Yi of the Gwangju Yi clan (광주 이씨, 廣州 李氏)
Father-in-law - Yi Byeong-jwa (이방좌, 李邦佐) (? - 4 February 1624)
Issue
Son - Yi Jeon (이전, 李栴)
Daughter-in-law - Gye-yi (계이, 季伊) (? - 6 February 1624)
Relative
Yi Eung-tae (이응태) (1556 - 1586)
See also
History of Korea
Manchu invasion of Korea
References
Joseon
1587 births
1624 deaths
Goseong Lee clan |
```haskell
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}
{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
-- | Optimization passes for removing dead code, mainly dead let bindings.
module PlutusIR.Transform.DeadCode
( removeDeadBindings
, removeDeadBindingsPass
, removeDeadBindingsPassSC
) where
import PlutusIR
import PlutusIR.Analysis.Dependencies qualified as Deps
import PlutusIR.MkPir
import PlutusIR.Transform.Rename ()
import PlutusCore qualified as PLC
import PlutusCore.Builtin qualified as PLC
import PlutusCore.Name.Unique qualified as PLC
import Control.Lens
import Control.Monad.Reader
import Data.Coerce
import Data.Set qualified as Set
import Algebra.Graph qualified as G
import Algebra.Graph.ToGraph qualified as T
import Data.List.NonEmpty qualified as NE
import PlutusCore.Quote (MonadQuote, freshTyName)
import PlutusCore.StdLib.Data.ScottUnit qualified as Unit
import PlutusIR.Analysis.Builtins
import PlutusIR.Analysis.VarInfo
import PlutusIR.Pass
import PlutusIR.TypeCheck qualified as TC
import Witherable (Witherable (wither))
removeDeadBindingsPassSC ::
(PLC.Typecheckable uni fun, PLC.GEq uni, Ord a, MonadQuote m)
=> TC.PirTCConfig uni fun
-> BuiltinsInfo uni fun
-> Pass m TyName Name uni fun a
removeDeadBindingsPassSC tcconfig binfo =
renamePass <> removeDeadBindingsPass tcconfig binfo
removeDeadBindingsPass ::
(PLC.Typecheckable uni fun, PLC.GEq uni, Ord a, MonadQuote m)
=> TC.PirTCConfig uni fun
-> BuiltinsInfo uni fun
-> Pass m TyName Name uni fun a
removeDeadBindingsPass tcconfig binfo =
NamedPass "dead code elimination" $
Pass
(removeDeadBindings binfo)
[Typechecks tcconfig, GloballyUniqueNames]
[ConstCondition (Typechecks tcconfig)]
-- We only need MonadQuote to make new types for bindings
-- | Remove all the dead let bindings in a term.
removeDeadBindings
:: (PLC.HasUnique name PLC.TermUnique,
PLC.ToBuiltinMeaning uni fun, PLC.MonadQuote m)
=> BuiltinsInfo uni fun
-> Term TyName name uni fun a
-> m (Term TyName name uni fun a)
removeDeadBindings binfo t = do
let vinfo = termVarInfo t
runReaderT (transformMOf termSubterms processTerm t) (calculateLiveness binfo vinfo t)
type Liveness = Set.Set Deps.Node
calculateLiveness
:: (PLC.HasUnique name PLC.TermUnique, PLC.HasUnique tyname PLC.TypeUnique,
PLC.ToBuiltinMeaning uni fun)
=> BuiltinsInfo uni fun
-> VarsInfo tyname name uni a
-> Term tyname name uni fun a
-> Liveness
calculateLiveness binfo vinfo t =
let
depGraph :: G.Graph Deps.Node
depGraph = Deps.runTermDeps binfo vinfo t
in Set.fromList $ T.reachable depGraph Deps.Root
live :: (MonadReader Liveness m, PLC.HasUnique n unique) => n -> m Bool
live n =
let
u = coerce $ n ^. PLC.unique
in asks $ Set.member (Deps.Variable u)
liveBinding
:: (MonadReader Liveness m, PLC.HasUnique name PLC.TermUnique, MonadQuote m)
=> Binding TyName name uni fun a
-> m (Maybe (Binding TyName name uni fun a))
liveBinding =
let
-- TODO: HasUnique instances for VarDecl and TyVarDecl?
liveVarDecl (VarDecl _ n _) = live n
liveTyVarDecl (TyVarDecl _ n _) = live n
in \case
b@(TermBind _ _ d _) -> do
l <- liveVarDecl d
pure $ if l then Just b else Nothing
b@(TypeBind _ d _) -> do
l <- liveTyVarDecl d
pure $ if l then Just b else Nothing
b@(DatatypeBind x (Datatype _ d _ destr constrs)) -> do
dtypeLive <- liveTyVarDecl d
destrLive <- live destr
constrsLive <- traverse liveVarDecl constrs
let termLive = or (destrLive : constrsLive)
case (dtypeLive, termLive) of
-- At least one term-level part is live, keep the whole thing
(_, True) -> pure $ Just b
-- Nothing is live, remove the whole thing
(False, False) -> pure Nothing
-- See Note [Dependencies for datatype bindings, and pruning them]
-- Datatype is live but no term-level parts are, replace with a trivial type binding
(True, False) -> Just . TypeBind x d <$> mkTypeOfKind (_tyVarDeclKind d)
-- | Given a kind, make a type (any type!) of that kind.
-- Generates things of the form 'unit -> unit -> ... -> unit'
mkTypeOfKind :: MonadQuote m => Kind a -> m (Type TyName uni a)
mkTypeOfKind = \case
-- The scott-encoded unit here is a little bulky but it continues to be the easiest
-- way to get a type of kind Type without relying on builtins.
Type a -> pure $ a <$ Unit.unit
KindArrow a ki ki' -> do
n <- freshTyName "a"
TyLam a n ki <$> mkTypeOfKind ki'
processTerm
:: (MonadReader Liveness m, PLC.HasUnique name PLC.TermUnique, MonadQuote m)
=> Term TyName name uni fun a
-> m (Term TyName name uni fun a)
processTerm = \case
-- throw away dead bindings
Let x r bs t -> mkLet x r <$> wither liveBinding (NE.toList bs) <*> pure t
x -> pure x
``` |
The 1992 Missouri Tigers football team represented the University of Missouri as a member of the Big Eight Conference during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by fourth year head coach Bob Stull, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 3–8 with a mark of 2–5 in conference play, placing in a three-way tie for sixth in the Big 8. Missouri played home games at Faurot Field in Columbia, Missouri.
Schedule
Roster
Coaching staff
Statistics
Passing
Rushing and receiving
References
Missouri
Missouri Tigers football seasons
Missouri Tigers football |
In Nigeria, firewood is a traditional source of energy for domestic and commercial use. Fuel wood is derived from cutting and burning wood materials such as logs and twigs. It has long been prevalent among rural and sometimes urban dwellers.
In Nigeria, as in numerous other developing nations, a significant portion of the population lacks access to modern energy alternatives. Consequently, they heavily depend on traditional biomass fuels such as crop waste and wood to fulfill their basic energy requirements, particularly for home and commercial cooking purposes.
This reliance on fuel wood has implications for deforestation, as the unsustainable harvesting of wood for fuel contributes to the degradation of forests and the loss of biodiversity. The excessive demand for fuel wood places immense pressure on forest resources, leading to the depletion of woodlands and the disruption of delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation exacerbates climate change by releasing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. This approach would not only aid in biodiversity conservation but also contribute to the expansion of national vegetation cover.
Use of fuel wood
Fuel wood is commonly obtained and utilized in different forms. Round wood is commonly sold and used for domestic purposes, including in stores and open fires. Split logs, on the other hand, are predominantly utilized for commercial and industrial needs. In rural areas, small twigs and thin materials are typically not sold but are often used as fuel, either at a low cost for free. The production of fuel wood generally requires minimal capital investment, with basic tools such as an axe or machete being the primary requirements. In cases where large trees need to be harvested, methods like ring girdling or burning at the base may be employed to kill the trees, allowing them to dry out before use. Many farmers view fuel wood as a readily available resource that does not require any financial transaction, often relying on their existing farm tools for its collection.
Fuel wood in Nigeria is used for various purposes due to its availability and affordability. Here are some common uses of fuel wood in Nigeria:
Cooking: Fuel wood serves as a primary source of energy for cooking in many households and commercial outlets across Nigeria. It is used in traditional stoves or open fires to prepare meals and heat food.
Heating: In colder regions or during colder seasons, fuel wood is used for heating purposes. It provides warmth in homes and can be used in fireplaces or traditional heating devices.
Small-scale industries and artisanal activities: Fuel wood is often utilized by small-scale industries for various production processes. Examples include baking and food processing, pottery making, brick-making, and blacksmithing. In rural areas, fuel wood is used for artisanal activities such as carving, woodworking, and crafting traditional items.
Charcoal production: Fuel wood is also a key raw material for charcoal production. Charcoal, derived from the carbonization of wood, is used for cooking, heating, and industrial processes.
Campfire, cultural and religious practices: Fuel wood plays a role in cultural and religious practices in Nigeria. It is used for traditional ceremonies, rituals, and religious ceremonies involving fire.
Environmental impacts of fuel wood utilization
Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria has significant environmental impacts, which include deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems, air pollution, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and land degradation, water resource depletion, Disruption of local ecosystems and associated health concerns, as well as contributing to climate change through carbon emissions.
Deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems
The widespread use of fuel wood in Nigeria has led to deforestation and the loss of valuable forest ecosystems. As communities rely heavily on fuel wood for cooking, heating, and other energy needs, large areas of forests are cleared to meet the growing demand. This deforestation not only disrupts the natural habitat of numerous plant and animal species but also reduces the overall biodiversity of the region. The loss of forests also contributes to soil erosion, reduced water quality, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters such as flooding.
Air pollution
The burning of fuel wood for energy releases various pollutants into the atmosphere, leading to air pollution and associated health concerns. Traditional cooking methods, such as open fires and inefficient stoves, produce high levels of smoke and particulate matter, which can have detrimental effects on respiratory health. Prolonged exposure to indoor air pollution from fuel wood combustion has been linked to respiratory diseases, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, and even lung cancer. Additionally, the release of pollutants contributes to outdoor air pollution, further impacting the health and well-being of communities.
Loss of biodiversity
Fuelwood collection often involves the removal of branches and smaller trees from forests. This can lead to the loss of habitat for various plant and animal species that rely on these trees for shelter, nesting, and food sources. Reductions in biodiversity can disrupt ecosystems and have long-term negative consequences.
Loss of biodiversity refers to the decline in the variety and abundance of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms in a particular habitat or across the entire planet. It is a significant global environmental issue with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, human well-being, and the sustainability of the planet.
Biodiversity encompasses the total range of biological variation on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It is a measure of the richness and complexity of life in a given area. The loss of biodiversity occurs when species become extinct or when their populations decline to a critically low level.
There are several causes of biodiversity loss, many of which are the result of human activities:
Habitat Destruction: The conversion of natural habitats into agricultural land, urban areas, or industrial zones destroys the homes and resources that many species depend on. Deforestation, wetland draining, and land clearing for infrastructure development are examples of habitat destruction.
Pollution: Pollution from industrial activities, agriculture, and improper waste disposal can contaminate air, water, and soil, affecting the health and survival of various species. Pollutants can accumulate in the food chain, causing harmful effects on both wildlife and humans.
Climate Change: Alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events due to climate change can disrupt ecosystems and negatively impact species' ability to survive and reproduce. Climate change can cause shifts in species distribution, changes in migration patterns, and loss of habitats such as coral reefs and polar ice caps.
Overexploitation: Unsustainable harvesting of resources, such as overfishing, illegal wildlife trade, and excessive logging, can deplete populations of certain species. Overexploitation disrupts ecological balance and can lead to species extinction and ecosystem degradation.
Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native species into ecosystems can have detrimental effects on native flora and fauna. Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources, disrupt natural food chains, and alter habitats, resulting in the decline or extinction of native species.
The loss of biodiversity has significant implications for ecosystems and human well-being:
Ecosystem Functioning: Biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining the functioning and stability of ecosystems. Each species contributes to important ecological processes such as nutrient cycling, pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control. Loss of biodiversity can disrupt these processes, leading to ecosystem degradation and reduced resilience to environmental changes.
Economic Impact: Biodiversity loss can have severe economic consequences. Many industries, such as agriculture, fisheries, and pharmaceuticals, rely on biodiversity for their productivity and profitability. The loss of key species or genetic resources can disrupt these industries and lead to economic losses.
Soil erosion and land degradation
Removing vegetation, particularly trees, from an area can lead to increased soil erosion. Trees play a crucial role in stabilizing soil, reducing the impact of rainfall on the ground, and preventing erosion. The removal of trees for fuel wood can result in degraded soil quality, decreased fertility, and increased vulnerability to erosion.
Agricultural productivity, ecosystem stability, and sustainable development are all impacted by soil erosion and land degradation. Natural forces like wind, water, or human activities can cause soil particles to be detached, transported, and deposited elsewhere. The concept of land degradation refers to a wide range of deterioration in the quality and productivity of land.
Causes of soil erosion and land degradation
Water Erosion: This type of erosion occurs when rainfall, surface runoff, and flowing water dislodge and carry away soil particles. It is primarily influenced by factors such as slope gradient, soil texture, vegetation cover, and rainfall intensity. Overgrazing, deforestation, and improper land management practices exacerbate water erosion.
Wind Erosion: Wind erosion involves the detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles by the wind. It is most common in arid and semi-arid regions with sparse vegetation cover. Factors like soil texture, wind speed, and land use practices influence wind erosion. Unsustainable agricultural practices, desertification, and land disturbance contribute to wind erosion.
Soil Compaction: Excessive agricultural machinery use, improper land management, and heavy grazing can lead to soil compaction. Compacted soils have reduced pore space, resulting in reduced water infiltration, decreased root growth, and increased runoff, leading to erosion and degradation.
Deforestation: Forests play a crucial role in preventing erosion and maintaining soil stability. Deforestation for agriculture, logging, or urbanization removes the protective vegetative cover, exposing the soil to erosion agents such as rainfall and wind.
Unsustainable Agriculture: Unsuitable agricultural practices, such as improper tillage methods, monocropping, excessive use of agrochemicals, and inadequate soil conservation measures, contribute to soil erosion and degradation.
Impacts of soil erosion and Land Degradation
Reduced Agricultural Productivity: Erosion and degradation can lead to loss of topsoil, essential nutrients, and organic matter, resulting in decreased soil fertility and agricultural productivity. It affects crop yields, food security, and farmers' livelihoods.
Water Pollution: Sediment runoff from eroded soil contaminates water bodies, impairing water quality and aquatic ecosystems. It can also lead to increased sedimentation in reservoirs, reducing storage capacity
Desertification: Land degradation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, can contribute to desertification, the expansion of desert areas, and the loss of productive land. It has severe ecological, social, and economic consequences.
Biodiversity Loss: Soil erosion and degradation can result in habitat destruction and fragmentation, leading to plant and animal species loss. It is ecosystem services and reduces resilience to environmental changes.
Climate change and carbon emissions
Fuel wood utilization contributes to climate change through the release of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. When fuel wood is burned, carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, is released. The combustion process is often incomplete and inefficient, leading to the emission of other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) These emissions contribute to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the atmosphere and causing global warming. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contributes to climate change, resulting in adverse effects such as rising temperatures, changing weather patterns, and sea-level rise.
Disruption of local ecosystems
The removal of fuel wood from forests can disrupt local ecosystems, including nutrient cycling, pollination, and seed dispersal. Trees play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance and supporting the survival of numerous species. The removal of fuel wood without sustainable practices can disrupt these ecological processes. With human populations becoming more concentrated, there is growing worry over the global degradation of coastal ecosystems, which includes eutrophication, overfishing, habitat disruption, pollution, and aesthetic degradation. The food business with the quickest growth, aquaculture, reached over 47 million metric tons of production in 2005.
The severity and scope of disturbances determine how quickly terrestrial ecosystems recover. Primary succession happens in lifeless landscapes, such as the receding ice sheets of North America and Eurasia. Where there are already established organism communities and biological remains are still there, secondary succession takes place. The degree of disturbance determines which "legacies" they are. In Nigeria, ecosystems are also experiencing serious disturbances that need urgent intervention by the government and all stakeholders. Nigerian government should start thinking of how the ecosystem will be recovered from disturbances for the health of the human environment.
Water resource depletion
Fuel wood collection often involves the gathering of deadwood, which can include branches and fallen trees found near water bodies. Removing these materials from riparian areas can disrupt the natural flow of water, impacting aquatic ecosystems and reducing water availability for local communities.
Conserving and Restoration Measures
Conservation Tillage: Practices like minimum tillage, no-till, and strip cropping help reduce soil erosion by maintaining crop residues on the soil surface, improving water infiltration, and promoting soil organic matter accumulation.
Contour Farming: Planting crops along slope contour lines slows down water runoff, reducing erosion. It involves constructing contour bunds or terraces to trap sediment and retain water.
Agroforestry: Integrating trees with crops or livestock systems can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content, and provide windbreaks to minimize wind erosion.
Rehabilitation of Degraded Land: Restoring degraded land through reforestation, re-vegetation, and soil improvement techniques can help combat erosion and promote sustainable land use practices. It is crucial to implement these measures on a large scale, promote sustainable land management practices, and raise awareness about the importance of soil conservation to mitigate soil erosion and land degradation.
Government policies and initiatives to reduce fuel wood use
The Nigerian government has implemented various policies and initiatives to reduce fuel wood use, addressing the environmental and social challenges associated with its utilization. These efforts aim to conserve forests, improve energy efficiency, and transition to alternative energy sources.
Forest conservation and management strategies
To address deforestation and the loss of forest ecosystems caused by fuel wood utilization, the Nigerian government has implemented forest conservation and management strategies, such as the National Forest Policy. The National Forest Policy for the sustainable utilization of Nigeria's forest resources was introduced during the commemoration of the International Day of Forests in 2022. The policy was launched in Abuja, the capital of Nigeria. Other strategies include the establishment of protected areas, national parks, and forest reserves to safeguard valuable forest resources. The government collaborates with local communities, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders to develop sustainable forest management plans, promoting responsible harvesting practices and reforestation initiatives. By enforcing regulations and raising awareness about the importance of forest conservation, the government strives to preserve the ecological integrity and biodiversity of Nigerian forests.
Promotion of efficient cooking technologies
The promotion of efficient cooking technologies is a key aspect of the government's efforts to address the environmental and health concerns associated with fuel wood utilization. Traditional cooking methods, such as open fires and rudimentary stoves, are highly inefficient and contribute to high levels of smoke and indoor air pollution. The government promotes the adoption and distribution of these efficient cooking technologies through awareness campaigns, subsidies, and partnerships with NGOs and private sector entities. On October 5, 2021, the Federal Government of Nigeria joined forces with key stakeholders to ensure the successful implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) aimed at promoting the adoption of clean and efficient cooking technologies throughout the country.
Alternative energy sources and transitioning away from fuel wood
Recognizing the need to transition away from fuel wood as a primary source of energy, the Nigerian government is actively promoting the use of alternative energy sources. This includes promoting the adoption of clean and renewable energy technologies such as solar power, wind energy, and biogas. In August 2022, Nigeria introduced its Energy Transition Plan as a testament to its dedication to attaining carbon neutrality, eradicating energy poverty, and fostering economic development. The plan encompasses key sectors such as power, cooking, oil and gas, transport, and industry. Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, along with other stakeholders in the energy sector, unveiled the plan, which outlines Nigeria's roadmap towards achieving net-zero emissions by 2060. By diversifying the energy mix and reducing reliance on fuel wood, the government aims to mitigate deforestation, improve air quality, and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts.
Progress toward sustainable energy practices in Nigeria
The future outlook for energy practices in Nigeria is gradually shifting towards more sustainable alternatives, aiming to address the environmental, social, and economic challenges associated with fuel wood utilization. Efforts are being made to promote cleaner energy sources, improve energy efficiency, and foster sustainable practices in the country.
To ensure a sustainable future, there is also a need to prioritize sustainable forest management and conservation efforts. This involves implementing robust policies and regulations to prevent illegal logging, deforestation, and degradation of forest ecosystems. By promoting responsible and sustainable forest practices, which includes but not limited to, responsible harvesting practices, reforestation initiatives, Nigeria can protect its valuable forest resources, preserve biodiversity, and mitigate the adverse impacts of fuel wood utilization.
Community engagement, education, and awareness programs are crucial for fostering a culture of forest conservation and sustainable resource use. The Green Vision for Community Development Initiative (GVCDI), a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), provided training to community members in Cross Rivers state on forest protection techniques to combat deforestation. In 1981, the Ekuri community in Nigeria, independently conceptualized a formal community forest management initiative. Their aim was to ensure the preservation of their heritage, sustain livelihoods, foster community development, reduce poverty, and prevent the negative consequences experienced by other communities that had lost their forests. This initiative was born out of the community's internal motivation and foresight, without any external influence.
One of the key focus areas for a sustainable energy transition in Nigeria is the promotion of renewable energy sources. The government, in collaboration with private sector entities and international partners, is investing in renewable energy infrastructure. These sources offer significant potential to diversify the energy mix, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and provide access to clean and affordable energy, particularly in rural areas.
In parallel with the transition to renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency is another crucial aspect of sustainable energy practices. Improving energy efficiency in sectors such as residential, commercial, agricultural, and industrial areas can contribute to reducing energy demand and optimizing resource utilization. This includes the promotion of energy-efficient appliances, building design and insulation standards, and the implementation of energy management systems. By adopting energy-efficient technologies and practices, Nigeria can reduce energy waste, lower energy costs, and lessen the environmental impact associated with energy consumption.
See also
Deforestation in Nigeria
Firewood
Wood industry in Nigeria
Effects of deforestation on soil erosion
References
External links
Climate laws
Fuels
Nigeria
Environmental issues in Nigeria
Forestry in Nigeria
Environmental disasters in Africa
Man-made disasters in Nigeria
Environmental justice
Deforestation in Nigeria |
Fern Riddell ( ) (born 22 January 1986) is a British historian who specialises in gender, sex, suffrage and Victorian culture. She has written several popular history books and is a former columnist for the BBC History magazine.
Early life and education
Riddell attended Barton Court Grammar School from 1997 to 2004. After a gap year, she studied history at Royal Holloway, University of London from 2005, graduating with a BA in 2008, and an MA in 2009. Between 2010 and 2016, she undertook a PhD thesis at King's College, London, entitled "Vice and Virtue: Pleasure, Morality and Sin in London's Music Halls 1850-1939". Her doctoral degree was supervised by Paul Readman and Arthur Burns, and examined by Matthew Sweet.
Career
Riddell is a cultural historian who specialises in sex, the suffragette movement and women's struggle for equality. She has appeared on various BBC television and radio programmes. In 2013 she was selected as one of the BBC Expert Women, and took part in a training programme that improved women's media and communication skills. That year she was made one of BBC Radio 3's New Generation Thinkers. She has since acted as a researcher for the 2015 revival of Horrible Histories, seasons 13-14 of Who Do You Think You Are?, seasons 3-5 of Ripper Street, and Decline and Fall. She hosts Not What You Thought You Knew, a podcast for the History Channel.
Riddell extensively investigated the scrapbook of suffragette and birth control campaigner Kitty Marion. The scrapbook contained stories of her hunger strikes, arson attacks and prison escapes. Riddell has spoken about the sexual assault and harassment that Marion faced and how that fuelled her suffragette campaigning.
In 2018, after tweeting that she was "Dr Fern Riddell" and not Miss, Riddell she was subject to criticism on Twitter. To respond to those who deemed her arrogant and "immodest", she created the hashtag #ImmodestWomen, which saw thousands of women sharing their stories. In 2019 Riddell hosted her own BBC Four television programme, A Victorian Scandal: The Rudest Book in Britain. Riddell was a member of the Royal Holloway team on the 2019 University Challenge Christmas Special.
Books
Her publications include:
She has written for the Times Higher Education magazine, The Guardian, The Huffington Post and History Today. Riddell is active on social media, including Twitter (@FernRiddell) and Instagram (@fernriddell).
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Alumni of King's College London
People from Broadstairs
British historians
British women historians
Cultural historians |
Sheykh Alam (, also Romanized as Sheykh ʿAlam) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 20 families.
References
Populated places in Hirmand County |
Amine Khazen (also Amine el-Khazen; born 6 December 1941, in Ajaltoun, Lebanon) is a Lebanese diplomat and a member of the noble Khazen family.
Education
Amine primarily studied at Saint Joseph University, in Beirut. He is fluent in Arabic, French, English, and Spanish.
Work
He was the Lebanese ambassador to the United Nations from 1990 to 1999. He also served as an ambassador in Mexico and Central America. His diplomatic work has put him in contact with high-profile figures from around the world, including Pope John Paul II and Fidel Castro.
References
External links
el-Khazen website
Ambassador Sheikh Amine El Khazen (Circle of Ambassadors)
Dinner of Cheikh Amine el Khazen at Liza restaurant January 21st, 2014 (Mondanite)
Amine
20th-century Lebanese diplomats
Permanent Representatives of Lebanon to the United Nations
Living people
Saint Joseph University alumni
1941 births
People from Keserwan District |
```c
/*
*
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
* purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
* copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
* WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
* WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
* ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
* OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*/
/*
* This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check it.
* PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: path_to_url
*/
#include <config.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#ifdef HAVE_STDBOOL_H
# include <stdbool.h>
#else
# include <compat/stdbool.h>
#endif /* HAVE_STDBOOL_H */
#include <string.h>
#ifdef HAVE_STRINGS_H
# include <strings.h>
#endif /* HAVE_STRINGS_H */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <grp.h>
#include <sudo_plugin.h>
#include <sudo_compat.h>
/*
* Sample sudoers group plugin that uses an extra group file with the
* same format as /etc/group.
*/
static sudo_printf_t sudo_log;
extern void mysetgrfile(const char *);
extern int mysetgroupent(int);
extern void myendgrent(void);
extern struct group *mygetgrnam(const char *);
static int
sample_init(int version, sudo_printf_t sudo_printf, char *const argv[])
{
struct stat sb;
sudo_log = sudo_printf;
if (SUDO_API_VERSION_GET_MAJOR(version) != GROUP_API_VERSION_MAJOR) {
sudo_log(SUDO_CONV_ERROR_MSG,
"group_file: incompatible major version %d, expected %d\n",
SUDO_API_VERSION_GET_MAJOR(version),
GROUP_API_VERSION_MAJOR);
return -1;
}
/* Check that the group file exists and has a safe mode. */
if (argv == NULL || argv[0] == NULL) {
sudo_log(SUDO_CONV_ERROR_MSG,
"group_file: path to group file not specified\n");
return -1;
}
if (stat(argv[0], &sb) != 0) {
sudo_log(SUDO_CONV_ERROR_MSG,
"group_file: %s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
if ((sb.st_mode & (S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH)) != 0) {
sudo_log(SUDO_CONV_ERROR_MSG,
"%s must be only be writable by owner\n", argv[0]);
return -1;
}
mysetgrfile(argv[0]);
if (!mysetgroupent(1))
return false;
return true;
}
static void
sample_cleanup(void)
{
myendgrent();
}
/*
* Returns true if "user" is a member of "group", else false.
*/
static int
sample_query(const char *user, const char *group, const struct passwd *pwd)
{
struct group *grp;
char **member;
grp = mygetgrnam(group);
if (grp != NULL && grp->gr_mem != NULL) {
for (member = grp->gr_mem; *member != NULL; member++) {
if (strcasecmp(user, *member) == 0)
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
sudo_dso_public struct sudoers_group_plugin group_plugin = {
GROUP_API_VERSION,
sample_init,
sample_cleanup,
sample_query
};
``` |
Euastacus spinifer is a species of freshwater crayfish endemic to Australia that belongs to the family Parastacidae.
Appearance
Morphological variation is observed in Euastacus spinifer that originate in different river systems. They are mostly green with reddish-brown joints and bright spines.
Diet
Detritus forms the staple diet of the species but they may also eat small invertebrates and tadpoles. They are also cannibalistic. They are also believed to be opportunistic omnivore.
Life cycle
Mating takes place in winter when temperature drops to as low as , and eggs are laid in early July. Eggs are carried in the female Pleopods and hatch after an incubation period of 110–140 days. Hatch-lings stay with their parents until early summer. Males mature in 5–6 years and grow to on maturity while females take about 8 years and from above . There are a class of "precious males" that mature at length. There are slight variation in reproduction cycle between species in different river systems.
Size
Euastacus spinifer may grow up to . Largest recorded weight is .
Distribution
They are endemic to Australia. They may be found from near sea level to as high as . They are distributed over a range of .
Habitat
Creeks and estuaries are their usual habitats. Their habitats are usually shaded by vegetation.
Moulting
Moulting frequency of individuals in the species differ with size smaller individuals moult up to six times a year while larger individuals moult only once. Different sizes moult a different seasons temperature is believed to be the regulating force.
References
External links
Sydney Spiny Crayfish video on Youtube
Arthropods of New South Wales
Endemic fauna of Australia
Freshwater crustaceans of Australia
Crustaceans described in 1865
spinifer |
Waboba is an international outdoor toy and sporting goods brand headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden with offices in Atlanta, Georgia and Guangzhou, China. Waboba is most known for its invention of balls that bounce on water, the high bouncing Moon ball, and the Wingman silicone flying disc. The company specializes in beach and backyard toys and games. The slogan used in advertising is Keep Life Fun. The name Waboba is a registered trademark and many of its products are internationally patented.
Name
Waboba is short for WAter BOuncing BAll, named after the company's first invention.
History
In Sweden in the early 1980s, inventor Jan Von Heland got the idea of creating something that skips on water after throwing a Frisbee upside down and noticing it skims the surface of water much like skipping a rock. Over the years, he began to test different shapes, materials, and compositions until he discovered in 2002 that a ball could bounce more efficiently than other balls on water if it was soft and had a Lycra covering which enables easy flow separation at the hydrodynamic stagnation point. In 2004, Jan created the commercial concept for balls that bounce on water, and eventually patented what has become the Waboba Ball.
The ball is made of different types of polyurethane covered in Lycra, allowing it to bounce on water and float. Its patented design and durability gives Waboba its quality. To bounce the ball on the water, one must throw like skipping a rock. The ball bounces high on the water in between players when thrown at the right angle (overhand) with the right force. The ball does not bounce on land.
To date, there are 10 different types of Waboba balls (Pro, Extreme, Surf, Blast, Zoobers, Big Kahuna, Tides, Sol, Zag, and Fetch for dogs).
On April 1, 2016 Waboba was featured on The History Channels' Million Dollar Genius for Jan von Heland's invention of the ball that bounces on water. (Season 1, Episode 7 "Bigger is Better")
Geographical spread
The Waboba Water Bouncing Ball was first introduced in Sweden in 2005, where it was sold for two years before it was introduced to new markets in Europe, United States, and Australia in the summer of 2007. As of 2019, Waboba products are distributed in over 75 countries.
Products
Water Bouncing Balls
Pro - engineered for athletic control and accuracy in the lake or ocean.
Extreme - bounces fast, far, and high in the lake or ocean.
Surf, for beginners. It is soft and easy to handle in the lake or ocean.
Big Kahuna, the biggest and most versatile Waboba ball for all water environments - lakes, oceans, and pools.
Blast, engineered for pool play.
Fetch, water-retrieval ball for dogs
Water accessories
Catch - neoprene glove paired with the Waboba Pro for water play.
Waboba Lacrosse - in 2014, Waboba partnered with STX to release water lacrosse using FiddleSTX and a Waboba Extreme ball.
Water Cracket - a cricket bat paired with a water bouncing ball.
Land items
Spizzy - round foam with zig-zag stripes.
Octzilla - like Moon but less angular.
Moon - super high-bouncing land ball
Street - unusual shape gives it an unpredictable bounce
Flyer - an oversized shuttlecock that lets you hit it with your hands, knees, feet, or rackets.
Wingman - a foldable, silicone disc.
Awards
Special Needs Approved by AblePlay
Dr. Toy Best Toy for Vacation
Gold Award, Family Review Center
Moon Ball 2013 Toy of the Year Award winner by Creative Child Magazine
Physics
An elastic ball that bounces on water, the Waboba water ball flattens like a pancake when it hits the water surface, increasing its lift and propelling it upward. When it hits the water at a shallow angle, it too creates a bowl-shaped depression. But because it is soft, the ball flattens into a disc-shape when it hits the surface and this allows it to aquaplane efficiently across the surface. And the angle of the bowl-shaped depression causes it to launch into the air where the ball regains its shape, making it look as if it has bounced. The process is remarkably similar to the way stones skip across water, even though they are denser than the liquid. A shallow impact with the water surface creates a bowl-shaped depression that launches the stone into the air as it leaves.
Naval use
Researchers with the U.S. Navy's University Laboratory Initiative have been studying the mechanics and elasticity of the Waboba balls. The military branch is interested in how elasticity affects motion in water.
All balls can bounce on water when thrown at a shallow angle with sufficient speed to hydroplane.
This was the principle employed by WW2-period British inventor Barnes Wallace when he developed the "bouncing bomb" used in the famous "Dam Busters" raid against the Ruhr District dams. He had been inspired by the story of a technique historically used by the British navy that bounced spherical cannon balls off the ocean surface to achieve accurate hits against enemy ships. Wallace worked out the physics by bouncing marbles, steel spheres, and various sizes and shapes of balls across a pond and then a long trough before progressing to larger-scale experiments. Even solid steel balls would bounce across water.
Ordinary tennis balls or any other plastic balls can skip on water if thrown at a low angle at a fast speed.
References
External links
The Telegraph.co.uk
Gizmag.com
Metro.se
Waboba International
Balls
Ball games
Swedish brands
Water toys |
```elixir
defmodule Benchee.ProfileTest do
# async is set to false because otherwise testing the profilers might lead to failures
# - the profilers are more or less global so running them in parallel can cause problems.
#
# Also a good amount of tests (probably should be all) is set to retrying, due to seemingly
# random failures (the mix task should take care of this, not us):
# (exit) exited in: :gen_server.call(:eprof, {:profile_start, [], {:_, :_, :_}, {:erlang, :apply,
# [#Function<16.26155113/0 in Benchee.ProfileTest."..."/1>, []]}, [set_on_spawn: true]},
# :infinity)** (EXIT) no process: the process is not alive or there's no process currently
# associated with the given name, possibly because its application isn't started
use ExUnit.Case, async: false
import Benchee.TestHelpers
import ExUnit.CaptureIO
alias Benchee.{
Benchmark,
Configuration,
Profile,
Suite
}
alias Benchee.Test.FakeProfilePrinter, as: TestPrinter
@config_with_profiler %Configuration{profile_after: true}
test "`profile_after` defaults to false, which doesn't profile" do
%{configuration: %{profile_after: profile_after}} = suite = %Suite{}
output =
capture_io(fn ->
suite
|> Benchmark.benchmark("one job", fn -> 1 end)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
refute output =~ "Profiling"
refute profile_after
end
test "can profile a benchmark" do
retrying(fn ->
output =
capture_io(fn ->
%Suite{configuration: @config_with_profiler}
|> Benchmark.benchmark("one job", fn -> 1 end)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
assert output =~ "Profiling"
end)
end
test "will not profile if no benchmark is found" do
output =
capture_io(fn ->
%Suite{configuration: @config_with_profiler}
|> Profile.profile()
end)
assert output =~ ""
end
test "accepts profiler options" do
configuration = %Configuration{profile_after: profiler_with_opts()}
output =
capture_io(fn ->
%Suite{configuration: configuration}
|> Benchmark.benchmark("one job", fn -> 1 end)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
assert output =~ ~r/Profiling one job with fprof/
assert output =~ ~r/CNT.+ACC \(ms\).+OWN \(ms\)/
end
test "sends the correct data to the profile printer" do
name = "one job"
profiler = :cprof
configuration = %Configuration{profile_after: profiler}
capture_io(fn ->
%Suite{configuration: configuration}
|> Benchmark.benchmark(name, fn -> 1 end)
|> Profile.profile(TestPrinter)
end)
assert_receive {:profiling, ^name, ^profiler}
end
@profilers Profile.builtin_profilers()
for profiler <- @profilers do
@profiler profiler
# can't say warmup as some profilers will have it in the profile messing with the test
describe "warming up behavior with #{@profiler}" do
setup _ do
# lots of odd process not started errors esp. with eprof, trying to remedy... although,
# the mix task we use already starts them so not sure this helps any...
@profiler.start()
:ok
end
# can't say warmup in the test description as eprof picks it up and then it matches
test "the function will be called exactly once by default for profiling" do
retrying(fn ->
output = capture_profile_io_and_message_with_config(@profiler)
assert_received_exactly([:ran])
refute output =~ ~r/warmup/i
end)
end
end
end
# still can't say 'warmup' due to error messages and matching
describe "general warming up" do
test "You can still specify you really want to do warmup" do
retrying(fn ->
output = capture_profile_io_and_message_with_config({:cprof, warmup: true})
assert_received_exactly([:ran, :ran])
assert output =~ ~r/warmup/i
end)
end
test "specifying other options doesn't break the no warmup behavior" do
retrying(fn ->
output = capture_profile_io_and_message_with_config({:cprof, something: true})
assert_received_exactly([:ran])
refute output =~ ~r/warmup/i
end)
end
end
defp capture_profile_io_and_message_with_config(opts) do
output =
capture_io(fn ->
test_process = self()
%Suite{configuration: %Configuration{profile_after: opts}}
|> Benchmark.benchmark("job", fn -> send(test_process, :ran) end)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
output
end
describe "hooks" do
test "before each hook works" do
# random flaky failures: ** (exit) exited in: :gen_server.call(:eprof, {:profile_start, [], {:_, :_, :_}, {:erlang, :apply, [#Function<6.54153602/0 in Benchee.Benchmark.Runner.main_function/2>, []]}, [set_on_spawn: true]}, :infinity)
retrying(fn ->
# the mix task we use does this and so we should be fine but worth a go anyhow
:eprof.start()
capture_io(fn ->
test_process = self()
%Suite{configuration: %Configuration{profile_after: true}}
|> Benchmark.benchmark(
"job",
{fn _ -> 42 end, before_each: fn _ -> send(test_process, :before_each) end}
)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
assert_received_exactly([:before_each])
end)
end
test "all kinds of hooks with inputs work" do
retrying(fn ->
capture_io(fn ->
test_process = self()
%Suite{
configuration: %Configuration{
profile_after: true,
inputs: %{"input 1" => 1},
before_scenario: fn input ->
send(test_process, {:before_scenario, input})
input + 1
end,
before_each: fn input ->
send(test_process, {:before_each, input})
input + 1
end,
after_scenario: fn input ->
send(test_process, {:after_scenario, input})
end
}
}
|> Benchmark.benchmark("job", fn input ->
send(test_process, input)
input + 1
end)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
assert_received_exactly([
{:before_scenario, 1},
{:before_each, 2},
{:after_scenario, 2}
])
end)
end
test "after_each is called in principle" do
retrying(fn ->
capture_io(fn ->
test_process = self()
%Suite{configuration: %Configuration{profile_after: true}}
|> Benchmark.benchmark(
"job",
{fn -> 42 end, after_each: fn _ -> send(test_process, :after_each) end}
)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
assert_received_exactly([:after_each])
end)
end
# waiting for release of path_to_url
@tag :skip
test "after_each doesn't get the function value yet" do
retrying(fn ->
capture_io(fn ->
test_process = self()
%Suite{configuration: %Configuration{profile_after: true}}
|> Benchmark.benchmark(
"job",
{fn -> 42 end, after_each: fn input -> send(test_process, {:after_each, input}) end}
)
|> Profile.profile()
end)
assert_received_exactly([{:after_each, 42}])
end)
end
end
# The example of {:fprof, [sort: :own]} crashes in Elixir version
# prior to 1.7 because back then they didn't use the atom `:own`
# but rather its string counterpart.
#
# The `accepts profiler options` test should be changed to use
# the commented `@profile_with_opts` attribute when benchee
# requires at least Elixir 1.7
defp profiler_with_opts do
sort_option =
if Version.match?(System.version(), ">= 1.7.0") do
:own
else
"own"
end
{:fprof, [sort: sort_option]}
end
end
``` |
The 1991–92 NBA season was the Nets' 25th season in the National Basketball Association, and 16th season in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Nets selected point guard Kenny Anderson out of Georgia Tech with the second overall pick in the 1991 NBA draft. However, Anderson held out early due to a contract dispute, and Roy Hinson would miss the entire season with a knee injury, as the Nets struggled losing 11 of their first 13 games. After a 7–18 start, the team managed to win nine of their next twelve games, and held a 19–28 record at the All-Star break. The Nets finished third in the Atlantic Division with a 40–42 record.
Dražen Petrović led the team in scoring averaging 20.6 points per game, and finished in second place in Most Improved Player voting, while second-year star Derrick Coleman averaged 19.8 points, 9.5 rebounds and 1.5 blocks per game, and Sam Bowie provided the team with 15.0 points, 8.1 rebounds and 1.7 blocks per game. In addition, Mookie Blaylock contributed 13.8 points, 6.8 assists and 2.4 steals per game, while Chris Morris provided with 11.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.7 steals per game, second-year forward Terry Mills averaged 9.0 points and 5.5 rebounds per game off the bench, and Chris Dudley led the team with 9.0 rebounds and 2.2 blocks per game. Anderson averaged 7.0 points and 3.2 assists per game off the bench as backup point guard for Blaylock.
The club qualified for the playoffs, but were eliminated in the Eastern Conference First Round by the Cleveland Cavaliers in four games. Following the season, Blaylock and Hinson were both traded to the Atlanta Hawks, while Mills signed as a free agent with the Detroit Pistons, and head coach Bill Fitch resigned after clashing with his young stars.
For the season, the team added new darker blue road uniforms, replacing the light blue road jerseys from the previous season. These uniforms would remain in use until 1997.
Draft picks
Roster
Roster notes
Power forward Roy Hinson missed the entire season due to a knee injury.
Regular season
Season standings
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| April 23
| @ Cleveland
| L 113–120
| Dražen Petrović (40)
| Derrick Coleman (11)
| Derrick Coleman (9)
| Richfield Coliseum16,512
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| April 25
| @ Cleveland
| L 96–118
| Derrick Coleman (24)
| Derrick Coleman (9)
| Mookie Blaylock (6)
| Richfield Coliseum20,273
| 0–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| April 28
| Cleveland
| W 109–104
| Chris Morris (28)
| Derrick Coleman (11)
| Mookie Blaylock (12)
| Brendan Byrne Arena15,258
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| April 30
| Cleveland
| L 89–98
| Coleman, Morris (22)
| Derrick Coleman (14)
| Derrick Coleman (6)
| Brendan Byrne Arena13,071
| 1–3
Player statistics
Season
Playoffs
Player Statistics Citation:
Awards and records
Transactions
References
New Jersey Nets on Database Basketball
New Jersey Nets on Basketball Reference
New Jersey Nets season
New Jersey Nets seasons
New Jersey Nets
New Jersey Nets
20th century in East Rutherford, New Jersey
Meadowlands Sports Complex |
```shell
Test disk speed with `dd`
Changing the `/tmp` cleanup frequency
Executing scripts on system boot
Fixing `locale` issues in Debian systems
Cancel a system shutdown
``` |
Serrana Andrea Fernández la Banca (born November 13, 1973) is an Olympic backstroke swimmer from Uruguay. She competed at the 2000 and 2004 Olympics, where she was flagbearer for Uruguay in the Opening Ceremony.
Since 2007 she lives in Spain (Alicante).
She swam at the 1991 and 2003 Pan American Games.
As of July 2009, she still holds the Uruguay Records in all 3 long-course backstroke events at:
50 back: 29.81
100 back: 1:04.99
200 back: 2:24.41.
References
Terra
1973 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Uruguay
Female backstroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games competitors for Uruguay
Uruguayan female swimmers |
```objective-c
/*
* This file is part of Luma3DS
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*
* Additional Terms 7.b and 7.c of GPLv3 apply to this file:
* * Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
* author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
* Notices displayed by works containing it.
* * Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material,
* or requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
* reasonable ways as different from the original version.
*/
#pragma once
#include <3ds.h>
#include "luma_shared_config.h"
Result hbldrLoadProcess(Handle *outProcessHandle, const ExHeader_Info *exhi);
void hbldrPatchExHeaderInfo(ExHeader_Info *exhi);
void hbldrHandleCommands(void *ctx);
static inline bool hbldrIs3dsxTitle(u64 tid)
{
if (!Luma_SharedConfig->use_hbldr)
return false;
u64 hbldrTid = Luma_SharedConfig->hbldr_3dsx_tid;
// Just like p9 clears them, ignore platform/N3DS bits
return ((tid ^ hbldrTid) & ~0xF0000000ull) == 0;
}
``` |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="path_to_url"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">
<TextView
style="@style/style_text"
android:text="@string/des_demo_loop" />
<android.support.v4.view.ViewPager
android:id="@+id/viewpager"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="200dp" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn_start_loop"
style="@style/style_btn"
android:text="@string/start_loop" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn_stop_loop"
style="@style/style_btn"
android:text="@string/stop_loop" />
</LinearLayout>
``` |
Al Jazirah Al Hamra Club is a professional football club located in Al Jazirah Al Hamra, United Arab Emirates. They currently play in the UAE First Division League.
Current squad
As of UAE First Division League:
See also
List of football clubs in the United Arab Emirates
References
External links
Football clubs in the United Arab Emirates
Al Hamra
Sport in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah |
```go
package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- int32 Value
type int32Value int32
func newInt32Value(val int32, p *int32) *int32Value {
*p = val
return (*int32Value)(p)
}
func (i *int32Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 0, 32)
*i = int32Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *int32Value) Type() string {
return "int32"
}
func (i *int32Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
func int32Conv(sval string) (interface{}, error) {
v, err := strconv.ParseInt(sval, 0, 32)
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return int32(v), nil
}
// GetInt32 return the int32 value of a flag with the given name
func (f *FlagSet) GetInt32(name string) (int32, error) {
val, err := f.getFlagType(name, "int32", int32Conv)
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return val.(int32), nil
}
// Int32Var defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32Var(p *int32, name string, value int32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Int32VarP is like Int32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32VarP(p *int32, name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int32Var defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Int32Var(p *int32, name string, value int32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Int32VarP is like Int32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int32VarP(p *int32, name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int32 defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32(name string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
p := new(int32)
f.Int32VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Int32P is like Int32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32P(name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
p := new(int32)
f.Int32VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Int32 defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Int32(name string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
return CommandLine.Int32P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Int32P is like Int32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int32P(name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
return CommandLine.Int32P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}
``` |
```python
# File: genetic.py
# from chapter 16 of _Genetic Algorithms with Python_
#
# Author: Clinton Sheppard <fluentcoder@gmail.com>
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
import random
import statistics
import sys
import time
from bisect import bisect_left
from enum import Enum
from math import exp
def _generate_parent(length, geneSet, get_fitness):
genes = []
while len(genes) < length:
sampleSize = min(length - len(genes), len(geneSet))
genes.extend(random.sample(geneSet, sampleSize))
fitness = get_fitness(genes)
return Chromosome(genes, fitness, Strategies.Create)
def _mutate(parent, geneSet, get_fitness):
childGenes = parent.Genes[:]
index = random.randrange(0, len(parent.Genes))
newGene, alternate = random.sample(geneSet, 2)
childGenes[index] = alternate if newGene == childGenes[index] else newGene
fitness = get_fitness(childGenes)
return Chromosome(childGenes, fitness, Strategies.Mutate)
def _mutate_custom(parent, custom_mutate, get_fitness):
childGenes = parent.Genes[:]
custom_mutate(childGenes)
fitness = get_fitness(childGenes)
return Chromosome(childGenes, fitness, Strategies.Mutate)
def _crossover(parentGenes, index, parents, get_fitness, crossover, mutate,
generate_parent):
donorIndex = random.randrange(0, len(parents))
if donorIndex == index:
donorIndex = (donorIndex + 1) % len(parents)
childGenes = crossover(parentGenes, parents[donorIndex].Genes)
if childGenes is None:
# parent and donor are indistinguishable
parents[donorIndex] = generate_parent()
return mutate(parents[index])
fitness = get_fitness(childGenes)
return Chromosome(childGenes, fitness, Strategies.Crossover)
def get_best(get_fitness, targetLen, optimalFitness, geneSet, display,
custom_mutate=None, custom_create=None, maxAge=None,
poolSize=1, crossover=None, maxSeconds=None):
if custom_mutate is None:
def fnMutate(parent):
return _mutate(parent, geneSet, get_fitness)
else:
def fnMutate(parent):
return _mutate_custom(parent, custom_mutate, get_fitness)
if custom_create is None:
def fnGenerateParent():
return _generate_parent(targetLen, geneSet, get_fitness)
else:
def fnGenerateParent():
genes = custom_create()
return Chromosome(genes, get_fitness(genes), Strategies.Create)
strategyLookup = {
Strategies.Create: lambda p, i, o: fnGenerateParent(),
Strategies.Mutate: lambda p, i, o: fnMutate(p),
Strategies.Crossover: lambda p, i, o:
_crossover(p.Genes, i, o, get_fitness, crossover, fnMutate,
fnGenerateParent)
}
usedStrategies = [strategyLookup[Strategies.Mutate]]
if crossover is not None:
usedStrategies.append(strategyLookup[Strategies.Crossover])
def fnNewChild(parent, index, parents):
return random.choice(usedStrategies)(parent, index, parents)
else:
def fnNewChild(parent, index, parents):
return fnMutate(parent)
for timedOut, improvement in _get_improvement(fnNewChild,
fnGenerateParent, maxAge,
poolSize, maxSeconds):
if timedOut:
return improvement
display(improvement)
f = strategyLookup[improvement.Strategy]
usedStrategies.append(f)
if not optimalFitness > improvement.Fitness:
return improvement
def _get_improvement(new_child, generate_parent, maxAge, poolSize,
maxSeconds):
startTime = time.time()
bestParent = generate_parent()
yield maxSeconds is not None and time.time() \
- startTime > maxSeconds, bestParent
parents = [bestParent]
historicalFitnesses = [bestParent.Fitness]
for _ in range(poolSize - 1):
parent = generate_parent()
if maxSeconds is not None and time.time() - startTime > maxSeconds:
yield True, parent
if parent.Fitness > bestParent.Fitness:
yield False, parent
bestParent = parent
historicalFitnesses.append(parent.Fitness)
parents.append(parent)
lastParentIndex = poolSize - 1
pindex = 1
while True:
if maxSeconds is not None and time.time() - startTime > maxSeconds:
yield True, bestParent
pindex = pindex - 1 if pindex > 0 else lastParentIndex
parent = parents[pindex]
child = new_child(parent, pindex, parents)
if parent.Fitness > child.Fitness:
if maxAge is None:
continue
parent.Age += 1
if maxAge > parent.Age:
continue
index = bisect_left(historicalFitnesses, child.Fitness, 0,
len(historicalFitnesses))
proportionSimilar = index / len(historicalFitnesses)
if random.random() < exp(-proportionSimilar):
parents[pindex] = child
continue
bestParent.Age = 0
parents[pindex] = bestParent
continue
if not child.Fitness > parent.Fitness:
# same fitness
child.Age = parent.Age + 1
parents[pindex] = child
continue
child.Age = 0
parents[pindex] = child
if child.Fitness > bestParent.Fitness:
bestParent = child
yield False, bestParent
historicalFitnesses.append(bestParent.Fitness)
def hill_climbing(optimizationFunction, is_improvement, is_optimal,
get_next_feature_value, display, initialFeatureValue):
best = optimizationFunction(initialFeatureValue)
stdout = sys.stdout
sys.stdout = None
while not is_optimal(best):
featureValue = get_next_feature_value(best)
child = optimizationFunction(featureValue)
if is_improvement(best, child):
best = child
sys.stdout = stdout
display(best, featureValue)
sys.stdout = None
sys.stdout = stdout
return best
class Chromosome:
def __init__(self, genes, fitness, strategy):
self.Genes = genes
self.Fitness = fitness
self.Strategy = strategy
self.Age = 0
class Strategies(Enum):
Create = 0,
Mutate = 1,
Crossover = 2
class Benchmark:
@staticmethod
def run(function):
timings = []
stdout = sys.stdout
for i in range(100):
sys.stdout = None
startTime = time.time()
function()
seconds = time.time() - startTime
sys.stdout = stdout
timings.append(seconds)
mean = statistics.mean(timings)
if i < 10 or i % 10 == 9:
print("{} {:3.2f} {:3.2f}".format(
1 + i, mean,
statistics.stdev(timings, mean) if i > 1 else 0))
``` |
```javascript
import fs from 'fs';
import path from 'path';
export async function getContent() {
const files = fs.readdirSync(path.join(process.cwd(), 'content'));
return files.map(file =>
fs.readFileSync(path.join(process.cwd(), 'content', file), 'utf8')
);
}
``` |
Horswell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
John Horswell, English polo player and coach
Micky Horswell (born 1953), English footballer
See also
Horsewell |
From the Life of the Marionettes () is a 1980 television film directed by Ingmar Bergman. The film was produced in West Germany with a German-language screenplay and soundtrack while Bergman was in "tax exile" from his native Sweden. It is filmed in black and white apart from two colour sequences at the beginning and end of the film.
Set in Munich, the film charts the disintegration of the relationship of Katarina and Peter Egermann, based on the unhappy couple of the same names briefly featured in Bergman's 1973 miniseries Scenes from a Marriage. In a reimagining of the characters, Peter and Katarina's unhappiness and unfaithfulness culminates in Peter's murder of a prostitute.
Plot
Peter Egermann visits and murders a prostitute named Ka, committing an act of necrophilia. The coroner interrogates Peter's friends for an explanation. Mogens Jensen tells the coroner he is shocked by the murder, claiming there were no signs this could happen. Peter is married to career woman Katarina; they have no children. In fact, Peter had confided in Jensen that he was plagued with homicidal thoughts, primarily aimed against Katarina. Jensen considered the thoughts likely not serious, but advised Katarina to leave town. Katarina dismissed the warning as preposterous, and given it was a busy season for work, she decided it was impossible for her to leave.
Before the murder, Peter considered suicide by throwing himself from a building, and Katarina called a friend to calm him down. Peter came back inside, where he quarreled with Katarina. The two shared an open relationship, as Katarina seeks other lovers. Peter claimed he is the one who knows how to sexually satisfy Katarina. Katarina responded she sometimes had orgasms with Peter, but also that she sometimes faked them and left the bedroom to masturbate, and that on other occasions she only had small convulsions.
The interrogator questions Tim, a homosexual. Tim is a business partner of Katarina and her friend, and by extension, he also knew Peter. The interrogator asks if Tim ever had an affair with Peter; Tim hesitates before replying no. Agitated, Tim reveals he had desires for Peter, and is suffering a guilty conscience after having introduced Peter to Ka. Ka was one of Tim's friends. Tim blames his homosexuality for bringing Peter and Ka together, saying he had difficulties with Katarina and liked the idea that Peter would cheat on her with a prostitute. Slowly, he thought, he would lure Peter to him.
When Peter met Ka at a Munich peep show, Ka told Peter her real name was Katarina, the same as his wife. He tearfully murdered her. Jensen concludes that Peter, having grown up under an aggressive mother and then lived with a similarly aggressive wife, was unaware of his own latent homosexuality and that meeting Ka disrupted Peter's daily routine and triggered an emotional blackout. Peter is confined to a mental institute, where he cradles a teddy bear at night.
Cast
Production
Development
Ingmar Bergman wrote From the Life of the Marionettes after being arrested in Stockholm in 1976 and subsequently leaving for West Germany. He stated:
He based the lead characters after Peter and Katarina in his 1973 miniseries Scenes from a Marriage. Bergman's initial conception for the project was titled Love for No Lovers, but in the rewrite culminating in From the Life of the Marionettes Peter and Katarina were reimagined as a German couple distinct from the Swedish characters in Scenes from a Marriage. Bergman explained the final title:
In casting, the filmmakers recruited all actors from the Residenztheater.
Filming
The film was shot in the Bavaria Film Studios in Munich, and at Tobis Film Studios, beginning in October 1979. Bergman's regular cinematographer Sven Nykvist returned for the project. Nykvist and Bergman mainly shot in black-and-white, but at the insistence of television broadcaster ZDF, some colour was added and a red tint was given to the prologue for fear the black-and-white would lose viewers.
German composer Rolf A. Wilhelm wrote the score, making use of timpani and glass harmonicas.
Release
The premiere took place in July 1980 at a minor festival in Oxford, with Tobis Film as the main distributor. The film was originally made for television and had its TV premiere on German ZDF on 3 November 1980; it went to German theatres on 6 November. It was subsequently released in Swedish theatres on 24 January 1981.
On 28 January 1981, From the Life of the Marionettes screened on SVT1. The Criterion Collection released a Blu-ray on 20 November 2018, along with 38 other Bergman films, in the set Ingmar Bergman's Cinema.
Reception
According to author Birgitta Steene, Swedish critics were generally "respectful but not enthusiastic". Janet Maslin credited Bergman for a "forceful" work despite what she found to be "less articulate or analytical" characters, praised Nykvist's shots in dream sequences, and positively reviewed Christine Buchegger and Robert Atzorn's performances. David Denby wrote "I wish [Bergman] had dramatized more and explained a whole lot less". People staff criticized it as "banal" with "no suspense". In his Movie Guide, Leonard Maltin gave the film three and a half stars, describing it as "Powerful, provocative".
The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film of the year by the U.S. National Board of Review. It currently holds a 67% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 12 reviews. It is one of film-maker Wes Anderson's favourite movies.
References
Bibliography
External links
1980 drama films
1980 films
1980 television films
Films about murder
Films directed by Ingmar Bergman
1980s German-language films
German-language television shows
German drama television films
Necrophilia in film
Films with screenplays by Ingmar Bergman
Swedish drama films
West German films
1980s German films
1980s Swedish films
ZDF original programming |
Voldemar Väli (10 January 1903 – 13 April 1997) was an Estonian two-time Olympic medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling.
Career
Voldemar Väli was born in Kuressaare, on the island of Saaremaa. He began training in wrestling at age 17, and four years later competed at the 1924 Olympics, but was eliminated in a preliminary bout. In 1926 he won his first European title and established himself as a world top featherweight and later lightweight wrestler. He missed the 1932 Olympics because Estonia did not send a team due to the Great Depression, and finished out of the podium at the 1933, 1934, 1937 and 1938 European Championships; however, he earned a bronze at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Domestically he won 19 titles between 1922 and 1942 in Greco-Roman and freestyle events. During World War II in 1944 he emigrated with family to Sweden. He ended his sporting career in 1945 after a match between the local Estonians and the team from Stockholm. He beat the Swedish champion Einar Karlsson.
Väli worked a crane operator at the Port of Tallinn. In Sweden, he was a metal worker and later established a doll factory with his wife.
References
External links
GBR Athletics
Eurolympic.org: The European Olympic Committee
Olympics History: CBS SportsLine.com
1903 births
1997 deaths
Sportspeople from Kuressaare
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Wrestlers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Estonian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Estonia
Olympic gold medalists for Estonia
Olympic bronze medalists for Estonia
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Estonian World War II refugees
Estonian emigrants to Sweden
European Wrestling Championships medalists |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="path_to_url"><head><title>Piso (owl.Owl_neural.D.Graph.Neuron.Optimise.Algodiff.Builder.Piso)</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../../../odoc.support/odoc.css"/><meta name="generator" content="odoc 2.4.2"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"/><script src="../../../../../../../../../odoc.support/highlight.pack.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body class="odoc"><nav class="odoc-nav"><a href="../index.html">Up</a> <a href="../../../../../../../../index.html">owl</a> » <a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Owl_neural</a> » <a href="../../../../../../index.html">D</a> » <a href="../../../../../index.html">Graph</a> » <a href="../../../../index.html">Neuron</a> » <a href="../../../index.html">Optimise</a> » <a href="../../index.html">Algodiff</a> » <a href="../index.html">Builder</a> » Piso</nav><header class="odoc-preamble"><h1>Module type <code><span>Builder.Piso</span></code></h1></header><div class="odoc-content"><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-label"><a href="#val-label" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> label : string</span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-ff_aa"><a href="#val-ff_aa" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> ff_aa : <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-elt">A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-elt">A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-ff_ab"><a href="#val-ff_ab" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> ff_ab : <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-elt">A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-arr">A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-ff_ba"><a href="#val-ff_ba" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> ff_ba : <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-arr">A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-elt">A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-ff_bb"><a href="#val-ff_bb" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> ff_bb : <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-arr">A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../A/index.html#type-arr">A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-df_da"><a href="#val-df_da" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> df_da : <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-df_db"><a href="#val-df_db" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> df_db : <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-df_dab"><a href="#val-df_dab" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> df_dab : <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dr_ab"><a href="#val-dr_ab" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dr_ab : <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="xref-unresolved">Stdlib</span>.ref</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> * <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dr_a"><a href="#val-dr_a" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dr_a : <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="xref-unresolved">Stdlib</span>.ref</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dr_b"><a href="#val-dr_b" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dr_b : <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span><a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a> <span class="xref-unresolved">Stdlib</span>.ref</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="../../index.html#type-t">t</a></span></code></div></div></div></body></html>
``` |
Lacadée (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
References
Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques |
Ostrava-City District () is a district in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. Its capital is the city of Ostrava.
Administrative division
Ostrava-City District is formed by only one administrative district of municipality with extended competence: Ostrava.
List of municipalities
Cities and towns are marked in bold:
Čavisov – Dolní Lhota – Horní Lhota – Klimkovice – Olbramice – Ostrava – Šenov – Stará Ves nad Ondřejnicí – Václavovice – Velká Polom – Vratimov – Vřesina – Zbyslavice
Geography
The terrain is mostly flat and in the west slightly undulating, without significant hills. The territory extends into four geomorphological mesoregions: Ostrava Basin (east and centre), Nízký Jeseník (west), Moravian Gate (southwest), and Opava Hilly Land (negligible part in the north). The highest point of the district is the hill Úhorky in Horní Lhota with an elevation of . The lowest point of the district is the river bed of the Oder in Ostrava-Antošovice at .
From the total district area of , agricultural land occupies , forests occupy , and water area occupies . Forests cover 16.3% of the district's area.
The most important river of the district is the Oder, which flows across the territory from south to north. The Opava River flows into the Oder from the west. The largest body of water is Heřmanický Pond with an area of .
A part of the territory along the Oder River is protected as the Poodří Protected Landscape Area.
Demographics
Most populated municipalities
Economy
Ostrava is the economic centre of the entire Moravian-Silesian Region. With only one exception, all the largest employers with headquarters in Ostrava-City District and at least 1,000 employees have their seat in Ostrava. The largest employers with headquarters in Ostrava and at least 1,500 employees are:
The largest company based in the district, but outside Ostrava, is KES – kabelové a elektrické systémy, a manufacturer of electrical equipment for motor vehicles with 1,000–1,499 employees.
Transport
The D1 motorway from Brno to the Czech-Polish passes through the district. There is also the D56 motorway, which connects Ostrava with Frýdek-Místek.
Sights
The most important monuments in the district, protected as national cultural monuments, are:
Red Army Monument in Ostrava
Michal Mine in Ostrava
Hlubina Mine and Vítkovické železárny's high furnace and coke oven in Ostrava
Liska's villa in Ostrava
The best-preserved settlements, protected as monument zones, are:
Ostrava-Moravská Ostrava
Ostrava-Poruba
Ostrava-Přívoz
Ostrava-Vítkovice
Four of the ten most visited tourist destinations of the Moravian-Silesian Region are located in Ostrava. The most visited tourist destinations are Lower Vítkovice, Ostrava Zoo, Landek Park Ostrava mining museum, and Silesian Ostrava Castle.
Notable people
References
External links
Ostrava-City District – profile on the Czech Statistical Office website
Districts of the Czech Republic |
Aliabad-e Pain or Aliabad Pain () may refer to the following places in Iran:
Aliabad-e Pain, East Azerbaijan
Aliabad-e Pain, Marvdasht, Fars Province
Aliabad-e Pain, Sepidan, Fars Province
Aliabad-e Pain, Shiraz, Fars Province
Aliabad-e Pain, Isfahan
Aliabad-e Pain, Kerman
Aliabad-e Pain, Anbarabad, Kerman Province
Aliabad-e Pain, Zarand, Kerman Province
Aliabad-e Pain, Kermanshah
Aliabad-e Pain, Mazandaran
Aliabad-e Pain, Razavi Khorasan
Aliabad-e Pain, South Khorasan
Aliabad-e Pain, Jolgeh-e Mazhan, South Khorasan Province
See also
Aliabad-e Sofla (disambiguation) |
The Fashion Design Council of Canada (FDCC) is a non-government, not-for-profit organization co-founded in 1999 by Pat McDonagh and Robin Kay. Their mission is to showcase Canadian fashion design nationally and internationally as well as introducing foreign designers to local Canadian markets. The FDCC aims to connect "designers, media, buyers, sponsors, and industry."
The current president of the FDCC is one of the founders Robin Kay. Joe Mimran, fashion designer best known for creating Club Monaco and Joe Fresh, is the current chairman of FDCC's board of directors. The FDCC's head office is currently located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Fashion week acquisition by IMG
In August 2012, the Fashion Design Council of Canada announced that they had sold Toronto's World MasterCard Fashion Week to the global media business IMG. In a press release at the time, Robin Kay said, "I am confident that the time is right for IMG to take World MasterCard Fashion Week to the next level." It was seen as a major coup for the FDCC and Robin Kay whose hard work to build Toronto Fashion Week as a major player in the global fashion calendar was recognised by IMG. As a result of the change of ownership, Robin Kay stepped down from her position as Toronto Fashion Week executive director. However, in the subsequent years, Toronto Fashion Week has waned both in public support and private sponsorship.
References
Culture of Toronto
1999 establishments in Ontario |
```javascript
const config = {
preset: 'jest-expo/ios',
transformIgnorePatterns: [
'<rootDir>/../node_modules/(?!(jest-)?react-native|react-clone-referenced-element|@react-native-community|expo(nent)?|@expo(nent)?/.*|react-navigation|@react-navigation/.*|@unimodules/.*|unimodules|sentry-expo|native-base|@sentry/.*)',
],
setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/__mocks__/globalMock.js'],
};
module.exports = config;
``` |
Little Cranberry Lake is located within Anacortes Community Forest Lands on Fidalgo Island in the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Washington. The lake is deepened by a dam on the northern end which was constructed in the 1930s. The previous dam had broken in 1921 releasing a large amount of water which crashed down the hills to the beach.
The lake basin is part of a 10-mile long, north-south wilderness corridor that roughly follows an ancient moraine, which snakes its way down the middle of the island. This moraine is a major source of gravel for the region which adjoins Anacortes, Washington. The trails in this corridor are maintained but are of variable quality. Almost all are ideal for mountain biking, in particular.
Little Cranberry Lake is a popular swimming location, especially for visitors to the annual summer music celebration, What the Heck Fest.
Flora, fauna, and funga
Wildlife is plentiful and diverse. Coyotes, deer, beaver, grouse, pelicans, hawks, bald eagles, Canada geese, mallards, and many different varieties of reptiles and insects are plentiful in the Little Cranberry basin. Hunting is not allowed. To the south of the lake are swamplands whose size and depth has been increasing since approximately 1985, when the beavers moved in.
Rare species
Several varieties of orchids exist in this area that could be unique. The area around the lake was clearcut between 1890 and 1920 but some of the basin's less accessible trees, such as those on the southern end of the lake, are old growth. Until the 1950s locals say, morel mushrooms were extremely plentiful. As of 2005, morels are practically impossible to find.
References
Reservoirs in Washington (state)
Lakes of Skagit County, Washington
Protected areas of Skagit County, Washington |
```java
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package org.apache.bookkeeper.replication;
import static org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.MetadataDrivers.runFunctionWithLedgerManagerFactory;
import static org.testng.AssertJUnit.assertEquals;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.UncheckedExecutionException;
import lombok.Cleanup;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.conf.ServerConfiguration;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerAuditorManager;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerManagerFactory;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerUnderreplicationManager;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.net.BookieId;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.test.TestCallbacks;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
/**
* Test auditor behaviours during a rolling restart.
*/
public class AuditorRollingRestartTest extends BookKeeperClusterTestCase {
public AuditorRollingRestartTest() throws Exception {
super(3, 600);
// run the daemon within the bookie
setAutoRecoveryEnabled(true);
Class.forName("org.apache.pulsar.metadata.bookkeeper.PulsarMetadataClientDriver");
Class.forName("org.apache.pulsar.metadata.bookkeeper.PulsarMetadataBookieDriver");
}
@BeforeMethod
@Override
public void setUp() throws Exception {
super.setUp();
}
@AfterMethod
@Override
public void tearDown() throws Exception {
super.tearDown();
}
@Override
protected void startBKCluster(String metadataServiceUri) throws Exception {
super.startBKCluster(metadataServiceUri.replaceAll("zk://", "metadata-store:").replaceAll("/ledgers", ""));
}
/**
* Test no auditing during restart if disabled.
*/
@Test
public void testAuditingDuringRollingRestart() throws Exception {
confByIndex(0).setMetadataServiceUri(
zkUtil.getMetadataServiceUri().replaceAll("zk://", "metadata-store:").replaceAll("/ledgers", ""));
runFunctionWithLedgerManagerFactory(
confByIndex(0),
mFactory -> {
try {
testAuditingDuringRollingRestart(mFactory);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new UncheckedExecutionException(e.getMessage(), e);
}
return null;
}
);
}
private void testAuditingDuringRollingRestart(LedgerManagerFactory mFactory) throws Exception {
final LedgerUnderreplicationManager underReplicationManager = mFactory.newLedgerUnderreplicationManager();
LedgerHandle lh = bkc.createLedger(3, 3, DigestType.CRC32, "passwd".getBytes());
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
lh.asyncAddEntry("foobar".getBytes(), new TestCallbacks.AddCallbackFuture(i), null);
}
lh.addEntry("foobar".getBytes());
lh.close();
assertEquals("shouldn't be anything under replicated",
underReplicationManager.pollLedgerToRereplicate(), -1);
underReplicationManager.disableLedgerReplication();
@Cleanup
LedgerAuditorManager lam = mFactory.newLedgerAuditorManager();
BookieId auditor = lam.getCurrentAuditor();
ServerConfiguration conf = killBookie(auditor);
Thread.sleep(2000);
startBookie(conf);
Thread.sleep(2000); // give it time to run
assertEquals("shouldn't be anything under replicated", -1,
underReplicationManager.pollLedgerToRereplicate());
}
}
``` |
Bastian Trinker (born 11 May 1990) is an Austrian professional tennis player. He competes mainly in the ITF circuit, where he has eight singles titles and three doubles titles.
He played his first ATP main draw match at the 2015 BMW Open after gaining entry as a lucky loser. In the same year he won his first ATP Tour match in Umag, where he won the qualification and then beat the former top-10 player Mikhail Youzhny in the first round.
References
External links
Living people
1990 births
Austrian male tennis players |
The Society of Health and Physical Educators, known as SHAPE America, is an American organization that provides support to professionals in health, physical education, recreation and dance.
SHAPE America has had six previous names, most recently the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD), and previously the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (AAHPER).
Related and/or sister organizations
American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER)
American Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Dance and Sport (AAHPERDS)
American Association for Physical Activity and Recreation (AAPAR)
American Association for Health Education (AAHE)
National Association for Girls and Women in Sport (NAGWS)
National Association for Sport and Physical Education
National Dance Association (NDA)
The alliance at the September 2009 Board of Governor's meeting voted to move forward on motions for the exit of the American Association for Health Education and the restructuring of the National Association for Girls and Women in Sport.
National standards
Associations allied with SHAPE America have developed the following national standards.
Physical education: NASPE publishes standards for K-12 physical education, for sport coaches, and for beginning physical education teachers.
Moving into the Future: National Standards for Physical Education, 2nd Edition: Voluntary national standards for K-12 physical education .
Quality Coaches, Quality Sports: National Standards for Sport Coaches: Fundamental competencies that athletic coaches from beginning coach to master coach should possess .
National Standards for Beginning Physical Education Teachers, 2nd Edition: Knowledge, skills, and dispositions that the beginning teacher of physical education should possess . Serve as the basis for teacher certification and program development for preparation of physical education teachers.
National Standards & Guidelines for Physical Education Teacher Education, 3rd Edition: This publication provides the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that the beginning teacher of physical education should possess. It serves as the basis for teacher certification and program development for preparation of physical education teachers.
Health education: AAHE publishes standards critical to the healthy development of children and youth.
Health Education Standards, Second Edition: National Health Education Standards provide a foundation for curriculum development, instruction, and assessment of student performance. National Health Education Standards provide a guide for enhancing preparation and continuing education of teachers.
Dance education: NDA standards were completed as part of a project developed by the Consortium of National Arts Education Associations and prepared under a grant from the U.S. Department of Education, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
The National Standards for Dance Education: The dance standards guide content and achievement at grades K-4, 5–8, and 9–12. The standards help ensure that the study of dance is disciplined and well focused and that dance instruction has a point of reference for assessing its results.
Districts and states
SHAPE America has the following districts:
Central: Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming
Eastern: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virgin Islands
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, Wisconsin
Western: Alaska, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington
Southern: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia
Each state has a separate association.
National convention
Information of the 1885-1950 and 1982-2008 was shared via email from the conference staff at AAHPERD.
Information of the 1950-1982 taken from conference programs collected by Lynn W. McCraw of the University of Texas at Austin
Information of the 2008–present conventions was found online through the AAHPERD website.
Programs
Let's Move in School
The goal of Let's Move in School is to ensure that every school provides a comprehensive school physical activity program with quality physical education . Let's Move in School is urging physical educators, parents, school administrators and policymakers to get involved in bringing quality physical education and physical activity to schools through a comprehensive school physical activity program.
In 2012 and again in 2016, SHAPE America published the SHAPE OF THE NATION Report : Status of Physical Education in the USA."
See also
Adapted Physical Education
Dance
Health
Health Education
National Dance Association
Physical Education
Recreation
References
Sources
Elsworth R. Buskirk. (1987). The 1986 C. H. McCloy Research Lecture Body Composition Analysis: The Past, Present and Future, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 58:1, 1–10.
External links
Organizations established in 1885
Health care-related professional associations based in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in Virginia |
This is a list of commemorative coins issued by the Philippines. More info here.
Pre-60's
1960's
1970's
1980's
1990's
2010’s - 2020's
On December 9, 2011, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) issued a commemorative one-peso coin in celebration of the 150th Birth Anniversary of José Rizal. The coins are in the same dimensions as the circulating one peso coins with Rizal's face from the front instead of in profile. The new coin also has the new logo of the central bank and is legal tender with the current series.
On December 18, 2013, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas issued a commemorative ten-peso coin in celebration of the 150th Birth Anniversary of Andres Bonifacio. The coins are in the same dimensions, but the design changed. These also featured the new logo of the central bank and is also legal tender.
On December 22, 2014, the BSP issued three commemorative coins, a five-peso coin to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Leyte Gulf Landings, a five-peso coin honoring Overseas Filipinos with the theme "Bagong Bayani" and a ten-peso coin celebrating the 150th anniversary of the birth of Apolinario Mabini.
On January 14, 2015, the BSP issued two limited edition commemorative coins for the papal visit of Pope Francis, a 50-peso coin made of nickel-brass steel and a 500-peso coin made of Nordic gold with gold plating. A special logo with the theme "Mercy and Compassion" was minted on the reverse side of both coins, following the Pope's papal bull of indiction proclaimed later that year to mark the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy. The coins are minted under a licensing agreement with the Vatican. Both coins are legal tender. Production and issuance of two additional silver and gold coins in 1000-peso and 10,000-peso denominations were called off due to limitations in the procurement process.
On December 21, 2015, the BSP issued a commemorative 10-peso coin in honor of General Miguel Malvar, in time for the 150th year birth anniversary.
On January 27, 2017, the BSP issued a commemorative one-peso coin in honor of the Philippines' Chairmanship of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
In August and November 2017, the BSP issued commemorative one-peso coins and 10-peso coin both honoring the centennial anniversary of the birth of educator and historian Horacio de la Costa and the 150th anniversary of the birth of three officers of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, Generals Artemio Ricarte, Isidoro Torres and Antonio Luna.
In 2018 and 2019, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas issued commemorative coins in commemoration of the anniversary of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, two 500-peso silver coins, with one commemorating the 25th anniversary of the formation of the current Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and one commemorating 70 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines (in reference to the formal establishment of the original Central Bank of the Philippines/Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas in 1949). A 10,000 peso gold coin was also issued to commemorate 70 years of Central Banking in the Philippines.
On March 11, 2022, the BSP issued a commemorative 125-peso coin to honor the 125th martyrdom anniversary of Dr. Jose Rizal.
References
Currencies of Asia
Philippines
Philippines history-related lists |
The New York City Marathon, one of the six World Marathon Majors, is a race which has been held in New York City since 1970. It is the largest marathon in the world; since 2013, every race except one has had over 50,000 finishers. From 1970 through 1975, the race was held entirely in Central Park, but since 1976, the course has started in Staten Island and goes through each of the city's five boroughs. The race was canceled in 2012 due to Hurricane Sandy, which hit New York less than a week before the race had been scheduled to take place. The race was also cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the city. In total, 35 men and 30 women have won the open division of the New York City Marathon, while nine men and seven women have won the wheelchair division. The winners have represented 22 countries: Americans have won the marathon the most, doing so on 32 occasions; Kenyans have won 26 times; and Norwegians 10 times.
Gary Muhrcke won the first race in a time of 2:31:38. There were 127 entrants, of whom 55 finished – the only female starter, Nina Kuscsik, withdrew partway due to illness. The following year, Beth Bonner became the first female finisher, winning the race in 2:55:22: a time that is officially credited as the first sub-3-hour marathon by a woman. Grete Waitz, a Norwegian female runner, achieved three official world records at the race between 1978 and 1980. Allison Roe and Alberto Salazar set world record times in the women's and men's races in 1981, but a later investigation found that the course was short, and their times do not stand as official world records, though the New York City Marathon maintains them as course records. Waitz dominated the women's marathon between 1978 and 1989, winning nine of the eleven races during that period: her nine wins are the most of any runner at the New York City Marathon. In the men's race, Bill Rodgers has won the most times, doing so in four consecutive years, from 1976 to 1979. The current course records are held by Geoffrey Mutai, who set a time of 2:05:06 in the 2011 men's race, and Margaret Okayo, who set the women's record at 2:22:31 in 2003.
A wheelchair race has been held since 2000, when 72 people finished: Kamel Ayari won the men's race, and Anh Nguyen Thi Xuan won the women's. Among the wheelchair racers, Edith Hunkeler of Switzerland and Tatyana McFadden of the United States have the most victories, with five each. McFadden also holds the women's course record with a time of 1:43:04 set in 2015, while Kurt Fearnley of Australia holds the men's record with 1:29:22 set in 2006.
Winners
Men's open division
Women's open division
Men's wheelchair division
Women's wheelchair division
Victories by nationality
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
Sources
New York
New York City Marathon |
Haigia is a genus of picture-winged flies in the family Ulidiidae.
Species
H. nevadana
References
Ulidiidae
Taxa named by George C. Steyskal |
Baie des Flamand is a bay located on the southern side of the Sud department of Haiti. It is a branch of the larger Baie des Cayes and the Caribbean Sea.
References
Bodies of water of Haiti |
Paradise is an unincorporated community in northwest Clay County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community lies between the two arms of the Smithville Lake on the Little Platte River. The city of Smithville lies across the lake to the southwest. The community is located along Missouri Route W about four miles southeast of Trimble in adjacent Clinton County.
History
In 1832, the US Government deeded of land at this location to Mr. Pleasant Gentry. The land was sold in 1850 to John Gosney, who surveyed the land. The developing town was named "Gosneyville". Gosneyville was renamed "Paradise" circa 1884.
A post office called Paradise was established in 1858, and remained in operation until 1907. The community was so named for the many churches in town relative to its small size.
In popular culture
Paradise was featured in the 1998 film The Dentist 2. In the film the titular dentist, Doctor Alan Feinstone, travels to Paradise after escaping the psychiatric hospital he was being held in after the events of the first film.
Demographics
References
Unincorporated communities in Clay County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Ramban can refer to:
Nachmanides (1194 – ), Catalan rabbi and philosopher also known as RaMBaN
Cave of the Ramban in Jerusalem
Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir, a town in India
Ramban district, an administrative unit in India
Ramban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)
Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem
Rambaan, 1948 Indian film
Ramabanam, 2023 Indian film
Ranban, a village in Nepal
See also
Maimonides (1135/38 - 1204), Sephardic Jewish philosopher also known as Rambam |
```java
package com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.actions.interaction;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.api.foundation.FoundationService;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.api.lifecycle.Startable;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.api.lifecycle.Stoppable;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.concurrent.AbstractExceptionLogTask;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.observer.AbstractObservable;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.RedisHealthCheckInstance;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.actions.delay.DelayConfig;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.actions.interaction.event.*;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.utils.DateTimeUtils;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.utils.VisibleForTesting;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
import java.util.function.IntSupplier;
/**
* @author wenchao.meng
* <p>
* May 04, 2017
*/
public class HealthStatus extends AbstractObservable implements Startable, Stoppable {
protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HealthStatus.class);
public static long UNSET_TIME = -1L;
private AtomicLong lastPongTime = new AtomicLong(UNSET_TIME);
private AtomicLong lastHealthDelayTime = new AtomicLong(UNSET_TIME);
private AtomicReference<HEALTH_STATE> state = new AtomicReference<>(HEALTH_STATE.UNKNOWN);
protected RedisHealthCheckInstance instance;
protected final IntSupplier delayDownAfterMilli;
protected final IntSupplier instanceLongDelayMilli;
protected final IntSupplier pingDownAfterMilli;
protected final IntSupplier healthyDelayMilli;
private final ScheduledExecutorService scheduled;
private ScheduledFuture<?> future;
protected static final String currentDcId = FoundationService.DEFAULT.getDataCenter();
protected static Logger delayLogger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HealthStatus.class.getName() + ".delay");
public HealthStatus(RedisHealthCheckInstance instance, ScheduledExecutorService scheduled){
this.instance = instance;
this.scheduled = scheduled;
this.pingDownAfterMilli = ()->instance.getHealthCheckConfig().pingDownAfterMilli();
this.instanceLongDelayMilli = ()->instance.getHealthCheckConfig().instanceLongDelayMilli();
this.delayDownAfterMilli = () -> {
DelayConfig delayConfig = instance.getHealthCheckConfig().getDelayConfig(instance.getCheckInfo().getClusterId(), currentDcId, instance.getCheckInfo().getDcId());
return delayConfig.getClusterLevelDelayDownAfterMilli() > 0 ? delayConfig.getClusterLevelDelayDownAfterMilli() : delayConfig.getDcLevelDelayDownAfterMilli();};
this.healthyDelayMilli = () -> {
DelayConfig delayConfig = instance.getHealthCheckConfig().getDelayConfig(instance.getCheckInfo().getClusterId(), currentDcId, instance.getCheckInfo().getDcId());
return delayConfig.getClusterLevelHealthyDelayMilli() > 0 ? delayConfig.getClusterLevelHealthyDelayMilli() : delayConfig.getDcLevelHealthyDelayMilli();};
checkParam();
}
private void checkParam() {
if(this.delayDownAfterMilli.getAsInt() < this.pingDownAfterMilli.getAsInt()) {
logger.error("Ping-Down-After-Milli must smaller than Delay-Down-After-Milli");
}
}
@Override
public void start() {
checkDown();
}
@Override
public void stop() {
if(future != null) {
future.cancel(true);
}
}
private void checkDown() {
if(future != null){
future.cancel(true);
}
future = scheduled.scheduleWithFixedDelay(new CheckDownTask(),
0, instance.getHealthCheckConfig().checkIntervalMilli(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
}
protected class CheckDownTask extends AbstractExceptionLogTask {
@Override
protected Logger getLogger() {
return HealthStatus.logger;
}
@Override
protected void doRun() throws Exception {
if(shouldNotRun()) {
logger.debug("[last unhealthy time < 0, break]{}, {}", instance, lastHealthDelayTime);
return;
}
healthStatusUpdate();
}
}
protected boolean shouldNotRun() {
return lastHealthDelayTime.get() < 0 && lastPongTime.get() < 0;
}
void loading() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if(preState.equals(preState.afterPingFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
if(state.get().shouldNotifyMarkDown() && preState.isToDownNotify()) {
logger.info("[setLoading] {}", this);
notifyObservers(new InstanceLoading(instance));
}
}
void pong(){
lastPongTime.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
setPingUp();
}
void pongInit() {
if (lastPongTime.get() == UNSET_TIME) {
lastPongTime.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
void delay(long delayMilli, long...srcShardDbId){
//first time
lastHealthDelayTime.compareAndSet(UNSET_TIME, System.currentTimeMillis());
delayLogger.debug("{}, {}", instance.getCheckInfo().getHostPort(), delayMilli);
if(delayMilli >= 0 && delayMilli <= healthyDelayMilli.getAsInt()){
lastHealthDelayTime.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
setDelayUp();
}
}
@VisibleForTesting
protected void healthStatusUpdate() {
long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
// check ping down first, as ping has highest priority
if(lastPongTime.get() != UNSET_TIME) {
long pingDownTime = currentTime - lastPongTime.get();
final int pingDownAfter = pingDownAfterMilli.getAsInt();
if (pingDownTime > pingDownAfter) {
setPingDown();
} else if (pingDownTime >= pingDownAfter / 2) {
setPingHalfDown();
}
}
// check delay then
if(lastHealthDelayTime.get() == UNSET_TIME) {
return;
}
long delayDownTime = currentTime - lastHealthDelayTime.get();
final int delayDownAfter = delayDownAfterMilli.getAsInt();
final int instanceLongDelay = instanceLongDelayMilli.getAsInt();
if ( delayDownTime > delayDownAfter) {
setDelayDown();
}else if(delayDownTime >= instanceLongDelay){
setDelayHalfDown();
}
}
private void setDelayUp() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterDelaySuccess());
markUpIfNecessary(preState, state.get());
}
private void setPingUp() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingSuccess());
markUpIfNecessary(preState, state.get());
}
private void setDelayHalfDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if (preState.equals(preState.afterDelayHalfFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterDelayHalfFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
notifyObservers(new InstanceLongDelay(instance));
}
}
private void setDelayDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if (preState.equals(preState.afterDelayFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterDelayFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
if(state.get().shouldNotifyMarkDown() && preState.isToDownNotify()){
logger.info("[setSick]{}", this);
notifyObservers(new InstanceSick(instance));
}
}
private void setPingHalfDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if(preState.equals(preState.afterPingHalfFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingHalfFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
}
private void setPingDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if(preState.equals(preState.afterPingFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
if(state.get().shouldNotifyMarkDown() && preState.isToDownNotify()) {
logger.info("[setDown] {}", this);
notifyObservers(new InstanceDown(instance));
}
}
protected void markUpIfNecessary(HEALTH_STATE pre, HEALTH_STATE cur) {
logStateChange(pre, cur);
if(cur.shouldNotifyMarkup() && pre.isToUpNotify()) {
logger.info("[markUpIfNecessary]{} {}->{}", this, pre, cur);
notifyObservers(new InstanceUp(instance));
}
}
protected void logStateChange(HEALTH_STATE pre, HEALTH_STATE cur) {
if(pre.equals(cur)) {
return;
}
logger.debug("[state-change][{}] {} -> {}", this, pre, cur);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%s lastPong:%s lastHealthDelay:%s", instance.getCheckInfo(),
DateTimeUtils.timeAsString(lastPongTime.get()),
DateTimeUtils.timeAsString(lastHealthDelayTime.get()));
}
public HEALTH_STATE getState() {
return state.get();
}
public long getLastPongTime() {
return lastPongTime.get();
}
public long getLastHealthyDelayTime() {
return lastHealthDelayTime.get();
}
}
``` |
Govardhana or Govardhanacharya was the court poet of the 12th-century Sena king, Lakshmana Sena. He was a contemporary of Jayadeva and is known for his aryasaptashati (), a collection of 700 stanzas of erotic poetry following the arya metre.
This was a response to the 700 verses in the more demotic Prakrit language traditionally attributed to King Hala, composed almost a thousand years earlier. Both sets of poems were composed in the āryā metre.
References
Sanskrit poets |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Reflection;
using Ductus.FluentDocker.Executors;
using Ductus.FluentDocker.Executors.Parsers;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
namespace Ductus.FluentDocker.Tests.ProcessResponseParsersTests
{
[TestClass]
public class NetworkLsResponseParserTests
{
[TestMethod]
public void ProcessShallParseResponse()
{
// Arrange
var id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var name = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var driver = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var scope = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var ipv6 = false;
var isInternal = true;
var created = DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime();
var stdOut = $"{id};{name};{driver};{scope};{ipv6};{isInternal};{created:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.ffffff} +0000 ZZZ";
var ctorArgs = new object[] { "command", stdOut, "", 0 };
var executionResult = (ProcessExecutionResult)Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(ProcessExecutionResult),
BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.CreateInstance,
null, ctorArgs, null, null);
var parser = new NetworkLsResponseParser();
// Act
var result = parser.Process(executionResult).Response.Data[0];
// Assert
Assert.AreEqual(id, result.Id);
Assert.AreEqual(name, result.Name);
Assert.AreEqual(driver, result.Driver);
Assert.AreEqual(scope, result.Scope);
Assert.AreEqual(ipv6, result.IPv6);
Assert.AreEqual(isInternal, result.Internal);
Assert.AreEqual(created, result.Created.ToUniversalTime());
}
[TestMethod]
public void ProcessShallParseResponseWithNegativeTimezone()
{
// Arrange
var tzShift = -3;
var id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var name = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var driver = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var scope = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
var ipv6 = false;
var isInternal = true;
var created = DateTime.Now;
var stdOut = $"{id};{name};{driver};{scope};{ipv6};{isInternal};{created:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.ffffff} {tzShift:00}00 ZZZ";
var ctorArgs = new object[] { "command", stdOut, "", 0 };
var executionResult = (ProcessExecutionResult)Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(ProcessExecutionResult),
BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.CreateInstance,
null, ctorArgs, null, null);
var parser = new NetworkLsResponseParser();
// Act
var result = parser.Process(executionResult).Response.Data[0];
// Assert
Assert.AreEqual(id, result.Id);
Assert.AreEqual(name, result.Name);
Assert.AreEqual(driver, result.Driver);
Assert.AreEqual(scope, result.Scope);
Assert.AreEqual(ipv6, result.IPv6);
Assert.AreEqual(isInternal, result.Internal);
Assert.AreEqual(created, result.Created.AddMinutes(-1 * DateTimeOffset.Now.Offset.TotalMinutes).AddHours(tzShift));
}
}
}
``` |
```markdown
# Acknowledgements
This application makes use of the following third party libraries:
## AutoCoding
AutoCoding
This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.
Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:
1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
## DTBonjour
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
## DZNEmptyDataSet
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
## GZIP
GZIP
This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.
Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:
1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
## KissXML
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
## MRProgress
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
## NSTimer-Blocks
README
======
Extremely simple category on NSTimer which makes it able to use blocks.
HOW IT WORKS
------------
I figure if you're using a block, you probably won't need to pass any userinfo object into the timer... you can get to whatever you need just from the block. So, I just hijack the `+scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:target:selector:userInfo:repeats:` class method and it's brother `-init...`, setting it to use itself as the target, and to execute the class method `+jdExecuteSimpleBlock:` (which is part of the category) then pass the block you specify as the userInfo object which is then uses in the execute method. Pretty straightforward stuff.
HOW TO USE IT
-------------
Very simple:
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:2.0 block:^
{
[someObj doSomething];
[someOtherObj doSomethingElse];
// ... etc ...
} repeats:NO];
This may be overkill for most NSTimer operations... I mean, do you really have a need for a block? Couldn't you use the selector methods? Sure you could... but sometimes it's more elegant to use a block... so here you go.
LICENSE
-------
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
## Reachability
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
## SAMKeychain
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
## UIActionSheet+Blocks
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
## UIAlertView+Blocks
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Generated by CocoaPods - path_to_url
``` |
```c++
/*=============================================================================
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
==============================================================================*/
#if !defined(FUSION_ANY_05052005_1229)
#define FUSION_ANY_05052005_1229
#include <boost/mpl/bool.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/sequence/intrinsic/begin.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/sequence/intrinsic/end.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/advance.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/equal_to.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/next.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/deref.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/distance.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace fusion {
struct random_access_traversal_tag;
namespace detail
{
template <typename First, typename Last, typename F>
inline bool
linear_any(First const&, Last const&, F const&, mpl::true_)
{
return false;
}
template <typename First, typename Last, typename F>
inline bool
linear_any(First const& first, Last const& last, F& f, mpl::false_)
{
typename result_of::deref<First>::type x = *first;
return f(x) ||
detail::linear_any(
fusion::next(first)
, last
, f
, result_of::equal_to<typename result_of::next<First>::type, Last>());
}
template <typename Sequence, typename F, typename Tag>
inline bool
any(Sequence const& seq, F f, Tag)
{
return detail::linear_any(
fusion::begin(seq)
, fusion::end(seq)
, f
, result_of::equal_to<
typename result_of::begin<Sequence>::type
, typename result_of::end<Sequence>::type>());
}
template<int N>
struct unrolled_any
{
template <typename It, typename F>
static bool call(It const& it, F f)
{
return
f(*it) ||
f(*fusion::advance_c<1>(it))||
f(*fusion::advance_c<2>(it)) ||
f(*fusion::advance_c<3>(it)) ||
detail::unrolled_any<N-4>::call(fusion::advance_c<4>(it), f);
}
};
template<>
struct unrolled_any<3>
{
template <typename It, typename F>
static bool call(It const& it, F f)
{
return
f(*it) ||
f(*fusion::advance_c<1>(it)) ||
f(*fusion::advance_c<2>(it));
}
};
template<>
struct unrolled_any<2>
{
template <typename It, typename F>
static bool call(It const& it, F f)
{
return
f(*it) ||
f(*fusion::advance_c<1>(it));
}
};
template<>
struct unrolled_any<1>
{
template <typename It, typename F>
static bool call(It const& it, F f)
{
return f(*it);
}
};
template<>
struct unrolled_any<0>
{
template <typename It, typename F>
static bool call(It const& it, F f)
{
return false;
}
};
template <typename Sequence, typename F>
inline bool
any(Sequence const& seq, F f, random_access_traversal_tag)
{
typedef typename result_of::begin<Sequence>::type begin;
typedef typename result_of::end<Sequence>::type end;
return detail::unrolled_any<result_of::distance<begin, end>::type::value>::call(
fusion::begin(seq), f);
}
}}}
#endif
``` |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\BeyondCorp;
class ShouldThrottleResponse extends \Google\Model
{
/**
* @var bool
*/
public $shouldThrottle;
/**
* @param bool
*/
public function setShouldThrottle($shouldThrottle)
{
$this->shouldThrottle = $shouldThrottle;
}
/**
* @return bool
*/
public function getShouldThrottle()
{
return $this->shouldThrottle;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(ShouldThrottleResponse::class, 'Google_Service_BeyondCorp_ShouldThrottleResponse');
``` |
The Australian Rail Tram and Bus Industry Union (RTBU) is an Australian trade union representing rail, tram and bus workers. The RTBU is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Australian Labor Party (ALP).
Internationally, the RTBU is affiliated with the International Transport Workers' Federation. It has a membership of 31,223 as at 31 December 2018.
History
The union was formed on 1 March 1993 as the Public Transport Union (PTU) through the amalgamation of four long-standing transport unions: the Australian Railways Union, the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Employees, the Australian Tramway and Motor Omnibus Employees' Association and the National Union of Rail Workers of Australia. The amalgamation effectively created one union for public transport workers for the first time in Australia. It adopted its current name in 1998.
Structure
It is organised into National Divisions, covering Infrastructure; Rail Operations; Tram and Bus; Locomotive; Workshops and Salaried and Professional. There are seven state branches, with the National Office located in Sydney:
New South Wales
Queensland
Western Australia
South Australia and Northern Territory
Victoria
Tasmania
See also
Railway trade unions in Australia
Australian Rail Tram and Bus Union (Victorian branch)
References
External links
Rail Tram and Bus Union (Queensland Branch)
Rail Tram and Bus Union (NSW Branch)
1993 establishments in Australia
Australian Public Sector Trade Unions
International Transport Workers' Federation
Trade unions established in 1993
Transport trade unions in Australia |
Teamline Air Luftfahrt GesmbH was an airline based in Austria, which was operational from 2001 to 2004. The airline was a sub-company of Fairline Flugbetriebs GmbH, which ceased to exist in 2006.
References
Defunct airlines of Austria
Airlines established in 2001
Airlines disestablished in 2004
2001 establishments in Austria
2004 disestablishments in Austria |
Act 39 of 2013 established the U.S. state of Vermont's Patient Choice and Control at End of Life Act (Vermont Statutes Annotated Sec. 1. 18 V.S.A. chapter 113), which legalizes medical aid in dying (commonly referred to as physician-assisted suicide) with certain restrictions. Vermont was the first state to enact this Law through legislative action; it permits some terminally ill patients to determine the time of their own death.
The measure was passed by both House and Senate and signed into law by Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin on May 8, 2013.
The law
Under the law, a competent adult Vermont resident who has been diagnosed, by a physician, with a terminal illness that will kill the patient within six months, may request in writing, from his or her physician, a prescription for a lethal dose of medication for the purpose of ending the patient's life. Exercise of the option under this law is voluntary and the patient must initiate the request. A patient who obtains a prescription for the intended purpose of hastening death may change his or her mind at any time. Any physician, pharmacist or healthcare provider who has moral objections may refuse to participate.
The request must be confirmed by two witnesses, at least one of whom is not related to the patient, is not entitled to any portion of the patient's estate, is not the patient's physician, and is not employed by a healthcare facility caring for the patient. The prescribing physician must refer the patient to a second physician for medical confirmation of the diagnosis, prognosis, and a determination that the patient is capable, is acting voluntarily, and is making an informed decision. After the request is made, another physician must examine the patient's medical records and confirm the diagnosis. The patient must be determined to be free of a mental condition impairing judgment. If the request is authorized, the patient must wait at least fifteen days and make a second oral request before the prescription may be written. The patient has a right to rescind the request at any time. Should either physician have concerns about the patient's ability to make an informed decision, or feel the patient's request may be motivated by depression or coercion, the patient must be referred for a psychological evaluation.
The law protects doctors from liability for providing a lethal prescription for a terminally ill, competent adult in compliance with the statute's restrictions. Participation by physicians, pharmacists and health care providers is voluntary.
The process
A physician may prescribe medication to a terminally ill adult patient that will be self-administered for the purpose of hastening the patient's death. In order to comply with Vermont law, the physician must:
Determine that the patient is suffering from a terminal condition, with a life expectancy of 6 months or fewer, based on the physician's physical examination of the patient and review of the patient's relevant medical records.
Determine that the patient is capable of making a health care decision.
Determine that the patient is making an informed decision.
Determine that the patient is a Vermont resident.
Determine that the patient is making a voluntary request for medication to hasten his or her death.
Determine that the patient is able to self-administer the medication requested to hasten death.
Inform the patient in person, both verbally and in writing of:
the medical diagnosis consisting of the prognosis, including an acknowledgment that this is a prediction of life expectancy and an estimate based on the physician's best medical judgment; that this is not a guarantee of the actual time remaining in the patient's life and that the patient could live longer than the time predicted;
provide the range of treatment options appropriate for the patient's diagnosis;
if the patient is not enrolled in hospice care, all feasible end-of-life services, including palliative care, comfort care, hospice care and pain control;
the range of possible results, including potential risks associated with taking the prescribed medication;
The probable result of taking the prescribed medication.
Refer the patient to a second physician for medical confirmation of the diagnosis, prognosis, and a determination that the patient is capable, is acting voluntarily, and is making an informed decision.
Either verify that the patient did not have impaired judgment, or refer the patient for an evaluation by a psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker licensed in Vermont for confirmation that the patient is capable and does not have impaired judgment.
Consult with the patient's primary care physician, with the patient's consent, if applicable.
Inform the patient of the right to rescind his or her request at the time that the second oral request is made (which can be no fewer than 15 days after the first oral request).
Ensure that all the required steps were carried out in accordance with the law and confirm, immediately prior to writing the prescription, that the patient was making an informed decision.
Write the prescription no fewer than 48 hours after the patient's written request for medication to hasten death, the patient's second oral request (which can be no fewer than 15 days after the first oral request); or the physician offering the patient an opportunity to rescind the request.
Dispense the medication directly (if the physician is licensed to dispense medication in Vermont); or contact a pharmacist (with the patient's consent) and inform the pharmacist of the prescription, and deliver the written prescription personally, by mail or by fax to the pharmacist.
After writing the prescription, promptly file a report with the Department of Health documenting completion of all of the requirements under this statute.
History
Dick and Ginny Walters, founders of Patient Choices Vermont (PCV) began working to pass Vermont's Act 39 in 2002, based on the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. They were both 77 years old and had no idea that it would take eleven years to pass the bill and another two years to solidify it. They began by studying the Vermont legislative process, and based on numerous meetings in their living room a small group formed a 501(c)(4) corporation. Their daughter, Betsy Walkerman, an attorney who is now President of PCV, drafted the first Vermont bill following the pattern of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. Their daughter Nancy Hawley set up PCV's first website.
To find sponsors in the legislature, Dick contacted representatives and senators who were likely to be in favor of right-to-die legislation. Early on, thirty-nine representatives and a number of senators agreed to co-sponsor the proposed DWD bill.
PCV enlisted the assistance of national organizations to make use of their experience. Both Death with Dignity National Center and Compassion and Choices helped with advice, telephoning, funding, and connections to Oregon people who flew in to testify in legislative committee hearings. Among them were a rabbi, the head of the state hospice organization, and a researcher from Oregon Health & Science University who worked extensively on the statistics in Oregon.
From the beginning, PCV's Board of Directors included professors and medical doctors. All were committed to the mission and worked persistently through many years, enabling the group to become close-knit. Early in the process, Dick and Ginny were introduced to the lobbying firm of Sirotkin and Necrason (now the Necrason Group), with whom PCV developed a close and lasting relationship. Their steadfast dedication, invaluable expertise and guidance in strategic planning was critical to the organization's success.
In 2004, at the request of the legislature, the Vermont Legislative Counsel studied Oregon's Death with Dignity law and published a report detailing its efficacy and positive outcomes. Through 2009, legislation was proposed in the Vermont House and Senate, and committees in both chambers conducted extensive hearings. PCV organized written and verbal testimony by a wide range of people, including people experienced with the adoption and implementation of the law in Oregon, and numerous individuals with deeply personal and family stories. The underlying theme was freedom to choose. Repeatedly, independent polls showed Vermonters favored the bill by two to one, across political parties and religions. Many individuals with disabilities testified in favor of the legislation because people with disabilities, like everyone else, want to control their own medical decisions when diagnosed with a terminal illness. Opposition was strong and vocal, raising a number of concerns. PCV persistently presented the facts from Oregon.
PCV worked strategically through the years to build knowledge and support among legislators and legislative leadership. It took time and citizen action to educate representatives about freedom of choice at the end of life. Throughout Vermont, the proposed legislation gained attention and supporters because of letters to the editor and media accounts.
Some PCV Board members spoke at Rotary Clubs, at gatherings at the homes of supporters and at professional meetings of healthcare providers. PCV expanded its database of supporters by setting up DWD displays and collecting signatures at Town Meetings, which take place every year throughout Vermont in the month of March. Among PCV's thousands of supporters were activists who contacted legislators, wrote letters to the editor, and contributed to the campaign. During the most active part of the campaign, PCV engaged a grassroots organizing firm to activate a database by organizing telephone trees, continually updating the website, posting on social media, using email and snail mail and setting up TV ads.
Although the Vermont Medical Association testified that Act 39 was not needed, PCV developed a list of 200 supporting physicians. They understood that for the terminally ill patient, just knowing that it's legal to avoid a protracted painful dying process brings peace of mind.
By 2013, Vermont had a Governor who was a committed advocate for DWD. The Speaker of the House, a strong and determined leader, also was eager to see the legislation passed. To achieve a majority vote in the Senate, a compromise consisting of a “sunset” provision that would have allowed most of the safeguards to disappear in 2016 was necessary. PCV celebrated passage but was concerned that weakening the required safeguards would make the law vulnerable to repeal.
In 2015, Act 39 was revised to remove the sunset provision, and the final bill was signed on May 20, 2015, thereby solidifying Vermont's Act 39. The Governor, the House Speaker, legislators and thousands of ordinary Vermonters came together to establish the Patient Choice at End of Life Act.
Impact
Twenty-four prescriptions have been written within the first three years after inception of Vermont's Act 39. Sixteen of them were written in 2016, showing a careful, steady utilization increase.
Opposition
In July, 2016 the Vermont Alliance for Ethical Healthcare and Tennessee-based Christian Medical and Dental Association filed a lawsuit against the State of Vermont. The groups claim both Act 39 and Vermont's Patient Rights law violate the plaintiffs’ religious rights by requiring doctors to discuss all end-of-life care options with their patients.
During the first hearing in the case on Nov. 8, the plaintiffs’ attorneys suggested his physician clients would be willing to “…tell a patient that they can Google assisted suicide on their cell phone and that's a reasonably available source of information…”
“The notion that doctors could fulfill their professional duty to ensure patients can make fully-informed decisions by Googling to learn about their end-of-life care options is the height of irresponsibility,” said Linda Waite-Simpson, Vermont state director for Compassion & Choices. “It would be tantamount to doctors abandoning their patients at the most vulnerable time of their lives, especially given the danger of them Googling -- and relying upon -- fake news posted online.”
U.S. District Court Judge Geoffrey W. Crawford has granted a motion by Compassion & Choices, Patient Choices Vermont and two terminally ill Vermonters that allows them to argue in court against a lawsuit brought by religious groups to undermine Vermont's End-of-Life Choice Act (Act 39). In granting the motion to allow Compassion & Choices and Patient Choices Vermont to intervene in the case, Judge Crawford wrote: “As people potentially eligible for consideration under Act 39, both individual (patient) intervenors have strong personal reasons for resisting the type of silence or boycott which Plaintiffs seek to preserve for themselves on an issue of patient choice … the intervenor organizations (Compassion & Choices and Patient Choices Vermont) appear to have considerable experience in the field. The court welcomes their advice and expertise…”
“The Vermont law respects everyone’s personal beliefs because it allows any person or healthcare professional to refuse to directly participate in medical aid in dying,” said Kevin Díaz, national director of legal advocacy for Compassion & Choices. “But these doctors contend their personal beliefs should trump their patients’ rights when it comes to simply referring them to a healthcare professional to advise them about all their end-of-life care options. It should send shivers down the spine of every patient.”
“This case is about a patient’s right to know what their options are at the end of life,” said Betsy Walkerman, President of Patient Choices Vermont. “Physicians should not impose their personal religious values on their patients by preventing them from receiving information about all of their end-of-life care options.”
On April 5, 2017, U.S. District Court Judge Geoffrey Crawford ruled that two medical organizations failed to show that their members — two doctors, a nurse and a pharmacist who oppose the law for religious and ethical reasons — faced any harm and dismissed their legal challenge of Vermont's 2013 end-of-life law.
See also
Assisted suicide in the United States
Medical aid in dying
California End of Life Option Act
Compassion & Choices, providing medical consultation and direct service for persons eligible for the Vermont Death with Dignity law.
Death with Dignity National Center, an organization founded to pass and support the law.
Oregon Ballot Measure 16 (1994)
Oregon Death with Dignity Act, Vermont's Act 39 was modelled after Oregon's law
Washington Death with Dignity Act, passed in November 2008 in the state of Washington
Massachusetts Death with Dignity Initiative
Baxter v. Montana, a court decision legalizing aid in dying in Montana
Gonzales v. Oregon
Washington v. Glucksberg
Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Victoria)
References
External links
Official Vermont Senate Committee on Health and Welfare summary page on Act 39 (S.77)
Patient Choices Vermont, organization Web site in favor of law
Compassion & Choices, national organization Web site in favor of law
Death with Dignity, national organization Web site in favor of law
Christian Medical & Dental Associations, Tennessee organization Web site opposed to the law
Vermont Alliance for Ethical Healthcare, Vermont organization Web site opposed to the law
Assisted suicide in the United States
Death in Vermont
United States state health legislation |
Thryptomene wittweri is a shrub species in the family Myrtaceae that is endemic to Western Australia.
The spreading to rounded shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between April and August producing white-cream flowers.
It is found on breakaways and creek beds in the Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of Western Australia where it grows in skeletal stony soils.
References
wittweri
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Critically endangered flora of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1980 |
You're On! is an American television game show aired from August 3 to December 5, 1998 on Nickelodeon. The show took a premise similar to Candid Camera; however, to adopt the format better for a children's game show, You're On! featured youth contestants trying to convince a passersby to complete a series of predetermined tasks while unknowingly on camera.
The show was taped in Soundstage 18 of Nickelodeon Studios Florida and was hosted by Phil Moore. The remote hosts for You’re On! were Vivianne Collins and Travis White. These two briefed the kids on their tasks, congratulated them when all three tasks were completed, or let them know time was up.
Reruns of You’re On! have aired on Nick GAS. It was pulled off from the schedule on November 26, 2004.
Rules
Two kid contestants on a remote location work together to complete three tasks, each with a common theme. The tasks involved convincing a passerby to do silly things, like kissing a fish or playing hopscotch with one kid riding piggyback on them. The kids had 10 minutes to do this. Performing all three tasks won a prize (such as a Nintendo 64, snowboards, or camping equipment), failing won a smaller prize (usually a gift certificate). The contestants could get anyone to do the first task, but for safety reasons, the second and third tasks had to be done by an adult.
Three games like this were played. The later two games had a feature called the "Runaround", played in the studio. Six people, two from each section of the audience, were called down. After they saw the three tasks the kids had to perform, they had to guess how many tasks they thought the kids would complete. Getting it right won a prize.
In the first runaround, all six players were kids. In the second, it was three kids and three adults who were somehow related to the kids.
At the end of each show, one of the adult Runaround losers and their kid were called to the center of the stage. There, Moore and the kid did gross things to them, such as pouring slime on them, asking them questions with a messy penalty for a wrong answer delivered by the kid, or getting them to stomp on large purple balloons to make "grape juice". The messy things Moore did to the adults were based on at least one of the tasks from earlier in the show, usually tasks that were not completed. On the final episode, the tables were turned on Moore. Before Moore could call anyone to the center of the stage, Collins and White suddenly walked in from backstage. They, along with Moore's own son David, proceeded to slime him with a variety of substances. On another episode, Moore called all three adults center stage and had them bob for apples in a bowl of jello and whipped cream, blindfolded, with the kids giving them directions.
See also
Game Show in My Head
External links
Official Website
1998 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
1990s American children's comedy television series
1990s American children's game shows
1990s American comedy game shows
1990s Nickelodeon original programming
Nickelodeon game shows
English-language television shows
Television series about children
Television shows filmed in Florida |
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