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Sam Cunningham is an American politician who was elected as the first African-American mayor of Waukegan, Illinois, the largest city in and the county seat of Lake County, Illinois.
Biography
Cunningham was born and raised in Waukegan. He is a graduate of Waukegan East High School and Central State University where he earned a B.S. in Business Administration and Marketing. After college, he established his own business as an insurance agent. In 1975, he joined the Waukegan Police Department as an officer. In 1999, he was elected as alderman for the 1st Ward in Waukegan. In 2017, he defeated independent Lisa May, who at the time would have been the city's first female mayor. He was the first African-American to serve as mayor in Waukegan.
Tenure as Mayor
Cunningham proposed the development of a casino on the vacant land that used to house Lakehurst Mall. In 2019, with the signing of the Rebuild Illinois Act by governor J. B. Pritzker, six new casinos were to be constructed, including one in Waukegan. As of 2021, no operator had been chosen to construct and manage the proposed casino site.
Another vision he had for the city was the transformation of the lake-front to a "northern Navy Pier" of Lake County. This vision included the establishment of recreational, commercial, and residential areas along the abandoned industrial areas of the shore. Critics of this objected to it, as they claimed that the city did not have sufficient funds to accomplish this goal.
During the month of April 2019, Sam Cunningham and his mother, Lake County Board vice-chair Mary Ross Cunningham, were sued for allegedly violating the First Amendment rights of a Waukegan resident. The mayor allegedly threatened to revoke the resident's public housing voucher and potentially arrest the resident if he did not remove an altered image that depicted the two as devils. The lawsuit reached a settlement of $17,000, with the county paying $12,000 and the city paying $5,000.
He lost the election to alderwoman Ann B. Taylor, by a margin of 11%.
Personal life
Cunningham has two daughters, Syerra and Samantha. Cunningham is a 2017 Jim Edgar Fellow, the U.S. Minority Contractors Association 2017 Municipal Administrator of the Year, and the recipient of the Illinois Black Chamber of Commerce Parren J. Mitchell Outstanding Service Award. He is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi.
References
Sam Cunningham Waukegan Mayor
21st-century American politicians
African-American mayors in Illinois
Mayors of places in Illinois
People from Waukegan, Illinois
Central State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century African-American politicians |
Michel Eugène Chevreul (31 August 1786 – 9 April 1889) was a French chemist whose work contributed to significant developments in science, medicine, and art. Chevreul's early work with animal fats revolutionized soap and candle manufacturing and led to his isolation of the heptadecanoic (margaric), stearic, and oleic fatty acids. In the process, Chevreul became the first scientist to define the concept of a chemical compound and the first to formally characterize the nature of organic compounds; he is consequently considered a founder of modern organic chemistry.
In the medical field, Chevreul was first to demonstrate that diabetics excrete glucose in the urine and to isolate creatine. Chevreul's study of textile dyes while director of the Gobelins Manufactory in Paris led to color theories that "provided the scientific basis for Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painting."
Chevreul is one of the 72 French scientists, mathematicians, and engineers whose names are inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. He lived to be 102 and was a pioneer in the field of gerontology.
Biography
Chevreul was born in the town of Angers, France, where his father was a physician. Chevreul's birth certificate, kept in the registry book of Angers, bears the signature of his father, grandfather, and a great-uncle, all of whom were surgeons.
At around the age of seventeen Chevreul went to Paris and entered L.N. Vauquelin's chemical laboratory, afterwards becoming his assistant at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (National Museum of Natural History) in the Jardin des Plantes.
In 1813, Chevreul was appointed professor of chemistry at the Lycée Charlemagne, and subsequently undertook the directorship of the Gobelins tapestry works, where he carried out his research on colour contrasts. (In 1839, he published the results of his research under the title De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs; It was translated into English and published in 1854 under the title The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors. A new translation titled On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors, with commentary, additional chapters, and color graphics by Dan Margulis appeared in 2020.) In 1826 Chevreul became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in the same year was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society of London, whose Copley Medal he was awarded in 1857. In 1829, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1868.
Chevreul succeeded his master, Vauquelin, as professor of organic chemistry at the National Museum of Natural History in 1830, and thirty-three years later assumed its directorship also; this he relinquished in 1879, though he still retained his professorship. A bronze medal was minted for the occasion of Chevreul's 100th birthday in 1886, and it was celebrated as a national event. Chevreul received letters of commendation from many heads of state and monarchs, including Queen Victoria. He had a series of recorded meetings with Nadar, whose son Paul Nadar took photographs, resulting in the first photo-interview ever to appear in a magazine.
Chevreul began to study the effects of aging on the human body shortly before his death at the age of 102, which occurred in Paris on 9 April 1889. He was honoured with a public funeral. In 1901 a statue was erected to his memory in the museum with which he was connected for so many years.
Chevreul's work
Chevreul's scientific work covered a wide range, but he is best known for the classical researches he carried out on animal fats, published in 1823 (Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale). These enabled him to elucidate the true nature of soap; he was also able to discover the composition of stearin, a white substance found in the solid parts of most animal and vegetable fats, and olein, the liquid part of any fat, and to isolate stearic and oleic acids, the names of which he invented. This work led to important improvements in the processes of candle-manufacture.
Chevreul was a determined enemy of charlatanism in every form, and a complete sceptic as to the "scientific" psychical research or spiritualism which had begun in his time. His research on the "magic pendulum", Dowsing rods and table-turning is revolutionary. In an open letter to André-Marie Ampère in 1833, and his 1854 paper "De la baguette", Chevreul explains how human muscular reactions, totally involuntary and subconscious, are responsible for seemingly magical movements. In the end, Chevreul discovered that once a person holding divining rods/magic pendulum became aware of the brain's reaction, the movements stopped and could not be willingly reproduced. His was one of the earliest explanations of the ideomotor effect.
In 1824, Chevreul was named director of the dye works at the Gobelins Manufactory in Paris, in response to complaints about technical inadequacies. He found that some dyes were indeed deficient, but that the oft-criticized black dye was first-rate. Yet fabrics dyed with this black were perceived as weak and reddish when surrounded by deep blues and/or purples. Chevreul called this effect simultaneous contrast, defining it as the tendency for a color to appear to shift toward the complementary of its neighbor, both in terms of hue and darkness.
He explored the ramifications of the concept at book-length in 1839, intending to form a comprehensive theory for all the visual arts. It offered design principles for tapestries, carpets, furniture, mosaics, churches, museums, apartments, formal gardens, theaters, maps, typography, framing, stained glass, women's clothing, and even military uniforms. It is most noted, however, for its influence on Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painting, particularly the Pointillist style developed by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, which featured tiny juxtapositions of complementary colors. Camille Pissarro reported that he had interviewed Seurat, who had described the style as a search for "the modern synthesis with scientifically based means which will be founded on the theory of colors discovered by M. Chevreul and in accordance with the experiments of Maxwell and the measurements of N. O. Rood."
Chevreul stressed the importance of accurate portrayal of lighting in promoting realism, but added, "It is almost always so that accurate, yet exaggerated coloring is found more pleasing than absolute fidelity to the scene." Vincent van Gogh took the advice to heart, making lavish use of complementaries to intensify one another. Van Gogh wrote, "this reciprocal heightening is what's called the law of simultaneous contrast…If the complementary colors are taken at equal value, that is to say, at the same degree of brightness and light, their juxtaposition will raise both the one and the other to an intensity so violent that human eyes will scarcely be able to bear to look at it."
Chevreul was also influential in twentieth-century painting, especially that of Robert Delaunay, who was introduced to Chevreul's theories by his friend Jean Metzinger. Delaunay's style of mixing relatively large blocks of near-complementaries is today usually known as Orphism. Delaunay himself, however, preferred the name "Simultanism," a clear nod to Chevreul.
Chevreul is also linked to what is sometimes called Chevreul's illusion, the bright edges that seem to exist between adjacent strips of identical colors having different intensities. See Chevreul's The Laws of Contrast of Colour for more information.
Bibliography
For a list of Chevreul's scientific writings up to 1886 see by G. Malloizel.
- translated into English by Charles Martel as The principles of harmony and contrast of colours (1854)
(English translation)
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Obituary in:
Chevreul on cyberlipid.org
Paper on Chevreul's life-long work on colour contrast by Prof Georges Roque, Paris
Chevreul's (1861) Exposé d’un moyen de définir et de nommer les couleurs. Atlas. - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
Chevreul's (1888) Des couleurs et de lueurs applications aux arts industriels a l'aide des cercles chromatiques - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
1786 births
1889 deaths
People from Angers
19th-century French chemists
Color scientists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
French centenarians
Men centenarians
French Roman Catholics
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
People of the Industrial Revolution
National Museum of Natural History (France) people |
C56 or C-56 may refer to:
C-56 (Michigan county highway)
, an Admirable-class minesweeper of the Mexican Navy
Caldwell 56, a planetary nebula
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, an organochlorine compound
JNR Class C56, a class of Japanese steam locomotive
Lockheed C-56 Lodestar, an American military aircraft
Ovarian cancer
Sickness Insurance (Sea) Convention, 1936 of the International Labour Organization
Two Knights Defense, a chess opening |
```yaml
reader:
name: ami_l1b
short_name: AMI L1b
long_name: GEO-KOMPSAT-2 AMI Level 1b
description: >
GEO-KOMPSAT-2 AMI Level 1b data reader in the NetCDF4 format. The file format and
instrument are described on KMA's website
`here <path_to_url`_.
sensors: [ami]
status: Beta
supports_fsspec: true
default_channels:
reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.yaml_reader.FileYAMLReader
# file pattern keys to sort files by with 'satpy.utils.group_files'
group_keys: ['start_time', 'platform_shortname', 'sensor', 'sector_info']
file_types:
# Example: gk2a_ami_le1b_ir087_fd020ge_201901260310.nc
# Below list is alphabetical
ir087:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_ir087_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
ir096:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_ir096_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
ir105:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_ir105_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
ir112:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_ir112_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
ir123:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_ir123_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
ir133:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_ir133_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
nr013:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_nr013_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
nr016:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_nr016_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
sw038:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_sw038_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
vi004:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_vi004_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
vi005:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_vi005_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
vi006:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_vi006_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
vi008:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_vi008_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
wv063:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_wv063_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
wv069:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_wv069_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
wv073:
file_reader: !!python/name:satpy.readers.ami_l1b.AMIL1bNetCDF
file_patterns: ['{platform_shortname:4s}_{sensor:3s}_le1b_wv073_{sector_info:2s}{res_info:s}_{start_time:%Y%m%d%H%M}.nc']
datasets:
# Below list is ordered the same as the table:
# path_to_url
C01:
name: VI004
wavelength: [0.450, 0.470, 0.490]
resolution: 1000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavelength
units: W m-2 um-1 sr-1
reflectance:
standard_name: toa_bidirectional_reflectance
units: "%"
file_type: vi004
file_key: image_pixel_values
C02:
name: VI005
wavelength: [0.495, 0.509, 0.523]
resolution: 1000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavelength
units: W m-2 um-1 sr-1
reflectance:
standard_name: toa_bidirectional_reflectance
units: "%"
file_type: vi005
file_key: image_pixel_values
C03:
name: VI006
wavelength: [0.599, 0.639, 0.679]
resolution: 500
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavelength
units: W m-2 um-1 sr-1
reflectance:
standard_name: toa_bidirectional_reflectance
units: "%"
file_type: vi006
file_key: image_pixel_values
C04:
name: VI008
wavelength: [0.846, 0.863, 0.880]
resolution: 1000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavelength
units: W m-2 um-1 sr-1
reflectance:
standard_name: toa_bidirectional_reflectance
units: "%"
file_type: vi008
file_key: image_pixel_values
C05:
name: NR013
wavelength: [1.363, 1.37, 1.377]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavelength
units: W m-2 um-1 sr-1
reflectance:
standard_name: toa_bidirectional_reflectance
units: "%"
file_type: nr013
file_key: image_pixel_values
C06:
name: NR016
wavelength: [1.590, 1.61, 1.630]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavelength
units: W m-2 um-1 sr-1
reflectance:
standard_name: toa_bidirectional_reflectance
units: "%"
file_type: nr016
file_key: image_pixel_values
C07:
name: SW038
wavelength: [3.74, 3.83, 3.92]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: sw038
file_key: image_pixel_values
C08:
name: WV063
wavelength: [5.79, 6.21, 6.63]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: wv063
file_key: image_pixel_values
C09:
name: WV069
wavelength: [6.74, 6.94, 7.14]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: wv069
file_key: image_pixel_values
C10:
name: WV073
wavelength: [7.24, 7.33, 7.42]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: wv073
file_key: image_pixel_values
C11:
name: IR087
wavelength: [8.415, 8.59, 8.765]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: ir087
file_key: image_pixel_values
C12:
name: IR096
wavelength: [9.43, 9.62, 9.81]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: ir096
file_key: image_pixel_values
C13:
name: IR105
wavelength: [10.115, 10.35, 10.585]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: ir105
file_key: image_pixel_values
C14:
name: IR112
wavelength: [10.90, 11.23, 11.56]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: ir112
file_key: image_pixel_values
C15:
name: IR123
wavelength: [11.805, 12.36, 12.915]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: ir123
file_key: image_pixel_values
C16:
name: IR133
wavelength: [13.005, 13.29, 13.575]
resolution: 2000
calibration:
counts:
standard_name: counts
units: 1
radiance:
standard_name: toa_outgoing_radiance_per_unit_wavenumber
units: mW m-2 sr-1 (cm-1)-1
brightness_temperature:
standard_name: toa_brightness_temperature
units: K
file_type: ir133
file_key: image_pixel_values
``` |
The Australian Wallabies first played against France (Les Bleus) in 1928, resulting in a win to Australia. They did not win again until 1968, although in recent years Australia have dominated the encounter and have historically won more matches and have a better points difference.
Summary
Overview
Records
Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.
Results
List of series
Notes
References
External links
Pick and Go Rugby test match database
Australia national rugby union team matches
France national rugby union team matches
Rugby union rivalries in France
Australia–France sports relations
Rugby union rivalries in Australia |
```xml
import { IContext } from '../../../connectionResolver';
const commentQueries = {
async clientPortalComments(
_root,
{ typeId, type }: { typeId: string; type: string },
{ models }: IContext
) {
return models.Comments.find({ typeId, type });
}
};
export default commentQueries;
``` |
```rust
use std::fmt;
/// Enumeration of HTTP status classes.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum StatusClass {
/// Indicates a provisional response: a status code of 1XX.
Informational,
/// Indicates that a request has succeeded: a status code of 2XX.
Success,
/// Indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in
/// order to fulfill the request: a status code of 3XX.
Redirection,
/// Intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred: a status
/// code of 4XX.
ClientError,
/// Indicates cases in which the server is aware that it has erred or is
/// incapable of performing the request: a status code of 5XX.
ServerError,
/// Indicates that the status code is nonstandard and unknown: all other
/// status codes.
Unknown
}
macro_rules! class_check_fn {
($func:ident, $type:expr, $variant:ident) => (
/// Returns `true` if `self` is a `StatusClass` of
#[doc=$type]
/// Returns `false` otherwise.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn $func(&self) -> bool {
*self == StatusClass::$variant
}
)
}
impl StatusClass {
class_check_fn!(is_informational, "`Informational` (1XX).", Informational);
class_check_fn!(is_success, "`Success` (2XX).", Success);
class_check_fn!(is_redirection, "`Redirection` (3XX).", Redirection);
class_check_fn!(is_client_error, "`ClientError` (4XX).", ClientError);
class_check_fn!(is_server_error, "`ServerError` (5XX).", ServerError);
class_check_fn!(is_unknown, "`Unknown`.", Unknown);
}
/// Structure representing an HTTP status: an integer code.
///
/// A `Status` should rarely be created directly. Instead, an associated
/// constant should be used; one is declared for every status defined in the
/// HTTP standard. If a custom status code _must_ be created, note that it is
/// not possible to set a custom reason phrase.
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// // Create a status from a known constant.
/// let ok = Status::Ok;
/// assert_eq!(ok.code, 200);
/// assert_eq!(ok.reason(), Some("OK"));
///
/// let not_found = Status::NotFound;
/// assert_eq!(not_found.code, 404);
/// assert_eq!(not_found.reason(), Some("Not Found"));
///
/// // Or from a status code: `reason()` returns the phrase when known.
/// let gone = Status::new(410);
/// assert_eq!(gone.code, 410);
/// assert_eq!(gone.reason(), Some("Gone"));
///
/// // `reason()` returns `None` when unknown.
/// let custom = Status::new(599);
/// assert_eq!(custom.code, 599);
/// assert_eq!(custom.reason(), None);
/// ```
///
/// # Responding
///
/// To set a custom `Status` on a response, use a [`response::status`]
/// responder, which enforces correct status-based responses. Alternatively,
/// respond with `(Status, T)` where `T: Responder`, but beware that the
/// response may be invalid if it requires additional headers.
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// # use rocket::get;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// #[get("/")]
/// fn index() -> (Status, &'static str) {
/// (Status::NotFound, "Hey, there's no index!")
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [`response::status`]: ../response/status/index.html
///
/// # (De)serialization
///
/// `Status` is both `Serialize` and `Deserialize`, represented as a `u16`. For
/// example, [`Status::Ok`] (de)serializes from/to `200`. Any integer in the
/// range `[100, 600)` is allowed to deserialize into a `Status`.`
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "serde")] mod serde_impl {
/// # use serde as serde;
/// use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// #[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
/// # #[serde(crate = "serde")]
/// struct Foo {
/// status: Status,
/// }
/// # }
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct Status {
/// The HTTP status code associated with this status.
pub code: u16,
}
impl Default for Status {
fn default() -> Self {
Status::Ok
}
}
macro_rules! ctrs {
($($code:expr, $code_str:expr, $name:ident => $reason:expr),+) => {
$(
#[doc="[`Status`] with code <b>"]
#[doc=$code_str]
#[doc="</b>."]
#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
pub const $name: Status = Status { code: $code };
)+
/// Creates a new `Status` with `code`. This should be used _only_ to
/// construct non-standard HTTP statuses. Use an associated constant for
/// standard statuses.
///
/// # Example
///
/// Create a custom `299` status:
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// let custom = Status::new(299);
/// assert_eq!(custom.code, 299);
/// ```
pub const fn new(code: u16) -> Status {
Status { code }
}
/// Returns the class of a given status.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::{Status, StatusClass};
///
/// let processing = Status::Processing;
/// assert_eq!(processing.class(), StatusClass::Informational);
///
/// let ok = Status::Ok;
/// assert_eq!(ok.class(), StatusClass::Success);
///
/// let see_other = Status::SeeOther;
/// assert_eq!(see_other.class(), StatusClass::Redirection);
///
/// let not_found = Status::NotFound;
/// assert_eq!(not_found.class(), StatusClass::ClientError);
///
/// let internal_error = Status::InternalServerError;
/// assert_eq!(internal_error.class(), StatusClass::ServerError);
///
/// let custom = Status::new(600);
/// assert_eq!(custom.class(), StatusClass::Unknown);
/// ```
pub const fn class(self) -> StatusClass {
match self.code / 100 {
1 => StatusClass::Informational,
2 => StatusClass::Success,
3 => StatusClass::Redirection,
4 => StatusClass::ClientError,
5 => StatusClass::ServerError,
_ => StatusClass::Unknown
}
}
/// Returns a Status given a standard status code `code`. If `code` is
/// not a known status code, `None` is returned.
///
/// # Example
///
/// Create a `Status` from a known `code`:
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// let not_found = Status::from_code(404);
/// assert_eq!(not_found, Some(Status::NotFound));
/// ```
///
/// Create a `Status` from an unknown `code`:
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// let unknown = Status::from_code(600);
/// assert!(unknown.is_none());
/// ```
pub const fn from_code(code: u16) -> Option<Status> {
match code {
$($code => Some(Status::$name),)+
_ => None
}
}
/// Returns the canonical reason phrase if `self` corresponds to a
/// canonical, known status code. Otherwise, returns `None`.
///
/// # Example
///
/// Reason phrase from a known `code`:
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// assert_eq!(Status::Created.reason(), Some("Created"));
/// assert_eq!(Status::new(200).reason(), Some("OK"));
/// ```
///
/// Absent phrase from an unknown `code`:
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// assert_eq!(Status::new(499).reason(), None);
/// ```
pub const fn reason(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
match self.code {
$($code => Some($reason),)+
_ => None
}
}
/// Returns the canonical reason phrase if `self` corresponds to a
/// canonical, known status code, or an unspecified but relevant reason
/// phrase otherwise.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// # extern crate rocket;
/// use rocket::http::Status;
///
/// assert_eq!(Status::NotFound.reason_lossy(), "Not Found");
/// assert_eq!(Status::new(100).reason_lossy(), "Continue");
/// assert!(!Status::new(699).reason_lossy().is_empty());
/// ```
pub const fn reason_lossy(&self) -> &'static str {
if let Some(lossless) = self.reason() {
return lossless;
}
match self.class() {
StatusClass::Informational => "Informational",
StatusClass::Success => "Success",
StatusClass::Redirection => "Redirection",
StatusClass::ClientError => "Client Error",
StatusClass::ServerError => "Server Error",
StatusClass::Unknown => "Unknown"
}
}
};
}
impl Status {
ctrs! {
100, "100", Continue => "Continue",
101, "101", SwitchingProtocols => "Switching Protocols",
102, "102", Processing => "Processing",
200, "200", Ok => "OK",
201, "201", Created => "Created",
202, "202", Accepted => "Accepted",
203, "203", NonAuthoritativeInformation => "Non-Authoritative Information",
204, "204", NoContent => "No Content",
205, "205", ResetContent => "Reset Content",
206, "206", PartialContent => "Partial Content",
207, "207", MultiStatus => "Multi-Status",
208, "208", AlreadyReported => "Already Reported",
226, "226", ImUsed => "IM Used",
300, "300", MultipleChoices => "Multiple Choices",
301, "301", MovedPermanently => "Moved Permanently",
302, "302", Found => "Found",
303, "303", SeeOther => "See Other",
304, "304", NotModified => "Not Modified",
305, "305", UseProxy => "Use Proxy",
307, "307", TemporaryRedirect => "Temporary Redirect",
308, "308", PermanentRedirect => "Permanent Redirect",
400, "400", BadRequest => "Bad Request",
401, "401", Unauthorized => "Unauthorized",
402, "402", PaymentRequired => "Payment Required",
403, "403", Forbidden => "Forbidden",
404, "404", NotFound => "Not Found",
405, "405", MethodNotAllowed => "Method Not Allowed",
406, "406", NotAcceptable => "Not Acceptable",
407, "407", ProxyAuthenticationRequired => "Proxy Authentication Required",
408, "408", RequestTimeout => "Request Timeout",
409, "409", Conflict => "Conflict",
410, "410", Gone => "Gone",
411, "411", LengthRequired => "Length Required",
412, "412", PreconditionFailed => "Precondition Failed",
413, "413", PayloadTooLarge => "Payload Too Large",
414, "414", UriTooLong => "URI Too Long",
415, "415", UnsupportedMediaType => "Unsupported Media Type",
416, "416", RangeNotSatisfiable => "Range Not Satisfiable",
417, "417", ExpectationFailed => "Expectation Failed",
418, "418", ImATeapot => "I'm a teapot",
421, "421", MisdirectedRequest => "Misdirected Request",
422, "422", UnprocessableEntity => "Unprocessable Entity",
423, "423", Locked => "Locked",
424, "424", FailedDependency => "Failed Dependency",
426, "426", UpgradeRequired => "Upgrade Required",
428, "428", PreconditionRequired => "Precondition Required",
429, "429", TooManyRequests => "Too Many Requests",
431, "431", RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge => "Request Header Fields Too Large",
451, "451", UnavailableForLegalReasons => "Unavailable For Legal Reasons",
500, "500", InternalServerError => "Internal Server Error",
501, "501", NotImplemented => "Not Implemented",
502, "502", BadGateway => "Bad Gateway",
503, "503", ServiceUnavailable => "Service Unavailable",
504, "504", GatewayTimeout => "Gateway Timeout",
505, "505", HttpVersionNotSupported => "HTTP Version Not Supported",
506, "506", VariantAlsoNegotiates => "Variant Also Negotiates",
507, "507", InsufficientStorage => "Insufficient Storage",
508, "508", LoopDetected => "Loop Detected",
510, "510", NotExtended => "Not Extended",
511, "511", NetworkAuthenticationRequired => "Network Authentication Required"
}
}
impl fmt::Display for Status {
#[inline(always)]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{} {}", self.code, self.reason_lossy())
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
mod serde_impl {
use super::*;
use serde::ser::{Serialize, Serializer};
use serde::de::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Error, Visitor, Unexpected};
impl Serialize for Status {
fn serialize<S: Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
serializer.serialize_u16(self.code)
}
}
struct DeVisitor;
impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for DeVisitor {
type Value = Status;
fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(formatter, "HTTP status code integer in range [100, 600)")
}
fn visit_i64<E: Error>(self, v: i64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
if v < 100 || v >= 600 {
return Err(E::invalid_value(Unexpected::Signed(v), &self));
}
Ok(Status::new(v as u16))
}
fn visit_u64<E: Error>(self, v: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
if v < 100 || v >= 600 {
return Err(E::invalid_value(Unexpected::Unsigned(v), &self));
}
Ok(Status::new(v as u16))
}
}
impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Status {
fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
deserializer.deserialize_u16(DeVisitor)
}
}
}
``` |
Shahrak-e Emam (, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Emām) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 442, in 95 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
Populated places in Chardavol County
Kurdish settlements in Ilam Province |
Gian Luca Waldschmidt (born 19 May 1996) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bundesliga club 1. FC Köln on loan from VfL Wolfsburg and the Germany national team. He developed through the academy of Eintracht Frankfurt and has represented Germany at various levels.
Club career
Eintracht Frankfurt
A forward, Waldschmidt began his youth career in 2001 with SSV Oranien Frohnhausen and had youth spells at SSC Juno Burg and TSG Wieseck before joining the Eintracht Frankfurt academy in 2010.
On 25 April 2014, Waldschmidt signed his first professional contract, a three-year deal. This saw him promoted to the first team, although he would still appear for the under-19 team. Exactly one year later, on 25 April 2015, Waldschmidt made his Bundesliga debut, as a 73rd-minute substitute for Sonny Kittel in a 0–2 home loss to Borussia Dortmund. He scored his first goal for Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 August in a 3–0 win over Bremer SV in the first round of the German cup.
Hamburger SV
On 30 June 2016, Waldschmidt signed for Hamburger SV on a four-year contract. He made his first appearance for the Hamburg club in the Bundesliga in a 0–4 home loss to RB Leipzig on 17 September, coming on as a substitute in the 83rd minute, replacing Bobby Wood. He scored his first goal for the club a few seconds after coming on, in a 4–0 win over Hallescher FC on 24 October, in a second-round cup fixture. On 20 May 2017, the last round of the 2016–17 Bundesliga season, Waldschmidt scored his first Bundesliga-goal, the decisive goal in a 2–1 win over relegation rivals VfL Wolfsburg, in the 88th minute – two minutes after being substituted in. The goal meant that Hamburger SV avoided Bundesliga relegation play-offs for the first time in four years. In the following season, Waldschmidt made 21 league appearances in which he scored one goal. At the end of the season, Hamburger SV were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time in the Bundesliga's 55-year history.
SC Freiburg
In May 2018, SC Freiburg announced they had signed Waldschmidt for the 2018–19 season from Hamburger SV, newly relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. The club reportedly triggered a €5 million release clause. He finished his first campaign for the club with 30 appearances and nine goals.
Benfica
On 14 August 2020, Benfica announced the signing of Waldschmidt on a five-year deal for 15 million euros. Waldschmidt scored twice on his Benfica debut, a 5–1 Primeira Liga win over Famalicão on 18 September 2020.
VfL Wolfsburg
On 22 August 2021, Waldschmidt returned to Germany, signing a four-year contract with VfL Wolfsburg.
1. FC Köln
In July 2023, Waldschmidt joined 1. FC Köln on a one-year loan.
International career
Waldschmidt has represented the Germany national youth football team at U16, U17, U18, U19 and U21 level. He finished as the top scorer of the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, where he scored seven goals, breaking the previous record of his compatriot, Pierre Littbarski, who scored six goals in the 1982 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.
A few months later, on 29 August, he was called up to Joachim Löw's senior squad for UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers against Netherlands and Czech Republic. He made his Germany national football team debut on 9 October 2019 in a friendly against Argentina. He started the game and played the whole match. He scored his first goal on 7 October 2020, against Turkey in a friendly game.
Personal life
Luca Waldschmidt is the son of Wolfgang Waldschmidt, who made 14 appearances for SV Darmstadt 98 in the 1983–84 2. Bundesliga season.
Career statistics
Club
International
As of match played 11 November 2020. Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first.
Honours
Germany U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2019
Individual
UEFA European Under-21 Championship Golden Boot: 2019
UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2019
References
External links
Profile at the VfL Wolfsburg website
1996 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Siegen
Footballers from Arnsberg (region)
German men's footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Eintracht Frankfurt II players
Hamburger SV players
SC Freiburg players
S.L. Benfica footballers
VfL Wolfsburg players
Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
Primeira Liga players
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's international footballers
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
1. FC Köln players |
In Greek mythology, Daetor (Ancient Greek: Δαίτωρ) one of the Trojan warriors who attacked the Greek fleet during the tenth year of the Trojan War. He was shot dead by an arrow from Teucer, half-brother of Telamonian Ajax.
Note
References
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. . Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Trojans |
Mello () is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
See also
Communes of the Oise department
References
Communes of Oise |
Holly Morgan (born 10 February 1993) is a former professional association footballer who played as a defender. Her one and only team were FA Women's Super League's Leicester City. She joined Leicester in 2004 at the age of 11 and she has been a one club woman apart from playing with River City Ladies 2022/23 Season.
Her brother Jonathan is the former manager of Leicester Reserves and the first team. Her father Rohan, is the chairman, and her sister, Jade, is the general manager. She is a qualified solicitor and has completed the London Marathon.
On 20 July 2021, Morgan retired after 17 years playing for Leicester City to take up a coaching role with the club. She left Leicester on 25 November, after her brother was sacked as team manager.
Honours
League
FA Women's Championship (1) 2020-21
FA Women's Midlands Division One (1): 2015-16
Cups
Midlands Combination League Cup
Leicestershire & Rutland County FA Cup (4): 2017–18, 2013–14, 2011–12, 2010–11
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Leicester
English women's footballers
Women's association football defenders
Leicester City W.F.C. players |
The College of Agriculture, Pantnagar, India, is a constituent of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. It was opened on 17 November 1960 when Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, inaugurated the university. It has a triple mandate of teaching, research and extension.
The college has more than 200 faculty members engaged in agricultural sciences. The college has played a role in the Green Revolution in the country. More than 185 varieties of crops like cereals, pulses, oilseeds, forages, fruits and vegetables have been released. The 4 year Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (BScAg) is the flagship course of the college.
Departments
The college has twelve departments:
Agronomy (ICAR Centre for Advanced Study)
Agricultural communication
Agricultural Economics
Agrometerology
Entomology
Food Science and Technology
Genetics and Plant Breeding
Horticulture
Plant Pathology (ICAR Centre for Advanced Study)
Soil Science
Vegetable Science
Seed Science and Technology
Earlier, the college also included two departments of Animal Nutrition, and Animal Breeding and Genetics, which were subsequently transferred to College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.
References
Agricultural universities and colleges in India
Agriculture in Uttarakhand
Universities and colleges in Uttarakhand
Education in Udham Singh Nagar district
Pantnagar
Universities and colleges established in 1960
1960 establishments in Uttar Pradesh |
Robert Towerson Cory (1759-23 April 1835) was an English churchman and Professor of moral philosophy at the University of Cambridge.
Life and career
Robert Towerson Cory was born in Cambridge and educated at the local Perse School. He matriculated at Emmanuel College in 1776, as a sizar and graduated as fifth wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos in 1780.
He then began a career in the church and was ordained deacon of Bath and Wells on 26 May 1781. There followed other church livings including Reverend of Kilken (or Kilkern), Flintshire in 1813. In 1790 he took his Bachelor of Divinity.
Cory was elected a Fellow of Emmanuel College in 1782. After the death of Richard Farmer he was chosen as Master of Emmanuel, and held the office until his death in 1835. It was said that his mastership "was chiefly remarkable for the improvements in the College's finances, which Farmer had left in some disorder".
He was twice Vice-chancellor at Cambridge, in 1797-8 and 1813–14. In 1809 he was elected Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy, which he held until 1813. He did not however, give any lectures or publish anything.
He died in Cambridge at Emmanuel Lodge on 23 April 1835 aged 76.
Cory married Ann Apthorp, at St Andrew the Great, Cambridge on 10 April 1798.
References
1835 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Masters of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
1759 births
Knightbridge Professors of Philosophy |
School District 91 Nechako Lakes is a school district in British Columbia. It covers the area northwest of Prince George along Highway 16 This includes the major communities of Fort St. James, Vanderhoof, Burns Lake, and Fraser Lake.
History
School district 91 was formed in 1996 by the merging of School District No. 55 (Burns Lake) and School District No. 56 (Nechako). School District 91 serves the communities of Fort St James, Vanderhoof, Fort Fraser, Fraser Lake, Burns Lake, Grassy Plains, Decker Lake, and Granisle. In addition we are proud to work with 13 First Nation communities that have traditional lands within our geographic area.
Schools
Fraser Lake Elementary-Secondary School is a unique 4-12 school. It has an enrollment of about 300 students, and services the communities of Fort Fraser, Nautley, Fraser Lake, Stellaten and Endako.
See also
List of school districts in British Columbia
Nechako Country
Omineca Country
91
School districts established in 1996
1996 establishments in British Columbia |
World Sanskrit Day, also known as Vishva-Samskrita-Dinam (), is an annual event focused around the ancient Indian language Sanskrit that incorporates lectures about the language and is aimed to promote its revival and maintenance. It is celebrated on Shraavana Poornima, that is the full moon day of the Shraavana month in the Hindu calendar. This generally corresponds with the month of August in the Gregorian calendar. The Sanskrit organisation Samskrita Bharati is involved in promoting the day.
Shraavana Poornima, i.e. Raksha Bandhan, is considered to be the festival of remembrance and worship of sages and worship for their dedication. In Vedic literature it was called Shravani. On this day, before the study of Vedas in Gurukulas, Yajñopavita - sacred thread - is worn. This ceremony is called Upanayana or Upakarma Sanskar. The old Yajñopavita is also changed on this day. Priests also tie raksha-sutras to the hosts. Rishis are considered the original source of Sanskrit literature, hence Shravani Purnima is celebrated as Rishi Parv and World Sanskrit Day. This day was chosen because the academic year in ancient India started on this day. On this day, students started the study of Vedas in the gurukulas. From the full moon of the month of Paush to the full moon of the month of Shraavana, the studies are stopped to learn other Vedantic scriptures. This tradition is still unbroken in modern Vedic schools. The World Vedic Day is on 11 July.
In 1969, the Ministry of Education of Government of India issued instructions to celebrate Sanskrit Day at the Central and State levels. Since then, Sanskrit Day is celebrated all over India. On this occasion, Sanskrit Kavi Sammelan, writer's seminar, students' speeches and verse recitation competition etc. are organized, through which Sanskrit students, poets and writers get a proper platform.
See also
Sanskrit revival
References
Hindu festivals in India
Observances held on the full moon
Sanskrit
1969 establishments
Sanskrit revival |
La Lucerne-d'Outremer () is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Lucernedoutremer |
Graham Anthony Ricketts (30 July 1939 – 2000) is a former footballer who played as a wing half for Bristol Rovers, Stockport County, Doncaster Rovers, and Peterborough United. He was also an England Youth international.
Club career
Ricketts began his career at Bristol Rovers, moving to Stockport County in 1961.
Doncaster Rovers
He was signed in July 1964 by English fourth division club Doncaster Rovers, his debut being in a 5–2 defeat at Bradford Park Avenue on 22 August 1954.
Peterborough United
He was sold for £2,500 to Peterborough United of the English third division in March 1968. His first game was against Stockport County on 9 March 1968, and his first goal was in a 1–1 draw at Shrewsbury Town a week later.
At the end of the 1969–70 season, Ricketts left to play for King's Lynn, and later played for March Town United and Yaxley.
International career
Ricketts was an England youth international, playing in 4 matches in February and March 1956.
Personal life
His grandson, Joe Burgess, played as a defender for Peterborough United, Histon, Fleetwood Town, Ilkeston, and Boston United.
References
1939 births
Living people
Footballers from Oxford
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Men's association football wing halves
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
King's Lynn F.C. players
March Town United F.C. players
Yaxley F.C. players
England men's youth international footballers |
The Theodore L. Marvel House is a historic house located at 188 Berkley Street in Taunton, Massachusetts. It was built in 1883 in a shingle style and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
The irregularly-shaped house features a hipped gable roof and varied wall surface of fieldstone and shingles. Among its most dominant elements are its boldly-arched fieldstone porch, varied fenestration, and connected Shingle Style barn, with sweeping roof, eyebrow windows and large arched entrance, constructed of fieldstone. It is sited on a large landscaped estate.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Taunton, Massachusetts
References
National Register of Historic Places in Taunton, Massachusetts
Houses in Taunton, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Bristol County, Massachusetts |
Josenid (born Josenid Adamaris Quintero Gallardo on 3 December 1998 in Chiriquí, Panama) is a child-genre singer from Panama. Josenid started singing when she was 9 year old, while she was participating in a contest called Canta Conmigo in Panama. Josenid placed 3rd. After the festival Josenid collaborated with Makano and she recorded the song "Su Nombre en mi Cuaderno" (His Name in My Notebook), and her first single "Amor de colegio" (grade school Love) in 2010. Josenid after her song I love college 4 more songs and Josen said to be ready to create some more songs.
Discography
References
1998 births
Living people
21st-century Panamanian women singers
21st-century Panamanian singers
Child singers
People from Chiriquí Province |
Zoltán Kammerer (born 10 March 1978) is a Hungarian sprint canoeist who has competed since the mid-1990s. Competing in five Summer Olympics, he won three gold medals (K-2 500 m: 2000, K-4 1000 m: 2000, 2004) and a silver medal (K-4 1000 m: 2012).
Kammerer also twelve medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds (K-2 1000 m: 2006, K-4 500 m: 1997, K-4 1000 m: 1999), four silvers (K-2 500 m: 2009, K-2 1000 m: 2010, K-4 1000 m: 2001, 2003), and five bronzes (K-2 500 m: 2002, 2006, 2007; K-2 1000 m: 2007, K-4 500 m: 1999).
A member of the Győr club, he is 182 cm (6'0) tall and weighs 86 kg (190 lbs).
At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Kammerer carried the Hungarian flag at the opening ceremonies. This was initially planned to be given to his fellow canoeist György Kolonics who had died a month before the Games.
In June 2015, he competed in the inaugural European Games, for Hungary in canoe sprint, more specifically, Men's K-2 1000m with Tamas Szalai and K-4 1000m with Dávid Tóth, Tamás Kulifai, and Dániel Pauman. He earned gold medals in both areas.
Awards
Masterly youth athlete: 1995
Hungarian kayaker of the Year (3): 2000, 2006, 2010
Honorary Citizen of Göd (2003)
Honorary Citizen of Győr (2004)
Orders and special awards
Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary – Officer's Cross (2000)
Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary – Commander's Cross (2004)
Order of Merit of Hungary – Commander's Cross with Star (2012)
References
External links
Canoe09.ca profile
Kataca.hu profile
Photo 1 of Kammerer
Photo 2 of Kammerer
1978 births
Living people
Hungarian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Hungary
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
European Games medalists in canoeing
European Games gold medalists for Hungary
Canoeists at the 2015 European Games
Canoeists at the 2019 European Games
Sportspeople from Vác
21st-century Hungarian people |
Grace Neville (1898–1973) was an American screenwriter.
Biography
Grace Neville was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Benjamin Neville and Helen Turnell. She was added to the scenario department at Columbia Pictures in 1935. She later served as an officer in the Hollywood Studio Club, which aimed to prepare women for careers in the film industry. Neville — who never married — died in West Hollywood, where she resided, in 1973.
Selected filmography
Little Miss Roughneck (1938)
All American Sweetheart (1937)
Counsel for Crime (1937)
The Game That Kills (1937)
Motor Madness (1937)
Find the Witness (1937)
Shakedown (1936)
Dangerous Intrigue (1936)
Air Hawks (1935)
References
Bibliography
Larry Langman & Daniel Finn. A Guide to American Crime Films of the Thirties. Greenwood Press, 1995.
External links
1898 births
1973 deaths
Writers from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Screenwriters from Tennessee
American women screenwriters
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters |
Spiritual Love may refer to:
Music
Spiritual Love (album)
Film
Spiritual Love (film), a 1987 film |
Mtel Masters was an annual super-GM chess tournament held between 2005 and 2009 in Sofia, Bulgaria, sponsored and organized by the Bulgarian mobile network operator, M-Tel. The tournament was held as a double round-robin at the five-star Grand Hotel Sofia.
Tournament winners
Editions
2005
The first edition of the tournament took place between 11 and 22 May 2005 as part of M-Tel's tenth anniversary celebrations and with the participation of top chess players such as Viswanathan Anand, Veselin Topalov, Vladimir Kramnik, Michael Adams, Judit Polgár and Ruslan Ponomariov. M-Tel Masters 2005 was classified in FIDE's Category 20 and was named the strongest tournament of 2005 according to the average Elo rating of the participants of 2744. The winner of the tournament was the Bulgarian Veselin Topalov, with the award being conferred by President Georgi Parvanov.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+1st M-Tel Masters, 12–22 May 2005, Sofia, Bulgaria, Category XX (2747)
! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! TPR
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 1 || align=left | || 2778 || || ½ 1 || ½ ½ || 0 1 || ½ 1 || ½ 1 || 6½ || 2850
|-
| 2 || align=left | || 2785 || ½ 0 || || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || ½ 1 || ½ 1 || 5½ || 2775
|-
| 3 || align=left | || 2732 || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || || ½ ½ || 0 ½ || ½ 1 || 5 || 2749
|-
| 4 || align=left | || 2695 || 1 0 || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || || 0 1 || ½ ½ || 5 || 2757
|-
| 5 || align=left | || 2753 || ½ 0 || ½ 0 || 1 ½ || 1 0 || || 0 ½ || 4 || 2673
|-
| 6 || align=left | || 2737 || ½ 0 || ½ 0 || ½ 0 || ½ ½ || 1 ½ || || 4 || 2676
|}
2006
The 2006 tournament took place between 10 May and 21 May and was attended by Veselin Topalov, Viswanathan Anand, Ruslan Ponomariov, Peter Svidler, Étienne Bacrot and Gata Kamsky. Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho played the token initial move of the 2006 tournament, which was officially opened by the President of Bulgaria, Georgi Parvanov.
Topalov won the tournament for the second time after a decisive comeback from a somewhat hesitant start. He recorded four consecutive wins in the final rounds to clinch the M-Tel Masters 2006 first place with 6½ points, also defeating his main rival Gata Kamsky in the penultimate round.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+2nd M-Tel Masters, 11–21 May 2006, Sofia, Bulgaria, Category XX (2745)
! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! Wins !! TPR
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 1 || align=left | || 2804 || || 1 1 || 0 1 || ½ 0 || ½ 1 || ½ 1 || 6½ || || 2842
|-
| 2 || align=left | || 2671 || 0 0 || || 1 ½ || 1 ½ || ½ 1 || 1 ½ || 6 || || 2831
|-
| 3 || align=left | || 2803 || 1 0 || 0 ½ || || ½ ½ || 1 ½ || 1 ½ || 5½ || || 2768
|-
| 4 || align=left | || 2743 || ½ 1 || 0 ½ || ½ ½ || || 1 0 || ½ ½ || 5 || || 2744
|-
| 5 || align=left | || 2738 || ½ 0 || ½ 0 || 0 ½ || 0 1 || || ½ ½ || 3½ || 1 || 2635
|-
| 6 || align=left | || 2708 || ½ 0 || 0 ½ || 0 ½ || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || || 3½ || 0 || 2641
|}
2007
M-Tel Masters' 2007 edition was held between 9 May and 20 May and featured Veselin Topalov, Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Gata Kamsky, Michael Adams and Krishnan Sasikiran. Topalov won the tournament for a third consecutive time in a dramatic fashion, defeating the then-current leader Sasikiran in the final round.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+3rd M-Tel Masters, 10–20 May 2007, Sofia, Bulgaria, Category XIX (2725)
! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! Wins !! !! SB !! !! TPR
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 1 || align=left | || 2772 || || 1 1 || 0 ½ || ½ ½ || 0 1 || ½ ½ || 5½ || || || || || 2751
|-
| 2 || align=left | || 2690 || 0 0 || || ½ 1 || 1 0 || ½ ½ || ½ 1 || 5 || 3 || || || || 2732
|-
| 3 || align=left | || 2757 || 1 ½ || ½ 0 || || 1 0 || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || 5 || 2 || 2 || 25.25 || || 2718
|-
| 4 || align=left | || 2705 || ½ ½ || 0 1 || 0 1 || || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || 5 || 2 || 2 || 25.00 || || 2729
|-
| 5 || align=left | || 2693 || 1 0 || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || || 0 1 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 25.00 || || 2731
|-
| 6 || align=left | || 2734 || ½ ½ || ½ 0 || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || 1 0 || || 4½ || || || || || 2687
|}
2008
The 2008 M-Tel Masters was held 8–18 May. Vasyl Ivanchuk won by a wide margin. Ivanchuk won his first five games, lost no games, and had a positive score against every other player. Veselin Topalov, who had won the tournament the three previous years, was second.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+4th M-Tel Masters, 8–18 May 2008, Sofia, Bulgaria, Category XX (2738)
! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! TPR
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 1 || align=left | || 2740 || || 1 ½ || 1 ½ || 1 1 || 1 ½ || 1 ½ || 8 || 2977
|-
| 2 || align=left | || 2767 || 0 ½ || || ½ ½ || 1 1 || 1 0 || 1 1 || 6½ || 2841
|-
| 3 || align=left | || 2751 || 0 ½ || ½ ½ || || ½ ½ || ½ 1 || ½ 1 || 5½ || 2771
|-
| 4 || align=left | || 2695 || 0 0 || 0 0 || ½ ½ || || 1 1 || ½ ½ || 4 || 2674
|-
| 5 || align=left | || 2708 || 0 ½ || 0 1 || ½ 0 || 0 0 || || ½ ½ || 3 || 2594
|-
| 6 || align=left | || 2763 || 0 ½ || 0 0 || ½ 0 || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || || 3 || 2583
|}
2009
The 2009 edition of the tournament took place from 12 to 23 May. Besides regular feature Veselin Topalov, the participating grandmasters were Magnus Carlsen, Vasyl Ivanchuk, Alexei Shirov, Wang Yue and Leinier Domínguez.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+5th M-Tel Masters, 13–23 May 2009, Sofia, Bulgaria, Category XXI (2755)
! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! Wins !! !! TPR
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 1 || align=left | || 2745 || || 1 ½ || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || 1 1 || 6½ || || || 2867
|-
| 2 || align=left | || 2770 || 0 ½ || || 1 ½ || ½ 1 || ½ 1 || ½ ½ || 6 || 3 || 1½ || 2824
|-
| 3 || align=left | || 2812 || ½ ½ || 0 ½ || || 1 ½ || ½ ½ || 1 1 || 6 || 3 || ½ || 2816
|-
| 4 || align=left | || 2738 || ½ ½ || ½ 0 || 0 ½ || || ½ ½ || 1 ½ || 4½ || || || 2723
|-
| 5 || align=left | || 2721 || ½ ½ || ½ 0 || ½ ½ || ½ ½ || || ½ 0 || 4 || || || 2690
|-
| 6 || align=left | || 2746 || 0 0 || ½ ½ || 0 0 || 0 ½ || ½ 1 || || 3 || || || 2608
|}
2010
The tournament was cancelled because of the World Chess Championship 2010 match in Sofia.
References
Chess competitions
Chess in Bulgaria
Sports competitions in Sofia
M
2005 in chess
Recurring events established in 2005 |
Finland competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, United States.
Medalists
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 1932 Summer Olympics
1932
1932 in Finnish sport
Finnish-American culture in California |
Rory Lee Feek (born April 25, 1965) is an American country music singer and songwriter. In his career, he has written singles for Clay Walker, Blake Shelton, Tracy Byrd and other artists. He and his wife, Joey Feek, formed the duo Joey + Rory and was placed third on the first season of the CMT talent show Can You Duet. He also established Giantslayer Records for launching of new independent artists.
Personal life
Rory Lee Feek was born and raised in Atchison, Kansas. In his blog, ThisLifeILive.com, he gives his birth year as 1965. Feek married Tamara Gilmer on August 3, 1985, and they divorced March 25, 1992. In 2002, he married Joey Feek, with whom he started the duo Joey + Rory. They have one daughter, Indiana Boone (born February 17, 2014), who was born with Down syndrome. Feek also has two older daughters, Heidi Feek (born 1986) and Hopie Feek (born 1988), from his previous marriage. Joey died of metastatic cervical cancer on March 4, 2016.
Feek has a friendship and working relationship with Joel F. Salatin with whom he has collaborated in several performances promoting sustainable farming. Feek hosted a series of discussions on sustainable farming in 2020 and again in 2021 in an event billed as "Songs, Stories & Sustainability with Joel Salatin and Rory Feek" at the Music Ranch Montana. On Feek's property outside of Nashville, he has a farm, a concert hall and school house.
Career
Inspired by Don Williams, Merle Haggard, and other artists, Feek began playing guitar at age 15. He later served two tours of duty in the United States Marine Corps after high school, before moving to Dallas, Texas, where he played in nightclubs. Feek moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1995 after being encouraged by Nashville entertainment attorney Rod Phelps, and signed to a publishing contract. One of his first single releases as a songwriter was Collin Raye's "Someone You Used to Know," a Top Five country hit in 1999. A year later, Clay Walker reached Top Five as well with "The Chain of Love," another song that Feek co-wrote.
Feek continued to write for other artists in the 2000s, including album tracks for Mark Wills, Kenny Chesney, Terri Clark, Randy Travis, and Lorrie Morgan, as well as Tracy Byrd's 2003 single "The Truth About Men" In 2004, Feek achieved his first Number One as a songwriter when Blake Shelton topped the country charts with "Some Beach," which he co-wrote with Paul Overstreet. Also in 2004, Feek founded the Giantslayer Records label, on which Blaine Larsen recorded two studio albums in association with BNA Records.
In 2008, Feek and his wife Joey founded a duo called Joey + Rory. They came in third place on the CMT talent show Can You Duet, and later that year signed to a recording contract with Vanguard Records. Joey + Rory released their debut single "Cheater, Cheater" that year, and peaked at No. 30 on the country singles charts with it. That same year, Jimmy Wayne charted on the country charts with "I Will," another Feek co-write.
Rory’s first solo album "Gentle Man" was released on June 18, 2021. It is the first album recorded since losing his wife and country music collaborator Joey to cancer in 2016. The album includes Feek and Jamie Teachenor's co-written single “Met Him in a Motel Room” with vocals by Trisha Yearwood. Yearwood previously recorded the song for her 2014 album, "PrizeFighter: Hit After Hit." The album also includes a cover of Bob Dylan’s “The Times They Are A-Changin.’”
As a filmmaker and storyteller, Feek wrote, shot much of, and edited his docu-series, This Life I Live, which premiered on RFD-TV in March 2020. Feek created the singer-songwriter show "Muletown In the Round," the educational series, "The One Room Schoolhouse," and others with Red King Productions. He also made the feature-length film Finding Josephine (2019), the full-length documentary To Joey, With Love (2016), music videos for the album "Gentle Man," and dozens of music videos over his career as a musician and songwriter.
As an author, Feek has written two memoirs and several children's books. His 2017 memoir, "This Life I Live: One Man's Extraordinary, Ordinary Life and the Woman Who Changed It Forever" (HarperCollins) hit top book lists including the Wall Street Journal, Publishers Weekly, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and USA Today. Additional books include "Once Upon a Farm" (HarperCollins), "The Cow Said Neigh!" (HarperCollins), "The Day God Made You" (HarperCollins), and "The Little Rooster" (Milk Barn Kids).
References
American country singer-songwriters
Living people
People from Atchison, Kansas
Country musicians from Kansas
Grammy Award winners
Singer-songwriters from Kansas
1965 births |
Central Province was one of the seven provinces of the Maldives. The provinces were created in a decentralization attempt by the Nasheed administration in 2008. It was governed by the Minister of State for Home Affairs, Ms. Thilmeeza Hussain. Rejecting this change, the Parliament saw the abolition of the province system in 2010, through a newly enacted Decentralization Act. It consisted of Dhaalu, Faafu and Meemu Atolls. Its capital was Kudahuvadhoo. Its population (2006 census) was 13,442.
References
Provinces of the Maldives |
Bison Licking Insect Bite is a prehistoric carving from the Upper Paleolithic, found at Abri de la Madeleine near Tursac in Dordogne, France, the type-site of the Magdalenian culture, which produced many fine small carvings in antler or bone.
Created sometime between 400,000 and 120,000 BP (15,000 BP according to the museum), it was formerly in the Musee des Antiquites Nationales, St. Germain-en-Laye, but has been transferred to the expanded National Museum of Prehistory in Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil that opened in 2004, not far from its findspot. It is a carved and engraved fragment of a spear-thrower made of reindeer antler. It depicts the 10.5 cm figure of a bison, of the now extinct species steppe wisent (Bison priscus) with its head turned around and showing its tongue extended. It is thought the spear-thrower was broken into roughly its present shape before the carving was made from the fragment, hence the need to show the turned-back head of the animal in order to fit the existing structure.
See also
List of Stone Age art
References
External links
Bison Licking Insect Bite
Archaeological discoveries in France
Prehistoric art
Art of the Upper Paleolithic
Bison in art
Bone carvings |
```turing
.\" $OpenBSD: 1.t,v 1.5 2003/06/02 20:06:15 millert Exp $
.\" $NetBSD: 1.t,v 1.3 1996/04/05 01:45:44 cgd Exp $
.\"
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)1.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
.\"
.ds RH Introduction
.NH
Introduction
.PP
This document reflects the use of
.I fsck_ffs
with the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD file system organization. This
is a revision of the
original paper written by
T. J. Kowalski.
.PP
When a UNIX
operating system is brought up, a consistency
check of the file systems should always be performed.
This precautionary measure helps to insure
a reliable environment for file storage on disk.
If an inconsistency is discovered,
corrective action must be taken.
.I Fsck_ffs
runs in two modes.
Normally it is run non-interactively by the system after
a normal boot.
When running in this mode,
it will only make changes to the file system that are known
to always be correct.
If an unexpected inconsistency is found
.I fsck_ffs
will exit with a non-zero exit status,
leaving the system running single-user.
Typically the operator then runs
.I fsck_ffs
interactively.
When running in this mode,
each problem is listed followed by a suggested corrective action.
The operator must decide whether or not the suggested correction
should be made.
.PP
The purpose of this memo is to dispel the
mystique surrounding
file system inconsistencies.
It first describes the updating of the file system
(the calm before the storm) and
then describes file system corruption (the storm).
Finally,
the set of deterministic corrective actions
used by
.I fsck_ffs
(the Coast Guard
to the rescue) is presented.
.ds RH Overview of the File System
``` |
Johan Randulf Bull (29 April 1749 – 28 February 1829) was a Norwegian judge.
He was born in Stod, as the brother of Johan Lausen Bull. He took the jurist examination in Copenhagen in 1778, and was a member of Det Norske Selskab there. He played the role figure "Mads" at the premiere of Johan Herman Wessel's satirical play Kierlighed uden Strømper in 1772.
From 1802 he was County Governor of Søndre Bergenhus Amt (today named Hordaland). He was instrumental in organising the defence of Bergen during the war with Great Britain.
In 1814, at the advent of Norwegian national independence, he was appointed the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway. The court was operative from 1815. He left in 1827. He died two years later in Larvik.
He was the father of Georg Jacob Bull, who followed in his father's footsteps as Chief Justice from 1836 to 1854.
In 1817 Bull, together with minister Niels Treschow and Nicolay Erik Arbin (1743–1825) initiated a revival of The Norwegian Society in Christiania.
Bull became Knight, Order of the Dannebrog (RDO) in 1811. He was Knight of the Order of the Polar Star (RNO) from 1815, and received the Grand Cross (KmstkNO) in 1818.
References
External links
Family genealogy
1749 births
1829 deaths
County governors of Norway
Chief justices of Norway
University of Copenhagen alumni
18th-century Norwegian civil servants
19th-century Norwegian judges
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog |
Hans Huitfeldt Riddervold (16 October 1927 – 26 July 1980) was a Norwegian media executive.
He was born in Kristiania as a son of newspaper manager Hans Julius Riddervold (1901–1986) and Cathrine Huitfeldt. He was a paternal great-great-grandson of politician Hans Riddervold, He was a nephew of editor Henrik Jørgen Schibsted Huitfeldt. He was married to Tove, née Baumann.
He took his examen artium in 1946, and took a bookprinter's apprenticeship in Grøndahl & Søn from 1947 to 1951. He then studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and graduated with the Bachelor of Science degree in 1954. He was hired in the family-owned newspaper Aftenposten in 1953 as a civil engineer. He advanced to technical manager in 1957, technical director in 1966 and chief executive officer in 1970. From 1975 to his death in 1980 he was the chief executive officer of Schibsted.
He was a board member of Aftenposten from 1966, and his wife became a board member there as well. He was also a board member of Verdens Gang, the Norwegian News Agency and Lydbåndservice. He was a board member of the employers' organization Norske Avisers Landsforbund from 1967 and the Norwegian Press Association from 1971.
He died in July 1980 and was buried in Ullern.
References
1927 births
1980 deaths
Engineers from Oslo
Norwegian media executives
Schibsted
Mass media people from Oslo |
Iona Margaret Balfour Opie, (13 October 1923 – 23 October 2017) and Peter Mason Opie (25 November 1918 – 5 February 1982) were an English married team of folklorists who applied modern techniques to understanding children's literature and play, in studies such as The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (1951) and The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (1959). They were also noted anthologists, assembled large collections of children's literature, toys, and games and were regarded as world-famous authorities on children's lore and customs.
Their research had a considerable impact on a number of research fields, including Folklore and Childhood Studies and altered perceptions of children's street culture and notions of play, by emphasising the agency of children.
Working outside of academia, the couple worked together closely, from their home (firstly near Farnham, Surrey, later in Alton, Hampshire) conducting primary fieldwork, library research, and interviews with thousands of children. In pursuing the folklore of contemporary childhood they directly recorded rhymes and games in real time as they were being sung, chanted, or played. They collaborated on several celebrated books and produced over 30 works.
Early lives
Peter Opie was born in 1918 in Cairo in the war-time British Protectorate or Sultanate of Egypt and was educated at Eton College. At the outbreak of World War II, Opie joined the Royal Fusiliers, becoming a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Sussex Regiment. However, an accident whilst training ended his military career. He began a career as a writer and was joint winner of the £1,000 Chosen Books competition, with his autobiographical discursion The Case of Being a Young Man (published in paperback, 1946).
Iona Margaret Balfour Archibald was born in Colchester, Essex, England in 1923. She was educated at Sandecotes School, a boarding school for girls in Parkstone, Dorset. During World War II she joined the meteorological section of the Women's Auxiliary Air Force.
The couple met during World War II and married on 2 September 1943. The couple moved from London to rural England. Their interest in children's lore has been credited to the Opies recalling whilst out on a countryside walk, the ‘Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home’ rhyme from their youth. They began researching into the origins of the rhyme, and as their interest grew they began to collect nursery rhyme books.
Development of their research
Initially, the Opies based their research on printed material or previously collected oral sources. In 1951, they published The Oxford Book of Nursery Rhymes, still hailed as the standard work on the subject.
From the early 1950s, they increasingly drew on their own field research, carrying out interviews with school-age children via a network of school teachers. By the time of the publication of The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (1959), they had received contributions from about five thousand children (at seventy state schools). Over the following decades, the number of contributors grew: Iona Opie believing the final total to be close to twenty thousand.
The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren was meant to counter the argument that mass media and the entertainment industry had ruined childhood traditions. The Opies' use of surveys as a research methodology has been compared to growth of social surveys (such as the Mass-Observation project) in Britain from the 1930s onwards. The book has also been seen as revitalising the study of Folklore in post-war Britain, the subject having fallen into relative decline.
Speaking in 2010, Iona spoke of working with her husband as being "like two of us in a very small boat and each had an oar and we were trying to row across the Atlantic" and that "[W]e would never discuss ideas verbally except very late at night".
Later years
Peter Opie died on 5 February 1982 at home, Westerfield House, West Liss, Hampshire.
Iona Opie continued to research and publish. She completed two further volumes based on the Opie's joint research, The Singing Game (1985) and Children’s Games with Things (1997). She also collaborated with Moira Tatem on A Dictionary of Superstitions (1989), and with Brian Alderson and her son, Robert Opie, on A Treasury of Childhood: Books, Toys, and Games from the Opie Collection (1989). Iona Opie revised the Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (1997) and went onto produce a solo volume, The People in the Playground (1993), which differed by "focusing on the players, rather than the games and rhymes".
Iona Opie died on 23 October 2017.
Recognition
In 1960, the Opies were jointly awarded the Coote Lake Medal, the highest honour of The Folklore Society, "for outstanding research and scholarship". Peter Opie also served as President of the Folklore Society in 1963 and 1964 and President of the Anthropology Section of the British Association in 1962 and 1963. In 1985, The Singing Game was awarded the Folklore Society's Katharine Briggs Award.
In 1962, the Opies were awarded honorary degrees from Oxford University. Further honorary degrees from the Universities of Southampton, Nottingham and Surrey, and the Open University followed.
In 1970, the Opies were awarded the Chicago Prize of the American Folklore Society for their book, Children's Games in Street and Playground. The American Folklore Society's biannual prize for the best book published on children's folklore is named in honour of the Opies.
Iona Opie was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1998 and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1999.
Opie collections
The Opies' collection of children's books and ephemera covers the 16th to the 20th centuries and is the richest library of children's literature. It was begun in 1944, amounting in the end to 20,000 pieces. During 1988, it was donated to the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, after a two-year public appeal raised the £500,000 cost. The collection is also available on microfiche.
The Archive of Iona and Peter Opie (the Opie 'Working Papers') is also held at the Bodleian Library. It contains the bulk of the Opie papers and includes "responses of an estimated 10,000 children from schools all over Britain to a series of surveys undertaken by the Opies in the period c.1950–1980". The collection also sheds light on the Opie's working methods, for instance, the nature of the questionnaires that the Opie's sent to children (and once completed were sent back to them). The cataloguing of this archive was completed in 2018.
The Opie Collection of Children's Games and Songs is an archive of audiotapes donated to the British Library in 1998. It contains fieldwork recordings of children's play made by Iona Opie between 1969 and 1983, as research for The Singing Game about singing games.
The Opie Papers held by the Folklore Society, London, contain adult and child contributions relating to children's customs and belief, as well as Opie research materials, personal papers and Folklore Society papers. They can be consulted by prior appointment.
The Archive of Iona and Peter Opie, the Opie Collection of Children's Games and Songs and the Opie Papers held by the Folklore Society, are being catalogued, digitised and made freely available online as part of a collaboration between University of Sheffield, University College London, the Bodleian Libraries, the Folklore Society and the British Library. The collaboration is called Childhoods and Play: The Iona and Peter Opie Archive and is a British Academy Research Project.
Selected works
They authored about 25 books including:
Peter Opie, 1946, The Case of Being a Young Man, a discursion (Chosen Books, competition prize winner)
Iona and Peter Opie, collectors and editors, 1947. I Saw Esau: Traditional Rhymes of Youth (Williams & Norgate Ltd)
Iona and Peter Opie, editors, 1951. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press)
Iona and Peter Opie, 1959, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Oxford University Press)
Iona and Peter Opie, 1963, The Puffin Book of Nursery Rhymes (Penguin/Puffin)
Iona and Peter Opie, 1969, Children's Games in Street and Playground (Oxford University Press)
Iona and Peter Opie, editors, 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales (Oxford University Press). Presents the texts of twenty-four familiar fairy tales as they were first published in English; summarises the history of each tale, especially from the textual point of view.
Iona and Peter Opie, 1985. The Singing Game (Oxford University Press).
Iona and Peter Opie, 1988. Tail Feathers of Mother Goose (Little Brown & Company).
Iona Opie, 1993. The People in the Playground. (Oxford University Press).
Iona and Peter Opie, 1997. Children's Games with Things (Oxford University Press).
Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem, eds. 1989, A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
See also
Children's street culture
Roud Folk Song Index
References
Further reading
Gillian Avery and Briggs, Julia (editors), (1989). Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie (Oxford University Press)
Boyes, Georgina (1995), ‘The Legacy of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie: The Lore and Language of Today’s Children’. In Rhyme, Reason and Writing'', edited by Roger Beard, pp131–46. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Myer, Michael Grosvenor (1974) 'The Children's Child, an interview with Peter and Iona Opie', Folk Review magazine July 1974.
External links
The Opie Archive
The Opie Collection of Children's Literature at the Bodleian Library, Oxford
The Archive of Iona and Peter Opie, Archives & Manuscripts, Bodleian Library, Oxford
The Opie Collection of Children's Games and Songs at the British Library, London
The Peter & Iona Opie Collection of Folklore and Related Topics at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
Oral-history interview (C968/139) with Iona Opie, Cathy Courtney Oral History Collection held by the British Library
1923 births
2017 deaths
Military personnel from Colchester
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Fusiliers soldiers
Royal Sussex Regiment officers
Military personnel from Cairo
People from Colchester
Fellows of the British Academy
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1918 births
1982 deaths
Presidents of the Folklore Society
English folklorists
British children's literature
Children's street culture
Collectors of fairy tales
Married couples
British women folklorists
Historians of childhood |
```javascript
/*
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* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
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/**
* This is the parent controller for all kinds of Delivery Service forms - edit,
* creation, request, etc.
*
* @param {import("../../../api/DeliveryServiceService").DeliveryService} deliveryService
* @param {import("../../../api/DeliveryServiceService").DeliveryService | undefined} dsCurrent
* @param {unknown} origin
* @param {unknown[]} topologies
* @param {string} type
* @param {{name: string}[]} types
* @param {import("angular").IScope & Record<PropertyKey, any>} $scope
* @param {import("../../../service/utils/FormUtils")} formUtils
* @param {import("../../../service/utils/TenantUtils")} tenantUtils
* @param {import("../../../service/utils/DeliveryServiceUtils")} deliveryServiceUtils
* @param {import("../../../api/DeliveryServiceService")} deliveryServiceService
* @param {import("../../../api/CDNService")} cdnService
* @param {import("../../../api/ProfileService")} profileService
* @param {import("../../../api/TenantService")} tenantService
* @param {import("../../../models/PropertiesModel")} propertiesModel
* @param {import("../../../models/UserModel")} userModel
* @param {import("../../../api/ServerCapabilityService")} serverCapabilityService
* @param {import("../../../api/ServiceCategoryService")} serviceCategoryService
*/
var FormDeliveryServiceController = function(deliveryService, dsCurrent, origin, topologies, type, types, $scope, formUtils, tenantUtils, deliveryServiceUtils, locationUtils, deliveryServiceService, cdnService, profileService, tenantService, propertiesModel, userModel, serverCapabilityService, serviceCategoryService) {
/**
* This is used to cache TLS version settings when the checkbox is toggled.
* @type null | [string, ...string[]]
*/
let cachedTLSVersions = null;
$scope.exposeInactive = !!(propertiesModel.properties.deliveryServices?.exposeInactive);
$scope.showSensitive = false;
const knownVersions = new Set(["1.0", "1.1", "1.2", "1.3"]);
/**
* Checks if a TLS version is unknown.
* @param {string} v
*/
$scope.tlsVersionUnknown = v => v && !knownVersions.has(v);
const insecureVersions = new Set(["1.0", "1.1"]);
/**
* Checks if a TLS version is known to be insecure.
* @param {string} v
*/
$scope.tlsVersionInsecure = v => v && insecureVersions.has(v);
/**
* This toggles whether TLS versions are restricted for the Delivery
* Service.
*
* It uses cachedTLSVersions to cache TLS version restrictions, so that the
* DS is always ready to submit without manipulation, but the UI "remembers"
* the TLS versions that existed on toggling restrictions off.
*
* This is called when the checkbox's 'change' event fires - that event is
* not handled here.
*/
function toggleTLSRestrict() {
if ($scope.restrictTLS) {
if (cachedTLSVersions instanceof Array && cachedTLSVersions.length > 0) {
deliveryService.tlsVersions = cachedTLSVersions;
} else {
deliveryService.tlsVersions = [""];
}
cachedTLSVersions = null;
return;
}
if (deliveryService.tlsVersions instanceof Array && deliveryService.tlsVersions.length > 0) {
cachedTLSVersions = deliveryService.tlsVersions;
} else {
cachedTLSVersions = null;
}
deliveryService.tlsVersions = null;
}
$scope.toggleTLSRestrict = toggleTLSRestrict;
$scope.hasGeoLimitCountries = function(ds) {
return ds !== undefined && (ds.geoLimit === 1 || ds.geoLimit === 2);
}
$scope.navigateToPath = (path, unsavedChanges) => locationUtils.navigateToPath(path, unsavedChanges);
$scope.loadGeoLimitCountriesRaw = function (ds) {
if($scope.hasGeoLimitCountries(ds)) {
ds.geoLimitCountriesRaw = (ds.geoLimitCountries ?? []).join(",");
} else {
ds.geoLimitCountriesRaw = "";
}
}
$scope.loadGeoLimitCountries = function (ds) {
if($scope.hasGeoLimitCountries(ds)) {
ds.geoLimitCountries = ds.geoLimitCountriesRaw.split(",");
} else {
ds.geoLimitCountriesRaw = "";
ds.geoLimitCountries = [];
}
}
/**
* Removes a TLS version at the given index.
* @param {number} index
*/
$scope.removeTLSVersion = function(index) {
deliveryService.tlsVersions?.splice(index, 1);
};
/**
* Adds a TLS version at the given index.
* @param {number} index
*/
$scope.addTLSVersion = function(index) {
deliveryService.tlsVersions?.splice(index+1, 0, "");
};
/** Compare Arrays
*
* @template T extends number[] | boolean[] | bigint[] | string[]
*
* @param {T} a
* @param {T} b
* @returns `false` if the arrays are equal, `true` otherwise.
*/
function arrayCompare (a, b) {
if (a === b) return false;
if (a.length !== b.length) return true;
for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
if (a[i] !== b[i]) return true;
}
return false;
};
$scope.arrayCompare = arrayCompare;
/**
* This function is called when capability is updated on a DSR
*/
function capabilityChange() {
const cap = [];
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries($scope.selectedCapabilities)) {
if (value) {
cap.push(key);
}
}
deliveryService.requiredCapabilities = cap;
}
$scope.capabilityChange = capabilityChange;
/**
* This function is called on 'change' events for any and all TLS Version
* inputs, and sets validity states of duplicates.
*
* This can't use a normal validator because it depends on a value checking
* against a list containing itself. AngularJS sets values that fail
* validation to `undefined`, so if there's a set of TLS versions
* `["1.3", "1.3"]`, then the validator will set one of them to `undefined`.
* Now the set is `["1.3", undefined]`, so there are no more duplicates, so
* the set is marked as valid.
*/
function validateTLS() {
if (!$scope.generalConfig || !($scope.deliveryService.tlsVersions instanceof Array)) {
return;
}
const verMap = new Map();
for (let i = 0; i < $scope.deliveryService.tlsVersions.length; ++i) {
const propName = `tlsVersion${i+1}`;
if (propName in $scope.generalConfig) {
$scope.generalConfig[propName].$setValidity("duplicates", true);
}
const ver = $scope.deliveryService.tlsVersions[i];
if (ver === undefined) {
continue;
}
const current = verMap.get(ver);
if (current) {
current.count++;
current.indices.push(i);
} else {
verMap.set(ver, {
count: 1,
indices: [i]
});
}
}
for (const index of Array.from(verMap).filter(v=>v[1].count>1).flatMap(v=>v[1].indices)) {
const propName = `tlsVersion${index+1}`;
if (propName in $scope.generalConfig) {
$scope.generalConfig[propName].$setValidity("duplicates", false);
}
}
}
$scope.validateTLS = validateTLS;
async function getSteeringTargets() {
if(type.indexOf("HTTP") > -1) {
const configs = await deliveryServiceService.getSteering();
const dsTargets = deliveryServiceUtils.getSteeringTargetsForDS([deliveryService.xmlId], configs);
$scope.steeringTargetsFor = Array.from(dsTargets[deliveryService.xmlId]);
}
}
/**
* Updates the CDNs on the $scope.
* @returns {Promise<void>}
*/
async function getCDNs() {
$scope.cdns = await cdnService.getCDNs();
}
/**
* Updates the Profiles on the $scope.
* @returns {Promise<void>}
*/
async function getProfiles() {
/** @type {{type: string}[]} */
const result = await profileService.getProfiles({ orderby: "name" });
$scope.profiles = result.filter(p => p.type === "DS_PROFILE");
}
/**
* Updates the Tenants on the $scope.
* @returns {Promise<void>}
*/
async function getTenants() {
const tenants = await tenantService.getTenants();
const tenant = tenants.find(t => t.id === userModel.user.tenantId);
$scope.tenants = tenantUtils.hierarchySort(tenantUtils.groupTenantsByParent(tenants), tenant?.parentId, []);
tenantUtils.addLevels($scope.tenants);
}
$scope.selectedCapabilities = {};
/**
* Updates the server Capabilities on the $scope.
* @returns {Promise<void>}
*/
async function getRequiredCapabilities() {
$scope.requiredCapabilities = await serverCapabilityService.getServerCapabilities();
$scope.selectedCapabilities = Object.fromEntries($scope.requiredCapabilities.map(dsc => [dsc.name, $scope.deliveryService.requiredCapabilities.includes(dsc.name)]))
}
/**
* Updates the Service Categories on the $scope.
* @returns {Promise<void>}
*/
async function getServiceCategories() {
$scope.serviceCategories = await serviceCategoryService.getServiceCategories({dsId: deliveryService.id })
}
/**
* Formats the 'dsCurrent' active flag into a human-readable string. Returns
* an empty string if dsCurrent isn't defined.
*
* @returns {string}
*/
function formatCurrentActive() {
if (!dsCurrent) {
return "";
}
let {active} = dsCurrent;
if (!propertiesModel.properties.deliveryServices?.exposeInactive && active !== "ACTIVE") {
active = "INACTIVE";
}
return active.split(" ").map(w => w[0].toUpperCase() + w.substring(1).toLowerCase()).join(" ");
}
$scope.formatCurrentActive = formatCurrentActive;
$scope.deliveryService = deliveryService;
$scope.showGeneralConfig = true;
$scope.showCacheConfig = true;
$scope.showRoutingConfig = true;
$scope.dsCurrent = dsCurrent; // this ds is used primarily for showing the diff between a ds request and the current DS
$scope.origin = Array.isArray(origin) ? origin[0] : origin;
$scope.topologies = topologies;
$scope.showChartsButton = !!(propertiesModel.properties.deliveryServices?.charts?.customLink?.show);
$scope.openCharts = ds => deliveryServiceUtils.openCharts(ds);
$scope.dsRequestsEnabled = !!(propertiesModel.properties.dsRequests?.enabled);
/**
* Gods have mercy.
*
* @param {import("../../../api/DeliveryServiceService").DeliveryService} ds
* @returns {string | undefined} An absolutely unsafe direct HTML segment.
*/
$scope.edgeFQDNs = function(ds) {
return ds.exampleURLs?.join("<br/>");
};
$scope.DRAFT = 0;
$scope.SUBMITTED = 1;
$scope.REJECTED = 2;
$scope.PENDING = 3;
$scope.COMPLETE = 4;
// these may be overriden in a child class. i.e. FormEditDeliveryServiceController
$scope.saveable = () => true;
$scope.deletable = () => true;
$scope.types = types.filter(currentType => {
let category;
if (type.includes("ANY_MAP")) {
category = "ANY_MAP";
} else if (type.includes("DNS")) {
category = "DNS";
} else if (type.includes("HTTP")) {
category = "HTTP";
} else if (type.includes("STEERING")) {
category = 'STEERING';
} else {
throw new Error(`unrecognized type: '${type}'`);
}
return currentType.name.includes(category);
});
$scope.clientSteeringType = types.find(t => t.name === "CLIENT_STEERING");
/**
* Checks if a given Delivery Service uses the "Client Steering" flavor of
* Steering-based routing.
*
* @param {import("../../../api/DeliveryServiceService").DeliveryService} ds The Delivery Service in question.
* @returns {boolean} `true` if `ds` uses
*/
$scope.isClientSteering = function(ds) {
if (ds.typeId == $scope.clientSteeringType.id) {
return true;
} else {
ds.trResponseHeaders = "";
return false;
}
};
$scope.signingAlgos = [
{ value: null, label: 'None' },
{ value: 'url_sig', label: 'URL Signature Keys' },
{ value: 'uri_signing', label: 'URI Signing Keys' }
];
$scope.protocols = [
{ value: 0, label: 'HTTP' },
{ value: 1, label: 'HTTPS' },
{ value: 2, label: 'HTTP AND HTTPS' },
{ value: 3, label: 'HTTP TO HTTPS' }
];
$scope.qStrings = [
{ value: 0, label: 'Use query parameter strings in cache key and pass in upstream requests' },
{ value: 1, label: 'Do not use query parameter strings in cache key, but do pass in upstream requests' },
{ value: 2, label: 'Neither use query parameter strings in cache key, nor pass in upstream requests' }
];
$scope.geoLimits = [
{ value: 0, label: 'None' },
{ value: 1, label: 'Coverage Zone File only' },
{ value: 2, label: 'Coverage Zone File and Country Code(s)' }
];
$scope.geoProviders = [
{ value: 0, label: 'Maxmind' },
{ value: 1, label: 'Neustar' }
];
$scope.dscps = [
{ value: 0, label: '0 - Best Effort' },
{ value: 10, label: '10 - AF11' },
{ value: 12, label: '12 - AF12' },
{ value: 14, label: '14 - AF13' },
{ value: 18, label: '18 - AF21' },
{ value: 20, label: '20 - AF22' },
{ value: 22, label: '22 - AF23' },
{ value: 26, label: '26 - AF31' },
{ value: 28, label: '28 - AF32' },
{ value: 30, label: '30 - AF33' },
{ value: 34, label: '34 - AF41' },
{ value: 36, label: '36 - AF42' },
{ value: 37, label: '37 - ' },
{ value: 38, label: '38 - AF43' },
{ value: 8, label: '8 - CS1' },
{ value: 16, label: '16 - CS2' },
{ value: 24, label: '24 - CS3' },
{ value: 32, label: '32 - CS4' },
{ value: 40, label: '40 - CS5' },
{ value: 48, label: '48 - CS6' },
{ value: 56, label: '56 - CS7' }
];
$scope.rrhs = [
{ value: 0, label: "Don't cache Range Requests" },
{ value: 1, label: "Use the background_fetch plugin" },
{ value: 2, label: "Use the cache_range_requests plugin" },
{ value: 3, label: "Use the slice plugin" }
];
$scope.msoAlgos = [
{ value: 0, label: "0 - Consistent Hash" },
{ value: 1, label: "1 - Primary/Backup" },
{ value: 2, label: "2 - Strict Round Robin" },
{ value: 3, label: "3 - IP-based Round Robin" },
{ value: 4, label: "4 - Latch on Failover" }
];
/**
* Handles changes to the set signing algorithm used by the Delivery Service
* by updating the legacy 'signed' property accordingly.
*
* @param {null|string} signingAlgorithm
*/
$scope.changeSigningAlgorithm = function(signingAlgorithm) {
if (signingAlgorithm === null) {
deliveryService.signed = false;
} else {
deliveryService.signed = true;
}
};
/**
* Encodes the given regular expression into $scope.encodedRegex.
* @param {string} consistentHashRegex
*/
$scope.encodeRegex = function(consistentHashRegex) {
if (consistentHashRegex !== undefined) {
$scope.encodedRegex = encodeURIComponent(consistentHashRegex);
} else {
$scope.encodedRegex = "";
}
};
/**
* Adds a blank consistent hashing query string parameter to the Delivery
* Service.
*/
$scope.addQueryParam = () => $scope.deliveryService.consistentHashQueryParams.push("");
/**
* Removes a consistent hashing query string parameter from the Delivery
* Service at the given index.
*
* @param {number} index
*/
$scope.removeQueryParam = function(index) {
if ($scope.deliveryService.consistentHashQueryParams.length > 1) {
$scope.deliveryService.consistentHashQueryParams.splice(index, 1);
} else {
// if only one query param is left, don't remove the item from the array. instead, just blank it out
// so the dynamic form widget will still be visible. empty strings get stripped out on save anyhow.
$scope.deliveryService.consistentHashQueryParams[index] = "";
}
$scope.deliveryServiceForm.$pristine = false; // this enables the 'update' button in the ds form
};
$scope.hasError = input => formUtils.hasError(input);
/**
* Checks if a TLS Version has a specific error.
*
* @param {number} index The index of the TLS Version to check into the
* form's Delivery Service's `tlsVersions` array.
* @param {string} property The name of the error to check.
* @returns {boolean} Whether or not the indicated TLS Version has the given
* error.
*/
function tlsVersionHasPropertyError(index, property) {
if (!$scope.generalConfig) {
return false;
}
const propName = `tlsVersion${index+1}`;
if (!(propName in $scope.generalConfig)) {
return false;
}
return formUtils.hasPropertyError($scope.generalConfig[propName], property);
}
$scope.tlsVersionHasPropertyError = tlsVersionHasPropertyError;
this.$onInit = function() {
$scope.loadGeoLimitCountriesRaw(deliveryService);
$scope.loadGeoLimitCountriesRaw(dsCurrent);
}
/**
* Checks if a TLS Version has any error.
*
* @param {number} index The index of the TLS Version to check into the
* form's Delivery Service's `tlsVersions` array.
* @returns {boolean} Whether or not the indicated TLS Version has an error.
*/
function tlsVersionHasError(index) {
if (!$scope.generalConfig) {
return false;
}
const propName = `tlsVersion${index+1}`;
if (!(propName in $scope.generalConfig)) {
return false;
}
return formUtils.hasError($scope.generalConfig[propName]);
}
$scope.tlsVersionHasError = tlsVersionHasError;
$scope.hasPropertyError = (input, property) => formUtils.hasPropertyError(input, property);
$scope.rangeRequestSelected = function() {
if ($scope.deliveryService.rangeRequestHandling != 3) {
$scope.deliveryService.rangeSliceBlockSize = null;
}
};
getCDNs();
getProfiles();
getTenants();
getRequiredCapabilities();
getServiceCategories();
getSteeringTargets();
if (!deliveryService.consistentHashQueryParams || deliveryService.consistentHashQueryParams.length < 1) {
// add an empty one so the dynamic form widget is visible. empty strings get stripped out on save anyhow.
$scope.deliveryService.consistentHashQueryParams = [ "" ];
}
if (deliveryService.lastUpdated) {
// TS checkers hate him for this one weird trick:
// @ts-ignore
deliveryService.lastUpdated = new Date(deliveryService.lastUpdated.replace("+00", "Z"));
// ... the right way to do this is with an interceptor, but nobody
// wants to put in that kinda work on a legacy product.
}
if (!$scope.exposeInactive && deliveryService.active === "INACTIVE") {
deliveryService.active = "PRIMED";
}
};
FormDeliveryServiceController.$inject = ["deliveryService", "dsCurrent", "origin", "topologies", "type", "types", "$scope", "formUtils", "tenantUtils", "deliveryServiceUtils", "locationUtils", "deliveryServiceService", "cdnService", "profileService", "tenantService", "propertiesModel", "userModel", "serverCapabilityService", "serviceCategoryService"];
module.exports = FormDeliveryServiceController;
``` |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package v5
import (
"net/http"
"reflect"
"testing"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/lib/go-tc"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/lib/go-util"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/lib/go-util/assert"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/traffic_ops/testing/api/utils"
"github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/traffic_ops/toclientlib"
client "github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8/traffic_ops/v5-client"
)
func TestProfilesImport(t *testing.T) {
WithObjs(t, []TCObj{CDNs, Types, Parameters, Profiles, ProfileParameters}, func() {
methodTests := utils.TestCase[client.Session, client.RequestOptions, tc.ProfileImportRequest]{
"POST": {
"OK when VALID request": {
ClientSession: TOSession,
RequestBody: tc.ProfileImportRequest{
Profile: tc.ProfileExportImportNullable{
Name: util.Ptr("GLOBAL"),
Description: util.Ptr("Global Traffic Ops profile"),
CDNName: util.Ptr("cdn1"),
Type: util.Ptr("UNK_PROFILE"),
},
Parameters: []tc.ProfileExportImportParameterNullable{
{
ConfigFile: util.Ptr("global"),
Name: util.Ptr("tm.instance_name"),
Value: util.Ptr("Traffic Ops CDN"),
},
{
ConfigFile: util.Ptr("global"),
Name: util.Ptr("tm.toolname"),
Value: util.Ptr("Traffic Ops"),
},
},
},
Expectations: utils.CkRequest(utils.NoError(), utils.HasStatus(http.StatusOK),
validateProfilesImport(map[string]interface{}{"Name": "GLOBAL", "CDNName": "cdn1",
"Description": "Global Traffic Ops profile", "Type": "UNK_PROFILE"})),
},
"BAD REQUEST when SPACE in PROFILE NAME": {
ClientSession: TOSession,
RequestBody: tc.ProfileImportRequest{
Profile: tc.ProfileExportImportNullable{
Name: util.Ptr("GLOBAL SPACES"),
Description: util.Ptr("Global Traffic Ops profile"),
CDNName: util.Ptr("cdn1"),
Type: util.Ptr("UNK_PROFILE"),
},
Parameters: []tc.ProfileExportImportParameterNullable{
{
ConfigFile: util.Ptr("global"),
Name: util.Ptr("tm.instance_name"),
Value: util.Ptr("Traffic Ops CDN"),
},
},
},
Expectations: utils.CkRequest(utils.HasError(), utils.HasStatus(http.StatusBadRequest)),
},
},
}
for method, testCases := range methodTests {
t.Run(method, func(t *testing.T) {
for name, testCase := range testCases {
switch method {
case "POST":
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
resp, reqInf, err := testCase.ClientSession.ImportProfile(testCase.RequestBody, testCase.RequestOpts)
for _, check := range testCase.Expectations {
check(t, reqInf, resp.Response, resp.Alerts, err)
}
})
}
}
})
}
})
}
func validateProfilesImport(expectedResp map[string]interface{}) utils.CkReqFunc {
return func(t *testing.T, _ toclientlib.ReqInf, resp interface{}, _ tc.Alerts, _ error) {
assert.RequireNotNil(t, resp, "Expected Profiles Export response to not be nil.")
profileImportResp := resp.(tc.ProfileImportResponseObj)
profileImport := profileImportResp.ProfileExportImportNullable
for field, expected := range expectedResp {
fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(profileImport).FieldByName(field)).String()
assert.RequireNotNil(t, fieldValue, "Expected %s to not be nil.", field)
assert.Equal(t, expected, fieldValue, "Expected %s to be %v, but got %s", field, expected, fieldValue)
}
}
}
``` |
Barrutia is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antonio Barrutia (1933–2021), Spanish cyclist
Cosme Barrutia (1929–2005), Spanish cyclist |
Jamison is an unincorporated rural hamlet in Keya Paha County, Nebraska, United States. It lies in the northeastern corner of Keya Paha County, just south of the South Dakota state line. Google Maps' cartographic team couldn't be bothered driving to Jamison.
History
Jamison was founded by S. P. Jamison, and named for him.
A post office was established at Jamison in 1903, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1972.
References
Unincorporated communities in Keya Paha County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska |
Just for the Record may refer to:
"Just for the Record" (Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)), a 1969 episode of the British television series
Just for the Record (Barbara Mandrell album), 1979
Just for the Record (Ray Stevens album), 1976
Just for the Record..., a 1991 box set by Barbra Streisand
Just for the Record, a 2002 autobiography by Geri Halliwell
"Just for the Record", a 2007 song by Jordin Sparks from her self-titled album |
William Doan (April 4, 1792 – June 22, 1847) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio for two terms from 1839 to 1843.
Biography
Born in the District of Maine (then a part of the state of Massachusetts), Doan attended the common schools.
He moved with his parents in 1812 to Ohio and settled near Lindale, Clermont County.
He studied medicine at New Richmond and commenced practice in 1818 at Withamsville, Clermont County.
He graduated from the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati in 1827.
He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1831 and 1832.
He served in the State senate in 1833 and 1834.
Congress
Doan was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1843).
He was not a candidate for renomination in 1842.
He resumed the practice of medicine.
Death
He died in Withamsville, Ohio, June 22, 1847.
He was interred in Union Township (Mount Moriah) Cemetery, Tobasco, Ohio.
Sources
1792 births
1847 deaths
People from Clermont County, Ohio
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine alumni
Physicians from Ohio
Democratic Party Ohio state senators
Democratic Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
19th-century American politicians
Burials in Ohio |
Auric may refer to:
An ion of gold, Au3+
Aurangabad Industrial City (abbrev. AURIC), an industrial city in Maharashtra, India
Auric, the currency of the fictional state of the Draka in The Domination series
Auric Air, airline of Tanzania
Auric Fires, 1997 studio album by Benestrophe
Auric Godshawk, a character in the Fever Crumb
Auric Goldfinger, a villain from the James Bond film Goldfinger
Auric the Conqueror, an ally of the Zeo Rangers
Georges Auric (1899–1983), French composer
See also
Aura (disambiguation)
Aurum (disambiguation) |
KDKA-TV (channel 2) is a television station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, serving as the market's CBS outlet. It is owned and operated by the network's CBS News and Stations division alongside Jeannette-licensed independent station WPKD-TV (channel 19). Both stations share studios at the Gateway Center in downtown Pittsburgh, while KDKA-TV's transmitter is located in the city's Perry North neighborhood. KDKA-TV, along with sister station KYW-TV in Philadelphia, are the only CBS-affiliated television stations east of the Mississippi River with "K" call signs.
KDKA-TV is available on cable in parts of the Johnstown–Altoona, Wheeling–Steubenville and Youngstown areas, as well as several other out-of-market cable systems in northwestern Pennsylvania, western Maryland, northeastern and east-central Ohio, and north-central West Virginia. The farthest south KDKA-TV is carried on cable is in Beverly, West Virginia.
History
DuMont origins (1949–1954)
The station signed on as WDTV on January 11, 1949, as a primary affiliate of the former DuMont Television Network, while carrying secondary affiliations with CBS, NBC, and ABC. It originally broadcast on channel 3 and was owned and operated by DuMont parent company Allen B. DuMont Laboratories. It was the 51st television station in the U.S., the third and last DuMont-owned station to sign on the air (behind WABD (now WNYW) in New York City and WTTG in Washington, D.C.), and the first owned-and-operated station in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. To mark the occasion, a live television special aired that day from 8:30 to 11 p.m. on WDTV, which began with a one-hour local program broadcast from Syria Mosque in Pittsburgh. The remainder of the show featured live segments from DuMont, CBS, NBC, and ABC with Arthur Godfrey, Milton Berle, DuMont host Ted Steele, and many other celebrities.
The station also represented a milestone in the television industry, providing the link between the Midwestern and East Coast stations which included 13 other cities able to receive live telecasts from Boston to St. Louis for the first time. WDTV was one of the last stations to receive a construction permit before the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-imposed four-year freeze on new television station licenses.
When the release of the FCC's Sixth Report and Order ended the license freeze in 1952, DuMont was forced to give up its channel 3 allocation to alleviate interference with nearby stations broadcasting on the frequency, notably NBC-owned WNBK (now WKYC) in Cleveland, who itself moved to the frequency to avoid interference with stations in Columbus and Detroit. WDTV moved its facilities to channel 2 on November 23, 1952; WPSU-TV would later sign on with the channel 3 frequency for the Johnstown/Altoona market. Shortly after moving, it was the first station in the country to broadcast 24 hours a day, seven days a week, advertising that its 1:00–7:00 a.m. Swing Shift Theatre served the "200,000 workers [in their viewing area] who finish shift work at midnight." DuMont's network of stations on coaxial cable stretched from Boston to St. Louis. These stations were linked together via AT&T's coaxial cable feed with the sign-on of WDTV allowing the network to broadcast live programming to all the stations at the same time. Stations not yet connected to the coaxial cable received kinescope recordings via physical delivery.
Dealing with competition
Until the end of the freeze, WDTV's only competition came in the form of distant signals from stations in Johnstown, Altoona, Wheeling and Youngstown. However, Pittsburgh saw two UHF stations launch during 1953—ABC affiliate WENS (channel 16, later to become WINP-TV), and WKJF-TV (channel 53, later to become WPGH-TV), an independent station. At the time, UHF stations could not be viewed without the aid of an expensive set-top converter, and the picture quality was marginal at best with one. UHF stations in the area faced an additional problem because Pittsburgh is located in a somewhat rugged dissected plateau, and the reception of UHF stations is usually poor in such terrain. These factors played a role in the short-lived existences of both WKJF and WENS.
Although Pittsburgh was the sixth largest market in the country (behind New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Washington/Baltimore), the other VHF stations in town were slow to develop. This was because the major cities in the Upper Ohio Valley are so close together that they must share the VHF band. After the FCC lifted the license freeze in 1952, it refused to grant any new commercial VHF construction permits to Pittsburgh in order to give the smaller cities in the area a chance to get on the air. WDTV had a de facto monopoly on Pittsburgh television. Like its sister stations WABD and WTTG, it was far stronger than the DuMont network as a whole. According to network general manager Ted Bergmann, WDTV brought in $4 million a year, which was more than enough to keep the network afloat. Owning the only readily viewable station in such a large market gave DuMont considerable leverage in getting its programs cleared in large markets where it did not have an affiliate. As CBS, NBC and ABC had secondary affiliations with WDTV, this was a strong incentive to stations in large markets to clear DuMont's programs or risk losing valuable advertising in the sixth-largest market. Also, NBC affiliates from Johnstown (WJAC-TV, channel 6) and Wheeling (WTRF-TV, channel 7) were able to be received in Pittsburgh and a CBS affiliate from Steubenville, Ohio (WSTV-TV, now WTOV-TV) was also able to be received there as well. CBS, in fact, actually attempted to purchase WSTV-TV's license before it went on the air and move its channel 9 allocation to Pittsburgh due to the close proximity between Pittsburgh and Steubenville (At the time less than an hour apart by car; the completion of the Penn-Lincoln Parkway in 1964 reduced that time to about a half-hour driving time today), but the FCC turned CBS down. The Wheeling/Steubenville TV market, despite its very close proximity to Pittsburgh and overlapping signals, remains a separate market by FCC standards today.
WDTV aired all DuMont network shows live and "cherry-picked" the best shows from the other networks, airing them on kinescope on an every-other-week basis. WDTV's sign-on was also significant because it was now possible to feed live programs from the East to the Midwest and vice versa. In fact, its second broadcast was the activation of the coaxial cable linking New York City and Chicago. It would be another two years before the West Coast received live programming, but this was the beginning of the modern era of network television.
As KDKA-TV (1954–present)
By 1954, DuMont was in serious financial trouble. Paramount Pictures, which owned a stake in DuMont, vetoed a merger with ABC, who had merged with Paramount's former theater division United Paramount Theaters a year before. A few years earlier, the FCC had ruled that Paramount controlled DuMont and there were still lingering questions about whether UPT had actually broken off from Paramount. Paramount did not want to risk the FCC's wrath.
Meanwhile, Pittsburgh-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation had been competing with local politicians to acquire the non-commercial channel 13 license from the FCC, as no other Pittsburgh-allocated VHF station would be signing on for the foreseeable future. After launching WBZ-TV in Boston in 1948 and purchasing two other television stations, Westinghouse was growing impatient with not having a station in its own home market. Before the freeze, Westinghouse was a shoo-in for the channel 6 license that would later be given to WJAC-TV in Johnstown after that station gave up the channel 13 allocation to Pittsburgh as part of the FCC's reallocation plan. Westinghouse later offered a compromise plan to the FCC, in which the Commission would grant Westinghouse the channel 13 license; Westinghouse would then "share" the facility with the educational licensee. Finding the terms unacceptable, Pittsburgh attorney Leland Hazard called Westinghouse CEO Gwilym Price to ask him if he should give up on his fight for public television. Price said that Hazard should keep fighting for it, giving Westinghouse backing for the station that would eventually become WQED.
Westinghouse then turned its attention to WDTV, offering DuMont a then-record $9.75 million for the station in late 1954. Desperate for cash, DuMont promptly accepted Westinghouse's offer. While the sale gave DuMont a short-term cash infusion, it eliminated DuMont's leverage in getting clearances in other major markets. Within two years, the DuMont network was no more. After the sale closed in January 1955, Westinghouse changed WDTV's call letters to KDKA-TV, after Westinghouse's pioneering radio station KDKA (1020 AM). As such, it became one of the few stations east of the Mississippi River with a "K" call sign. The WDTV calls now reside on a CBS affiliate located south of Pittsburgh in Weston, West Virginia (which is unrelated to the current KDKA-TV). That station, which signed on after KDKA-TV adopted its current callsign, adopted those calls "in honor" of KDKA-TV.
As KDKA radio had long been an affiliate of the NBC Blue Network (Westinghouse was a co-founder of RCA, NBC's then-parent company), it was expected that KDKA-TV would eventually become a primary affiliate of the NBC television network. But the network was seeking to purchase Westinghouse's Philadelphia stations, KYW radio and WPTZ (now KYW-TV). When Westinghouse balked, NBC threatened to pull its programming from WPTZ and Boston's WBZ-TV unless Westinghouse agreed to trade its Philadelphia properties for NBC's radio and television properties in Cleveland. (Related to the trade, Westinghouse received a cross-station waiver from the FCC to own the Cleveland properties due to overlapping signals with KDKA radio and channel 2.) The decision would lead to an acrimonious relationship between Westinghouse and NBC in later years. Two years after the ownership change, channel 2 became a primary affiliate of the higher-rated CBS network instead. KDKA-TV retained secondary affiliations with NBC until WIIC-TV (channel 11, now WPXI) signed on in 1957, and ABC until WTAE-TV (channel 4) signed on in 1958. Despite the ending of its commercial VHF monopoly, KDKA-TV did welcome competitor WIIC-TV on the air. KDKA-TV became the flagship station of Westinghouse's broadcasting arm, Group W. During the late 1950s, KDKA-TV was briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network, sharing the affiliation with WTAE-TV, WIIC-TV, and WQED. On November 22, 1963, newscaster Bill Burns provided almost three hours of live coverage after the shooting of President John F. Kennedy.
In 1994, Westinghouse was looking to make a group-wide affiliation deal for its stations as part of a larger plan to transform itself into a major media conglomerate after WJZ-TV lost its ABC affiliation to Scripps-owned WMAR-TV in an affiliation deal spurred by Fox's affiliation deal with New World Communications. Westinghouse negotiated with NBC and CBS for a deal. Had Westinghouse signed with NBC, KDKA-TV would affiliate itself with NBC 40 years after passing up the network, with the CBS affiliation going to WPXI, who had originally intended to affiliate itself with CBS until the NBC-Westinghouse feud started as well as channel 11's own sign-on problems in the 1950s. While NBC (the highest-rated network during much of the 1980s and 1990s) offered more money, CBS was interested in the programming opportunities Westinghouse offered, due to its own stagnation in programming at the time. CBS also offered a potential merger of their respective radio networks down the road (which ultimately happened), while NBC had abandoned radio in 1987. Ultimately, Westinghouse signed a long-term deal with CBS to convert the entire five-station Group W television unit to a group-wide CBS affiliation, making the Pittsburgh market one of the few major markets that were not affected by the affiliation switches.
In 1995, Westinghouse acquired CBS, making KDKA-TV a CBS owned-and-operated station, after four decades as being simply a CBS affiliate. In 1997, Westinghouse became CBS Corporation, which would then merge with Viacom (which had been Paramount's parent since 1994) in 2000, making KDKA-TV a sister station with Pittsburgh UPN affiliate WNPA-TV (channel 19, now independent station WPKD-TV). Five years later, Viacom became the new CBS Corporation and spun off a new Viacom. In May 2003, KDKA-TV retired the distinctive Group W font in its logo after 40 years, adopting a more standardized CBS branding identity.
In August 2007, KDKA-TV unveiled a new image campaign, entitled "Your Home," with music and lyrics performed by singer-songwriter Bill Deasy. The promo features scenes of Pittsburgh and its surrounding areas, as well as three of the station's personalites. In September 2007, the station unveiled another promo featuring the Joe Grushecky song "Coming Home." Later, a third spot, "Long Way Home," was introduced, featuring the voice of Kelsey Friday.
On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to sell CBS Radio to Entercom (now Audacy), currently the fourth-largest radio broadcasting company in the United States. The sale was completed on November 17, 2017, and was conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust so that it was tax-free. While CBS shareholders retain a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom is the surviving entity, with KDKA radio and its sister stations now separated from KDKA-TV, though the three stations maintain a strong news and content sharing agreement.
On December 4, 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom remerged into ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global).
On March 21, 2023, KDKA-TV adopted a new logo and on-air branding in accordance with the current CBS "deconstructed eye" corporate identity; the new brand maintains the "KDKA-TV News" title as a verbal brand alongside a standardized "CBS News Pittsburgh" logo. As opposed to its sister stations (which have primarily used a blue and white colored version), the stations' newscasts adopted a black and yellow-colored version of the new corporate graphics package, as a nod to the colors' association with Pittsburgh.
Programming
Part of the 1995 affiliation agreement between CBS and Westinghouse included a deal to carry the entire CBS lineup in pattern, with no preemptions except for extended breaking news coverage or local news events. In the fall of 1995, channel 2 began running the entire CBS lineup in pattern, as it, and sister station KPIX-TV in San Francisco, were already affiliated with the network. However, unlike its rivals, KDKA-TV runs the weekday edition of the CBS Evening News a half-hour later, from 7 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time, due to its evening newscast running for three full hours from 4 to 7 p.m. The weekend editions usually air on Saturdays at 6:30 p.m. and Sundays at 6 p.m.
Preempted programming
Prior to 1995, channel 2 preempted moderate amounts of CBS programming. From the early 1960s to July 1990, the station did not clear As the World Turns, except for a brief period from December 1976 to October 1978. At the same time, WTAJ-TV in Altoona had run the program and was viewable in much of Pittsburgh itself and the eastern part of the market, and was even carried on many Pittsburgh-area cable systems well into the 1980s. Also, CBS affiliates WTOV-TV in Steubenville (until 1980) and WTRF-TV in Wheeling (from 1980) were viewable in Pittsburgh and points west. Until 1978, As the World Turns ran on WPGH and for a few years after that, it ran on WPTT-TV (channel 22). KDKA-TV also preempted the daytime game shows and reruns from CBS at various points during the 1970s. KDKA-TV was one of four CBS affiliates to preempt the 1974 film Death Wish on its television debut despite the network's 30+ cuts to its violent content; these affiliates objected not only to the remaining amount of violence in the film, but also to the apparent endorsement by the film of vigilante violence. The station also occasionally preempted other CBS prime time programs for a syndicated movie, local news special, or sports (during the years in which the station had broadcast rights to Pittsburgh Pirates baseball and Pittsburgh Penguins hockey). Weekend preemptions included a small portion of Saturday and Sunday morning cartoons, and Sunday morning religious programs. In 1993, KDKA-TV stopped running CBS This Morning and instead ran Disney's syndicated cartoon block. Despite the preemptions, CBS was mostly satisfied with KDKA-TV, as it was the far-and-away market leader in Pittsburgh owing to its eight-year head-start on its main competitors.
Syndicated and local talk shows
As a Westinghouse-owned station, KDKA-TV carried the numerous syndicated talk shows produced by its subsidiary Group W Productions, including The Merv Griffin Show, The Mike Douglas Show, Evening Magazine, and Hour Magazine. It also produced a local program titled Pittsburgh Talks.
Later in the 1980s, KDKA-TV carried the early seasons of the syndicated Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, though in separate time slots as opposed to the standard practice of airing them back-to-back; the station lost both shows to WPXI in 1988. Channel 2 also aired another King World Productions-distributed program, The Oprah Winfrey Show, during its first nine nationally syndicated seasons (1986–1995), airing the show weekdays at 5 p.m. In 1989, KDKA-TV acquired the rights to The Sally Jessy Raphael Show, airing it weekdays at 9 a.m. and Donahue weekdays at 4 p.m., respectively. However, due to the poor ratings of Donahue in the Pittsburgh market, KDKA-TV showed strong interest in new talk shows.
Sally and Donahue moved to WTAE-TV in 1993, and two years later, KDKA-TV debuted a 5 p.m. newscast, at which point Oprah also moved to WTAE-TV, airing at 4 p.m. In 1997, The Ricki Lake Show moved to WPGH-TV and Sally returned to KDKA-TV, and once again was given the 9 a.m. time slot, where it remained on and off until its cancellation in 2002. Sally was a success in the Pittsburgh area, even beating Montel Williams on WPXI in the 1990s. A revamped version of Pittsburgh 2day Live replaced Sally.
KDKA-TV aired The Rosie O'Donnell Show during its entire six-year run at the 4 p.m. time slot. After the show ended its run in 2002, rather than airing its replacement (the short-lived Caroline Rhea Show, which aired on WPXI), KDKA-TV became the first station in the Pittsburgh market to air a 4 p.m. newscast.
From August 2020 to March 2023, Dr. Phil was the only syndicated show airing on KDKA-TV in any capacity outside of the graveyard slot between the post-late fringe and breakfast television, as the station is either airing CBS network programming or local news throughout the day except for the 3–4 p.m. slot for Dr. Phil, with sister station WPKD now airing a heavy syndicated schedule during daytime programming. With Dr. Phil ending its run, rather than expanding its evening newscasts to five hours, KDKA-TV launched a new afternoon talk-show spin off of PTL called Talk Pittsburgh on March 20, 2023.
Local shows
Sports Showdown – sports talk show
KDKA Fan N’ation – sports fan talk show
Intersections – community affairs program
The Nightly Sports Call – nightly sports talk show in conjunction with KDKA-FM
PTL – lifestyle talk show
Talk Pittsburgh – lifestyle talk show afternoon spinoff of PTL
Seasonal
KD Quiz (airs during the school year) – "quiz bowl" format show with three teams composed of local high school students
The Children's Hospital Free-Care Fund (1954–present; airs during the holiday season) – yearly telethon
Hometown Holiday Lights – Series aired during KDKA's newscasts; contest between local families with Christmas displays at their residence.
Steelers Kickoff (during the NFL season) – Pittsburgh Steelers pre-game show hosted by Bob Pompeani, Rich Walsh, Gerry DuLac, and Charlie Batch.
Steelers Huddle (September 19, 2009–present; airs during the NFL season) – Bob Pompeani and a rotating member of the Pittsburgh Steelers.
Xtra Point (airs during the NFL season) – Pittsburgh Steelers post-game show after CBS broadcasts, hosted by Bob Pompeani and Chris Hoke.
The Steelers Sports Call (airs during the NFL season) Steelers version of The Nightly Sports Call.
Former
Evening Magazine (August 1, 1977 – October 12, 1990)
Giant Eagle High School Sports Advantage
The Hines Ward Show (September 2, 2006 – January 31, 2009)
The Jerome Bettis Show (September 12, 1998 – February 4, 2006)
The Lynne Hayes-Freeland Show (1990–2021)
Mario Lemieux Celebrity Golf Invitational
Pittsburgh 2Day (1978 – January 19, 1990)
Pittsburgh Penguins hockey (1989–1997)
Pittsburgh Pirates baseball (1957–1994)
Wake Up With Larry Richert (1988–1990)
Your Pittsburgh (2016–2020)
KD/PG Sunday Edition – public affairs program; joint production with Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
Steelers Trivia Challenge (July 16, 2005–2023; aired during the NFL season) – A "quiz bowl" format, modeled after KD Quiz, with three teams composed of three Pittsburgh Steelers fans who answer team-related trivia questions.
The Sunday Business Page
Hometown/KDKA High Q (1998–2023) – predecessor to KD Quiz.
Pittsburgh Steelers
As CBS holds the broadcast contract with the NFL to show games involving AFC teams, KDKA-TV has been the official broadcaster of most Pittsburgh Steelers games since 1998, and serves as the team's flagship station. The team's preseason games that are not nationally televised are also shown on KDKA-TV. KDKA-TV began its relationship with the Steelers in 1962, when CBS first started the leaguewide television package. The Steelers are one of three AFC teams that predate the AFC's basis league, the American Football League, and so KDKA-TV, and not WTAE-TV or WIIC-TV (now WPXI), carried Steelers road games (home games were blacked out locally under all circumstances until 1973, when sold-out home games began to be allowed on local television)—the AFL had television contracts with ABC, and later, NBC.
Due to the NFL rules of the time, after the AFL-NFL merger (and with it, the Steelers move to the newly formed AFC), KDKA-TV did not broadcast any Steelers games from 1970 to 1972 (Steeler games were exclusive to what was then WIIC-TV in that period). Beginning in 1973, KDKA-TV was allowed to air any Steelers games in which they hosted a team from the National Football Conference, which contained most of the old-line NFL teams. KDKA-TV also broadcast two Steeler championship wins, Super Bowl X in 1976 and Super Bowl XIV in 1980. Since the Steelers have sold out every home game starting in 1972, no blackouts have been required. In the meantime, from 1970 to 1997, channel 11 aired most Steelers games (and exclusively from 1970 to 1972).
When the NFC package moved from CBS to Fox in 1994, WPGH-TV aired the Steelers games that had before aired on KDKA-TV, leaving the senior station without Steelers games for four years. Today, and in general since 1970, the only exceptions to all the above are when the Steelers play at night. Their Monday Night Football games have always aired locally on WTAE-TV, first when ABC had the rights, and since 2006, on ESPN. WTAE-TV also aired simulcasts of their games aired as part of ESPN Sunday Night Football from 1987 to 2005 (since 2006, WPXI airs Steelers games when they play on Sunday nights). The NFL requires games on cable channels to be simulcast over-the-air in the markets of the participating teams (again with the home team's broadcast subject to blackout). WTAE-TV has simulcast ESPN-aired games because ESPN is 20% owned by WTAE-TV's owners, Hearst Corporation—their ABC stations have right of first refusal for these simulcasts. Games on TNT and NFL Network have aired on various stations in the area. In 2014, with the NFL's new 'cross-flex' broadcast rules, any games that involve the Steelers playing another AFC opponent (or NFC opponent on the road) scheduled to air on KDKA-TV can now air on Fox station WPGH-TV.
News operation
KDKA-TV presently broadcasts 43 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday, 4½ hours on Saturdays and 3½ hours on Sundays); KDKA-TV also produces 2 hours, 35 minutes of local newscasts each weekday for its independent sister station WPKD-TV, in the form of a two hour-long extension of KDKA-TV's weekday morning newscast at 7 a.m. and a nightly 35-minute newscast at 10 p.m. The station also shares newsgathering operations and co-produces certain public affairs shows with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette newspaper.
Under Westinghouse ownership, KDKA-TV used the Eyewitness News branding for its newscasts, pioneered by sister station KYW-TV. That, combined with being locally-owned, saw the station dominate its local news ratings for decades, though WTAE-TV became more competitive in the 1970s with its Action News format (which it still uses the branding for today), as well as signing over ex-KDKA-TV talent Paul Long & Don Cannon and a general larger investment in its news department by its owner Hearst Communications.
The 1990s saw many changes to the news department at KDKA-TV, notably Westinghouse's purchase of CBS and moving its headquarters to New York City (thus losing its locally-owned status), as well as KDKA-TV losing its flagship station status to WCBS-TV & KCBS-TV. Additionally, the Eyewitness News branding was dropped in 1997, in favor of simply "KDKA-TV News". By this point, WPXI had become more competitive with KDKA-TV & WTAE-TV due to its own investment into the news department back in the 1980s by its owner Cox Media Group, leading to a spirited three-way battle for first place in a market KDKA-TV once dominated.
In 2001, KDKA-TV began producing a 10 p.m. newscast on WNPA (now WPKD-TV); in 2005, it added a two-hour weekday morning newscast from 7 to 9 a.m. on that station (which was later reduced to one hour from 7 to 8 a.m., but in 2019 the 8 a.m. hour was restored).
On June 16, 2009, KDKA-TV began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition.
In January 2019, the station fired an employee who programmed a lower third graphic to refer to New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady as a "known cheater" during a report on Super Bowl LIII.
KDKA-TV launched a streaming news service, CBSN Pittsburgh (a localized version of the national CBSN service) on March 5, 2020, as part of a rollout of similar services across the CBS-owned stations. It was rebranded to CBS News Pittsburgh in early 2022.
On August 17, 2020, KDKA premiered a new weekday news program at 7:30 p.m., replacing Extra, which is still seen overnights after The Late Late Show with James Corden. This competes against 7 p.m. newscasts on WTAE-TV and WPXI, however neither one of those stations air their 7 p.m. newscasts on their main channel (WTAE-TV airs theirs on the Cozi TV digital subchannel 4.2 while WPXI airs theirs through sister channel PCNC due to airing the Sony game show block Wheel of Fortune/Jeopardy! during that time.), leaving KDKA-TV the only station in the Pittsburgh market to air a newscast during the Prime Time Access Hour on its main signal.
Ratings
As of May 2015, KDKA-TV is the most watched news station in the Pittsburgh area in the hours of Noon, 4, 5, 6 and 11 p.m.; the 7 a.m. newscast it produces for WPKD rated quite strongly at that time slot. However, WTAE-TV is the most watched news program in the area at 6 a.m. WPXI is also most watched at the 5 a.m. hour. WPGH-TV is the 10 p.m. newscast leader; WPXI has supplied its newscasts since 2006.
Notable current on-air staff
Jon Delano – money and politics reporter (1994–present)
John Shumway – anchor/reporter (1988–present)
Notable former on-air staff
Susan Barnett – anchor (1999–2003; later at KYW-TV in Philadelphia)
Bill Burns – anchor (1953–89; now deceased)
Patti Burns – anchor/reporter (1974–97; now deceased)
Don Cannon – anchor/reporter (1999–2008)
Rehema Ellis – began broadcast career at KDKA-TV; now with NBC News
Marty Griffin – investigative and consumer assistance reporter ("Get Marty"); now at sister station KDKA radio
Donna Hanover – hosted Evening Magazine (1977–80; later an anchor/reporter in New York City)
Ron Klink – weekend anchor/reporter (1977–91); later elected as a United States Representative (D-PA).
Dennis Miller – contributor and guest host of Evening Magazine; now at RT America
Josh Miller (born 1970), American football player and football analyst
Paul Moyer – anchor/reporter (1971; later an anchor in Los Angeles; now retired)
Ron Olsen – reporter/talk show host (1976–79)
Larry Richert – anchor and weatherman (1988–2001), currently hosting morning show on sister radio station KDKA
John Sanders – sports anchor
Stacy Smith – anchor (1983–2021; now retired)
John Steigerwald – sports anchor (1985–2007)
Paul Steigerwald – sports reporter (1987–98; formerly a play-by-play announcer for the Pittsburgh Penguins at AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh, now works for the team's front office)
Dick Stockton – sports reporter (1967–71; later at CBS Sports; then concurrently at Fox Sports and Turner Sports, now retired)
Brian Sussman – weatherman (1987; was most recently at KSFO in San Francisco, now retired)
Marie Torre – anchor/reporter (1962–77; now deceased)
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KDKA-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate, during that night's broadcast of the Late Show with David Letterman. The station showed the High Flight video clip, and a compilation of their analog history with "The Star-Spangled Banner" as background music, before shutting off. As part of the SAFER Act, KDKA-TV turned their analog signal on to repeat a series of public service announcements through July 12, 2009. On June 17, 2009, during this nightlight period, KDKA temporarily resumed regular programming to air severe weather coverage, bringing KDKA programming back on as part of the agreement. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 25. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2.
In July 2009, the station applied to the FCC to operate two repeater signals: channel 31 in Morgantown, West Virginia and channel 40 in Johnstown.
References
External links
CBSPittsburgh.com – Official website of KDKA-TV CBS 2
The early years of Pittsburgh's KDKA-TV
Pittsburgh Television history page
Television stations in Pittsburgh
CBS network affiliates
CBS News and Stations
Start TV affiliates
Dabl affiliates
Catchy Comedy affiliates
Westinghouse Broadcasting
National Football League primary television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in Pennsylvania |
"Art Czars" is the debut 7" single by Canadian rock duo Japandroids. It was released by Polyvinyl Record Co. on April 12, 2010. The initial pressing was limited to 2000 copies on clear vinyl. It is currently out-of-print.
Track listing
"Art Czars" - 4:02
"Racer-X" (Big Black cover) - 3:17
References
2010 singles
Japandroids songs
2010 songs
Polyvinyl Record Co. singles |
Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people. The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning. Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction.
Definition and characterization
No generally accepted definition of conversation exists, beyond the fact that a conversation involves at least two people talking together. Consequently, the term is often defined by what it is not. A ritualized exchange such as a mutual greeting is not a conversation, and an interaction that includes a marked status differential (such as a boss giving orders) is also not a conversation. An interaction with a tightly focused topic or purpose is also generally not considered a conversation. Summarizing these properties, one authority writes that "Conversation is the kind of speech that happens informally, symmetrically, and for the purposes of establishing and maintaining social ties."
From a less technical perspective, a writer on etiquette in the early 20th century defined conversation as the polite give and take of subjects thought of by people talking with each other for company.
Conversations follow rules of etiquette because conversations are social interactions, and therefore depend on social convention. Specific rules for conversation arise from the cooperative principle. Failure to adhere to these rules causes the conversation to deteriorate or eventually to end. Contributions to a conversation are responses to what has previously been said.
Conversations may be the optimal form of communication, depending on the participants' intended ends. Conversations may be ideal when, for example, each party desires a relatively equal exchange of information, or when the parties desire to build social ties. On the other hand, if permanency or the ability to review such information is important, written communication may be ideal. Or if time-efficient communication is most important, a speech may be preferable.
Conversation involves a lot more nuanced and implied context that lies beneath just the words.
Conversation is generally face-to-face person-to-person at the same time (synchronous) – possibly online with video applications such as Skype, but might also include audio-only phone calls. It would not generally include internet written communication which tends to be asynchronous (not same time – can read and respond later if at all) and does not fit the 'con'='with' in 'conversation'. In face to face conversation it has been suggested that 85% of the communication is non-verbal/body language – a smile, a frown, a shrug, tone of voice conveying much added meaning to the mere words. Short forms of written communication such as sms are thus frequently misunderstood.
Classification
Banter
Banter is short witty sentences that bounce back and forth between individuals. Often banter uses clever put-downs and witty insults similar to flyting, misunderstandings (often intentional), zippy wisecracks, zingers, flirtation, and puns. The idea is that each line of banter should "top" the one before it and be, in short, a verbal war of wit.
Films that have used banter as a way of structure in conversations are:
Bringing Up Baby (1938)
His Girl Friday (1940)
The Big Sleep (1946)
Much Ado About Nothing (1993)
Important factors in delivering a banter is the subtext, situation and the rapport with the person. Every line in a banter should be able to evoke both an emotional response and ownership without hurting one's feelings. Following a structure that the involved parties understand is important, even if the subject and structure is absurd, a certain level of progression should be kept in a manner that it connects with the involved parties.
Different methods of story telling could be used in delivering banter, like making an unexpected turn in the flow of structure (interrupting a comfortable structure), taking the conversation towards an expected crude form with evoking questions, doubts, self-conscientiousness (creating intentional misunderstandings), or layering the existing pattern with multiple anchors. It is important to quit the bantering with the sensibility of playground rules, both parties should not obsess on topping each other, continuously after a certain point of interest. It is as Shakespeare said "Brevity is the soul of wit."
Discussion
One element of conversation is discussion: sharing opinions on subjects that are thought of during the conversation. In polite society the subject changes before discussion becomes dispute or controversial. For example, if theology is being discussed, maybe no one is insisting a particular view be accepted.
Subject
Many conversations can be divided into four categories according to their major subject content:
Subjective ideas, which often serve to extend understanding and awareness.
Objective facts, which may serve to consolidate a widely held view.
Other people (usually absent), which may be either critical, competitive, or supportive. This includes gossip.
Oneself, which sometimes indicate attention-seeking behavior or can provide relevant information about oneself to participants in the conversation.
The proportional distribution of any given conversation between the categories can offer useful psychological insights into the mind set of the participants. Practically, however, few conversations fall exclusively into one category. This is the reason that the majority of conversations are difficult to categorize.
Functions
Most conversations may be classified by their goal. Conversational ends may shift over the life of the conversation.
Functional conversation is designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal.
Small talk is a type of conversation where the topic is less important than the social purpose of achieving bonding between people or managing personal distance, such as 'how is the weather' might be portrayed as an example, which conveys no practicality whatsoever.
Aspects
Differences between men and women
A study completed in July 2007 by Matthias Mehl of the University of Arizona shows that contrary to popular belief, there is little difference in the number of words used by men and women in conversation. The study showed that on average each gender uses about 16,000 words per day.
Between strangers
There are certain situations, typically encountered while traveling, which result in strangers sharing what would ordinarily be an intimate social space such as sitting together on a bus or airplane. In such situations strangers are likely to share intimate personal information they would not ordinarily share with strangers. A special case emerges when one of the travelers is a mental health professional and the other party shares details of their personal life in the apparent hope of receiving help or advice.
Narcissism
Conversational narcissism is a term used by sociologist Charles Derber in his book, The Pursuit of Attention: Power and Ego in Everyday Life.
Derber observed that the social support system in America is relatively weak, and this leads people to compete mightily for attention. In social situations, they tend to steer the conversation away from others and toward themselves. "Conversational narcissism is the key manifestation of the dominant attention-getting psychology in America," he wrote. "It occurs in informal conversations among friends, family and coworkers. The profusion of popular literature about listening and the etiquette of managing those who talk constantly about themselves suggests its pervasiveness in everyday life."
What Derber describes as "conversational narcissism" often occurs subtly rather than overtly because it is prudent to avoid being judged an egotist.
Derber distinguishes the "shift-response" from the "support-response". A shift response takes the focus of attention away from the last speaker and refocuses on the new speaker, as in: "John: I'm feeling really starved. Mary: Oh, I just ate." Whereas a support response maintains the focus on the last speaker, as in: "John: I'm feeling really starved. Mary: When was the last time you ate?"
Artificial intelligence
The ability to generate conversation that cannot be distinguished from a human participant has been one test of a successful artificial intelligence (the Turing test). A human judge engages in a natural-language conversation with one human and one machine, during which the machine tries to appear human (and the human does not try to appear other than human). If the judge cannot tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. One limitation of this test is that the conversation is by text as opposed to speech, not allowing tone to be shown.
One's self
Also called intrapersonal communication, the act of conversing with oneself can help solve problems or serve therapeutic purposes like avoiding silence.
Literature
Authors who have written extensively on conversation and attempted to analyze its nature include:
Milton Wright wrote The Art of Conversation, a comprehensive treatment of the subject, in 1936. The book deals with conversation both for its own sake, and for political, sales, or religious ends. Milton portrays conversation as an art or creation that people can play with and give life to.
Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Al Switzler, and Ron McMillan have written two New York Times bestselling books on conversation. The first one, Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High, McGraw-Hill, 2002, teaches skills for handling disagreement and high-stakes issues at work and at home. The second book, Crucial Accountability: Tools for Resolving Violated Expectations, Broken Commitments, and Bad Behavior, McGraw-Hill, 2013, teaches important skills for dealing with accountability issues.
Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most (Viking Penguin, 1999), a book by Bruce Patton, Douglas Patterson and Sheila Heen was one of the work products from the Harvard Negotiation Project. This book built on, and extended the approach developed by Roger Fisher and William Ury in Getting To Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In (Houghton Mifflin, 1981). The book introduced useful concepts such as the Three Conversations (The 'What Happened' Conversation, The Feelings Conversation, and The Identity Conversation), Creating a Learning Conversation, and Collaborative Problem Solving.
Charles Blattberg has written two books defending an approach to politics that emphasizes conversation, in contrast to negotiation, as the preferred means of resolving conflict. His From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, , is a work of political philosophy; and his Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003, , applies that philosophy to the Canadian case.
Paul Drew & John Heritage – Talk at Work, a study of how conversation changes in social and workplace situations.
Neil Postman – Amusing Ourselves to Death (Conversation is not the book's specific focus, but discourse in general gets good treatment here)
Deborah Tannen
The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words
Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends,
Gender and Discourse
I Only Say This Because I Love You
Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men at Work
That's Not What I Meant!
You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation
Daniel Menaker – A Good Talk: The Story and Skill of Conversation (published 2010)
In fiction
Conversation in the Cathedral (1969) is one of the main novels by the Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa.
In "Six Benefits of Better Conversation"
The benefits are:
Being better understood
Better understanding
Better self-confidence
Workplace value
Better self-care
Better relationships
See also
A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (book)
Aizuchi
Awkward silence
Bohm Dialogue
Compulsive talking
Conversation theory
Conversational narcissism
Conversational scoreboard
"Conversation" Sharp MPdoyen of the Georgian period conversationalists
Conversazionea social gathering for conversation and discussion, especially about the arts, literature and science.
Debate
Dialogue
Discourse
King of Clubsfamous Whig conversation club
Online chat
Speech (public address)
References
Works cited
External links
Empathic listening skills How to listen so others will feel heard, or listening first aid (University of California). Download a one-hour seminar on empathic listening and attending skills.
"The art of conversation", Economist, 19 December 2006
Oral communication |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
*/
package com.haulmont.cuba.web.widgets.client.addons.dragdroplayouts.ui.accordion;
import com.vaadin.client.ComponentConnector;
import com.vaadin.client.ui.dd.VAcceptCallback;
import com.vaadin.client.ui.dd.VDragEvent;
import com.haulmont.cuba.web.widgets.client.addons.dragdroplayouts.ui.VDDAbstractDropHandler;
public class VDDAccordionDropHandler
extends VDDAbstractDropHandler<VDDAccordion> {
public VDDAccordionDropHandler(ComponentConnector connector) {
super(connector);
}
@Override
protected void dragAccepted(VDragEvent drag) {
dragOver(drag);
}
@Override
public boolean drop(VDragEvent drag) {
getLayout().deEmphasis();
getLayout().updateDragDetails(drag);
return getLayout().postDropHook(drag) && super.drop(drag);
};
@Override
public void dragOver(VDragEvent drag) {
getLayout().deEmphasis();
getLayout().updateDragDetails(drag);
getLayout().postOverHook(drag);
// Validate the drop
validate(new VAcceptCallback() {
public void accepted(VDragEvent event) {
getLayout().emphasis(event.getElementOver(), event);
}
}, drag);
}
@Override
public void dragEnter(VDragEvent drag) {
super.dragEnter(drag);
getLayout().updateDragDetails(drag);
getLayout().postEnterHook(drag);
}
@Override
public void dragLeave(VDragEvent drag) {
getLayout().deEmphasis();
getLayout().updateDragDetails(drag);
getLayout().postLeaveHook(drag);
}
}
``` |
```c++
/*
* POJ 2724: Purifying Machine
* *12
*
* *1
*/
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
bool odd[1030];
bool infect[1030];
bool vis[1030];
int rec[1030];
int n, m;
bool Dfs(int u) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
int v = u ^(1 << i);
if (infect[v] && !vis[v]) {
vis[v] = 1;
if (rec[v] == -1 || Dfs(rec[v])) {
rec[v] = u;
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
int Hungary() {
int ans = 0;
memset(rec, -1, sizeof(rec));
for (int i = (1 << n) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
if (infect[i] && odd[i]) {
memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));
if (Dfs(i)) ++ans;
}
}
return ans;
}
int main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 1024; ++i) {
int j = i, cnt = 0;
while (j) {
if (j & 1) ++cnt;
j >>= 1;
}
if (cnt & 1) odd[i] = 1;
}
while (scanf("%d%d", &n, &m) != EOF && n) {
memset(infect, 0, sizeof(infect));
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
char op[12];
scanf("%s", op);
int s = -1, t = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
t <<= 1;
if (op[j] == '1') {
t |= 1;
} else if (op[j] == '*') {
s = j;
}
}
infect[t] = 1;
if (s != -1) {
infect[1 << (n - 1 - s) | t] = 1;
}
}
int ans = 0;
for (int i = (1 << n) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
if (infect[i]) ++ans;
}
ans -= Hungary();
printf("%d\n", ans);
}
return 0;
}
``` |
The northern shrew tenrec (Microgale jobihely) is a species of mammal in the family Tenrecidae. It is endemic to Madagascar, where it has a restricted disjoint range in two locations 485 km apart in the north and east of the island. In the north, it is found on the southwestern slopes of the Tsaratanana Massif at elevations from 1420 to 1680 m. In central eastern Madagascar, it is found in the Ambatovy Forest. Its natural habitat is montane forest. The species is most closely related to the widely distributed M. cowani. This tenrec is threatened by deforestation from agricultural conversion, lumbering and mining.
References
Afrosoricida
Mammals of Madagascar
Mammals described in 2006 |
The 2021 Copa Sudamericana group stage was played from 20 April to 27 May 2021. A total of 32 teams competed in the group stage to decide eight of the 16 places in the final stages of the 2021 Copa Sudamericana.
Draw
The draw for the group stage was held on 9 April 2021, 12:00 PYT (UTC−4), at the CONMEBOL Convention Centre in Luque, Paraguay.
Teams were seeded by their CONMEBOL Clubs ranking as of 1 February 2021 (shown in parentheses), taking into account the following three factors:
Performance in the last 10 years, taking into account Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana results in the period 2011–2020.
Historical coefficient, taking into account Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana results in the period 1960–2010 and 2002–2010 respectively.
Local tournament champion, with bonus points awarded to domestic league champions of the last 10 years.
For the group stage, the 32 teams were drawn into eight groups (Groups A–H) of four containing a team from each of the four pots. Teams from the same association could not be drawn into the same group, excluding the four losers of the Copa Libertadores third stage, which were seeded in Pot 4 and whose identity was not known at the time of the draw, and could be drawn into the same group with another team from the same association.
Notes
The following were the four losers of the third stage of the 2021 Copa Libertadores qualifying stages which joined the 12 direct entrants and the 16 Copa Sudamericana first stage winners in the group stage.
Format
In the group stage, each group is played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The teams are ranked according to the following criteria: 1. Points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss); 2. Goal difference; 3. Goals scored; 4. Away goals scored; 5. CONMEBOL ranking (Regulations Article 2.4.3).
The winners of each group advanced to the round of 16 of the final stages.
Schedule
The schedule of each matchday was as follows (Regulations Article 2.2.2).
Groups
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Notes
References
External links
CONMEBOL Sudamericana 2021, CONMEBOL.com
2
April 2021 sports events in South America
May 2021 sports events in South America |
The Hancock Street Fourplex is a complex located in northeast Portland, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Northeast Portland, Oregon
References
1928 establishments in Oregon
Houses completed in 1928
Irvington, Portland, Oregon
Apartment buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Portland Historic Landmarks |
Satriale's Pork Store is a fictional establishment on the HBO series The Sopranos. During the 1970s, the pork store was taken over by Johnny Soprano, a capo in the DiMeo crime family, when Francis Satriale failed to make payments on a gambling debt. It became a regular hangout for current members of the DiMeo crime family.
The filming location was in Kearny, New Jersey. Satriale's Pork Store was recreated at 42 Market Street in Paterson () in 2019 for the filming of The Many Saints of Newark, a prequel to The Sopranos.
Location
Satriale's Pork Store is a meat market in Kearny, New Jersey. Although a mob-owned establishment, Satriale's runs a legitimate business, selling a variety of meats, pork, and sausage, along with deli-style sandwiches. The store has a coffee bar that sells pastries and espresso, as seen in several episodes. In the large storefront windows hang cured hams and trussed pig carcasses, coils of pink-and-beige sausages, including a denuded chicken with its beak still in place.
In the episode "Pilot," Silvio Dante tells Tony, Paulie and the gang that his wife Gabriella Dante sends him to the store regularly because she thinks it sells the best capicola. FBI Agent Dwight Harris, who investigates Tony Soprano and the members of his family throughout the show, loves their veal parmesan sandwiches.
In the episode "Toodle-Fucking-Oo," Silvio tells Richie Aprile that Tony no longer discusses mob business directly with his capos, using Silvio Dante as an intermediary, and never discusses mob business at Satriale's anymore because of FBI surveillance. This angers Richie. Satriale's is prominently featured in the video game The Sopranos: Road to Respect.
The interior walls of the storeroom where Emil "E-Mail" Kolar is murdered by Christopher Moltisanti have black and white framed photographs of classic actors and entertainers, like Humphrey Bogart, Frank Sinatra, Edward G. Robinson and Dean Martin, hanging on the walls. These actors were known to portray anti-hero mob characters and in some cases associated with real mobsters during their careers.
Satriale's is possibly based on Sacco's Meat Market located at 806 3rd Avenue in Elizabeth, New Jersey which served as the unofficial criminal headquarters of "Uncle Joe" Giacobbe, a veteran made man in the DeCavalcante crime family.
Production
The pork store was called Centanni's Meat Market () in the pilot episode, an actual butchery in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
After the series was picked up by HBO, the producers leased a building with a store front in Kearny, New Jersey which served as the shooting location for exterior and interior scenes for the remainder of production, renamed Satriale's Pork Store.
After the series ended, the building was demolished.
The owner intended to sell bricks as souvenirs.
The location inspired a deli of the same name in Sydney, Australia.
Important events that occurred in Satriale's
Tony Soprano witnessed a violent encounter involving Mr. Satriale and his father, leading to his first panic attack later that day.
Christopher Moltisanti shot his first victim, Emil Kolar, in the rear of the store.
Silvio Dante and Paulie Gualtieri beat Ariel, the son-in-law of Shlomo Teittleman in a room on the upper floor of the store and debate with Tony whether or not to murder him.
After an explosive argument where Tony yells at Christopher and Brendan Filone about their successful hijacking of a Comley Trucking transport truck, a trucking company that operates under the "protection" of Tony's uncle Corrado Soprano, Brendan is picked up and thrown out of the back room and into the kitchen where he rolls over a table of fresh meat chops. He made the statement that Tony is really the boss of the family since Jackie Aprile Sr. became the "Chemo-sabe", a reference to Jackie's cancer. This greatly angers Tony.
Christopher and Furio Giunta disposed of Richie Aprile's remains by using the meat saw and butcher's knives to dismember his body.
Tony and Ralph Cifaretto are forced to make a decision regarding Jackie Aprile, Jr.'s future.
Finn revealed to Tony and other capos and associates his encounter with Vito two years prior when Vito was giving oral sex to a security guard in a car. Finn's story played a pivotal role in determining whether the rumors of Vito's sexuality were true.
Tony meets with Bobby Baccalieri to discuss the takeover of Corrado Soprano's businesses and where the DiMeo crime family stands at that time.
Silvio Dante and Carlo Gervasi murder Lupertazzi family soldier Fat Dom Giamello after he makes a series of jokes concerning Vito's murder and the sexual preferences of New Jersey men.
Tony Blundetto gives Silvio Dante, Paulie Gualtieri, and Vito Spatafore back massages and angers Tony Soprano by speaking back to him in front of his fellow mobsters.
Agent Harris plies Tony for information on suspected terrorists and warns him about the attempt on his life from Phil Leotardo.
Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero dresses as Santa Claus for the neighborhood children and gives out toys every Christmas. During one Christmas Eve Salvatore becomes drunk and temperamental angering some of the children. It is later surmised that Bonpensiero was wearing a secretly hidden FBI wire on his person during the festivities. After he is murdered, Bobby Baccalieri assumes the role of Santa Claus.
See also
Bada Bing!
References
External links
Fictional shops
The Sopranos
Fictional restaurants
Kearny, New Jersey
Front organizations |
Clara Gold (, 1888–1946) was an American Yiddish theatre actor and recording artist. She recorded more than twenty Yiddish theatre music and comedy discs between 1917 and 1929, usually with comedic partner Gus Goldstein.
Biography
Gold was born in New York City in 1888. Her father was a house painter. Not long after she was born, the entire family moved back to Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (today Lviv, Ukraine). The family returned to the United States when she was thirteen.
She got her start in acting as a chorus girl in the Windsor Theater. She then became a Vaudeville and variety artist at various venues and music halls in New York. When she entered the actor's union she became a character actor on the mainstream Yiddish stage in New York and Philadelphia, including at the Liberty Theatre with Julius Adler and later Anshel Schorr, at the Prospect Theater, and at the Lyric Theatre. According to Pesach Burstein, Gold was illiterate and memorized all of her lines by ear before any new performance.
In 1916 she was invited to Victor Records to make test recordings for them as a solo singer; the disc was not released but she was soon invited back. Starting in 1917, she started making Yiddish-language comedy and theatre discs for Victor and also for Columbia Records. Most of her early recordings were made with actor Gus Goldstein and consisted of scenes featuring the popular Yente Telebende character (the source of the term Yenta, and a character which had previously been played by Bina Abramowitz). In 1919 she also recorded some Yiddish songs arranged by the Klezmer recording artist Israel J. Hochman. In 1922 and 1923 she then made a series of discs with OKeh Records, including some with Goldstein and some as a solo singer. Her final recordings seem to have been with Victor Records in July 1929.
In the 1930s, after the general collapse of the recording industry due to the Great Depression, she continued to act on the Yiddish stage. She was in a production at with Nellie Casman at the Odeon Theatre on Clinton Street in 1930. She performed for a time in Detroit in 1931. She was a regular cast member at the Liberty Theater once again under Louis Birnbaum starting in 1932. During the late 1930s and early 1940s she often performed in supporting roles at the Hopkinson Theatre in Brooklyn. She continued to appear on stage during and after the war; her final appearances seem to have been at the Bronx Art Theatre in fall 1946 in Anna Chernak and Sophie Geby's "The Woman that God Forgot".
She died on December 12, 1946. She was buried in the Yiddish Theatrical Alliance section at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Flushing, Queens.
References
External links
Clara Gold recordings in the Florida Atlantic University Recorded Sound Archive
Clara Gold recordings in the Mayrent Collection at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
1888 births
1946 deaths
Actresses from New York City
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
Yiddish theatre performers
Victor Records artists
Okeh Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Vaudeville performers |
Marcel L'Herbier (; 23 April 1888 – 26 November 1979) was a French filmmaker who achieved prominence as an avant-garde theorist and imaginative practitioner with a series of silent films in the 1920s. His career as a director continued until the 1950s and he made more than 40 feature films in total. During the 1950s and 1960s, he worked on cultural programmes for French television. He also fulfilled many administrative roles in the French film industry, and he was the founder and the first President of the French film school Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC).
Early life
Marcel L'Herbier was born in Paris on 23 April 1888 into a professional and intellectual family, and as he grew up he demonstrated a multi-talented disposition for sports, dancing, debating and the arts. He attended a Marist school and then the Lycée Voltaire, followed by the École des Hautes Études Sociales in Paris. He worked hard at his education and by 1910 he had obtained his licence en droit, a qualification to practice law. He went on to study literature, and in his spare time he learned harmony and counterpoint with Xavier Leroux, with the ambition of becoming a composer. Another ambition was to join the diplomatic service.
An early romance with the future dancer Marcelle Rahna ended in sensational publicity when she fired a revolver at him and then at herself. Both survived, but L'Herbier lost the use of a finger. In 1912 he met Georgette Leblanc, the companion of Maurice Maeterlinck, and under her influence he started to write plays, poetry and criticism, and made many contacts in literature and the theatre. His idols were Oscar Wilde, Paul Claudel and Claude Debussy.
The outbreak of war in 1914 changed L'Herbier's world. He withdrew from social life, and being unable to join the army immediately because of his injured hand, he went to work in a factory making military uniforms. He went on to serve with various auxiliary units of the armed forces and towards the end of the war in 1917-1918 he was by chance transferred to the Section Cinématographique de l'Armée, where he received his first technical training in film-making. His intellectual conversion to the medium of film had only recently occurred, firstly through a friendship with the actress Musidora (he recalled that she took him to Cecil B. DeMille's The Cheat (1915) which awakened him to the artistic possibilities of silent films) and subsequently through encounters with the critics Louis Delluc and Émile Vuillermoz who were developing their own theories of the new art form.
Silent films
While still in the army, L'Herbier wrote two film scenarios for other directors, and then accepted an official commission to make a propaganda film about the image of France, which was funded by Léon Gaumont. He produced Rose-France (1918), a highly original and poetic film using many experimental camera techniques, which proved too fanciful for many but which established his reputation as a talented innovator. After making another more commercial film for Gaumont, Le Bercail (1919), he was offered a two-year contract with the company which gave him the means to choose more ambitious projects. On Le Bercail, he worked for the first time with the actress Marcelle Pradot who subsequently appeared in most of his silent films and whom he married in 1923.
Between 1919 and 1922, L'Herbier made six films for Gaumont, several in their Série Pax, and three of these stood out as major achievements of his period in silent films. He adapted a story by Balzac for L'Homme du large (1920), set and filmed on the Brittany coast. More ambitious was El Dorado (1921), a grand and visually spectacular melodrama filmed on location in Andalusia; it was noted for its visual experiments with dissolves and blurred images ("flous" in French). Tensions between L'Herbier and Gaumont were resolved into the project Don Juan et Faust (1922), also filmed partly in Spain; but when the film went over-budget, L'Herbier was unable to complete it as planned, and the resulting work was appreciated more for its technical mastery than for its intellectual confrontation of two literary archetypes. After this, L'Herbier felt the need to seek his creative independence and he founded his own production company, Cinégraphic, which produced his next six films.
L'Herbier's first production with his own company was an adaptation of Resurrection (1923) from the Tolstoy novel, but filming met a series of setbacks and the project was abandoned when L'Herbier contracted typhoid and was critically ill for several weeks. Later in 1923, L'Herbier was persuaded by Georgette Leblanc-Maeterlinck to consider a project in which she would star, and which would also attract some American finance; this developed into L'Inhumaine (1924), one of the most ambitious films of L'Herbier's career, in which he collaborated with leading figures from other art forms, including Fernand Léger, Robert Mallet-Stevens and Darius Milhaud. A striking visual spectacle was built around a fanciful plot, and the result proved highly controversial among audiences and critics alike.
L'Herbier had discovered the work of the playwright and novelist Luigi Pirandello during 1923 and was eager to introduce his ideas to the cinema. He chose the novel Il fu Mattia Pascal, and was delighted when Pirandello's mistrust of filmmakers was overcome and he agreed for the first time to the filming of one of his works,. The film Feu Mathias Pascal (1925) featured the expatriate Russian actor Ivan Mosjoukine in the leading role, and it became successful with critics and the public.
In spite of his successes, Cinégraphic was steadily losing money, and for his next film L'Herbier chose a more popular and straightforward subject, Le Vertige (1926), filmed in the south of France, which was a commercial success. This was followed by Le Diable au cœur (1928), a maritime drama set in the fishing port of Honfleur, and featuring the English actress Betty Balfour; this was the first French feature to be shot on panchromatic film.
The next and final Cinégraphic production (in collaboration with Société des Cinéromans) was another large-scale project, (also 1928), an adaptation of Zola's novel of the same name, transposed from the 1860s to the then present day. With an international cast, art deco design, and some spectacular location filming in the Paris Bourse, was a substantial work which effectively marked the end of silent film-making for L'Herbier. He had been responsible for some of the period's most innovative developments in his own films, and he also provided support to other filmmakers such as Louis Delluc, whose final film L'Inondation (1923) was financed by Cinégraphic. He also gathered around him a group of regular collaborators, including Claude Autant-Lara, Philippe Hériat, and Jaque Catelain (who became his lifelong friend and appeared in twenty of his films).
Sound films
After a transitional film, Nuits de princes, shot as a silent picture but given a complete soundtrack of music, songs and sound-effects, L'Herbier undertook L'Enfant de l'amour (1929), which, like many other early ventures in sound film, was an adaptation of a stage play. This was the first fully talking picture to be made in a French studio. In addition to the technical problems presented by the heavy new sound cameras, L'Herbier was also required to make the film simultaneously in three different language versions (French, English and German) which meant that several actors had to be used in some of the roles. The film was sufficiently successful to attract other similar offers, but L'Herbier felt the loss of his independence of action, and after making two detective films based on books by Gaston Leroux, (1930) and (1931), he withdrew from film-making for two years and returned to writing. In 1933, fearing that he was losing touch with the film business, he returned to make several more versions of stage plays, L'Épervier, Le Scandale and L'Aventurier, all of which enjoyed commercial popularity but gave little scope for the kind of cinematic invention that he sought.
L'Herbier's most successful film of the 1930s was Le Bonheur (1934), ("a miraculous conjunction of talents"), adapted from a play by Henri Bernstein, with Charles Boyer and Gaby Morlay in the leading roles. During filming, L'Herbier was injured when a camera fell on him, and he consequently lost the sight of one eye. He began a court action against the producers Pathé, claiming their civil responsibility, and the eventual judgment of the case (1938) in his favour recognised for the first time in French law the right of the director to be considered as an author of his film, rather than merely as an employee of the company. This marked an important stage in L'Herbier's lifelong battle for greater recognition of filmmakers as creative artists.
Between 1935 and 1937, L'Herbier directed seven features, including a trio which were characterised by their patriotic spirit, Veille d'armes (1935) (depicting the French navy), Les Hommes nouveaux (1936) (Maréchal Lyautey's pacification of Morocco), and La Porte du large (1936) (the navy again). Made during a period of intense political conflict between the left and the right in France, these films, by L'Herbier's own admission, represented a split in his own politics, which set his socialist sympathies against his impatience with the anti-militarism of the Front Populaire.
After trying to revive his own production company, this time under the name Cinéphonic, to produce some short documentaries, l'Herbier tried to develop more satisfactory material for himself in a series of dramatised histories which he called "chroniques filmées". The three which he completed before the outbreak of World War II were La Tragédie impériale (1938), about Tsar Nicholas II and Rasputin, Adrienne Lecouvreur (1938), filmed at the UFA studios in Berlin, and Entente cordiale (1939), which used the life of Edward VII to demonstrate the affinities between France and Britain; (its première in April 1939 took place in the wake of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia).
The outbreak of war in 1939 did not immediately interrupt L'Herbier's film-making, and in the spring of 1940 he was at the Scalera studios in Rome shooting a long-cherished project, La Comédie du bonheur, but the imminent entry of Italy into the war alongside Germany forced him to return to France before the film was fully completed (though it was subsequently released).
After the German occupation of France in 1940, L'Herbier worked with other filmmakers to salvage the French film industry and to protect the jobs of its technicians. He went on to direct four films before the Liberation, the most successful of which was La Nuit fantastique (1942). This "realistic fairy tale" was very different from the prevailing style of French film production, and it allowed him to return to the style of visual experimentation which had characterised his silent films - to which he could now add innovative uses of the soundtrack. It did much to restore his critical reputation at least temporarily.
In the post-war period, L'Herbier made one further return to the "chronique filmée" with L'Affaire du collier de la reine (1946), but otherwise his remaining films as director were fairly conventional literary adaptations, and his creative career in the cinema concluded with Les Derniers Jours de Pompei (1950) and Le Père de mademoiselle (1953). In the 35 years since his début in 1918, he completed 14 silent and 30 sound feature films.
Television
As his career as a director for the cinema faded in the post-war years, Marcel L'Herbier transferred his energies to the relatively new and undeveloped medium of television. He was interested in what made television distinctively different from cinema, and he wrote articles developing the idea that each medium had its own aesthetic. Whereas for L'Herbier the cinema was a creative art-form, television was a medium for recording, for reproducing, for disseminating to a wide audience; television would not kill the cinema - on the contrary it could be the means of deepening the public's understanding of cinema.
In the years 1952-1969, L'Herbier produced over 200 television broadcasts on cultural subjects, acting as presenter of most of them. Although he devoted some programmes to classical music and historical biography, most of his work explored aspects of the cinema. He presented eight series of programmes which combined critical discussion and interviews about cinema with extracts from films, and sometimes the transmission of a complete film that had been featured in the discussion. He also directed five television plays which were mainly transmitted live. He was the first established filmmaker to work in French television, and he brought to the task an evident seriousness of purpose and concern for its educational possibilities.
Administration
In addition to his creative work, L'Herbier undertook a number of administrative roles in the French film industry. From 1929 he was the secretary general of the Société des auteurs de films which sought to establish greater recognition for the authorial rights of filmmakers. In the mid-1930s L'Herbier supported the view that the national film industry needed stronger and more coordinated organisation if it was to defend itself against foreign competition, and he was instrumental in setting up a union for various categories of film employees, the Syndicat général des artisans de film, soon renamed as the Syndicat des techniciens de la production cinématographique, of which he became the secretary in 1937, and subsequently president in 1939. The union achieved improvements in rates of pay, hours of work, and insurance arrangements for accidents at work, as well as press accreditation for film journalists. The union could also speak with one voice for all aspects of the industry. After the war L'Herbier continued his lobbying for French cinema by chairing the Comité de défense du cinéma français.
During the Occupation, L'Herbier was among those who accepted the reality of the German victory and set about creating the best conditions for the continuity of French life and French cinema. In this role he became almost a spokesman for the Vichy government on matters relating to the cinema, contributing an article on "Cinématographe" to a quasi-official publication on the state of France and its future in 1941.
In March 1941, L'Herbier was elected president of the Cinémathèque française, but his plans for major reorganisation soon brought him into conflict with its secretary and founder Henri Langlois. Langlois found L'Herbier too autocratic and L'Herbier found Langlois too disorganised. L'Herbier continued as president until 1944, when he was finally outmanoeuvred by Langlois, and he was replaced by Jean Grémillon.
L'Herbier's major contribution to the reshaping of the French film industry was the establishment of a French national film school, something which he had been arguing for over many years. In the wartime conditions, he found that there was government support for the project, and in 1943 the Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC) was established in Paris. L'Herbier became its first president in 1944 and held the position until 1969. IDHEC offered training for directors and producers, cameramen, sound technicians, editors, art directors and costume designers. It became highly influential, and many prominent filmmakers, including some from outside France, received their training there.
Writings
Throughout his career, Marcel L'Herbier was a prolific author on the subject of the cinema. He wrote over 500 articles for magazines and newspapers, some of which were collected in his book Intelligence du cinématographe (Paris: Correa, 1946). One of the themes that he regularly addressed was the concept of authorship in film-making and the need to establish the rights of film authors over their creative work. Another important topic was the distinctive national character of French cinema and the threat to it posed by the unrestricted import of foreign productions. In 1953 he helped to establish the Cinéma section of the newspaper Le Monde.
Before his film career began, L'Herbier published a volume of poetry: ...au jardin des jeux secrets (Paris: Edward Sansot, 1914); and a play: L'Enfantement du mort: miracle en pourpre noir et or (Paris: Georges Clès, 1917).
In his final year, he published an autobiography, La Tête qui tourne (Paris: Belfond, 1979); [the title translates as "the head that spins/shoots a film"].
Marcel L'Herbier died in Paris on 26 November 1979 at the age of 91.
Reputation
In 1921, only three years after his first film, Marcel L'Herbier was voted by readers of a French film magazine as the best French director. In the following year, the critic Léon Moussinac marked him as one of the filmmakers whose work was most important for the future of cinema. In this period, L'Herbier was linked with filmmakers such as Abel Gance, Germaine Dulac and Louis Delluc as part of a "first avant-garde" in French cinema, the first generation to think spontaneously in animated images.
The acclaim which he earned in the 1920s contrasts markedly with the relative neglect of his later work. Even in the silent period, there were those who found his work mannered and marred by an aestheticism unlinked to the subjects of his films. In the 1930s and 1940s, his public roles and sometimes his political associations were interpreted to his disadvantage by some. However, in France his continued presence in so many aspects of the film industry until the 1960s ensured that he was not forgotten. More recently there have been re-issues and re-evaluations of both his silent and sound films and a growth in critical attention to his work.
In the English-speaking world, in the early 21st century L'Herbier remains a largely unknown figure. Screenings of his films have been rare, as have DVD re-issues, and very little of the critical literature about him has been available in English. Standard film histories, however, confirm the lasting significance of his contributions to silent cinema, particularly in El Dorado, L'Inhumaine, and .
Filmography (as director)
References
Further reading
Burch, Noël. Marcel L'Herbier. Paris: Seghers, 1973. (Cinéma d'aujourd'hui: 78). [In French].
Catelain, Jaque. Jaque Catelain présente Marcel L'Herbier. Paris: Vautrin, 1950. [In French].
L'Herbier, Marcel. La Tête qui tourne. Paris: Belfond, 1979. [In French].
Véray, Laurent [ed.]. Marcel L'Herbier: l'art du cinéma. Paris: Association française de recherche sur l'histoire du cinéma, 2007. [Text in French; abstracts in English].
External links
Marcel L'Herbier at Ciné-Ressources [in French]
Les Indépendants du premier siècle
filmdefrance.com
filmreference.com
Moving Image Source "Obscure objects": article by Jonathan Rosenbaum.
1888 births
1979 deaths
Writers from Paris
French film directors
French film producers
Film theorists
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni
French male writers
20th-century French memoirists |
Scythris cycladeae is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Eberhard Jäckh in 1978. It is found in Greece (Naxos Island, the Cyclades).
References
cycladeae
Moths described in 1978 |
```smalltalk
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Ombi.Settings.Settings.Models
{
public class AuthenticationSettings : Settings
{
public bool AllowNoPassword { get; set; }
// Password Options
public bool RequireDigit { get; set; }
public int RequiredLength { get; set; }
public bool RequireLowercase { get; set; }
public bool RequireNonAlphanumeric { get; set; }
public bool RequireUppercase { get; set; }
public bool EnableOAuth { get; set; } // Plex OAuth
public bool EnableHeaderAuth { get; set; } // Header SSO
public string HeaderAuthVariable { get; set; } // Header SSO
public bool HeaderAuthCreateUser { get; set; } // Header SSO
}
}
``` |
François Chevalier (27 May 1914 – 6 May 2012) was a distinguished French historian of Latin America. His most well-known publication is La formation des grands domaines au Mexique (Paris 1952). Translated to Spanish (1956) and English (1963), it is a classic and pioneering work on agrarian history in colonial Mexico, a point of departure for later studies of Mexican haciendas sparking a discussion on whether they were fundamentally feudal or capitalist.
Education and career
Chevalier was a student of geography at the University of Grenoble (1933–36) and alumnus of the École des chartes (1936-40). He became a doctoral student of French historian Marc Bloch and developed interests in accord with the Annales School. During World War II, Chevalier was resident in Madrid at the Casa de Velázquez, with the aid of anthropologist Paul Rivet. In Spain, Chevalier began pursuing his interest in the agrarian history of Mexico using the Archivo General de Indias in Seville. Between 1946 and 1949 he was a fellow of the in Mexico City. During this period he developed his theory concerning the formation of the great landed estates (haciendas) in Mexico. This subject was developed in his doctoral dissertation, directed by Marc Bloch, which he completed in 1949. It was revised for publication in French by the in Paris (1952).
Its publication was a major contribution to colonial Mexican history, but with some lacunae. It was translated to Spanish and published in Mexico in 1956. It was edited and translated to English by Alvin Eustin, with an introduction by Lesley Byrd Simpson and published in 1963 as Land and Society in Colonial Mexico: The Great Hacienda. One reviewer faults this English edition for its many omissions of the original French text and that the English translation is not faithful to the French original. Eric Van Young took Chevalier's work as a point of departure for a lengthy discussion of hacienda studies in Mexico.
Chevalier spent considerable time in Mexico. He had contacts with Mexican historians including José Miranda, , , and Moreno as well as intellectuals visiting Mexico, including Woodrow Borah, Marcel Bataillon, , and Claude Dumas. While in Mexico, Chevalier worked in the Archivo general de la Nación and in regional archives in Guadalajara, Zacatecas, Monterrey, and Puebla. He and his wife Josèphe Chevalier frequently hosted meals and parties for friends and visitors. In a festschrift for Chevalier, an article is devoted to this aspect of his personal life.
He traveled extensively in Mexico, with some journeys on a Harley Davidson motorcycle that he rode in a suit and tie. He visited the isthmus of Tehuantepec, coast of Michoacan, and the highlands of Jalisco, as well as Veracruz, Puebla, Nayarit, and Aguascalientes. During his travels and researches, he accumulated a huge personal archive of photos and notes, which became the basis for his book Viajes y Pasiones.
He returned to France in 1962, where at the time there was little interest in Latin America. With the help of Hispanist , the Spanish literature department at the University of Bordeaux hired Chevalier. He taught courses on Mexico from the prehispanic period to the Mexican Revolution, especially emphasizing issues of land tenure. Between 1962 and 1966, he directed the Institut français des Études andines, traveling to the Andean countries frequently and he collected material for his personal archive-library. In 1969 he had a position at the University of Paris 1, Pantheon-Sorbonne, where he remained until his retirement in 1983.
He had accumulated a huge personal library and archive of materials from Mexico and the Andes, which he donated in his 90s to the Centre de recherches d'histoire de l'Amérique latine et du Monde ibérique (CRALMI) de la Université de Paris I (Panthéon- Sorbonne). A published inventory of the archival materials, photos, and documents appears in the 2005 festschrift.
He died in Paris on 6 June 2012.
Impact of Chevalier's work
Chevalier's publication on the development of the great landed estate in colonial Mexico grew out of his doctoral dissertation under the direction of Marc Bloch. When it was published, it was recognized as a major contribution to Mexican history. Relatively few works in French at the time were translated to Spanish or English, but Chevalier's merited having a wide scholarly readership and was translated into both.
Chevalier's publication built on earlier work by Mexican historians, such as Silvio Zavala, Jesús Silva Herzog, and others, but his book applied the model of the medieval landed estates in France, "emphasizing the politico-institutional dimension highlighted by his own teacher, Marc Bloch." Chevalier viewed the landed estate's development by elites was as much as anything a "psychological" impetus, to show one's status whether or not the estate was profitable.
In 1983, Van Young wrote a major historiographical article taking Chevalier's work as the point of departure, saying that "Thirty years ago, François Chevalier told us everything we had always wanted to hear about "men rich and powerful" and the classical Mexican hacienda... Chevalier, with his painstaking approach to masses of previously unexploited documentation, who brought the great hacienda down from the level of abstraction to that of historical reality."
Chevalier's book set in motion scholarly activity investigating the hacienda in Mexico. Historian Charles Gibson in his magnum opus The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule (1964), called for more research to test Chevalier's hypothesis that the hacienda was a basically feudal enterprise using debt peonage labor. Gibson's doctoral student William B. Taylor examined colonial Oaxaca land tenure patterns and showed that indigenous communities held significant amounts of land, a counter-example to patterns of the Catholic church and colonial elites' accumulation of land.
Honors and recognition
Corresponding member of the Spanish Real Academia de la Historia
Corresponding member of the Academia Mexicana de la Historia
Awarded the "Medalla 1808" by the Government of Mexico City
Exhibition in his honor, 2012 Mexican Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia of a selection of his photos taken during his travels in Mexico.
Colloquium in his honor 2007 "The schools of historiography of France and Mexico: circulation, reception, and debates: Homage to François Chevalier. " at the Instituto Francés de América Latina (IFAL)
Colloquium in his honor, 1990, Universidad de Guadalajara "Las Formas y las políticas del dominio agrario: homenaje a François Chevalier", 1990. "Memorias" from the colloquium were published in 1992.
Publications
La formation des grands domaines au Mexique (terre et société aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles), Paris, Institut d'ethnologie, Paris, 1952. New expanded edition in French, Karthala, 2006.
Formación de los latifundios en México : tierra y sociedad en los Siglos XVI y XVII, trad. de Antonio Alatorre, México : Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1976. (2a. ed., con nueva introducción del autor, 1976; 3a.ed., 1999). Chevalier updated the introduction and bibliography for the 1999 edition.
Land and Society in Colonial Mexico: The Great Hacienda, edited and translated by Alvis Eustin, prologue by Lesley Byrd Simpson, University of California Press, 1963.
L'Amérique latine de l'Indépendance à nos jours, Paris, PUF- Nouvelle Clio, 1977. (2a.ed., 1993).
América Latina : de la Independencia a nuestros días, México : Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1999,
(with Javier Perez Siller), Viajes y pasiones. Imágenes y recuerdos del México rural, México: IFAL - CEMCA - Fondo de Cultura Económica, México : Instituto francés de América latina, 1998.
References
People from Montluçon
1914 births
2012 deaths
Historians of Mexico
20th-century French historians
Latin Americanists
École Nationale des Chartes alumni |
Eleftheroupoli (, katharevousa: Ελευθερούπολις - Eleftheroupolis, until 1929 Πράβι - Pravi, ; ) is a town and a former municipality in the Kavala regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pangaio, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 126.974 km2. At the 2011 census, the municipal unit's population was 9,492, the town's population was 4,360.
.
Sister cities
Antony, France
References
External links
pravi.gr (in Greek)
Populated places in Kavala (regional unit)
Pangaio |
Haplochromis goldschmidti is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Victoria, where it is only known to occur with certainty in the southern part of the Emin Pasha Gulf. It feeds mainly on zooplankton and some insects. This species can reach a length of SL. The specific name honours the Dutch evolutionary biologist Paul-Tijs (Tijs) Goldschmidt (born 30 January 1953 in Amsterdam) who he studied cichlids in Lake Victoria as a researcher from Leiden University.
References
goldschmidti
Fish of Lake Victoria
Fish of Tanzania
Fish described in 2013 |
Ian Anthony Feuer (born May 20, 1971) is a former American professional soccer player who played as a goalkeeper for the US National Olympic Team as well as Luton Town and West Ham United in the English Premier League.
Born in Las Vegas, he played youth soccer in his home state and California before moving to Belgium at the age of sixteen, joining the youth team at Club Brugge. At age 17, he signed his first professional contract with Powerhouse FC Brugge.
He returned to the U.S. in 1993 to join American Professional Soccer League side Los Angeles Salsa where he was named rookie goalkeeper of the season. In 1994, he joined English Premier League side West Ham United. He then played for Luton Town FC and was traded permanently for a fee of £580,000 to complete the deal, and he played in 90 consecutive league matches for the club before his run was ended by a shoulder injury.
Ian later joined Major League Soccer side New England Revolution to replace the retiring Walter Zenga and later, MLS side Colorado Rapids. He later worked as a goalkeeping coach in the U.S., including a nine year spell at LA Galaxy, winning two MLS Cup Championships in 2012 and 2013.
Early life
Feuer, one of six children of show business parents, was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. His father Ron was born in New York and raised in The Bronx, leaving home at the age of sixteen. He became a musician and toured with singers Diana Ross and Paul Anka and appeared in Elvis Presley's last shows in Las Vegas. His mother Rusty was a showgirl in the city and had appeared in opening acts for Rat Pack singers Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. before becoming an agent. While growing up, he developed a love for soccer after beginning to play at age 8 when he joined local youth club Los Gatos following an invite from his friend Anthony, nephew of Las Vegas gangster Anthony Spilotro, as the club were short of players.
He joined another local youth team, the Generals, and by the age of eleven, Feuer had grown significantly taller than most of his team but had been described by his youth coach Larry Griffiths as "the clumsiest, and he wasn't going to make the team". However, Griffiths son Aaron was a friend of Feuer and refused to play unless his friend was included in the team. Griffiths made the decision to convert Feuer into a goalkeeper and trained with him every Saturday to improve his game, building a soccer equivalent of a pitching machine to shoot balls at the young goalkeeper at times for up to eight hours a day. He would face hundreds of shots every hour from the machine and Griffiths praised his determination and noted the improvement in his game, stating "He went from being the worst player on the team to one of the best in the state at 15 years old."
During his time with the Generals, Feuer was banned from playing soccer in the U.S. after an altercation with a linesman during a match. Having conceded a goal that he believed was offside, he remonstrated with the linesman over the decision and made physical contact and was subsequently sent off. Although Feuer states that he placed his hand on the shoulder of the official in order to get his attention, he was charged with physically assaulting the linesman and received a one-year playing ban.
When Feuer and his family moved to Canoga Park in Southern California, he briefly gave up his goal of playing professional soccer with the sport less popular in the state although he did play for the team at Canoga Park High School in his sophomore year in 1986. He later attended training sessions at a local semi-professional club Autobahn who were coached by Rildo da Costa Menezes but was told he was too young to play for the senior team. He developed an interest in skateboarding and surfing, but later attended a soccer clinic run by Harald Schumacher, a childhood hero of his, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama where he was awarded the best goalkeeper out of hundreds of players. Schumacher recommended that Feuer move to Europe to develop his skills and he immediately took his advice, calling home to tell his parents of his intention to move to Belgium, where his family had visited years before.
Playing career
Belgium
Feuer moved to Belgium in 1988, where his Las Vegas youth team had previously played in a youth tournament. When they visited, he stayed with a local Belgian family and the same family contacted a neighbour who was connected to reserve team coach Gilbert Marmenhout at Belgian First Divisionclub Club Brugge. He was offered a trial and impressed enough to be offered a year long deal to play with the club's under-16 squad. Brugge also organised a foster home with a local woman for him to live nearby and he attended a Belgian school that specialised in printing, where he learned Dutch. Unable to drive due to his age, Feuer would cycle to training every day.
After nine months with the youth side, he received a call-up for the reserve team, who were short of goalkeepers due to injury and sickness, to travel to France to play in an under-23 tournament. His performances in the tournament led him to be offered a professional contract with Brugge on his return to Belgium and saw him named as third-choice goalkeeper for the senior team. In 1991, he joined Molenbeek, also of the Belgian First Division, on loan from Brugge. He played nineteen league matches for Molenbeek and the club made approaches to Brugge about signing Feuer on a permanent deal but were rejected.
While with Molenbeek, Feuer was called up to the U.S. national team and made his international debut when he came on for Mark Dodd in the 71st minute of a 3–1 defeat against Morocco in Casablanca on a March 18, 1992. He was also named on the U.S. roster at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelonaas second choice behind Brad Friedel but did not feature in the competition.
Return to U.S.
Having returned to Brugge, Feuer grew frustrated with his lack of playing time and was not being paid by the club but was unable to secure a transfer as Brugge refused to release him from his contract. However, he met Rick Davis, general manager of Los Angeles Salsa, who appealed to FIFA regarding the situation and secured Feuer's release from his contract. He returned to the U.S. and played for Salsa in their 1993 American Professional Soccer Leagueseason, making 17 regular season appearances for them and keeping four clean sheets. He missed seven matches during the season due to undergoing knee surgery in August 1993 before returning for a play-off semi-final match against Vancouver 86ers. The team eventually lost to the Colorado Foxes in the championship game. The Salsa were coached by Rildo Menezes, who had previously coached him as a youngster, and the Brazilian described Feuer as "the best goalie in the U.S.". He was named Rookie goalkeeper of the season whilst with Salsa and was the league's most successful goalkeeper in overtime shootouts.
Move to England
Feuer joined London based club West Ham United for an undisclosed fee for the 1994–95 season becoming the first American goalkeeper to move to the first tier of English football. He did not play any competitive matches for them, with Luděk Mikloško being their first choice keeper. West Ham instead loaned Feuer to Division Two club Peterborough United on 20 February 1995 and he was to play sixteen games for The Posh that season.
On 11 September 1995, Feuer began another loan spell, this time with First Division side Luton Town on an initial three-month deal. He debuted for them two days later against Millwall and started fourteen straight league matches for the Hatters up to a game against Tranmere Rovers on 2 December 1995. On 14 December, he joined Luton on a permanent basis for a fee of £580,000. His first game as a full Luton player was on 16 December 1995 versus Portsmouth. In total he played 38 league games for Luton in the 1995–96 season, being named the club's player of the year.
He established himself as the club's first choice as keeper, seeing time in 97 League matches overall for Luton, until he tore a muscle his right shoulder during a match against Southend United in August 1997, ending a 90 match consecutive appearance streak. During his time out with injury, Kelvin Davis was chosen to deputise and, on his return, Feuer was unable to force his way back into the side.
MLS
On March 24, 1998, Major League Soccer (MLS) signed Feuer from Luton Town. MLS allocated Feuer to the New England Revolution on a four-year contract following Walter Zenga's decision to retire from playing. Having agreed to the move in an attempt to force his way into the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, he made his debut for the club in an overtime shootout defeat to D.C. United. He went on make 26 appearances in the 1998 season and became the tallest player in the history of MLS. During the offseason, Feuer returned to England on loan to join Football Conference club Rushden & Diamonds. The club had been searching for an experienced goalkeeper following injuries to Mark Gayle and Mark Smith, leaving youth team player Steve Corry as the squad's only available goalkeeper. He had been recommended to manager Brian Talbot by coach Terry Westley who had signed Feuer during his time in charge of Luton in 1995. He made his debut for the non-league side in a match against Farnborough Town on 22 December 1998 before keeping a clean-sheet in his league debut four days later against Stevenage Borough. However, Feuer contracted a bout of flu during the match against Stevenage and was forced to miss the club's following match against Woking before returning to the starting line-up for an FA Cup tie against Premier League side Leeds United. Despite struggling to eat for two days prior to the match, Feuer decided to play and was credited with an impressive performance to keep a clean sheet and was named man of the match to help earn his side a replay, eventually losing 3–1 on 13 January 1999. He played seven matches in all competitions during his loan spell and the club made an attempt to sign Feuer on a permanent basis but were unable to afford the fee that the MLS wanted for his release.
When he returned to New England he was traded to the Colorado Rapids for a future draft consideration on February 24, 1999. The Revs traded Feuer when Walter Zenga announced his intention to return to playing for New England. On his arrival in Colorado, he was initially the club's reserve goalkeeper behind Marcus Hahnemann. However, when Hahnemann moved to Fulham during the season, Feuer stepped into the nets for the Rapids last nineteen games of the season.
Return to England
In January 2000, Feuer signed with Cardiff City on a monthly contract as a backup keeper to provide cover for Jon Hallworth, although he did not play a match for the club. A month later, he rejoined West Ham United as manager Harry Redknapp sought cover for Shaka Hislop who had suffered a broken leg. He made his debut, six years after originally signing for the club, when he was drafted in to replace injured Canadian goalkeeper Craig Forrest in a Premier League match against Derby County on 15 April 2000, becoming the tallest goalkeeper to play in the league. He made a further two league appearances, before moving to Division One club Wimbledon at the end of the 1999–2000 season. He spent the next two seasons with Wimbledon as understudy to Kelvin Davis. However, the club did loan him to Premiership side Derby County during the 2001–02 season following an injury to first choice goalkeeper Mart Poom. He was one of several players released by Wimbledon at the end of the 2001–02 season as the club looked to reduce costs due to financial difficulties.
Following his release, Feuer spent time on trial at Wycome Wanderers and Leyton Orient, where he played in three pre-season matches and was offered a permanent contract by manager Paul Brush. However, he failed to respond to the club's contract offer and on August 12, 2002, Feuer signed a week by week contract with Tranmere Rovers when their starting keeper, Keith Welch, was injured. He remained there for two weeks, playing in league matches against Colchester United and Cheltenham Town, before being asked to go on a trial with Arsenal. He spent six weeks at the North London based club but a move was cancelled by his former agent who Feuer described as "dissatisfied". Feuer instead went on a trial with Wolverhampton Wanderers. He joined the club on a non-contract basis as cover for the injured Michael Oakes during September 2002 where he featured as an unused substitute in two league games. Less than a week later, Crystal Palace attempted to sign Feuer when Matt Clarke was injured. However, they could not come to terms with Feuer and pulled out of the deal. Feuer then retired from playing professionally and returned to the U.S. to start a coaching career. He was appointed goalkeeper coach for LA Galaxy in 2007, remaining in the role until 2013 when he was replaced by Matt Reis.
Personal life
His sister Debra Feuer is an actress and married Mickey Rourke in 1981, before divorcing in 1989. Feuer performed the non-speaking role of the Predator in the 2007 film Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem.
Career statistics
Notes
References
1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Las Vegas
American men's soccer players
American expatriate soccer players
American expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in England
Men's association football goalkeepers
Club Brugge KV players
R.W.D. Molenbeek (1909) players
American Professional Soccer League players
Los Angeles Salsa players
West Ham United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
New England Revolution players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Colorado Rapids players
Derby County F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
United States men's international soccer players
Olympic soccer players for the United States
Footballers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Premier League players
Major League Soccer players
American soccer coaches
Soccer players from Las Vegas
LA Galaxy non-playing staff
Pepperdine Waves coaches
USC Trojans women's soccer coaches |
Danaë is a 1612 painting by the Italian Baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi. It hangs in the Saint Louis Art Museum, United States.
Description
Subject matter
The story of Danaë is recorded in Ovid's Metamorphoses and recounts the plight of the daughter of King Acrisius of Argos. A prophecy led him to believe that his grandchild would lead to his death, and therefore imprisoned his daughter to prevent a potential pregnancy. Zeus overcame this challenge by transforming himself into a shower of gold, entering the room and seducing Danaë. She subsequently bore a son Perseus, who went on to kill his grandfather in his adulthood.
Composition
The nude figure of Danaë reclines on her richly textiled bed in a darkened space, while her servant wearing a white headscarf in the background collects gold coins in her blue skirts. The pose and design are based on Artemisia's earlier version of Cleopatra. A cleaning completed in 1986 removed old discolored varnish and restored the vibrant colors of the servant's dress.
Interpretation
Art historians have debated this portrayal of Danaë, with some noting an open, inviting posture, while others observe the clenched fist and closed legs. Some scholars believe this painting refers directly to the rape the artist endured a few years prior, while others argue that she rather had a sympathy for women victimized by unwelcome sexual pressures.
History
Attribution
Unlike most of Artemisia's surviving works, this painting was executed on copper. Given that Orazio was known to work frequently on copper, this has led scholars to debate the authorship between daughter and father. The attribution to Artemisia lies in both the naturalistic rendering of the female form as well as the sensitive portrayal of a woman's distress towards sexual violence.
Provenance
The painting was created while Artemisia was living in Rome, around 1612. The first documented appearance of the painting was at the Sotheby's sale in Monaco on February 22, 1986, where it was sold as a work of the artist's father Orazio. The painting was subsequently purchased by the Saint Louis Art Museum on August 1, 1986.
See also
List of works by Artemisia Gentileschi
References
1610s paintings
Paintings by Artemisia Gentileschi
Paintings based on Metamorphoses
Paintings of Danaë
Paintings in the Saint Louis Art Museum |
The Shawano Post Office is located in Shawano, Wisconsin.
History
The post office was built by the Public Works Administration as part of the New Deal. Its interior features a mural by artist Eugene Higgins entitled 'Early Settlers', completed in 1939.
References
External links
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Shawano County, Wisconsin
Public Works Administration in Wisconsin
Streamline Moderne architecture in Wisconsin
Vernacular architecture in Wisconsin
Brick buildings and structures
Government buildings completed in 1938 |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
// Code generated by applyconfiguration-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package v1
// RoleRefApplyConfiguration represents an declarative configuration of the RoleRef type for use
// with apply.
type RoleRefApplyConfiguration struct {
APIGroup *string `json:"apiGroup,omitempty"`
Kind *string `json:"kind,omitempty"`
Name *string `json:"name,omitempty"`
}
// RoleRefApplyConfiguration constructs an declarative configuration of the RoleRef type for use with
// apply.
func RoleRef() *RoleRefApplyConfiguration {
return &RoleRefApplyConfiguration{}
}
// WithAPIGroup sets the APIGroup field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the APIGroup field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *RoleRefApplyConfiguration) WithAPIGroup(value string) *RoleRefApplyConfiguration {
b.APIGroup = &value
return b
}
// WithKind sets the Kind field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Kind field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *RoleRefApplyConfiguration) WithKind(value string) *RoleRefApplyConfiguration {
b.Kind = &value
return b
}
// WithName sets the Name field in the declarative configuration to the given value
// and returns the receiver, so that objects can be built by chaining "With" function invocations.
// If called multiple times, the Name field is set to the value of the last call.
func (b *RoleRefApplyConfiguration) WithName(value string) *RoleRefApplyConfiguration {
b.Name = &value
return b
}
``` |
Monkeypaw Productions is an American film and television production company founded in 2012 by Jordan Peele. The company is known for producing horror films, such as Get Out, Us, Candyman, Nope and Wendell & Wild. In 2019, the company signed a 5-year exclusivity deal with Universal Pictures.
Overview
In 2012, Jordan Peele launched Monkeypaw Productions and released the comedy series Key & Peele on January 31 on Comedy Central. When the series ended in 2015, Peele and Keegan-Michael Key wrote the script for the action comedy film Keanu which was released on April 29, 2016, by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures.
On September 21, 2015, it was announced that Peele would write and direct his directorial debut feature film Get Out, a social horror film starring Daniel Kaluuya and Allison Williams which was released on February 24, 2017, by Universal Pictures. Following the success of the film, Peele signed a two-year, first-look deal with Universal. The deal was made with the intention of highlighting stories and creatives from marginalized communities.
On November 3, 2015, it was reported that Henry Selick was developing Wendell & Wild, a stop-motion adult animated comedy horror film based on an unpublished book by Selick and Clay McLeod Chapman. The film was set to star Key and Peele, the latter also being a writer and producer on the film. In March 2018, the film was picked up by Netflix. The film premiered at Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2022, and was later released on October 28, 2022.
On May 16, 2017, it was announced that the company and J. J. Abrams's Bad Robot Productions were producing a horror television series titled Lovecraft Country for HBO and Warner Bros. Television Studios. The series was based on and served as a continuation of the 2016 novel of the same name by Matt Ruff. The pilot was written by Misha Green, who served as the showrunner for the series. Peele, Abrams and Ben Stephenson served as executive producers. The series premiered on August 16, 2020.
On May 8, 2018, it was announced that Peele would write and direct his second feature film Us, a horror film starring Lupita Nyong'o, Winston Duke and Elisabeth Moss. The film was released on March 22, 2019, by Universal Pictures. In 2019, Us was featured in a maze for Universal's Halloween Horror Nights and in 2022 as part of the terror tram.
On November 9, 2020, it was announced that Peele would write and direct his third feature film Nope, a science fiction horror film starring Daniel Kaluuya, Keke Palmer and Steven Yeun was released on July 22, 2022, by Universal Pictures. The original set of Jupiter's Claim, the fictional theme park featured in the film was added permanently as a part of Universal Studios Hollywood's Studio Tour. The set became the first Studio Tour attraction to open the same day as a film's release. In 2022, Nope was featured at Universal's Halloween Horror Nights as part of the terror tram with Us.
On September 1, 2021, Monkeypaw and Peele signed a multiyear TV deal with Universal Studio Group ending a previous first-look deal with Amazon Studios. The deal brought both film and television output under a partnership with Universal.
On March 20, 2023, it was announced that Peele would write and direct his fourth feature film and is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2024, by Universal Pictures.
Feature films
Films
Upcoming films
In development
Short films
Television series
TV series
In development
Podcasts
Books
References
External links
Mass media companies established in 2012
Film production companies of the United States |
```forth
*> \brief \b SGBEQUB
*
* =========== DOCUMENTATION ===========
*
* Online html documentation available at
* path_to_url
*
*> \htmlonly
*> Download SGBEQUB + dependencies
*> <a href="path_to_url">
*> [TGZ]</a>
*> <a href="path_to_url">
*> [ZIP]</a>
*> <a href="path_to_url">
*> [TXT]</a>
*> \endhtmlonly
*
* Definition:
* ===========
*
* SUBROUTINE SGBEQUB( M, N, KL, KU, AB, LDAB, R, C, ROWCND, COLCND,
* AMAX, INFO )
*
* .. Scalar Arguments ..
* INTEGER INFO, KL, KU, LDAB, M, N
* REAL AMAX, COLCND, ROWCND
* ..
* .. Array Arguments ..
* REAL AB( LDAB, * ), C( * ), R( * )
* ..
*
*
*> \par Purpose:
* =============
*>
*> \verbatim
*>
*> SGBEQUB computes row and column scalings intended to equilibrate an
*> M-by-N matrix A and reduce its condition number. R returns the row
*> scale factors and C the column scale factors, chosen to try to make
*> the largest element in each row and column of the matrix B with
*> elements B(i,j)=R(i)*A(i,j)*C(j) have an absolute value of at most
*> the radix.
*>
*> R(i) and C(j) are restricted to be a power of the radix between
*> SMLNUM = smallest safe number and BIGNUM = largest safe number. Use
*> of these scaling factors is not guaranteed to reduce the condition
*> number of A but works well in practice.
*>
*> This routine differs from SGEEQU by restricting the scaling factors
*> to a power of the radix. Barring over- and underflow, scaling by
*> these factors introduces no additional rounding errors. However, the
*> scaled entries' magnitudes are no longer approximately 1 but lie
*> between sqrt(radix) and 1/sqrt(radix).
*> \endverbatim
*
* Arguments:
* ==========
*
*> \param[in] M
*> \verbatim
*> M is INTEGER
*> The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] N
*> \verbatim
*> N is INTEGER
*> The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] KL
*> \verbatim
*> KL is INTEGER
*> The number of subdiagonals within the band of A. KL >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] KU
*> \verbatim
*> KU is INTEGER
*> The number of superdiagonals within the band of A. KU >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] AB
*> \verbatim
*> AB is REAL array, dimension (LDAB,N)
*> On entry, the matrix A in band storage, in rows 1 to KL+KU+1.
*> The j-th column of A is stored in the j-th column of the
*> array AB as follows:
*> AB(KU+1+i-j,j) = A(i,j) for max(1,j-KU)<=i<=min(N,j+kl)
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] LDAB
*> \verbatim
*> LDAB is INTEGER
*> The leading dimension of the array A. LDAB >= max(1,M).
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] R
*> \verbatim
*> R is REAL array, dimension (M)
*> If INFO = 0 or INFO > M, R contains the row scale factors
*> for A.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] C
*> \verbatim
*> C is REAL array, dimension (N)
*> If INFO = 0, C contains the column scale factors for A.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] ROWCND
*> \verbatim
*> ROWCND is REAL
*> If INFO = 0 or INFO > M, ROWCND contains the ratio of the
*> smallest R(i) to the largest R(i). If ROWCND >= 0.1 and
*> AMAX is neither too large nor too small, it is not worth
*> scaling by R.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] COLCND
*> \verbatim
*> COLCND is REAL
*> If INFO = 0, COLCND contains the ratio of the smallest
*> C(i) to the largest C(i). If COLCND >= 0.1, it is not
*> worth scaling by C.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] AMAX
*> \verbatim
*> AMAX is REAL
*> Absolute value of largest matrix element. If AMAX is very
*> close to overflow or very close to underflow, the matrix
*> should be scaled.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] INFO
*> \verbatim
*> INFO is INTEGER
*> = 0: successful exit
*> < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value
*> > 0: if INFO = i, and i is
*> <= M: the i-th row of A is exactly zero
*> > M: the (i-M)-th column of A is exactly zero
*> \endverbatim
*
* Authors:
* ========
*
*> \author Univ. of Tennessee
*> \author Univ. of California Berkeley
*> \author Univ. of Colorado Denver
*> \author NAG Ltd.
*
*> \ingroup gbequb
*
* =====================================================================
SUBROUTINE SGBEQUB( M, N, KL, KU, AB, LDAB, R, C, ROWCND,
$ COLCND,
$ AMAX, INFO )
*
* -- LAPACK computational routine --
* -- LAPACK is a software package provided by Univ. of Tennessee, --
* -- Univ. of California Berkeley, Univ. of Colorado Denver and NAG Ltd..--
*
* .. Scalar Arguments ..
INTEGER INFO, KL, KU, LDAB, M, N
REAL AMAX, COLCND, ROWCND
* ..
* .. Array Arguments ..
REAL AB( LDAB, * ), C( * ), R( * )
* ..
*
* =====================================================================
*
* .. Parameters ..
REAL ONE, ZERO
PARAMETER ( ONE = 1.0E+0, ZERO = 0.0E+0 )
* ..
* .. Local Scalars ..
INTEGER I, J, KD
REAL BIGNUM, RCMAX, RCMIN, SMLNUM, RADIX, LOGRDX
* ..
* .. External Functions ..
REAL SLAMCH
EXTERNAL SLAMCH
* ..
* .. External Subroutines ..
EXTERNAL XERBLA
* ..
* .. Intrinsic Functions ..
INTRINSIC ABS, MAX, MIN, LOG
* ..
* .. Executable Statements ..
*
* Test the input parameters.
*
INFO = 0
IF( M.LT.0 ) THEN
INFO = -1
ELSE IF( N.LT.0 ) THEN
INFO = -2
ELSE IF( KL.LT.0 ) THEN
INFO = -3
ELSE IF( KU.LT.0 ) THEN
INFO = -4
ELSE IF( LDAB.LT.KL+KU+1 ) THEN
INFO = -6
END IF
IF( INFO.NE.0 ) THEN
CALL XERBLA( 'SGBEQUB', -INFO )
RETURN
END IF
*
* Quick return if possible.
*
IF( M.EQ.0 .OR. N.EQ.0 ) THEN
ROWCND = ONE
COLCND = ONE
AMAX = ZERO
RETURN
END IF
*
* Get machine constants. Assume SMLNUM is a power of the radix.
*
SMLNUM = SLAMCH( 'S' )
BIGNUM = ONE / SMLNUM
RADIX = SLAMCH( 'B' )
LOGRDX = LOG(RADIX)
*
* Compute row scale factors.
*
DO 10 I = 1, M
R( I ) = ZERO
10 CONTINUE
*
* Find the maximum element in each row.
*
KD = KU + 1
DO 30 J = 1, N
DO 20 I = MAX( J-KU, 1 ), MIN( J+KL, M )
R( I ) = MAX( R( I ), ABS( AB( KD+I-J, J ) ) )
20 CONTINUE
30 CONTINUE
DO I = 1, M
IF( R( I ).GT.ZERO ) THEN
R( I ) = RADIX**INT( LOG( R( I ) ) / LOGRDX )
END IF
END DO
*
* Find the maximum and minimum scale factors.
*
RCMIN = BIGNUM
RCMAX = ZERO
DO 40 I = 1, M
RCMAX = MAX( RCMAX, R( I ) )
RCMIN = MIN( RCMIN, R( I ) )
40 CONTINUE
AMAX = RCMAX
*
IF( RCMIN.EQ.ZERO ) THEN
*
* Find the first zero scale factor and return an error code.
*
DO 50 I = 1, M
IF( R( I ).EQ.ZERO ) THEN
INFO = I
RETURN
END IF
50 CONTINUE
ELSE
*
* Invert the scale factors.
*
DO 60 I = 1, M
R( I ) = ONE / MIN( MAX( R( I ), SMLNUM ), BIGNUM )
60 CONTINUE
*
* Compute ROWCND = min(R(I)) / max(R(I)).
*
ROWCND = MAX( RCMIN, SMLNUM ) / MIN( RCMAX, BIGNUM )
END IF
*
* Compute column scale factors.
*
DO 70 J = 1, N
C( J ) = ZERO
70 CONTINUE
*
* Find the maximum element in each column,
* assuming the row scaling computed above.
*
DO 90 J = 1, N
DO 80 I = MAX( J-KU, 1 ), MIN( J+KL, M )
C( J ) = MAX( C( J ), ABS( AB( KD+I-J, J ) )*R( I ) )
80 CONTINUE
IF( C( J ).GT.ZERO ) THEN
C( J ) = RADIX**INT( LOG( C( J ) ) / LOGRDX )
END IF
90 CONTINUE
*
* Find the maximum and minimum scale factors.
*
RCMIN = BIGNUM
RCMAX = ZERO
DO 100 J = 1, N
RCMIN = MIN( RCMIN, C( J ) )
RCMAX = MAX( RCMAX, C( J ) )
100 CONTINUE
*
IF( RCMIN.EQ.ZERO ) THEN
*
* Find the first zero scale factor and return an error code.
*
DO 110 J = 1, N
IF( C( J ).EQ.ZERO ) THEN
INFO = M + J
RETURN
END IF
110 CONTINUE
ELSE
*
* Invert the scale factors.
*
DO 120 J = 1, N
C( J ) = ONE / MIN( MAX( C( J ), SMLNUM ), BIGNUM )
120 CONTINUE
*
* Compute COLCND = min(C(J)) / max(C(J)).
*
COLCND = MAX( RCMIN, SMLNUM ) / MIN( RCMAX, BIGNUM )
END IF
*
RETURN
*
* End of SGBEQUB
*
END
``` |
Rossato is a surname of Italian origin said to have come from the northern regions of Italy, not to be confused with Rosato another similar surname of Italian origin. Rossato is Latin for red man or man of red complexion. Due to large amounts of ethnic Italians migrating out of the country within recent history it is common to find this surname in other parts of the world with notable Italian minorities e.g Brazil or the United States. Notable people with the surname include:
Adriano Rossato (born 1977), Brazilian retired footballer
Altamiro Rossato (1925–2014), Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate and Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Porto Alegre
Beatrice Rossato (born 1996), Italian professional racing cyclist
Nivaldo Luiz Rossato (born 1951), senior officer of the Brazilian Air Force and its current commander |
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista's Base Categories () is the youth system of Corinthians. The youth system is composed of several age categories ranging from Under-11s to Under-20s. The academy teams play in the state-wide Federação Paulista de Futebol-organized competitions (U-11 to U-20), the Brazilian Football Confederation-organized national championships (U-17 to U-20), and in the prestigious Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior (U-20).
Corinthians' academy is one of Brazil's most successful, winning 10 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-20 and 1 Copa do Brasil Sub-17 titles altogether. Numerous international players have graduated from the academy team.
Competitions
Players
Note: Shirt numbers refer to first-team matches. Academy matches numbers are issued on a match-by-match basis.
Under-23s
Note: Corinthians deactivated the under-23s squad in 2022. Some under-23s players remain under contract and are available for some competitions.
Under-20s
Note: Players currently part of the under-20 squad
Note: Players yet to be registered to any competition
Under-17s
Note: Only players with a professional contract
Staff
Academy Graduates
— Academy graduates who still play for Corinthians, including those that are currently out on loan to other clubs, are in bold.
Notable Graduates
Graduates (2011-present)
Honours
Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 10
1969, 1970, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2017
Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-20: 1
2014
Copa do Brasil Sub-17: 1
2016
Taça Belo Horizonte de Juniores: 1
2015
Mundial de Clubes de La Comunidad de Madrid Sub-17: 1
2010, 2011, 2015
Dallas Cup: 1
1999, 2000
Campeonato Paulista Série B3: 1
2003
References
Academy
Corinthians |
In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in metallurgy but is also used in reference to ceramics and minerals. The behaviors of grain growth is analogous to the coarsening behaviors of grains, which implied that both of grain growth and coarsening may be dominated by the same physical mechanism.
Importance of grain growth
The practical performances of polycrystalline materials are strongly affected by the formed microstructure inside, which is mostly dominated by grain growth behaviors. For example, most materials exhibit the Hall–Petch effect at room-temperature and so display a higher yield stress when the grain size is reduced (assuming abnormal grain growth has not taken place). At high temperatures the opposite is true since the open, disordered nature of grain boundaries means that vacancies can diffuse more rapidly down boundaries leading to more rapid Coble creep. Since boundaries are regions of high energy they make excellent sites for the nucleation of precipitates and other second-phases e.g. Mg–Si–Cu phases in some aluminium alloys or martensite platlets in steel. Depending on the second phase in question this may have positive or negative effects.
Rules of grain growth
Grain growth has long been studied primarily by the examination of sectioned, polished and etched samples under the optical microscope. Although such methods enabled the collection of a great deal of empirical evidence, particularly with regard to factors such as temperature or composition, the lack of crystallographic information limited the development of an understanding of the fundamental physics. Nevertheless, the following became well-established features of grain growth:
Grain growth occurs by the movement of grain boundaries and also by coalescence (i.e. like water droplets)
Grain growth competition between Ordered coalescence and the movement of grain boundaries
Boundary movement may be discontinuous and the direction of motion may change suddenly during abnormal grain growth.
One grain may grow into another grain whilst being consumed from the other side
The rate of consumption often increases when the grain is nearly consumed
A curved boundary typically migrates towards its centre of curvature
Driving force
The boundary between one grain and its neighbour (grain boundary) is a defect in the crystal structure and so it is associated with a certain amount of energy. As a result, there is a thermodynamic driving force for the total area of boundary to be reduced. If the grain size increases, accompanied by a reduction in the actual number of grains per volume, then the total area of grain boundary will be reduced.
In the classic theory, the local velocity of a grain boundary at any point is proportional to the local curvature of the grain boundary, i.e.:
,
where is the velocity of grain boundary, is grain boundary mobility (generally depends on orientation of two grains), is the grain boundary energy and is the sum of the two principal surface curvatures. For example, shrinkage velocity of a spherical grain embedded inside another grain is
,
where is radius of the sphere. This driving pressure is very similar in nature to the Laplace pressure that occurs in foams.
In comparison to phase transformations the energy available to drive grain growth is very low and so it tends to occur at much slower rates and is easily slowed by the presence of second phase particles or solute atoms in the structure.
Recently, in contrast to the classic linear relation between grain boundary velocity and curvature, grain boundary velocity and curvature are observed to be not correlated in Ni polycrystals, which conflicting results has been revealed and be theoretically interpreted by a general model of grain boundary (GB) migration in the previous literature. According to the general GB migration model, the classical linear relation can only be used in a specical case.
A general theory of grain growth
Recently, grain growth behaviors including normal, abnormal and stagnant behaviors can be interpreted by a general theory with a mathematical formula. According to this general theory of grain growth, normal grain growth only occurs in the polycrystalline systems with fully roughening grain boundaries, and abnormal and/or stagnant grain growth can inherently occur in the polycrystalline systems with non-zero GB (grain boundary) step free energy of grains.
Ideal grain growth
Ideal grain growth is a special case of normal grain growth where boundary motion is driven only by local curvature of the grain boundary. It results in the reduction of the total amount of grain boundary surface area i.e. total energy of the system. Additional contributions to the driving force by e.g. elastic strains or temperature gradients are neglected. If it holds that the rate of growth is proportional to the driving force and that the driving force is proportional to the total amount of grain boundary energy, then it can be shown that the time t required to reach a given grain size is approximated by the equation
where d0 is the initial grain size, d is the final grain size and k is a temperature dependent constant given by an exponential law:
where k0 is a constant, T is the absolute temperature and Q is the activation energy for boundary mobility. Theoretically, the activation energy for boundary mobility should equal that for self-diffusion but this is often found not to be the case.
In general these equations are found to hold for ultra-high purity materials but rapidly fail when even tiny concentrations of solute are introduced.
Self-similarity
An old-standing topic in grain growth is the evolution of the grains size distribution. Inspired by the work of Lifshitz and Slyozov on Ostwald ripening, Hillert has suggested that in a normal grain growth process the size distribution function must converge to a self-similar solution, i.e. it becomes invariant when the grain size is scaled with a characteristic length of the system that is proportional to the average grain size .
Several simulation studies, however, have shown that the size distribution deviates from the Hillert's self-similar solution. Hence a search for a new possible self-similar solution was initiated that indeed led to a new class of self-similar distribution functions. Large-scale phase field simulations have shown that there is indeed a self-similar behavior possible within the new distribution functions. It was shown that the origin of the deviation from Hillert's distribution is indeed the geometry of grains specially when they are shrinking.
Normal vs abnormal
In common with recovery and recrystallisation, growth phenomena can be separated into continuous and discontinuous mechanisms. In the former the microstructure evolves from state A to B (in this case the grains get larger) in a uniform manner. In the latter, the changes occur heterogeneously and specific transformed and untransformed regions may be identified. Abnormal or discontinuous grain growth is characterised by a subset of grains growing at a high rate and at the expense of their neighbours and tends to result in a microstructure dominated by a few very large grains. In order for this to occur the subset of grains must possess some advantage over their competitors such as a high grain boundary energy, locally high grain boundary mobility, favourable texture or lower local second-phase particle density.
Factors hindering growth
If there are additional factors preventing boundary movement, such as Zener pinning by particles, then the grain size may be restricted to a much lower value than might otherwise be expected. This is an important industrial mechanism in preventing the softening of materials at high temperature.
Inhibition
Certain materials especially refractories which are processed at high temperatures end up with excessively large grain size and poor mechanical properties at room temperature. To mitigate this problem in a common sintering procedure, a variety of dopants are often used to inhibit grain growth.
References
F. J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly (1995); Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena, Elsevier
Materials science
Metallurgy |
```objective-c
/* TREELANG Compiler definitions for interfacing to treetree.c
(compiler back end interface).
2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program.
You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve
what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding!
your_sha256_hash-----------
Written by Tim Josling 1999, 2000, 2001, based in part on other
parts of the GCC compiler. */
tree tree_code_init_parameters (void);
tree tree_code_add_parameter (tree list, tree proto_exp, tree exp);
tree tree_code_get_integer_value (unsigned char *chars, unsigned int length);
void tree_code_generate_return (tree type, tree exp);
void tree_ggc_storage_always_used (void *m);
tree tree_code_get_expression (unsigned int exp_type, tree type, tree op1,
tree op2, tree op3, location_t loc);
tree tree_code_get_numeric_type (unsigned int size1, unsigned int sign1);
void tree_code_create_function_initial (tree prev_saved,
location_t loc);
void tree_code_create_function_wrapup (location_t loc);
tree tree_code_create_function_prototype (unsigned char* chars,
unsigned int storage_class,
unsigned int ret_type,
struct prod_token_parm_item* parms,
location_t loc);
tree tree_code_create_variable (unsigned int storage_class,
unsigned char* chars,
unsigned int length,
unsigned int expression_type,
tree init,
location_t loc);
void tree_code_output_expression_statement (tree code,
location_t loc);
void tree_code_if_start (tree exp, location_t loc);
void tree_code_if_else (location_t loc);
void tree_code_if_end (location_t loc);
tree tree_code_get_type (int type_num);
void treelang_init_decl_processing (void);
void treelang_finish (void);
bool treelang_init (void);
unsigned int treelang_init_options (unsigned int, const char **);
int treelang_handle_option (size_t scode, const char *arg, int value);
void treelang_parse_file (int debug_flag);
void push_var_level (void);
void pop_var_level (void);
const char* get_string (const char *s, size_t l);
``` |
An implantable myoelectric sensor (IMES) is a sensor implanted in or near a muscular region of the body in order to read the electric outputs of the muscles. This allows the device to measure the exact degree of activation of the muscle. This device is primarily used in disabled individuals as a detection module that feeds information regarding movement to externally powered and controlled prosthetics (e.g. synthetic arm, leg, etc.). The IMES was invented by Dr. Richard F. ff. Weir of the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and Dr. Philip Troyk of the Illinois Institute of Technology, with the first experimental studies performed by Jack F. Schorsch of the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago.
IMES are an implantable electromyographic sensor meaning that they work by picking up on the electrical outputs of muscles. They do this by detecting the electrical potential across the terminal electrodes of this device. These potentials are representative of the electrical activity of nearby muscles. After acquisition, the potentials are amplified and digitized before transmission. Transmission occurs over a band separated tx/rx link. Generally multiple IMES are implanted into discrete muscles or muscle compartments to increase the sensitivity of the individual implant for that muscle. The IMES control unit is capable of allocating total available bandwidth across the number of implants in the system, and supports up to 16 implants on an individual base station. By using multiple implants, it is possible to use machine learning and pattern recognition techniques to estimate movement intent.
Power and data transmission are accomplished over a shared inductive link. There are no internal batteries for the IMES device, and no dedicated onboard memory resources for the implanted, and it must remain within the inductive power field to operate.
See also
Myoelectric Prosthesis
References
Electrodiagnosis
Neurophysiology
Prosthetics
Rehabilitation medicine |
SonyLIV is an Indian subscription video on-demand over-the-top Internet streaming platform that has distributed a number of original streaming television shows, including original series, specials and films.
SonyLIV original productions also include licensing or co-producing content from international broadcasters for exclusive broadcast in India and other territories. which is also branded as SonyLIV original content.
LIV originals
These includes the TV shows, Mini-Series and films that are partly or fully distributed by SonyLIV, some of which are also Produced and co-produced with other digital labs and labelled as an original content.
TV shows
Films
Exclusive programming
These includes the exclusive digital streaming rights of the TV shows and films sold to SonyLIV by their respective production companies.
TV shows
Documentaries
Films
Exclusive international distribution
TV shows
See also
Sony Pictures Networks India
List of Amazon India originals
List of Hotstar original films
List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming
List of Netflix India originals
List of ZEE5 original programming
JioCinema
References
External links
List of Sonyliv Originals
Internet streaming services
Lists of television series by network
Lists of television series by streaming service
Video on demand services
Internet-related lists |
Rosemary Sayigh (née: Boxer; born 1927) is a British-born journalist and scholar of Middle Eastern history. Sayigh is known for her works on the Palestinian people, particularly refugees from the Nakba who fled to Lebanon.
Biography
She was born on 15 March 1927. She is the elder sister of Mark Boxer, a British journalist. She married Yusif Sayigh at the National Evangelical Church in Beirut on 7 October 1953. Her son is fellow scholar Yezid Sayigh. She earned her MA from the American University of Beirut in 1970 and her PhD from University of Hull in 1994.
Sayigh was a journalist with the Economist until 1970, when she left due to disgust with the magazine's uncritical, pro-American position on the Vietnam War".
During the 2006 Lebanon War, Sayigh and her family were evacuated from their home in Beirut to Cyprus.
Writings
She is the author of Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries; A People’s History (1979, Zed Books) and Too Many Enemies: The Palestinian Experience in Lebanon (1993, Zed Books).
References
External links
1927 births
Living people
Writers from Birmingham, West Midlands
British expatriates in Lebanon
Historians of the Middle East
American University of Beirut alumni
Alumni of the University of Hull
The Economist people
Oral historians |
Infantry tactics are the combination of military concepts and methods used by infantry to achieve tactical objectives during combat. The role of the infantry on the battlefield is, typically, to close with and engage the enemy, and hold territorial objectives; infantry tactics are the means by which this is achieved. Infantry commonly makes up the largest proportion of an army's fighting strength, and consequently often suffers the heaviest casualties. Throughout history, infantrymen have sought to minimise their losses in both attack and defence through effective tactics. (For a wider view of battle and theater tactics see: Military strategy)
Infantry tactics are the oldest method of warfare and span all eras. In different periods, the prevailing technology of the day has had an important impact on infantry tactics. In the opposite direction, tactical methods can encourage the development of particular technologies. Similarly, as weapons and tactics evolve, so do the tactical formations employed, such as the Greek phalanx, the Spanish tercio, the Napoleonic column, or the British 'thin red line'. In different periods the numbers of troops deployed as a single unit can also vary widely, from thousands to a few dozen.
Modern infantry tactics vary with the type of infantry deployed. Armoured and mechanised infantry are moved and supported in action by vehicles, while others may operate amphibiously from ships, or as airborne troops inserted by helicopter, parachute or glider, whereas light infantry may operate mainly on foot. In recent years, peacekeeping operations in support of humanitarian relief efforts have become particularly important. Tactics also vary with terrain. Tactics in urban areas, jungles, mountains, deserts or arctic areas are all markedly different.
Ancient history
The infantry phalanx was a Sumerian tactical formation as far back as the third millennium BC. It was a tightly knit group of hoplites, generally upper and middle class men, typically eight to twelve ranks deep, armored in helmet, breastplate, and greaves, armed with two-to-three metre (6~9 foot) pikes and overlapping round shields. It was most effective in narrow areas, such as Thermopylae, or in large numbers. Although the early Greeks focused on the chariot, because of local geography, the phalanx was well developed in Greece and had superseded most cavalry tactics by the Greco-Persian Wars. In the fourth century BC Philip II of Macedon reorganized his army, with emphasis on phalanges, and the first scientific military research. Theban and Macedonian tactics were variations focused on a concentrated point to break through the enemy phalanx, following the shock of cavalry. Carefully organized—into tetrarchia of 64 men, taxiarchiae of two tetrarchiae, syntagmatae of two taxiarchiae, chilliarchiae of four syntagmatae, and phalanges of four chilliarchiae, with two chilliarchiae of peltasts and one chilliarchia each of psiloi and epihipparchy (cavalry) attached—and thoroughly trained, these proved exceedingly effective in the hands of Alexander III of Macedon.
However, as effective as the Greek phalanx was, it was inflexible. Rome made their army into a complex professional organization, with a developed leadership structure and a rank system. The Romans made it possible for small-unit commanders to receive rewards and medals for valor and advancement in battle. Another major advantage was a new tactical formation, the manipular legion (adopted around 300BC), which could operate independently to take advantage of gaps in an enemy line, as at the Battle of Pydna. Perhaps the most important innovation was improving the quality of training to a level not seen before. Although individual methods were used by earlier generations, the Romans were able to combine them into an overwhelmingly successful army, able to defeat any enemy for more than two centuries.
The Roman tactical system
On the infantry level, the Roman Army adapted new weapons: the pilum (a piercing javelin), the gladius (a short thrusting sword), and the scutum (a large convex shield) providing protection against most attacks without the inflexibility of the phalanx. Generally, battle would open with a volley of light pila from up to (and frequently far less), followed by a volley of heavy pila just before the clashing with scuta and gladii. Roman soldiers were trained to stab with these swords instead of slash, always keeping their shields in front of them, maintaining a tight shield-wall formation with their fellow soldiers. To motivate the Roman soldier to come within two metres (6 ft) of his enemy (as he was required to do with the gladius) he would be made a citizen after doing so, upon completion of his term of service. Roman infantry discipline was strict and training constant and repetitive.
The manipular legion was an improvement over the phalanx on which it was based, providing flexibility and responsiveness unequalled before that time. By increasing dispersal, triple that of a typical phalanx, the manipular legion had the unanticipated benefit of reducing the lethality of opposing weapons. Coupled with superb training and effective leaders, the Roman army was the finest in the world for centuries. The army's power on the field was such that its leaders avoided most fortifications, preferring to meet the enemy on open ground. To take an enemy-held fortification, the Roman army would cut off any supply lines, build watchtowers around the perimeter, set up catapults, and force the enemy to attempt to stop them from reducing the fortification's walls to rubble. The Roman army's achievements were carefully carved in stone on Trajan's Column, and are well documented by artifacts strewn about battlefields all over Europe.
Middle Ages
After the fall of the Roman Empire, many of the ingenious tactics they used disappeared. Tribes such as the Visigoths and Vandals preferred to simply rush their enemies in a massive horde. These tribes would often win battles against more advanced enemies by achieving surprise and outnumbering their foes. Born out of the partition of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire created an effective military. Its conscripts were well-paid and led by commanders educated in military tactics and history. However, the army mostly relied on cavalry, making the infantry a smaller portion of its overall force.
The Vikings were able to be effective against stronger enemies through surprise and mobility. Like guerrillas in other wars, the Vikings could decide when and where to attack. In part because of their flat bottomed ships, which enabled them to sneak deep into Europe by river before carrying out an attack, the Vikings could frequently catch their enemies by surprise. Monasteries were common targets because they were seldom heavily defended and often contained substantial amounts of valuables.
Battles of the Middle Ages were often smaller than those involving the Roman and Grecian armies of Antiquity. Armies (much like the states of the period) were more decentralized. There was little systematic organisation of supplies and equipment. Leaders were often incompetent; their positions of authority often based on birth, not ability. Most soldiers were much more loyal to their feudal lord than their state, and insubordination within armies was common. However, the biggest difference between previous wars and those of the Middle Ages was the use of heavy cavalry, particularly knights. Knights could often easily overrun infantry armed with swords, axes, and clubs. Infantry typically outnumbered knights somewhere between five and ten to one. They supported the knights and defended any loot the formation had. Infantry armed with spears could counter the threat posed by enemy cavalry. At other times pits, caltraps, wagons or sharpened wooden stakes would be used as protection from charging cavalry, while archers brought down the enemy horsemen with arrows; the English used stakes to defend against French knights at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
Pikemen often became a substitute for communities and villages who could not afford large forces of heavy cavalry. The pike could be up to long, whereas the spear was only 6 to in length. Archers would be integrated into these forces of spearmen or pikemen to rain down arrows upon an enemy while the spears or pikes held the enemy at bay. Polearms were improved again with the development of the halberd. The halberd could be the length of a spear, but with an axe head which enabled the user to stab or chop the enemy cavalry with either the front of the axe or a thin point on the opposite side. The Japanese also created polearms. The naginata consisted of an approximately long shaft and a blade. The naginata was often used by women to guard a castle in the absence of men.
The crossbow, which did not require trained archers, was frequently used in armies where the extensive training necessary for longbow was not practical. The biggest disadvantage of crossbows was the slow reloading time. With the advent of steel and mechanical drawing aids, crossbows became more powerful than ever. Armor proof against longbows and older crossbows could not stop quarrels from these improved weapons. Pope Innocent II put a ban on them, but the move toward using this lethal weapon had already started.
The first gunpowder weapons usually consisted of metal tubes tied down to wooden staves. Usually, these weapons could only be fired once. These gonnes, or hand cannons, were not very accurate, and would usually be fired from city walls or in ambush. Like the crossbow, the gonne did not require trained soldiers and could penetrate the armor worn by enemy soldiers. Ranged weapon users were protected by soldiers with melee weapons. Knights would be on either sides of this force and close in on the enemy to destroy them after they had been weakened by volleys. The introduction of firearms presaged a social revolution; even an illiterate peasant could kill a noble knight.
Modern history
Early modern period
As firearms became cheaper and more effective, they grew to widespread use among infantry beginning in the 16th century. Requiring little training, firearms soon began to make swords, maces, bows, and other weapons obsolete. Pikes, as a part of pike and shot formation, survived a good deal longer. By the mid-16th century, firearms had become the main weapons in many armies. The main firearm of that period was the arquebus. Although less accurate than the bow, an arquebus could penetrate most armours of the period and required little training. In response, armor thickened, making it very heavy and expensive. As a result, the cuirass replaced the mail hauberk and full suits of armour, and only the most valuable cavalry wore more than a padded shirt.
Soldiers armed with arquebuses were usually placed in three lines so one line would be able to fire, while the other two could reload. This tactic enabled an almost constant flow of gunfire to be maintained and made up for the inaccuracy of the weapon. In order to hold back cavalry, wooden palisades or pikemen would be in front of arquebusiers. An example of this is the Battle of Nagashino.
Maurice of Nassau, leader of the 1580s Dutch Revolt, made a number of tactical innovations, one of which was to break his infantry into smaller and more mobile units, rather than the traditional clumsy and slow-moving squares. The introduction of volley fire helped compensate for the inaccuracy of musket fire by and was first used in European combat at Nieuwpoort in 1600. These changes required well-drilled troops who could maintain formation while repeatedly loading and reloading, combined with better control and thus leadership. The overall effect was to professionalise both officers and men; Maurice is sometimes claimed as the creator of the modern officer corps.
His innovations were further adapted by Gustavus Adolphus who increased the effectiveness and speed of volley fire by using the more reliable wheel-lock musket and paper cartridge, while improving mobility by removing heavy armour. Perhaps the biggest change was to increase the numbers of musketeers and eliminating the need for pikemen by using the plug bayonet. Its disadvantage was that the musket could not be fired once fixed; the socket bayonet overcame this issue but the technical problem of keeping it attached took time to perfect.
Once this was resolved in the early 18th century, the accepted practice was for both sides to fire then charging with fixed bayonets; this required careful calculation since the closer the lines, the more effective the first volleys. One of the most famous examples of this was at Fontenoy in 1745 when the British and French troops allegedly invited each other to fire first.
The late 17th century emphasised the defence and assault of fortified places and avoiding battle unless on extremely favourable terms. In the 18th century, changes in infantry tactics and weapons meant a greater willingness to accept battle and so drill, discipline and retaining formation became more important. There were many reasons for this, one being that until the invention of smokeless powder, retaining contact with the men on either side of you was sometimes the only way of knowing which way to advance. Infantry in line was extremely vulnerable to cavalry attack, leading to the development of the carré or square; while not unknown, it was rare for cavalry to break a well-held square.
Late modern period
Napoleonic
Napoleon Bonaparte implemented many military reforms to change the nature of warfare. Napoleon's single greatest legacy in warfare was the extensive use and elaboration of the disseminated army; he separated groups of units in his army to spread them out over a wider area but kept them under his central command unlike in earlier times when each separate division would have fought independently. This allowed him to force battle by turning or encircling the enemy army where in previous eras armies only fought by mutual consent or because a surprise manoeuvre had them trapped against an obstacle such as a river.
He relied heavily on the column, a formation less than a hundred men wide and containing an entire brigade in tight formation and mostly advanced to contact with the bayonet. The constant movement and sheer mass of this formation could break through most enemy lines, but was susceptible to being broken by well-drilled or large volumes of fire as it could not fire as it advanced. Its main advantage was its ability to march rapidly and then deploy into line comparatively easily, especially with well-drilled and motivated troops such as those available to Napoleon after the French Revolution. He later utilised the Mixed Order formation which could be a combination of one or more lines supported by one or more columns. This offered the extended firepower of the line with the rapid reaction ability of the column in support.
The column formation allowed the unit rapid movement, a very effective charge (due to weight of numbers) or it could quickly form square to resist cavalry attacks, but by its nature, only a fraction of its muskets would be able to open fire. The line offered a substantially larger musket frontage allowing for greater shooting capability but required extensive training to allow the unit to move over ground as one while retaining the line.
The mixed order remained a part of French tactical doctrine as the French army grew in discipline, capitalising as it did on the strengths of both the line and column formations while avoiding some of their inherent weaknesses. It was used extensively by Napoleon when commanding the Grande Armée.
This greatly surpassed other armies at the time which had to move slowly to keep their lines aligned and coherent and as such keep the cavalry from their interior; spaces could be guarded with musket fire, but the line had to be generally aligned and this could be lost over even apparently flat undulating ground as individuals slowed or sped up across uneven ground. The only antidote was slow movement and the column afforded tactical battlefield manoeuvrability and as such a chance to outflank or outmanoeuvre the enemy, or, more importantly, concentrate against weaknesses in the enemy lines.
Napoleon was also an avid user of artillery —he began his career as an artillery officer— and used the artillery to great effect due to his specialist knowledge. The French army after the French Revolution was greatly motivated and after the reforms of 1791, well trained in the newest doctrine.
Napoleon was eventually defeated, but his tactics were studied well into the 19th Century, even as improved weapons made massed infantry attacks increasingly hazardous.
Irregular tactics
Countries which have not been major world powers have used many other infantry tactics. In South Africa, the Zulu impis (regiments) were infamous for their bull horn tactic. It involved four groups - two in the front, one on the left, and one on the right. They would surround the enemy unit, close in, and destroy them with short assegai, or iklwas while fire-armed Zulus kept up a harassing fire. The Zulu warriors surprised and often overwhelmed their enemies, even much better armed and equipped enemies such as the British army.
The Sudanese fought their enemies by using a handful of riflemen to lure enemy riflemen into the range of concealed Sudanese spearmen. In New Zealand, the Māori hid in fortified bunkers or pā that could withstand strikes from even some of the most powerful weapons of the 19th century before luring opposing forces into an ambush. Sometimes the natives would arm themselves with weapons similar or superior to those of the imperialistic country they were fighting. During the Battle of Little Bighorn, Lt. Colonel George Custer and five out of twelve companies of the 7th Cavalry were destroyed by a force of Sioux and Cheyenne.
Unconventional infantry tactics often put a conventional enemy at a disadvantage. During the Second Boer War, the Boers used guerrilla tactics to fight the conventional British Army. Boer marksmen would often pick off British soldiers from hundreds of yards away. These constant sniper attacks forced the British infantry to begin wearing khaki uniforms instead of their traditional red. The Boers were much more mobile than the British infantry and thus could usually choose where a battle would take place. These unconventional tactics forced the British to adopt some unorthodox tactics of their own.
After 1945
The Korean War was the first major conflict following World War II. New devices, including smaller radios and the helicopter were also introduced. Parachute drops, which tended to scatter a large number of men over the battlefield, were replaced by airmobile operations using helicopters to deliver men in a precise manner. Helicopters also provided fire support in many cases, and could be rushed to deliver precision strikes on the enemy. Thus, the infantry was free to range far beyond the conventional fixed artillery positions. They could even operate behind enemy lines, and later be extracted by air. This led to the concept of vertical envelopment (originally conceived for airborne), in which the enemy is not flanked to the left or right, but rather from above.
Mobile infantry tactics
As part of the development of armored warfare, typified by blitzkrieg, new infantry tactics were devised. More than ever, battles consisted of infantry working together with tanks, aircraft, artillery as part of combined arms. One example of this is how infantry would be sent ahead of tanks to search for anti-tank teams, while tanks would provide cover for the infantry. Portable radios allowed field commanders to communicate with their HQs, allowing new orders to be relayed instantly.
Another major development was the means of transportation; no longer did soldiers have to walk (or ride a horse) from location to location. The prevalence of motor transport, however, has been overstated; Germany used more horses for transport in World War II than in World War I, and British troops as late as June 1944 were still not fully motorized. Although there were trucks in World War I, their mobility could never be fully exploited because of the trench warfare stalemate, as well as the terribly torn up terrain at the front and the ineffectiveness of vehicles at the time. During World War II, infantry could be moved from one location to another using half-tracks, trucks, and even aircraft, which left them better rested and able to fight once they reached their objective.
A new type of infantry, the paratrooper, was deployed as well. These lightly armed soldiers would parachute behind enemy lines, hoping to catch the enemy off-guard. First used by the Germans in 1940, they were to seize key objectives and hold long enough for additional forces to arrive. They required prompt support from regulars, however; First British Airborne was decimated at Arnhem after being left essentially cut off.
To counter the tank threat, World War II infantry initially had few options other than the so-called "Molotov cocktail" (first used by Chinese troops against Japanese tanks around Shanghai in 1937) and anti-tank rifle. Neither was particularly effective, especially if armor was accompanied by supporting infantry. These, and later anti-tank mines, some of which could be magnetically attached to the tank, required the user to get closer than was prudent. Later developments, such as the Bazooka, PIAT, and Panzerfaust, allowed a more effective attack against armor from a distance. Thus, especially in the ruined urban zones, tanks were forced to enter accompanied by squads of infantry.
Marines became prominent during the Pacific War. These soldiers were capable of amphibious warfare on a scale not previously known. As Naval Infantry, both Japanese and American Marines enjoyed the support of naval craft such as battleships, cruisers, and the newly developed aircraft carriers. As with conventional infantry, the Marines used radios to communicate with their supporting elements. They could call in sea and air bombardment very quickly.
The widespread availability of helicopters following World War II allowed the emergence of an air mobility tactics such as aerial envelopment.
Squad tactics
Small unit tactics, squad in particular, had basic principles of assault, and support elements that were generally adopted by all the major combatants, with differences being in the exact size of units, placement of the elements and specialized guidance.
Offensive tactics
The main goal was to advance by means of fire and movement with minimal casualties while maintaining unit effectiveness and control.
The German squad would win the Feuerkampf (fire fight), then occupy key positions. The rifle and machine gun teams were not separate, but part of the Gruppe, though men were often firing at will. Victory went to the side able to concentrate the most fire on target most quickly. Generally, soldiers were ordered to hold fire until the enemy was or closer, when troops opened fire on mainly large targets; individuals were fired upon only from or below.
The German squad had two main formations while moving on the battlefield. When advancing in the Reihe, or single file, formation, the commander took the lead, followed by the machine gunner and his assistants, then riflemen, with the assistant squad commander moving on the rear. The Reihe moved mostly on tracks and it presented a small target on the front. In some cases, the machine gun could be deployed while the rest of the squad held back. In most cases, the soldiers took advantage of the terrain, keeping behind contours and cover, and running out into the open when there were none to be found.
A Reihe could easily be formed into Schützenkette, or skirmish line. The machine gun deployed on the spot, while riflemen came up on the right, left or both sides. The result was a ragged line with men about five paces apart, taking cover whenever available. In areas where resistance was serious, the squad executed "fire and movement". This was used either with the entire squad, or the machine gun team down while riflemen advanced. Commanders were often cautioned not to fire the machine gun until forced to do so by enemy fire. The object of the firefight was to not necessarily to destroy the enemy, but Niederkämpfen - to beat down, silence, or neutralize them.
The final phases of an offensive squad action were the firefight, advance, assault, and occupation of position:
The Fire Fight was the fire unit section. The section commander usually only commanded the light machine gunner (LMG) to open fire upon the enemy. If much cover existed and good fire effect was possible, riflemen took part early. Most riflemen had to be on the front later to prepare for the assault. Usually, they fired individually unless their commander ordered them to focus on one target.
The Advance was the section that worked its way forward in a loose formation. Usually, the LMG formed the front of the attack. The farther the riflemen followed behind the LMG, the more easily the rear machine guns could shoot past them.
The Assault was the main offensive in the squad action. The commander made an assault whenever he was given the opportunity rather than being ordered to do so. The whole section was rushed into the assault while the commander led the way. Throughout the assault, the enemy had to be engaged with the maximum rate of fire. The LMG took part in the assault, firing on the move. Using hand grenades, machine pistols, rifles, pistols, and entrenching tools, the squad tried to break the enemy resistance. The squad had to reorganize quickly once the assault was over.
When occupying a position (The Occupation of Position), the riflemen group up into twos or threes around the LMG so they could hear the section commander.
The American squad's basic formations were very similar to that of the Germans. The U.S. squad column had the men strung out with the squad leader and BAR man in front with riflemen in a line behind them roughly 60 paces long. This formation was easily controlled and maneuvered and it was suitable for crossing areas open to artillery fire, moving through narrow covered routes, and for fast movement in woods, fog, smoke, and darkness.
The skirmish line was very similar to the Schützenkette formation. In it, the squad was deployed in a line roughly 60 paces long. It was suitable for short rapid dashes but was not easy to control. The squad wedge was an alternative to the skirmish line and was suitable for ready movement in any direction or for emerging from cover. Wedges were often used away from the riflemen's range of fire as it was much more vulnerable than the skirmish line.
In some instances, especially when a squad was working independently to seize an enemy position, the commander ordered the squad to attack in sub-teams. "Team Able", made up of two riflemen scouts, would locate the enemy; "Team Baker", composed of a BAR man and three riflemen, would open fire. "Team Charlie", made up of the squad leader and the last five riflemen, would make the assault. The assault is given whenever possible and without regard to the progress of the other squads. After the assault, the squad advanced, dodging for cover, and the bayonets were fixed. They would move rapidly toward the enemy, firing and advancing in areas occupied by hostile soldiers. Such fire would usually be delivered in a standing position at a rapid rate. After taking the enemy's position, the commander would either order his squad to defend or continue the advance.
The British method formations depended chiefly on the ground and the type of enemy fire that was encountered. Five squad formations were primarily used: blobs, single file, loose file, irregular arrowhead, and the extended line. The blob formation, first used in 1917, referred to ad hoc gatherings of 2 to 4 men, hidden as well as possible. The regular single file formation was only used in certain circumstances, such as when the squad was advancing behind a hedgerow. The loose file formation was a slightly more scattered line suitable for rapid movement, but vulnerable to enemy fire. Arrowheads could deploy rapidly from either flank and were hard to stop from the air. The Extended Line was perfect for the final assault, but it was vulnerable if fired upon from the flank.
The British squad would commonly break up into two groups for the attack. The Bren group consisted of the two-man Bren gun team and second in command that formed one element, while the main body of the riflemen with the squad commander formed another. The larger group that contained the commander was responsible for closing in on the enemy and advancing promptly when under fire. When under effective fire, riflemen went to fully fledged "fire and movement". The riflemen were ordered to fall to the ground as if they had been shot, and then crawl to a good firing position. They took rapid aim and fired independently until the squad commander called for cease fire. On some occasions the Bren group advanced by bounds, to a position where it could effectively commence fire, preferably at 90 degrees to the main assault. In this case both the groups would give each other cover fire. The final attack was made by the riflemen who were ordered to fire at the hip as they went in.
Defensive tactics
German defensive squad tactics stressed the importance of integration with larger plans and principles in posts scattered in depth. A Gruppe was expected to dig in at (the maximum that a squad leader could effectively oversee). Other cover such as single trees and crests were said to attract too much enemy fire and were rarely used. While digging, one member of the squad was to stand sentry. Gaps between dug-in squads may be left, but covered by fire. The placing of the machine gun was key to the German squad defence, which was given several alternative positions, usually being placed apart.
Pairs of soldiers were deployed in foxholes, trenches, or ditches. The pair stood close together in order to communicate with each other. The small sub-sections would be slightly separated, thus decreasing the effect of enemy fire. If the enemy did not immediately mobilize, the second stage of defense, entrenching, was employed. These trenches were constructed behind the main line where soldiers could be kept back under cover until they were needed.
The defensive firefight was conducted by the machine gun at an effective range while riflemen were concealed in their foxholes until the enemy assault. Enemy grenades falling on the squad's position were avoided by diving away from the blast or by simply throwing or kicking the grenade back. This tactic was very dangerous and U.S. sources report American soldiers losing hands and feet this way.
In the latter part of the war, emphasis was put on defense against armored vehicles. Defensive positions were built on a "tank-proof obstacle" composed of at least one anti-tank weapon as well as artillery support directed by an observer. To intercept enemy tanks probing a defensive position, squads often patrolled with an anti-tank weapon.
Platoon tactics
Platoon is made up of squads and a command element. Usually 4 squads make up a platoon, but this can vary by the army and time period. Command element is small and is often just one officer and one NCO. Together a platoon is about 40 soldiers.
For tactics, platoon can function independently, providing its own covering fire, and have an assaulting element. For this there is a division made by the platoon leader regarding what squads are assigned what combat task (defense or offense). Within offense (assault, fire support, or in reserve)
It can also function as part of the company.
Company level tactics
Company is made up of platoons. Usually some platoons are “line” platoons, meaning they consist of soldiers with standard weapons, and then there is a support element (totaling the size of another platoon), with heavier weapons, namely mortars, heavier machine guns. It also has a larger supply unit, usually 3-10 soldiers, a small medic unit, supply unit and a communication unit. Companies in 20th century varied quite a bit by country of origin, but for Germany, USA, and UK between 170-200 soldiers was about the normal.
Dedicated supply section entered the military hierarchy at the company level.
Tactics start to become more complex at the company level, as more weapon systems are available at the commander’s disposal.
In World War II, some interesting variations are bicycle messengers in German infantry companies, and two snipers in a Soviet rifle company.
Generally, in all the armies of the 20th century, a company is the first unit that is designed to function autonomously.
Battalion level tactics
Battalion is made up of line companies, larger headquarters, and heavier support weapons.
Ratio remains the same. Usually three line companies and one support unit.
Battalions are led by a Major or Lieutenant Colonel, with a staff of about 30-40 soldiers. Exception here are Soviet units which traditionally had smaller staffs than American or German counterparts.
A battalion is the first level that intelligence, combat engineers, air-defense and anti-tank artillery entered a unit.
Tactics of a battalion gave a lot more flexibility to the commander. In 20th century, usual deployment involved certain amount of units deployed, with specific weapon systems supporting it, creating a chess style scenario, where the side on the offensive would generally try to attack least powerful elements, while the defense would try to anticipate the correct threat and neutralize it with appropriate weapon systems.
Regiment level tactics
Regiment is the final level in tactical infantry progression. After regiment you have division, and that is operational level.
Infantry entrenchment
During the Second World War, trenches, ditches, foxholes and Dragon's teeth (fortification) were used extensively.
Infantry warfare by type
Jungle warfare
Jungle warfare was heavily shaped by the experiences of all the major powers in the Southeast Asian theatre of operations during World War II. Jungle terrain tended to break up and isolate units. It tended to fragment the battle. It called for greater independence and leadership among junior leaders, and all the major powers increased the level of training and experience level required for junior officers and NCOs. But fights in which squad or platoon leaders found themselves fighting on their own also called for more firepower. All the combatants, therefore, found ways to increase both the firepower of individual squads and platoons. The intent was to ensure that they could fight on their own ... which often proved to be the case.
Japan, as one example, increased the number of heavy weapons in each squad. The "strengthened" squad used from 1942 onwards was normally 15 men. The Japanese squad contained one squad automatic weapon (a machine gun fed from a magazine and light enough to be carried by one gunner and an assistant ammunition bearer). A designated sniper was also part of the team, as was a grenadier with a rifle-grenade launcher.
The squad's weaponry also included a grenade-launcher team armed with what some historians might often mistakenly call a "knee mortar". This was in fact a light mortar of 50 mm that threw high explosive, illumination and smoke rounds out to as far as 400 metres. Set on the ground and fired with arm outstretched, the operator varied the range by adjusting the height of the firing pin within the barrel (allowing the mortar to be fired through small holes in the jungle canopy). The balance of the squad carried bolt-action rifles.
The result was that each squad was now a self-sufficient combat unit. Each squad had an automatic weapons capability. In a defensive role, the machine gun could be set to create a “beaten zone” of bullets through which no enemy could advance and survive. In an attack, it could throw out a hail of bullets to keep the opponent's head down while friendly troops advanced. The light mortar gave the squad leader an indirect "hip-pocket artillery" capability. It could fire high-explosive and fragmentation rounds to flush enemy out of dugouts and hides. It could fire smoke to conceal an advance, or illumination rounds to light up any enemy target at night. The sniper gave the squad leader a long-range point-target-killing capability.
Four squads composed a platoon. There was no headquarters section, only the platoon leader and the platoon sergeant. In effect, the platoon could fight as four independent, self-contained battle units (a concept very similar to the U.S. Army Ranger "chalks".)
The British Army did extensive fighting in the jungles and rubber plantations of Malaya during the Emergency, and in Borneo against Indonesia during the Confrontation. As a result of these experiences, the British increased the close-range firepower of their individual riflemen by replacing the pre-World War II bolt-action Lee–Enfield with lighter, automatic weapons like the American M2 carbine and the Sterling submachine gun.
However, the British Army was already blessed in its possession of a good squad automatic weapon (the Bren) and these remained apportioned one per squad. They comprised the bulk of the squad's firepower, even after the introduction of the self-loading rifle (a semi-automatic copy of the Belgian FN-FAL). The British did not deploy a mortar on the squad level. However, there was one 2-inch mortar on the platoon level.
The U.S. Army took a slightly different approach. They believed the experience in Vietnam showed the value of smaller squads carrying a higher proportion of heavier weapons. The traditional 12-man squad armed with semi-automatic rifles and an automatic rifle was knocked down to 9 men: The squad leader carried the M16 and AN/PRC-6 radio. He commanded two fire teams of four men apiece (each containing one team leader with M16, grenadier with M16/203, designated automatic rifleman with M16 and bipod, and an anti-tank gunner with LAW and M16).
Three squads composed a platoon along with two three-man machine gun teams (team leader with M16, gunner with M60 machine gun, and assistant gunner with M16). The addition of two M60 machine gun teams created more firepower on the platoon level. The platoon leader could arrange these to give covering fire, using his remaining three squads as his maneuver element. The M16/203 combination was a particular American creation (along with its M79 parent). It did not have the range of the Japanese 50 mm mortar. However, it was handier, and could still lay down indirect high-explosive fire, and provide support with both smoke and illumination rounds. The US Army also had 60 mm mortars. This was a bigger, more capable weapon than the Japanese 50 mm weapon. But it was too heavy for use on the squad or even the platoon level. These were only deployed on the company level.
The deficiency of the US formation remained the automatic rifleman, a tradition that had gone back to the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) gunner of World War II. The US Army discovered that an automatic rifle was a poor substitute for a real machine gun. A rifle fired in the sustained automatic role easily overheated, and its barrel could not be changed. In post-Vietnam, the US Army adopted the Belgian Minimi to replace the automatic M16. With an interchangeable barrel and larger magazine, this weapon, known as the M249 in U.S. inventory, provided the sustained automatic fire required.
The Republic of Singapore Army, whose experience is 100% in primary and secondary jungle as well as rubber plantation terrain, took the trend one step further. Their squad contained only seven men, but fielded two squad automatic gunners (with 5.56mm squad automatic weapons), two grenadiers with M16/203 underslung grenade launchers, and one anti-tank gunner with rocket launcher and assault rifle.
So in short, jungle warfare increased the number of short/sharp engagements on the platoon or even squad level. Platoon and squad leaders had to be more capable of independent action. To do this, each squad (or at least platoon) needed a balanced allocation of weapons that would allow it to complete its mission unaided.
Mountain warfare
During the Soviet–Afghan War, the Soviet Army and Air Force fought forces called the Mujahideen. Although the Soviet Army had greater firepower and modern equipment than the Mujahideen, they were not able to completely destroy them because of the difficulty of countering guerrilla tactics in the mountains.
When the Stinger missile was supplied to the Mujahideen, they began to ambush Soviet helicopters and fixed wing aircraft in proximity of the military airfields. This was because the Stinger was only effective at a range of , requiring the Mujahideen to attack the aircraft as they were landing or taking off. The Stinger, however, was not the "weapon that won the war". Although it did have a significant effect on the conduct of war, it was not used to shoot down very many aircraft. It did force the Soviets to modify their helicopter tactics. Helicopters begun to cooperate more closely with the ground forces, fixed wing aircraft began flying at higher altitudes, and armor and anti-missile electronic defense systems were added to aircraft to help protect them from the Stinger.
The Soviets countered the Mujahideen tactics in various ways. The Spetsnaz were used extensively in special operations by being deployed by helicopter into areas identified as areas often transited by the Mujahideen, or sites of ambushes. Spetsnaz tactics were effective against Mujahideen as they adapted and employed similar tactic used by them; tanks and aircraft were comparatively less effective due to terrain and enemy mobility in it. The only technology with a significant impact on Mujahideen were land mines and helicopters, although over time Mujahideen were able to find ways to avoid and evade both.
As the Soviet operations stalled, they began retaliating against the civilian population for supporting the Mujahideen. It was not uncommon for Soviet helicopters to raze an Afghan village in retaliation for an attack against Soviet soldiers. At other times they dropped mines from aircraft in the fields and pastures, or shooting the livestock with helicopter weapons. Without the support of the villagers, the Mujahideen were forced to carry their own food in addition to weapons and military supplies. Another common tactic was to cordon off and search villages for Mujahideen. These tactics were not unlike those used by the United States in Vietnam, or by the Germans against Soviet partisans in World War II.
Conventional infantry tactics are generally modified before implementation in mountain warfare as the defending side generally has a decisive advantage over the attacking side by holding the heights and forcing the enemy to attack uphill against a fully prepared well entrenched position. So generally, frontal assault is avoided by implementation of blockade tactics and cutting off the supply lines, thereby creating a siege. This changed in the Kargil War of 1999 when Indian forces were faced with the huge task of flushing out intruders and disguised Pakistani soldiers who had captured high mountain posts. Instead of employing blockade tactics, Indian Army launched frontal assault against Pakistani Army positions but the tactics were intensely modified by employment of heavy artillery cover often firing in direct role and relentless air-strikes before the ground attack. As any daytime attack would be suicidal, all the attacks were made under the cover of darkness to minimize casualties. The operation took time but was successful and all the positions were recaptured by the Indian Army after two months of fighting.
Trench warfare
During World War I, the increasing lethality of more modern weapons, such as artillery and machine guns, forced a shift in infantry tactics to trench warfare. Massed infantry charges were now essentially suicidal, and the Western Front ground to a standstill.
A common tactic used during the earlier stages of trench warfare was to shell an enemy trench line, at which point friendly infantry would leave the safety of their trenches, advance across no man's land, and seize the enemy trenches. However, this tactic of "preliminary bombardment" was largely unsuccessful. The nature of no man's land (filled with barbed wire and other obstructions) was one factor. For a unit to get to an enemy trench line, it had to cross this area, secure the enemy position, then face counterattack by opposing reserves. It also depended on the ability of friendly artillery to suppress enemy infantry and artillery, which was frequently limited by "bombproofs" (bunkers), revetments, poor ammunition, or simply inaccurate fire.
The casualties caused by machine gun fire led to the widespread deployment of light machine guns such as the Lewis Gun within minor infantry units. Trench warfare also led to the rapid development of new designs of grenades, rifle grenades and light mortars—all of which represented a rapid increase in the firepower available to low-level commanders. There was a growing emphasis on field craft, especially in the British and Dominion Armies, where night-patrolling and raiding tactics soon also demanded an increase in map-reading and navigation skills. The infantryman of 1914 was content to be trained in rifle and bayonet and usually attacked in battalion formations. By 1917 he was used to grenades, rifle grenades, light machine-guns and more specialized weapons and usually worked his way forward using platoon or section tactics.
An improvement was the creeping barrage in which artillery fire is laid immediately in front of advancing infantry to clear any enemy in their way. This played an important part in later battles such as the Battle of Arras (1917), of which Vimy Ridge was a part. The tactic required close coordination in an era before widespread use of radio, and when laying telephone wire under fire was extremely hazardous. In response, the Germans devised the elastic defence and used infiltration tactics in which shock troops quietly infiltrated the enemy's forward trenches, without the heavy bombardment that gave advance warning of an imminent attack. The French and British/Dominion Armies were also engaged in evolving similar infantry tactics. The Allies introduced the tank to overcome the deadlock of static positions but mechanical unreliability prevented them from doing so.
The Germans used specially-trained stormtroopers to great effect in 1918, during Operation Michael, breaching the Allied trench lines and allowing supporting infantry to pour through a wide breach in the front lines. Even though most of the German forces were on foot, they were soon threatening Paris. Only timely and stiff resistance, the use of reserves, and German logistical and manpower problems prevented an Allied disaster. After this spring offensive, the Allies launched a series of counter-attacks with tanks and small units of assault infantry protected by air support and short intense artillery barrages while the main infantry force followed and seized strongpoints. This forced the Germans back and after less than three months the allies had made the largest territorial gains on the western front since the war began. The Germans then sued for peace ending the war.
Urban warfare
Urban warfare draws roots from a variety of tactics and strategies. Typically fought in towns and cities, Urban combatants would encounter problems such as bystanders, buildings, and restricted mobility. Unlike the battles of Napoleon, a modern military would be restricted by narrow alleys and roads. This allows an opponent to predict or limit the movement of one's motorized vehicles by using weapons such as IEDs, RPGs, and artillery. This forces the infantry to push those threats out.
See also
Suppressive fire
Reconnaissance by fire
Spray and pray
All-around defense/Perimeter defense
Notes
Bibliography
17th Century
Dupuy, Trevor N., Colonel, U.S. Army. Evolution of Weapons and Warfare. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1980.
Dyer, Gwynne. War. New York: Crown Publishers, 1985.
World War I
20th Century 1918–1939
World War II
Dr Steven Bull, World War II Infantry Tactics: Squad and Platoon, 2004 Osprey Ltd.
David Goldovt-Ryzhenkov (Translator from Russian) 2nd Edition, 2022: Handbook for the Commander and Soldier of the Machine Gun Squad, 1941. Translated Manuals
Dupuy, Trevor N., Colonel, U.S. Army. Evolution of Weapons and Warfare. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1980.
Post World War II
Military tactics
Infantry |
Merchandization is a critical term coined by the anti-globalization movement to designate the process of change in viewpoint of individuals or society towards an object, service or substance. Things that were formerly thought of as "simply being there", are now being thought of as commodities for sale and corporate profit. This change in viewpoint is called merchandization of an object.
For example, anti-globalization and anti-capitalism activists claim that in today's society, many things, including health care, culture, and education, are becoming mere merchandise.
Marx discussed this "fetishism of commodities" in the nineteenth century.
In other words, something may have usefulness, but it has no value unless it can be exchanged in the marketplace for something else considered to have value. That value may come because it fills a need through consumption or being further exchanged. In this way, labor, time, and natural resources have come to serve the market instead of the other way around.
The slogan of ATTAC is "the World is not Merchandise" (le monde n'est pas une marchandise).
See also
Anti-capitalism
References
Anti-globalization movement
Political terminology |
Banī Wahbān () is a sub-district located in the Shar'ab as-Salam District, Taiz Governorate, Yemen. Banī Wahbān had a population of 7,133 according to the 2004 census. It lies in close proximity to the border with Ibb Governorate and contains the Mosque of Muhammad ibn Ziyad and a school.
Villages
al-Shal village.
al-Sanab village.
Khasha' village.
Wadi Hizam village.
al-Suhilah village.
Hijajuh village.
al-Wariduh village.
Qayd village.
al-Badirah village.
Al-Mihdadah village.
Qardan village.
al-Saa'id village.
References
Sub-districts in Shar'ab as-Salam District |
Barking & Dagenham College is a general further education college in East London, England. It is located at a single complex in the eastern part of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham next to Central Park and less than a mile from the town centre of Romford.
History
Originally known as Barking College, it became Barking & Dagenham College in 2010.
In 2015 the College became a Digital & Creative Industries Career College.
In February 2018, the College was awarded a £5m share of £25.7m funding by the Mayor, Sadiq Khan to complete its Centre for Advanced Technologies.
Courses
The college provides intermediate, advanced and higher apprenticeship training in London. Specialisms include Construction, Project Management, Human Resources Management, Business and Pharmacy. The college has 12,500 students and an annual turnover of £36 million (Source: Audited Accounts 2015/2016).
In October 2017 the College and Huawei, a Chinese multinational technology corporation, launched a Huawei Authorized Information Network Academy.
Notable alumni
Idris Elba, British actor, producer, musician, and DJ. He is best known for playing DCI John Luther on the BBC One series Luther as well as the narcotrafficker Stringer Bell in the HBO series The Wire.
Adam Gemili, British Sprinter. He is the 2014 European champion at 200 metres, and 4 x 100 metres relay, and part of the Great Britain team that won gold in the 2017 World Championships in the same event
Shaun Escoffery, a British soul and R&B singer and actor. Shaun currently plays Musafa in the Lion King.
Razaaq Adoti a British actor, producer and screenwriter. Adoti was cast as Yamba in Steven Spielberg’s feature epic, Amistad alongside Anthony Hopkins, Morgan Freeman and Matthew McConaughey.
Kano, English rapper and actor from East Ham, London.
Marianne Jean-Baptiste, actress, singer-songwriter, composer and director, best known for her roles as Hortense Cumberbatch in Secrets & Lies (1996), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Andi Osho, stand-up comedian and presenter
Ricky Norwood, actor who played Fatboy in the BBC soap opera EastEnders
Emmanuel Nwamadi, participant at The Voice UK, Series 4.
Gurbir Singh Johal, BNOC at Homerton College Cambridge. DoSed by AA Battery and Wads.
References
External links
Further education colleges in London
Education in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Educational institutions established in 1961
1961 establishments in England |
The 1949 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 61st staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures was made at the Cork Convention on 30 January 1949. The championship began on 10 April 1949 and ended on 18 September 1949.
Glen Rovers were the defending champions.
On 18 September 1949, Glen Rovers won the championship following a 6–5 to 0–14 defeat of Imokilly in the final. This was their 12th championship title overall and their second title in succession.
Results
First round
Second round
Semi-finals
Final
Championship statistics
Miscellaneous
Divisional side Imokilly qualified for the championship final for the first time ever.
References
Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Cork Senior Hurling Championship |
The Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy is the name of a chair at the Mathematical Institute of the University of Oxford.
Overview
The Sedleian Chair was founded by Sir William Sedley who, by his will dated 20 October 1618, left the sum of £2,000 to the University of Oxford for purchase of lands for its endowment. Sedley's bequest took effect in 1621 with the purchase of an estate at Waddesdon in Buckinghamshire to produce the necessary income.
It is regarded as the oldest of Oxford's scientific chairs. Holders of the Sedleian Professorship have, since the mid 19th century, worked in a range of areas of applied mathematics and mathematical physics. They are simultaneously elected to fellowships at Queen's College, Oxford.
The Sedleian Professors in the past century have been Augustus Love (1899-1940), who was distinguished for his work in the mathematical theory of elasticity, Sydney Chapman (1946-1953), who is renowned for his contributions to the kinetic theory of gases and solar-terrestrial physics, George Temple (1953-1968), who made significant contributions to mathematical physics and the theory of generalized functions, Brooke Benjamin (1979-1995), who did highly influential work in the areas of mathematical analysis and fluid mechanics, and Sir John Ball (1996-2019), who is distinguished for his work in the mathematical theory of elasticity, materials science, the calculus of variations, and infinite-dimensional dynamical systems.
List of Sedleian Professors
Notes
References
Bibliography
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, articles on Lapworth, Edwards, Wallis, Millington, Browne, Hornsby, Cooke, Price, Love, Chapman, Temple, Brook Benjamin.
Professorships in mathematics
Professorships at the University of Oxford
1621 establishments in England
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Lists of people associated with the University of Oxford
The Queen's College, Oxford |
Jesse Saunders (born March 10, 1962) is an American house music artist, DJ, record producer, film producer, and entrepreneur. His 1984 single, "On & On", co-written with Vince Lawrence, was the first house record to be pressed and sold to the public. Since his emergence as a DJ, Saunders has run several independent labels and worked extensively in music and film production, as well as artist promotion and management. He is also a long-time member of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
Early years
Saunders was born and grew up on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the 1960s and '70s. He attended St. Columbanus for kindergarten and until fifth grade attended Reavis Elementary School, where his mother, Lois M. Saunders, was a teacher. A Roosevelt University graduate in Early Childhood Education, she was her son's primary caregiver and supported his pursuits in sports and music.
Jesse Saunders then enrolled in Shoesmith Elementary School, where he was a straight-A student. He was selected to participate in the gifted program at Ray Elementary School. There, at the age of 10, Saunders learned to program and operate computers. He was also selected to perform and tour in the Chicago Children's Choir.
Saunders eventually graduated from Charles S. Deneen Public School before going on to graduate from Hyde Park's Kenwood Academy. During his high school years as an honor student there, he played intramural tennis, leading his team to three City of Chicago Championships and once to second place, which earned him the three white letters on his lettermen's jacket. During this time, he was selected by the city of Chicago's "Youth Action" program, which trains exceptional student athletes with the goal of professional careers.
During this time, his older stepbrother, DJ Wayne Williams, mentored Saunders in the art of DJing. In 1977, Wiliams brought Saunders into the fold of his Chosen Few Disco Corp. Starting in 1991, the two went on to produce the Chosen Few House Music Reunion Picnic yearly in Chicago to a crowd of over 30,000.
Saunders went on to study communications and film at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
Saunders's interest in music began with studying piano at age five, eventually making his way through every instrument available to him. Amongst his early musical influences were Aretha Franklin, Fleetwood Mac, Smokey Robinson, and Earth Wind & Fire.
Career
Chicago house
House takes its name from Chicago's Warehouse nightclub, where it began. As the music moved to a wider community, the sound changed significantly and became what is today known as house music.
One of Saunders' biggest influences, Frankie Knuckles, another instrumental figure in the development of the scene, confined himself to gay nightclubs (primarily the Warehouse). Meanwhile, Saunders took the unique sounds of the Windy City to the masses. Instead of relying solely on disco and R&B, as Knuckles did, Saunders expanded his musical repertoire and developed his signature style. As a DJ, he would use loops and repetition for accentuation, focusing on sections that were stripped down to just the drum or bass — a tradition he would carry on as a producer.
Touring
At the age of sixteen, Saunders was exposed to Chicago's night club scene through the music of Frankie Knuckles and others in the scene. In 1982, he opened up his own nightclub, the Playground. Attendance figures soon outnumbered the Warehouse's, and Saunders used the opportunity to incorporate his original material into his sets.
By 1983, he was producing his own music. In early 1984, he released the first official house music record along with Vince Lawrence, "On & On", on the label they made together, Jes Say Records. Saunders composed the track with Lawrence in order to replace a record which had been stolen from Saunders's collection, the "On & On" bootleg disco megamix by Mach (1980). That megamix, a pastiche of loops from several disco records, particularly the bassline from Player One's "Space Invaders" (1979) and Lipps Inc's "Funkytown" (1980), had been Saunders's "signature" tune as a DJ; it was one that other DJs in the city didn't have or didn't play. Saunders & Lawrence added hypnotic lyrics and electronic instruments, utilizing a Roland TR-808 drum machine as electronic percussion as well as a Korg Poly-61 synthesizer and Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer.
"Funk U Up" (the first house track to ever make it onto the Billboard charts), "Real Love", "Love Can't Turn Around", and "Dum Dum" soon followed. His group, Jesse's Gang was eventually signed to Geffen Records, releasing the album Center of Attraction shortly after, with the single off the album, "I'm Back Again" becoming a top ten club hit.
By the late 1980s, Saunders decided to focus all his efforts on writing, producing, and remixing instead of DJing. Throughout the 1990s, he made his way back to DJing, touring the world, as well as trying his hand at producing music for television. His independent label, Broken Records, embraced the digital revolution by distributing music solely via the Internet. Since 1991 he has been involved in House Music Reunion Picnic, celebrated every Fourth of July weekend. The event brings together over 100 DJs and attracts upwards of 30,000 people. In 1997 he reunited with the other forefathers of house music to release Chicago Reunion Album.
Saunders went on to be featured in a number of books including What Kind Of House Party Is This? by Jonathan Fleming (MixMag) and his own semi-autobiography House Music...The Real Story, co-written by James Cummins. He has co-starred in documentaries including the Sun Dance award-winning "Modulations", the Channel 4 (London) mini-series "Pump Up The Volume", the BBC audio documentary "The 2nd Summer of Love", the TV1 Unsung: "Frankie Knuckles and The Roots of House", the Channel 4 (London) "I Was There (When House Took Over The World)", the BBC "Can You Feel It", and the award-winning "Put The Needle on the Record". He has been featured in Rolling Stone, MixMag, Urb, and Keyboard. Saunders has lectured at The Red Bull Academy, Oxford University, Boston University, The Winter Music Conference (Miami), Popkom (Germany), The New Music Seminar (New York), and the Amsterdam Dance Event (Holland).
In 2004, after touring the world, Saunders revived his Broken Records label. The label releases digital content many major download sites and features artists such as Inaya Day, Scott Langley, Sound Syndicate, Igor Garnier, Didier Vanelli, Mia Calderon, Joe Smooth, Marshall Jefferson, and Jesse Saunders himself.
In 2009, Saunders released the album 25th Anniversary of House Music, which resulted in a worldwide tour featuring Art depicting the culture and pioneers of the genre. The tour hit all over the US and as far as Johannesburg, South Africa.
After the 25th anniversary of House Music Tour, Saunders founded the Electronic Music Cafe in Vegas 2010 to display the Art from the Tour. It has turned into a major broadcast network featuring DJs and fine artists interpreting their music. He also founded the Music & Arts Society, a non-profit entity for the advancement and preservation of the DJ culture, with the launch of the word's first DJ Culture exhibit entitled "SPIN – Evolution of the DJ", that same year. Mayor Goodman issued a proclamation during the red carpet ceremony for the highly publicized affair for his outstanding contributions to education and the culture of Las Vegas.
In that same year, Saunders produced and released the first installment of the Above The Sound Cloud compilation series. He also produced and released the first Chilled & UnBroken compilation series, as well the internationally acclaimed DJ Divas album.
Personal life
His maternal grandfather, Robert H. Miller, a funeral business owner and founder of the National Funeral Directors and Mortician's Association, was voted "Mayor" of Bronzeville from 1937 to 1939. He also became heavily involved in the American civil rights movement, walking with Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, later erecting a statue in honor of King in Selma, Alabama. Miller also promoted the career of gospel singer Mahalia Jackson and owned and operated the Grand Ballroom, which showcased artists such as Cab Calloway and Count Basie.
Saunders married actress and musician Jazsmin Lewis in 1992. The couple divorced in 1998. He now lives in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Selected discography
Releases
On & On (1984)
Funk U Up (1984)
Undercover (1984)
Fantasy (1984)
Dum Dum (1984)
Real Love (1985)
I Am The DJ (1985)
Dum Dum 2 (1985)
Love Can't Turn Around (1986)
Back Up (1987)
I'm Back Again (1988) #2 Billboard Dance Charts
Sing Sing in the 90's (1990)
House Trax, Vol. 1 (1991)
Light My Fire (1992)
Got Me Runnin (1993)
I Just Want To (1993)
Take Me Higher (1996)
Yeah/Let Me Hear U (1997)
12 Inches of Love (1998)
Body Music (1999)
Excited (2002)
On & On (20th Anniversary of House-2003)
Everybody (2004)
Feelin Me (2005)
Luv 2 Luv U (2008)
House Muzik Album (2008)
On & On (25th Anniversary Remixes-2009)
What's This FX (2010)
I Hear House Music (2011)
House Music Buffet (2011)
MainLine (2012)
Now That We Found Love (2013)
Sunshine (2016)
Shout (2017)
Kaleidoscope (2018)
On & On (35th Anniversary Remixes)
Higher (2019) #28 Billboard Dance Charts
Remixes
Showdown – No Sovereign (1987)
It's A Cold, Cold World – lNouveau (1988)
Come Fly With Me – DJ Pierre (1990)
My Girl – Kool Skool (1990)
Vibeology – Paula Abdul (1991)
We Want The Funk – Gerardo (1991)
Set Me Free – Jermaine Stewart (1992)
Where Do We Go – Simple Pleasure (1992)
Double Good Everything – Smokey Robinson (1992)
Damn It Feels Good – Geto Boyz (1992)
What's It Take – Mellow Man Ace (1993)
Stranger – Buzz Session (1994)
Loving Tonight – Honey Vox (1994)
Slide – El Debarge (1995)
Baby Wants To Ride – Frankie Knuckles (1997)
Turn It Out – Rick James (1999)
Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back) (2002)
Step In The Name of Love – R. Kelly (2003)
Love Dealer - Ryan Brahms (2017)
Pounder - VMS (2018)
Notes
1962 births
Living people
African-American musicians
Musicians from Chicago
American house musicians
House musicians
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
Kenwood Academy alumni |
William Black (22 March 1869 – 3 May 1930) was a Progressive party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in McKillop Township, Ontario and became a farmer.
He was elected to Parliament at the Huron South riding in the 1921 general election. After completing his only term, the 14th Canadian Parliament, Black left federal politics and did not seek another term in the 1925 election.
External links
1869 births
1930 deaths
Canadian farmers
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Huron County, Ontario
Progressive Party of Canada MPs |
Agonopterix thurneri is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in North Macedonia.
References
External links
lepiforum.de
Moths described in 1941
Agonopterix
Moths of Europe |
HMS Sylvia has been the name of five ships of the British Royal Navy, and may refer to:
, an 10-gun schooner launched in 1806 and sold in 1816. She became a merchantman and was wrecked c. end-1823.
, a 6-gun cutter launched in 1827, converted to a survey vessel in 1842, and sold in 1859.
, a wood screw sloop of four guns, launched in 1866, completed as a survey vessel, and sold in 1889.
, a destroyer launched in 1897 and sold in 1919.
, an launched in 1944 and sold for breaking up in 1958.
References
Sylvia |
```java
package org.bouncycastle.cms;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
interface CMSReadable
{
public InputStream getInputStream()
throws IOException, CMSException;
}
``` |
Jeffrey Davis Perry (born January 8, 1964) is a former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives who represented the 5th Barnstable District from 2003-2011. He was the Republican Party nominee for United States Congress in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district in the 2010 election, losing to Democrat Bill Keating.
Education and early career
Perry has an associate's degree (A.A.) from Bristol Community College, and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in sociology from Curry College. He completed an executive management program at the Law Enforcement Executive Center at Babson College, graduated from the Plymouth Regional Police Academy, and served for eight years as a Wareham police officer. After leaving the police force, Perry started a private investigation business.
State representative
In 2002, Perry was elected as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He represented the Fifth Barnstable District, covering the town of Sandwich plus portions of Barnstable, Bourne and Mashpee. He was last reelected by a 70% to 30% margin in 2008. In 2010 he resigned to run for the U.S. House; his term ends in January 2011. He was succeeded by Republican Randy Hunt.
Perry had served on the following Legislative Committees: Joint Committee on Education; Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security; House Committee on Ways & Means; and Joint Committee on State Administration and Oversight.
Academia
While serving as a State Representative, Perry attended night classes for four years at the New England School of Law, where he was recognized as "the student who has shown the greatest promise of outstanding contributions to public service." After completing his law degree there, he passed the Massachusetts Bar Examination in 2007 and worked at the firm of Flannigan and Perry, P.C., located in Hanover and Hyannis, while he continued to work in the state legislature.
Perry is an adjunct professor of criminal justice at Cape Cod Community College, and previously taught constitutional law at Bridgewater State College.
Political positions
Perry is an ally of Mitt Romney, and an admirer of Ronald Reagan. He is the author of a self-published book titled, My GOP: It is Time for Republicans to Get Back to the Principles of Ronald Reagan.
While in the State House, Perry cosponsored a bill opposing a state proposal to reopen a dredge dumping site in Buzzards Bay. He has supported the efforts of Democratic Governor Deval Patrick to bring casinos to Massachusetts. Perry unsuccessfully sponsored legislation to require residency verification as a condition for receiving public benefits.
Public safety and law enforcement
Perry opposed allowing police to pull over motorists for not wearing seat belts. He has supported maintaining criminal penalties against possession of small amounts of marijuana.
Perry is a member of a special legislative commission on drugs, which has focused on such drugs as OxyContin and oxycodone.
Fiscal policy
Perry said he hopes efforts by Governor Deval Patrick to reduce earmarks will succeed, but until then "each legislator has to fight or we're going to get left out." Thus, he requested earmarks himself, such as $25,000 for the Sandwich Glass Museum, and $16 million to bring widespread broadband access to Cape Cod. He opposed using state funds for a convict's sex change operation and has supported tax credits for home heating costs.
Perry supports giving state lottery proceeds to local governments. He opposes state tax increases, calling concerns about revenue shortfalls "hysteria" and expressing concern that increasing sales taxes could cause people to avoid taxation altogether by making purchases online or by going out of state. Perry has advocated reducing the state's gasoline excise tax in July and August to stimulate the tourism industry.
Electoral history
In 2002, Perry ran against Democrat Ruth W. Provost in the general election to represent the newly created Fifth Barnstable district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Provost had been a three-term incumbent of the Second Plymouth district, but her district was redrawn to her disadvantage after the 2000 U.S. Census and she opted to run for election in the new district. The vote was 51% to 49% for Perry. In 2004, Perry won 66% to 34% over Democrat Garry N. Blank in the general election for the Massachusetts House of Representatives for the Fifth Barnstable district. In 2006, Perry was reelected in an uncontested election. In 2008, he received 70% of the vote to 30% for Democrat Glenn S. Pare in the race to represent the Fifth Barnstable district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.
In 2010, Perry ran to represent the 10th Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives and was defeated by Norfolk County District Attorney William Keating. Keating received 132,582 votes (47 percent) while Perry received 119,829 votes (42 percent). Independents Maryanne Lewis, James Sheets and Joseph van Ness received 16,673 votes (6 percent), 10,438 votes (4 percent) and 3,075 votes (1 percent) respectively. He launched his campaign before Democratic incumbent William Delahunt announced his retirement, making this an open seat. Perry defeated Joe Malone, Robert Hayden and Raymond Kasperowicz for the GOP nomination.
Controversies
Wareham police strip searches
In 2010, controversy arose about Perry's time in the early 1990s as a Wareham police sergeant, when on two separate occasions, Scott Flanagan, a subordinate police officer, conducted illegal strip searches of two teenage girls, aged 14 and 16. Perry supported Flanagan up until Flanagan entered a guilty plea. Perry said he had assumed Flanagan was innocent. Flanagan pleaded guilty in 1993 to indecent assault and civil rights violations, and subsequently was sentenced to four years in prison. Perry was named in two federal civil rights lawsuits brought against the town. The town lost one of the cases and settled the other. Perry said that although he was named as a defendant, he was never questioned and never appeared in court. Perry stated in May 2010 that, if given the chance, he would not have done anything differently: "I did what I think is good police work." Perry resigned seventeen days after Flanagan was indicted, for what Perry said were reasons unrelated to the controversy.
One of the victims, Lisa Allen, who was 14 years old at the time she was assaulted by Flanagan in 1991, has made a public statement against Perry and his role in the incident:
He [Perry] had to hear me screaming and crying. Instead of helping me, Jeff Perry denied anything happened .. Perry did not care about protecting teenaged girls in Wareham from police officer Flanagan. Jeff Perry cared only about protecting police officer Flanagan. ... It upsets me that Jeff Perry can run for Congress after what he did to me when I was 14 years old.'
Allen's father said in 2010 that he was surprised and angry that Perry is running for Congress. "There's nowhere he should run except out of town", he said.
The father of Heather Adams, the victim in the 1992 incident, however, stated in 2010 that he believed Perry was simply doing his job and that the 1992 incident should have no impact on Perry's political career. "Jeff Perry was young and handled it the best way he could ... He was worrying about his men. You have to look at everything, not just heat of the moment. Time heals all wounds. I don't have anything bad to say about him", Adams' father added.
WBZ-TV reported on the facts of the two cases in a September 2010 report: When Perry was a police sergeant in Wareham in the 1990s, an officer under his command, Scott Flanagan strip searched teenage girls. In one case, Perry was on the scene in a cranberry bog in 1991 when an officer stuck his hand in a 14-year-old girl's underwear. Perry says he didn't know what was going on at the time. In another case, Perry was not at the scene when Flanagan sexually assaulted a 16-year-old girl behind a convenience store. But later that night, Perry and Flanagan went to the girl's parents' home. Perry says he went to tell the parents about the "odd search". The parents said they interpreted the officer's visit as a warning for them to keep quiet, or risk their daughter going to jail. Perry said he was just doing good police work. He says he would not do anything differently, and does not regret his actions with what he knew at the time. Perry resigned from the department seven months afterwards. Flanagan served four years in prison. Perry visited Flanagan in prison, but says, "We believed he was not guilty until he pled guilty. So I wanted to go and confront him and listen to him so I could find out what happened." Perry calls this guilt by association, and says he is proud of his police career. He says he had no idea what Flanagan was doing, and there was no indication that he was capable of something like this.
Supervisor statements
In June 2010, former Wareham police captain Paul Cardalino told the Cape Cod Times that he had not been informed of the December 31, 1992, strip-search incident involving H. Adams immediately, and only heard about it the next day from an officer from the neighboring town of Bourne. Cardalino said that Perry should have filed a report and called in a neutral superior officer as soon as he heard that a third party had witnessed the strip search. "Once a sergeant is aware of it, especially (an incident) that might hurt the department's reputation, the report should have been done", Cardalino said. He gave Perry a positive letter of recommendation upon Perry's resignation; Cardalino says that if he had evidence that Perry witnessed the Allen strip search then Perry would have been fired.
In October 2010, former Wareham police chief Thomas A. Joyce endorsed Perry in a television commercial, saying, "Jeff Perry worked for me. He was a good cop and he was always committed to protecting the public." Perry's police file includes commendations for his actions at a fatal fire, awards from Mothers Against Drunk Driving, and a commendation for helping recover stolen items.
Joyce had passed over Perry for promotion during his tenure. In a sworn deposition, Joyce stated that Perry "had not been 100 percent truthful to me" in an incident about breaking a radar gun. He also reported that during a pre-employment background check, a former boss of Perry's had told the police department that Perry had told "a lot of bull tales ... [and] should not be trusted with a gun." Joyce also said that Perry had intentionally tripped a red light to catch drivers going through it, a practice which Joyce called "the old red light game". On Perry's resignation from the department, Joyce gave Perry a positive letter of recommendation. Joyce, who had been also named as a defendant in civil suits about the sexual assault strip-search cases, said the attacks against Perry regarding the two strip search incidents go too far.
Statements on bar application
According to newspaper and television reports, Perry's 2010 recollections of the strip search incidents differ from what was documented contemporaneously; for example, Perry said in 2010 that he notified his supervisor immediately about the December 31, 1992, incident. Records indicate, however, that Perry filed his report on the following day (January 1, 1993) and only after he had denied the girl's parents attempt to file a complaint, his Captain had been informed of the strip search by a policeman from another town, and his captain had ordered him to file the report.
In 2007 Perry filed a bar application to become a lawyer where he included the inaccurate statement about filing a police report that night. Perry included an inaccurate statement on his bar application that Lisa Allen had been arrested on the night that she had been sexually abused by Flanagan. Lisa Allen had in fact been neither arrested nor detained. These inaccuracies caused the former executive director of a state commission advocating for victims of sexual abuse to call for an investigation into whether Perry lied on his bar application.
Columbia State University
In 2010 controversy arose over a claim on Perry's 2002 campaign website that he had earned a bachelor's degree in business administration with honors from the so-called Columbia State University, an unaccredited diploma mill that shipped out phony certificates until federal agents shut it down in 1998.
In August 2010, Perry acknowledged that he had paid Columbia State University "several thousand dollars" under the impression it was an accredited institution. Perry claimed he was among those who had been conned and despite only sending a couple of "non work intensive" papers, that he thought he was getting a legitimate correspondence bachelor's degree. He later earned legitimate degrees from Curry College and New England School of Law, and said that he was "proud" of his studies.
Personal
Jeff and Lisa Perry live in Sandwich. They have one child.
References
External links
Profile in Massachusetts General Court Member Directory
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
2010 House and Senate Campaign Finance for Massachusetts, Perry, Jeffrey Davis, Federal Election Commission.
1964 births
Living people
People from Wareham, Massachusetts
People from Sandwich, Massachusetts
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
American municipal police officers
21st-century American businesspeople
Massachusetts lawyers
Curry College alumni
Babson College alumni |
University College Birmingham is a university in Birmingham, England. It was awarded full university status in 2012 along with Newman University. It is not a member of Universities UK. The university was awarded 'University of the Year' in the 2022 WhatUni Student Choice Awards, as well as coming first in the 'Student Support' category.
The university is located in central Birmingham and offers both vocational and academic education at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. The university specialises in the areas of hospitality and the culinary arts, hairdressing and beauty, tourism, business enterprise, marketing, business management, accounting, finance, events management, sports management, sports medicine, sports therapy and Early Years education.
History
The university was founded as part of Birmingham's Municipal Technical School (predecessor of Aston University) in the 19th century, but became a separate College of Bakery, Catering, Domestic Science and Associated Studies (later Birmingham College of Food and Domestic Arts) under the control of Birmingham City Council in 1957. It moved to its present site in Summer Row from Brasshouse Passage in 1967, with the official opening in 1968. It was renamed Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies (BCFTCS) in the 1980s to reflect the breadth of courses it by then offered. Its name was changed again, to University College Birmingham (UCB), in 2007. It is often colloquially known as the College of Cakes or sometimes simply “cakes and pies”.
As part of a general re-organisation of further education in the United Kingdom, the college became independent of council control on 1 April 1993. Continued expansion led to the college being re-classified as part of the higher education sector from 1 August 2002, although it continues to offer further education courses as well.
The college had awarded University of Birmingham degrees as a university college. The college was granted the right to award its own degrees by the Privy Council in November 2007. In January 2008 this was reflected when it was renamed University College Birmingham. Full university status was awarded in 2012.
Locations and facilities
The university has buildings at Summer Row and Newhall Street, as well as the Postgraduate Centre at George Street.
In addition, the university has halls of residence, with space for 872 students, at The Maltings and Cambrian Hall, which are both situated just off Broad Street, the main entertainment district in the city. The new development at The Maltings also includes a sports hall, shop and student bar, Joshuas.
The university has a range of specialist facilities including training restaurants, a health and leisure club, libraries, hairdressing and beauty therapy salons, food and beverage test laboratories, a video production suite, demonstration theatres and computer suites including a facility for Early Years students.
The college opened a second teaching building in 2001 at Richmond House, in nearby Newhall Street which houses its hairdressing and beauty salons and sports therapy suites, both of which are open to the public. Further education courses in sport and tourism are also taught there. In 2014, UCB opened its new Postgraduate Centre at George Street, a dedicated teaching and research facility for its postgraduate students.
Academic profile
In the university had students in higher education, including postgraduates and undergraduates. There are also currently 10,335 further education students, around 10% of whom are from outside the United Kingdom. UCB was rated as 'outstanding' by OFSTED in 2009. It is also one of the few universities or colleges in the UK with Hospitality Assured status. It also currently holds the Beacon Status, Catey Education and Training Award, Investors in People, Charter Mark and the Matrix award.
Industrial placements
All of the university's courses include opportunities to obtain work experience, and many degree-level courses give the option of a 48-week paid placement, which takes place approximately halfway through the course. The type of organisation reflects the interests of the student as well as the requirements of the programme being studied – for example, hospitality students may choose to work in hotels, restaurants, country clubs, theme parks, conference and exhibition venues, leisure centres, all-inclusive resorts, or in contract and retail caterers.
Many students undertake their placement in the UK, but there are also many opportunities available each year elsewhere in Europe, as well as the United States and Canada. Typically, students work in a number of departments to gain first-hand experience of different parts of the operation.
Student life
The Student Services Unit exists to provide a range of services including the day-to-day operation of two halls of residence, career advice and guidance from the Careers and Employability Centre, the administration of Learner (Access) Support Fund, advice and support with finding and funding childcare, full-time counselling and nursing services and academic support for students from their Learning and Skills Development Centre. The Unit runs an accommodation database for students who wish to live in the private sector and provides guidance and administrative support to international students in areas such as visa applications.
The Learning and Skills Development Centre co-ordinates support for students with additional needs. The Centre is able to liaise with external agencies including Local Education Authorities on behalf of the student. It can also carry out an initial assessment for dyslexia and will refer students to an Educational Psychologist if necessary.
The Student Guild is run by a team of eight, making up the Student Guild Executive, all elected by other students at the university. The principal aims of the guild are to represent the student body within the university, to provide guidance and advice to students and to organise an ongoing programme of social and sporting activities.
The Student Guild participates in a variety of sporting activities such as cricket, football, rugby union, hockey, basketball, netball and Jitsu with teams competing against rival universities in the British Universities Sports Association leagues in the Midlands area. The Guild also promotes a number of weekly social activities and yearly events such as the Summer Ball, Christmas and New Year's Eve parties and a charity week.
References
External links
Education in Birmingham, West Midlands
Learning and Skills Beacons
Universities and colleges established in 1957
1957 establishments in England |
Sweden competed at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea. 103 competitors from Sweden won 103 medals including 42 gold, 38 silver and 23 bronze and finished 6th in the medal table.
See also
Sweden at the Paralympics
Sweden at the 1988 Summer Olympics
References
1988
1988 in Swedish sport
Nations at the 1988 Summer Paralympics |
```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.animation as animation
from matplotlib import gridspec
from IPython.display import clear_output
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import proj3d
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib.patches import FancyArrowPatch
from matplotlib.text import Annotation
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.proj3d import proj_transform
import autograd.numpy as np
from autograd import value_and_grad
from autograd import hessian
from autograd import grad as compute_grad
from autograd.misc.flatten import flatten_func
import math
import time
import copy
class classification_3d_visualizer:
'''
Visualize classification on a 2-class dataset with N = 2
'''
#### initialize ####
def __init__(self,data):
# grab input
data = data.T
self.data = data
self.x = data[:,:-1]
self.y = data[:,-1]
# colors for viewing classification data 'from above'
self.colors = ['cornflowerblue','salmon','lime','bisque','mediumaquamarine','b','m','g']
def center_data(self):
# center data
self.x = self.x - np.mean(self.x)
self.y = self.y - np.mean(self.y)
# the counting cost function - for determining best weights from input weight history
def counting_cost(self,w):
cost = 0
for p in range(0,len(self.y)):
x_p = self.x[p]
y_p = self.y[p]
a_p = w[0] + sum([a*b for a,b in zip(w[1:],x_p)])
cost += (np.sign(a_p) - y_p)**2
return 0.25*cost
######## 3d static and animation functions ########
# produce static image of gradient descent or newton's method run
def static_fig(self,w,**kwargs):
# grab args
zplane = 'on'
if 'zplane' in kwargs:
zplane = kwargs['zplane']
cost_plot = 'off'
if 'cost_plot' in kwargs:
cost_plot = kwargs['cost_plot']
g = 0
if 'g' in kwargs:
g = kwargs['g']
### plot all input data ###
# generate input range for functions
minx = min(min(self.x[:,0]),min(self.x[:,1]))
maxx = max(max(self.x[:,0]),max(self.x[:,1]))
gapx = (maxx - minx)*0.1
minx -= gapx
maxx += gapx
r = np.linspace(minx,maxx,400)
x1_vals,x2_vals = np.meshgrid(r,r)
x1_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
x2_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
h = np.concatenate([x1_vals,x2_vals],axis = 1)
g_vals = np.tanh( w[0] + w[1]*x1_vals + w[2]*x2_vals )
g_vals = np.asarray(g_vals)
# vals for cost surface
x1_vals.shape = (len(r),len(r))
x2_vals.shape = (len(r),len(r))
g_vals.shape = (len(r),len(r))
# create figure to plot
num_panels = 2
fig_len = 9
widths = [1,1]
if cost_plot == 'on':
num_panels = 3
fig_len = 8
widths = [2,2,1]
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, num_panels, figsize=(fig_len,4))
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, num_panels, width_ratios=widths)
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0],projection='3d');
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1],aspect = 'equal');
ax3 = 0
if cost_plot == 'on':
ax3 = plt.subplot(gs[2],aspect = 0.5);
fig.subplots_adjust(left=0,right=1,bottom=0,top=1) # remove whitespace around 3d figure
# plot points - first in 3d, then from above
self.scatter_pts(ax1)
self.separator_view(ax2)
# set zaxis to the left
self.move_axis_left(ax1)
# set view
if 'view' in kwargs:
view = kwargs['view']
ax1.view_init(view[0],view[1])
class_nums = np.unique(self.y)
C = len(class_nums)
# plot regression surface
ax1.plot_surface(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,alpha = 0.1,color = 'k',rstride=20, cstride=20,linewidth=0,edgecolor = 'k')
# plot zplane = 0 in left 3d panel - showing intersection of regressor with z = 0 (i.e., its contour, the separator, in the 3d plot too)?
if zplane == 'on':
ax1.plot_surface(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals*0,alpha = 0.1,rstride=20, cstride=20,linewidth=0.15,color = 'w',edgecolor = 'k')
# plot separator curve in left plot
ax1.contour(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = 'k',levels = [0],linewidths = 3,zorder = 1)
if C == 2:
ax1.contourf(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = self.colors[1],levels = [0,1],zorder = 1,alpha = 0.1)
ax1.contourf(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals+1,colors = self.colors[0],levels = [0,1],zorder = 1,alpha = 0.1)
# plot separator in right plot
ax2.contour(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = 'k',levels = [0],linewidths = 3,zorder = 1)
# plot color filled contour based on separator
if C == 2:
g_vals = np.sign(g_vals) + 1
ax2.contourf(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = self.colors[:],alpha = 0.1,levels = range(0,C+1))
else:
ax2.contourf(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = self.colors[:],alpha = 0.1,levels = range(0,C+1))
# plot cost function value
if cost_plot == 'on':
# plot cost function history
g_hist = []
for j in range(len(w_hist)):
w = w_hist[j]
g_eval = g(w)
g_hist.append(g_eval)
g_hist = np.asarray(g_hist).flatten()
# plot cost function history
ax3.plot(np.arange(len(g_hist)),g_hist,linewidth = 2)
ax3.set_xlabel('iteration',fontsize = 13)
ax3.set_title('cost value',fontsize = 12)
plt.show()
# produce static image of gradient descent or newton's method run
def static_fig_topview(self,w,**kwargs):
### plot all input data ###
# generate input range for functions
minx = min(min(self.x[:,0]),min(self.x[:,1]))
maxx = max(max(self.x[:,0]),max(self.x[:,1]))
gapx = (maxx - minx)*0.1
minx -= gapx
maxx += gapx
r = np.linspace(minx,maxx,400)
x1_vals,x2_vals = np.meshgrid(r,r)
x1_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
x2_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
h = np.concatenate([x1_vals,x2_vals],axis = 1)
g_vals = np.tanh( w[0] + w[1]*x1_vals + w[2]*x2_vals )
g_vals = np.asarray(g_vals)
# vals for cost surface
x1_vals.shape = (len(r),len(r))
x2_vals.shape = (len(r),len(r))
g_vals.shape = (len(r),len(r))
# create figure to plot
### initialize figure
fig = plt.figure(figsize = (9,4))
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 3, width_ratios=[1,5,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0]); ax1.axis('off')
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1],aspect = 'equal');
ax3 = plt.subplot(gs[2]); ax3.axis('off')
# plot points - first in 3d, then from above
self.separator_view(ax2)
class_nums = np.unique(self.y)
C = len(class_nums)
# plot separator in right plot
ax2.contour(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = 'k',levels = [0],linewidths = 3,zorder = 1)
# plot color filled contour based on separator
if C == 2:
g_vals = np.sign(g_vals) + 1
ax2.contourf(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = self.colors[:],alpha = 0.1,levels = range(0,C+1))
else:
ax2.contourf(x1_vals,x2_vals,g_vals,colors = self.colors[:],alpha = 0.1,levels = range(0,C+1))
plt.show()
# set axis in left panel
def move_axis_left(self,ax):
tmp_planes = ax.zaxis._PLANES
ax.zaxis._PLANES = ( tmp_planes[2], tmp_planes[3],
tmp_planes[0], tmp_planes[1],
tmp_planes[4], tmp_planes[5])
view_1 = (25, -135)
view_2 = (25, -45)
init_view = view_2
ax.view_init(*init_view)
###### plot plotting functions ######
def plot_data(self,**kwargs):
# construct figure
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(9,4))
fig.subplots_adjust(left=0,right=1,bottom=0,top=1) # remove whitespace around 3d figure
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 2, width_ratios=[1,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0],projection='3d');
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1],aspect = 'equal');
# plot points - first in 3d, then from above
self.scatter_pts(ax1)
self.separator_view(ax2)
# set zaxis to the left
self.move_axis_left(ax1)
# set view
if 'view' in kwargs:
view = kwargs['view']
ax1.view_init(view[0],view[1])
# scatter points
def scatter_pts(self,ax):
if np.shape(self.x)[1] == 2:
# set plotting limits
xmax1 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin1 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap1 = (xmax1 - xmin1)*0.35
xmin1 -= xgap1
xmax1 += xgap1
xmax2 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin2 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap2 = (xmax2 - xmin2)*0.35
xmin2 -= xgap2
xmax2 += xgap2
ymax = max(self.y)
ymin = min(self.y)
ygap = (ymax - ymin)*0.2
ymin -= ygap
ymax += ygap
# scatter points in both panels
class_nums = np.unique(self.y)
C = len(class_nums)
for c in range(C):
ind = np.argwhere(self.y == class_nums[c])
ind = [v[0] for v in ind]
ax.scatter(self.x[ind,0],self.x[ind,1],self.y[ind],s = 80,color = self.colors[c],edgecolor = 'k',linewidth = 1.5)
# clean up panel
ax.set_xlim([xmin1,xmax1])
ax.set_ylim([xmin2,xmax2])
ax.set_zlim([ymin,ymax])
ax.set_xticks(np.arange(round(xmin1) +1, round(xmax1), 1.0))
ax.set_yticks(np.arange(round(xmin2) +1, round(xmax2), 1.0))
ax.set_zticks([-1,0,1])
# label axes
ax.set_xlabel(r'$x_1$', fontsize = 12,labelpad = 5)
ax.set_ylabel(r'$x_2$', rotation = 0,fontsize = 12,labelpad = 5)
ax.set_zlabel(r'$y$', rotation = 0,fontsize = 12,labelpad = -3)
# clean up panel
ax.xaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.yaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.zaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.xaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.yaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.zaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.xaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.yaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.zaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
# plot data 'from above' in seperator view
def separator_view(self,ax):
# set plotting limits
xmax1 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin1 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap1 = (xmax1 - xmin1)*0.05
xmin1 -= xgap1
xmax1 += xgap1
xmax2 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin2 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap2 = (xmax2 - xmin2)*0.05
xmin2 -= xgap2
xmax2 += xgap2
ymax = max(self.y)
ymin = min(self.y)
ygap = (ymax - ymin)*0.2
ymin -= ygap
ymax += ygap
# scatter points
classes = np.unique(self.y)
count = 0
for num in classes:
inds = np.argwhere(self.y == num)
inds = [s[0] for s in inds]
ax.scatter(self.data[inds,0],self.data[inds,1],color = self.colors[int(count)],linewidth = 1,marker = 'o',edgecolor = 'k',s = 50)
count+=1
# clean up panel
ax.set_xlim([xmin1,xmax1])
ax.set_ylim([xmin2,xmax2])
ax.set_xticks(np.arange(round(xmin1), round(xmax1) + 1, 1.0))
ax.set_yticks(np.arange(round(xmin2), round(xmax2) + 1, 1.0))
# label axes
ax.set_xlabel(r'$x_1$', fontsize = 12,labelpad = 0)
ax.set_ylabel(r'$x_2$', rotation = 0,fontsize = 12,labelpad = 5)
class classification_2d_visualizer:
'''
Visualize logistic regression applied to a 2-class dataset with N = 2
'''
#### initialize ####
def __init__(self,data,g):
# grab input
data = data.T
self.data = data
self.x = data[:,:-1]
self.y = data[:,-1]
self.g = g
# colors for viewing classification data 'from above'
self.colors = ['cornflowerblue','salmon','lime','bisque','mediumaquamarine','b','m','g']
# the counting cost function - for determining best weights from input weight history
def counting_cost(self,w):
cost = 0
for p in range(0,len(self.y)):
x_p = self.x[p]
y_p = self.y[p]
a_p = w[0] + sum([a*b for a,b in zip(w[1:],x_p)])
cost += (np.sign(a_p) - y_p)**2
return 0.25*cost
######## 2d functions ########
# animate gradient descent or newton's method
def animate_run(self,savepath,w_hist,**kwargs):
self.w_hist = w_hist
##### setup figure to plot #####
# initialize figure
fig = plt.figure(figsize = (8,3))
artist = fig
# create subplot with 3 panels, plot input function in center plot
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 2, width_ratios=[1,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0]);
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1]);
# produce color scheme
s = np.linspace(0,1,len(self.w_hist[:round(len(w_hist)/2)]))
s.shape = (len(s),1)
t = np.ones(len(self.w_hist[round(len(w_hist)/2):]))
t.shape = (len(t),1)
s = np.vstack((s,t))
self.colorspec = []
self.colorspec = np.concatenate((s,np.flipud(s)),1)
self.colorspec = np.concatenate((self.colorspec,np.zeros((len(s),1))),1)
# seed left panel plotting range
xmin = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x))
xmax = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x))
xgap = (xmax - xmin)*0.1
xmin-=xgap
xmax+=xgap
x_fit = np.linspace(xmin,xmax,300)
# seed right panel contour plot
viewmax = 3
if 'viewmax' in kwargs:
viewmax = kwargs['viewmax']
view = [20,100]
if 'view' in kwargs:
view = kwargs['view']
num_contours = 15
if 'num_contours' in kwargs:
num_contours = kwargs['num_contours']
self.contour_plot(ax2,viewmax,num_contours)
# start animation
num_frames = len(self.w_hist)
print ('starting animation rendering...')
def animate(k):
# clear panels
ax1.cla()
# current color
color = self.colorspec[k]
# print rendering update
if np.mod(k+1,25) == 0:
print ('rendering animation frame ' + str(k+1) + ' of ' + str(num_frames))
if k == num_frames - 1:
print ('animation rendering complete!')
time.sleep(1.5)
clear_output()
###### make left panel - plot data and fit ######
# initialize fit
w = self.w_hist[k]
y_fit = np.tanh(w[0] + x_fit*w[1])
# scatter data
self.scatter_pts(ax1)
# plot fit to data
ax1.plot(x_fit,y_fit,color = color,linewidth = 2)
###### make right panel - plot contour and steps ######
if k == 0:
ax2.scatter(w[0],w[1],s = 90,facecolor = color,edgecolor = 'k',linewidth = 0.5, zorder = 3)
if k > 0 and k < num_frames:
self.plot_pts_on_contour(ax2,k,color)
if k == num_frames -1:
ax2.scatter(w[0],w[1],s = 90,facecolor = color,edgecolor = 'k',linewidth = 0.5, zorder = 3)
return artist,
anim = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate ,frames=num_frames, interval=num_frames, blit=True)
# produce animation and save
fps = 50
if 'fps' in kwargs:
fps = kwargs['fps']
anim.save(savepath, fps=fps, extra_args=['-vcodec', 'libx264'])
clear_output()
# produce static image of gradient descent or newton's method run
def static_fig(self,w_hist,**kwargs):
self.w_hist = w_hist
ind = -1
show_path = True
if np.size(w_hist) == 0:
show_path = False
w = 0
if show_path:
w = w_hist[ind]
##### setup figure to plot #####
# initialize figure
fig = plt.figure(figsize = (8,3))
artist = fig
# create subplot with 3 panels, plot input function in center plot
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 2, width_ratios=[1,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0]);
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1]);
# produce color scheme
s = np.linspace(0,1,len(self.w_hist[:round(len(self.w_hist)/2)]))
s.shape = (len(s),1)
t = np.ones(len(self.w_hist[round(len(self.w_hist)/2):]))
t.shape = (len(t),1)
s = np.vstack((s,t))
self.colorspec = []
self.colorspec = np.concatenate((s,np.flipud(s)),1)
self.colorspec = np.concatenate((self.colorspec,np.zeros((len(s),1))),1)
# seed left panel plotting range
xmin = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x))
xmax = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x))
xgap = (xmax - xmin)*0.1
xmin-=xgap
xmax+=xgap
x_fit = np.linspace(xmin,xmax,300)
# seed right panel contour plot
viewmax = 3
if 'viewmax' in kwargs:
viewmax = kwargs['viewmax']
view = [20,100]
if 'view' in kwargs:
view = kwargs['view']
num_contours = 15
if 'num_contours' in kwargs:
num_contours = kwargs['num_contours']
### contour plot in right panel ###
self.contour_plot(ax2,viewmax,num_contours)
### make left panel - plot data and fit ###
# scatter data
self.scatter_pts(ax1)
if show_path:
# initialize fit
y_fit = np.tanh(w[0] + x_fit*w[1])
# plot fit to data
color = self.colorspec[-1]
ax1.plot(x_fit,y_fit,color = color,linewidth = 2)
# add points to right panel contour plot
num_frames = len(self.w_hist)
for k in range(num_frames):
# current color
color = self.colorspec[k]
# current weights
w = self.w_hist[k]
###### make right panel - plot contour and steps ######
if k == 0:
ax2.scatter(w[0],w[1],s = 90,facecolor = color,edgecolor = 'k',linewidth = 0.5, zorder = 3)
if k > 0 and k < num_frames:
self.plot_pts_on_contour(ax2,k,color)
if k == num_frames -1:
ax2.scatter(w[0],w[1],s = 90,facecolor = color,edgecolor = 'k',linewidth = 0.5, zorder = 3)
plt.show()
###### plot plotting functions ######
def plot_data(self,**kwargs):
# construct figure
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(9,3))
if np.shape(self.x)[1] == 1:
# create subplot with 2 panels
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 3, width_ratios=[1,2,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0]); ax1.axis('off')
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1]);
ax3 = plt.subplot(gs[2]); ax3.axis('off')
# scatter points
self.scatter_pts(ax2)
if np.shape(self.x)[1] == 2:
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 2, width_ratios=[1,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0],projection='3d');
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1],aspect = 'equal');
#gs.update(wspace=0.025, hspace=0.05) # set spacing between axes.
# plot points - first in 3d, then from above
self.scatter_pts(ax1)
self.separator_view(ax2)
# set zaxis to the left
self.move_axis_left(ax1)
# set view
if 'view' in kwargs:
view = kwargs['view']
ax1.view_init(view[0],view[1])
# scatter points
def scatter_pts(self,ax):
if np.shape(self.x)[1] == 1:
# set plotting limits
xmax = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x))
xmin = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x))
xgap = (xmax - xmin)*0.2
xmin -= xgap
xmax += xgap
ymax = max(self.y)
ymin = min(self.y)
ygap = (ymax - ymin)*0.2
ymin -= ygap
ymax += ygap
# initialize points
ax.scatter(self.x,self.y,color = 'k', edgecolor = 'w',linewidth = 0.9,s = 40)
# clean up panel
ax.set_xlim([xmin,xmax])
ax.set_ylim([ymin,ymax])
# label axes
ax.set_xlabel(r'$x$', fontsize = 12)
ax.set_ylabel(r'$y$', rotation = 0,fontsize = 12)
ax.set_title('data', fontsize = 13)
ax.axhline(y=0, color='k',zorder = 0,linewidth = 0.5)
ax.axvline(x=0, color='k',zorder = 0,linewidth = 0.5)
if np.shape(self.x)[1] == 2:
# set plotting limits
xmax1 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin1 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap1 = (xmax1 - xmin1)*0.35
xmin1 -= xgap1
xmax1 += xgap1
xmax2 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin2 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap2 = (xmax2 - xmin2)*0.35
xmin2 -= xgap2
xmax2 += xgap2
ymax = max(self.y)
ymin = min(self.y)
ygap = (ymax - ymin)*0.2
ymin -= ygap
ymax += ygap
# scatter points in both panels
class_nums = np.unique(self.y)
C = len(class_nums)
for c in range(C):
ind = np.argwhere(self.y == class_nums[c])
ind = [v[0] for v in ind]
ax.scatter(self.x[ind,0],self.x[ind,1],self.y[ind],s = 80,color = self.colors[c],edgecolor = 'k',linewidth = 1.5)
# clean up panel
ax.set_xlim([xmin1,xmax1])
ax.set_ylim([xmin2,xmax2])
ax.set_zlim([ymin,ymax])
ax.set_xticks(np.arange(round(xmin1) +1, round(xmax1), 1.0))
ax.set_yticks(np.arange(round(xmin2) +1, round(xmax2), 1.0))
ax.set_zticks([-1,0,1])
# label axes
ax.set_xlabel(r'$x_1$', fontsize = 12,labelpad = 5)
ax.set_ylabel(r'$x_2$', rotation = 0,fontsize = 12,labelpad = 5)
ax.set_zlabel(r'$y$', rotation = 0,fontsize = 12,labelpad = -3)
# clean up panel
ax.xaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.yaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.zaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.xaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.yaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.zaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.xaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.yaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.zaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
# plot data 'from above' in seperator view
def separator_view(self,ax):
# set plotting limits
xmax1 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin1 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap1 = (xmax1 - xmin1)*0.05
xmin1 -= xgap1
xmax1 += xgap1
xmax2 = copy.deepcopy(max(self.x[:,0]))
xmin2 = copy.deepcopy(min(self.x[:,0]))
xgap2 = (xmax2 - xmin2)*0.05
xmin2 -= xgap2
xmax2 += xgap2
ymax = max(self.y)
ymin = min(self.y)
ygap = (ymax - ymin)*0.2
ymin -= ygap
ymax += ygap
# scatter points
classes = np.unique(self.y)
count = 0
for num in classes:
inds = np.argwhere(self.y == num)
inds = [s[0] for s in inds]
plt.scatter(self.data[inds,0],self.data[inds,1],color = self.colors[int(count)],linewidth = 1,marker = 'o',edgecolor = 'k',s = 50)
count+=1
# clean up panel
ax.set_xlim([xmin1,xmax1])
ax.set_ylim([xmin2,xmax2])
ax.set_xticks(np.arange(round(xmin1), round(xmax1) + 1, 1.0))
ax.set_yticks(np.arange(round(xmin2), round(xmax2) + 1, 1.0))
# label axes
ax.set_xlabel(r'$x_1$', fontsize = 12,labelpad = 0)
ax.set_ylabel(r'$x_2$', rotation = 0,fontsize = 12,labelpad = 5)
# plot points on contour
def plot_pts_on_contour(self,ax,j,color):
# plot connector between points for visualization purposes
w_old = self.w_hist[j-1]
w_new = self.w_hist[j]
g_old = self.g(w_old)
g_new = self.g(w_new)
ax.plot([w_old[0],w_new[0]],[w_old[1],w_new[1]],color = color,linewidth = 3,alpha = 1,zorder = 2) # plot approx
ax.plot([w_old[0],w_new[0]],[w_old[1],w_new[1]],color = 'k',linewidth = 3 + 1,alpha = 1,zorder = 1) # plot approx
###### function plotting functions #######
def plot_ls_cost(self,**kwargs):
# construct figure
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(8,3))
# create subplot with 2 panels
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 2, width_ratios=[1,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0],aspect = 'equal');
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1],projection='3d');
# pull user-defined args
viewmax = 3
if 'viewmax' in kwargs:
viewmax = kwargs['viewmax']
view = [20,100]
if 'view' in kwargs:
view = kwargs['view']
num_contours = 15
if 'num_contours' in kwargs:
num_contours = kwargs['num_contours']
# make contour plot in left panel
self.contour_plot(ax1,viewmax,num_contours)
# make contour plot in right panel
self.surface_plot(ax2,viewmax,view)
plt.show()
### visualize the surface plot of cost function ###
def surface_plot(self,ax,wmax,view):
##### Produce cost function surface #####
wmax += wmax*0.1
r = np.linspace(-wmax,wmax,200)
# create grid from plotting range
w1_vals,w2_vals = np.meshgrid(r,r)
w1_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
w2_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
w_ = np.concatenate((w1_vals,w2_vals),axis = 1)
g_vals = []
for i in range(len(r)**2):
g_vals.append(self.g(w_[i,:]))
g_vals = np.asarray(g_vals)
# reshape and plot the surface, as well as where the zero-plane is
w1_vals.shape = (np.size(r),np.size(r))
w2_vals.shape = (np.size(r),np.size(r))
g_vals.shape = (np.size(r),np.size(r))
# plot cost surface
ax.plot_surface(w1_vals,w2_vals,g_vals,alpha = 0.1,color = 'w',rstride=25, cstride=25,linewidth=1,edgecolor = 'k',zorder = 2)
# clean up panel
ax.xaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.yaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.zaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.xaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.yaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.zaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.xaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.yaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.zaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.set_xlabel(r'$w_0$',fontsize = 12)
ax.set_ylabel(r'$w_1$',fontsize = 12,rotation = 0)
ax.set_title(r'$g\left(w_0,w_1\right)$',fontsize = 13)
ax.view_init(view[0],view[1])
### visualize contour plot of cost function ###
def contour_plot(self,ax,wmax,num_contours):
#### define input space for function and evaluate ####
w1 = np.linspace(-wmax,wmax,100)
w2 = np.linspace(-wmax,wmax,100)
w1_vals, w2_vals = np.meshgrid(w1,w2)
w1_vals.shape = (len(w1)**2,1)
w2_vals.shape = (len(w2)**2,1)
h = np.concatenate((w1_vals,w2_vals),axis=1)
func_vals = np.asarray([ self.g(np.reshape(s,(2,1))) for s in h])
#func_vals = np.asarray([self.g(s) for s in h])
w1_vals.shape = (len(w1),len(w1))
w2_vals.shape = (len(w2),len(w2))
func_vals.shape = (len(w1),len(w2))
### make contour right plot - as well as horizontal and vertical axes ###
# set level ridges
levelmin = min(func_vals.flatten())
levelmax = max(func_vals.flatten())
cutoff = 0.5
cutoff = (levelmax - levelmin)*cutoff
numper = 3
levels1 = np.linspace(cutoff,levelmax,numper)
num_contours -= numper
levels2 = np.linspace(levelmin,cutoff,min(num_contours,numper))
levels = np.unique(np.append(levels1,levels2))
num_contours -= numper
while num_contours > 0:
cutoff = levels[1]
levels2 = np.linspace(levelmin,cutoff,min(num_contours,numper))
levels = np.unique(np.append(levels2,levels))
num_contours -= numper
a = ax.contour(w1_vals, w2_vals, func_vals,levels = levels,colors = 'k')
ax.contourf(w1_vals, w2_vals, func_vals,levels = levels,cmap = 'Blues')
# clean up panel
ax.set_xlabel('$w_0$',fontsize = 12)
ax.set_ylabel('$w_1$',fontsize = 12,rotation = 0)
ax.set_title(r'$g\left(w_0,w_1\right)$',fontsize = 13)
ax.axhline(y=0, color='k',zorder = 0,linewidth = 0.5)
ax.axvline(x=0, color='k',zorder = 0,linewidth = 0.5)
ax.set_xlim([-wmax,wmax])
ax.set_ylim([-wmax,wmax])
# gradient descent function - inputs: g (input function), alpha (steplength parameter), max_its (maximum number of iterations), w (initialization)
def gradient_descent(g,alpha_choice,max_its,w):
# flatten the input function to more easily deal with costs that have layers of parameters
g_flat, unflatten, w = flatten_func(g, w) # note here the output 'w' is also flattened
# compute the gradient function of our input function - note this is a function too
# that - when evaluated - returns both the gradient and function evaluations (remember
# as discussed in Chapter 3 we always ge the function evaluation 'for free' when we use
# an Automatic Differntiator to evaluate the gradient)
gradient = value_and_grad(g_flat)
# run the gradient descent loop
weight_history = [] # container for weight history
cost_history = [] # container for corresponding cost function history
alpha = 0
for k in range(1,max_its+1):
# check if diminishing steplength rule used
if alpha_choice == 'diminishing':
alpha = 1/float(k)
else:
alpha = alpha_choice
# evaluate the gradient, store current (unflattened) weights and cost function value
cost_eval,grad_eval = gradient(w)
weight_history.append(unflatten(w))
cost_history.append(cost_eval)
# take gradient descent step
w = w - alpha*grad_eval
# collect final weights
weight_history.append(unflatten(w))
# compute final cost function value via g itself (since we aren't computing
# the gradient at the final step we don't get the final cost function value
# via the Automatic Differentiatoor)
cost_history.append(g_flat(w))
return weight_history,cost_history
class cost_visualizer:
'''
Visualize an input cost function based on data.
'''
#### initialize ####
def __init__(self,data):
# grab input
data = data.T
self.x = data[:,:-1]
self.y = data[:,-1]
# least squares
def counting_cost(self,w):
cost = 0
for p in range(0,len(self.y)):
x_p = self.x[p,:]
y_p = self.y[p]
a_p = w[0] + np.sum([u*v for (u,v) in zip(x_p,w[1:])])
e = 0
if np.sign(a_p) != y_p:
cost += 1
return float(cost)
# log-loss
def log_loss(self,w):
cost = 0
for p in range(0,len(self.y)):
x_p = self.x[p,:]
y_p = self.y[p]
a_p = w[0] + np.sum([u*v for (u,v) in zip(x_p,w[1:])])
cost += np.log(1 + np.exp(-y_p*a_p))
return cost
# tanh non-convex least squares
def tanh_least_squares(self,w):
cost = 0
for p in range(0,len(self.y)):
x_p = self.x[p,:]
y_p = self.y[p]
a_p = w[0] + np.sum([u*v for (u,v) in zip(x_p,w[1:])])
cost +=(np.tanh(a_p) - y_p)**2
return cost
###### function plotting functions #######
def plot_costs(self,**kwargs):
# construct figure
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(8,3))
# create subplot with 2 panels
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 3, width_ratios=[1,1,1])
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0],projection='3d');
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1],projection='3d');
ax3 = plt.subplot(gs[2],projection='3d');
# pull user-defined args
viewmax = 3
if 'viewmax' in kwargs:
viewmax = kwargs['viewmax']
view = [20,100]
if 'view' in kwargs:
view = kwargs['view']
# make contour plot in each panel
g = self.counting_cost
self.surface_plot(g,ax1,viewmax,view)
g = self.tanh_least_squares
self.surface_plot(g,ax2,viewmax,view)
g = self.log_loss
self.surface_plot(g,ax3,viewmax,view)
plt.show()
### visualize the surface plot of cost function ###
def surface_plot(self,g,ax,wmax,view):
##### Produce cost function surface #####
r = np.linspace(-wmax,wmax,300)
# create grid from plotting range
w1_vals,w2_vals = np.meshgrid(r,r)
w1_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
w2_vals.shape = (len(r)**2,1)
w_ = np.concatenate((w1_vals,w2_vals),axis = 1)
g_vals = []
for i in range(len(r)**2):
g_vals.append(g(w_[i,:]))
g_vals = np.asarray(g_vals)
w1_vals.shape = (np.size(r),np.size(r))
w2_vals.shape = (np.size(r),np.size(r))
### is this a counting cost? if so re-calculate ###
levels = np.unique(g_vals)
if np.size(levels) < 30:
# plot each level of the counting cost
levels = np.unique(g_vals)
for u in levels:
# make copy of cost and nan out all non level entries
z = g_vals.copy()
ind = np.argwhere(z != u)
ind = [v[0] for v in ind]
z[ind] = np.nan
# plot the current level
z.shape = (len(r),len(r))
ax.plot_surface(w1_vals,w2_vals,z,alpha = 0.4,color = '#696969',zorder = 0,shade = True,linewidth=0)
else: # smooth cost function, plot usual
# reshape and plot the surface, as well as where the zero-plane is
g_vals.shape = (np.size(r),np.size(r))
# plot cost surface
ax.plot_surface(w1_vals,w2_vals,g_vals,alpha = 0.1,color = 'w',rstride=25, cstride=25,linewidth=1,edgecolor = 'k',zorder = 2)
### clean up panel ###
ax.xaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.yaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.zaxis.pane.fill = False
ax.xaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.yaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.zaxis.pane.set_edgecolor('white')
ax.xaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.yaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.zaxis._axinfo["grid"]['color'] = (1,1,1,0)
ax.set_xlabel(r'$w_0$',fontsize = 12)
ax.set_ylabel(r'$w_1$',fontsize = 12,rotation = 0)
ax.view_init(view[0],view[1])
class static_visualizer:
'''
Illustrate a run of your preferred optimization algorithm on a one or two-input function. Run
the algorithm first, and input the resulting weight history into this wrapper.
'''
# compare cost histories from multiple runs
def plot_cost_histories(self,histories,start,**kwargs):
# plotting colors
colors = ['k','magenta','aqua','blueviolet','chocolate']
# initialize figure
fig = plt.figure(figsize = (10,3))
# create subplot with 1 panel
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 1)
ax = plt.subplot(gs[0]);
# any labels to add?
labels = [' ',' ']
if 'labels' in kwargs:
labels = kwargs['labels']
# plot points on cost function plot too?
points = False
if 'points' in kwargs:
points = kwargs['points']
# run through input histories, plotting each beginning at 'start' iteration
for c in range(len(histories)):
history = histories[c]
label = 0
if c == 0:
label = labels[0]
else:
label = labels[1]
# check if a label exists, if so add it to the plot
if np.size(label) == 0:
ax.plot(np.arange(start,len(history),1),history[start:],linewidth = 3*(0.8)**(c),color = colors[c])
else:
ax.plot(np.arange(start,len(history),1),history[start:],linewidth = 3*(0.8)**(c),color = colors[c],label = label)
# check if points should be plotted for visualization purposes
if points == True:
ax.scatter(np.arange(start,len(history),1),history[start:],s = 90,color = colors[c],edgecolor = 'w',linewidth = 2,zorder = 3)
# clean up panel
xlabel = 'step $k$'
if 'xlabel' in kwargs:
xlabel = kwargs['xlabel']
ylabel = r'$g\left(\mathbf{w}^k\right)$'
if 'ylabel' in kwargs:
ylabel = kwargs['ylabel']
ax.set_xlabel(xlabel,fontsize = 14)
ax.set_ylabel(ylabel,fontsize = 14,rotation = 0,labelpad = 25)
if np.size(label) > 0:
anchor = (1,1)
if 'anchor' in kwargs:
anchor = kwargs['anchor']
plt.legend(loc='upper right', bbox_to_anchor=anchor)
#leg = ax.legend(loc='upper left', bbox_to_anchor=(1.02, 1), borderaxespad=0)
ax.set_xlim([start - 0.5,len(history) - 0.5])
# fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
### makes color spectrum for plotted run points - from green (start) to red (stop)
def make_colorspec(self,w_hist):
# make color range for path
s = np.linspace(0,1,len(w_hist[:round(len(w_hist)/2)]))
s.shape = (len(s),1)
t = np.ones(len(w_hist[round(len(w_hist)/2):]))
t.shape = (len(t),1)
s = np.vstack((s,t))
colorspec = []
colorspec = np.concatenate((s,np.flipud(s)),1)
colorspec = np.concatenate((colorspec,np.zeros((len(s),1))),1)
return colorspec
``` |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MAIN //
/**
* Revives a JSON-serialized regular expression.
*
* @param {string} key - key
* @param {*} value - value
* @returns {(*|RegExp)} regular expression
*
* @example
* var parseJSON = require( '@stdlib/utils/parse-json' );
*
* var str = '{"type":"RegExp","pattern":"ab+c","flags":""}';
*
* var re = parseJSON( str, reviver );
* // returns <RegExp>
*/
function reviver( key, value ) {
if ( value && value.type === 'RegExp' && value.pattern ) {
return new RegExp( value.pattern, value.flags );
}
return value;
}
// EXPORTS //
module.exports = reviver;
``` |
Irvona is a borough in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 549 at the 2020 census.
Geography
Irvona is located in southern Clearfield County at (40.773516, -78.552552), along Clearfield Creek, a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River. Pennsylvania Route 53 passes through the borough, leading south to Coalport and northeast to Glen Hope.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Irvona has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.12%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 680 people, 241 households, and 182 families residing in the borough. The population density was . There were 258 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the borough was 99.41% White, and 0.59% from two or more races.
There were 241 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.27.
In the borough, the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $32,500, and the median income for a family was $39,000. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $21,719 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $11,785. About 12.4% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.2% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
Populated places established in 1890
Boroughs in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania |
The Bejski Commission () was a National Commission of Inquiry established by the Israeli government on January 7, 1985. Headed by the Supreme Court justice Moshe Bejski, its remit was to examine events surrounding the 1983 Tel Aviv stock market crash, which led to a financial crisis and the nationalization of most of Israel's major banks. It issued a report on April 16, 1986, which concluded that major Israeli banks had been rigging the price of bank shares over a long period and called for the dismissal or resignation of many of the heads of the Israeli banking system.
Moshe Mendlelbaum, then governor of the Bank of Israel, resigned; Ernst Jephet of Bank Leumi retired with a $5 million agreement; Rafael Recanti refused to resign as head of the Discount Bank, threatening to provoke a banking crisis by withdrawing deposits from the Bank of Israel.
References
Israeli commissions and inquiries |
Jadwiga Bryła (; born 9 July 1943 in Warsaw) is a Polish biochemist. Since 1977 manager of Metabolism Regulation Department in Faculty of Biology in Warsaw University, and since 1983 professor in this faculty. Director of Biochemistry Institute. Since 1993 a member-correspondent of Polish Academy of Learning; she leads researches on regulations of intermediate transformations, especially on carbohydrates in animal tissues.
Selections
Book publications
Regulation of cell metabolism Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, (1981).
Journal publications
Drożak J., Doroszewska K., Chodnicka K., Bryła J.Contribution of L-DOPA, dopamine and tyramine metabolism to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis in rabbit kidney-cortex tubules. 29th FEBS Meeting, Warsaw European Journal of Biochemistry Tom 271 Nr supl. 1 r. 2004, pp. 140–140
Kiersztan A., Modzelewska A., Jarzyna R., Jagielska R., Bryła J. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis by vanadium and metformin in kidney-cortex tubules isolated from control and diabetic rabbits Biochemical Pharmacology Tome 63 2002, pp. 1371–1382
Drożak J., Doroszewska R., Chodnicka K., Winiarska K., Bryła J. Contribution of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine metabolism to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis in rabbit kidney-cortex tubules International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Tome 37 2005, pp. 1269–1280
References
Polish biochemists
1943 births
Living people
Polish women academics
Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences |
The 15th Street–Prospect Park station is a local station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway. Located at 15th Street east of Prospect Park West in the Windsor Terrace and Park Slope neighborhoods in Brooklyn, it is served by the F and G trains at all times.
This underground station, opened on October 7, 1933, has two tracks and one island platform. The Culver Line's express tracks run via a separate routing underneath Prospect Park and are not visible from the platforms. Due to the alignment of the street grid, the station and tunnel were constructed about east of Prospect Park West, rather than directly under any street. This station was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
History
One of the goals of Mayor John Hylan's Independent Subway System (IND), proposed in the 1920s, was a line to Coney Island, reached by a recapture of the BMT Culver Line. As originally designed, service to and from Manhattan would have been exclusively provided by Culver express trains, while all local service would have fed into the IND Crosstown Line. The line was extended from Bergen Street to Church Avenue on October 7, 1933, including the 15th Street–Prospect Park station.
Upon the station's completion, it served Windsor Terrace, a mostly residential area with brownstones and row houses occupied by European immigrants. It was also directly adjacent to Prospect Park and close to Green-Wood Cemetery. This station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 27, 2005.
Service patterns
The station was originally served by the A train. In 1936, the A was rerouted to the IND Fulton Street Line and was replaced by E trains from the Queens Boulevard Line. In 1937, the connection to the IND Crosstown Line opened and (later renamed the G) trains were extended to Church Avenue, complementing the E. In December 1940, after the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened, E trains were replaced by the , and the GG was cut back to Smith–Ninth Streets. Following the completion of the Culver Ramp in 1954, Concourse Express trains replaced F service to Coney Island. In November 1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened and D trains were rerouted via the Manhattan Bridge and the BMT Brighton Line to Coney Island. F trains were extended once again via the Culver Line.
The station acted as a local-only station from 1968 to 1976, when F trains ran express in both directions between Bergen Street and Church Avenue during rush hours. G trains were extended from Smith–Ninth Streets to Church Avenue to provide local service. Express service between Bergen and Church ended in 1976 due to budgetary concerns and passenger complaints, and the GG, later renamed the G, was again terminated at the Smith–Ninth Streets station.
In July 2009, the G was extended from its long-time terminus at Smith–Ninth Streets to a more efficient terminus at Church Avenue to accommodate the rehabilitation of the Culver Viaduct. The G extension was made permanent in July 2012. In July 2019, the MTA revealed plans to restore express service on the Culver Line between Jay Street and Church Avenue. Express service started on September 16, 2019.
Station layout
This underground station has two tracks and an island platform. The two express tracks of the line run along a separate, more direct alignment under Prospect Park, and are not visible from this station. The station is approximately long and wide, excluding exits and passageways. The station and tunnel were constructed about east of Prospect Park West. Therefore, the station is not located underneath a street. Some portions of the tunnel are directly underneath Prospect Park, while others are between Prospect Park West and 10th Avenue.
Both trackside walls have an orange-yellow trim line with a medium red-brown border with small black and white "15TH ST" tile captions below it at regular intervals. The tile band is set in a three-high course, a pattern usually reserved for express stations. The tiles were part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND. The tile colors were designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going away from Lower Manhattan. As such, the yellow tiles used at 15th Street were also used at , the next express station to the north, while a different tile color is used at , the next express station to the south. Yellow tiles are also used at , the only other local station between Seventh Avenue and Church Avenue.
Ventilation grates are located along the trackside walls. A row of large, white tiled columns runs along either side of the platform and the mezzanine above at intervals. Alternating columns carry the standard black-and-white station name plate. The ceiling of the platform level is held up by H-shaped piers located every , which support girders underneath the mezzanine. The roof girders are also connected to columns in the trackside walls.
The tunnel is covered by a "U"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The outer walls of this trough are composed of columns, spaced approximately every with concrete infill between them. There is a gap between the tunnel wall and the trackside wall, which is made of -thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.
The narrow mezzanine is full-length, sparsely decorated with plain tiling typical of the IND, and allows out-of-system walking from one end to the other. Six staircases lead from the platform to the mezzanine. The area inside the fare control area is split into two sections, one considerably smaller than the other.
Exits
There are six entrances to the station in total. The northern end has four exit stairs. Two of them are reached only by a long passageway extending west; one stair goes to the northwest corner of Bartel-Pritchard Square while another goes to the east side of Prospect Park West between 15th Street and Bartel-Pritchard Square. The other two staircases go to the northern and southern sides of Prospect Park Southwest, east of Bartel-Pritchard Square. The eastern staircase on Prospect Park West, as well as the northern staircase on Prospect Park South, are located within the boundaries of Prospect Park and contain stone banisters. The other staircases contain metal banisters, typical of other New York City Subway stations. Communications rooms are also located near the Prospect Park West staircase.
The center of the mezzanine has one staircase going up to the north side of 16th Street while the south end has one staircase going up to the north side of Windsor Place near the intersection of Howard Place. Both stairs contain typical metal banisters. Full height turnstiles provide access to and from the fare control areas near these entrances. The station's only token booth and bank of regular turnstiles is located between the south and center fare control areas, and there are additional communications rooms on the southern end of the mezzanine. Evidence of at least two former booths exist.
In popular culture
Several dream sequences in the film Pi, which take place in an empty generic-looking New York City Subway station, were shot at 15th Street–Prospect Park.
References
External links
Station Reporter — F Train
The Subway Nut — 15th Street–Prospect Park Pictures
Bartel Prichard Square entrance from Google Maps Street View
16th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Windsor Place entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platform from Google Maps Street View
1933 establishments in New York City
IND Culver Line stations
National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn
New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn
Park Slope
Prospect Park (Brooklyn)
Railway and subway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1933 |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\SA360;
class GoogleAdsSearchads360V0ResourcesConversionAction extends \Google\Model
{
/**
* @var string
*/
public $appId;
protected $attributionModelSettingsType = your_sha256_hashSettings::class;
protected $attributionModelSettingsDataType = '';
/**
* @var string
*/
public $category;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $clickThroughLookbackWindowDays;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $creationTime;
protected $floodlightSettingsType = your_sha256_hashgs::class;
protected $floodlightSettingsDataType = '';
/**
* @var string
*/
public $id;
/**
* @var bool
*/
public $includeInClientAccountConversionsMetric;
/**
* @var bool
*/
public $includeInConversionsMetric;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $name;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $ownerCustomer;
/**
* @var bool
*/
public $primaryForGoal;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $resourceName;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $status;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $type;
protected $valueSettingsType = GoogleAdsSearchads360V0ResourcesConversionActionValueSettings::class;
protected $valueSettingsDataType = '';
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setAppId($appId)
{
$this->appId = $appId;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getAppId()
{
return $this->appId;
}
/**
* @param your_sha256_hashSettings
*/
public function setAttributionModelSettings(your_sha256_hashSettings $attributionModelSettings)
{
$this->attributionModelSettings = $attributionModelSettings;
}
/**
* @return your_sha256_hashSettings
*/
public function getAttributionModelSettings()
{
return $this->attributionModelSettings;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setCategory($category)
{
$this->category = $category;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getCategory()
{
return $this->category;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setClickThroughLookbackWindowDays($clickThroughLookbackWindowDays)
{
$this->clickThroughLookbackWindowDays = $clickThroughLookbackWindowDays;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getClickThroughLookbackWindowDays()
{
return $this->clickThroughLookbackWindowDays;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setCreationTime($creationTime)
{
$this->creationTime = $creationTime;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getCreationTime()
{
return $this->creationTime;
}
/**
* @param your_sha256_hashgs
*/
public function setFloodlightSettings(your_sha256_hashgs $floodlightSettings)
{
$this->floodlightSettings = $floodlightSettings;
}
/**
* @return your_sha256_hashgs
*/
public function getFloodlightSettings()
{
return $this->floodlightSettings;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setId($id)
{
$this->id = $id;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getId()
{
return $this->id;
}
/**
* @param bool
*/
public function setIncludeInClientAccountConversionsMetric($includeInClientAccountConversionsMetric)
{
$this->includeInClientAccountConversionsMetric = $includeInClientAccountConversionsMetric;
}
/**
* @return bool
*/
public function getIncludeInClientAccountConversionsMetric()
{
return $this->includeInClientAccountConversionsMetric;
}
/**
* @param bool
*/
public function setIncludeInConversionsMetric($includeInConversionsMetric)
{
$this->includeInConversionsMetric = $includeInConversionsMetric;
}
/**
* @return bool
*/
public function getIncludeInConversionsMetric()
{
return $this->includeInConversionsMetric;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setName($name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getName()
{
return $this->name;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setOwnerCustomer($ownerCustomer)
{
$this->ownerCustomer = $ownerCustomer;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getOwnerCustomer()
{
return $this->ownerCustomer;
}
/**
* @param bool
*/
public function setPrimaryForGoal($primaryForGoal)
{
$this->primaryForGoal = $primaryForGoal;
}
/**
* @return bool
*/
public function getPrimaryForGoal()
{
return $this->primaryForGoal;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setResourceName($resourceName)
{
$this->resourceName = $resourceName;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getResourceName()
{
return $this->resourceName;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setStatus($status)
{
$this->status = $status;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getStatus()
{
return $this->status;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setType($type)
{
$this->type = $type;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getType()
{
return $this->type;
}
/**
* @param GoogleAdsSearchads360V0ResourcesConversionActionValueSettings
*/
public function setValueSettings(GoogleAdsSearchads360V0ResourcesConversionActionValueSettings $valueSettings)
{
$this->valueSettings = $valueSettings;
}
/**
* @return GoogleAdsSearchads360V0ResourcesConversionActionValueSettings
*/
public function getValueSettings()
{
return $this->valueSettings;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(GoogleAdsSearchads360V0ResourcesConversionAction::class, your_sha256_hashction');
``` |
```html
<div class="card">
<div class="header">
<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>
<b>AdminBSB - Material Design is a fully responsive and free admin template.</b>
</p>
<p>
It was developed with <a href="path_to_url" target="_blank">Bootstrap 3.x Framework</a> and <a href="path_to_url" target="_blank">Google Material Design</a> of powers.
We chosed many commonly used <a href="path_to_url" target="_blank">Jquery</a> plugins compatible with Bootstrap 3.x. for you and we restyled theme inside rules of Material Design.
We organized all files for to easy editable. This documentation will guide you through installing the template and exploring the various components.
</p>
</div>
</div>
``` |
```shell
Granting `root` access to a user
The `sticky bit` permission
Understanding `umask`
Running a command as another local user
`usermod` recipes
``` |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.flowable.rest.service.api.runtime;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.flowable.engine.impl.cmd.ChangeDeploymentTenantIdCmd;
import org.flowable.engine.runtime.ProcessInstance;
import org.flowable.engine.test.Deployment;
import org.flowable.rest.service.BaseSpringRestTestCase;
import org.flowable.rest.service.api.RestUrls;
import org.flowable.task.api.Task;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
/**
* Test for REST-operation related to the activity instance query resource.
*
* @author Tijs Rademakers
*/
public class ActivityInstanceCollectionResourceTest extends BaseSpringRestTestCase {
/**
* Test querying activity instance. GET runtime/activity-instances
*/
@Test
@Deployment(resources = { "org/flowable/rest/service/api/twoTaskProcess.bpmn20.xml" })
public void testQueryActivityInstances() throws Exception {
ProcessInstance processInstance = runtimeService.startProcessInstanceByKey("oneTaskProcess");
Task task = taskService.createTaskQuery().processInstanceId(processInstance.getId()).singleResult();
taskService.complete(task.getId());
// Set tenant on deployment
managementService.executeCommand(new ChangeDeploymentTenantIdCmd(deploymentId, "myTenant"));
ProcessInstance processInstance2 = runtimeService.startProcessInstanceByKeyAndTenantId("oneTaskProcess", "myTenant");
String url = RestUrls.createRelativeResourceUrl(RestUrls.URL_ACTIVITY_INSTANCES);
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityId=processTask", 2, "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityId=processTask&finished=true", 1, "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityId=processTask&finished=false", 1, "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityId=processTask2", 1, "processTask2");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityId=processTask3", 0);
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityName=Process%20task", 2, "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityName=Process%20task2", 1, "processTask2");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityName=Process%20task3", 0);
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityType=userTask", 3, "processTask", "processTask2");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityType=startEvent", 2, "theStart");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?activityType=receiveTask", 0);
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?processInstanceId=" + processInstance.getId(), 5, "theStart", "flow1", "processTask", "flow2", "processTask2");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?processInstanceId=" + processInstance2.getId(), 3, "theStart", "flow1", "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?processDefinitionId=" + processInstance.getProcessDefinitionId(), 8,
"theStart", "flow1", "processTask", "flow2", "processTask2");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?taskAssignee=kermit", 2, "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?taskAssignee=fozzie", 1, "processTask2");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?taskAssignee=fozzie2", 0);
// Without tenant ID, only activities for processinstance1
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?withoutTenantId=true", 5);
// Tenant id
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?tenantId=myTenant", 3, "theStart", "flow1", "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?tenantId=anotherTenant");
// Tenant id like
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?tenantIdLike=" + encode("%enant"), 3, "theStart", "flow1", "processTask");
assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(url + "?tenantIdLike=anotherTenant");
}
protected void assertResultsPresentInDataResponse(String url, int numberOfResultsExpected, String... expectedActivityIds) throws JsonProcessingException, IOException {
// Do the actual call
CloseableHttpResponse response = executeRequest(new HttpGet(SERVER_URL_PREFIX + url), HttpStatus.SC_OK);
JsonNode dataNode = objectMapper.readTree(response.getEntity().getContent()).get("data");
closeResponse(response);
assertThat(dataNode).hasSize(numberOfResultsExpected);
// Check presence of ID's
if (expectedActivityIds != null) {
List<String> toBeFound = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(expectedActivityIds));
Iterator<JsonNode> it = dataNode.iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
String activityId = it.next().get("activityId").textValue();
toBeFound.remove(activityId);
}
assertThat(toBeFound).as("Not all entries have been found in result, missing: " + StringUtils.join(toBeFound, ", ")).isEmpty();
}
}
}
``` |
Minister of Mines may refer to
Minister of Mines (Canada)
Minister of Mines (India) |
Adna mac Uthidir, Irish poet, fl. 1st-century AD.
Adna mac Uthidir held the post of Chief Ollam of Ireland during the reign of King Conchobar mac Nessa. He lived c. 1 AD. Edward O'Reilly mentions him in his Chronological Account of Irish Writers. Fragments of laws attributed to Adna are to be found in the library of Trinity College. The sages Adhna, Forchern, and Atharne are said to have been the first to collect the axioms of Irish law into one volume. Some sources say he was Chief Poet of Ulster as well as Ireland. An old Irish tale "Immacallam in dá Thuarad" or 'The Colloquy of the Two Sages' tells of his death.
References
1st-century Irish poets
Irish-language poets
Irish male poets |
Pinus armandii, the Armand pine or Chinese white pine, is a species of pine native to China, occurring from southern Shanxi west to southern Gansu and south to Yunnan, with outlying populations in Anhui. It grows at altitudes of 2200–3000 m in Taiwan, and it also extends a short distance into northern Burma. In Chinese it is known as "Mount Hua pine" ().
It grows at 1,000–3,300 m altitude, with the lower altitudes mainly in the northern part of the range. It is a tree reaching height, with a trunk up to in diameter.
Description
It is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. They are long. The cones are long and broad, with stout, thick scales. The seeds are large, long and have only a vestigial wing; they are dispersed by spotted nutcrackers. The cones mature in their second year, this is a juvenile female cone:
Varieties
The species has two or three varieties:
Pinus armandii var. armandii. All the range except for the populations below.
Pinus armandii var. mastersiana. Mountains of central Taiwan.
Pinus armandii var. dabeshanensis. The Dabie Mountains on the Anhui-Hubei border. Alternatively, this variety may be treated as a separate species, Pinus dabeshanensis (Dabie Mountains pine). To add further confusion, Flora of China lists this as P. fenzeliana var. dabeshanensis.
IUCN has listed var. dabeshanensis (assessed as Pinus dabeshanensis) as vulnerable and var. mastersiana as endangered.
Pinus armandii has also been reported in the past from Hainan off the south coast of China, and two islands off southern Japan, but these pines differ in a number of features and are now treated as distinct species, Hainan white pine (Pinus fenzeliana) and Yakushima white pine (Pinus amamiana) respectively.
Uses
Pinus armandii seeds are harvested and sold as pine nuts. Research indicates that these nuts can cause pine mouth syndrome. The wood is used for general building purposes; the species is important in forestry plantations in some parts of China. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens in Europe and North America. The scientific name commemorates the French missionary and naturalist Armand David, who first introduced it to Europe.
Problems
19 different Pestalotiopsis species (a genus of ascomycete fungi) have been found as endophytes from bark and needles of Pinus armandii in China.
Chinese culture
The tree, because of its evergreen foliage, is considered by the Chinese as an emblem of longevity and immortality. Its resin is considered an animated soul-substance, the counterpart of blood in men and animals. In ancient China, Taoist seekers of immortality consumed much of the tree's resin, hoping thereby to prolong life. Legend says that Qiu Sheng () who lived at the time of King Chengtang of Shang () (reigned 1675–1646 BCE), founder of the Shang Dynasty, was indebted for his longevity to pine-resin. The Shouxing, Chinese god of longevity (), is usually represented standing at the foot of a pine, while a fairy-crane perches on a branch of the tree. In traditional pictures of "happiness, honor and longevity" (), the pine-tree represents longevity, in the same manner as the bat symbolizes good fortune due to its homonymic association with the Chinese character for good luck (). A fungus, that the Chinese call Fu Ling grows on the root of the pine-tree, and is believed by the Chinese to suppress all sensations of hunger, cure various diseases, and lengthen life.
References
External links
Pinus armandii cone photos (scroll ¾ way down page)
armandii
Trees of Myanmar
armandii
Flora of Shanxi
Flora of Gansu
Flora of Yunnan
Flora of Anhui
Trees of Taiwan
Edible nuts and seeds
Least concern plants |
Cyril Thomas Demarne, (7 February 1905 – 28 January 2007) was a British firefighter. He served in London during the Second World War, throughout the Blitz. He was later involved in establishing aviation firefighting units in Australasia and in Beirut. In retirement, he wrote several books based on his wartime experiences.
Early life
Demarne was born in Poplar, London, the eldest of three sons and two daughters of a City clerk; when his father lost his job through illness, the family's living standards suffered: "Sometimes we sat in the dark, for there was no penny for the gas." Demarne recalled seeing, as a boy, troops marching from Woolwich through the Blackwall Tunnel with horses pulling the guns. Most distinctly, he remembered the Zeppelin raids on London in 1915 and witnessing the downing of the Schütte-Lanz SL11 (1916) for which William Leefe Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross. Those dramatic events were a precursor of the relentless bombing of the capital 25 years later.
He joined the West Ham Fire Brigade in 1925 and was a Sub-Officer instructing the Auxiliary Fire Service when war was declared.
World War II
He spent the period from September 1940 to May 1941 serving in West Ham, one of the most heavily bombed areas in the country.
The first day of the Blitz (7 September 1940), Demarne recalled a "lovely sunny day. It was about There were about 300 German aircraft. Some detached and flew along the waterfront from North Woolwich to the tidal basin, bombed the big factories along the River Thames". These included the giant Tate and Lyle factory in Silvertown. The factories had thousands of people working in them and the bombing caused "horrendous casualties". Buildings were ablaze for three miles along the River Thames. Demarne ordered 500 pumps to the scene. His commander thought was this a bit excessive and sent someone to check: he reported that 1,000 engines were needed. Remembering those days 60 years later, Demarne recalled "In the first week of the Blitz I thought London wouldn't be able to stand up to it. There were huge craters and gas flames blazing high in the air and tangled telephone cables everywhere but every night the emergency services got to work and got everything up and running all over again".
The first raid was followed by 57 consecutive nights of bombing; after one night off, when the German aircraft were hampered by bad weather, the air raids resumed until 10 May 1941. The night of 29/30 December 1940 was one of the most destructive air raids of the London Blitz and was quickly dubbed The Second Great Fire of London. The Auxiliary Fire Service worked almost continuously, putting out fires and rescuing the injured and recovering the dead from the ruined buildings.
Demarne was appointed Company Officer at Whitechapel in October 1941, in the new National Fire Service. He was twice promoted in 1943. In January 1944, as Divisional Officer, he was transferred back to West Ham in time for the "Baby" Blitz and flying bomb attacks.
He described how one night in Forest Gate a bus laden with people going home from work was hit. "The top of the bus was completely gone with the remains of the passengers scattered over nearby houses. The passengers on the lower deck had all been decapitated but were sitting in their seats "as if waiting to have their fares collected. It was the most horrific thing I witnessed". He was transferred again to the City and Central London in November 1944, where he was involved in three of the most deadly V-2 rocket attacks, in which more than three hundred people were killed.
Post-war career
After two years service in the West End, based at Manchester Square Station, he was promoted to Chief Fire Officer West Ham. In 1952, he received the OBE.
He retired from the Fire Service in 1955 and moved to Australia, where he became Senior Instructor of the Fire Service Training School at Sydney Airport from its inception in 1956 to 1964. During this period, he travelled widely throughout Australasia and developed the aviation fire departments of Norfolk Island and Papua New Guinea. Under secondment to the International Civil Aviation Organization, he set up and ran the Civil Aviation Safety Centre at Beirut Airport until his retirement in 1967.
In retirement
He published his memoirs of his wartime service in The London Blitz – A Fireman's Tale in 1980, followed by Our Girls – A Story of the Nation's Wartime Firewomen (1995). He also contributed to The Blitz Then and Now series of books, published in 1987, and The East End Then and Now (1997).
He appeared in several television documentaries on the war and also in the Humphrey Jennings film Fires Were Started.
He had the idea of raising a memorial to the firefighters of the Blitz. A sculpture by John W Mills has become the National Firefighters Memorial, erected to the south of St. Paul's Cathedral in 1991, and elevated and rededicated in 2003.
Demarne was married in 1930. His wife died in 1986. He is survived by two daughters.
References
External links
In Memoriam
Recording of Cyril Demarne recalling VE Day, at the Museum of London
Village Voice report
1905 births
2007 deaths
People from Poplar, London
London Fire Brigade personnel
British centenarians
Men centenarians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
Eloisa Garcia Tamez (born March 2, 1935) is a Lipan Apache civil rights leader, lecturer, professional nurse, professor and retired officer of the United States Army's Nursing Corps. She is a prominent opponent and litigant against the Texas-Mexico border wall.
Early life
Born in Cameron County, Texas to Jose Cavazos Garcia (of Lipan Apache, Comanche, and Hispanic descent) and Lydia Esparza Garcia (Nahua, Basque, and Hispanic), Eloisa Garcia Tamez was raised in a traditional Indigenous community with her sibling, grandparents, cousins, and extended family. Her birth community is located within the historical land-base of the Lipan Apache.
Education
Following schooling in La Encantada and San Benito High School, she received a Bachelor of Science in nursing from Incarnate Word College in 1968. She received a Master of Science in nursing from the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio School of Nursing in 1973 and a Ph.D. in Health Education from the University of Texas at Austin in 1985.
Early activism
In the summer of 1952, she led her community members in a local struggle against the discriminatory effects of the controversial consolidation of Landrum District #3 with the San Benito Independent School District, which would have favored white and elite families over the poorer land owners in traditional rancherias. She achieved high status among the rancherias during this struggle to advance the civil rights of the poorer, indigenous and Mexican-American families in 'Deep South Texas'. Her community referred to her as "La Chata, prieta y justa" ["Chata, Indian and just"].
Military service
Tamez worked at the Audie L. Murphy Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas from 1972 to 1982. From 1982 to 1999, she was an officer, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel, in the United States Army Reserve. During this time, she was an assistant chief nurse or chief nurse at VA hospitals in San Juan, Puerto Rico; Hot Springs, South Dakota; and Cleveland, Ohio. On October 25, 2008, she was sworn into the Texas State Guard Medical Brigade as Commander for the Rio Grande Valley Company.
Current activism
In 2007, Tamez co-founded the Lipan Apache Women Defense, an Indigenous Peoples Organization. Registered at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, the organization serves to educate the public regarding contemporary Lipan Apaches and Lower Rio Grande indigenous peoples' legal challenges to human rights violations by the Department of Homeland Security in the process of constructing the Texas-Mexico border wall.
Awards and honors
2008: Henry B. Gonzalez Civil Rights Award
2008: Provost's Hispanic Heritage Award, University of Texas-Pan American
2003: Alumna of Distinction, University of the Incarnate Word
1994: Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing
1994: "A" Proficiency Designator, United States Army Medical Department
References
Handbook of Texas Online:
Nuevo Santander
Jose Esparza (1856-1926)
El Calaboz, Texas
Apache Indians
Land Grants
External links
Highlights in the History of the Army Nurse Corps: appendices
Texas State Guard Medical Brigade (MRC), Recent Information, "LTC Tamez Sworn In"
"Filling a Void, Tamez Sworn in as Medical Brigade Commander". Mid-Valley Town Crier, October 28, 2008
"Eloisa ... Opens Her Gates To Border Fence Surveyors", Rio Grande Guardian, April 22, 2008
"Holes in the Wall". Melissa del Bosque, The Texas Observer, February 22, 2008
"Holes in the Wall - Texas Border Wall Bypassing Wealthy Residents With Bush Admin Ties", Amy Goodman, Democracy Now!
"Dispatches from the Border Wall", Melisssa del Bosque, The Texas Observer, February 22, 2008
Dallas News, 07:55 AM CST on Thursday, January 10, 2008. "Border landowners face legal battle in fence plan. U.S. preparing cases; opponents say ancestral rights are at stake"
ABC News: "Government May Sue over Border Fence"
Infoshop News, Sunday, January 20 2008 "Indigenous Alliance in solidarity with Apaches at Texas border"
Latina Lista.net
"Homeland Security Sues Lipan Apache Eloisa Tamez for Land for Border Wall"
"Texas Border Mayors Sue Homeland Secretary Chertoff", Cox News Service, May 17, 2008
"South Texas Groups Sue DHS to Restore Environmental Laws along the Border", Lone Star Chapter Sierra Club, May 30, 2008
"Border Fence Lawsuit to be Filed Friday; County Also Joins TBC Action", May 27, 2008
"Lipan Apache - Stop the Border Wall Construction", Apache Times, December 23, 2008
"Letter to Obama, regarding the Border Wall" (opinion page)
"Movements Afoot to Demolish the U.S.-Mexico Border Wall", Kent Paterson, Mexidata.info
"Border wall appealed to U.S. Supreme Court", December 10, 2008
Copy of Lawsuit: Eloisa Garcia Tamez, Benito J. Garcia, Plaintiffs vs. Michael Chertoff, Secretary, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, et al., Defendants
1935 births
Living people
American nursing administrators
People from Cameron County, Texas
People from San Benito, Texas
University of Texas at Austin alumni
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Nursing
Nursing researchers
United States Army Nurse Corps officers
United States Army reservists
Nursing educators
Apache people
Women in the United States Army
Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights
Hispanic and Latino American military personnel
Hispanic and Latino American women educators
Hispanic and Latino American teachers
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
Native American activists
Native American United States military personnel
Native American women in warfare
Activists from Texas
Educators from Texas
21st-century American women educators
20th-century Native American women
21st-century Native American women
Military personnel from Texas |
Mokhtar Hasni (born 19 March 1952) is a Tunisian football forward who played for Tunisia in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Belgian club R.A.A. Louviéroise.
References
External links
FIFA profile
1952 births
Tunisian men's footballers
Tunisian expatriate men's footballers
Tunisia men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
R.A.A. Louviéroise players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
Living people |
The Bayer designation Psi Cancri (ψ Cnc, ψ Cancri) is shared by two star systems, separated by 0.34° on the sky, in the constellation Cancer:
ψ¹ Cancri
ψ² Cancri, which is often referred to solely as ψ Cancri
Cancer (constellation)
Cancri, Psi |
```rust
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
extern crate edn;
extern crate mentat_core;
extern crate core_traits;
extern crate mentat_query_algebrizer;
extern crate query_algebrizer_traits;
mod utils;
use core_traits::{
Attribute,
ValueType,
TypedValue,
ValueTypeSet,
};
use mentat_core::{
DateTime,
Schema,
Utc,
};
use edn::query::{
Keyword,
PlainSymbol,
Variable,
};
use query_algebrizer_traits::errors::{
AlgebrizerError,
};
use mentat_query_algebrizer::{
EmptyBecause,
Known,
QueryInputs,
};
use utils::{
add_attribute,
alg,
alg_with_inputs,
associate_ident,
bails,
};
fn prepopulated_schema() -> Schema {
let mut schema = Schema::default();
associate_ident(&mut schema, Keyword::namespaced("foo", "date"), 65);
associate_ident(&mut schema, Keyword::namespaced("foo", "double"), 66);
associate_ident(&mut schema, Keyword::namespaced("foo", "long"), 67);
add_attribute(&mut schema, 65, Attribute {
value_type: ValueType::Instant,
multival: false,
..Default::default()
});
add_attribute(&mut schema, 66, Attribute {
value_type: ValueType::Double,
multival: false,
..Default::default()
});
add_attribute(&mut schema, 67, Attribute {
value_type: ValueType::Long,
multival: false,
..Default::default()
});
schema
}
#[test]
fn test_instant_predicates_require_instants() {
let schema = prepopulated_schema();
let known = Known::for_schema(&schema);
// You can't use a string for an inequality: this is a straight-up error.
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:where
[?e :foo/date ?t]
[(> ?t "2017-06-16T00:56:41.257Z")]]"#;
assert_eq!(bails(known, query),
AlgebrizerError::InvalidArgumentType(
PlainSymbol::plain(">"),
ValueTypeSet::of_numeric_and_instant_types(),
1));
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:where
[?e :foo/date ?t]
[(> "2017-06-16T00:56:41.257Z", ?t)]]"#;
assert_eq!(bails(known, query),
AlgebrizerError::InvalidArgumentType(
PlainSymbol::plain(">"),
ValueTypeSet::of_numeric_and_instant_types(),
0)); // We get this right.
// You can try using a number, which is valid input to a numeric predicate.
// In this store and query, though, that means we expect `?t` to be both
// an instant and a number, so the query is known-empty.
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:where
[?e :foo/date ?t]
[(> ?t 1234512345)]]"#;
let cc = alg(known, query);
assert!(cc.is_known_empty());
assert_eq!(cc.empty_because.unwrap(),
EmptyBecause::TypeMismatch {
var: Variable::from_valid_name("?t"),
existing: ValueTypeSet::of_one(ValueType::Instant),
desired: ValueTypeSet::of_numeric_types(),
});
// You can compare doubles to longs.
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:where
[?e :foo/double ?t]
[(< ?t 1234512345)]]"#;
let cc = alg(known, query);
assert!(!cc.is_known_empty());
assert_eq!(cc.known_type(&Variable::from_valid_name("?t")).expect("?t is known"),
ValueType::Double);
}
#[test]
fn test_instant_predicates_accepts_var() {
let schema = prepopulated_schema();
let known = Known::for_schema(&schema);
let instant_var = Variable::from_valid_name("?time");
let instant_value = TypedValue::Instant(DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2018-04-11T19:17:00.000Z")
.map(|t| t.with_timezone(&Utc))
.expect("expected valid date"));
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:in ?time
:where
[?e :foo/date ?t]
[(< ?t ?time)]]"#;
let cc = alg_with_inputs(known, query, QueryInputs::with_value_sequence(vec![(instant_var.clone(), instant_value.clone())]));
assert_eq!(cc.known_type(&instant_var).expect("?time is known"),
ValueType::Instant);
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:in ?time
:where
[?e :foo/date ?t]
[(> ?time, ?t)]]"#;
let cc = alg_with_inputs(known, query, QueryInputs::with_value_sequence(vec![(instant_var.clone(), instant_value.clone())]));
assert_eq!(cc.known_type(&instant_var).expect("?time is known"),
ValueType::Instant);
}
#[test]
fn test_numeric_predicates_accepts_var() {
let schema = prepopulated_schema();
let known = Known::for_schema(&schema);
let numeric_var = Variable::from_valid_name("?long");
let numeric_value = TypedValue::Long(1234567);
// You can't use a string for an inequality: this is a straight-up error.
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:in ?long
:where
[?e :foo/long ?t]
[(> ?t ?long)]]"#;
let cc = alg_with_inputs(known, query, QueryInputs::with_value_sequence(vec![(numeric_var.clone(), numeric_value.clone())]));
assert_eq!(cc.known_type(&numeric_var).expect("?long is known"),
ValueType::Long);
let query = r#"[:find ?e
:in ?long
:where
[?e :foo/long ?t]
[(> ?long, ?t)]]"#;
let cc = alg_with_inputs(known, query, QueryInputs::with_value_sequence(vec![(numeric_var.clone(), numeric_value.clone())]));
assert_eq!(cc.known_type(&numeric_var).expect("?long is known"),
ValueType::Long);
}
``` |
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