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Midnight Cowboy is a 1965 novel by James Leo Herlihy that chronicles the naïve Texan Joe Buck's odyssey from Texas to New York City, where he plans on realizing his dream of becoming a male prostitute servicing rich women.
Plot
The book opens with would-be gigolo Joe Buck leaving Houston to seek his fortune back east, chasing his dream of becoming a hustler for sex-starved rich ladies in New York City. Dim-witted, naïve, but strapping and handsome, Joe has spent the past two years cultivating a cowboy persona and saving up his dishwashing wages for a brand new cowboy wardrobe.
The book recounts the events of his life that lead up to this point. Born out of wedlock, Joe is abandoned by his mother at the age of 7. He is raised in Albuquerque by his grandmother, Sally Buck, a flirty blonde hairdresser who takes care of his needs but emotionally neglects him in favor of an endless string of boyfriends. One of those boyfriends, the cowboy Woodsy Niles, is the closest thing Joe has to a father figure, but he too exits Joe's life forever once his relationship with Sally ends. Joe grows up profoundly isolated and lonely, desperately wanting but clueless on how to form connections with other people.
When Joe is 17, he loses his virginity to Anastasia Pratt, a promiscuous schoolgirl who regularly took on six boys at a time in a movie theater storeroom, each boy patiently waiting in line for his turn. Joe is the first boy she enjoys having sex with, leading to a secret relationship that is squelched when one of the other boys alerts Annie's father to her sexual activities out of jealousy. Annie is swiftly institutionalized, and the unsavory rumors surrounding Joe's involvement only serve to depress and alienate him.
In the following years, he has occasional brief sexual dalliances with both men and women in the hopes of securing their friendship, but they are only ever interested in his body. He drifts aimlessly into his 20s, jobless, friendless, and idle, still living with and supported by his grandmother.
Joe is drafted into the US Army at the age of 23. For the first time in his life he finds camaraderie and acceptance, if not outright friendship. Tragically, Sally Buck dies in a horseback accident toward the end of Joe's enlistment. He suffers a nervous breakdown at the loss of the only real human connection in his life.
Discharged from the army, unmoored, and consumed by grief, Joe decides to leave Albuquerque for Houston. There, he attracts the attention of a local male hustler named Perry. Joe's simple delight at having attention paid to him by a cool new friend is misinterpreted by Perry as a reciprocation of sexual attraction. Perry takes Joe to a hotel room, gives him marijuana for the first time, and attempts to initiate a sexual encounter. Instead, the drugs cause Joe to suffer an existential crisis, and he babbles tearfully on the floor about his desire to have a blonde wife to fawn over him and take care of all his needs.
An annoyed Perry takes Joe to a Tex-Mex brothel run by a grotesque madam and her sexually deviant son. Joe is thrilled by this apparent gesture of friendship, though it's implied that Perry intends the trip as a punishment for having been led on. As Joe is having tender and spirited sex with a prostitute, he catches the others spying on him through a hidden room. He attacks Perry, but is then assaulted and raped by the madam's son.
Joe is deeply traumatized by the attack and by Perry's betrayal. He resolves to harness all his anger to reinvent himself and focus on a goal, inspired by an offhand comment made by the brothel madam: He will become a hustling cowboy and seek his fortune in New York City, servicing the legions of sex-starved society women waiting for him there.
Joe Buck arrives in New York by bus and checks into a hotel. Initially unsuccessful, he manages to bed a middle-aged woman, Cass, in her posh Park Avenue apartment. But the encounter ends badly: He ends up giving her money after she is insulted when he requests payment. It's also implied through her phone conversations that Cass herself is a high-class call girl.
Afterwards at a bar, Joe meets Enrico Salvatore "Ratso" Rizzo, a crippled young swindler who takes $20 from him for ostensibly introducing him to a pimp. After discovering that the man is actually an unhinged religious fanatic, Joe flees in pursuit of Ratso but cannot find him. Joe spends his days wandering the city and sitting in his hotel. Soon broke, he is locked out of his hotel room and most of his belongings are impounded.
Desperate for money to get back his things, Joe tries to solicit male clients on 42nd street. He receives oral sex from a young man, but learns after the act that the young man has no money. Joe threatens him and asks for his watch, but eventually lets him go unharmed.
Joe wanders homeless and utterly alone for weeks, until by chance he spots Ratso in a diner. Simultaneously overjoyed at the sight of a familiar face and furious over having been conned, Joe angrily shakes him down. Ratso only has a few bits of change in his pockets, but he offers to share with Joe the condemned apartment where he is squatting. Joe reluctantly accepts his offer.
Together, the two of them eke out a marginal existence, their days spent on various schemes to raise funds for their survival. Despite their squalid circumstances, Joe finds himself happier than he has ever been, because in Ratso he has found the friendship and companionship that he has always longed for. Ratso tells Joe about his dream of going to Florida, a splendid paradise where life is always easy and all your needs are met. Time passes, and Ratso's health grows worse.
One day, Joe is scouted by Hansel and Gretel MacAlbertson, a pair of bohemian siblings, and handed an invitation to a Warhol-esque loft party. Joe and Ratso attend. Joe gets high off a pill Gretel gives him, and leaves the party with a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for the novelty of spending the night with a male hustler. An ailing Ratso falls down the stairs, and makes his own way home. Meanwhile, Joe is aghast to find himself unable to perform in bed, but after reflecting on his wearying experiences in New York City he successfully makes wild, raw, violent love to the socialite.
Joe returns to their flat flush with success, carrying new socks and medicine for Ratso. He finds him bedridden and feverish, having lost the ability to walk. Dimly aware that his friend is dying, Joe announces that he is going to take them to Florida that very night.
Joe picks up a middle-aged man in an amusement arcade. The man takes Joe back to his hotel room and wastes the entire evening tediously talking at him before ultimately backing out of the transaction. Desperate, Joe robs him, and brutally beats him when he tries to phone for help. He buys bus tickets with the money and puts himself and Ratso on the next bus to Florida.
Joe resolves to stop hustling, and tells Ratso that he plans to get a regular job in Florida. To his own surprise, he promises Ratso that he means to take care of them both. Joe reflects positively on his journey and his own newfound maturity.
Ratso's health deteriorates over the course of the long bus ride. He becomes incontinent, and eventually unresponsive. Joe buys new clothing for Ratso and himself at a rest stop, and discards his cowboy outfit. Shortly before arrival, Joe wakes up to discover that Ratso has died.
He is unsurprised, and finds himself continuing to make responsible plans for the future: to bury Ratso properly, and to find a job to pay for the burial and headstone. The driver tells Joe there is nothing to do but continue to Miami and asks Joe to close Ratso's eyes. Alone in the world once more, Joe sits with his arm around his dead friend for the last few miles of their journey.
Adaptations
In 1969, the novel was made into the movie Midnight Cowboy starring Dustin Hoffman as Ratso and Jon Voight as Joe in his first film role. The film depicted the second half of the book, with events from the first half condensed or briefly seen as flashbacks.
Directed by John Schlesinger and written by Waldo Salt, the film was commercially and critically successful. At the 42nd Academy Awards, the film won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Academy Award for Best Director and Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay). Both Hoffman and Voight received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor, but lost out to John Wayne in True Grit. For her portrayal of Cass, Sylvia Miles also received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress.
Schlesinger explained the great success of the film as its exploration of loneliness.
In 2016, Lifeline Theatre in Chicago mounted a stage adaptation of the novel by Chris Hainsworth and directed by Christopher M. Walsh.
In 2021, journalist Glenn Frankel published Shooting Midnight Cowboy: Art, Sex, Loneliness, Liberation and the Making of a Dark Classic, a non-fiction account of the making of the film that is also an in-depth exploration of the author James Leo Herlihy and his writing of the source novel.
References
Novels by James Leo Herlihy
1965 American novels
1960s LGBT novels
American novels adapted into films
Male prostitution in the arts
Novels about American prostitution
Novels set in Florida
Novels set in New York City
Novels set in Texas
Novels with gay themes
Novels about poverty
Novels about rape
Simon & Schuster books
Novels about dysfunctional families
Novels about friendship
American novels adapted into plays |
```xml
import * as core from "./core.js";
test(
"omit update on attribute",
core.test(
__filename,
["d"],
{},
`
comment on column d.tv_shows.title is E'@omit update';
`,
),
);
``` |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package quotaapi
import (
"testing"
"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
"github.com/google/trillian/quota/etcd/quotapb"
"github.com/google/trillian/quota/etcd/storagepb"
"google.golang.org/genproto/protobuf/field_mask"
"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
)
var (
apiSequencingConfig = "apb.Config{
Name: "quotas/global/write/config",
State: quotapb.Config_ENABLED,
MaxTokens: 100,
ReplenishmentStrategy: "apb.Config_SequencingBased{
SequencingBased: "apb.SequencingBasedStrategy{},
},
}
apiTimeConfig = "apb.Config{
Name: "quotas/users/llama/write/config",
State: quotapb.Config_DISABLED,
MaxTokens: 200,
ReplenishmentStrategy: "apb.Config_TimeBased{
TimeBased: "apb.TimeBasedStrategy{
TokensToReplenish: 10,
ReplenishIntervalSeconds: 30,
},
},
}
storageSequencingConfig = &storagepb.Config{
Name: apiSequencingConfig.Name,
State: storagepb.Config_ENABLED,
MaxTokens: apiSequencingConfig.MaxTokens,
ReplenishmentStrategy: &storagepb.Config_SequencingBased{
SequencingBased: &storagepb.SequencingBasedStrategy{},
},
}
storageTimeConfig = &storagepb.Config{
Name: apiTimeConfig.Name,
State: storagepb.Config_DISABLED,
MaxTokens: apiTimeConfig.MaxTokens,
ReplenishmentStrategy: &storagepb.Config_TimeBased{
TimeBased: &storagepb.TimeBasedStrategy{
TokensToReplenish: apiTimeConfig.GetTimeBased().TokensToReplenish,
ReplenishIntervalSeconds: apiTimeConfig.GetTimeBased().ReplenishIntervalSeconds,
},
},
}
)
func TestValidateMask(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
desc string
mask *field_mask.FieldMask
wantErr bool
}{
{
desc: "commonFields",
mask: commonMask,
},
{
desc: "sequencingBased",
mask: sequencingBasedMask,
},
{
desc: "timeBased",
mask: timeBasedMask,
},
{
desc: "sequencingAndTime",
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{sequencingBasedPath, timeBasedPath}},
wantErr: true,
},
{
desc: "timeAndSequencing",
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{timeBasedPath, sequencingBasedPath}},
wantErr: true,
},
{
desc: "unknownPaths",
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{statePath, "NOT_A_FIELD", maxTokensPath}},
wantErr: true,
},
{
desc: "namePath", // readonly
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{"name"}},
wantErr: true,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
err := validateMask(test.mask)
if gotErr := err != nil; gotErr != test.wantErr {
t.Errorf("%v: validateMask() returned err = %v, wantErr = %v", test.desc, err, test.wantErr)
}
}
}
func TestApplyMask(t *testing.T) {
// destSequencingConfig must match apiSequencingConfig after the test
// name is manually copied, as it's a readonly field.
destSequencingConfig := proto.Clone(storageTimeConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
destSequencingConfig.Name = apiSequencingConfig.Name
// destTimeConfig must match apiTimeConfig after the test
destTimeConfig := proto.Clone(storageSequencingConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
destTimeConfig.Name = apiTimeConfig.Name
destClearSequencing := proto.Clone(storageSequencingConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
wantClearSequencing := destClearSequencing
wantClearSequencing.ReplenishmentStrategy = nil
destClearTime := proto.Clone(storageTimeConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
wantClearTime := destClearTime
wantClearTime.ReplenishmentStrategy = nil
tests := []struct {
desc string
src *quotapb.Config
dest, want *storagepb.Config
mask *field_mask.FieldMask
}{
{
desc: "applyToBlank",
src: apiTimeConfig,
dest: &storagepb.Config{},
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{statePath, maxTokensPath}},
want: &storagepb.Config{
State: storagepb.Config_DISABLED,
MaxTokens: apiTimeConfig.MaxTokens,
},
},
{
desc: "sequencingBasedOverwrite",
src: apiSequencingConfig,
dest: destSequencingConfig,
mask: sequencingBasedMask,
want: storageSequencingConfig,
},
{
desc: "timeBasedOverwrite",
src: apiTimeConfig,
dest: destTimeConfig,
mask: timeBasedMask,
want: storageTimeConfig,
},
{
desc: "clearSequencingIfNil",
src: "apb.Config{},
dest: destClearSequencing,
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{sequencingBasedPath}},
want: wantClearSequencing,
},
{
desc: "clearTimeIfNil",
src: "apb.Config{},
dest: destClearTime,
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{timeBasedPath}},
want: wantClearTime,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
applyMask(test.src, test.dest, test.mask)
if !proto.Equal(test.dest, test.want) {
t.Errorf("%v: post-applyMask() diff (-got +want):\n%v", test.desc, cmp.Diff(test.dest, test.want))
}
}
}
func TestConvert_APIAndStorage(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
desc string
api *quotapb.Config
storage *storagepb.Config
}{
{
desc: "sequencingBased",
api: apiSequencingConfig,
storage: storageSequencingConfig,
},
{
desc: "timeBased",
api: apiTimeConfig,
storage: storageTimeConfig,
},
{
desc: "zeroed",
api: "apb.Config{},
storage: &storagepb.Config{},
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
if got, want := convertToAPI(test.storage), test.api; !proto.Equal(got, want) {
t.Errorf("%v: post-convertToAPI() diff (-got +want):\n%v", test.desc, cmp.Diff(got, want))
}
if got, want := convertToStorage(test.api), test.storage; !proto.Equal(got, want) {
t.Errorf("%v: post-convertToStorage() diff (-got +want):\n%v", test.desc, cmp.Diff(got, want))
}
}
}
``` |
Carl Gustaf Pilo (5 March 1711 – 2 March 1793) was a Swedish artist and painter. Pilo worked extensively in Denmark as a painter to the Danish Royal Court and as professor and director at the Royal Danish Academy of Art (), as well as in his native Sweden.
His prolific output in Denmark consisted mainly of portraits of royalty and the nobility, but included also genre paintings in the Dutch style. For over two decades, he was acknowledged as the foremost portrait painter in Denmark. In addition to Peder Als, other students of his were Per Krafft and Lorens Pasch. Pilo is most famous for his masterly painting, "The Coronation of Gustaf III" commissioned by King Gustav III of Sweden.
Early years
Carl Gustaf Pilo was born on the farm Göksäter in Runtuna Parish near Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden to painter Olof (Oluff) Pilo (Pijhlou) and Beata Jönsdotter Sahlstedt. Early information about his career contains many inconsistencies, due to disagreement between two sources contemporary with his life. He probably received his early training from his father, who had earned his living as a young man as a decorative painter at Drottningholm and Stockholm Palace, although other indications say that he was trained by a painter named Crisman in Stockholm. Training for Pilo would have begun in Stockholm as early as 1723.
Pilo’s career began as a craft painter. He became an apprentice in 1731. According to Anton Friedrich Büsching (1754) Pilo traveled through Germany to Vienna 1734-36; this however is contradicted by Thure Wennberg (1794) who insists that Pilo never traveled out of Scandinavia but instead was a student at the newly established Swedish Drawing Academy in 1735. He probably worked as a craft painter between 1733 and 1738.
Career start in Skåne
Pilo lived 1738-1741 in Scania where he may have worked as a craft painter for two Scanian noble families; the Lewenhaupt family and the Baron Malte Ramel family. Pastoral drawings from this time indicate that he may have painted decorations at some estate. He was reputed to be a competent portraitist, and is reported to have painted a large family picture for the widow Countess Lewenhaupt. During these years in Skåne he also produced portraits, although it is not evident from the quality of his work that he ever received professional instruction at this point in his career.
Continued career in Denmark
In early 1741, Pilo left Skåne, and moved to Copenhagen, Denmark. He brought with him to Denmark a letter of introduction from Charlotte Amélie Dorothée Desmarez, governess at the Ramel residence and his future wife, to her brother-in-law C.G. Almer, language teacher at the National Cadet Academy (Landkadetakademiet) in Copenhagen. He started working as drawing teacher at the Academy on 4 April 1741, teaching the sons of Danish nobility, the royal pages and cadets.
He continued his career as a portraitist in Denmark. He painted an enthusiastically received portrait of Crown Princess Louise of Great Britain, the wife of the future King Frederick V of Denmark, one of centenarian Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg in 1742 and another of Christian Lerche in 1743. He concentrated on developing his craft during the 1740s, and probably drew from model in 1744. His duties soon expanded at the Academy; when on 28 June 1745 he became supervisor of drawing instruction, and began making portraits for King Christian VI. In the years 1745-1747 he began to introduce rococo into his artwork, as seen in his portraits of Countess Louise Sophie of Danneskiold-Samsøe and Adam Gottlob Moltke.
Success at the Royal Court and Academy
In 1747, Pilo was named painter to the royal court under the newly crowned King Frederik V, whose duties also included the supervision and restoration of paintings at the royal residences. After several years development he became fully employed by the court and paintings streamed out of his studio.
In 1748 Pilo was named professor at the Drawing and Painting Academy (Tegne- og Malerakademiet), predecessor to the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi), along with Marcus Tuscher and Johann Friedrich Gerhard. The Academy was then located in the Post Office (Postamts) building behind the Stock Exchange, and was then managed and supervised by Nicolai Eigtved, architect and royal building master. In late summer 1748 the Academy moved to the floor above the Crown Prince's stables at Christiansborg Palace, where Eigtved had his offices, while the model school continued on Gammelstrand, where Hieronimo Miani, former leader of the Academy, had started the studio. Eigtved, the first Dane to exercise some control in the Academy to this point, became the Academy's first Director in 1751.
Pilo painted a full figure portrait of the king, "Frederik V in Coronation Outfit" ("Frederik V i kroningsdragt") in 1751, which is now in the collection of the Danish National Gallery.
The Academy moved to Charlottenborg, and became dedicated as the Royal Danish Academy of Art on 30 March 1754, after inspiration from the French Académie française. Pilo gave the welcoming speech to King Frederick V, not Eigtved. Eigtved was removed from the Director's position a few days later, and the directorship went to a Frenchman, Jacques Francis Joseph Saly. Pilo became a member of the Academy that same year.
During the early years of the Academy most of the artists and architects who served in leading positions, both managerial and educational, were not Danish. It would be some time before Danes took a leading role in the Academy. Eigtved died two months later on 7 June 1754.
Around 1757 neoclassicism began to replace rococo as the popular style, and his works became more romantic and dramatic with focus on shadow and light effects, and with more attention paid to depicting the models. Another inspiration for his changing style was the possibility to study first-hand the works of Rembrandt and other great Dutch Masters from the 17th century, works that in these years were being collected by Moltke and the royal painting collection. Pilo was also inspired by French painter Louis Tocqué, who visited Denmark 1758-1759.
Pilo was drawing instructor for Crown Prince Christian VII in 1759. Around 1760 he made portraits of Adam Gottlob Moltke, his wife, and Anna Margrethe Juel which foreshadowed the arrival of Louis XVI style to Denmark.
He became a member of the Academy of Art in Augsburg 1759, and a member of the Academy of Art in St. Petersburg 1770. He exhibited at Charlottenborg in 1769.
The royal court set a high demand on Pilo’s productivity in the years 1748-1767, having purchased more than 50 portraits of King Frederik V.
Under the absolute monarchy of the times the Academy's fortunes were dependent on both the good will and the whims of the King and his emissaries. Pilo succeeded Jacques Saly in 1771 to the leadership of the Academy, and worked to get the Academy a protectorship under the Crown Prince Frederik VI, who was given an honorary title in 1772.
Downfall
Danish art was well served by the presence of foreign artists at the Academy until there was a reaction to foreigners in 1771-1772 after both the ouster of German Johann Friedrich Struensee from the Danish Royal Court, and Swedish King Gustav III's coup d'état which turned Danes against Sweden.
On 31 August 1772 Pilo received the newly established Cross of the Knight of the Order of Vasa by a Swedish emissary of Gustav III, which required Pilo to take an oath of allegiance to Sweden, the land of his birth. This was considered unacceptable for someone in service to the King of Denmark, and the ensuing royal intrigues cost him his position.
On 10 September he was ordered by Hereditary Prince Frederick to travel within two days to Schleswig to paint a life-size portrait of the King’s sister Louise, her husband Carl Count of Hesse-Kassel and their children.
Pilo rejected the assignment the same day, and submitted his resignation, which was accepted on 17 September. Thus he lost his position, ending a career of over 30 years of service to the Danish crown.
On 21 September he received orders to leave the country within 3–4 weeks. Pilo felt that he was set up in court intrigues by Ove Høegh-Guldberg, a central figure in the court ruling Denmark at the time, Peder Als and Secretary of the Cabinet Andreas Schumacher. Als had been one of Pilo’s best students, and had traveled to Rome and Paris, bringing back a strongly Italian-inspired painting style that became the rage. Als' criticism of the foreign element within the Academy helped lead not only to the downfall of Pilo himself, but to the disappearance of the many French artists at the Academy in the years after 1770.
Return to Sweden
Pilo left Denmark on 10 or 11 October and arrived in Stockholm in November, after having visited the Ramel family in Skåne. He appeared before the Swedish court but received no immediate commissions.
He was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in 1773, and received the Royal Order of Vasa in 1784. He traveled about between Skåne and Stockholm during 1772-1775, until settling down in his childhood town of Nyköping in 1775. Gustav III looked him up, requesting him to paint the coronation. He wanted something to match Ehrenstrahl's picture, at Drottningholm, of Charles XI's coronation.
Pilo was named Director of the Swedish Academy in 1777, but first took office in 1780 when he also received an apartment in Stockholm as part of his directorship at the Academy. He lived out his days at the Academy, both engaged in the Academy’s business and in painting his masterpiece, the painting of Gustav III’s coronation in Stockholm Cathedral, which he worked on until the very end.
Personal life
Piko became betrothed to Eva Maria Malmgren of Hofterup (between Malmö and Landskrona) in 1738.
The engagement became legally annulled on 5 May 1747.
Pilo married Charlotte Amélie Dorothée Desmarez (Desmars) on 5 January 1750 at Maltesholm Castle.
He died in Stockholm on 2 March 1793, and was buried at Klara Church.
See also
Art of Denmark
References
Further reading
External links
KID Kunst Index Danmark ("Art Index Denmark")
Danish Biographical Encyclopedia ("Dansk biografisk Leksikion")
1711 births
1793 deaths
18th-century Swedish painters
18th-century Swedish male artists
Swedish male painters
18th-century Danish painters
18th-century male artists
Directors of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Academic staff of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
People from Nyköping Municipality
Danish male painters |
Per Daniel Bertilsson (December 4, 1892 – September 18, 1972) was a Swedish gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Swedish team, which won the gold medal in the gymnastics men's team, Swedish system event.
References
External links
profile
1892 births
1972 deaths
Swedish male artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for Sweden
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics |
Czech handball (Czech: česká házená, also known as národní házená – national handball) is an outdoor ball game which was created in 1905 in Prague and is still played today. This sport is very similar to team handball.
History
Czech handball is first mentioned by Václav Karas, a teacher a Prague, in a sports journal in Brno in 1905. The rules were soon further developed by other teachers, notably Klenka and Kristof. Thanks to Kristof, the first Czech handball association was established (in Prague) and the rules were made public in 1908.
Students from Russia and Yugoslavia, who had become acquainted with Czech handball in Prague, brought this sport back to their own countries. In Yugoslavia, the sport expanded fast and became very popular, particularly among women, who were the first to introduce the game into the country. Czech teachers taught Czech handball in Russian middle schools and there was a competition with 14 teams in Charkov in 1915, but efforts to expand the sport ended after the October Revolution.
In 1921, the Czechoslovakian Association of Handball and Women's Sports became a member of the International Women's Sports Federation. In this federation, the rules of Czech handball were made official (in those times, there was also one similar sport, Field handball in Germany. Some international federations preferred Czech handball, others preferred Field handball). The first international matches were played.
The first women's Czech handball world cup was organised in 1930. Czechoslovakians won this competition, Yugoslavia came in second, and Poland was third.
The second World Cup was held in London in 1934, but only two teams participated: Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Yugoslavians won the match 6-4 and became the champions. This was the first time that Czech handball was played in England. After this event, the IWSF was abolished.
In 1935, there was a training camp for English teachers in Scarborough. 50 female and 20 male players practised the “game of hazena”, the first ever English players. Further training was planned in London. The netball and other ball sports' association organised the printing and publishing of the rules of Czech handball. The Civil Service Club in London was the first Czech handball club in Britain.
Czech handball became very popular during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in World War II. The sport was originally Czech, so most people understood its play as a show of patriotism. In early 1940s, there were 25,884 players in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
In 1947, the International Handball Federation promoted the expansion of the related sport of team handball, but no further foreign countries would adopt Czech handball.
In 1954, there were 26,125 registered players in 447 clubs, the largest number of registered player to date.
Since 1941, a men's and women's 1st league have been competing. There is also the men's 2nd league and regional championships.
Rules
The rules are quite similar to those of team handball, but there are also some major differences:
size of the field: 45 × 30 meters
size of the goal: height 240 cm, width 200 cm
size of the ball: 580 to 605 mm
the field is divided into three areas: defence third, middle third, offence third
player positions are called: goalkeeper (1), defender (1), halfback (2), forward (3)
the player cannot hold the ball longer than three seconds, he or she can throw the ball upon the head or bounce ball back off ground – maximum of two times, no limit in steps
shooting on the goal is made in front of the goal area – leaning out or jumping is possible, but the fall has to be outside the goal area
goalkeeper and defender can step into their own goal area; forwards can step in the opponent's goal area, but they cannot shoot from there
defender and halfbacks cannot step in the offence third, forwards cannot step in the defence third, and there are some more rules for crossing between the thirds
players may be sent off for five (single yellow) or ten minutes (double yellow)
External links
Czech handball federation (cz)
Short video
Video from final tournament of the Czech Cup
References
Handball variants
Games and sports introduced in 1905
20th-century establishments in Bohemia |
The Decree of Philippi 242 BC was a message from the city of Philippi to the city of Cos in response to an envoy sent by the latter. These messengers requested the asylia, or inviolability, of a sanctuary of Asclepius. The Decree, one of four cities’, is an agreement to respect this request of. The asylia would later be revoked by the Roman emperor Diocletian.
History of Asylia
From the 260s BC to early Roman imperial times, Greek cities sought and received recognition of their asylia from other parts of the Greek world—kings, cities, leagues—and eventually from the Roman Empire itself. Asylia means inviolatibility, or freedom from desecration. What the asylia pertained to in each city’s case was different. The city could be asking for the asylia of an important sanctuary belonging to the city, the city itself and the territory surrounding it, or a combination of both. According to M.M. Austin, the reasons for these requests stemmed from the instability of the times. With groups such as the Aetolians inflicting random acts of violence in a time of peace, cities sought protection from their neighbors. What actual benefits came out of these decrees is unclear; they merely state that they recognize the asylia of the requested area.
The city of Cos
Cos, or Kos, is located on the Greek island of the same name. The Dorians invaded in the 11th century, with a strong portion of their people bringing along their Asclepius cult for which the city would become very famous for. The city was also well known for its wine. After the Greco-Persian Wars, Cos joined the Delian League and became a strong Athenian outpost in the Aegean Sea. The city reached its high point during the Hellenistic Period. It was allied with Egypt, and housed an extension of the Alexandrian Library. It was also the home of the famous physician Hippocrates, who is acclaimed as the father of western medicine.
The Asclepius cult garnered a lot of attention for Cos. Asclepius was the Greek god of medicine and healing, a mortal who was granted immortality by Zeus. The original center for the cult was at Epidauros, founded around 500 BCE. However, Cos became another major center due to the large group of people from Epidauros who came with the Dorians. Other centers for the cult were at Pergamon and Athens. The cult itself was elective, in that people, both men and women, from all kinds of social background could participate in cult practices; it was not limited to people who had been chosen for the cult by their parents or who sought initiation later in life. The cult was open to all. To participate, any ill Greek would seek guidance in their dreams by spending the night in the sanctuary. If the god appeared in their dream and either healed them, or suggested a possible cure, then the sick person would make an offering. The cult reached the pinnacle of its popularity in the 4th century BCE.
The decree
In approximately 242, the city of Cos sent envoys to many Macedonian as well as Greek cities. They were received by Heracleodorus, son of Aristion. The messengers requested that these cities recognize the asylia of the Asclepius sanctuary in Cos. In the Decree, the city of Philippi agrees to recognize the sanctuary is inviolate, or asylos. Basically, the Philippians announced that they will not desecrate or disturb the sanctuary based on this truce. The rest of the Decree details how the “sacred ambassadors” honored the government of Philippi and its king, Antigonus, and how the government in turn honored them. The ambassadors provided a sacrifice to Asclepius and the truce with Philippi, and they also renewed kinship with the city. In return, the ambassadors were provided for during their stay in the city, and were also granted escort and money to “ensure their safe journey to Neapolis.” The Decree is found on SEG 12.373, lines 35-55, Rigsby (1996), 138-40, and Hatzopoulos (1996), II no. 36.
Other responses to envoy
The Decree of Philippi is inscribed on the same tablet at two other cities, and the city was only one out of four who responded to the request of Cos. The other cities who responded are Cassandrea and Amphipolis, with decrees inscribed with Philippi’s, and Pella, whose decree was inscribed separately. These cities also agreed to uphold and respect the asylia of the Asclepius sanctuary at Cos. The city of Cos would have benefited greatly from these agreements, since the other cities—especially Philippi and Pella—were important cities in Macedonia. Pella served as administrative capital, and Philippi, the ancient stronghold of Crenidas, was named after Alexander the Great's father Philip II.
References
Ancient Philippi
Philippi, 242 BC |
Coles Point is an unincorporated community in Westmoreland County, in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Coles Point is part of the Northern Neck of Virginia and lies on a peninsula which juts out into the Potomac River on its East side and as part of Westmoreland County waterfront, it follows the Potomac River northward. It is on the Virginia side of the Potomac, and faces St. Mary's County, Maryland. The ZIP Code for Coles Point is 22442.
References
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Westmoreland County, Virginia |
Balkan Info () is an independent media production company based in Belgrade, Serbia.
It was founded in 2015 by journalist and author Teša Tešanović, who was later joined by Marko Jeremić, Aleksandar Pavković, Ognjen Radosavljević, Nemanja Blagojević and Nemanja Oblaković.
Balkan Info's team has interviewed more than 400 prominent individuals including Milan Gutović, Nele Karajlić, Ljubodrag Simonović, Nebojša Pavković, Draško Stanivuković, Muamer Zukorlić, Ajs Nigrutin and many more. It has been criticized for its interviews with far-right conspiracy theorists and anti-vax activists.
References
External links
YouTube channels launched in 2015
Television stations in Serbia |
Vodou drumming and associated ceremonies are folk ritual faith system of henotheistic religion of Haitian Vodou originated and inextricable part of Haitian culture.
Vodou drumming is widely practiced in urban centres in Haiti and some cities in North America (especially New Orleans). The ritualistic faith system that involves ceremonies that consist of singing, drumming and dancing.
The Vodou drumming rituals call upon abstract ancestral spirits, called Loas (or Lwas), for their aid, instruction, special powers and strengths as embodiment of certain principles or characteristics. While certain aspects of this religion may share the same roots, it is completely contrary to the stereotype of black magic, witch doctors, pins in dolls, and zombies portrayed by New Orleans style Voodoo (a variation of the name).
Religious and cultural history and context
Through the involuntary mass dispersion of slavery, the traditional West African Vodun religions went through the process of Religious syncretism between Roman Catholicism. Due to mass dispersion of the West African population from its indigenous territories, the colonial plantation system created and influenced the Haitian Vodou's ecotheological perspective. The relationship of Vodou's belief system lies heavily on ecological systems. The interest in ecotheological ethics are the base of beliefs in Vodou religion, these ethics are ancestor worship, nature spirits, and natural processes such as birth, death, weather, and fertility. With the globalization of Yoruba religions through African diaspora, many Eurocentric religions denounce Yoruba religions and practices. This is because of the negative misconception where it is believed that religions like Haitian Vodou, have a devotion to witchcraft, sorcery, and demon worship. The demonization of Yoruba religions can be contributed to the blatant racism caused by colonization. In April 2003 Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide officially recognized Vodou as a religion in Haiti. Due to the negative stigma that surrounds the Haitian Vodou, The Haitian government has had a history of previously persecuting those who practiced the religion. Vodou in Haiti was often used as a scapegoat for the country’s issues. This misunderstanding and negative stigma can be noted back to the nation's founding. The dispute over the validity of the religion, was both beyond and within Haiti.
Drumming in Ritual
In Vodou ritual, drummers are called tambouriers, and becoming one requires a lengthy apprenticeship. The drumming style, choice of rhythm, and composition of the orchestra differs depending on which nation of lwa are being invoked. The drum rhythms typically generate a kase ("break"), which the master drummer will initiate to oppose the main rhythm being played by the rest of the drummers. This is seen as having a destabilizing effect on the dancers and helping to facilitate their possession.
The drumming is typically accompanied by singing, usually in Haitian Creole. These songs are often structured around a call and response, with a soloist singing a line and the chorus responding with either the same line or an abbreviated version. The soloist is the hungenikon, who maintains the rhythm with a rattle. Lyrically simple and repetitive, these songs are invocations to summon a lwa. As well as drumming, dancing plays a major role in ritual, with the drumming providing the rhythm for the dance. The dances are simple, lacking complex choreography, and usually involve the dancers moving counterclockwise around the poto mitan. Specific dance movements can indicate the lwa or their nation being summoned; dances for Agwé for instance imitate swimming motions. Vodouists believe that the lwa renew themselves through the vitality of the dancers.
See also
Music of Haiti
Arará — Cuba's Rada variation.
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Books
, with accompanying CD.
James Armstrong and Travis Knepper, Vodou Drumset
Maya Deren, The Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti
Recordings
"HAITI VODOU: THE VOODOO DRUMS OF HAITI" Various Artists (Red Eye Music 2010)
"Angels in the Mirror: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou" Various Artists. Ellipsis Arts, 1997.
"Voodoo Drums" – Drummers of the Societé Absolument Guinen – Soul Jazz Records
"Rhythms of Rapture: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou" – Various Artists – Smithsonian
Folkways Records
"Vodou: Ritual Possession of the Dead" – Various Artists – Interra Records
"Haiti: Music Of The Voodoo Cult" – Pierre Chariza – Buda Musique
"Prepare" - Frisner Augustin and Makandal - La Troupe Makandal, Inc.
"Se nou ki la!" - Chouk Bwa Libète - Buda Musique
External links
Haitian Vodou drumming 1970s YouTube
Ritual Drums of Haiti 1973 "CONGO"
Haitian styles of music
Drumming
Afro-Caribbean music |
Intro is an American R&B trio from Brooklyn, New York City, New York. The trio consisted of members Jeff Sanders, Clinton "Buddy" Wike and lead singer/songwriter Kenny Greene. Formed in 1990, the group was discovered by rapper Heavy D, who introduced the group to DJ Eddie F. Eddie F signed the group to Untouchables Entertainment, and struck a deal with Atlantic Records in 1992. The group name is an acronym for "Innovative New Talent Reaching Out".
The group had a string of US hits in the 1990s. Releasing two albums - 1993's Intro and 1995's New Life - they included the singles "Love Thang", "Let Me Be the One", a cover of Stevie Wonder's "Ribbon in the Sky", "Funny How Time Flies" and their highest-charting hit, "Come Inside". They additionally appeared on the Eddie F and the Untouchables collaboration album entitled Let's Get It On (in 1994), where their song "Never Again" was released as a single.
They went on hiatus in 1997. Lead singer Greene, who had already penned early hits for Mary J. Blige, continued to write for other artists, like Will Smith, Cam'ron, 98 Degrees, Changing Faces and Tyrese. He later died in 2001, after suffering with AIDS. He sang background vocals on Will smith's Chasing forever on the big Willie style album.
In recent years, they have reformed, released new music and continue to tour worldwide as a duo.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Notes
References
External links
African-American musical groups
Atlantic Records artists
American contemporary R&B musical groups
American soul musical groups
Musical groups from Brooklyn |
Steven Michael Errede (born December 24, 1952) is an American experimental physicist, known for his leadership in the collaboration that experimentally confirmed the existence of the top quark.
Biography
Errede received in 1976 his B.S. from the University of Minnesota. For some time he worked at the University of Minnesota's Space Science Center on electronic payloads for sounding rockets used in studying the composition and magnetic field of Earth's upper atmosphere. In 1976 he became a graduate student in physics at Ohio State University, where he graduated with a Ph.D. in 1981. From 1981 to 1984 he was a postdoc at the University of Michigan, where he worked on the IMB Proton Decay Experiment. At the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), he was from 1984 to 1989 an assistant professor and from 1989 to 1992 an associate professor and is since 1992 a full professor.
Errede and his team worked on the ATLAS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland. His research team built a major portion of the ATLAS experiment's Scintillating Tile Hadronic Calorimeter, used in the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson.
In 1985 he was awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship. In 1995 he was elected a fellow of the APS in recognition of his "contributions to the understanding of the nature of the weak gauge bosons."
In 2013 he won the UIUC's Nordsieck Award for excellence in teaching physics. Errede developed laboratory equipment used in his teaching of undergraduate courses on acoustical physics and physics of musical instruments.
His wife is Deborah M. Errede, who has a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Michigan. His father, Louis A. Errede (1923–2017), had a PhD in organic chemistry from the University of Michigan and worked for 3M Company. Steven and Deborah Errede have worked together for many years and have a daughter Rachel.
Selected publications
1988
1991
1994
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Experimental physicists
Particle physicists
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Michigan alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Sloan Research Fellows
Fellows of the American Physical Society |
```asciidoc
//
// Common Valid Usage
// Common to micromap property query
* [[VUID-{refpage}-pMicromaps-07501]]
All micromaps in pname:pMicromaps must: have been constructed prior to
the execution of this command
* [[VUID-{refpage}-pMicromaps-07502]]
All micromaps in pname:pMicromaps must: have been constructed with
ename:VK_BUILD_MICROMAP_ALLOW_COMPACTION_BIT_EXT if pname:queryType is
ename:VK_QUERY_TYPE_MICROMAP_COMPACTED_SIZE_EXT
* [[VUID-{refpage}-queryType-07503]]
pname:queryType must: be ename:VK_QUERY_TYPE_MICROMAP_COMPACTED_SIZE_EXT
or ename:VK_QUERY_TYPE_MICROMAP_SERIALIZATION_SIZE_EXT
// Common Valid Usage
``` |
Swolnpes is a genus of spiders in the family Anamidae. It was first described in 2009 by Barbara York Main and Volker Framenau. It is endemic to Australia.
Species
Swolnpes darwini Main & Framenau, 2009
Swolnpes morganensis Main & Framenau, 2009
References
Anamidae
Mygalomorphae genera
Spiders of Australia
Taxa named by Volker W. Framenau
Taxa named by Barbara York Main
Spiders described in 2009 |
Henry Frank Phillips (June 4, 1889 – April 13, 1958) was an American businessman from Portland, Oregon. The Phillips-head ("crosshead") screw and screwdriver are named after him.
The importance of the crosshead screw design lies in its self-centering property, useful on automated production lines that use powered screwdrivers. Phillips' major contribution was in driving the crosshead concept forward to the point where it was adopted by screwmakers and automobile companies. The credited inventor of the Phillips screw was John P. Thompson who, in 1932, patented (#1,908,080) a recessed cruciform screw and in 1933, a screwdriver for it.
Biography
After failing to interest manufacturers, Thompson sold his self-centering design to Phillips in 1935. Phillips formed the Phillips Screw Company in 1934. After refining the design (U.S. Patent #2,046,343, U.S. Patents #2,046,837 to 2,046,840) for the American Screw Company of Providence, Rhode Island, Phillips succeeded in bringing the design to industrial manufacturing and promoting its rapid adoption as a machine screw standard. American Screw then spent $500,000 originating a method of manufacture. One of the first customers was General Motors who used the innovative design in 1936 for its Cadillac assembly-lines. By 1940, 85% of U.S. screw manufacturers had a license for the design. Due to failing health, Phillips retired in 1945. He died in 1958.
References
1958 deaths
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
Screws
Benson Polytechnic High School alumni
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American businesspeople
1889 births
Place of birth missing |
Sacred Heart Cathedral is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic cathedral at 266 Stanley Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1896 to 1902 by Dennis Kelleher. It is also known as Church of the Sacred Heart. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Townsville, currently Tim Harris.
History
The Church of the Sacred Heart at Townsville was erected in at least two stages between 1896 and 1902, to plans prepared by Melbourne architects Reed, Smart & Tappin in 1894. Queensland architects Eaton, Bates and Polin of Brisbane, Townsville and Rockhampton supervised the work, and the contractor for the superstructure was Denis Kelleher.
The first Roman Catholic church in Townsville, St Joseph's, was erected on the Strand in the 1870s. Townsville itself had been established in the mid-1860s as a port to service the pastoral lands of the interior. Following the discovery of gold at Ravenswood and Charters Towers in the 1870s, the town boomed, and by the 1890s was the principal port of North Queensland. As the population of the town expanded and settlement moved west along Ross Creek, a more prominent, substantial and centrally-located Catholic church became a priority for the parish. In January 1884 Father William Mason Walsh, Townsville's second parish priest, acquired title to a half acre block in Stanley Street on the slopes of Castle Hill, above the main business district of Townsville, in anticipation of erecting a fine new church. However at this period the parish of Townsville was part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton, and was neither large nor wealthy, so it did not commence a building programme for the church on Stanley Street until the 1890s.
An 1894 design competition for the new church was won by prominent Melbourne architects Reed, Smart & Tappin. Their design was for a substantial brick building of Gothic style, comprising a large basement space, a superstructure consisting of naive, aisles, transept, sacristy, chapters and sanctuary, and an imposing front tower and spire rising . There is some suggestion that the design for the Townsville church was a smaller version of the Sacred Heart Cathedral at Bendigo, Victoria, designed by the same architectural firm.
Excavation of the Stanley Street site, foundations and basement were carried out in 1896, at a cost of £1,160 for the basements alone. No further progress was made until 7 October 1900, when the Right Rev. Dr Joseph Higgins, Bishop of Rockhampton, laid the foundation stone. However, not until early 1902 did work commence on the first stage of the superstructure – nave and aisles. Denis Kelleher, who had erected the Catholic cathedral in Rockhampton, won the contract, which was completed within 10 months at a cost of £8,330, and the building blessed and opened by Bishop Higgins on 16 November 1902. The interior was considered to be remarkably well finished, with very fine ceilings of varnished pine, cut into panels and with fretwork borders.
Little more than three months after the November opening, the Church of the Sacred Heart was severely damaged by Cyclone Leonta, which struck Townsville on 3 March 1903. The building was unroofed (over 2 tons of iron sheeting) and substantial water damage to the interior resulted. The damage was repaired, but the original plan to build a belltower and extend the transept back towards Castle Hill in order to create a chapel behind the altar, was never carried out. Later a steel bell tower was erected.
Following the creation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Townsville , the Church of the Sacred Heart, as the church of the Bishop of Townsville, acquired cathedral status.
The roof was damaged again in 1972 during cyclone Althea, causing water damage to the interior northern wall. The steel belltower was removed and donated to the non-denominational chapel at Lavarack Barracks in the 1970s. Part of the side fence of decorative iron and brick posts was removed at the same time.
Description
The Sacred Heart Cathedral is rectangular in plan and is modelled on a Roman basilica design, with a high ceiling above the nave, aisles on either side and an apse which is framed by a timber arch lined with tongue and groove timber. The tunnel-vault with truss design ceiling is of tongue and groove board. The gable roof is of corrugated iron, and the facade has two turrets and large Gothic windows on either side of the central statue niche. The external walls of red face brick have tuck pointed mortar joints and contrasting cement rendered mouldings. An unusual feature of the structure is that it faces north-south rather than the traditional east-west direction of most cathedrals. The restricted hillside site was probably the reason for the placement of the building. The site is accessed from the northeast street frontage, and the altar faces southwest.
The cathedral is built on a rocky spur of Castle Hill, across from the equally commanding St James Anglican Cathedral, overlooking the central business district of the city. The lower slopes of the hill are covered with grass and small shrubs which cling to the rough terrain. A rock-faced retaining wall edges the cathedral block and creates a roadway from Stanley Street. Grassed areas surround the building together with small shrubs at the base of the main stairs. Close to the cathedral is a 1938, two-storey brick presbytery that houses the bishop of the Sacred Heart Cathedral and the priest of the cathedral parish. This building of red brick and stucco echoes some of the decorative features of the cathedral.
Heritage listing
Sacred Heart Cathedral was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Townsville's Sacred Heart Cathedral, erected 1896-1902, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland's history, reflecting the struggle of the Catholic Church to secure its position – spiritually, politically and economically – in the frontier towns of 19th century Queensland. That the whole of the original design was never carried out illustrates the fluctuating fortunes of the Catholic Church in North Queensland, as well as the principal turn-of-the-century economic determinants, including the 1890s depression, drought 1900-02, and cyclone Leonta of 1903.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
Designed to impress, the Sacred Heart Cathedral remains important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a large brick church incorporating traditional Gothic stylistic elements, yet located in a tropical environment.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The cathedral occupies a commanding position on Castle Hill overlooking the city, and has strong aesthetic value, contributing significantly to the townscape of Townsville.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
As a landmark, it has a strong association for the local community, and the place remains a focus of Catholicism in North Queensland. Sacred Heart Cathedral is important also for its association with Catholic worship in Townsville since 1902.
References
Attribution
External links
Queensland Heritage Register
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Queensland
Townsville CBD
Roman Catholic churches in Townsville
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Australia
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1902
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Australia
Queensland Heritage Register sites located in Townsville
Roman Catholic Diocese of Townsville
1900 establishments in Australia
Gothic Revival architecture in Queensland
Gothic Revival church buildings in Australia |
The priority draft pick is a type of draft selection in the Australian Football League's AFL Draft. Priority draft picks are additional draft picks, located at or near the start of the draft, which are given only to the poorest performing teams, to provide additional help for those teams to improve on-field performances in future years. Prior to 2012, a team automatically received a priority draft pick if its win–loss record met pre-defined eligibility criteria; since 2012, priority draft picks will be awarded on a discretionary basis by the AFL commission.
The priority draft pick has been the consistent subject of controversy, as several poor-performing teams have been accused of tanking during the later part of the season to ensure that they qualify for the additional draft pick.
AFL draft
At the conclusion of each AFL season, there are three AFL drafts: the National Draft, the Pre-Season Draft and the Rookie Draft. The National Draft is the most important of the drafts, as it is the primary recruitment method for prospective young players once they reach the age of 18.
In the draft, the selections are arranged into rounds, with each team having one selection per round. Selections in each round are arranged in reverse ladder position order.
Priority draft pick rules
Under current AFL rules, enacted from the 2012 season onwards, a club can receive a priority draft pick at the discretion of the AFL Commission.
A formula which will assist with determining whether or not a team receives a priority draft pick, and at which round in the draft that pick will be taken, has been developed that takes into account such factors as:
premiership points that a club has received over a period of years (with greater weight to recent seasons),
a club's percentage (points for/points against x 100) over a period of years (another indication of on-field competitiveness, with greater weight to recent seasons),
any finals appearances that a club has made in recent seasons,
any premierships that a club has won in recent seasons, and
a club's injury rates in each relevant season.
In 2016, the Brisbane Lions became the first club to be awarded a priority draft pick under the current rules. However, through a series of trades in that year's AFL draft, the Sydney Swans, who had finished as minor premiers in the season that had just passed and reached the Grand Final, ended up with it instead. The Swans used this pick to draft Will Hayward.
Priority round history
The draft was established in 1986 in an attempt to reduce the inherent inequities of the league under zoning, where the clubs with the most successful zones, such as Carlton, Collingwood and Essendon, were able to perennially dominate the competition, while teams with weaker zones, such as St Kilda, Sydney and Footscray, were perennially close to or at the bottom of the ladder. The draft was intended to give the weakest teams access to the best prospective players.
First priority round amendment
By 1992, some of the weakest teams (e.g. Sydney Swans, Brisbane Bears and Richmond) were still enduring prolonged periods of poor performance, so the priority draft pick was introduced in the Draft of that year to further assist these teams.
In its original version:
Teams received a priority draft pick if they finished with less than 20.5 premiership points (five wins) for the season.
The entire priority round took place prior to the first round of the National Draft.
Where more than one team participated in the same round of priority picks, selections were made in reverse ladder position order, as is the case for normal selection rounds.
It became clear, however, that a team with reasonable prospects could finish with five wins and receive a roster boosting priority draft pick as a result of an isolated poor season due to key players suffering injuries, internal dissent and/or other off-field trouble.
This situation was both unfair and counterproductive to the raison d'être of the priority pick, which was to assist consistently poor teams with minimal or no prospects to rebuild: as such, AFL made further amendments to the priority pick rules in 2006.
2006 priority round amendment
From the 2006 draft, a club became eligible for a priority draft pick in the National Draft if it finished a season with fewer than 16.5 premiership points (four wins).
The location of the priority draft picks within the overall National Draft now depended upon the team's performance over the previous two years:
Where the team finished with more than 16.5 premiership points in the previous season, and fewer than 16.5 premiership points in the current season, the priority draft pick was taken between the first and second rounds of the National Draft.
Where the team finished with fewer than 16.5 premiership points in both seasons, the priority draft pick was taken prior to the first round of the National Draft.
Another way to describe this is that in a sequence of consecutive poor seasons, the priority draft pick in the first season would be taken after the first round, and any second or subsequent priority draft picks would be taken before the first round.
2012 priority pick reform
Despite the best efforts of the AFL, the priority draft pick became controversial in the late 2000s and early 2010s because of the potential for corruption, since it could be automatically awarded based on the performance of the club over the past two seasons with a defined cut-off point (16.5 premiership points or four wins).
In the 2012 pre-season, the AFL Commission, with the unanimous support of the 18 clubs, removed all provision for priority picks automatically based upon finishing results, with the Commission retaining the power to award priority picks on a discretionary basis.
To allow for this situation, a formula was developed that takes into account such factors as:
premiership points that a club has received over a period of years (with greater weight to recent seasons),
a club's percentage (points for/points against x 100) over a period of years (another indication of on-field competitiveness, with greater weight to recent seasons),
any finals appearances that a club has made in recent seasons,
any premierships that a club has won in recent seasons, and
a club's injury rates in each relevant season.
To eliminate any perception of tanking, the formula for priority picks is kept confidential by the AFL Commission.
In 2016, the Brisbane Lions became the first club to be given a priority draft pick under the current rules, with that pick located after the first round (although ended up with the pick after the trade period).
Players selected with start of first round or first assistance priority picks
Tanking
There was annual speculation that poorly performing teams manipulated their results after they were eliminated from finals contention in order to ensure they remained below the eligibility criterion and received a priority pick under the 1993-2011 format; this was referred to as "tanking."
There are a wide variety of behaviours which could be considered to be tanking. These include:
Instructing the players to deliberately lose matches
Employing unusual tactics in matches, including using players in positions where they do not usually play
Resting star players with minor injuries, who would likely not be rested if the team were contesting finals
Playing younger players who do not yet have much experience at AFL level
While all of these behaviouurs can be interpreted as an attempt to avoid winning matches, all but the first point can also be justified as a sensible player management and development strategy for a team with no chance of playing finals, which complicates the debate about tanking. Another sign cited as evidence of tanking is the practice of fans openly supporting their clubs' opponents on game day; however, this can also be justified as a sign of fan dissatisfaction at the club's poor performance and/or its administration.
Also complicating the debate is the fact that different people have different opinions on what is acceptable behaviour. When speaking about 's 2010 priority draft pick, coach John Worsfold openly defended his right to play young players in unfamiliar positions to assist their development; but, when speaking about 's 2007 priority draft pick, assistant coach Tony Liberatore said he personally thought it was wrong to play younger players in place of senior players whose niggling injuries would not be bad enough to force their omission if the team were playing finals, and Brock McLean revealed that he requested to be traded away from the Melbourne Football Club because he disagreed with similar strategies in the lead-up to Melbourne's 2009 priority draft pick.
The legal implications of tanking on sports betting is also a significant problem, and in 2009 a betting agency temporarily suspended betting on the wooden spoon when it became concerned about the potential legal ramifications if tanking or other corruption were ever proven. The penalty for any player or club official found to have been involved in tanking is a possible lifetime suspension and/or a fine of up to $100,000 for each offence.
By shifting the Priority Round from before to after the First Round in 2006, the AFL reduced the incentive to tank, but did not eliminate it; the incentive was reduced further with the 2012 reform. The AFL has the endorsement of the Victorian Commission for Gambling Regulation that the integrity of the game is sufficiently protected under the priority system.
Some members of the media, particularly from the Herald Sun, had previously called for the priority draft pick to be scrapped, with some journalists calling for a draft lottery to be applied in the first round for the bottom five or six clubs.
When asked in 2011, the AFL Players Association's official position was that it would like to see the priority pick abolished due to the perception of tanking and its impact on the public's confidence in the game, rather than any suggestion of actual corruption.
Statements alluding to tanking
In 2011, sacked coach Dean Bailey stated that he coached to "ensure the club was well placed for draft picks" in 2008 and 2009, and admitted to playing players in unusual positions, but he never claimed that the team had deliberately lost matches. Tony Liberatore made similar statements in 2008, when he claimed that he felt like "winning wasn't the be all and end all" when Carlton received a priority pick in 2007, but he also said that he'd never seen anything to suggest that players were deliberately losing matches. In both cases, the statements were seen as an admission of guilt to tanking by some, but in the absence of an explicit directive to deliberately lose, acceptable by others, and the AFL was satisfied that neither team had broken its tanking rules.
Notable matches in the tanking debate
Round 22, 2007 – Melbourne vs Carlton
The Round 22, 2007 match between and , nicknamed the Kreuzer Cup, was the most controversial match in the tanking debate. It was the last match of the regular season, and both Melbourne and Carlton had a record of 4–17, meaning that whichever team won the match would lose the chance at a priority draft pick, and both clubs had already avoided the ignominy of the wooden spoon, as had secured it with a final record of 3–18–1. Overall, this meant that there was no benefit for either club to win, but a significant benefit to losing.
The stakes were particularly high in Carlton's case, because the club had also received a priority pick in the 2006 season; as such, if it lost this match, it would receive the No. 1 draft pick as its priority pick. In Melbourne's case, the priority pick it could have received would be the No. 18 pick; the No. 1 pick would go to wooden spooners Richmond if Melbourne lost the match. The match became known as the Kreuzer Cup, named after Northern Knights' ruckman Matthew Kreuzer, who had been expected to be (and was eventually, by Carlton) selected with the No. 1 pick in the 2007 AFL Draft.
The match was high scoring, played with low intensity, poor skills and very little defensive pressure, and two players (Carlton's Heath Scotland and Melbourne's Travis Johnstone) gathered more than 40 disposals. Melbourne had a five-goal lead by quarter time, and ended up winning the match 21.13 (139) to 15.18 (108). Carlton went on to recruit Kreuzer with the No. 1 pick in the draft.
Round 18, 2009 – Melbourne vs Richmond
Melbourne entered the match with a record of 3–14. Because it had received a priority draft pick in 2008, it had the potential to receive a priority draft pick at the start of the draft if won no more than one of its final five matches.
The match was close for much of the game, but Melbourne kicked away to lead by a few goals in the final quarter. Richmond was then able to make a comeback, and an after-the-siren goal by Jordan McMahon gave Richmond a four-point win. The Herald Sun later accused Melbourne coach Dean Bailey of making positional changes in the final quarter which were so nonsensical that they could only have been designed to ensure Richmond would make a comeback: this included moving key defenders James Frawley and Matthew Warnock into the forward-line, resting key midfielders, and using Brad Miller as a ruckman.
In late 2012 and early 2013, Melbourne was thoroughly investigated for its conduct in this and other games which occurred in late 2009. The club was found not guilty of tanking, but were found guilty of bringing the game into disrepute and fined $500,000, with Bailey (who was fired as coach in 2011) being suspended for 16 matches and football operations manager Chris Connelly being suspended for 12 months (22 matches).
See also
Melbourne Football Club tanking scandal
References
Australian Football League draft
Australian rules football terminology |
Operation SUPPORT is the name given to Canadian Forces activities directly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The CF had two immediate goals: to provide support for stranded aircrew and passengers from diverted commercial flights, and to increase emergency preparedness. Transport Canada called their operation Yellow Ribbon.
Stranded travellers were received at several CF bases and stations, including Goose Bay, Gander and Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Halifax Regional Municipality Airport
in, Shearwater, Nova Scotia and Aldershot, Nova Scotia. Also, CF units in the Atlantic region provided thousands of beds and ration packs; nine CF transport aircraft delivered about 8,800 cots, 8,300 blankets and 55 support personnel to places where commercial flights had been diverted. CF aircraft also transported Canada Customs and Revenue Agency officials to those locations so stranded travellers could clear Customs and enter Canada — many of them to accept the hospitality of the communities in which they found themselves.
Several steps were taken to increase emergency preparedness. Additional CF-18 fighters were assigned to NORAD. The Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) was placed on stand-by at 8 Wing Trenton, Ontario. Also, HMC Ships Preserver, Iroquois and Ville de Québec were put in a higher state of readiness in case they were required to go to a U.S. port to provide humanitarian assistance.
See also
Canadian Forces
List of Canadian military operations
Operation Enduring Freedom
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20051201161220/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=490
http://www.canadianally.com/ca/terror/resp_support-en.asp
Support
Aftermath of the September 11 attacks |
The Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy" () was a state commemorative medal of the Russian Federation awarded to deserving citizens to denote the 300th anniversary of the Russian Navy. It was established on February 10, 1996 by Presidential Decree No. 176.
Medal statute
The Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy" was awarded to citizens of the Russian Federation, soldiers in the service in the Navy, Marines, Forces of the Federal Border Service of Russia, if previously awarded state awards of the Russian Federation, RSFSR, or USSR, and that impeccably served on ships or naval aircrews for at least 10 years, or in other parts of the navy for 20 years or more, to naval personnel who took part in the fighting against the Nazi invaders and the Japanese militarists in 1941-1945, admirals, generals, officers, warrant officers (ensigns), sailors and petty officers who are in reserve (retired) or that were discharged from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of the USSR, the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation or Naval Border Troops of the KGB, if they were previously awarded state awards of the Russian Federation, RSFSR or USSR and impeccably served in the Navy, Marines or Naval Forces of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation or Naval Border Troops of the KGB on ships or in naval aviation for 10 years or more or in other parts of the navy for 20 years or more; to civilian personnel on support ships of the Navy, seafarers and marine scientists, of river, fishing, research, or expeditionary fleets, if they previously received state awards of the Russian Federation, RSFSR or USSR and worked flawlessly on vessels for 15 years or more, to designers, developers, managers of design bureaus, research institutions and organizations, educational institutions, heads of central government shipbuilding industry, the workers of basic professions directly involved in the construction and repair of ships and vessels, if they previously received state awards of the Russian Federation, RSFSR or the USSR and worked flawlessly in their area of specialty or profession for 20 years or more, to heads of the central basin management bodies, heads of research institutions, educational institutions, sea, river, fishing, research, and expeditionary fleets, if they previously received state awards of the Russian Federation, RSFSR or USSR and worked flawlessly in these areas for more than 20 years.
Presidential Decree 1099 of September 7, 2010 removed the Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy" from the list of state awards of the Russian Federation. It is no longer awarded.
Medal description
The Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy" is a 32mm in diameter silvered tombac circular medal with raised rims on both sides. On the obverse in relief, in the background at the lower left, the Admiralty building, at center, the left profile bust of Peter the Great. Along the top edge, the inscription in relief "300 Years of the Russian Navy" (). On the reverse, the relief inscription "1696-1996", in the lower part, laurel and oak branches around the image of crossed anchors (sea and river).
The medal is suspended by a ring through the award's suspension loop to a standard Russian pentagonal mount covered with an overlapping 24 mm wide white silk moiré ribbon with two 7 mm wide blue stripes located 1 mm from the ribbon's edges.
Recipients (partial list)
The individuals below were all recipients of the Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy".
Politician Vladimir Borisovich Rushailo
Director of the FSB Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev
Fleet Admiral Vladimir Yegorov
Colonel General Gennady Nikolayevich Troshev
Former Airborne Lieutenant General, politician Vladimir Anatolyevich Shamanov
Hero of the Russian Federation, Major General Timur Avtandilovich Apakidze
Chairman of the Russian Central Bank Viktor Vladimirovich Gerashchenko
Hero of the Soviet Union, test pilot Viktor Georgiyevich Pugachyov
Fleet Admiral Vladimir Ivanovich Kuroyedov
Scientist (mathematician and physicist) Gury Ivanovich Marchuk
Former GRU Colonel, politician Vladimir Vasilievich Kvachkov
Former Army General, former Interior Minister Anatoly Sergeevich Kulikov
AEROFLOT Director Vitaly Gennadyevich Savelyev
Former Prime Minister of Russia Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin
See also
Awards and decorations of the Russian Federation
Russian Navy
List of Russian naval engineers
References
External links
Official site of the Commission under the President of the Russian Federation on State Awards In Russian
The Russian Gazette In Russian
Civil awards and decorations of Russia
Russian awards
Awards established in 1996
Tricentennial anniversaries |
```xml
jasmine.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL = 20000;
export function registerUnhandledRejectionHandler(): void {
process.on("unhandledRejection", (error) => {
if (error && error.stack) {
console.error(error.stack);
} else {
console.error(error);
}
});
}
export function delay(durationInMilliseconds: number): Promise<void> {
const source = new PromiseSource<void>();
setTimeout(() => source.resolve(), durationInMilliseconds);
return source.promise;
}
export class PromiseSource<T = void> implements Promise<T> {
public promise: Promise<T>;
private resolver!: (value?: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void;
private rejecter!: (reason?: any) => void;
constructor() {
this.promise = new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
this.resolver = resolve;
this.rejecter = reject;
});
}
public resolve(value?: T | PromiseLike<T>) {
this.resolver(value);
}
public reject(reason?: any) {
this.rejecter(reason);
}
// Look like a promise so we can be awaited directly;
public then<TResult1 = T, TResult2 = never>(onfulfilled?: (value: T) => TResult1 | PromiseLike<TResult1>, onrejected?: (reason: any) => TResult2 | PromiseLike<TResult2>): Promise<TResult1 | TResult2> {
return this.promise.then(onfulfilled, onrejected);
}
public catch<TResult = never>(onrejected?: (reason: any) => TResult | PromiseLike<TResult>): Promise<T | TResult> {
return this.promise.catch(onrejected);
}
}
export class SyncPoint {
private atSyncPoint: PromiseSource;
private continueFromSyncPoint: PromiseSource;
constructor() {
this.atSyncPoint = new PromiseSource();
this.continueFromSyncPoint = new PromiseSource();
}
public waitForSyncPoint(): Promise<void> {
return this.atSyncPoint.promise;
}
public continue() {
this.continueFromSyncPoint.resolve();
}
public waitToContinue(): Promise<void> {
this.atSyncPoint.resolve();
return this.continueFromSyncPoint.promise;
}
}
``` |
```groff
.\" $OpenBSD: EC_GROUP_copy.3,v 1.14 2023/06/28 18:07:07 tb Exp $
.\" full merge up to: OpenSSL d900a015 Oct 8 14:40:42 2015 +0200
.\" selective merge up to: OpenSSL 24c23e1f Aug 22 10:51:25 2019 +0530
.\"
.\" This file was written by Matt Caswell <matt@openssl.org>,
.\" Dr. Stephen Henson <steve@openssl.org>,
.\" and Jayaram X Matta <jayaramx.matta@intel.com>.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\"
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\"
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
.\" the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
.\" distribution.
.\"
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
.\" software must display the following acknowledgment:
.\" "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
.\" for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (path_to_url"
.\"
.\" 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
.\" endorse or promote products derived from this software without
.\" prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
.\" openssl-core@openssl.org.
.\"
.\" 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
.\" nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
.\" permission of the OpenSSL Project.
.\"
.\" 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
.\" acknowledgment:
.\" "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
.\" for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (path_to_url"
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
.\" EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
.\" ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
.\" SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
.\" LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
.\" STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
.\" OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: June 28 2023 $
.Dt EC_GROUP_COPY 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm EC_GROUP_copy ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_dup ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_method_of ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_set_generator ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get0_generator ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_order ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_order_bits ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_cofactor ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_set_curve_name ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_curve_name ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get0_seed ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_seed_len ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_set_seed ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_degree ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_check ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_check_discriminant ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_cmp ,
.Nm EC_GROUP_get_basis_type
.Nd manipulate EC_GROUP objects
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In openssl/ec.h
.In openssl/bn.h
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_copy
.Fa "EC_GROUP *dst"
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *src"
.Fc
.Ft EC_GROUP *
.Fo EC_GROUP_dup
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *src"
.Fc
.Ft const EC_METHOD *
.Fo EC_GROUP_method_of
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_set_generator
.Fa "EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "const EC_POINT *generator"
.Fa "const BIGNUM *order"
.Fa "const BIGNUM *cofactor"
.Fc
.Ft const EC_POINT *
.Fo EC_GROUP_get0_generator
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_order
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "BIGNUM *order"
.Fa "BN_CTX *ctx"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_order_bits
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_cofactor
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "BIGNUM *cofactor"
.Fa "BN_CTX *ctx"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo EC_GROUP_set_curve_name
.Fa "EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "int nid"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_curve_name
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag
.Fa "EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "int flag"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form
.Fa "EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "point_conversion_form_t form"
.Fc
.Ft point_conversion_form_t
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *"
.Fc
.Ft unsigned char *
.Fo EC_GROUP_get0_seed
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *x"
.Fc
.Ft size_t
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_seed_len
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *"
.Fc
.Ft size_t
.Fo EC_GROUP_set_seed
.Fa "EC_GROUP *"
.Fa "const unsigned char *"
.Fa "size_t len"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_degree
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_check
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "BN_CTX *ctx"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_check_discriminant
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *group"
.Fa "BN_CTX *ctx"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_cmp
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *a"
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *b"
.Fa "BN_CTX *ctx"
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo EC_GROUP_get_basis_type
.Fa "const EC_GROUP *"
.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
These functions operate on
.Vt EC_GROUP
objects created by the functions described in
.Xr EC_GROUP_new 3 .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_copy
copies the curve
.Fa src
into
.Fa dst .
Both
.Fa src
and
.Fa dst
must use the same
.Vt EC_METHOD .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_dup
creates a new
.Vt EC_GROUP
object and copies the content from
.Fa src
to the newly created
.Vt EC_GROUP
object.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_method_of
obtains the
.Vt EC_METHOD
of
.Fa group .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_generator
sets curve parameters that must be agreed by all participants using
the curve.
These parameters include the
.Fa generator ,
the
.Fa order
and the
.Fa cofactor .
The
.Fa generator
is a well defined point on the curve chosen for cryptographic
operations.
Integers used for point multiplications will be between 0 and
.Fa order No - 1 .
The
.Fa order
multiplied by the
.Fa cofactor
gives the number of points on the curve.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get0_generator
returns the generator for the identified
.Fa group .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_order
retrieves the order of the
.Fa group
and copies its value into
.Fa order .
It fails if the order of the
.Fa group
is not set or set to zero.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_cofactor
retrieves the cofactor of the
.Fa group
and copies its value into
.Fa cofactor .
It fails if the cofactor of the
.Fa group
is not set or set to zero.
.Pp
The functions
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_curve_name
and
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_curve_name
set and get the NID for the curve, respectively (see
.Xr EC_GROUP_new 3 ) .
If a curve does not have a NID associated with it, then
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_curve_name
will return
.Dv NID_undef .
.Pp
The asn1_flag value is used to determine whether the curve encoding
uses explicit parameters or a named curve using an ASN.1 OID:
many applications only support the latter form.
If asn1_flag is the default value
.Dv OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE ,
then the named curve form is used and the parameters must have a
corresponding named curve NID set.
If asn1_flags is
.Dv OPENSSL_EC_EXPLICIT_CURVE ,
the parameters are explicitly encoded.
The functions
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag
and
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag
get and set the status of the asn1_flag for the curve.
.Pp
The point_conversion_form for a curve controls how
.Vt EC_POINT
data is encoded as ASN.1 as defined in X9.62 (ECDSA).
.Vt point_conversion_form_t
is an enum defined as follows:
.Bd -literal
typedef enum {
/** the point is encoded as z||x, where the octet z specifies
* which solution of the quadratic equation y is */
POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED = 2,
/** the point is encoded as z||x||y, where z is the octet 0x04 */
POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED = 4,
/** the point is encoded as z||x||y, where the octet z specifies
* which solution of the quadratic equation y is */
POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID = 6
} point_conversion_form_t;
.Ed
.Pp
For
.Dv POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED
the point is encoded as an octet signifying the UNCOMPRESSED form
has been used followed by the octets for x, followed by the octets
for y.
.Pp
For any given x coordinate for a point on a curve it is possible to
derive two possible y values.
For
.Dv POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED
the point is encoded as an octet signifying that the COMPRESSED
form has been used AND which of the two possible solutions for y
has been used, followed by the octets for x.
.Pp
For
.Dv POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID
the point is encoded as an octet signifying the HYBRID form has
been used AND which of the two possible solutions for y has been
used, followed by the octets for x, followed by the octets for y.
.Pp
The functions
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form
and
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form
set and get the point_conversion_form for the curve, respectively.
.Pp
ANSI X9.62 (ECDSA standard) defines a method of generating the curve
parameter b from a random number.
This provides advantages in that a parameter obtained in this way is
highly unlikely to be susceptible to special purpose attacks, or have
any trapdoors in it.
If the seed is present for a curve then the b parameter was generated in
a verifiable fashion using that seed.
The OpenSSL EC library does not use this seed value but does enable you
to inspect it using
.Fn EC_GROUP_get0_seed .
This returns a pointer to a memory block containing the seed that was
used.
The length of the memory block can be obtained using
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_seed_len .
A number of the builtin curves within the library provide seed values
that can be obtained.
It is also possible to set a custom seed using
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_seed
and passing a pointer to a memory block, along with the length of
the seed.
Again, the EC library will not use this seed value, although it will be
preserved in any ASN.1 based communications.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_degree
gets the degree of the field.
For Fp fields this will be the number of bits in p.
For F2^m fields this will be the value m.
.Pp
The function
.Fn EC_GROUP_check_discriminant
calculates the discriminant for the curve and verifies that it is
valid.
For a curve defined over Fp the discriminant is given by the formula
4*a^3 + 27*b^2 whilst for F2^m curves the discriminant is simply b.
In either case for the curve to be valid the discriminant must be
non-zero.
.Pp
The function
.Fn EC_GROUP_check
performs a number of checks on a curve to verify that it is valid.
Checks performed include verifying that the discriminant is non-zero;
that a generator has been defined; that the generator is on the curve
and has the correct order.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_cmp
compares
.Fa a
and
.Fa b
to determine whether they represent the same curve or not.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_basis_type
always returns 0 and is only provided for compatibility.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
The following functions return 1 on success or 0 on error:
.Fn EC_GROUP_copy ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_generator ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_check ,
and
.Fn EC_GROUP_check_discriminant .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_dup
returns a pointer to the duplicated curve or
.Dv NULL
on error.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_method_of
returns the
.Vt EC_METHOD
implementation in use for the given curve or
.Dv NULL
on error.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get0_generator
returns the generator for the given curve or
.Dv NULL
on error.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_order
returns 0 if the order is not set or set to zero for the
.Fa group
or if copying into
.Fa order
fails, or 1 otherwise.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_order_bits
returns the number of bits in the group order.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_cofactor
returns 0 if the cofactor is not set or set to zero for the
.Fa group
or if copying into
.Fa cofactor
fails, or 1 otherwise.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_curve_name
returns the curve name (NID) for the
.Fa group
or
.Dv NID_undef
if no curve name is associated.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag
returns the ASN.1 flag for the specified
.Fa group .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form
returns the point_conversion_form for the
.Fa group .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_degree
returns the degree for the
.Fa group
or 0 if the operation is not supported
by the underlying group implementation.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get0_seed
returns a pointer to the seed that was used to generate the parameter
b, or
.Dv NULL
if the seed is not specified.
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_seed_len
returns the length of the seed or 0 if the seed is not specified.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_seed
returns the length of the seed that has been set.
If the supplied seed is
.Dv NULL
or the supplied seed length is 0, the return value will be 1.
On error 0 is returned.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_cmp
returns 0 if the curves are equal, 1 if they are not equal,
or -1 on error.
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_basis_type
always returns 0.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr d2i_ECPKParameters 3 ,
.Xr EC_GFp_simple_method 3 ,
.Xr EC_GROUP_new 3 ,
.Xr EC_KEY_new 3 ,
.Xr EC_POINT_add 3 ,
.Xr EC_POINT_new 3
.Sh HISTORY
.Fn EC_GROUP_copy ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_method_of ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_generator ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get0_generator ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_order ,
and
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_cofactor
first appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.7 and have been available since
.Ox 3.2 .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_dup ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_curve_name ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_curve_name ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_asn1_flag ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_point_conversion_form ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_point_conversion_form ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get0_seed ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_seed_len ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_set_seed ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_degree ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_check ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_check_discriminant ,
.Fn EC_GROUP_cmp ,
and
.Fn EC_GROUP_get_basis_type
first appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.8 and have been available since
.Ox 4.5 .
.Pp
.Fn EC_GROUP_order_bits
first appeared in OpenSSL 1.1.0 and has been available since
.Ox 7.0 .
``` |
The Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) was an enterprise unit within public-broadcasting corporation SRG SSR. It is responsible for the production and transmission of French-language radio programmes in Switzerland. RSR's headquarters are situated in Lausanne. Radio Suisse Romande and Télévision Suisse Romande merged in 2010 to create Radio Télévision Suisse.
Broadcasting
RSR broadcasts on four radio channels:
La 1ère – news, talk, and general programming
Espace 2 – culture and classical music
Couleur 3 – youth-oriented programming
Option Musique – music ("the hits of yesterday and today")
These channels are broadcast on FM as well as via Digital Audio Broadcasting and satellite (DVB-S). Up until 5 December 2010, Option Musique was also available on AM at 765 kHz from the Sottens transmitter.
External links
RSR's listeners' website
French-language mass media in Switzerland
Radio in Switzerland
Swiss Broadcasting Corporation |
Jizan Regional Airport , is an airport serving Jizan (also spelled Gizan), the capital city of the Jizan Province in Saudi Arabia. It is also known as King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Airport (), named after King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz.
Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring . The airport has one main terminal with two different sectors, one for departures and one for arrivals.
The airport also has another small terminal for short haul international arrivals and departures to near countries such as Emirates and Egypt
Airlines and destinations
Airlines offering scheduled passenger service:
Replacement
The Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia has confirmed and released a short trailer of the new airport that will replace the current airport. It will be named King Abdullah International Airport Jizan. According to the Centre Of Aviation's official website, the airport project, estimated at SR 2.5 billion (US$667 million), will feature a single passenger terminal with 10 aircraft gates and a VIP lounge, cargo facilities and a control tower. The airport is predicted to have the capacity to handle 2.4 million passengers p/a.
International Flights
The General Authority for Civil Aviation (GACA) started operations of international flights to and from King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Airport in Jazan on April 9, 2015,
The airport received the first international flight from Cairo International Airport with over 100 passengers on board.
Director General of the airport Hamid Hammad Al-Ghareebi and other officials received the first international flight.
History
Some Yemeni rebels attempted to attack the airport and other airports in the region. It failed.
Statistics
See also
List of airports in Saudi Arabia
List of things named after Saudi Kings
General Authority of Civil Aviation
King Fahd International Airport
References
http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/newairports/jazan-king-abdullah-bin-abdulaziz-airport
External links
Airports in Saudi Arabia
Jizan Province |
is a freshwater caldera lake in Satsumasendai, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It forms part of Imutaike Prefectural Natural Park. Its plant communities were designated a Natural Monument of Japan in 1921 and sixty hectares of wetlands were designated a Ramsar Site in 2005.
Geography
Imuta-ike is surrounded by mountains; Funamidake (), San-o-dake (), Katagi-yama (), Tōmigashiro (), Ī-moriyama (, known due to its beauty also as Imuta-fuji), and there is no incoming large river. The outgoing water flows into Sendai River and Hiwagi River. Imuta-ike is in the last stage of the lake-pond formation cycle and is shrinking with the deposition of sediment. The colour of the pond is brown, 14 on the Forel-Ule scale, and its pH is 6.8; the water of the pond contains organic substances. There are many cherry trees around the pond. About one third of its area, to the northwest, is wetland; dotted by floating islands composed of peat. This is very rare in warm areas and the pond was designated a Natural Monument as the "peat forming vegetation of Imuta-ike" in 1921.
Biota
On the surface of the pond, phragmites and wild rice grow thick and in the water, there are brasenia, nymphaea tetragona, water caltrop. As for fish, species include Zacco platypus (), Black bass, Carassius langsdorfii and Oryzias latipes. A rare dragonfly, Libellula angelina is found, leading to the pond's selection as a Ramsar Site.
History
Between 300,000 and 400,000 years ago, there were groups of lava domes, 4 km from east to west and 7 km from north to south. The centre of the domes was depressed forming a caldera. The lava dome formed Iimori-yama. The depression collected water and Imuta-ike was formed.
Prior to the Taishō era (1912–1926), Imuta-ike was known for the growth of common rushes (Juncus effusus), the raw material for tatami mats. In autumn, villagers used to cut and bundle rushes. Between 1741 and 1763, a 380-meter tunnel water lane was made at the eastern end of the pond, and 15 hectares of rice fields were made. In 1953, Imuta-ike was made a Prefectural Natural Park.
See also
List of Ramsar sites in Japan
List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments
References
External links
Imuta-ike Ramsar Site
Landforms of Kagoshima Prefecture
Ramsar sites in Japan
Lakes of Japan
Natural monuments of Japan
Volcanic crater lakes |
The 2001 Energis Open tennis tournament was played in Amsterdam, Netherlands in July 2001.
Magnus Gustafsson was the defending singles champion but lost in the semifinals to Younes El Aynaoui.
Àlex Corretja won in the final 6–3, 5–7, 7–6(7–0), 3–6, 6–4 against El Aynaoui.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
References
2001 Energis Open Draw
Dutch Open (tennis)
2001 ATP Tour
2001 Dutch Open (tennis) |
Horowe Bagno - is a peat nature reserve in Marki near Warsaw in Poland. The area of the reserve is 43,82 ha.
Footnotes
Horowe Bagno
Geography of Masovian Voivodeship |
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Singapore.
Incumbents
President: Yusof Ishak
Prime Minister: Lee Kuan Yew
Events
February
17 February – The Internal Security Department and Security and Intelligence Division are formed to maintain national security.
May
5 May – The National Registration Act comes into effect.
9 May – Registration starts for the National Registration Identity Card (NRIC), which comes in laminated plastic.
June
20 June – The first passports are issued.
August
August - The Constitutional Commission Report is issued. Most of the recommendations were not followed except a Council to make sure policies do not discriminate against any racial or religious communities.
3 August – Singapore joins the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. This will enable Singapore to borrow loans for development and share best practices in monetary management.
9 August – The first National Day Parade is held to commemorate Singapore's independence.
12 August – Confrontation ends, after a peace treaty is signed.
22 August – Singapore founds the Asian Development Bank as part of 31 nations. It aims to provide another source of funds for development works.
23 August – The sea curfew is lifted after the end of Confrontation, a decision widely applauded by villagers.
24 August – The National Pledge is recited for the first time, which is written by S. Rajaratnam.
26 August – A new TV studio is officially opened for Radio and Television Singapore in Caldecott Hill.
December
6 December – Five members from Barisan Sosialis have resigned as Members of Parliament, sparking the 1967 by-elections. They are Tan Cheng Tiong (Jalan Kayu), Poh Ber Liak (Tampines), Ong Lian Teng (Bukit Panjang), Loh Miaw Gong (Havelock) and Koo Young (Thomson).
Births
8 January – Adrian Pang, Malaysian-born Singaporean actor.
31 March – Adrian Tan, lawyer and author (d. 2023)
18 October – Aileen Tan, actress.
Deaths
31 January – Arthur E. Percival, known for surrendering to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 during World War II (b. 1887).
9 April – Ko Teck Kin, first High Commissioner to Malaysia (b. 1911).
5 June – Lee Choon Seng, Singaporean Chinese businessman and philanthropist (b. 1888).
2 June – Richard Olaf Winstedt, colonial administrator (b. 1878).
15 November – Roland St John Braddell, lawyer (b. 1880).
References
Singapore
Years in Singapore |
The Coca-Cola was introduced to the Nepalese market in 1973 by importing from India. In 1979, the local production of Coca-Cola started in Nepal. As of 2020, the production is run by a publicly listed company, Bottlers Nepal Limited (BNL). There are two bottling plants, one in Kathmandu and another in Bharatpur, which is known as Bottlers Nepal (Terai) Limited. Both are owned by BNL. , about 500 people work in the manufacturing plant.
History
Nepal was importing about 150,000 bottles of Coca-Cola from Indian manufacturer called the Steel City Beverages of Jamshedpur owned by at Nakul D. Kamani. During late 1960s, the government of India forced 26 Indian Coca-Cola manufactures to be closed, which let Kamani to initiate the opening of the Coca-Cola company in Nepal. Meanwhile, the Bottlers Nepal (P) Ltd was holding the licence procured from the Coca-Cola since 1968, but not manufacturing it locally. In 1979 Steel City Beverages signed a contract with Bottlers Nepal to provide technical and managerial assistance to produce Coca-Cola.
The bottling plant imported main equipment such as filter, mixer etc. from West Germany while other equipment was purchased second hand from bottlers in New Delhi. The total capital investment was Rs. 1,00,00,000 ($).
The Bottlers Nepal Private Ltd. was converted to a public company in 2007 and is listed in the Nepal Stock Exchange.
Price of Coca-Cola in Nepal
The first bottle made in Nepal in 1979 cost Rs. 1.40 ($).
Local varieties
Diet Coke
Fuchhe Coke (mini bottle of 300 ml)
Coca-Cola Jumbo (2500 ml)
Coca-Cola Zero Sugar
Jigri Coke
Notable events
In November 2001, the factory in Kathmandu was bombed by six Maoist insurgents who were disguised in the police. There was no casualty.
In April 2020, Coca-Cola donated Rs. 8,00,00,000 ($) to support against COVID-19 pandemic.
Controversies
The Jigri Coca-Cola introduced in 2019 was criticized by the environmentalist for increasing plastic waste in Nepal amid difficulties in waste management and raising protest with meme such as '' “littering Nepal since 1979”.
References
Industry in Nepal
Coca-Cola
1973 establishments in Nepal |
The Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District is a historic district in the Central Business District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is composed of multiple late eighteenth-century buildings which illustrate "Pittsburgh's emergence during that period as a preeminent industrial and business center," according to Hyman Myers, the former chair of the Pennsylvania Historic Preservation Board.
Bounded by Wood Street, Forbes Avenue, Grant Street, and Liberty Avenue, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 17, 1985. Its boundaries were expanded on May 2, 2013.
History
Listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 17, 1985, the original Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District was composed of twenty-six buildings, twenty of which were considered contributing, including a few small former residences built in the mid-19th century.
The Frick Building and U.S. Post Office and Courthouse are contributing properties and were also listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.
Other notable contributing properties include the Gulf Tower, the William Penn Hotel, the Oliver Building, Mellon Square, the August Wilson Center, the Federal Reserve Bank Branch, Gulf Tower, the Frank & Seder Building, the Koppers Building and Trinity Cathedral.
The district's boundaries were expanded on May 2, 2013.
References
External links
Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District (Boundary Increase and Additional Documentation)
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Historic districts in Pittsburgh
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh |
The political history of Mysore and Coorg (1761–1799) is the political history of the contiguous historical regions of Mysore State and Coorg province on the Deccan Plateau in west-central peninsular India from the time of the rise of Haidar Ali in 1761 to that of the death of his son Tipu Sultan in 1799.
Sources and historiography
There is very little contemporaneous documentation of the pre-1760 period of Mysore's history, especially the last century of that period. According to , the 18th-century Wodeyar rulers of Mysore—in contrast to their contemporaries in Rajputana, Central India, Maratha Deccan, and Tanjavur—left little or no record of their administrations.
A Wodeyar dynasty genealogy, the Maisüru Maharajara Vamsävali of Tirumalarya, was composed in Kannada during the period 1710–1715, and was claimed to be based on all the then-extant inscriptions in the region. Another genealogy, Kalale Doregala Vamsävali, of the Delvoys, the near-hereditary chief ministers of Mysore, was composed around the turn of the 19th century. However, neither manuscript provides information about administration, economy or military capability. The ruling dynasty's origins, especially as expounded in later palace genealogies, are also of doubtful accuracy; this is, in part, because the Wodeyars, who were reinstated by the British on the Mysore gaddi in 1799, to preside over a fragile sovereignty, "obsessively" attempted to demonstrate their "unbroken" royal lineage, to bolster their then uncertain status.
The earliest manuscript offering clues to governance and military conflict in the pre-1760 Mysore, seems to be , an annual letter written in Portuguese by a Mysore-based Jesuit missionary, Joachim Dias, and addressed to his Provincial superior. After East India Company's final 1799 victory over Tipu, official Company records began to be published as well; these include , a collection of Anglo-Mysore Wars-related correspondence between the Company's officials in India and Court of Directors in London, and , the first report on the new Princely State of Mysore by its first British resident, Mark Wilks. Around this time, French accounts of the Anglo-Mysore wars appeared as well, and included , a history of the wars by Joseph-François Michaud, another Jesuit priest. The first attempt at including a comprehensive history of Mysore in an English language work is , an account of a survey of South India conducted at Lord Richard Wellesley's request, by Francis Buchanan, a Scottish physician and geographer.
The first explicit History of Mysore in English is , written by Mark Wilks, the British resident mentioned above. Wilks claimed to have based his history on various Kannada documents, not only the ones mentioned above, but also many that have not survived. According to , all subsequent classic histories of Mysore have borrowed heavily from Wilks's book for their pre-1760 content. These include , Lewis Rice's well-known Gazetteer and , C. Hayavadana Rao's major revision of the Gazetteer half a century later, and many spin-offs of these two works. By the end of the period of British Commissionership of Mysore (1831–1881), many English language works had begun to appear on a variety of Mysore-related subjects. These included , a book of English translations of Kannada language inscriptions, and , William Digby's two-volume critique of British famine policy during the Great Famine of 1876–78, which devastated Mysore for years to come; the latter work, even referred to Mysore as a "province."
See also
Princely state
Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1565–1760)
Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1800–1947)
Anglo-Mysore Wars
Kingdom of Mysore
Notes
References
Contemporary sources
Classic sources
Political history of Karnataka
History of Mysore
Coorg |
Synolos is a Social Enterprise (CIC) organisation based in West Oxfordshire, founded by Barry Ingleton in 2010 which helps individuals to improve their lives and build the future that they aspire to. Synolos does this by offering practical classes that builds educational attainment, work based skill underpinned but we well being awareness.
References
2010 establishments in the United Kingdom |
Bollworm is the common term for a moth larva that attacks the fruiting bodies of certain crops, especially cotton.
The most common moths known as bollworms are:
Red or Sudan bollworm, Diparopsis castanea
Rough bollworm, Earias perhuegeli
Spotted bollworm, Earias fabia
Spiny bollworm, Earias insulana
Spotted bollworm, Earias vittella
American cotton bollworm or tomato grub, Helicoverpa armigera
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa gelotopoeon
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa punctigera
Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea
Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens
Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella
Pinkspotted bollworm, Pectinophora scutigera
== See also ==
Cotton bollworm
Boll weevil, the beetle Anthonomus grandis
External links
H. virescens, tobacco budworm on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Lepidoptera and humans
Agricultural pest insects
Former disambiguation pages converted to set index articles |
Alex Zayne Brandenburg is an American professional wrestler currently working on the independent circuit under the ring name Alex Zayne. He is best known for his tenure with WWE, where he performed under the ring name Ari Sterling. He has also appeared on Impact Wrestling, Ring of Honor (ROH), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), and Game Changer Wrestling (GCW).
Early life
Zayne worked at Taco Bell before he became a pro wrestler. He was Employee of the Month for 16 months in a row, a feat he considers his life's greatest accomplishment. A broken hand forced him to retire from his Taco Bell career and fall back on wrestling, but he still pays homage to his life's calling as taco artist by naming his signature moves after the Taco Bell menu.
Professional wrestling career
New Japan Pro Wrestling (2019-2021; 2021-present)
Zayne made his debut in NJPW on November 11, 2019 at New Japan Showdown, in a tag team match, where he and Aaron Solow lost against Amazing Red and T. J. Perkins. Since March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Zayne was unable to work on NJPW events in Japan, leading him to take part in NJPW Strong series. His big matches and performances led him to a WWE Try-out, which he passed, leading him to leave NJPW and sign with WWE in the spring of 2021.
In the fall of 2021, Zayne was released from WWE as part of budget cuts relating to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and returned to NJPW Strong, and made his return match at New Japan Showdown defeating Ariya Davari. Zayne then later faced Will Ospreay on November 17, at the second NJPW's XTRA show in a losing effort. On May 1, Zayne was announced to take part in the 2022 Best of the Super Juniors in Japan. At the tournament, Zayned finished the tournament with a record of four wins and five losses, failing to advance to the finals of the tournament. During the tournament, Zayne formed a tag team with Ace Austin. However, on June 3, Austin joined the Bullet Club, this led Zayne questioning Austin's actions before being laid out by Austin and the Bullet Club. On the June 20th episode of IMPACT, Austin defeated Zayne with the help of Chris Bey.
Championships and accomplishments
3-2-1 BATTLE!
Six Pack Challenge (2018)
Hope Wrestling
HOPE Young Guns Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 227 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2020
USA Championship Wrestling
USACW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Resolute Wrestling
Resolute Pound 4 Pound Championship (1 time)
Ring of Honor
Honor Rumble Winner (2021)
References
External links
1986 births
21st-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
Masked wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Kentucky
Sportspeople from Lexington, Kentucky |
Mehman Duyeh (, also Romanized as Mehmān Dūyeh) is a village in Damankuh Rural District, in the Central District of Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 115, in 39 families.
References
Populated places in Damghan County |
See also article Kanefer (High Priest of Ptah).
Kanefer ("His Ka is beautiful") is the name of an ancient Egyptian prince. He lived during the 4th or early 5th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom period.
Identity
According to Rainer Stadelmann and Michael Haase, Kanefer may have been a son of King Sneferu. Their assumption is based on the architectural features of Kanefer's tomb, which were rather typical for the beginning of the 4th dynasty.
Next to nothing is known about his family, the name of his wife is lost due to damages on his tomb stela, but two of her titles, "female member of the elite" and "priestess of Hathor", are preserved. She bore several children to Kanefer – Kawab, Kanefer II and Meresankh.
Career
Kanefer held the position of a vizier. He also was "son of the king", "member of the elite", "army general", "overseer of the commissions" and "leader of the royal archers".
Tomb
Kanefer was interred in mastaba DAM 15 at Dahshur. In his tomb, heavily broken fragments of a doorslab stela were found.
References
Princes of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Viziers of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Viziers of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Sneferu
Princes of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt |
Stephanie's Child is a musical group consisting of drag performers Jan Sport, Lagoona Bloo, and Rosé. The trio appeared on The Voice in 2017 performing with Jessie J and contestant Chris Weaver and auditioned for the fourteenth season of America's Got Talent where they performed "Bang Bang" in the auditions but were eliminated in the judge cuts portion after performing a medley of Demi Lovato's "Sorry Not Sorry" and "Confident". They released the holiday EP Christmas Dolls, Vol. 1 in 2020.
Filmography
Television
The Voice
America's Got Talent
Discography
EPs
Christmas Dolls, Vol. 1 (2020)
Featured singles
"Girlz Night" (Alaska Thunderfuck featuring Stephanie's Child) (2022)
References
Drag groups
American musical trios
America's Got Talent contestants |
Grover C. George (March 17, 1893 – November 4, 1976) was an American farmer and politician.
George was born in Belvidere Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota and went to the Goodhue County public schools. He went to the University of Minnesota, School of Agriculture. George lived with his wife and family in Goodhue, Minnesota and he was a farmer. He served on the Goodhue County War Board and also served as a township clerk. George also served on the local school board and was the school board clerk. He served in the Minnesota Senate and was involved with the Democratic Party. George died at St. Mary's Hospital in Rochester, Minnesota and his funeral and burial was in Red Wing, Minnesota.
References
1893 births
1976 deaths
People from Goodhue County, Minnesota
University of Minnesota alumni
Farmers from Minnesota
School board members in Minnesota
Democratic Party Minnesota state senators |
Ian Jenkins may refer to:
Ian Jenkins (curator) (1953–2020), curator at the British Museum
Ian Jenkins (figure skater) (born 1962), British figure skater
Ian Jenkins (politician) (born 1941), Scottish politician
Ian Jenkins (Royal Navy officer) (1944–2009), former Surgeon General of the British Armed Forces
Iain Jenkins (born 1972), former Northern Ireland footballer |
464001–464100
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|-id=743
| 464743 Stanislavkomárek || || (born 1958) is a Czech biologist, philosopher, writer and essayist. He has authored more than twenty books. His main focus is the history of biology, the relation between culture and nature, and biological aesthetics. Since 1990 he has served as a professor at Charles University in Prague. ||
|-id=745
| 464745 Péterrózsa || || Rózsa Péter (1905–1977) was a Hungarian mathematician and professor at Eötvös Loránd University, best known as the "founding mother of recursion theory". ||
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References
464001-465000 |
```java
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
package org.chromium.chrome.browser.appmenu;
import android.content.Context;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.widget.ImageView;
/**
* A menu icon that supports the checkable state.
*/
public class AppMenuItemIcon extends ImageView {
private static final int[] CHECKED_STATE_SET = new int[] {android.R.attr.state_checked};
private boolean mCheckedState;
public AppMenuItemIcon(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
}
/**
* Sets whether the item is checked and refreshes the View if necessary.
*/
protected void setChecked(boolean state) {
if (state == mCheckedState) return;
mCheckedState = state;
refreshDrawableState();
}
@Override
public void setPressed(boolean state) {
// We don't want to highlight the checkbox icon since the parent item is already
// highlighted.
return;
}
@Override
public int[] onCreateDrawableState(int extraSpace) {
final int[] drawableState = super.onCreateDrawableState(extraSpace + 1);
if (mCheckedState) {
mergeDrawableStates(drawableState, CHECKED_STATE_SET);
}
return drawableState;
}
}
``` |
```python
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Enum
from functools import reduce
from typing import Union
from vyper.exceptions import CompilerPanic, StaticAssertionException
from vyper.utils import OrderedSet
from vyper.venom.analysis.analysis import IRAnalysesCache
from vyper.venom.analysis.cfg import CFGAnalysis
from vyper.venom.analysis.dominators import DominatorTreeAnalysis
from vyper.venom.basicblock import (
IRBasicBlock,
IRInstruction,
IRLabel,
IRLiteral,
IROperand,
IRVariable,
)
from vyper.venom.function import IRFunction
from vyper.venom.passes.base_pass import IRPass
from vyper.venom.passes.sccp.eval import ARITHMETIC_OPS
class LatticeEnum(Enum):
TOP = 1
BOTTOM = 2
@dataclass
class SSAWorkListItem:
inst: IRInstruction
@dataclass
class FlowWorkItem:
start: IRBasicBlock
end: IRBasicBlock
WorkListItem = Union[FlowWorkItem, SSAWorkListItem]
LatticeItem = Union[LatticeEnum, IRLiteral]
Lattice = dict[IRVariable, LatticeItem]
class SCCP(IRPass):
"""
This class implements the Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation
algorithm by Wegman and Zadeck. It is a forward dataflow analysis
that propagates constant values through the IR graph. It is used
to optimize the IR by removing dead code and replacing variables
with their constant values.
"""
fn: IRFunction
dom: DominatorTreeAnalysis
uses: dict[IRVariable, OrderedSet[IRInstruction]]
lattice: Lattice
work_list: list[WorkListItem]
cfg_dirty: bool
cfg_in_exec: dict[IRBasicBlock, OrderedSet[IRBasicBlock]]
def __init__(self, analyses_cache: IRAnalysesCache, function: IRFunction):
super().__init__(analyses_cache, function)
self.lattice = {}
self.work_list: list[WorkListItem] = []
self.cfg_dirty = False
def run_pass(self):
self.fn = self.function
self.dom = self.analyses_cache.request_analysis(DominatorTreeAnalysis)
self._compute_uses()
self._calculate_sccp(self.fn.entry)
self._propagate_constants()
# self._propagate_variables()
self.analyses_cache.invalidate_analysis(CFGAnalysis)
def _calculate_sccp(self, entry: IRBasicBlock):
"""
This method is the main entry point for the SCCP algorithm. It
initializes the work list and the lattice and then iterates over
the work list until it is empty. It then visits each basic block
in the CFG and processes the instructions in the block.
This method does not update the IR, it only updates the lattice
and the work list. The `_propagate_constants()` method is responsible
for updating the IR with the constant values.
"""
self.cfg_in_exec = {bb: OrderedSet() for bb in self.fn.get_basic_blocks()}
dummy = IRBasicBlock(IRLabel("__dummy_start"), self.fn)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(dummy, entry))
# Initialize the lattice with TOP values for all variables
for v in self.uses.keys():
self.lattice[v] = LatticeEnum.TOP
# Iterate over the work list until it is empty
# Items in the work list can be either FlowWorkItem or SSAWorkListItem
while len(self.work_list) > 0:
work_item = self.work_list.pop()
if isinstance(work_item, FlowWorkItem):
self._handle_flow_work_item(work_item)
elif isinstance(work_item, SSAWorkListItem):
self._handle_SSA_work_item(work_item)
else:
raise CompilerPanic("Invalid work item type")
def _handle_flow_work_item(self, work_item: FlowWorkItem):
"""
This method handles a FlowWorkItem.
"""
start = work_item.start
end = work_item.end
if start in self.cfg_in_exec[end]:
return
self.cfg_in_exec[end].add(start)
for inst in end.instructions:
if inst.opcode == "phi":
self._visit_phi(inst)
else:
# Stop at the first non-phi instruction
# as phis are only valid at the beginning of a block
break
if len(self.cfg_in_exec[end]) == 1:
for inst in end.instructions:
if inst.opcode == "phi":
continue
self._visit_expr(inst)
if len(end.cfg_out) == 1:
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(end, end.cfg_out.first()))
def _handle_SSA_work_item(self, work_item: SSAWorkListItem):
"""
This method handles a SSAWorkListItem.
"""
if work_item.inst.opcode == "phi":
self._visit_phi(work_item.inst)
elif len(self.cfg_in_exec[work_item.inst.parent]) > 0:
self._visit_expr(work_item.inst)
def _lookup_from_lattice(self, op: IROperand) -> LatticeItem:
assert isinstance(op, IRVariable), "Can't get lattice for non-variable"
lat = self.lattice[op]
assert lat is not None, f"Got undefined var {op}"
return lat
def _set_lattice(self, op: IROperand, value: LatticeItem):
assert isinstance(op, IRVariable), "Can't set lattice for non-variable"
self.lattice[op] = value
def _eval_from_lattice(self, op: IROperand) -> IRLiteral | LatticeEnum:
if isinstance(op, IRLiteral):
return op
return self._lookup_from_lattice(op)
def _visit_phi(self, inst: IRInstruction):
assert inst.opcode == "phi", "Can't visit non phi instruction"
in_vars: list[LatticeItem] = []
for bb_label, var in inst.phi_operands:
bb = self.fn.get_basic_block(bb_label.name)
if bb not in self.cfg_in_exec[inst.parent]:
continue
in_vars.append(self._lookup_from_lattice(var))
value = reduce(_meet, in_vars, LatticeEnum.TOP) # type: ignore
if inst.output not in self.lattice:
return
if value != self._lookup_from_lattice(inst.output):
self._set_lattice(inst.output, value)
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
def _visit_expr(self, inst: IRInstruction):
opcode = inst.opcode
if opcode in ["store", "alloca"]:
assert inst.output is not None, "Got store/alloca without output"
out = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
self._set_lattice(inst.output, out)
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
elif opcode == "jmp":
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(inst.operands[0].value)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
elif opcode == "jnz":
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
assert lat != LatticeEnum.TOP, f"Got undefined var at jmp at {inst.parent}"
if lat == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
for out_bb in inst.parent.cfg_out:
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, out_bb))
else:
if _meet(lat, IRLiteral(0)) == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(inst.operands[1].name)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
if _meet(lat, IRLiteral(1)) == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(inst.operands[2].name)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
elif opcode == "djmp":
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
assert lat != LatticeEnum.TOP, f"Got undefined var at jmp at {inst.parent}"
if lat == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
for op in inst.operands[1:]:
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(op.name)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
elif isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
raise CompilerPanic("Unimplemented djmp with literal")
elif opcode in ["param", "calldataload"]:
self.lattice[inst.output] = LatticeEnum.BOTTOM # type: ignore
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
elif opcode == "mload":
self.lattice[inst.output] = LatticeEnum.BOTTOM # type: ignore
elif opcode in ARITHMETIC_OPS:
self._eval(inst)
else:
if inst.output is not None:
self._set_lattice(inst.output, LatticeEnum.BOTTOM)
def _eval(self, inst) -> LatticeItem:
"""
This method evaluates an arithmetic operation and returns the result.
At the same time it updates the lattice with the result and adds the
instruction to the SSA work list if the knowledge about the variable
changed.
"""
opcode = inst.opcode
ops = []
for op in inst.operands:
if isinstance(op, IRVariable):
ops.append(self.lattice[op])
elif isinstance(op, IRLabel):
return LatticeEnum.BOTTOM
else:
ops.append(op)
ret = None
if LatticeEnum.BOTTOM in ops:
ret = LatticeEnum.BOTTOM
else:
if opcode in ARITHMETIC_OPS:
fn = ARITHMETIC_OPS[opcode]
ret = IRLiteral(fn(ops)) # type: ignore
elif len(ops) > 0:
ret = ops[0] # type: ignore
else:
raise CompilerPanic("Bad constant evaluation")
old_val = self.lattice.get(inst.output, LatticeEnum.TOP)
if old_val != ret:
self.lattice[inst.output] = ret # type: ignore
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
return ret # type: ignore
def _add_ssa_work_items(self, inst: IRInstruction):
for target_inst in self._get_uses(inst.output): # type: ignore
self.work_list.append(SSAWorkListItem(target_inst))
def _compute_uses(self):
"""
This method computes the uses for each variable in the IR.
It iterates over the dominator tree and collects all the
instructions that use each variable.
"""
self.uses = {}
for bb in self.dom.dfs_walk:
for var, insts in bb.get_uses().items():
self._get_uses(var).update(insts)
def _get_uses(self, var: IRVariable):
if var not in self.uses:
self.uses[var] = OrderedSet()
return self.uses[var]
def _propagate_constants(self):
"""
This method iterates over the IR and replaces constant values
with their actual values. It also replaces conditional jumps
with unconditional jumps if the condition is a constant value.
"""
for bb in self.dom.dfs_walk:
for inst in bb.instructions:
self._replace_constants(inst)
def _replace_constants(self, inst: IRInstruction):
"""
This method replaces constant values in the instruction with
their actual values. It also updates the instruction opcode in
case of jumps and asserts as needed.
"""
if inst.opcode == "jnz":
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
if isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
if lat.value == 0:
target = inst.operands[2]
else:
target = inst.operands[1]
inst.opcode = "jmp"
inst.operands = [target]
self.cfg_dirty = True
elif inst.opcode in ("assert", "assert_unreachable"):
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
if isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
if lat.value > 0:
inst.opcode = "nop"
else:
raise StaticAssertionException(
f"assertion found to fail at compile time ({inst.error_msg}).",
inst.get_ast_source(),
)
inst.operands = []
elif inst.opcode == "phi":
return
for i, op in enumerate(inst.operands):
if isinstance(op, IRVariable):
lat = self.lattice[op]
if isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
inst.operands[i] = lat
def _meet(x: LatticeItem, y: LatticeItem) -> LatticeItem:
if x == LatticeEnum.TOP:
return y
if y == LatticeEnum.TOP or x == y:
return x
return LatticeEnum.BOTTOM
``` |
Sahmui-ye Jonubi (, also Romanized as Sahmūī-ye Jonūbī; also known as Sahmoo Jonoobi, Sahmū, Sahmū-e Pā’īn, Sahmū Janūbī, Sahmū Pā’īn, Sahmū-ye Janūbī, and Sahmū-ye Jonūbī) is a village in Chah-e Mobarak Rural District, Chah-e Mobarak District, Asaluyeh County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 756, in 114 families.
References
Populated places in Asaluyeh County |
Barbari bread () is a type of yeast leavened Hazara flatbread. It is one of the thickest flat breads and is commonly topped with sesame or black caraway seeds. A notable characteristic of the bread is its top skin that is similar to pretzels or lye roll's skin due to the Maillard reaction that occurs during baking. Before baking it is glazed with a mixture of baking soda, flour and water.
It is widely known as Persian flatbread in United States and Canada.
Etymology
Barbari is an obsolete Persian term for the Hazara people living in Khorasan, Iran. Barbari bread was first baked by Hazaras and taken to Tehran, becoming popular during the Qajar dynasty. The bread is still referred to as nān-e barbari in Iran while Hazaras refer to it as ("tandoor [tandir] bread"). It is popular among Iranian Azerbaijanis.
Manufacture and style
The bread is usually 70 cm to 80 cm long, and 25 cm to 30 cm wide. It is the most common style baked in Iran. It is served in many restaurants with Lighvan cheese, a ewe's milk cheese similar to feta cheese.
See also
Naan
Taftan, Iranian bread
Sangak, a leavened Iranian flatbread
Lavash, an unleavened Armenian flatbread popular in Iran
References
Flatbreads
Iranian breads |
```javascript
'use client'
export function ImportedComp() {
return <div>client-comp-imported</div>
}
export function UnusedComp() {
return <div>client-comp-unused</div>
}
export default function DefaultComp() {
return <div>client-comp-default</div>
}
``` |
Tolna may refer to:
Tolna, Hungary, a town in Hungary (population 12,184)
Tolna (county), a county in Hungary (population 238,400)
Tolna (moth), a genus of moths in the family Erebidae
The former Yiddish name of Talne, a town in Ukraine (population 16,388)
Tolna, North Dakota, a village in the United States (population 202)
Hungarian words and phrases |
The 2001 Indian Wells Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the Indian Wells Open and was part of the Tennis Masters Series of the 2001 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 2001 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events took place at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California in the United States from March 8 through March 18, 2001.
Champions
Men's singles
Andre Agassi defeated Pete Sampras 7–6, 7–5, 6–1
It was Agassi's 2nd title of the year and the 48th of his career. It was his 1st Masters title of the year and his 11th overall.
Women's singles
Serena Williams defeated Kim Clijsters 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
It was Williams' 2nd title of the year and the 19th of her career. It was her 1st Tier I title of the year and her 2nd overall.
Men's doubles
Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov defeated Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 6–2, 7–5
It was Ferreira's 1st title of the year and the 23rd of his career. It was Kafelnikov's 2nd title of the year and the 45th of his career.
Women's doubles
Nicole Arendt / Ai Sugiyama defeated Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 6–4, 6–4
It was Arendt's 2nd title of the year and the 15th of her career. It was Sugiyama's 2nd title of the year and the 23rd of her career.
See also
2001 Indian Wells controversy
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile
WTA Tournament Profile
Indian Wells Open
Indian Wells Open
2001
Indian Wells Open
Indian Wells Open
Indian Wells Open |
Rolf Eberhard Buch (born 2 April 1965) is a German business executive. In 2013, he was appointed CEO of the real estate company Deutsche Annington, which, following the takeover of GAGFAH in the year 2015, was renamed Vonovia. Previously, Buch held an executive position at Arvato.
Early life and education
Buch was born in Weidenau near Siegen. At age three, his family moved to the Kettwig district in the city of Essen. After completing his secondary education ("Abitur"), Buch studied mechanical engineering and business administration at the RWTH Aachen University and received his engineering degree in 1990.
Career
Bertelsmann
in 1991, Buch began his career in the print and industrial division of Bertelsmann, which was later renamed Arvato. After serving in various positions in sales and marketing of domestic and foreign subsidiaries, he became a member of the executive board of Arvato in 2002. Under his leadership, the international services business grew into a key revenue and profit generator.
In 2008, Buch succeeded Ostrowski as CEO of Arvato and also took up duties as a member of the Bertelsmann executive board. In this position, he promoted business involving services for cities and communities. Moreover, he increasingly invested in digital services to prepare Arvato for the digital transformation.
At the end of 2012, Buch stepped down from the Arvato executive board upon his own wishes and left the group.
Vonovia
In 2013, the real estate company Deutsche Annington announced Buch's appointment as CEO. He took the company public, expanding the property portfolio through acquisitions. With the takeover of competitor GAGFAH in the year 2015, he created Germany's largest real estate group. Under the new name of Vonovia, the company was later listed in the DAX blue-chip index.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Until May 2009, Buch was member of the supervisory board of the internet service provider Lycos Europe. Besides, in 2017 and 2018, he was on the board of directors of the Swedish real estate company . To date, Buch serves on the supervisory board of the Gesellschaft zur Sicherung von Bergmannswohnungen (GSB) and is an active member of the board of trustees of Sparkasse Gütersloh's Woldemar Winkler Stiftung foundation.
Non-profit organizations
Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group
Personal life
Buch lives with his wife and two children in Gütersloh.
References
External links
Executive Board of Vonovia
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Businesspeople in real estate
1965 births
Living people
German chief executives
20th-century German businesspeople
21st-century German businesspeople
People from Siegen |
Patrick Hughes may refer to:
Patrick Hughes (politician) (1831–1899), Canadian politician
Patrick Hughes (tennis), (1902–1997), British tennis player from the 1920s and 1930s
Patrick Hughes (boxer) (1909–1994), Irish Olympic boxer
Patrick Hughes (artist) (born 1939), British artist
Patrick M. Hughes (born 1942), director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
Patrick Hughes (cricketer) (1943–2022), Irish cricketer
Patrick Hughes (filmmaker) (born 1978), Australian film director
Patrick Henry Hughes (born 1988), American musician
See also
Pat Hughes (disambiguation) |
Las Palmas (, ; ), officially Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, is a Spanish city and capital of Gran Canaria, in the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean.
It is the capital city of the Canary Islands (jointly with Santa Cruz de Tenerife) and the most populous city in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands, and the ninth-largest city in Spain with a population of 381,223 in 2020. It is also the fifth-most populous urban area in Spain and (depending on sources) ninth or tenth most populous metropolitan area in Spain.
Las Palmas is located in the northeastern part of the island of Gran Canaria, about west of the Moroccan coast in the Atlantic Ocean. Las Palmas experiences a hot desert climate, offset by the local cooler Canary Current, with warm temperatures throughout the year. It has an average annual temperature of .
The city was founded in 1478, and considered the de facto (without legal and real recognition) capital of the Canary Islands until the seventeenth century. It is the home of the Canarian Ministry of Presidency (shared in a four-year term with Santa Cruz de Tenerife), as well as half of the ministries and boards of the Canarian government, and the High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands.
History
The city was founded by Juan Rejón on 24 June 1478, with the name "Real de Las Palmas". Rejón was head of the invading Castilian army, which then engaged in war with the locals.
The war began at the mouth of the Guiniguada ravine, where he settled together with his 30 soldiers El Real de Las Palmas, which today is the district of Vegueta.
The struggle lasted for a period of five years, costing a great number of lives, especially on the aboriginal side, which lacked sufficient means to defend itself against the armies sent by the Catholic monarchs. Even so, resistance was fierce. The end of the conquest came in 1483, with the incorporation of the island into the Crown of Castile by Pedro de Vera, who managed to subjugate the natives of Gáldar in the northwest of the island.
20 November 1485 the diocese was transferred from El Rubicón (Lanzarote) to Real de Las Palmas. The importance of the city grew gradually, with the establishment of the Bishopric of the Canary Islands, the first Court of the Holy Inquisition, the Royal Court of the Canary Islands and the residence of the Captains General of the Canary Islands. Although the capital, as understood from the 19th century onwards, did not exist as such in the archipelago, given that the Captain General's Residence was in Las Palmas, it can be considered that this was the capital of the Canary Islands during part of the 16th and 17th centuries; afterwards, although without legal or real significance, it continued to be considered the honorary capital of the Canary archipelago.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus (Spanish: Cristóbal Colón) anchored in the port of Las Palmas for a repair of the rudder of his ship Pinta and spent some time on the neighbour island on his first trip to the Americas. He also stopped there on the way back to Spain. The - a museum in the district of the city - is named after him.
In 1595, Francis Drake tried to plunder the town, leading to the Battle of Las Palmas. A Dutch raid under vice-admiral Pieter van der Does in 1599 was only slightly more successful; some of the town was destroyed, but the raiders were repelled.
Las Palmas' seaport, Puerto de la Luz (known internationally as La Luz port), benefited greatly from the closure of the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis. Many foreign workers migrated to the city at this time.
Las Palmas is a sister city of San Antonio, Texas, in the United States, which was founded in 1718 by about 25 Canary Islanders.
Administrative divisions
Las Palmas is divided into five administrative districts, which in turn are subdivided into districts, not necessarily consistent with the traditional neighborhoods.
Geography
The city has four main beaches: Las Canteras, Las Alcaravaneras, La Laja, and El Confital.
Playa de Las Canteras (Las Canteras Beach) is the largest beach in the city, and is frequented throughout the year by city dwellers as well as by large numbers of foreign visitors. The beach lies on the west side of the isthmus of Guanarteme, which links the peninsula of La Isleta, located to the northeast, with the rest of the island of Gran Canaria. The 3,100 m beach is oriented toward the northwest in what is known as Confital bow or bay, and stretches from the foothills of La Isleta until shortly before the mouth of the ravine Tamaraceite. Along much of this length, the beach is sheltered from most of the waves and currents of the Atlantic by a natural barrier of coral sandstone popularly known as "the bar", which is in easy swimming distance from shore. A system for environmental management has been introduced, and the beach has received ISO 14001 certification – one of only three beaches in Spain to do so, namely La Concha in San Sebastián and La Victoria in Cádiz. Inside the beach runs the Paseo de Las Canteras, a wide pedestrian boardwalk, or sidewalk, which runs parallel to the beach from near the Auditorio Alfredo Kraus to the area known as "Puntilla" until reaching Playa del Confital. La Playa de Las Canteras covers three areas that correspond to the arches and inflections that it conducts on the coast. Each presents certain morphological characteristics.
Playa de Las Alcaravaneras (Las Alcaravaneras beach) extends from the rising side of the Isthmus of Guanarteme, an old spit of sand dunes and mountains linking the peninsula of La Isleta, located to the northeast, with the rest of the island of Gran Canaria. It extends from the Real Club Náutico de Gran Canaria to the new marina breakwater of the city, for just over of fine golden sand. The whole beach is serviced by the promenade, which starts in Las Alcaravaneras, connects with the Playa de San Cristobal, and ends in Playa de La Laja, to the south. The promenade is one of the recreational areas of the city and is popular with people who take the opportunity to walk, run, play sports, or cycle. The tranquility of the bay, and yacht clubs close to the existing beach, make Playa de Las Alcaravaneras a great place to practice sports such as sailing and canoeing. The beach also offers facilities for sports such as beach volleyball, beach soccer or futvóley (which has organized tournaments in the summer) and court sports such as basketball, indoor soccer, and volleyball.
Playa de la Laja (La Laja Beach), with fine gray sand, is approximately 1200 m long and has an average width of 40 m. Its moderate waves and currents are no longer dangerous since the construction of a dam in the south in the 1990s. At the time, the Ministry of Environment also trawled the seabed to bring sand onto the beach, and the construction of a boardwalk has significantly improved pedestrian access. Due to the intensity of its streams and incoming waves, La Laja has been hailed as a favorite surfers' beach. It is the starting point for boat races that occur every weekend between April and October.
Playa del Confital (Confital Beach), southwest of the peninsula of La Isleta, is the northern part of the large bay which contains Playa de Las Canteras and Playa del Confital. While Playa de Las Canteras is a long and wide, sandy beach, Playa del Confital is a narrower and mostly hard, volcanic beach equipped with comfortable foot paths and large, slanted slabs of stone suitable for relaxing, exercising and sunbathing. Advanced off the beach surfing replaces swimming as the major water activity on Playa del Confital. Until some years ago, the beach was home to a small shanty town, which has since been eradicated and the land of the Playa del Confital returned to general, public use. Ensuing improvements, however, proved controversial as some environmental organizations and residents questioned the legality of the proceedings. The waves arriving at the beach are highly thought of by amateur and professional surfers alike, some of whom consider the Confital as having one of the best right hand breaks in Europe. Here, the ocean currents form a tube that is used by more experienced surfers for its speed and strong contrasts. Each year, qualifying events for the professional world surfing championship take place on this beach.
Climate
Las Palmas has a hot desert climate (BWh) with warm dry summers and warm enough winters to classify it as a tropical climate. Its average annual temperature is – during the day and at night. In January, the coldest month, the temperature typically ranges from (and sometimes higher) during the day, and around at night, with an average sea temperature at . In the warmest months – August and September – the temperature typically ranges from during the day, above at night, with the average sea temperature at . Large fluctuations in temperature are rare.
August 1990 was the warmest month on record, with the average maximum temperature of the month during the day being . The highest temperature ever recorded was , and the coldest temperature ever recorded was . The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 28 November 2005, measuring . Las Palmas city has never recorded any snow or sleet.
Annual average relative humidity is 66%, ranging from 64% in March to 69% in October. The amount of annual sunshine hours is above 2,800 per year, from around 190 in winter (average of six hours a day) to around 300 in summer (average of 10 hours a day). It rains on average only 22 days a year, with total precipitation per year of only .
Demographics
, nearly half (45.9%) of Gran Canaria's inhabitants live in Las Palmas, as well as 18.35% of the Canary Islands' total population. According to a study by the National Statistics Institute of Spain Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has a life expectancy of 80.9 years.
Throughout history, Las Palmas received waves of immigrants from mainland Spain and countries from every continent. The majority of the population is Spanish, although large North- and sub-Saharan African and Latin American communities exist (especially the Venezuelan community, which is growing fast), as well as important historical minorities such as Indians (Sindhi), Koreans, and a growing Chinese population.
One street near the city's port has a number of Korean businesses, and has been called the city's Koreatown. It caters to Korean sailors who arrive at the island, who affectionately call the city the "Second Busan", after the port city in South Korea.
Ethnically, most autochthonous Canarians are descendants of a mixture of aboriginal people (guanches) of the Canary Islands (now extinct), the Spanish and later European (mainly Spanish, Portuguese, Flemish, French, Italian, German, and British) colonizers.
Education
Las Palmas is home to University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, founded in 1989.
The city also has a variety of state and public primary and secondary schools.
International schools include:
Deutsche Schule Las Palmas (German)
The British School of Gran Canaria (Tafira School is in the city limits)
The American School of Las Palmas
Lycée Français René-Verneau, the French international school, is in the city limits of Telde
Colegio Japonés de Las Palmas, a Japanese international school, was formerly located within Tafira Alta in the city; opened in October 1973, and closed in March 2001.
Canterbury School of Gran Canaria, a British international school.
The Escuela Complementaria Japonesa de Las Palmas previously provided a weekend supplementary Japanese programme.
Culture
Las Palmas offers a variety of theater, cinema, opera, concerts, visual arts and dance performances. The city hosts the Canary Islands Music Festival, the Theatre and Dance and the International Film Festival. The main City Festival, celebrating the foundation of the "City Fiestas de San Juan" is held in June. The Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is one of the main attractions for tourists. The city center of Las Palmas, specifically the Vegueta and Triana neighbourhoods, are included in the tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Museums, theatres and exhibition halls
The Museo Canario is located in the historic district of Vegueta. Founded in 1879, it is an international partner of the Council for Scientific Research (CSIC). It has a valuable collection of Canary archaeological objects, which are exhibited in 16 halls. It is also equipped with a library of over 60,000 volumes, many of them dealing with the Canary Islands topics. Its archive covers the period from 1785 until today.
The Casa Museo de Colón is in the Plaza de San Antonio Abad, behind the cathedral of Santa Ana, focusing on the history of the Canary Islands and its relations with America. It has 13 permanent exhibition halls, a library and a dedicated study center, and diverse spaces for temporary activities. The complex consists of several houses, one of which was accessed by Christopher Columbus during his first trip to America in 1492; it was the residence of former Governor (now better known as the home of Columbus). It is organized into five subject areas: America before the Discovery, Columbus and his journeys, Canary enclave strategic base for experimenting with the New World, The history and genesis of the city of Palmas, and painting of the 16th century to start of the 20th century.
The Casa Museo Pérez Galdós is located in the Triana neighborhood of the city. It is the birthplace of Benito Pérez Galdós. It has an extensive collection of documents, books, furniture and personal belongings of the writer.
The Museo Néstor is in the neighborhood of Garden City. Dedicated to the modernist painter Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre, the museum was opened in 1956 in the architectural ensemble of the Pueblo Canario, which was conceived and built by his brother Miguel. It has 10 exhibition halls, as well as a documentation center and pedagogy.
The Elder Museum of Science and Technology is an innovative, interactive, engaged in scientific and technological culture. Elder located in the building, which dates from the end of the 19th century has of exhibition halls, workshops, interactive modules, large-format film and greenhouse ecosystem.
The Maritime Museum, located in the former Jet Foil station has around of floor space. When the expansion is finished, will have a giant pool to simulate interactive bay, where a large ship can be handled by visitors.
The Atlantic Center of Modern Art (CAAM), opened in 1989, is one of the most important references for the cultural and artistic life of the Canary Islands, and is responsible for disseminating the art made in the islands to the rest of the world, especially Africa, America and Europe. It has permanent and temporary exhibitions that range from the historical avant-garde to the latest trends. It is located on Calle Los Balcones de Vegueta, and preserves the original façade of the 18th century.
The Teatro Pérez Galdós was designed by the architect Francisco Jareño y Alarcón in 1867. Its current appearance, with some modifications, is due to the intervention of Fernando Navarro and Miguel Martín Fernández de la Torre after the fire that destroyed it almost entirely in 1928. Miguel Martín's brother, the painter Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre, was commissioned to decorate the stalls, lounges and the stage. It was originally called Teatro Tirso de Molina until 1901, when, with the occasion of the premiere of Electra, the theatre was renamed after the canarian writer Benito Pérez Galdós. Following works of renovation, the theatre reopened in April 2007.
The Cuyás Theater, on the stage of the former Cine Cuyás is a work of rationalist Canarian architect Miguel Martín Fernández de la Torre. Its main hall has a capacity for 940 people, divided between the stalls and two amphitheatres. It also has a large patio that allows the organization of outdoor events. It is currently constructing an alternative test room with a capacity for one hundred seats.
The Sala Insular de Teatro is a scenic area which lies in the main hall of an old church. In 2007, after some refurbishment, the Board reopened its doors to the public, welcoming small local assemblies.
The Guiniguada Theater after a decade long refurbishment, will reopen in 2011.
Auditorium and Convention Centre
The Auditorio Alfredo Kraus, named after the world renowned Spanish operatic tenor Alfredo Kraus, who was born in Las Palmas, is located on the Atlantic, near the Playa de Las Canteras, one of the most privileged areas of the city. Its floor area has 11 rooms which accommodate from large conventions and concerts to conferences.
The Palais des congrès de Gran Canaria is in the premises of the Institución Ferial de Canarias with a capacity for 800 people on .
The Center for Initiatives of the Caja de Ahorros de Canarias (CICC) is housed in a mid-19th-century building by the architect Manuel Ponce de Leon in the neighborhood of Triana. It is a small conference center with the latest technology and up to 500 guests.
Libraries
The city has 11 municipal libraries and there are three specialized centres:
The Library Island has a capacity for 500 persons over its three floors, in addition to a study hall and more than 100 computer connections, and 20 Internet access points.
La Biblioteca Simón Benitez Padilla specialises in geology, biology and ecology, and contains valuable bibliographical data from Simón Benitez Padilla, a notable advocate of the study of Canarian culture and former president of the Museum Canario.
The Archives Joaquín Blanco contains 160 years of history of the city; the burning of the Houses Consistoriales (in 1845) destroyed the previous document repository.
A library is also situated on the first floor of Woermann Tower.
Cultural events
Dance Center
Festival of Theater and Dance
Festival Internacional de Cine de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Canary Islands Music Festival
Jazz Festival
Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Founding Celebrations
WOMAD Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (World of Music Arts and Dance)
Opera Festival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Fantastic and Terror Film Festival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Districts
Source:
Vegueta, Cono Sur and Tafira
Centro
Isleta – Puerto – Guanarteme
Ciudad Alta
Tamaraceite – San Lorezo – Tenoya
Parks and squares
Avenida Marítima
Avenida Mésa y López
El Confital
Fuente Luminosa
Parque de la Mayordomía
Parque de Santa Catalina
Parque Doramas
Parque Juan Pablo II
Parque de San Telmo
Plaza de la Patrona de Canarias
Plaza de España
Plaza de La Feria
Plaza de Las Ranas
Plaza Santa Ana
Triana
Architecture
Bandama Caldera (Bandama Natural Monument) in Santa Brígida, Las Palmas is part of the Tafira Protected Landscape. It is considered a point of geological interest because of the Caldera de Bandama: this volcanic caldera reaches above sea level at the highest point on its rim, Pico de Bandama, and is about wide and deep. The steep walk to the bottom of the caldera takes about half an hour. Volcanic ash of different hues is in great abundance, and there are some interesting botanic species of Canary Islands origin. There are facilities for food and refreshments as well.
Archaeological sites in Santa Brígida. In the valley of La Angostura and Las Meleguinas can find numerous traces of Aboriginal canaries that have prompted the declaration of the area as a Cultural, as groups of caves carved into rock, silos or sidewalks. In the archaeological site of El Tope, discovered on 16 July 1988, where you can see remnants that suggest the existence of an aboriginal burial mound, as well as ceramics, pottery and curious pintaderas. EOn the north wall of the Caldera de Bandama is the Cueva de los Canarios, used by the aborigines as a granary. It has been discovered Libyco-Berber inscriptions belonging to the ancient Guanche autochthones and some vessels (which are now in the Museo Canario). Also in the same area in the wall of the volcano in the stew is the Cueva de Los Frailes was discovered in 1933 a set of 37 caves.
Church of San Juan Bautista (also vulgarly known as Catedral de Arucas due to its big size) built entirely in Arucas stone by local master masons, and it dates from 1909 (Initial Configuration from the 17th century). Apart from the wealth of the carved stone columns and column heads, there are also some beautiful stained glass windows, the works of Canary Island painter Cristobal Hernandez de Quintana, and an extraordinary carving of the Reclining Christ, by Manuel Ramos.
Jardín de la Marquesa de Arucas – Botanical Garden in Arucas.
Iglesia de San Juan Bautista de Telde is the true spiritual centre of Telde. Located in the square of the same name and founded in 1483, the old church was erected by the Garcia del Castillo family at the time of the town's foundation. It still has the original gateway, an example of Sevillian–Portuguese Gothic architecture. The towers, however, are an example of early 20th neo-Gothic construction. The real marvels are inside the building: the statue of Christ on the main altar, made from corn dough by the Purépecha Mexican Indians, brought here before 1550, the Flemish Gothic main altar, which dates back to before 1516, and the triptych of the Virgin Mary, brought from Flanders, also in the 16th century, depicting five religious scenes.
Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino in Teror from 1760.
Archaeological sites in Telde. Telde has 101 archaeological sites and 709 listed assets of ethnographic interest. In regard to the aboriginal time deposits, each year it expands its number or discover new aspects of old fields, but most are in disrepair and many are disappearing. Some of the most prominent are the coastal town of Tufia, in good condition and extensively excavated by archaeologists; Four Doors cave site, Telde, a large cave with four doors located on top of a mountain and overlooking the teldense plain; an almogarén (religious vessel) at the top; a troglodyte village with collective barn in the back, the caves of Tara and Cendro remains of the ancient center of population, the town of Draguillo on the border with Ingenio, Las Cuevas Chalasia which consist of a labyrinthine series of artificial caves linked by tunnels and the impressive Necropolis of Jinámar which includes more than 500 tombs of various types belonging to the old canary.
Basílica de San Juan Bautista in Telde
Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino in Teror from 1760.
Palacete Rodriguez Quegles, an eclectic modernist mansion from the turn of the 20th century, it is a venue for exhibitions and other cultural events, and the center for coordinating events around the city.
Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias (Catholic Church), Spanish Evangelical Church (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Evangelical Union of Spain (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God. There are also Muslim mosques.
Transportation
Roads and highways
Urban road infrastructure is overburdened on workdays and in certain areas; the city street plan is not at all rectilinear, and may be confusing even to experienced drivers. However, there are no toll roads; entrances, exits, main streets and important zones are all well-signposted.
Las Palmas, being the centre of the Las Palmas metropolitan area, is the hub for the island's motorway network. The city is linked with three highways: the GC-1 to the south, the GC-2 to the west and GC-3 to the center of the island.
The GC-1 links the capital with Puerto de Mogán in the south. It is the fastest route from the top of the island to the bottom and vice versa with a speed limit of . It is approximately in length and runs along the eastern and the southern coasts, and is also the second longest superhighway in the Canary Islands. The road provides easy access from the Airport to the major cities and resorts, which include Maspalomas and Playa del Inglés. The increase in tourism over the years has necessitated the route's upgrading and widening to cope with traffic growth. The GC-1 begins south of the downtown area of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the highway runs within the beach of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and south intersects with the GC-2 and later runs with a few clover leaf interchanges and later forms a junction with GC-5 and south, the GC-31.
The GC-2 North Highway connects Las Palmas with the small northern port and village of Agaete. The highway begins by the beach area of the island, and runs through the downtown area, linking with the GC31 at a roundabout interchange. The freeway runs within the beaches and the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean for the half part but at around the 20th km, it becomes a highway after the unidirectional parclo interchanges and runs within the coastline, it later has several interchanges and several towns as it passes to the northwest and finally, it ends in Agaete.
Airport
Las Palmas is served by Gran Canaria Airport, also called Las Palmas Airport .
The airport is located in the eastern part of the island, about from Las Palmas city centre. In 2008, it handled 10,212,106 passengers and of cargo, and is the fourth busiest in Spain. It is also the only airport on the islands with two runways, thus can accommodate up to 53 landings and take-offs per hour. The lengthy runways made the airport an alternative landing site for the NASA Space Shuttle. This airport is also a base for Binter Canarias and Canaryfly, airlines which operate regional inter-island flights within the Canary Islands.
An airbase of the Spanish Air Force is located to the east of the runways. Beyond several hangars opposite the passenger terminal, the Gando Air Base (Base Aérea de Gando) contains ten shelters situated on the southern end of the eastern runway.
Seaport
Puerto de Las Palmas (Las Palmas Port), also known as Puerto de la Luz, is a main port for fishing, commercial, passenger and sports in the northwest of the city. It has been the traditional base for scale and supplying ships on their way through the Middle Atlantic for five centuries. The Port of Las Palmas is not only the first port of the Canary Islands, it is one of the main ports of Spain and the first of the geographical area of West Africa. As the leading port in the mid-Atlantic, it serves as the crossroads between Europe, Africa and America. In 2007, the port received some 11,262 ships; it welcomed a total of 907,782 cruise passengers, a 16.26% increase on 2006. In terms of annual TEU, the port of Las Palmas ranks as the 5th in Spain, and is among the first 15 ports of Europe.
The Port of Las Palmas is the first Mid-Atlantic fishing base, with an annual traffic of more than 4,500 stopovers and with some 400,000 tons of frozen fish processed. Despite experiencing some decline in recent years, it retains its dominance in the fishing industry over other ports in the Canary Islands. At the foot of pier, special refrigerated containers and preparation rooms for frozen products can carry out the entire chain of post-processing and storage of fish, from refrigeration and distribution, to manufacture and supply of industrial ice. The port's EU-approved border inspection post is responsible for inspecting all types of imports and exports between the European Economic Union and its trading partners.
Muelle Deportivo is the main yachting marina on the island opposite the commercial port with a capacity of 1250 boats. Close to the centre of the city it is popular with yachtsmen largely as a base for preparing their trans Atlantic passage. It is the start point for the ARC and ARC+ (Atlantic Rally for Cruisers) in which up to 300 yachts of different sizes leave in November for the Caribbean.
Bus
Las Palmas boasts a bus system, provided by the company Guaguas Municipales. Municipal Bus Lines offers 40 urban transport routes. The main lines are the 1 (Teatro – Puerto), 2 (Alameda de Colón – Puerto), 17 (Teatro – El Rincón), 25 (Campus Universitario – El Rincón), 12 (Puerto – Hoya de la Plata) and 30 (Alameda de Colón – Santa Catalina, via Rehoyas). In addition, two circular lines (A: Santa Catalina – Santa Catalina, via Alcaraveneras) and B (Santa Catalina – Santa Catalina, via Ciudad Alta).
The most important bus lines have frequencies of between 3 and 15 minutes during the day and between 10 and 40 minutes at night; some lines have service throughout the night. The bright yellow buses are known simply as 'guaguas'.
The 10-ride ticket ('bono de diez') was once a disposable paper card ticket with magnetic stripe at one time widely available in city shops. This is now replaced by a reusable plastic card issued by the company which may be re-charged in multiples of 10 at bus stations and at machines situated at various sites such as public libraries. The Tarjeta Insular (Island Card) which offered a 20% discount on both municipal buses and Global buses was discontinued on 1 January 2011.
A separate bus company Global with distinctive blue color, inter-hire company, has 119 lines, many to or from the capital. This company was formed 17 March 2000, resulting from the merger of the previous Salcai and interurban lines Utinsa.
There is also the Guagua Turística, which covers the most interesting sites of the city with a guide in several languages.
Rail
There is currently no rail transport system on Gran Canaria. Between 1893 and 1944 steam tram ran between Las Palmas and Puerto de La Luz. The line was electrified in 1910, although the line reverted to steam traction in 1944, when trams were hauled by a steam locomotive known as La Pepa. A reproduction of this locomotive is now on display in the in Las Palmas. In the early 1970s an experimental elevated railway line operated through Las Palmas. Called the Tren Vertebrado ("vertebrate train"), it was designed by Basque engineer Alejandro Goicoechea and consisted of an unusual low-profile train running on elevated concrete tracks through the city. The project was unsuccessful and was dismantled in 1974.
In the early 21st century, plans were put forward by the Gran Canaria Cabildo to develop a rapid transit railway line on Gran Canaria. If built, the Tren de Gran Canaria (TGC) line would run along the eastern coast and connect Las Palmas with the airport and Maspalomas in the south. In 2004 the Spanish Ministry of Development put a contract out to competitive tender for a feasibility study on a 50 km railway line from Las Palmas to Maspalomas. This railway project is currently suspended due to funding difficulties.
Sports
Las Palmas is home to three major professional sports teams. These are:
UD Las Palmas – association football club playing in Spain’s La Liga. The team play their home games at Estadio de Gran Canaria, with a capacity of 32,665. The team used to play at Estadio Insular (which is now closed), with a capacity of 22,000. Honours: Spanish SuperLeague: Runner-up 1968–69, Spanish Cup: Runner-up 1977–78, Semifinal: 1974, 1984, 1997.
CB Gran Canaria – basketball club playing in Liga ACB at the Palacio de Deportes de Las Palmas, with a capacity of 9,870. Honours: Spanish SuperCup: 2016 Winner.
La Caja de Canarias (Club Voleibol J.A.V. Olímpico) – women's volleyball club playing in Superliga Femenina de Voleibol.
Las Palmas was one of the arenas of 2014 FIBA World Championship for Group D, consisting , , , , and . Matches were played in the new arena – Gran Canaria Arena with a capacity of about 10,000.
Many (mainly) outdoor sports are practised in city and neighbourhood, for example: surfing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, swimming, diving, skydiving, paragliding, running, cycling, rowing, tennis and golf (mainly in Las Palmeras Golf, Real Club De Golf De Las Palmas, El Cortijo Club de Campo and Oasis Golf). Real Club De Golf De Las Palmas, inaugurated on 17 December 1891, is the oldest golf club in Spain.
Health system
The two general hospitals of Gran Canaria are in Las Palmas. While Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín (Doctor Negrín University Hospital of Gran Canaria) is geared to health care in the north and west of the island, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria (Insular University Hospital of Gran Canaria) is geared to health care in the south and east of the island. There are also smaller private hospitals and clinics.
Twin towns – sister cities
Las Palmas is twinned with:
Garachico, Spain
San Antonio, United States
Guanajuato, Mexico
Nouadhibou, Mauritania
In addition, the municipality has approved in plenary willingness twinning with the following cities, if they are not well formalized these twinning:
Rabat, Morocco
Praia, Cape Verde
Vigo, Spain
Gdańsk, Poland
Genoa, Italy
Martinsicuro, Italy
Jalisco, Mexico
Xiamen, China
People from Las Palmas
Santi Aldama (10 January 2001), professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies
Wenceslao Benitez Inglott (1879-1954), counter admiral, scientist, and engineer
Alfredo Kraus (1927–1999), 20th-century tenor
Javier Bardem (1 March 1969–), actor
Antonio Betancort (13 March 1937 – 15 March 2015), former football player
Juan Bordes (15 July 1948), sculptor
Pino Caballero Gil (born 1968), scientist
Juan Hidalgo Codorniu (1927–2018), composer
José Comas Quesada (3 February 1928 – 14 January 1993), painter
Pedro Déniz (1 August 1964), Spanish interdisciplinary artist
José Doreste (19 September 1956), Spanish sailor and olympic champion
Luis Doreste (7 March 1961), Spanish sailor and 2x olympic champion
Nicolás Estévanez (1838–1914), military officer, politician and poet
Manuel Pablo García Díaz (25 January 1976), football (soccer) player
Nicolás García Hemme (20 June 1988), taekwondo olympic medalist
Sven Giegold (17 November 1969), German politician
Mateo Gil (23 September 1972), writer and film director
Patricia Guerra (21 July 1965), sailor and Olympic champion
Jesé (26 February 1993), footballer
María Juncal (), flamenco dancer
Francisco Kraus (1926–2016), Spanish baritone and voice teacher
Juan Fernando López Aguilar (10 June 1961), former Spanish Minister of Justice
Úrsula López (1870–1966), singer
Marta Marrero (16 January 1983), tennis player
Kira Miró (13 March 1980), actress and presenter
Roberto Molina (5 June 1960), Spanish sailor and olympic champion
Juan Negrín (1892–1956), politician; President of Government of Republican Spain 1937–39
Rebeca Nuez Suarez (10 November 1993), Classical Violinist.
Pinito del Oro (1930–2017), trapeze artist, member of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey
Benito Pérez Galdós (1843–1920), 19th-century writer
Sandro Ramirez (born 1995), football player
María del Carmen Reina Jiménez (born 1942), essayist, writer, activist, and politician
Misa Rodríguez (born 1999), goalkeeper for Spain
Leticia Romero (28 May 1995), Spanish international basketball player
Borja del Rosario (14 January 1985), footballer
Jerónimo Saavedra Acevedo (3 June 1936), President of the Government of the Canaries, minister of Public administrations, minister of Education and Sciences of Spain and Mayor
Antonia San Juan (22 May 1961), Spanish actress, director and screenwriter
Magüi Serna (1 March 1979), tennis player
David Silva (8th January 1986-), Spain National Team footballer
Carla Suárez Navarro (3 September 1988), tennis player
Domingo Tejera de Quesada (1881–1944), publisher and politician
Juan Carlos Valerón (17 June 1975), footballer
José de Viera y Clavijo (28 December 1731 – 1813), ecclesiastic historian and botanist
Bibliography
Notes
References
External links
City Council
Port cities and towns on the Spanish Atlantic coast
Populated coastal places in Spain
Populated places established in the 1470s
15th-century establishments in Africa
Municipalities in Gran Canaria
Capitals in Africa
15th-century establishments in Castile
1478 establishments
Koreatowns |
Nughayshiyah is a village in Makkah Province, in western Saudi Arabia.
See also
List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia
Regions of Saudi Arabia
References
Populated places in Mecca Province |
Enhanced Full Rate or EFR or GSM-EFR or GSM 06.60 is a speech coding standard that was developed in order to improve the quality of GSM.
Enhanced Full Rate was developed by Nokia and the Université de Sherbrooke (Canada). In 1995, ETSI selected the Enhanced Full Rate voice codec as the industry standard codec for GSM/DCS.
Technology
The sampling rate is 8000 sample/s leading to a bit rate for the encoded bit stream of 12.2 kbit/s. The coding scheme is the so-called Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction Coder (ACELP). The encoder is fed with data consisting of samples with a resolution of 13 bits left justified in a 16-bit word. The three least significant bits are set to 0. The decoder outputs data in the same format.
The Enhanced Full Rate (GSM 06.60) technical specification describes the detailed mapping between input blocks of 160 speech samples in 13-bit uniform PCM format to encoded blocks of 244 bits and from encoded blocks of 244 bits to output blocks of 160 reconstructed speech samples. It also specifies the conversion between A-law or μ-law (PCS 1900) 8-bit PCM and 13-bit uniform PCM. This part of specification also describes the codec down to the bit level, thus enabling the verification of compliance to the part to a high degree of confidence by use of a set of digital test sequences. These test sequences are described in GSM 06.54 and are available on disks.
This standard is defined in ETSI ETS 300 726 (GSM 06.60). The packing is specified in ETSI Technical Specification TS 101 318.
ETSI has selected the Enhanced Full Rate voice codec as the industry standard codec for GSM/DCS in 1995. Enhanced Full Rate was also chosen as the industry standard in US market for PCS 1900 GSM frequency band.
Licensing and patent issues
The Enhanced Full Rate incorporate several patents. It uses the patented ACELP technology, which is licensed by the VoiceAge Corporation.
Enhanced Full Rate was developed by Nokia and the Université de Sherbrooke (Canada).
See also
Half Rate
Full Rate
Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR)
Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB)
Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate - Wideband (AMR-WB+)
Comparison of audio coding formats
References
External links
RFC 3551 - GSM-EFR (GSM 06.60)
ETS 300 726 (GSM 06.60)
3GPP TS06.60 - technical specification
Summary of GSM Codecs
Audio codecs
Speech codecs |
Beaufai () is a commune in the Orne department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
Populations
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Communes of Orne |
Ricardo Andrés Lagos Weber (born February 21, 1962), son of former Chilean president Ricardo Lagos, is a politician who served as the Ministry General Secretariat of Government of Chile in the administration of former President Michelle Bachelet after having worked for Bachelet's 2005-2006 campaign. He is trained in law and economics, and has served the majority of his government career in economic positions. He was also an organizer and the senior representative for Chile at the Annual Meeting of APEC held in Chile in 2004, in addition to being one of the architects of the free trade agreements that Chile signed with the United States (United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement) and the European Union (European Union Association Agreement) as the head of the Foreign Ministry's Department of Trade Policy. He is a member of the Party for Democracy (PPD). Between March 2016 and March 2017 he was President of the Senate of Chile.
Early life
Lagos Weber was born in the United States, the son of then-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill professor and now former president Ricardo Lagos Escobar and ex-wife Carmen Weber Aliaga. Due to the constant traveling caused by the exile of his father during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, Lagos Weber was forced to complete his studies in eight different schools, finishing his secondary education at Colegio San Agustin. He completed his undergraduate studies at the Universidad de Chile School of Law, receiving his Bachelor of Law and Social Sciences degree in 1985.
He continued his education at the University of Sussex in England, where he obtained a Masters in Economic Development at the Institute of Development Studies. His postgraduate thesis was about flexibility in the labor market. He began work on his doctorate in Economics at the University of Cambridge with a President of the Republic Scholarship (Beca Presidente de la República), which he applied for in 1990, but he returned to Chile to work in the Chilean section of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and did not finish the doctorate program.
Political career
In 1995, he became the Chilean representative to the APEC forum, conducting trade negotiations on economic cooperation. That same year he was part of a diplomatic team negotiating a free trade agreement between Canada and Chile. Lagoes Weber continued to negotiate trade agreements over the next few years. Since the end of the 1990s, Lagos Weber served as the head of the department of Trade Policy of the World Trade Organization, under the Chilean Foreign Ministry's General Directorate of International Economic Relations (DIRECON). In October, 1999, Lagos Weber left his WTO job to serve a major role in the presidential campaign of his father Ricardo Lagos. In 2000, he traveled with President Lagos to Berlin to act as a panelist at the "Third Way" conference, speaking for Chile and his father's administration. He subsequently became Director of Multilateral Economic Affairs in 2002, heading the General Directorate of International Economic Relations.
Lagos Weber served as Chilean high representative for APEC during the summits of 2003 and 2004, and was the "main organizer" of the conference when Chile hosted APEC. To this end, he was also a Senior Official for Chile, and the president of APEC's Senior Officials Meeting II prior to the conference. Lagos Weber was a candidate for the congressional elections in December 2005, but withdrew his candidacy in August based on polls that suggested that, even with a 45% showing, he would not secure a seat under Chile's electoral rules.
Ministership
Lagos Weber was a top campaign strategist in Michelle Bachelet's victorious 2005 presidential campaign. In January, before her own inauguration, President-elect Bachelet sent Lagos Weber as Chile's representative to the inauguration of Evo Morales in Bolivia, signaling an intent to improve the two countries' strained relations. In late January, 2006, Lagos Weber was named Ministry General Secretariat of Government, essentially the presidential spokesman, by President Michelle Bachelet, and he took office on March 11.
In 2007, Bachelet announced that any cabinet members seeking to run in the upcoming elections would have to announce their resignation by January, 2008. With the popularity of the Bachelet administration at a low, and the Concertación's support suffering, Lagos Weber announced his resignation on December 6, 2007, to make his candidacy for the Senate of Chile for the district of the Valparaíso Region in the December 2008 election. Seen as a rising star, often aided by his recognizability as the former president's son and a visible spokesman to the current president, the upcoming election takes on increased importance as the Concertación faces the risk of losing its dominant role in the government. He was replaced by Francisco Vidal (also from the PPD), who had already served in that post for the administration of Ricardo Lagos Escobar.
Senate
Lagos Weber is a member of the Senate of Chile for district V Valparaíso Region. On 15 March 2016 he was elected President of the Senate, he succeeded Patricio Walker. On 21 March 2017 he was succeeded by Andrés Zaldívar.
References
External links
Ministry General Secretariat of Government
1962 births
Living people
Children of presidents of Chile
Chilean Ministers Secretary General of Government
Chilean agnostics
Chilean people of German descent
Chilean people of Spanish descent
University of Chile alumni
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Candidates for President of Chile
Members of the Senate of Chile
Presidents of the Senate of Chile
Party for Democracy (Chile) politicians
Senators of the LV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the LVI Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile |
Geertruida Elisabeth Middendorp (November 21, 1911 – July 13, 2007) was a member of the World War II Dutch resistance group National Organization for Helping People in Hiding (Landelijke Organisatie voor Hulp aan Onderduikers, LO). The LO made counterfeit food ration coupons;and obtained authentic coupons from loyal Netherlands citizens in the employ of the Dutch Nazis. Other groups conducted raids and robberies to steal authentic coupons from government agencies. And some Dutch civilians gave up their own coupons to the LO during the second world war.
She married Hendrik Middendorp (October 2, 1911 – July 13, 1989) in 1934.
Activities during the War Years
When the German army invaded the Netherlands, Middendorp worked for the De Telegraaf newspaper. When Middendorp became active in the Dutch underground, this would have given her the opportunity to distribute any underground newspapers (especially as their telephone lines had been destroyed by the advancing Germans, and the use of radio transmitters was too dangerous because of German direction-finding operations. These newspapers helped counterbalance Nazi propaganda and the German-controlled media. However, De Telegraaf was transferred and/or controlled in this time of the SS. The illegal press flourished in the Netherlands during the German Occupation of 1940–1945. Titles are known of almost thirteen hundred illegal papers and leaflets. Some only appeared for a short time, while others were issued throughout the five years of the occupation. A few were handwritten, but most were duplicated, and some were actually printed. The majority of the illegal papers appeared in print runs of a few hundred, but some achieved a circulation in the tens of thousands.
Middendorp was active in supplying and hiding Jewish refugees supplying food coupons whenever possible: They had rescued many Jews from certain death at the hands of the Nazi SS.
In 1943, food coupons were introduced. You'd get a stamp book and each coupon would say, "Good for two ounces of butter, one loaf of bread," or whatever. The bread was just like an accordion. You could pull it way out or squeeze it tightly together. (This is called "balloon bread" in America.) The coupons were color-coded. For example, milk was yellow, bread was red, and so on.
Middendorp as did her sister began taking in refugees, some of whom were Jews, others members of the resistance movement sought by the Gestapo and its Dutch counterpart, either in Middendorp's family home or at the Cafe Monopol Amstel in Amsterdam.
During 1943, 1944, and 1945, when Dutch men walked outside into the streets, they were often captured, not just by Germans, but also by people who were authorized to find them. Once captured, they would be put into trucks and they would be gone! Every time a man showed his face on the street, he could be captured by anyone because we didn't know who was "pro" or "anti." Often the men managed to escape and return home, just to be captured again.
'During the occupation, Hendrick was sent to Germany as forced labour to work in the BMW factory, he was able to get back to Holland, he became a fugitive, he stayed with Middendorp's sister in the Cafe Monopole Amstel in Amsterdam later he was able to acquire a pass and was given work in the community kitchen in Amsterdam.
The mandatory wearing of the yellow star, which went into effect in late April, 1940, infuriated the Middendorp family as did informers and collaborators. Many gentiles did try to show their sympathy. The underground newspaper, De Vonk printed 300,000 paper stars with inscription, "Jews and Non-Jews are ones." 23 students at one school were sent for two weeks to Amersfoort concentration camp for wearing such stars. The wearing of the yellow star now made it ever so much easier to identify Jews once the roundups would begin. Knowing this aspect, Middendorp chose to change her own coat to help save a Jew, which some say was very foolish, but, you had to know and meet Geertruida and Hendrick Middendorp to understand why.
By mid-1944, Middendorp took her two sons over the IJsselmeer by a barge to Friesland to a farm, one to keep the boys safe and the second reason was the coupons she could use to feed the refugees.
The western Netherlands was where the Canadian Armed Forces comprising the 1st Canadian Infantry division and the 5th Canadian Armoured Divisions, under the command of Lieut.-General Charles Foulkes, was responsible for the liberation of the area north of the Meuse (Maas).
In this region with its large cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, the people had almost reached the end of their endurance from the misery and starvation which had accompanied the "Hunger Winter". Food supplies in the cities were exhausted, fuel had run out almost entirely and the transport was virtually non-existent. Thousands of men, women and children had perished.
Middendorp remembered the actual day the war ended. She remembered when Americans started flying over, very low, dropping crates of canned goods, sometimes in fields, sometimes in streets, but without parachutes. They just dropped them. And the English prepared special low-fat, high-nutrition cookies for us.
Reflections On War
It seems to me that the most lasting impressions in life are those you receive as a young adult, they stick with you, and strange as it was, the older she got, the closer she felt to the war years. So, in general, the war is still always with you. It was embedded deep within and it will stay that way forever:
References
(broken link June 3, 2008)
Authors's interview of Gerard H.J.M. Peijnenburg, Dutch Secretary of the Army and LO member; Wassenaar, Holland, 18 June 1996.
Sources
Stewart Bentley, The Dutch Resistance and the OSS: Of Market-Garden and Melanie, Central Intelligence Agency
(broken link June 3, 2008)
Dutch resistance members
World War II resistance press activists
1911 births
2007 deaths |
Bryan Alfred Thurlow (6 June 1936 – 5 January 2002) was a professional footballer who spent the majority of his career with Norwich City.
Thurlow, a right-back, began his career in local non-league football (playing for Loddon and Bungay Town) before signing for Norwich as a professional in August 1954. He stayed at Carrow Road for ten years, playing an important part in the club's run to the semi-finals of the FA Cup in 1959 and their promotion to division two a year later. In total, he played 224 games for Norwich, scoring 1 goal. After leaving Norwich in 1964, he played for Bristol City and Lowestoft Town before retiring. He died in 2002.
Sources
Canary Citizens by Mark Davage, John Eastwood, Kevin Platt, published by Jarrold Publishing, (2001),
English men's footballers
Norwich City F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Lowestoft Town F.C. players
1936 births
2002 deaths
Men's association football fullbacks
Place of birth missing |
Bangladesh–Luxembourg relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Luxembourg. Luxembourg recognized Bangladesh on February 11, 1972, following the separation of East Pakistan from Pakistan in the 1971 war.
State visits
In 2003 the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg visited Bangladesh, to inaugurate a UNESCO project there. During the visit, the Grand Duchess, along with the Marshal of the Court of Luxembourg Jean Jacques Kasel, and Ambassador of the Netherlands to Bangladesh met with Bangladesh President Iajuddin Ahmed and officials of the Bangladesh Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She also met separately with Foreign Minister M Morshed Khan and discussed gender equality, education, microcredit and immunization. The Grand Duchess had also visited the country prior to her accent at Grand Duchess, and had met with Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank there.
Diplomacy
The Bangladesh Ambassador to Belgium is accredited to Luxembourg.
Economic cooperation
Bangladesh and Luxembourg have shown their interest to expand the bilateral economic activities between the two countries and have been taking necessary steps in this regard. Bangladesh Business Chamber of Commerce in Luxembourg (BBCCL) is an organization for promoting Bangladeshi products in Luxembourg.
One of the main obstacles behind the expansion of trade between the two countries has been the complications of transporting Bangladeshi products to Luxembourg through Germany and Belgium which raises the transportation costs. Experts have emphasized on establishing a hub point of Bangladeshi products in Luxembourg.
The only Undertakings for Collective Investments in Transferable Securities compliant fund for foreign investment in Bangladeshi stocks, SwissPro Invest Bangladesh Fund, is domiciled in Luxembourg.
References
Luxembourg
Bilateral relations of Luxembourg |
The Erbeskopf () is a mountain in the Hunsrück range in central Germany. At a height of , it is the highest point in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, as well as the highest point of German territory on the western bank of the Rhine. It lies within the Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park.
Geography
Location
The Erbeskopf lies in the southwest of the Hunsrück and the Idar Forest - forming part of both natural regions - near their boundary with the Schwarzwälder Hochwald, to which it belongs morphologically. Its largest part and the summit are part of the municipality of Hilscheid in the county of Bernkastel-Wittlich. The rest belongs to Allenbach in the county of Birkenfeld. Its northeasterly neighbour, also in the Idar Forest, is the Kahlheid (766.0 m).
The streams that rise near on the Erbeskopf are: the Idarbach whose source lies to the northeast below the subpeak of Sandkopf and thus south of the Kahlheid; the Thranenbach, the upper course of the Traunbach, whose source is southeast of the summit; the Hohltriefbach, whose source lies below the subpeak of Springenkopf and is a tributary of the Röderbach which rises northwest of the Erbeskopf; and the Simm to the north, a tributary of the Schalesbach.
Elevation
In 2008 a re-survey of the height of the Erbeskopf was conducted by the Rhineland-Palatinate State Office of Survey and Geobasis Information (Landesamt für Vermessung und Geobasisinformation Rheinland-Pfalz); using two independent survey measurements that each gave a height of 816.32 m.
Its subpeaks, with their heights in metres (m) above sea level (Normalhöhennull or NHN), are:
Sandkopf (802.0 m), ca. 0.6 km northeast of the Erbeskopf
Springenkopf (784.2 m), ca. 1.7 km southwest of the Erbeskopf
Viehauskopf (720.7 m), ca. 1.3 km southwest of the Springenkopf
Hohltriefberg (680.6 m), ca. 0.8 km southwest of the Viehausberg
History
During a military exercise in 1892, sappers built a wooden observation tower on the mountain. In 1894, the Society for the Moselle, Hochwald and Hunsrück (today the Hunsrück Club) decided to construct a stone Emperor William Tower at the summit. This 24-metre-high tower was opened in 1901, 111 steps leading up to a viewing platform. In 1933 a kiosk was built at the entrance to the tower and a weather station installed at the top.
In late August 1939 the tower was closed to civilians, three more storeys were added, military signals equipment was installed and it acted as the communication centre for a radio relay link from Berlin to the Atlantic coast. The weather station was upgraded.
US troops occupied the Erbeskopf on 17 March 1945. They expanded its military facilities considerably and observed all military air traffic well into the territory of the Soviet Union. Three large radar towers and the Erwin Bunker with the wartime headquarters for Central Europe (AFCENT) supported NATO strategy as a multinational command post during the Cold War. The Emperor William Tower was blown up on 18 August 1961 because it obstructed the all-round military radar picture.
In 1971 the 11-metre-high, wooden Erbeskopf Observation Tower or "Erbeskopf Tower" (Erbeskopfturm) was built outside the out-of-bounds area. The tower is of wooden design with three platforms. Although its views are now restricted by trees, in places there are good views as far as the Eifel.
In the wake of the political easing of tension between NATO and the so-called Eastern Bloc states the significance of the listening equipment and electronic alarm systems on the Erbeskopf waned rapidly. Half a century after the end of the Second World War, American troops withdrew and the radar site continued in operation by the Bundeswehr.
Until August 2004 the summit plateau was a heavily fenced-off, military out-of-bounds area. Since the removal of the barbed wire, most of the summit is now open to the public again.
For centuries the Erbeskopf was crowned by a grove of mighty beech trees at the summit. In former times it was also called the Heiliger Hain ("Holy Copse"), although it is not recorded whether it had been a heathen site or Christian shrine. After the Emperor William Tower was blown up and widescale clearing took place, there were only a few remnants to give a poor impression of the original ancient trees.
Today
In 2011 the summit plateau was extensively remodelled. The so-called "conversion project", initiated by a special purpose association, the "Erbeskopf Winter Sports, Nature and Environmental Training Site" (Wintersport-, Natur- und Umweltbildungsstätte Erbeskopf), after the military had handed back part of the area, cost €800,000, of which €554,000 was pledged by the state. The sculptor, Christoph Mancke, in cooperation with landscape architects, Ernst+Partner of Trier, won the preceding competition for the "Use and Design of the Erbeskopf Summit" in a field of 29 participants. The sculpture, which may be walked on, was called Windklang ("Wind Tone") by Mancke and offers not just an outstanding view towards the northern side of the valley (the ski piste), but is also itself visible as a landmark from a long way off. Landscape architects, Ernst+Partner, built another, ground-level object, "Summits of the Region" (Gipfelköpfe der Region), on the plateau, that points to other mountains in the region using concrete axes indicating their direction, height and distance.
On the Erbeskopf there is a leisure and winter sports centre. Three ski lifts operate in the winter and a sommerrodelbahn in the warmer months. In the winter of 2005/2006, the lifts were open for a record 88 days. The ski piste is used in summer as part of the Erbeskopf Mountain Bike Marathon. Since 2007 the Saar-Hunsrück-Steig long-distance path has included the Erbeskopf within the leg from Börfink to Morbach.
The Hunsrückhaus at the northwest foot of the mountain is well known nationally as an environmental training centre. It offers an interactive exhibition on the nature of the Hunsrück, a woodland play park, a senses educational path, a weather survey garden, an environmental laboratory and a conference centre with modern media technology.
A footpath used to run from the Mark Thalfang into Birkenfelder Land. At the highest point of the way, very close to the summit of the Erbeskopf travellers would stop to say a prayer. This is still commemorated by a stone inscribed with the word Gottlob ("Praise to God").
On 29 April 2012 a "sculpture path" was opened on the newly remodelled summit plateau. The six additional works of art were displayed until 15 September 2012.
References
External links
www.erbeskopf.de
Mountains under 1000 metres
Mountains and hills of Rhineland-Palatinate
Mountains and hills of the Hunsrück |
Early days
In its early years, the air force was engaged primarily in immigration patrol, with occasional assistance in emergency relief. During the insurgency of 1971, the air force played a major role in restoring internal order; in addition to providing transport of ammunition, food, and troops, it participated in assaults against insurgent strongholds. Following the ethnic rioting of 1983, the air force was placed on permanent active status and participated in counter insurgency activities and airstrikes on the rebel controlled areas of the Northern and Eastern Provinces.
Because of a severe shortage of hard currency for military expenditures in the wake of the 1971 uprising, the Number Four Squadron(Helicopter) began operating commercial transportation services for foreign tourists under the name of Helitours. In 1987 the air force had a total strength of 3,700 personnel, including active reserves. The force had grown gradually during its early years, reaching a little over 1,000 officers and recruits in the 1960s. Rapid growth began in the mid-1980s, when the Sri Lankan Civil War drew the service into a major, long-term security role. Between 1983 and 1987, the force grew by nearly 50 percent.
As in the other services, a shortage of spare parts plagued maintenance efforts, forcing the service to send a number of aircraft to Singapore and elsewhere for repairs. After the purchase of equipment from Canada in 1986, the air force gained the capability to make structural repairs on its fleet of Bell helicopters, several of which had been damaged in operations against the Tamil separatists. Maintenance of electronic equipment was performed at the communications station at Ekala, in the north of Colombo District.
The earliest aircraft were small transport airplanes and trainers, that were provided by the British and were supplemented in the late 1960s with United States Bell Helicopters.
In 1959 for the first time fighter jets were acquired, forming the No. 5 Jet Squadron; these were five BAC Jet Provost from the British. These were used in combat, when for the first time Sri Lanka Air Force went into combat during 1971 Insurrection. During insurgency, the left-leaning Bandaranaike government turned to the Soviet Union for more sophisticated weaponry, and received five MiG-17F fighter bombers, a MiG-15 UTI Midget trainer, and two Ka-26 helicopters. By the early 1980s, the Provosts and all of the Soviet aircraft had been taken out of active service and were relegated to long-term storage, leaving the air force without any bomber capability.
1980s and 1990s
After the 1983 riots, the government worked rapidly to expand the inventory, relying largely on sources in Italy, Britain, and the United States. Because of tight budget constraints, the air force was compelled to refit a number of non combat aircraft for military uses in counter-terrorist operations against Tamil terrorists. From the period 1983 to 1985, the Air Force acquired 11 Bell 212 helicopters, 4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Siai Marchetti SF 260s, 2 Cessna 337s, 1 AVRO HS748 and 1 Beech King. By 1985, 9 more Bell 212s were added to the fleet, along with 4 Bell 412s. The 412s along with 3 Siai Marchetti SF 260 fixed-wing turbo prop aircraft advanced the attack capabilities of SLAF. Central in the government's security efforts were six SIAI Marchetti SF.260 turboprop which were used for rocket attacks and strafing. Additionally, the air force, with the help of Heli Orient of Singapore, equipped twelve Bell 212 and Bell 412 helicopters to serve as gunships and as transport vehicles for highly successful commando assault operations. The air force had a fleet of approximately eighty aircraft, of which sixty-four were reported to be operational in early 1988.
Government forces reportedly also used helicopters on bombing missions; frequently operating without conventional bombs, air force troops reportedly dropped hand grenades stuffed in wine glasses so that the lever would not be released until the glass shattered on the ground. A more effective bombing capability was provided by a small fleet of Chinese Harbin Y-12 turboprop transport aircraft. These were equipped with bomb racks that had been fitted to carry up to 1,000 kilograms of fragmentation and antipersonnel bombs. Transport, training, and surveying functions were carried out by a variety of Cessna and DeHavilland aircraft. In 1987 during the Vadamarachchi Operation the air force mustered 1 AVRO, 2 Y-12s and 1 Heron, all configured as improvised bombers. On 3 September 1987 a Women's Wing was formed and located in Colombo. The first CO was Air Cdre D.S.G. Vithana. The Women's Wing was set up to maintain and update all records pertaining to Lady Officers and Airwomen, prepare promotional schedules, annual assessments, issue identity cards, etc.
In order to increase the attack capability the air force in 1991 acquired several F-7 Skybolts, FT-7s and Shenyang J-5s from China. Later in 1993 the first of 3 Mi-17 helicopter transports were acquired along with four FMA IA 58 Pucarás for ground attack. These proved to be effective but three of the Pucara's were lost, two due to the SAMs launched by the LTTE. The sole remaining Pucara was retired in 1999 due to lack of spare parts. In 1995 Mi-24 gunships were acquired for close air support for the army and by 2001 Mi-35s were added to the fleet.
In 1996 Sri Lankan Air Force acquired six Kfir C.2s and a single TC.2 from Israel and further more nine aircraft had been added to the inventory by year 2005. This included four C.2s and four C.7s in 2001 . Currently the SLAF operates two TC.2s, two C.7s and eight C.2s. The SLAF is using these Kfirs to attack against Tamil separatist targets in rebel controlled areas of the island.
21st century
In 2000 new aircraft were acquired apart from the additions of Kfir C.7's & Mi-35s, these included six Mikoyan MiG-27 of ground attack, a MiG-23UB trainer and two C-130 Hercules for heavy transport. Six K-8 Karakorum trainers were soon added creating the No. 14 Squadron to train pilots for the newly expanded fleet of jets.
On 24 July 2001, Thirteen aircraft including two Kfir jet fighters, one MI-24 Helicopter gun ship and one MIG-27- jet fighter were destroyed in the predawn attack on the Katunayake air base, about 35 km. north of Colombo by the LTTE.Three military trainee planes and five civilian jets were also among the destroyed aircraft. TamilNet Much of these aircraft were replaced.
Sri Lanka's airport has remained on alert for a repeat of the 2001 attack, with severe restrictions on the number of people allowed into the terminal buildings. Huge walls were also built around the terminals and the control towers to prevent impact from car bomb attacks, while a large number of sentries were placed along the approach roads to the facility. All airports including the Katunayake International airport is guarded by members of the SLAF Regiment.
See also
Sri Lanka Air Force
Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force
References
External links
Sri Lanka Air Force History
Sri Lanka Air Force
Sri Lanka Air Force
Air Force
Aviation history of Sri Lanka |
Ramkrishna Biswas (16 January 1910 – 4 August 1931) was an Indian revolutionary and martyr. He was an active member of Surya Sen's revolutionary group.
Early life
Biswas was born in Saroatali, Chittagong in British India. His father's name was Durga Kripa Biswas. In 1928, Biswas came first in an entrance examination among the district, later joining the revolutionary independence movement led by Master Da Surya Sen. In 1930, he was seriously wounded while preparing bombs.
Revolutionary activities and death
Surya Sen and his followers decided to assassinate one Mr. Craig, the Inspector General of Police for Chittagong. Biswas and Kalipada Chakrabarty were assigned to this task. On 1 December 1930, they went to Chandpur station, but mistakenly killed a rail inspector, Tarini Mukherjee, instead of Craig. Biswas and Chakravarty were arrested on 2 December 1930. Biswas's family and friends lacked the funds required to travel from Chittagong to Kolkata and visit him in Alipore Jail, Kolkata. At that time, another revolutionary nationalist Pritilata Waddedar was staying in Kolkata and was asked to meet Biswas. She was successful in pretending to be his sister, in order to gain access. Biswas' martyrdom later inspired Pritilata.
Biswas was sentenced to death after his trial. In the morning of 4 August 1931, he was executed at Alipore Central Jail. His accomplice, Kalipada Chakrabarty, was transported to the Cellular Jail on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
References
1931 deaths
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
20th-century executions by the United Kingdom
Indian people convicted of murder
Executed Indian revolutionaries
People executed by British India by hanging
Indian independence activists from Bengal
People from Chittagong
1910 births
People executed for murdering police officers |
Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (; , Stéphanos Byzántios; centuryAD) was a Byzantine grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (). Only meagre fragments of the dictionary survive, but the epitome is extant, compiled by one Hermolaus, not otherwise identified.
Life
Nothing is known about the life of Stephanus, except that he was a Greek grammarian who was active in Constantinople, and lived after the time of Arcadius and Honorius, and before that of Justinian II. Later writers provide no information about him, but they do note that the work was later reduced to an epitome by a certain Hermolaus, who dedicated his epitome to Justinian; whether the first or second emperor of that name is meant is disputed, but it seems probable that Stephanus flourished in Byzantium in the earlier part of the sixth century AD, under Justinian I.
The Ethnica
Even as an epitome, the Ethnica is of enormous value for geographical, mythological, and religious information about ancient Greece. Nearly every article in the epitome contains a reference to some ancient writer, as an authority for the name of the place. From the surviving fragments, we see that the original contained considerable quotations from ancient authors, besides many interesting particulars, topographical, historical, mythological, and others. Stephanus cites Artemidorus, Polybius, Aelius Herodianus, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Strabo and other writers. He is the only writer to cite a lost work attributed to Sophaenetus.
The chief fragments remaining of the original work are preserved by Constantine Porphyrogennetos, De administrando imperio, ch. 23 (the article Ίβηρίαι δύο) and De thematibus, ii. 10 (an account of Sicily); the latter includes a passage from the comic poet Alexis on the Seven Largest Islands. Another respectable fragment, from the article Δύμη to the end of Δ, exists in a manuscript of the Fonds Coislin, the library formed by Pierre Séguier.
The first modern printed edition of the work was that published by the Aldine Press in Venice, 1502. The complete standard edition is still that of Augustus Meineke (1849, reprinted at Graz, 1958), and by convention, references to the text use Meineke's page numbers. A new completely revised edition in German, edited by B. Wyss, C. Zubler, M. Billerbeck, J.F. Gaertner, was published between 2006 and 2017, with a total of 5 volumes.
Editions
Aldus Manutius (pr.), 1502, (Peri poleōn) = Stephanus. De urbibus ("On cities") (Venice). Google Books
Guilielmus Xylander, 1568, = Stephanus. De urbibus (Basel).
Thomas de Pinedo, 1678, = Stephanus. De urbibus (Amsterdam). Contains parallel Latin translation. Google Books
Claudius Salmasius (Claude Saumaise) and Abraham van Berkel, 1688, = Stephani Byzantini Gentilia per epitomen, antehac De urbibus inscripta (Leiden). Contains parallel Latin translation. Google Books
Lucas Holstenius, 1692, Notae & castigationes in Stephanum Byzantium De urbibus (Leiden). Google Books
Thomas de Pinedo, 1725, Stephanus de urbibus (Amsterdam). Google Books
Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, 1825, Stephanus Byzantinus. Opera, 4 vols, (Leipzig). Incorporating notes by L. Holsteinius, A. Berkelius, and T. de Pinedo. Google Books
Anton Westermann, 1839, Stephani Byzantii ethnikon quae supersunt (Leipzig). Google Books
Augustus Meineke, 1849, Stephani Byzantii ethnicorum quae supersunt (Berlin). Google Books
Margarethe Billerbeck et al. (edd), Stephani Byzantii Ethnica. 5 volumes: 2006–2017. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 43/1)
References
Further reading
Smith, W., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 3, s.v. "Stephanus" (2) of Byzantium.
Diller, Aubrey 1938, "The tradition of Stephanus Byzantius", Transactions of the American Philological Association 69: 333–48.
E.H. Bunbury, 1883, History of Ancient Geography (London), vol. i. 102, 135, 169; ii. 669–71.
Holstenius, L., 1684 (posth.), Lucae Holstenii Notae et castigationes postumae in Stephani Byzantii Ethnika, quae vulgo Peri poleōn inscribuntur (Leiden).
Niese, B., 1873, De Stephani Byzantii auctoribus (Kiel)
Johannes Geffcken, 1886, De Stephano Byzantio (Göttingen)
Whitehead, D. (ed.), 1994, From political architecture to Stephanus Byzantius : sources for the ancient Greek polis (Stuttgart).
6th-century Byzantine writers
Ancient Greek anthologists
Ancient Greek lexicographers
Byzantine geographers
6th-century geographers |
Bethel Church, also called Bethel Interdenominational Church, is a Christian religious organisation based in Mansfield Woodhouse, England, founded by John Hibbert and Jean Spademan. It has a sister church, King's Chapel, in Norwich, Connecticut. Within the movement, Spademan was known by the name "Syro" – "an obscure Biblical reference to a Syro-Phoenician woman who appeals to Jesus to save her daughter from a demon".
Founders
Jean Spademan
In 1999, Spademan had six children and over twelve grandchildren. She had children early in life and did not have much money. Her youngest daughter was adopted from Honduras – Spademan had the idea to begin a connection between Bethel Church and the Honduras orphanage Finca de los Niños. Spademan and the church had a goal to build a new orphanage, but they gave up on these plans in the mid-1980s. Spademan's residences on Ley Lane were owned by members of the church.
In an interview with the Daily Express in 2000, Spademan commented on claims by others that she said she was a prophet: "I don't believe I'm a prophet. I never said ... once I may have verged on it." Hibbert acknowledged Spademan asserted she was a prophet, and said she made such statements "only once as a means to an end in a particular circumstance". Hibbert went on to note: "I would say she fits into the prophet category (of the ministry) but not in the way the press is making it out to be, but because she is behind the scenes and she communes with God a great deal." In 1999 Spademan ruled both churches, in England and in Connecticut, through constant contact with church pastors. She communicated either in person or by telephone with Sam J. Wibberley, a pastor at the church in Connecticut.
John Hibbert
Hibbert said he wished "to know god" since he was a young child. Hibbert stated in an interview: "As a boy of 11, 12, and 13 they could not keep me away from it. I was in every single service soaking up the preaching, listening to these missionaries tell their stories. I can remember standing in these congregations ... and with tears streaming down my face and saying, 'Lord I want to do whatever you want me to do in this world. I want to be your servant for the rest of my life.'"
He was raised in central England, and attended a technical college where he received education as a draftsman. Hibbert served as an ordained minister in a Pentacostal church, and rose to the level of assistant minister in Rotherham, in a parish of the organisation Assembly of God. Hibbert is married with three daughters and an adopted boy originally from Honduras. He met Spademan in 1972: "I saw a hesitation in her eyes. I sensed she was in need. And so that was it." Hibbert commented on claims that individuals were pressured to donate funds to his organisation: "Certainly no pressure was ever put on anybody (to give)," he said. "You have never met a more selfless giving group of people than the people in this church and that includes this ministry."
England
In 2000, Spademan rarely attended services. Spademan learned of a church member's lesbian relationship in 2000, and decided to split up the pair by sending one of the girls to live at the church in Connecticut. "Syro told me she knew from God that I was doing this sinful and evil thing. I was shouted at and screamed at, shaken, prayed over and had a Bible pushed against my chest. I was upset, confused and scared," said the girl that was moved to Connecticut. The girl eventually moved back to England and left the organisation.
Along with Hibbert, another pastor at the church in England was Stephen Jeffs. Hibbert and Jeffs believed they were relaying the word of God to their congregation, as given to Spademan. Church members give ten percent of their earnings to the organisation. Members of the church participate in "deliverance" rituals, where church leadership assert that they have been informed of followers' violent and sinful thoughts. Followers are encouraged to dedicate their lives to the organisation and shun family members.
Hope International is a tax-exempt charity organisation run by Bethel Church, with a stated goal of helping individuals from Honduras. It was first registered as a charity in Britain in June 1990. British government records show that approximately US$290,000 was raised from 1995 to 1997. Over fifty-percent of the funds raised for Hope International went to church leadership and members in the form of administrative costs, employees' salaries, and lodging. As of 1999, Hibbert and Spademan were listed as trustees of Hope International, along with Spademan's son-in-law Stephen Jeffs, and her daughter Christine.
In 2009, church pastor Christopher Jenkinson, along with his wife Jennifer, planned to climb Snowdon to raise funding for poor children in Zambia. The church sent individuals to Zambia in July 2009 to assist in construction work for a missionary-led school. "I can't do much to help, but I can walk, so if people would like to sponsor me, every pound counts," said pastor Jenkinson. The school in Zambia serves as a location for 300 children to receive free education – the children also receive food free of charge each school day.
Early in 2018, the church building was advertised as for sale. As of June 2018, the International Church Mansfield has been placed into the hands of liquidators.
Connecticut
As of 1999, one of the three pastors at King's Chapel in Norwich, Connecticut was Sam J. Wibberley, who also owned a business called "Sam Wibberley Tire", and lived in Jewett City, Connecticut. Wibberley graduated from Albion College in 1973. In the 1980s, Wibberley's organisation the Dayspring Church of God became affiliated with the Bethel Church. King's Chapel has tax exempt status, which was originally granted to Dayspring Church of God in 1981. Wibberley and his wife Cynthia often travel to Bethel Church in England to visit church members there. As of 1999, Wibberley's son Christopher was married and was employed as an auto mechanic. John V. Monahan Jr. served as a pastor of the church in 1999, along with James Oakley, and Kevin F. Hamel served as youth minister.
Church services include singing accompanied by guitar music. A church member described the preaching in the service as "energized and forceful". Church values include cleanliness of one's home, and that an individual's property was seen as shared ownership with other members of the church. Church members are often quoted the Bible verse "For as he thinketh in his heart, so is he", Proverbs 23:7. Sinful thoughts are seen by some as being equated with the sin itself.
Both Wibberley, and his counterpart Hibbert in England, believe that Jean Spademan has the "gift of prophecy". Members of the King's Chapel community share possessions including money, houses, and cars. They work at the church for free, and this is seen as a sign of their faith in the movement. One of the church's mottos was "You can't outgive God". Members of the organisation live in Jewett City; church pastors encourage their followers to live there. Spademan believed that the Lord thought Jewett City was "the Jewel City", and the chosen city of God.
On 19 December 1987, a member of King's Chapel, 29-year-old Ron Allen, committed suicide shortly after being persuaded by members of the church to sell his house. "Selling that house was not what Ronald wanted. He said he was brainwashed," said his mother Edith Bolles. "They told him his house was evil because it was materialism. He was submitting himself to materialism, and he needed to get rid of that materialism. ... And by the same token, they wanted the money," said his sister Caron Wunderlich.
In December 1994, church member Martha Davis attempted to commit suicide by ingesting painkillers. She had been instructed by church pastor Kevin F. Hamel that "the Lord had informed prophet Jean Spademan" that a couple and their three daughters had to move into Davis's apartment to live with her and her son. Davis cared for the daughters for years, but felt she was neglecting her own son. "I can't tell you how devastated I was. It was such a heartbreak for me. But I was told it was God's perfect will. We were told over and over we have to surrender to Him," she said. Her son moved to England in 1994, and when Davis asked for time off from caring for the couple's daughters, Pastor Sam J. Wibberley instead instructed her to apologise to the girls. She requested that her son return from England, but Pastor John Hibbert said he would stay there because her attempt to kill herself "had ruined much of what they had accomplished with him".
Sallie Bowen, a church member with her husband from 1980 to 1998, told The New London Day that the organisation's pastors and leader Syro held a large amount of influence over their followers. Bowen said that Sam Wibberley instructed her "the Lord had told Syro I wanted to have an affair with Syro's granddaughter's husband". Bowen denied these thoughts, but Wibberley insisted: "You’re trying to fool us, but you can’t fool God." Bowen ended up telling her husband about the incident after being told to do so by Wibberley: "It hurt him. They hurt people’s marriages. They cause divisions. We had been married several years at that point. I loved him. I never had any inclination not to be faithful to my husband. But here they are making me confess that I did," said Bowen.
British MP calls for group to be placed on register
In 2000, after critical reporting on the organisation exposed controversial practices by the group, British MP for Mansfield Alan Meale publicly requested that such religious groups and cults be placed in a register. Meale noted that if employers used the psychological methods used by Bethel Church management, employees would be able to request a significant amount of financial compensation.
"There needs to be a register to protect the people involved in these movements, their relatives and the communities in which they exist. Everyone, from parents, to social services and neighbours should be allowed to know what these organisations are. They are usually very secretive and impose huge pressures on the people in them. A register should also lay open the church's business dealings and its aims and objectives," said Meale.
Analysis
Dr. Martyn Percy of the Lincoln Theological Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, an authority on new religious movements, commented on the organisation's nature of control: "It seems to me to be a fascinating form of religious control exercised on people. If you really think people know what you think, you just don’t dare step out of line. It becomes intolerable. What is absolutely unique about this church is a woman being not just a figurehead, but the prophetic leader of it."
Lonnie D. Kliever, chairman of the religion department at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, said that he did not observe evidence of brainwashing within the church. He compared individuals devoted to strict organisations such as King's Chapel to "misguided victims", commenting: It is like getting involved in a bad marriage. Some find it preferable to stay."
Mary Alice Chrnalogar, author of the 1997 book on cults, Twisted Scriptures, said she has heard of the group, and compared it to other religious groups she has dealt with: "I’m very familiar with that group. It’s no different from any other cult I have worked with."
The director of the New England Institute of Religious Research in Middleboro, Massachusetts, Robert Pardon, analysed statements from ex-members of the King's Chapel organisation. Pardon stated that the group "fits the classic profile" of an abusive religious organisation. Pardon commented on Spademan's control of the group: "If you accept the premise that she hears from God and is always right, then you have no safeguards, no accountability from abuse. This is pretty scary stuff."
References
External links
Organizations based in Connecticut
Mansfield District
Religion in Nottinghamshire
Christian new religious movements
Organisations based in Nottinghamshire |
Terellia volgensis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Terellia of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Russia.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1995
Diptera of Europe |
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<key>DspFunction0</key>
<dict>
<key>FunctionInfo</key>
<dict>
<key>DspFuncInstance</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>DspFuncName</key>
<string>DspNoiseReduction</string>
<key>DspFuncProcessingIndex</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
<key>ParameterInfo</key>
<dict>
<key>1</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>2</key>
<integer>1</integer>
<key>3</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>4</key>
<integer>-1077065615</integer>
<key>5</key>
<data>UvaAwuqcX8JkT2TCCqeBwgZAjsJcypbCH0qcwh47n8KhV6HCkF+your_sha256_hashpwro+qsKG46rCoIurwpYErML78avCiLCrwmz7q8IoSazC+hOswl5ErMLyM6zC+BKswrjjrMJEzq3CRhOuwppursKArq7CYiyvwpqar8LK8a/CPgqwwraur8I+uK/your_sha256_hashCVv+wwhJ/scLaKbPCGOyzwvLws8J+your_sha256_hashQbTCiP+0woBXtcIgoLXCRPi0wr5htMKKabTCPFG1wpxxtsLiBLfC1jS3wpYEt8Jg+your_sha256_hashrrC3EK6woSBusI8trrCYvG6wr46u8JQBrvCZsK7wtDOvMJck73CugW+your_sha256_hashwrCu3sKoaeXCajbswgao88L2tfzCSbwDwzR9CMPf+xDD</data>
</dict>
<key>PatchbayInfo</key>
<dict/>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
<key>Mic</key>
<dict>
<key>SignalProcessing</key>
<dict>
<key>SoftwareDSP</key>
<dict>
<key>DspFunction0</key>
<dict>
<key>FunctionInfo</key>
<dict>
<key>DspFuncInstance</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>DspFuncName</key>
<string>DspNoiseReduction</string>
<key>DspFuncProcessingIndex</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
<key>ParameterInfo</key>
<dict>
<key>1</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>2</key>
<integer>1</integer>
<key>3</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>4</key>
<integer>-1077065615</integer>
<key>5</key>
<data>UvaAwuqcX8JkT2TCCqeBwgZAjsJcypbCH0qcwh47n8KhV6HCkF+your_sha256_hashpwro+qsKG46rCoIurwpYErML78avCiLCrwmz7q8IoSazC+hOswl5ErMLyM6zC+BKswrjjrMJEzq3CRhOuwppursKArq7CYiyvwpqar8LK8a/CPgqwwraur8I+uK/your_sha256_hashCVv+wwhJ/scLaKbPCGOyzwvLws8J+your_sha256_hashQbTCiP+0woBXtcIgoLXCRPi0wr5htMKKabTCPFG1wpxxtsLiBLfC1jS3wpYEt8Jg+your_sha256_hashrrC3EK6woSBusI8trrCYvG6wr46u8JQBrvCZsK7wtDOvMJck73CugW+your_sha256_hashwrCu3sKoaeXCajbswgao88L2tfzCSbwDwzR9CMPf+xDD</data>
</dict>
<key>PatchbayInfo</key>
<dict/>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
<key>Outputs</key>
<array>
<string>IntSpeaker</string>
<string>Headphone</string>
</array>
<key>PathMapID</key>
<integer>13</integer>
</dict>
</array>
</dict>
``` |
```java
package DynamicProgramming;
/**
* A DynamicProgramming based solution for Edit Distance problem In Java
* Description of Edit Distance with an Example:
* <p>
* Edit distance is a way of quantifying how dissimilar two strings (e.g., words) are to one another,
* by counting the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into the other. The
* distance operations are the removal, insertion, or substitution of a character in the string.
* <p>
* <p>
* The Distance between "kitten" and "sitting" is 3. A minimal edit script that transforms the former into the latter is:
* <p>
* kitten sitten (substitution of "s" for "k")
* sitten sittin (substitution of "i" for "e")
* sittin sitting (insertion of "g" at the end).
*
* @author SUBHAM SANGHAI
**/
import java.util.Scanner;
public class EditDistance {
public static int minDistance(String word1, String word2) {
int len1 = word1.length();
int len2 = word2.length();
// len1+1, len2+1, because finally return dp[len1][len2]
int[][] dp = new int[len1 + 1][len2 + 1];
/* If second string is empty, the only option is to
insert all characters of first string into second*/
for (int i = 0; i <= len1; i++) {
dp[i][0] = i;
}
/* If first string is empty, the only option is to
insert all characters of second string into first*/
for (int j = 0; j <= len2; j++) {
dp[0][j] = j;
}
//iterate though, and check last char
for (int i = 0; i < len1; i++) {
char c1 = word1.charAt(i);
for (int j = 0; j < len2; j++) {
char c2 = word2.charAt(j);
//if last two chars equal
if (c1 == c2) {
//update dp value for +1 length
dp[i + 1][j + 1] = dp[i][j];
} else {
/* if two characters are different ,
then take the minimum of the various operations(i.e insertion,removal,substitution)*/
int replace = dp[i][j] + 1;
int insert = dp[i][j + 1] + 1;
int delete = dp[i + 1][j] + 1;
int min = replace > insert ? insert : replace;
min = delete > min ? min : delete;
dp[i + 1][j + 1] = min;
}
}
}
/* return the final answer , after traversing through both the strings*/
return dp[len1][len2];
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String s1, s2;
System.out.println("Enter the First String");
s1 = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("Enter the Second String");
s2 = input.nextLine();
//ans stores the final Edit Distance between the two strings
int ans = minDistance(s1, s2);
System.out.println("The minimum Edit Distance between \"" + s1 + "\" and \"" + s2 + "\" is " + ans);
input.close();
}
}
``` |
Don Melia (December 25, 1953 – August 21, 1992) was a gay British cartoonist, editor, activist, and philanthropist. Born in Liverpool, he was known largely for his involvement in Matt Black: Charcoal, Strip AIDS, Heartbreak Hotel, and Buddies, comic series that helped uplift the gay community, bring attention to and educate the public about the AIDS crisis, and helped create a gay community in the comics industry.
Personal life and career
In his early life, before beginning his comics career, Don Melia worked in the film industry which was his start in media.
As a gay cartoonist and media personality, Don Melia always hoped that Britain could develop an LGBTQ+ comic community which was a large reason behind his activism. Through his work, he worked to create a gay comic community that would continue to expand far beyond himself and succeeded in doing so as his comic series brought attention to the careers of burgeoning cartoonists, including Dave McKean, and inspired the creation of many different LGBTQ+ comic series around the world, like Strip AIDS USA.
After creating Strip Aids, Don Melia was hired by Titan Books for the role of publicity director where he worked and continued to work towards bringing comics into the mainstream.
Comics
Matt Black: Charcoal (1986–1987)
Don Melia is the illustrator behind Matt Black: Charcoal, a comic in which he and Lionel Gracey-Whitman, the creator and writer of the comic, created the first gay superhero in history, Matt Black.
Heartbreak Hotel (1987–1988)
Don Melia is a creator and cartoonist of Heartbreak Hotel, a comic series that was tied to music and had a large and varied number of cartoonist involved with the series. In the first issue of Heartbreak Hotel, Don Melia's comic "Heartbreak Hotel" appeared, named after the song "Heartbreak Hotel" by Elvis Presley.
Some of the notable cartoonists involved with the series are Dave McKean, Grant Morrison, Alan Moore and Bryan Talbot.
Strip AIDS (1987)
Don Melia was the creator and editor of Strip AIDS, a comic book which centered around AIDS in educating the public about the disease, dispelling the hysteria that surrounded it, and providing aid and comfort to the LGBTQ+ community in a time when they were faced with great hostility. The book was also meant as a fundraiser to support the London Lighthouse, an organization hoping to build a living community for those affected by AIDS, but it met with little success. However, the comic series attracted a very large audience and inspired the creation of Strip AIDS USA, a similar comic book that was edited by Trina Robbins, Bill Sienkiewicz, and Robert Triptow.
Some of the notable cartoonists involved with Strip AIDS include Melinda Gebbie, Dave Gibbons, Alan Moore, and Posy Simmonds.
Buddies (1991–1999)
Don Melia is editor of the first two editions of Buddies, a comics series that attempted to mimic the US series Gay Comix in order to create the gay comics community that he wished Britain had. The two editions edited by Melia focused primarily on comics depicting the experience of gay men in England.
Death
Don Melia died of AIDS-related illnesses on August 21, 1992, in Liverpool, England.
References
LGBT comics creators
AIDS-related deaths in England
English LGBT writers |
Elizabeth Anne Blandthorn (born 1 August 1977) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Victorian Legislative Council representing the Western Metropolitan Region since November 2022, and previously served as the member for the Electoral district of Pascoe Vale in the Victorian Legislative Assembly between November 2014 and November 2022. She is a member of the Labor Party.
Between June and December 2022, Blandthorn has served as the Minister for Planning in the Second Andrews ministry, as well as the Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly. After her shift to the upper house at the 2022 state election, in December 2022, she was appointed the Minister for Child Protection and Family Services and Minister for Disability, Ageing and Carers in the Third Andrews ministry, as well as the Deputy Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council.
Early career
She held the position of General Secretary in the National Union of Students in 2001. She was both a god-daughter and former political staffer to Christine Campbell, the previous member for Pascoe Vale.
References
External links
Parliamentary voting record of Lizzie Blandthorn at Victorian Parliament Tracker
1977 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
21st-century Australian politicians
Women members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Labor Right politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Ministers for Planning (Victoria)
Ministers for Children (Victoria)
Ministers for Disability (Victoria)
Ministers for Ageing (Victoria) |
Teclaiidae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Leptothecata.
Genera:
Parateclaia Bouillon, Pagès, Gili, Palanques, Puig & Heussner, 2000
Teclaia Gili, Bouillon, Pages, Palanques & Puig, 1999
References
Leptothecata
Cnidarian families |
```c
/* List a node on a file */
#include "pgenheaders.h"
#include "token.h"
#include "node.h"
/* Forward */
static void list1node(FILE *, node *);
static void listnode(FILE *, node *);
void
PyNode_ListTree(node *n)
{
listnode(stdout, n);
}
static int level, atbol;
static void
listnode(FILE *fp, node *n)
{
level = 0;
atbol = 1;
list1node(fp, n);
}
static void
list1node(FILE *fp, node *n)
{
if (n == 0)
return;
if (ISNONTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < NCH(n); i++)
list1node(fp, CHILD(n, i));
}
else if (ISTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
switch (TYPE(n)) {
case INDENT:
++level;
break;
case DEDENT:
--level;
break;
default:
if (atbol) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < level; ++i)
fprintf(fp, "\t");
atbol = 0;
}
if (TYPE(n) == NEWLINE) {
if (STR(n) != NULL)
fprintf(fp, "%s", STR(n));
fprintf(fp, "\n");
atbol = 1;
}
else
fprintf(fp, "%s ", STR(n));
break;
}
}
else
fprintf(fp, "? ");
}
``` |
George Frank Regas (October 1, 1930 – January 3, 2021) was an Episcopal priest. He served as rector of All Saints Episcopal Church, Pasadena, California, from 1967 until his retirement in 1995.
Early life and career
Regas was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Greek immigrants, and was baptized into the Greek Orthodox church. There was no Orthodox priest in Louisville. His mother died when he was about five years old, leaving him to be raised by his father. When he was about ten, he became friends with an Episcopal priest in Knoxville and began attending services at the Episcopal church. By the time he was of college age, he had apparently embraced the Episcopal church.
He attended and graduated from the Episcopal Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was ordained a priest in 1956. His first church was a mission of fifty members in Pulaski, Tennessee. He was then sent to an 800-member church in Nyack, New York, where he served as rector.
After his ordination, Regas went to England, where he spent two years at Cambridge University, and pursued graduate studies under Anglican Bishop John A.T. Robinson, who he later referred to as his friend and mentor. Robinson was a theologian and author of the book, Honest to God, which questioned many traditional concepts. In 1972, Regas graduated from the Theology School at Claremont with the doctor of religion degree.
Tenure at All Saints
Regas succeeded John Burt as rector of All Saints Episcopal Church in Pasadena, California in 1966, when he was only 36 years old. During his tenure, Regas did much to establish All Saints as an influential parish within the liberal wing of the Episcopal Church, and as an important voice for mainline liberal Protestant Christianity nationally. Under Regas's leadership, All Saints, Pasadena, became the largest Episcopal Church in the western United States, and established the largest service center for serving HIV and AIDS victims in the San Gabriel Valley. It also started Union Station in Pasadena for assisting the homeless.
He led All Saints in the foundation of the Young & Healthy program, which helps uninsured and under-insured children. He was the president of the Coalition for a Non-Violent City and co-founder of the Interfaith Center to Reverse the Arms Race. As a long-time national leader of the Episcopal Church, he was nominated as a candidate for bishop of New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, but consistently declined in order to continue to build the All Saints Pasadena parish. As a founder of the Interfaith Center to Reverse the Arms Race, he was a leader in efforts to unite Christians, Muslims, Jews and other faiths to promote peace in the Middle East and worldwide.
Controversies
Supporting United Farm Workers Union
Regas' first controversy as rector arose a few months after he arrived. A representative from the United Farm Workers Union, saying that the union would like to set up an information table on the church lawn and pass out information about the struggles of Cesar Chavez, who had organized the union. The representative told Regas that his predecessor had been very supportive of the union. Regas thought the request was reasonable and agreed. He then learned that a member of the congregation was one of the largest corporate farmers in the nation, and was incensed by Regas' action. Regas said he tried for six months to heal the rift, but failed. The farmer angrily left the church.
Opposition to Vietnam War
Regas was a critic of certain American foreign and domestic policies, reaching national attention in a 1971 sermon, "Mr. President, the Jury Is In", against the Vietnamese War, responding to a press conference by United States President Richard Nixon in which he appealed to the American public to stand behind him about the Vietnam War.
IRS investigation of All Saints
On the Sunday before the 2004 Presidential election, Regas preached a sermon opposing the Iraq War. The premise of the sermon was a debate between George W. Bush and John Kerry moderated by Jesus Christ. In the sermon Regas supposed that, "Jesus [would say], 'Mr. President, your doctrine of preemptive war is a failed doctrine. Forcibly changing the regime of an enemy that posed no imminent threat has led to disaster.'"
Complaints about the sermon led to an investigation by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) into whether the sermon voided the church's tax-exempt status as a prohibited political endorsement. The church responded by claiming that the IRS is selectively enforcing the rule by not pursuing actions against conservative churches. In response to the investigation, Rector Ed Bacon gave a sermon called, "Neighbor Love is Never Neutral."
Notes
References
1930 births
2021 deaths
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
American Episcopal clergy
American religious leaders
Nonviolence advocates
American activists
Clergy from Pasadena, California
American people of Greek descent
20th-century American Episcopalians
21st-century American Episcopalians |
```c++
/*=============================================================================
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
==============================================================================*/
#if !defined(FUSION_ITERATOR_10022005_0559)
#define FUSION_ITERATOR_10022005_0559
#include <boost/fusion/support/config.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/iterator_facade.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/iterator_adapter.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/segmented_iterator.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/advance.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/deref.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/distance.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/equal_to.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/mpl.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/next.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/prior.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/iterator/value_of.hpp>
#endif
``` |
Couvreport Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.
Description
It was established in 1761 when the Couvre Port Work, covering Landport, was re-formed, and a battery for three guns was created. The work was commission by Major William Green which as based on the "first system" which had been devised by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban in the 1680s. This battery was shaped like a ravelin as it was intended to divide any invading army.
According to Fa and Finlayson, "a small defensive work [was] set immediately in front of a gate so as to screen it."
Couvreport Battery is a Class A listed building as designated by the Government of Gibraltar's Gibraltar Heritage Trust Act of 1989.
References
Batteries in Gibraltar
1761 establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in the British Empire |
```php
<?php
namespace Guzzle\Service\Command\LocationVisitor\Request;
use Guzzle\Http\Message\RequestInterface;
use Guzzle\Service\Command\CommandInterface;
use Guzzle\Service\Description\Parameter;
/**
* Visitor used to apply a parameter to a POST field
*/
class PostFieldVisitor extends AbstractRequestVisitor
{
public function visit(CommandInterface $command, RequestInterface $request, Parameter $param, $value)
{
$request->setPostField($param->getWireName(), $this->prepareValue($value, $param));
}
}
``` |
The Sign of Death () is a 1939 Mexican film directed by Chano Urueta and starring Cantinflas and Carlos Orellana. The film is part of Cantinflas's early starring roles where he teamed up with Manuel Medel.
Plot
The film begins with the following text on the screen:
Dr. Gallardo (Carlos Orellana), a notable scientist and director of a museum, knows about the existence of a lost fragment of this codex. His absent-minded assistant (Cantinflas) is in charge of being the museum's guide. A clumsy public library inspector (Medel) is after Cantinflas to return a book that he borrowed some time ago.
According to Dr. Gallardo, the part of the codex that indicates how the sign that indicates who the predestined maidens to be sacrificed is lost. Some thieves mysteriously enter the museum but only steal an ancient ceremonial dagger made of obsidian. After the robbery, and according to the cycle of the full moon, a young white woman is kidnapped. She is taken before the ceremonial altar where an Aztec priest is in possession of the lost part of the codex. The maiden is held by four men and placed on the ceremonial stone, the priest proceeds to sedate her with chloroform. Once asleep, she places a ceremonial gold mask on him and she is sacrificed to Quetzalcoatl.
The next day the woman's body is found and it is determined that she was murdered after her heart was removed. The police have no leads. This case captures the attention of reporter couple Carlos Manzano (Tomás Perrín) and the beautiful Lola Ponce (Elena D'Orgaz). As the days go by, a sorcerer arrives in the city who tells only members of the "fair sex" their destiny. A woman visits this sorcerer to have him guess her future, only for him to be revealed to be the priest, who has the ability to identify the Sign of Death. After leaving, she is kidnapped and in the same way as the first woman she is taken before the priest and ends up being sacrificed to Quetzalcoatl.
After the body of the second victim appears in the same state as the previous one, the police are still even more confused, but Manzano suspects that there is a connection with the Aztec rites and the writings of Dr. Gallardo, starting an entire intrigue to discover who is really behind the murders.
Cast
Cantinflas as Cantinflas
Manuel Medel as Medel
Elena D'Orgaz as Lola Ponce
Carlos Orellana as Dr. Gallardo
Tomás Perrín as Carlos Manzano
Max Langler as Matlatzin
Matilde Corell as Aunt Mati
Elia D'Erzell as Alicia
Alfonso Parra as Police Chief
Manuel Arvide as Editor-in-Chief (uncredited)
Raúl Guerrero as Drunk in Police Station (uncredited)
Rafael Icardo as Saberman (uncredited)
Aurora Ruiz como Fortune Teller's Client (uncredited)
María Luisa Serrano como Tourist (uncredited)
References
External links
1939 films
1930s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Chano Urueta
Mexican black-and-white films
Mexican drama films
1939 drama films
1930s Mexican films
Spanish-language drama films |
The principle of plenitude asserts that the universe contains all possible forms of existence. Arthur Lovejoy, a historian of ideas, was the first to trace the history of this philosophically important principle explicitly. Lovejoy distinguishes two versions of the principle: a static version, in which the universe displays a constant fullness and diversity, and a temporalized version, in which fullness and diversity gradually increase over time.
Lovejoy traces the principle of plenitude to the writings of Plato, finding in the Timaeus an insistence on "the necessarily complete translation of all the ideal possibilities into actuality". By contrast, he takes Aristotle to reject the principle in his Metaphysics, when he writes that "it is not necessary that everything that is possible should exist in actuality".
Since Plato, the principle of plenitude has had the following adherents:
Epicurus reiterated the principle in fr.266 Us. His follower Lucretius (DRN V 526-33) famously applied the principle to the sets of multiple explanations by which the Epicureans account for astronomical and meteorological phenomena: every possible explanation is also true, if not in our world, then elsewhere in the infinite universe.
Augustine of Hippo brought the principle from Neo-Platonic thought into early Christian Theology.
St Anselm's ontological arguments for God's existence used the principle's implication that nature will become as complete as it possibly can be, to argue that existence is a "perfection" in the sense of a completeness or fullness.
Thomas Aquinas accepted a modified form of the principle, but qualified it by making several distinctions that safeguard the freedom of God.
Giordano Bruno's insistence on an infinity of worlds was not based on the theories of Copernicus, or on observation, but on the principle applied to God. His death may then be attributed to his conviction of its truth, as he refused to recant even while facing capital punishment for his view about this and other matters, which caused him to be convicted of heresy.
Spinoza, according to Lovejoy, "expressed the principle of plenitude in its most uncompromising form" and "represented it as necessary in the strict logical sense".
Kant believed in the principle but not in the possibility of its empirical verification.
Leibniz believed that the best of all possible worlds would actualize every genuine possibility.
See also
Great chain of being
Meinong's jungle
Modal realism
Murphy's law
Pleroma
Multiverse
Notes
References
Arthur Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being. Harvard University Press, 1936:
Chapter IV "The Principle of Plenitude and the New Cosmography", p. 99–143.
Chapter V "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza", p. 144–182.
See also
The Discarded Image – mentions the principle in chapters III, IV, and VI
Metaphysical principles |
Andrea di Robilant (born in Rome, Italy) is an Italian journalist and writer.
Early life and education
Di Robilant was born in Rome and attended a Swiss boarding school, Institut Le Rosey. He moved to New York for university, where he earned his BA in History in 1979 from Columbia College and his MA in International Relations from the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University in 1980.
He is the eldest of three sons of Count Alvise Nicolis di Robilant e Cereaglio, of Piedmontese and Venetian ancestry, and American Elizabeth, née Stokes. His father, a descendant of Italian statesman and diplomat Carlo Felice Nicolis, conte di Robilant, was managing director of Sotheby's in Italy; he was found murdered in his apartment in the Palazzo Rucellai in Florence in 1997, aged 72. The murder remains unsolved.
Other members of his family include General Mario Nicolis di Robilant, who commanded the Italian Fourth Army at Monte Grappa during World War I.
His great-great-great-great grandmother, Lucia Memmo, married Alvise Mocenigo, a member of the House of Mocenigo that played a pivotal role in Venice's history. In 1818, Lucia rented the piano nobile of Palazzo Mocenigo to Lord Byron, who wrote parts of Don Juan at the family mansion, and hosted illustrious figures such as François-René de Chateaubriand and Effie Ruskin throughout her life. Lucia's father, Andrea Memmo, was the Venetian ambassador to the Papal States and a prominent citizen of the Republic of Venice. Both of di Robilant's ancestors became subjects of his books.
Career
After he finished school, he was hired as a reporter for the New Jersey-based Italian-American newspaper, Il Progresso Italo-Americano. He later joined La Repubblica as a U.S. correspondent, covering the Ronald Reagan presidency, the Central American crisis, and the Falklands War. He then traveled to South America and covered local affairs for a number of publications and was The Dallas Morning News's Latin American correspondent in Buenos Aires, where he covered the end of military regimes in South America.
He returned to Italy in 1987 to start a monthly city magazine in Milan named "02" but the magazine folded only after a year, which made him return to journalism. He joined La Stampa and became its diplomatic correspondent and in 1996, he became the paper's bureau chief in Washington, D.C., where he covered Bill Clinton's second term in office.
In 2003, di Robilant wrote his first book A Venetian Affair, a biography of his ancestor, Andrea Memmo, in 18th century Venice based on his correspondence with Giustiniana Wynne found in the Palazzo Mocenigo; and a sequel entitled Lucia: A Venetian Life in the Age of Napoleon (2008) based on Andrea's daughter, Lucia Mocenigo. He subsequently left La Stampa to pursue a full-time writing career.
In 2011, he published Irresistible North: From Venice to Greenland on the Trail of the Zen Brothers, in which he analyses the claim that two Venetian merchants, the Zeno brothers, sailed over the north Atlantic in a pre-Columbian expedition to North America. His new book, Autumn in Venice: Ernest Hemingway and His Last Muse was published in 2018.
Di Robilant lives in Rome. He is a writer and a professor at The American University of Rome.
Personal life
He and his wife, Alessandra Mattirolo, have two sons, Tommaso and Sebastiano.
References
Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
Living people
1957 births
Columbia College (New York) alumni
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
House of Mocenigo |
February 26 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 28
All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 12 (March 11 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For February 27th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 14.
Saints
Martyrs Julian and his disciple Eunos (Kronion), at Alexandria (250- 252)
Martyrs Abundius, Alexander, Antigonus, Calanus, Januarius, Makarios, Severianus, Titianus and Fortunatus, and those martyred with them (c. 284–305)
Martyr Gelasius the Actor, of Heliopolis (297)
Martyr Nesius, by whipping.
Saint Macarius of Jerusalem, Bishop of Jerusalem (334)
Saint Thalelaeus of Syria, hermit, of Gabala in Syria (c. 460)
Saints Asclepius and Jacob of Nimouza, monks near Cyrrhus (5th century)
Saint Stephen, monk, of Constantinople (614)
Venerable Procopius the Confessor, of Decapolis (c. 750)
Saint Timothy of Caesarea, monk.
Pre-Schism Western saints
Saint Honorina (Honorine), an early martyr in the north of France.
Saint Comgan, Abbot of Glenthsen or Killeshin in Ireland (c. 565)
Saint Leander of Seville, Archbishop of Seville (600)
Saint Baldomerus (Galmier), by trade a locksmith in Lyons in France, who entered the monastery of St Justus (c. 650)
Saint Ælfnoth of Stowe (Alnoth), a hermit at Stowe near Bugbrooke, martyred by robbers (c. 700)
Saint Herefrith of Louth, Bishop of Lincolnshire (c. 873)
Saint John of Gorze, Abbot of Gorze (c. 975)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Venerable Titus, hieromonk of the Kiev Caves Monastery (1196)
Saint Titus the Soldier, monk of the Kiev Caves (14th century)
Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Tambov (1698)
New Martyr Elias of Trebizond (1749)
Venerable Archimandrite Photius of the Yuriev Monastery, Novgorod (1838)
Saint Raphael of Brooklyn, Good Shepherd of the Lost Sheep in America (1915) (New Calendar only see also: February 14)
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyr Sergei Uvitsky, Priest (1932)
New Hieromartyr Peter Uspensky, Priest (1938)
Martyr Michael Markov (1938)
Venerable Elder Ephraim of Katounakia (1998) (see also: February 14)
Other commemorations
Twelve Holy Greek Architects of the Kiev Caves Lavra.
Repose of Archimandrite Photius of the Yuriev Monastery, Novgorod (1838)
Repose of Monk Anthony of Valaam Monastery (1848)
Repose of Hieromonk Justinian of Valaam Monastery (1966)
Repose of Archimandrite Alypy (Voronov) of the Pskov-Caves Monastery (1975)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
February 27 / March 12. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
March 12 / February 27. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
February 27. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 18.
The Twenty-Seventh Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China.
February 27. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 60–61.
Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 86–98.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 27 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
Συναξαριστής. 27 Φεβρουαρίου. Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια τησ Ελλαδοσ).
Russian Sources
12 марта (27 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
27 февраля (ст.ст.) 12 марта 2014 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar |
The 2004 SCCA ProRally Season was the 32nd and last season of the SCCA ProRally and won by Canadian Patrick Richard from British Columbia and his co-driver and sister Nathalie. Nine rounds were held from January 2004 to October 2004. It was the final season of SCCA ProRally as the series became known as Rally America from 2005.
Teams and Drivers
Calendar
Sno*Drift Rally won by Pat Richard
Oregon Trail ProRally won by Pat Richard
Rim of the World ProRally won by Pat Richard
Susquehannock Trail ProRally won by Shane Mitchell
Pikes Peak ProRally won by Leon Styles
Maine Forest Rally won by Paul Choiniere
Ojibwe Forests Rally won by Lauchlin O'Sullivan
Colorado Cog Rally won by Leon Styles
Lake Superior ProRally won by Seamus Burke
References
External links
2004 Results at rallyracingnews.com
2004 in motorsport
2004 in rallying |
Brahmarakshas is an Indian Hindi-language supernatural thriller television series broadcast on Zee TV and digitally available on ZEE5. Spanning two seasons, it is a franchise produced by Ekta Kapoor under her studio Balaji Telefilms.
The first season titled Brahmarakshas... Jaag Utha Shaitan starring Krystle D'Souza and Aham Sharma aired from 6 August 2016 to 18 February 2017. It was loosely based on fantasy thriller film, Jaani Dushman and the western fairy tale, Beauty and the Beast.
The second season titled Brahmarakshas 2: Phir Jaag Utha Shaitan starring Pearl V Puri and Nikki Sharma aired from 22 November 2020 and 4 April 2021.
Series overview
Plot
Season 1
A small village named Kamalpura's landlord Sanjay thakur marries Aparajita. On their wedding night, she betrays him and pushes him off a cliff for his wealth. Attacked by a gorilla, Sanjay Thakur's soul is enchanted into the animal's body converting him into a Brahmrakshas (a demon). He is angered whenever he sees brides with bridal jewellery and vermilion, and kills them as it reminds him of Aparajita.
Twenty years later
In Mumbai, a family decides to conduct destination wedding for their daughter, Rakhi at Kamalpura. Rakhi is close to her best friend Raina and easy-go-lucky flirting brother Rishabh. The whole family leaves for Kamalpura.
Learning that Rakhi loves someone else, Raina and Rishabh secretly has them married. Sanjay kills Varun and then Rakhi as well. Left shattered, Rishabh and Raina decide to seek revenge from Sanjay. Raina and Rishabh marry in order to bring Brahmrakshas in front of them and kills him.
Aparjita returns to Kamalpura. Raina discovers that Aparajita is Rishabh's "Appu maa", Mohini's best friend and is very close to Rishabh. She also finds out that she is not her father's real daughter. Her parents were the first couple who had been killed by Sanjay and a baby Raina is given to a man by Phuli. Raina reveals the truth to Rishabh, however he refuses to believe Raina. But soon Aparajita's truth is discovered. A dangerous animal kills Aparajita and she becomes another Brahmrakshas. Aparajita is murdered by Sanjay, who comes under Mohini's control.
Rishabh's brother Yug learns that Mohini is Rishabh's chachi. His wife Naina learns this but is tied and locked in the house basement, where Rishabh's real mother Sudha is found. Mohini takes Sudha to Asursthal to kill her but Raina brings her back. Wanting to awake Narsimha, Mohini takes Raina and Rishabh along with her; they learn her truth.
Mohini loses a Narsimha stone, which breaks. Due to its emitting intense light, the stone captures Rishabh into the stone. Mohini snatches it but is killed by Sanjay. While dying, she reveals to Raina about Narsimha. Rishabh comes out of the stone and notices changes in himself. Narsimha enters into his body. Sanjay gains more powers and kills Naina. Sanjay and Narsimha fight.
As Sanjay takes the gem containing Narsimha's power, he throws it but Raina finds and gets it. She grabs the sword and stabs Sanjay who finally dies. Raina and Rishabh reunited.
Season 2
Raghav and Vishakha organized a Diwali and birthday party for their daughter Kalindi. Raghav's best friend Shakti Mehra and his wife with son Angad going to London for his business expansion. Raghav's loyal person Prithvi and his wife Shalini want money and jewelry from Kali Mandir. Akshay appoint a Tantrik Jwala, he wants Kalindi's horoscope when they gave her horoscope, he become extremely happy as he found that girl who will help him to become immortal lifelong. He gave order to them to bring this girl right now but they send Komal not Kalindi but Jwala recognize that she is not that girl. Raghav call Balan to take Kalindi with her but he joins hands with Prithvi for money and give Kalindi to him. In anger Jwala roped off Prithvi, Balan and Akshay from the pillar. Raghav feels not good so he went to Kali Mandir and he sees all as soon as Kalindi's sacrifice Pooja was going to end. He says to Jwala stop this pooja but he also roped off from the pillar then he looked at Prithvi and Akshay asked him, what are you doing here, you guys were at home and where did you get the key of the vault of the temple. They told him they want jewelry and money from Kali Mandir. Raghav starts praying to Kali Maa to stop this evil work as soon as Jwala runs away but killed by Brahmarakshas and soul of Jwala gets transferred to him. Here Prithvi and Shalini kill Raghav and Vishakha and take her daughters.
16 years later
All grown up, Kalindi and Minty live with Prithvi bearing taunts from Shalini and her daughters. Kalindi is shown to be a mature woman who feels indebted to Prithvi assuming that he is clearing her father's debts, unbeknownst to his involvement in her parents' death. Prithvi pulls a facade of a loving uncle to Kalindi and Minty in hopes of getting all of Kalindi's property. Angad is now a London based businessman along with his father and a soccer player, shown to be a casanova. The Mehras return to India on Shakti's insistence to get his sons married to Raghav's daughters which is not well taken by his wife, Damini. Prithvi and Shalini lie to Shakti that Kalindi died not long after her parents' death and that Minty is married. They convince Shakti to get his sons married to the former's daughters while Angad is smitten with Kalindi, assuming her to be one of Prithvi's three daughters. Brahmarakshas possesses Vardhaan Choudary, a well known businessman, and searches for Kalindi. He finds her soon and tries many ways to woo her and later asks her hand in marriage by making her believe that he will help her find the secret of Brahmarakshas to which Kalindi agrees. On learning this Angad is heartbroken and tries many tactics to cancel the wedding but is unsuccessful. Later on the wedding day Prithvi and Shalini tries to kill Kalindi but are unsure as Angad saves her but brahmarakshas renders Angad unconscious and kidnaps Kalindi and tries to wed her when she is unconscious but Angad comes at right time and saves her and informs her of Vardhaan being the Brahmarakshas and she vanquishes brahmaraksas and kills Gehna.
2 months later
Brahmarakshas is revealed to be alive. Angad and Paridhi's haldi ceremony takes place. Madan comes out of the coma. The Brahmarakshas wreaks havoc again. Kalindi and Angad get Madan home. Angad gets jealous seeing Madan and Kalindi getting closer. The inspector learns something suspicious about Madan. Later, Kalindi seeks Madan's help. Angad gets a doubt on Madan. The incident at the mall raises Angad's suspicion on Madan. When the coconut turns black, Shalini thinks that Prithvi is Brahmarakshas. Brahmarakshas kills Inspector Shabana and Angad vows to expose the truth. Mahamaya Ma tells Shalini that Brahmarakshas is in the house. Angad summons Brahmarakshas and inadvertently saves Balan's life. Later, in a trance, Balan conveys Brahmarakshas's message and tries to kill Prithvi. Angad tries to explain to Kalindi that Madan is Brahmarakshas. Angad learns that Uma is his childhood friend Kalindi. Later, Kalindi learns Prithvi's truth and rushes to save Madan. Madan is saved by Kalindi but Brahmarakshas appears. Meanwhile, Damini stops Angad's marriage with Paridhi and shows everyone a video of Paridhi and Sid together, surprising everyone. Angad leaves the wedding and goes to find Kalindi and saves her from the Brahmarakshas. It is then revealed that After the trio return home, Prithvi fakes getting a heart attack and told everyone that Uma is Kalindi and that Kalindi should marry Angad and the preparation for Angad and Kalindi's starts. Meanwhile, Madan tells Kalindi not to marry Angad as Brahmarakshas could take anyone's form and he could take Angad's form and marry her so its not safe for her. Angad, Kalindi, Minty, Robin, Sakshi and Paridhi go for a picnic in the jungle. Where Paridhi learns of Kalindi's plan of leaving her wedding with Angad and marrying Madan. Paridhi agrees to help her by taking her place at the wedding with Angad. Angad realises the truth and goes to stop Madan and Kalindi's wedding. Brahmarakshas appears and wounds Madan but Kalindi manages to kill Brahmarakshas and Madan dies as well. Then Brahmarakshas is shown jumping out of the fire and is revealed to be alive. Prithvi tells Kalindi that Vikram is guilty of Raghav's death. Kalindi's words hurt Minty and she leaves the house for Robin. A revelation about Robin takes place, he is revealed as Brahmarakshas. Vikram dies by burning in front of everyone. Prithvi and Shalini go to a tantric. Kalindi gives consent to Robin and Minty's relationship and their Roka ceremony takes place. Later, Kalindi uses the solution given in the book to identify Brahmarakshas. Brahmarakshas saves Kalindi from the tantric. Kalindi learns that Robin is Brahmarakshas. Later, when the news of Brahamarakshas' death is broadcast on TV, Kalindi does not believe it. Kalindi tries to make everyone aware of Robin's truth. Later, Robin tells Kalindi that he is Brahmarakshas. A revelation about Brahmarakshas takes place while Angad announces his intention to marry Kalindi. Along with the kids, Kalindi makes a plan against Brahmarakshas. Due to Brahmarakshas, Kalindi gets proven wrong before Angad during the sangeet ceremony. Later, Angad sets the ‘granth’ on fire. Kalindi decides to sacrifice herself to save Robin. During Minty's haldi ceremony, Angad suspects that Kalindi has made a plan and asks her to tell the truth. Later, Brahmarakshas accepts Kalindi's condition. Kalindi saves Robin and puts an end to Brahmarakshas. Later, she falls prey to Prithvi's plan. And is later declared dead.
2 years later
A secret agent is revealed and a new story begins.
In Delhi, a girl named Chandni steals a necklace and reaches Ambala. It is revealed that Chandni is the twin sister of Kalindi, who is also born in Rohini. As she steps on the ash of Brahmarakshas, it becomes alive again and kidnaps Chandni believing she is Kalindi to marry her. Soon, Kalindi is revealed to be alive as well. The Brahmarakshas gains control over Inspector Yug. Posing as her twin Kalindi, Chandni returns with Angad, who discerns that Chandni is not Kalindi. Meanwhile, Prithvi and Shalini try to kill Chandni. Iravat foils Guru Ma's attempt to release Kalindi. He learns Kalindi and Chandni's truth from her and informs Yug. Meanwhile, Chandni's bravery impresses Angad. Later, Yug locates Chandni and attempts to arrest her, only to be stopped by Angad. Chandni prepares for Ishaan and Sona's wedding. Yug gets Kalindi home and Guru Ma vows to save her from Yug and Iravat's clutches. Angad senses that Kalindi is nearby, while Guru Ma helps her escape from the house.
Sona and Ishaan's haldi ceremony begins. Prithvi tells Yug that an impostor is staying at his house. Prithvi then abducts Chandini and hands her over to Yug. On learning about it, Angad rescues Chandini and brings her home. Chandini tries to win Angad's heart but he asks her to leave the house. Robin and Minty give a piece of good news to the family. They tell the family that Minty is pregnant, resulting in Angad stopping Chandni from leaving the house. Later, suspicious of Yug, Angad reaches his house to seek the truth and is attacked by Iravat. Yug lies to Kalindi about her past. At the hospital, Kalindi helps Angad but fails to recognise him. A girl discovers the truth about Yug and Kalindi brings her home. At the hospital, one of the nurses tells Kalindi about a job. At home, Chandini gives a surprise to Angad and proposes to him. Angad doesn't give her an answer but after she risks her life to save his life he changes his mind, post which they get engaged. Posing as Minty's nurse, Kalindi sees her picture in the house. Chandini tries to see Minti's nurse's face. Later, Kalindi's clothes catch fire during Holika Dahan. Yug gets shocked on seeing Kalindi at Angad's house. He puts forth a condition before Prithvi, who plots to get Minty's nurse fired. Angad goes to the hospital to solve a mystery. Kalindi learns that Chandni is her twin. Brahmarakshas tries to kill Angad, but in vain. Later, Kalindi and Chandni join forces and kill Brahmarakshas. Chandni dies sacrificing her life for Kalindi and Angad. Angad and Kalindi unite. After sometime, Angad and Kalindi look at the sky together. They smile and see the broken star and pray.
Meanwhile, the Brahmarakshas becomes alive again and roars, looking out for a powerful body to possess.
Cast
Season 1
Main
Krystle D'Souza as Raina Shrivastava: Rishabh's wife; Suresh's adoptive daughter
Aham Sharma as Rishabh Shrivastava/Narsimha: Raina's husband; Sudha and Ashish's son; Nalin and Mohini's foster-son; Rakhi's brother
Parag Tyagi as Sanjay Thakur/Brahmarakshas: Aparajita's husband
Recurring
Rakshanda Khan as Mohini Shrivastava: Nalin's wife; Yug's mother; Aditya's sister; Aparajita's best friend; Rishabh and Rakhi's aunt and foster mother
Kishwer Merchant as Aparajita Thakur/Brahmarakshas: Sanjay's wife and killer; Mohini's best friend
Shailesh Datar as Nalin Shrivastava: Mohini's husband; Yug's father; Rishabh and Rakhi's uncle and foster father
Abhaas Mehta as Yug Shrivastava: Nalin and Mohini's son; Rishabh and Rakhi's cousin and foster brother; Naina's husband
Ojaswi Oberoi as Naina Shrivastava: Yug's wife
Rishabh Shukla as Thakur Aditya Nigam: Mohini's brother; Mitali and Ved's father
Kunal Vohra as Vedaaksh "Ved" Nigam: Aditya's son; Mitali's brother
Shrashti Maheshwari as Mitali Nigam: Aditya's daughter; Ved's sister
Manorama Bhattishyam as Phooli Singh Chhabra: Shivam's mother
Karan Chhabra as Shivam Singh Chhabra: Phooli's son; Raina's friend
Charu Mehra as Rakhi Shrivastava: Rishabh's sister; Ashish and Sudha's daughter; Ajay's fiance; Varun's wife
Udit Shukla as Varun: Rakhi's husband
Sahil Uppal as Ajay Malhotra: Rakhi's fiance; Raina's brother figure
Karan Sharma as Anil Malhotra
Sonia Rakkar as Gayatri Malhotra
Apara Mehta as Jasmeet Shrivastava/Jassi Dadi: Rishabh and Rakhi's grandmother; Nalin's Bua
Nikunj Malik as Kiara Sareen: Rishabh's ex-girlfriend
Komal Sharma as Sudha Shrivastava: Ashish's wife, Rishabh and Rakhi's mother
Alefia Kapadia as Kammo
Mridul Das as Shyam: Nalin's nephew; Mishri's wife
Amisha Shrivastava as Mishri: Shyam's wife
Shahab Khan as Suresh: Raina's adoptive father; Malhotra's manager
Sunil Bob as Kanakraj: Mohini's helper
Season 2
Main
Nikki Sharma as Kalindi Mehra (née Sharma): Vishaka and Raghav's foster daughter and Minty's foster sister; Angad's love interest turned wife (2020–21)
as Chandni: Kalindi's twin sister. She sacrifices her life for her twin sister Kalindi and her lover Angad (2020–21) (deceased)
Pearl V Puri as Angad Mehra: Shakti and Damini's son; Robin's brother and Kalindi's love interest turned husband (2020–21)
Vaidehi Nair as Minty Sharma: Raghav and Vishakha's younger daughter; Kalindi's foster sister; Robin's love interest-turned-wife (2020–21)
Rohit Choudhary as Robin Mehra: Shakti and Damini's younger son; Angad's younger brother; Minty's love interest-turned-husband (2020–21)
Chetan Hansraj as Vardaan Chaudhary/Brahmarakshas (2020)
Neel Motwani as Madan Srivastav: A priest who wants to kill Brahmarakshas, Angad and Kalindi's friend (2020) (deceased)
Leenesh Mattoo as Siddharth: Vikram's son; Sakshi's husband (2020–21)
Arpit Ranka as Yug Suryavanshi (2021) (deceased)
Recurring
Mihir Mishra as Raghav Sharma: Kalindi's adoptive father and Minty's father; Vishakha's husband (2020)
Ekta Sharma as Vishakha Sharma: Kalindi's adoptive mother and Minty's mother; Raghav's wife (2020)
Aashish Kaul as Shakti Mehra: Angad and Robin's father; Raghav's best friend (2020–21)
Roma Bali as Damini Mehra: Shakti's wife; Angad and Robin's mother (2020–21)
Nikhil Arya as Prithvi Sharma: Shalini's husband; Paridhi, Sakshi and Raunak's father (2020–21)
Papiya Sengupta as Shalini Sharma: Prithvi's wife; Paridhi, Sakshi and Raunak's mother (2020–21)
Hemant Choudhary as Balan: Raghav's servant (2020–21)
Rupa Divetia as Gehna: Jwala's helper before 16 years; Tantrik's lover and wife; Vardaan's helper (2020)
Manish Khanna as Tantrik Jwala; Gehna's lover and husband: Brahmarakshas killed him (2020)
Shivani Jha as Sakshi Sharma: Prithvi and Shalini's daughter; Siddharth's wife (2020–21)
Aafreen Dabestani as Paridhi "Pari" Sharma: Prithvi and Shalini's elder daughter; Siddharth's ex-girlfriend, Angad's ex-fiancée (2020–21)
Aanchal Srivastava as Raunak Sharma: Prithvi and Shalini's younger daughter (2020–21)
Kalyani Chaitanya as Gurumaaa (future predictor)
Ahmad Harhash as Ravi Singh Rathore
Production
Casting
Pearl V Puri was selected to play the male lead and Nikki Sharma was cast to play the female lead for the second season of the show.Chetan Hansraj was selected to play the titular role of the show.
Reception
Critical response (season 1)
Times Of India stated, "The show definitely has a gripping storyline, and the viewers just don't know what to expect next. It's fast-paced, edgy and doesn't give you time to think".
Ratings
See also
List of Hindi horror shows
References
External links
Zee TV Official website on ZEE5
Zee TV on YouTube
Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited
Brahmarakshas on ZEE5
Brahmarakshas 2 on ZEE5
Balaji Telefilms television series
2016 Indian television series debuts
Indian fantasy television series
Indian drama television series
2017 Indian television series endings
Hindi-language television shows
Indian supernatural television series
Zee TV original programming
Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh
Hindu mythology in popular culture |
Any Way You Can is the debut EP by Australian folk punk band Mutiny. It was self-released in 1993 and is the first time Mutiny appears on CD.
Track listing
"Blue Light Olympics" - 4:13
"Never Get Caught" - 3:29
"Good Friend" - 4:41
"Folk War" - 3:44
"All I've Got" - 4:33
"The Squatting Song" - 4:09
"Rise Up" - 3:02
Credits
Alice - bass
L'hibou - fiddle
Chris - vocals, drums, didgeridoo
Greg - guitar, mandolin, vocals, samples
Briony - vocals, 12 string guitar, mandolin
Mutiny (band) albums
1993 debut EPs |
Gerhard Theodor Materlik (born 16 January 1945) is a German physicist and science manager. He has made significant contributions to X-ray physics, notably improvements in the real-world application of synchrotron radiation. He is a Professor of Facilities Science at the University College London since 2013.
Education and early career
Materlik completed his undergraduate education in physics in Münster and Munich in 1970. He earned his doctorate from the University of Dortmund in 1975. After postdoctoral appointments at Cornell University (1975–1977) and Bell Laboratories, he took a job at the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg.
Work
From 2001–2013, Materlik was Chief Executive of the Diamond Light Source, the United Kingdom's synchrotron facility. He was the leader of the team that constructed the accelerators, which speed up electrons to near the speed of light, and also the instrumentation installed to apply this radiation in experiments covering a spectral range from infrared radiation up to X-rays.
His discoveries have become widely used experimental methods. He has published more than 200 papers. He assisted in the development of synchrotron sources worldwide.
Awards and honours
In 2007, Materlik was awarded a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and became a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2011. His certificate of election reads:
In 2014 he was awarded the Glazebrook Medal by the Institute of Physics for his leadership in establishing a world-leading laboratory at the Diamond Light Source.
References
External links
Diamond CEO Prof. Gerd Materlik elected Fellow of the Royal Society
1945 births
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society
20th-century German physicists
Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire
Technical University of Dortmund alumni
Academics of University College London
21st-century German physicists |
The 193rd (Nova Scotia Highlanders) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Truro, Nova Scotia, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 throughout Nova Scotia, one Cyril Wetmore recruiting more than 100 men "from Parrsboro to Apple River." After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 17th Reserve Battalion on January 20, 1917.
The 193rd Battalion had one Officer Commanding: Lieutenant Colonel R. J. S. Langford, later commander of the Royal Canadian Regiment (1929-1935) and co-author of Corporal to Field Officer and Handbook of Canadian Military Law.
The battalion was perpetuated by The Nova Scotia Highlanders.
See also
Military history of Nova Scotia
References
Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971.
External links
Blue Feather battalion by Q.M.S. Edgar E. Kelley,. O.R.C. 193RD Battalion
Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force
Military units and formations of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia Highlanders
North Nova Scotia Highlanders |
Mucel (or Mucellus) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford. He was consecrated between 857 and 866 and died between those same dates.
Citations
References
External links
Bishops of Hereford
9th-century English bishops
9th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain |
This article describes the history of Suffolk, the English county.
Historical setting
Anglo-Saxon control
The county of Suffolk (Sudfole, Suthfolc, meaning 'southern folk') was formed from the south part of the kingdom of East Anglia which had been settled by the Angles in the latter half of the 5th century. The most important Anglo-Saxon settlements appear to have been made at Sudbury and Ipswich. Before the end of the Norman dynasty, strongholds had arisen at Eye, Clare, Walton and Framlingham. Probably the establishment of Suffolk as a separate shire was scarcely completed before the Conquest, and although it was reckoned as distinct from Norfolk in the Domesday Survey of 1086, the fiscal administration of Norfolk and Suffolk remained under a single sheriff until 1575. The boundary of the county has undergone very little change, though its area has been considerably affected by coast erosion. Parts of Gorleston and Thetford, which formerly belonged to the ancient county of Suffolk, are now within the administrative county of Norfolk, and other slight alterations of the administrative boundary have been made. Under the Local Government Act of 1888 Suffolk was divided into the two administrative counties of East and West Suffolk.
Land division
At first the whole shire lay within the diocese of Dunwich which was founded approximately 631. In 673 a new bishopric was established at Elmham to comprise the whole of Norfolk which had formerly been included in the see of Dunwich. The latter came to an end with the incursion of the Danes, and on the revival of Christianity in this district Suffolk was included in the diocese of Elmham, subsequently removed from South Elmham to Thetford and thence to Norwich. The archdeaconry of Sudbury was transferred by the ecclesiastical commissioners to the diocese of Ely. This archdeaconry had been separated from the original archdeaconry of Suffolk in 1127. In 1256 the latter included thirteen deaneries which have since been subdivided, so that-at present it contains eighteen deaneries; Sudbury archdeaconry which comprised eight deaneries in 1256 included eleven in 1911. There were also three districts under jurisdiction of Canterbury and one under that of Rochester.
The shire court was held at Ipswich. In 1831 the whole county contained twenty-one hundreds and three municipal boroughs. Most of these hundreds were identical with those of the Domesday Survey, but in 1086 Babergh was rated as two hundreds, Cosford, Ipswich and Parham as half hundreds and Samford as a hundred and a half. Hoxne hundred was formerly known as Bishops hundred and the vills which were included later in Thredling hundred were within Claydon hundred in 1086. Two large ecclesiastical liberties extended over more than half of the county; that of St Edmund included the hundreds of Risbridge, Thedwastre, Thingoe, Cosford, Lackford and Blackbourn in which the kings writ did not run, and St Aethelreda of Ely claimed a similar privilege in the hundreds of Carleford, Colneis, Plumesgate, Loes, Wilford and Thredling. Among others who had large lands in the county with co-extensive jurisdiction were the lords of the honor of Clare, earls of Gloucester and Hereford and the lords of the honor of Eye, held successively by the Bigods, the Uffords and the De la Poles, earls of Suffolk. The Wingfields, Bacons and Herveys have been closely connected with the county.
For the purposes of civil government the Liberty of Saint Edmund and the remainder (or "body") of the county were quite distinct, each providing a separate grand jury to the county assizes. The county was further divided into "geldable" land, in which fines and forfeitures were payable to the Crown, and the liberties and franchises where they were payable to the lord of the liberty. The geldable lands were divided into two quarter sessions divisions: Bungay (Hundreds of Blything, Mutford And Launditch and Wangford); and Ipswich (Bosmere and Claydon, Hartismere, Hoxne, Samford and Stow). The liberty of St Ethelredra held sessions at Woodbridge while those of the St Edmund were held at Bury St Edmunds. By the early nineteenth century these were being referred to simply as Beccles, Bury St Edmunds, Ipswich and Woodbridge Divisions. The three quarter sessions divisions of Beccles, Ipswich and Woodbridge were combined to form a single division in 1860. From that date Suffolk had eastern and western divisions with sessions held at Ipswich and Bury St Edmunds respectively. These became the basis for the two administrative counties of East Suffolk and West Suffolk in 1890.
Danelaw through English Civil War
Suffolk suffered severely from Danish incursions, and after the Treaty of Wedmore became a part of the Danelagh. In 1173 the Earl of Leicester landed at Walton with an army of Flemings and was joined by Hugh Bigod against Henry II. In 1317 and the succeeding years a great part of the county was in arms for Thomas of Lancaster. Queen Isabella and Mortimer having landed at Walton found all the district in their favour. In 1330 the county was raised to suppress the supporters of the Earl of Kent; and again in 1381 there was a serious rising of the peasantry chiefly in the neighbourhood of Bury St Edmunds. Although the county was for the most part Yorkist it took little part in the Wars of the Roses. In 1525 the artisans of the south strongly resisted Henry VIII's forced loan. It was from Suffolk that Mary Tudor drew the army which supported her claim to the throne. In the Civil Wars the county was for the most part parliamentarian, and joined the Association of the Eastern Counties for defence against the Papists.
Politics and economy
The county was constantly represented in parliament by two knights from 1290, until the Reform Bill of 1832 gave four members to Suffolk, at the same time disfranchising the boroughs of Dunwich, Orford and Aldeburgh. Suffolk was early among the most populous of English counties, doubtless owing to its proximity to the continent. Fishing fleets have left its ports to bring back cod and ling from Iceland and herring and mackerel from the North Sea. From the 14th to the 17th century it was among the chief manufacturing counties of England owing to its cloth-weaving industry, which was at the height of its prosperity during the 15th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries its agricultural resources were utilized to provide the rapidly growing metropolis with food. In the following century various textile industries, such as the manufacture of sail-cloth, coconut fibre, horse-hair and clothing were established; silk-weavers migrated to Suffolk from Spitalfields, and early in the 19th century an important china factory flourished at Lowestoft.
Relics
Of monastic remains the most important are those of the great Benedictine abbey of Bury St Edmunds; the college of Clare, originally a cell to Bec Abbey in Normandy and afterwards to St Peters Westminster, converted into a college of secular canons in the reign of Henry VI, still retaining much of its ancient architecture, and now used as a boarding-school; the Decorated gateway of the Augustinian order priory of Butley; and the remains of the Grey Friars monastery at Dunwich.
A peculiarity of the church architecture is the use of flint for purposes of ornamentation, often of a very elaborate kind, especially on the porches and parapets of the towers. Another characteristic is the round towers, which are confined to East Anglia, but are considerably more numerous in Norfolk than in Suffolk, the principal being those of Little Saxham and Herringfleet, both good examples of Norman. It is questionable whether there are any remains of pre-Norman architecture in the county. The Decorated is well represented, but by far the greater proportion of the churches are Perpendicular Gothic, fine examples of which are so numerous that it is hard to select examples although the church of Blythburgh in the east and the exquisite ornate building at Lavenham in the west may be noted as typical, while the church of Long Melford, another fine example, should be mentioned on account of its remarkable lady chapel.
Remains of old castles include part of the walls of Bungay, the ancient stronghold of the Bigods; the picturesque ruins of Mettingham, built by John de Norwich in the reign of Edward III; Wingfield, surrounded by a deep moat, with the turret walls and the drawbridge still existing; the splendid ruin of Framlingham, with high and massive walls, founded in the 6th century, but restored in the 12th; the outlines of the extensive fortress of Clare Castle, anciently the baronial residence of the Earls of Clare; and the fine Norman keep of Orford Castle, on an eminence overlooking the sea. Among the many fine residences within the county there are several interesting examples of domestic architecture of the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Hengrave Hall (c. 1530), north-west from Bury St Edmunds, is a noteworthy example an exceedingly picturesque building of brick and stone, enclosing a courtyard. Another is Helmingham Hall, a Tudor mansion of brick, surrounded by a moat crossed by a drawbridge. West Stow Manor is also Tudor; its gatehouse is fine, but the mansion has been adapted into a farmhouse.
The county has a number of Martello towers along its stretch of coastline, most of which were constructed during the first decade of the 19th century to guard against a potential invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte's France.
See also
Hundreds of Suffolk
Suffolk History Hub
Notes
Suffolk
Bigod family |
"Kiss of Death" (stylized as "KISS OF DEATH") is a song recorded by Japanese singer Mika Nakashima, released as a single by Sony Music Associated Records on March 7, 2018. It was written and produced by L'Arc-en-Ciel's Hyde. The song marks the first collaboration between Nakashima and Hyde in thirteen years, since "Glamorous Sky". "Kiss of Death" is the opening theme to the Tokyo MX anime series Darling in the Franxx. The title track was released digitally in advance after premiering on the series' second episode, on January 20, 2018.
Chart performance
Upon being released digitally, "Kiss of Death" charted at number 12 on the weekly RecoChoku Singles Chart and at number 6 on the weekly Mora Singles Chart. It also debuted on several Billboard Japan charts: at number 81 on the Hot 100, number 19 on Hot Animation and number 23 on Download Songs. "Kiss of Death" entered the weekly Oricon Digital Singles Chart at number 22, selling 5,000 copies in its first charting week. The song stayed at number 22 the following week, bringing its total reported digital sales figure to 10,000 copies.
The physical release of "Kiss of Death" entered the daily Oricon Singles Chart at number 16. It peaked at number 9 the following day. The single debuted at number 17 on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart, with 7,000 copies sold in its first week.
Track listing
Charts
Awards
References
Songs about kissing
2018 songs
2018 singles
Anime songs
Crunchyroll Anime Awards winners
Darling in the Franxx
Mika Nakashima songs
Songs written by Hyde (musician)
Sony Music Associated Records singles |
John J. Hicks was second director of National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC). Hicks was appointed as the Director of NPIC in July 1973, after retirement of Arthur C. Lundahl, first director of NPIC. He served as the Director of NPIC from July 1973 to May 1978.
Early life
Hicks graduated in 1943 from Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota with BA in international relations. In 1947, he earned MA in international relations from School of Advanced International Studies, Washington DC.
Career in CIA and NPIC
Hicks served as a combat officer in the US Marine Corps from October 1943 to March 1946. After his graduate study, he joined the Department of the Army’s G-2 staff, where he served from September 1947 to April 1952. In April 1952 Hicks joined the Central Intelligence Agency as an intelligence officer in the Office of Current Intelligence, where he served until 1967. He then served in the Office of Strategic Research for two years. Between November 1969 and August 1973, Hicks held the position of Executive Director of the National Photographic Interpretation Center. After his term as director of NPIC, Hicks returned to the CIA as an intelligence officer in the National Foreign Assessment Center. He became deputy director of that center in January 1979.
Hicks retired from public service in January 1980. He died on March 29, 1997.
Accolades
Hicks was awarded the Certificate of Merit for his work during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was also awarded the CIA Intelligence Medal of Merit, the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal, and the CIA Distinguished Service Medal.
References
Citations
Sources
Recipients of the Distinguished Intelligence Medal
Recipients of the Intelligence Medal of Merit
National security of the United States
Cuban Missile Crisis
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Military intelligence
Intelligence gathering disciplines
Espionage
People from Chicago
Carleton College alumni
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni
1997 deaths |
Rural Retreat is a town in Wythe County, Virginia, United States. The population was 1,483 at the 2010 census.
History
The Kimberling Lutheran Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980; the Rural Retreat Depot was listed in 2014.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.8 km2), all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,350 people, 570 households, and 399 families living in the town. The population density was 600.6 people per square mile (231.7/km2). There were 629 housing units at an average density of 279.8 per square mile (107.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.52% White, 0.37% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.
There were 570 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $29,141, and the median income for a family was $41,776. Males had a median income of $27,198 versus $21,128 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,993. About 7.7% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 13.7% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Doris Crouse-Mays, labor leader
William N. Doak, third United States Secretary of Labor
Dr. Charles T. Pepper, claimed as namesake of the drink "Dr Pepper"
Deacon Phillippe, major league baseball pitcher
Pamela Stafford, model, fashion designer and artist
References
External links
Towns in Wythe County, Virginia |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Mesen.GUI.Debugger
{
public class HdPackCopyHelper
{
private byte[] _ppuMemory = new byte[0];
private int[] _absoluteTileIndexes = new int[512];
private byte[] _paletteRam = new byte[0];
public void RefreshData()
{
//Data needed for HD Pack copy
bool isChrRam = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemorySize(DebugMemoryType.ChrRom) == 0;
if(isChrRam) {
_ppuMemory = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemoryState(DebugMemoryType.PpuMemory);
} else {
for(int i = 0; i < 512; i++) {
_absoluteTileIndexes[i] = InteropEmu.DebugGetAbsoluteChrAddress((uint)i * 16) / 16;
}
}
_paletteRam = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemoryState(DebugMemoryType.PaletteMemory);
for(int i = 4; i < 4 * 8; i += 4) {
//Override color 0 in each palette with the background color
_paletteRam[i] = _paletteRam[0];
}
}
public string ToHdPackFormat(int tileAddr, int palette, bool forSprite, bool isAbsoluteAddress)
{
bool isChrRam = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemorySize(DebugMemoryType.ChrRom) == 0;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if(isAbsoluteAddress) {
if(isChrRam) {
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
sb.Append(InteropEmu.DebugGetMemoryValue(DebugMemoryType.ChrRam, (uint)(tileAddr + i)).ToString("X2"));
}
} else {
sb.Append((tileAddr / 16).ToString());
}
} else {
if(isChrRam) {
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
sb.Append(_ppuMemory[tileAddr + i].ToString("X2"));
}
} else {
sb.Append(_absoluteTileIndexes[tileAddr / 16].ToString("X2"));
}
}
if(forSprite) {
sb.Append(",FF");
for(int i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
sb.Append(_paletteRam[palette * 4 + i].ToString("X2"));
}
} else {
sb.Append(",");
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
sb.Append(_paletteRam[palette * 4 + i].ToString("X2"));
}
}
return sb.ToString();
}
}
}
``` |
Trollech is a Czech band from Plzeň that plays black metal (Viking metal) music. The band was formed by Lord Morbivod and Asura Godwar Gorgon's Ray in 1999 and started performing live but did not release its first album until 2001. This album's genre has been labelled as "forest pagan black metal". The lyrics throughout are in Czech and apparently follow set themes revolving around forests, trees, castles, trolls, dwarfs, weather (thunderstorms, rain) and other natural entities in the mystical realm of Trollech, of which the musicians act as guardians.
Trollech's music is considered to be old-school pagan metal, especially their earlier albums. Their simple, yet melodic music provides support to the lyrics, the main quality of the band. Trollech uses Czech in a playful way, including frequent usage of archaic-sounding and unusual words.
Band members
Morbivod – guitar, screams
Asura Godwar Gorgon's Ray – bass, shrieks, jaw harp
Throllmas – guitar, vocals
Sheafraidh – drums
Former members
Johannes – guitar (2001–2006)
Discography
Main releases
Ve hvozdech... (2001)
Synové lesů (2002)
V rachotu hromů (2003)
Skryti v mlze (2006)
Jasmuz (2010)
Vnitřní tma (2012)
Každý strom má svůj stín (2017)
Live albums
Svatoboj (Metal Swamp no. 22) (2006)
Compilation albums
Ve hvozdech & Synové lesů (2010)
EPs
Tváře stromů (2003)
Demos
Dech pohanských větrů (1999)
References
External links
Czech black metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical quartets
1999 establishments in the Czech Republic |
Kantapol Sompittayanurak () is a Thai professional footballer.
Honour
Nongbua Pitchaya
Thai League 2 Champions : 2020–21
External links
Goal.com
Players Profile - info.thscore.com
1989 births
Living people
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Men's association football defenders
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Kantapol Sompittayanurak
Kantapol Sompittayanurak |
Proteuxoa testaceicollis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Queensland.
External links
Australian Faunal Directory
Proteuxoa
Moths of Australia
Moths described in 1852 |
Natural skin care uses topical creams and lotions made of ingredients available in nature. Much of the recent literature reviews plant-derived ingredients, which may include herbs, roots, flowers and essential oils, but natural substances in skin care products include animal-derived products such as beeswax, and minerals. These substances may be combined with various carrier agents, preservatives, surfactants, humectants and emulsifiers.
There are no legal definitions in the U.S. for advertising terms "natural" or "organic" when applied to personal care products. Consumers often express a preference for skin products with organic and natural ingredients. The personal skin care market based on natural products has shown strong growth. Clinical and laboratory studies have identified activities in many natural ingredients that have potential beneficial activities for personal skin care, but there is a shortage of convincing evidence for natural product efficacy in medical problems.
Some natural products and therapies may be harmful, either to the skin or systemically. People prone to allergies should pay careful attention to what they use on their skin. Dermatologists may feel that there is enough scientific evidence to assist in the selection or avoidance of particular natural ingredients.
Background
Many countries require that the ingredient composition of skin care products is listed on the product, using the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) conventions. Ingredients are listed in the order of their percentage within the product; natural ingredients are listed in Latin and synthetic ingredients are listed by technical name. "The U.S. government has documented more than 10,500 ingredients in cosmetic products, but only a small percentage of those chemicals have been tested for safety. Of those that have been tested, some have been identified as carcinogens (causes cancer), teratogens (causes birth defects), and reproductive toxicants (damages the ability to reproduce)."
The FDA surveyed 1,687 consumers ages 14 and older in 1994 about their use of cosmetics. Nearly half of these consumers felt that a product claiming to be "natural" should contain all natural ingredients. However, although the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has designated within its certain requirements within its specific area of regulation for organic products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not recognize a definition for natural products. Accordingly, there are no legal definitions in the U.S. for the advertising terms "natural" or "organic" in personal care products. The FDA prohibits certain ingredients in cosmetics.
Some organic products which are designated organic may be intensely modified, sometimes considerably more so than conventional products.
History
Plant extracts and herbs have been used by many cultures as cosmetics and perfumes since ancient times.
Research is scientifically assessing natural products, selected based on experience in the ancient era. Validated use of these materials and products awaits further assessment.
Cosmetics
Consumer preference
Consumers often express a preference for skin products with organic and natural ingredients. The skin care market based on natural products has shown strong growth. Clinical and laboratory studies have identified activities in many natural ingredients that have potential beneficial activities for the skin. Dermatologists may feel that there is enough scientific evidence to assist in the selection of particular natural ingredients.
Consumers expected products to perform as advertised.
Industry response
Voluntary discontinuation of precursor substances that release small quantities of formaldehyde, which is a carcinogen, as well as reducing levels of the potentially carcinogenic impurity 1,4-dioxane. Polycyclic musk fragrance ingredients, which have raised concerns as persistent and bioaccumulative endocrine disruptors, are being discontinued.
Alternative medicine
There are significant reservations about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) including a "shortage of evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of CAM" for skin problems. However, patients express a desire to utilize natural ingredients as treatment. A literature search found a growing prevalence of CAM use for skin conditions. A number of textbooks address CAM perspectives of skin care. The purpose of this section is to review botanical compounds in skin care; a broader review the history and theory behind other CAM modalities such as psychocutaneous therapies, acupuncture and homeopathy can be found in recent reviews.
Western
The plant monographs with dermatological relevance of the former German Commission E have recently been reviewed.
According to Baumann, "Botanical compounds for which dermatologic and cosmetic applications have emerged include: olive oil, chamomile, colloidal oatmeal, oat kernel extract, feverfew, acai berry, coffee berry, curcumin, green tea, pomegranate, licorice, paper mulberry, arbutin, and soy. "Many of these botanical sources offer biologically active components that require further in vitro and in vivo investigation".
A review of 35 plant families found that a "variety of phytomolecules, derived in particular from polyphenols, triterpenes and sterols classes, demonstrated a promising activity."
Colloidal oatmeal may be beneficial in psoriasis. Aloe vera may help in atopic dermatitis. In both these conditions, the benefit may arise from anti-inflammatory properties. "For combating acne and rosacea, green tea, niacinamide and feverfew are considered efficacious. For hyperpigmentation and antioxidative capabilities, licorice, green tea, arbutin, soy, acai berry, turmeric and pomegranate are among those plants and compounds found to be most beneficial. Additional research is needed to determine to confirm and elucidate the benefits of these ingredients in the prevention and management of skin disease."
An assessment of clinical trials on green tea preparations and their uses in dermatology found some evidence for potential benefits.
Ayurveda
Ayurvedic skincare is derived from medicinal practices that began over 5,000-years ago in India. Ayurvedic medicine and healing practices are based on Indian philosophical, psychological, conventional, and medicinal understandings.
Most of the ayurvedic skincare products contain the following herbs—aloe vera, almond, avocado, carrot, castor, clay, cocoa, coconut oil, cornmeal, cucumber, cutch tree, emu oil, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, grape seed oil, ground almond and walnut shell, horse chestnut, witch hazel, and honey.
Ayurvedic approaches have been used in molluscum contagiosum, lymphatic filariasis, vitiligo and lichen planus.
Phyllanthus emblica (amla, Indian gooseberry) has been used in ayurvedic medicine. Standardized extracts of Phyllanthus emblica have a long-lasting and broad-spectrum antioxidant activity. This may be suitable for use in Anti-aging cream, sunscreen and general purpose skin care products.
Traditional Chinese medicine
Substances
Natural skin care ingredients include jojoba, safflower oil, rose hip seed oil, shea butter, beeswax, witch hazel, aloe vera, tea tree oil, coconut oil, and chamomile.
Egg oil can be used as an excipient/carrier in a variety of cosmetic preparations such as creams, ointments, sun-screen products, or lotions. In Indian, Japanese, Unani (Roghan Baiza Murgh) and Chinese traditional medicine, egg oil was traditionally used as a treatment for hair care.
Jojoba is used for skin care because it is a natural moisturizer for the skin. Jojoba is actually a liquid wax that becomes solid below room temperature, but is known as an oil.
Shea butter is derived from the kernel of the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). Shea butter is known for its cosmetic properties as a moisturizer and emollient.
Research
Dermatological research suggests that the bioactive ingredients used in cosmeceuticals have benefits beyond the traditional moisturizer (e.g., Chen et al., 2005; Zettersten, Ghadially, Feingold, Crumrine, & Elias, 1997). However, despite reports of benefits from some cosmeceutical products, there are no formal requirements to prove that these products live up to their claims.
Biocompatible and environmentally friendly natural compounds have the potential to provide materials with photoresistant and thermoresistant properties.
Dehydroabietic acid (DAA), a naturally occurring diterpene resin acid, "has lifespan extension effects in Caenorhabditis elegans, prevents lipofuscin accumulation, and prevents collagen secretion in human dermal fibroblasts. We found that these anti-aging effects are primarily mediated by SIRT1 activation." DAA may activate SIRT1 enzymatic activity, which may have a preventive effect against the aging process.
Validated use of these materials and products awaits further assessment.
Related products
Cosmeceuticals are topically applied, combination products that bring together cosmetics and "biologically active ingredients". Products which are similar in perceived benefits but ingested orally are known as nutricosmetics. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act "does not recognize any such category as "cosmeceuticals". A product can be a drug, a cosmetic, or a combination of both, but the term "cosmeceutical" has no meaning under the law". Drugs are subject to an intensive review and approval process by FDA. Cosmetics, and these related products, although regulated, are not approved by FDA prior to sale.
Cautions
Some alternative and natural products and therapies may be harmful, either to the skin or systemically.
The FDA recommends understanding the ingredient label and says "There is no list of ingredients that can be guaranteed not to cause allergic reactions, so consumers who are prone to allergies should pay careful attention to what they use on their skin", further warning that "[t]here is no basis in fact or scientific legitimacy to the notion that products containing natural ingredients are good for the skin". Food preservatives are commonly used to preserve the safety and efficacy in these products. Alternative remedies may increase the prevalence of eczema. Bhuchar recommends that "ingestible substances including most homeopathic, Ayurvedic, and traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulations that are not US FDA regulated should be viewed with caution as they may cause severe adverse effects" such as arsenic poisoning and liver failure."
Given the shortage of evidence for natural skin care efficacy, if applied it may often need to be used in combination with conventional treatment, rather than independently. In fact, a recent 2022 study found that nearly all skin products that have the label "natural" actually contained ingredients that triggered contact dermatitis. The study looked at nearly 1,700 products.
According to Bhuchar, there is a consensus in the literature that dermatologists need more information about CAM. Wu advises that "dermatologists should be aware of what patients may be using and be able to advise them about the efficacy of these ingredients or the potential for adverse effects". Many patients fail to inform their physicians about their use of herbal ingredients.
References
Skin care |
The 2016 Hong Kong ePrix (formally the 2016 FIA Formula E HKT Hong Kong ePrix for sponsorship purposes) was a Formula E electric motor race held at the Hong Kong Central Harbourfront Circuit in Hong Kong before a crowd of 30,000 people on 9 October 2016. It was the first race of the 2016–17 Formula E Championship and the first edition of the event. The 45-lap race was won by e.Dams-Renault driver Sébastien Buemi who started from seventh place. Audi Sport ABT's Lucas di Grassi finished second and Mahindra driver Nick Heidfeld was third.
Nelson Piquet Jr. won the pole position by recording the fastest lap in qualifying. He pulled away from the rest of the field and led until he collided with the barrier after swerving to avoid José María López's crashed car on the 17th lap allowing Sam Bird to take the lead. Some drivers elected to make pit stops to switch to their second cars with Bird choosing to remain on the circuit until his own stop eight laps later. He had technical problems with his second car and Buemi moved into the lead. Di Grassi was no more than two seconds behind Buemi but was unable to get close enough to challenge him because he had to conserve electrical energy and Buemi remained the leader for the rest of the race to win. There were three lead changes among four different drivers during the course of the race.
It was Buemi's first victory of the season and the seventh of his career. The result gave the Buemi of the Drivers' Championship with 25 points, seven ahead of di Grassi and ten in front of Heidfeld. Buemi's teammate Nico Prost was fourth on 12 points and António Félix da Costa was fifth with ten points. e.Dams-Renault held a 19-point advantage in the Teams' Championship over joint second-placed Audi Sport ABT and Andretti. Mahindra Racing were nine points ahead of the fifth-placed NextEV with eleven races left in the season.
Background
The idea for a race in Hong Kong was first raised in 2013 when a design team visited the city. It was intended for inclusion in the 2014–15 season schedule but negotiations and approval from local authorities and motorsport's international governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), went longer than anticipated. In October 2015 the Hong Kong ePrix was announced by the CEO and founder of Formula E Alejandro Agag in a press conference at the Central Harbour Front Event Space, pending further review from the FIA. The event was later confirmed as part of Formula E's 2016–17 schedule in September 2016 by the FIA World Motor Sport Council. It was the first of 12 single-seater electric car races of the season, and was held at the Hong Kong Central Harbourfront Circuit on 9 October 2016. A total of ten squads entering two drivers each competed in the event.
Heading into the new season, some teams opted to keep the same line-up as they had in the previous season; however, some teams changed drivers. One of the main changes involved the début appearance of Jaguar in the sport with the 2008–09 A1 Grand Prix champion Adam Carroll and the 2012 GP3 Series title winner Mitch Evans competing for the team. Team Aguri was purchased by Chinese sports development and management firm SECA in mid-2016 and was renamed Techeetah with Jean-Éric Vergne and Ma Qinghua announced as the team's drivers. Defending FIA GT World Cup champion Maro Engel was hired by Venturi to replace World Endurance Championship driver Mike Conway, while Virgin employed three-time consecutive World Touring Car champion José María López to partner Formula E race winner Sam Bird. The final change involved two-time Macau Grand Prix winner and reigning European Formula Three champion Felix Rosenqvist joining the series with Mahindra, partnering Nick Heidfeld. Defending drivers' champion Sébastien Buemi stayed at e.Dams-Renault after his title-winning campaign, and was again joined by Nico Prost.
Buemi said the increase in competition for the championship's third season meant he was not thinking about the title but on winning as many races as possible. Audi Sport ABT's Lucas di Grassi, who finished second to Buemi in the previous season's drivers' championship, stated his team was highly motivated and aimed to win the championship after having placed third and second in the previous two seasons. He spoke of his feeling that the series was going to possibly experience "the most diverse and perhaps most exciting Formula E season.” Di Grassi said that his objective was to win the race and spoke of his astonishment if he became its inaugural winner. Heidfeld revealed that he was looking forward to the new season and aimed to help his team gain positions in the championship.
The 10-corner long track was designed by Rodrigo Nunes. It was constructed in eight days and was completed on the Friday before the event because the local authorities denied permission for the streets to be closed to traffic before that day. US$2.6 million (HK$20 million) was spent on relocating street lighting, cutting down trees, lowering underground facilities covers and converting existing roadside infrastructure. The circuit received positive feedback from drivers. Ma called the track "very exciting" and stated his belief that the race would see a large amount of overtakes. Rosenqvist said that he felt the track appeared "incredible" which went beyond his expectations. It reminded him more of American race circuits than the Guia Circuit and noted the track's bumpiness. Concerns were raised over the turn three chicane which had no kerbs or any visible markings. Heidfeld felt there was an risk of a driver crashing his car in the area with António Félix da Costa backing up his view and calling for the installation of tyres and observation of the turn's run-off area.
Practice
Two practice sessions—both on Sunday morning—were held before the Sunday late afternoon race. The first session ran for 45 minutes and the second for 30 minutes. A 30-minute shakedown was held on Saturday afternoon before the practice sessions and had Ma post the fastest time of 1 minute, 8.633 seconds, four-tenths of a second faster than Nelson Piquet Jr. in second. The session was temporarily halted when Prost's car stopped on track. Both practice sessions took place in warm weather. Di Grassi used of power to post the first practice session's fastest lap at 1 minute, 2.381 seconds, 0.145 seconds faster than Buemi in second. Daniel Abt, Engel, Vergne, Bird, Stéphane Sarrazin, Prost, Félix da Costa and Rosenqvist rounded out the session's top ten fastest drivers. The session was first disrupted when Oliver Turvey's vehicle stopped on track with an electrical issue after four minutes, necessitating the brief deployment of red flags, to allow course workers to remove his car from the circuit. A second stoppage occurred when the Andretti of Robin Frijns (who previously spun twice) lost control of his car at turn nine and blocked the track, and Rosenqvist impacted the first turn barrier and was stranded at the corner's run-off area.
In the second practice session, Vergne was quickest with a lap of 1 minute, 2.350 seconds, ahead of Prost, Bird, Rosenqvist, Félix da Costa, Heidfeld, Buemi, Ma, Sarrazin and Loïc Duval (Dragon). Duval lost control of his car and crashed into the turn ten outside barrier's exit, removing both of his right-hand side tyres, and stopping the session for ten minutes to allow his car to be removed from the centre of the track. Engel spun and damaged his right-rear suspension, but was able to drive slowly back to the pit lane. Di Grassi ran wide and went deep onto the turn two run-off area. He spun his car to exit the corner but struck a wall, removing his rear wing. López lost his vehicle's nose cone in a collision with a wall at the same corner, and his rear wing was removed from his car when he hit the turn eight barrier. His rear wing was off the racing line, avoiding the need for yellow flags. The session concluded early when Piquet collided with the chicane exit barrier.
Qualifying
After practice but before qualifying, circuit officials elected to remove a kerb at the chicane with the teams notified of the change shortly before qualifying began. Saturday afternoon's qualifying session ran for 60 minutes and was divided into four groups of five cars. Each group was determined by a lottery system and was permitted six minutes of on-track activity. All drivers were limited to two timed laps with one at maximum power. The fastest five overall competitors in the four groups participated in a "Super Pole" session with one driver on the track at any time going out in reverse order from fifth to first. Each of the five drivers was limited to one timed lap and the starting order was determined by the competitor's fastest times (Super Pole from first to fifth, and group qualifying from sixth to twentieth). The driver and team who recorded the fastest time were awarded three points towards their respective championships. Qualifying was held in warm weather. The modifications to the kerb and a dirty track slowed lap times by at least one second than in practice. Super Pole was cancelled following several long delays caused by multiple crashes and the starting order was determined by the fastest overall times in the four groups.
Piquet clinched the first pole position of his career and the first for NextEV with a time of 1 minute, 3.099 seconds. He was joined on the grid's front row by teammate Turvey who was 0.132 seconds slower. In his first Formula E qualifying session, López qualified third in front of his teammate Bird. Buemi went out first in the fourth group and was initially two-tenths of a second slower than Piquet despite no driver errors on his full power lap and took fifth place. Rosenqvist was the first driver to venture onto the track in the group three and drove aggressively which saw him make light contact with the barrier to qualify sixth. Abt took seventh place, ahead of Duval but he served a three-place starting position penalty after he was observed speeding under red-flag conditions in shakedown. Hence, Vergne inherited eighth and his fastest time was set on cold tyres and brakes.
Prost's full power lap saw him narrowly avoid hitting the chicane and his car slid at the final turn, leaving him ninth. Heidfeld took tenth, ad Engel was the fastest driver who was not issued with a penalty to not qualify within the top ten. He was more than one-tenth of a second faster than 13th-placed qualifier Félix da Costa, who in turn, was nearly four-tenths ahead of débutant Carroll. The trio were followed by Sarrazin in 15th, and Evans 16th; cold brakes and tyres slowed Evans. Ma's left-rear quarter was damaged when he made contact with a barrier beside the circuit and qualified 17th. Jérôme d'Ambrosio struggled and began behind Ma. Di Grassi, 19th, pushed hard and made an error at the chicane, hitting the wall, damaging his front-left quarter, and triggering red-flag conditions with three minutes left in the second group. Frijns completed the field and temporarily stopped qualifying when his car went airborne after hitting the kerbs at the chicane and collided with the barrier.
Qualifying classification
Notes:
— Loïc Duval received a three-place grid penalty for speeding under red flag conditions in the shakedown session.
Race
A special feature of Formula E is the "Fan Boost" feature, an additional of power to use in the driver's second car. The three drivers who were allowed to use the boost were determined by a fan vote. For the Hong Kong race, Buemi, di Grassi and López were handed the extra power and the results were announced on the 14th lap. The weather at the start was dry, warm and mostly sunny. The air temperature ranged from with a track temperature between . Rain showers from an nearby typhoon had been forecast for the race but moved away from Hong Kong before it started. The event was attended by 30,000 people. When the event started at 16:00 Hong Kong Time (UTC+8), Piquet and his teammate Turvey made clean getaways and maintained first and second on the straight heading into the first turn. López ran wide leaving the first corner, made minor contact with the turn's barrier, allowing teammate Bird and Buemi to overtake him. López lightly hit Bird and fell down the running order because of heavy steering damage. Under braking for the second turn, Abt's rear wing was removed when Félix da Costa collided with him, causing Ma to apply his brakes and strike the back of Félix da Costa's car, leading to the removal of the former's front wing. Di Grassi was unable to slow and collided with Ma's rear, removing the front-right section of his nose cone.
Prost fell from ninth of 14th by the end of the first lap because of an incorrect power setting, while Heidfeld made four positions over the same distance. At the end of the first lap Piquet led from teammate Turvey, who was followed in turn, by Bird, Buemi, López, Heidfeld, Rosenqvist, Duval, Vergne and Abt. Piquet pulled away from the rest of the field as Buemi started to draw closer to Bird and Turvey. López fell to eighth on the second lap after Mahindra's Heidfeld and Rosenqvist along with Duval overtook him. Both di Grassi and Abt were shown a black flag with an orange circle, requiring both drivers to make pit stops for car repair. Ma switched to a second car but became the race's first retirement soon after because of a battery issue. Bird placed Turvey under pressure which allowed Piquet to open up a two-second lead by lap four. On lap five, Di Grassi moved to the outside line into the chicane on the fifth lap and overtook Sarrazin and López leaving the turn and moved in front of Carroll into the second corner. Bird overtook Turvey for second position on lap six, and Buemi passed Turvey by turning left into turn one on the following lap.
Di Grassi made his required pit stop for a new front wing on lap eighth and narrowly avoided striking a trackside marshal leaving his pit stall. Vergne dropped down the order when his car developed a water pump battery failure and had to make an unscheduled pit stop to move into his second vehicle on lap nine. López had dropped to 16th place by the start of the next lap. Bird briefly reduced the time deficit to Piquet until the latter responded to his fast pace. Rosenqvist lost control of the rear of his car and slid backwards into the turn five barrier on the 14th lap, damaging his rear wing. The crash forced him to make a pit stop to switch into his second car. López carried a large amount of speed exiting the chicane and made contact with a wall on lap 17. Piquet was close behind and took avoiding action but reacted late and had an understeer that sent him into a barrier. He did not damage his car and extricated himself from the barrier but lost the lead to Bird and Buemi moved to second. The incident necessitated the safety car's deployment to allow marshals to repair the wall and remove López's car from the track. Some drivers, including Buemi, made their mandatory pit stops to switch into their second cars under safety car conditions at the end of the 20th lap.
Bird elected to not to make a pit stop and maintained the lead at the lap-22 restart, ahead of Félix da Costa. Piquet chose to make his pit stop immediately after racing resumed. Bird pulled away from Félix da Costa whom the delayed Vergne slowed. He chose to remain on the circuit with a strategy to conserve electrical energy which was followed by both Jaguar drivers. Bird made his pit stop at the end of the 25th lap and it appeared that he would rejoin the race in the top ten but technical problems with his second car caused him to search for different reset procedures, losing 1 minute, 27 seconds and emerged one lap down in 15th position. An electrical issue was discovered on Evans' second car during his pit stop and his team elected to retire him on the same lap to prevent further damage. Frijns led the field for one lap before making his pit stop on the 26th lap. Buemi took the lead from Frijns with di Grassi second and Heidfeld third. Di Grassi closed to within less than two seconds of Buemi with ten laps left with the latter reacting by extending his advantage to 2 seconds. Rosenqvist set the race's fastest lap of 1 minute, 2.947 on lap 36, earning him one point.
By the 38th lap, drivers who made their stops under safety car conditions entered their electrical energy conservation phase. Andretti chose to allow their drivers to remain on the circuit for as long as possible, allowing Félix da Costa and Frijns to catch and overtake d'Ambrosio and Turvey for fifth and sixth in the closing laps. Félix da Costa then attempted to catch the fourth-placed Prost but was unable to get close to him. As the final lap began, di Grassi, Heidfeld and Prost had five per cent of usage electrical energy remaining. Buemi was unchallenged for the rest of the lap to take his first victory of the season and the seventh of his career. Di Grassi finished second, ahead of Heidfeld in third. Prost, Félix da Costa, Frijns, d'Ambrosio, Turvey, Engel and Sarrazin rounded out the top ten. Piquet, Carroll filled the next two positions. Bird was fast enough to unlap himself by passing the race leaders, despite spinning his tyres at the circuit's low-speed exit turns, and finished 13th. Duval and Rosenqvist were the final finishers. There were three lead changes in the race; four drivers reached the front of the field. Buemi led once for a total of 20 laps, more than any other competitor. Of the two other retirees, Vergne stopped with an overheating battery, and Abt lost all electrical energy in his car after 34 laps.
Post-race
The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media in a later press conference. Buemi said that the race had not been easy because his battery had greatly overheated and another lap would have prevented him from finishing. Nevertheless, he was happy to begin the new season with a victory after having ended the previous season badly. He later confessed that luck played a role in him winning as his car was not set-up to his preference but reserved praise to his strategist. Second-place finisher di Grassi spoke of his delight with the result and that his race had been "crazy" which demonstrated that this team they did not stop and it was "a great start" to his season. He praised his mechanics for helping him stay on the same lap as the leaders and believed that he was targeting the fastest lap award. Heidfeld, who finished in third, stated that he was happy to achieve a podium position in the first race of the season and hoped that his team could finish their forward progress in the championship.
Piquet said it was a mixed day for his team considering that he had the pole position and made a quick getaway at the start but was disappointed to finish 11th. He claimed that the incident with López may have happened to any other driver but was looking forward to the season's next race where he hoped to qualify well and his team were going to keep pushing. Bird was disappointed with the result, saying it was beneficial if the technical problems with his second car at the pit stop were diagnosed in the season's first race rather than later on. His teammate López thanked the sport's fans for voting him to receive the FanBoost and was upbeat despite retiring from his first event: "The car is fast and I think qualifying proved that. I’m sure the end result will be much, much better in Marrakech." Vergne told the press that he lost the chance to achieve a strong result in the race when his car developed problems with his car's water pump and described the event as "a big mess" but felt certain that he could secure the championship.
As this was the first race of the season, Buemi led the Drivers' Championship with 25 points, seven ahead of di Grassi in second, who in turn, was a further three in front of the third-placed Heidfeld. Prost was fourth on 12 points, and Félix da Costa was fifth with ten points. e.Dams-Renault's first and fourth-place finishes meant they became the leaders of the Teams' Championship with 37 points; Audi Sport ABT and Andretti were tied for second with 18 points each. Mahindra stood in fourth on 16 points, nine ahead of NextEV in fifth place with eleven races left in the season. Despite negative press reviews about the Hong Kong ePrix, Agag reaffirmed his commitment to holding a race in the city and stated that he would not be discouraged by any financial losses incurred from the event.
Race classification
Drivers who scored championship points are denoted in bold.
Notes:
— Three points for pole position.
— One point for fastest lap.
Standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Teams' Championship standings
Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
External links
|- style="text-align:center"
|width="35%"|Previous race:2016 London ePrix
|width="30%"|FIA Formula E Championship2016–17 season
|width="35%"|Next race:2016 Marrakesh ePrix
|- style="text-align:center"
|width="35%"|Previous race:N/A
|width="30%"|Hong Kong ePrix
|width="35%"|Next race:2017 Hong Kong ePrix
|- style="text-align:center"
2016
2016–17 Formula E season
ePrix
2016 in Chinese motorsport
October 2016 sports events in China |
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
from .base import MATCH_TAB_OPTION, ArgsType, Boss, PayloadGetType, PayloadType, RCOptions, RemoteCommand, ResponseType, Window
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from kitty.cli_stub import FocusTabRCOptions as CLIOptions
class FocusTab(RemoteCommand):
protocol_spec = __doc__ = '''
match/str: The tab to focus
'''
short_desc = 'Focus the specified tab'
desc = 'The active window in the specified tab will be focused.'
options_spec = MATCH_TAB_OPTION + '''
--no-response
type=bool-set
default=false
Don't wait for a response indicating the success of the action. Note that
using this option means that you will not be notified of failures.
'''
def message_to_kitty(self, global_opts: RCOptions, opts: 'CLIOptions', args: ArgsType) -> PayloadType:
return {'match': opts.match, 'no_response': opts.no_response}
def response_from_kitty(self, boss: Boss, window: Optional[Window], payload_get: PayloadGetType) -> ResponseType:
for tab in self.tabs_for_match_payload(boss, window, payload_get):
if tab:
boss.set_active_tab(tab)
break
return None
focus_tab = FocusTab()
``` |
```c
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms,
* with or without modification, are permitted provided
* that the following conditions are met:
*
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
* following disclaimer.
*
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
* disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
* provided with the distribution.
*
* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names
* of any other contributors may be used to endorse or
* promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
* CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
* INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
* OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
* SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
* WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE
* USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
* OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#include "libssh2_priv.h"
#ifdef LIBSSH2_LIBGCRYPT /* compile only if we build with libgcrypt */
#include <string.h>
int
_libssh2_rsa_new(libssh2_rsa_ctx ** rsa,
const unsigned char *edata,
unsigned long elen,
const unsigned char *ndata,
unsigned long nlen,
const unsigned char *ddata,
unsigned long dlen,
const unsigned char *pdata,
unsigned long plen,
const unsigned char *qdata,
unsigned long qlen,
const unsigned char *e1data,
unsigned long e1len,
const unsigned char *e2data,
unsigned long e2len,
const unsigned char *coeffdata, unsigned long coefflen)
{
int rc;
(void) e1data;
(void) e1len;
(void) e2data;
(void) e2len;
if (ddata) {
rc = gcry_sexp_build
(rsa, NULL,
"(private-key(rsa(n%b)(e%b)(d%b)(q%b)(p%b)(u%b)))",
nlen, ndata, elen, edata, dlen, ddata, plen, pdata,
qlen, qdata, coefflen, coeffdata);
} else {
rc = gcry_sexp_build(rsa, NULL, "(public-key(rsa(n%b)(e%b)))",
nlen, ndata, elen, edata);
}
if (rc) {
*rsa = NULL;
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int
_libssh2_rsa_sha1_verify(libssh2_rsa_ctx * rsa,
const unsigned char *sig,
unsigned long sig_len,
const unsigned char *m, unsigned long m_len)
{
unsigned char hash[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
gcry_sexp_t s_sig, s_hash;
int rc = -1;
libssh2_sha1(m, m_len, hash);
rc = gcry_sexp_build(&s_hash, NULL,
"(data (flags pkcs1) (hash sha1 %b))",
SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH, hash);
if (rc != 0) {
return -1;
}
rc = gcry_sexp_build(&s_sig, NULL, "(sig-val(rsa(s %b)))", sig_len, sig);
if (rc != 0) {
gcry_sexp_release(s_hash);
return -1;
}
rc = gcry_pk_verify(s_sig, s_hash, rsa);
gcry_sexp_release(s_sig);
gcry_sexp_release(s_hash);
return (rc == 0) ? 0 : -1;
}
int
_libssh2_dsa_new(libssh2_dsa_ctx ** dsactx,
const unsigned char *p,
unsigned long p_len,
const unsigned char *q,
unsigned long q_len,
const unsigned char *g,
unsigned long g_len,
const unsigned char *y,
unsigned long y_len,
const unsigned char *x, unsigned long x_len)
{
int rc;
if (x_len) {
rc = gcry_sexp_build
(dsactx, NULL,
"(private-key(dsa(p%b)(q%b)(g%b)(y%b)(x%b)))",
p_len, p, q_len, q, g_len, g, y_len, y, x_len, x);
} else {
rc = gcry_sexp_build(dsactx, NULL,
"(public-key(dsa(p%b)(q%b)(g%b)(y%b)))",
p_len, p, q_len, q, g_len, g, y_len, y);
}
if (rc) {
*dsactx = NULL;
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int
_libssh2_rsa_new_private_frommemory(libssh2_rsa_ctx ** rsa,
LIBSSH2_SESSION * session,
const char *filedata, size_t filedata_len,
unsigned const char *passphrase)
{
return _libssh2_error(session, LIBSSH2_ERROR_METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED,
"Unable to extract private key from memory: "
"Method unimplemented in libgcrypt backend");
}
int
_libssh2_rsa_new_private(libssh2_rsa_ctx ** rsa,
LIBSSH2_SESSION * session,
const char *filename, unsigned const char *passphrase)
{
FILE *fp;
unsigned char *data, *save_data;
unsigned int datalen;
int ret;
unsigned char *n, *e, *d, *p, *q, *e1, *e2, *coeff;
unsigned int nlen, elen, dlen, plen, qlen, e1len, e2len, coefflen;
fp = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!fp) {
return -1;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_parse(session,
"-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----",
"-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----",
passphrase,
fp, &data, &datalen);
fclose(fp);
if (ret) {
return -1;
}
save_data = data;
if (_libssh2_pem_decode_sequence(&data, &datalen)) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
/* First read Version field (should be 0). */
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &n, &nlen);
if (ret != 0 || (nlen != 1 && *n != '\0')) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &n, &nlen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &e, &elen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &d, &dlen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &p, &plen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &q, &qlen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &e1, &e1len);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &e2, &e2len);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &coeff, &coefflen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
if (_libssh2_rsa_new(rsa, e, elen, n, nlen, d, dlen, p, plen,
q, qlen, e1, e1len, e2, e2len, coeff, coefflen)) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = 0;
fail:
LIBSSH2_FREE(session, save_data);
return ret;
}
int
_libssh2_dsa_new_private_frommemory(libssh2_dsa_ctx ** dsa,
LIBSSH2_SESSION * session,
const char *filedata, size_t filedata_len,
unsigned const char *passphrase)
{
return _libssh2_error(session, LIBSSH2_ERROR_METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED,
"Unable to extract private key from memory: "
"Method unimplemented in libgcrypt backend");
}
int
_libssh2_dsa_new_private(libssh2_dsa_ctx ** dsa,
LIBSSH2_SESSION * session,
const char *filename, unsigned const char *passphrase)
{
FILE *fp;
unsigned char *data, *save_data;
unsigned int datalen;
int ret;
unsigned char *p, *q, *g, *y, *x;
unsigned int plen, qlen, glen, ylen, xlen;
fp = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!fp) {
return -1;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_parse(session,
"-----BEGIN DSA PRIVATE KEY-----",
"-----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----",
passphrase,
fp, &data, &datalen);
fclose(fp);
if (ret) {
return -1;
}
save_data = data;
if (_libssh2_pem_decode_sequence(&data, &datalen)) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
/* First read Version field (should be 0). */
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &p, &plen);
if (ret != 0 || (plen != 1 && *p != '\0')) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &p, &plen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &q, &qlen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &g, &glen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &y, &ylen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = _libssh2_pem_decode_integer(&data, &datalen, &x, &xlen);
if (ret != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
if (datalen != 0) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
if (_libssh2_dsa_new(dsa, p, plen, q, qlen, g, glen, y, ylen, x, xlen)) {
ret = -1;
goto fail;
}
ret = 0;
fail:
LIBSSH2_FREE(session, save_data);
return ret;
}
int
_libssh2_rsa_sha1_sign(LIBSSH2_SESSION * session,
libssh2_rsa_ctx * rsactx,
const unsigned char *hash,
size_t hash_len,
unsigned char **signature, size_t *signature_len)
{
gcry_sexp_t sig_sexp;
gcry_sexp_t data;
int rc;
const char *tmp;
size_t size;
if (hash_len != SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH) {
return -1;
}
if (gcry_sexp_build(&data, NULL,
"(data (flags pkcs1) (hash sha1 %b))",
hash_len, hash)) {
return -1;
}
rc = gcry_pk_sign(&sig_sexp, data, rsactx);
gcry_sexp_release(data);
if (rc != 0) {
return -1;
}
data = gcry_sexp_find_token(sig_sexp, "s", 0);
if (!data) {
return -1;
}
tmp = gcry_sexp_nth_data(data, 1, &size);
if (!tmp) {
return -1;
}
if (tmp[0] == '\0') {
tmp++;
size--;
}
*signature = LIBSSH2_ALLOC(session, size);
if (!*signature) {
return -1;
}
memcpy(*signature, tmp, size);
*signature_len = size;
return rc;
}
int
_libssh2_dsa_sha1_sign(libssh2_dsa_ctx * dsactx,
const unsigned char *hash,
unsigned long hash_len, unsigned char *sig)
{
unsigned char zhash[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH + 1];
gcry_sexp_t sig_sexp;
gcry_sexp_t data;
int ret;
const char *tmp;
size_t size;
if (hash_len != SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH) {
return -1;
}
memcpy(zhash + 1, hash, hash_len);
zhash[0] = 0;
if (gcry_sexp_build(&data, NULL, "(data (value %b))", hash_len + 1, zhash)) {
return -1;
}
ret = gcry_pk_sign(&sig_sexp, data, dsactx);
gcry_sexp_release(data);
if (ret != 0) {
return -1;
}
memset(sig, 0, 40);
/* Extract R. */
data = gcry_sexp_find_token(sig_sexp, "r", 0);
if (!data)
goto err;
tmp = gcry_sexp_nth_data(data, 1, &size);
if (!tmp)
goto err;
if (tmp[0] == '\0') {
tmp++;
size--;
}
if (size < 1 || size > 20)
goto err;
memcpy(sig + (20 - size), tmp, size);
gcry_sexp_release(data);
/* Extract S. */
data = gcry_sexp_find_token(sig_sexp, "s", 0);
if (!data)
goto err;
tmp = gcry_sexp_nth_data(data, 1, &size);
if (!tmp)
goto err;
if (tmp[0] == '\0') {
tmp++;
size--;
}
if (size < 1 || size > 20)
goto err;
memcpy(sig + 20 + (20 - size), tmp, size);
goto out;
err:
ret = -1;
out:
if (sig_sexp) {
gcry_sexp_release(sig_sexp);
}
if (data) {
gcry_sexp_release(data);
}
return ret;
}
int
_libssh2_dsa_sha1_verify(libssh2_dsa_ctx * dsactx,
const unsigned char *sig,
const unsigned char *m, unsigned long m_len)
{
unsigned char hash[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH + 1];
gcry_sexp_t s_sig, s_hash;
int rc = -1;
libssh2_sha1(m, m_len, hash + 1);
hash[0] = 0;
if (gcry_sexp_build(&s_hash, NULL, "(data(flags raw)(value %b))",
SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH + 1, hash)) {
return -1;
}
if (gcry_sexp_build(&s_sig, NULL, "(sig-val(dsa(r %b)(s %b)))",
20, sig, 20, sig + 20)) {
gcry_sexp_release(s_hash);
return -1;
}
rc = gcry_pk_verify(s_sig, s_hash, dsactx);
gcry_sexp_release(s_sig);
gcry_sexp_release(s_hash);
return (rc == 0) ? 0 : -1;
}
int
_libssh2_cipher_init(_libssh2_cipher_ctx * h,
_libssh2_cipher_type(algo),
unsigned char *iv, unsigned char *secret, int encrypt)
{
int ret;
int cipher = _libssh2_gcry_cipher (algo);
int mode = _libssh2_gcry_mode (algo);
int keylen = gcry_cipher_get_algo_keylen(cipher);
(void) encrypt;
ret = gcry_cipher_open(h, cipher, mode, 0);
if (ret) {
return -1;
}
ret = gcry_cipher_setkey(*h, secret, keylen);
if (ret) {
gcry_cipher_close(*h);
return -1;
}
if (mode != GCRY_CIPHER_MODE_STREAM) {
int blklen = gcry_cipher_get_algo_blklen(cipher);
if (mode == GCRY_CIPHER_MODE_CTR)
ret = gcry_cipher_setctr(*h, iv, blklen);
else
ret = gcry_cipher_setiv(*h, iv, blklen);
if (ret) {
gcry_cipher_close(*h);
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}
int
_libssh2_cipher_crypt(_libssh2_cipher_ctx * ctx,
_libssh2_cipher_type(algo),
int encrypt, unsigned char *block, size_t blklen)
{
int cipher = _libssh2_gcry_cipher (algo);
int ret;
if (encrypt) {
ret = gcry_cipher_encrypt(*ctx, block, blklen, block, blklen);
} else {
ret = gcry_cipher_decrypt(*ctx, block, blklen, block, blklen);
}
return ret;
}
int
_libssh2_pub_priv_keyfilememory(LIBSSH2_SESSION *session,
unsigned char **method,
size_t *method_len,
unsigned char **pubkeydata,
size_t *pubkeydata_len,
const char *privatekeydata,
size_t privatekeydata_len,
const char *passphrase)
{
return _libssh2_error(session, LIBSSH2_ERROR_METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED,
"Unable to extract public key from private key in memory: "
"Method unimplemented in libgcrypt backend");
}
int
_libssh2_pub_priv_keyfile(LIBSSH2_SESSION *session,
unsigned char **method,
size_t *method_len,
unsigned char **pubkeydata,
size_t *pubkeydata_len,
const char *privatekey,
const char *passphrase)
{
return _libssh2_error(session, LIBSSH2_ERROR_FILE,
"Unable to extract public key from private key file: "
"Method unimplemented in libgcrypt backend");
}
void _libssh2_init_aes_ctr(void)
{
/* no implementation */
}
void
_libssh2_dh_init(_libssh2_dh_ctx *dhctx)
{
*dhctx = gcry_mpi_new(0); /* Random from client */
}
int
_libssh2_dh_key_pair(_libssh2_dh_ctx *dhctx, _libssh2_bn *public,
_libssh2_bn *g, _libssh2_bn *p, int group_order)
{
/* Generate x and e */
gcry_mpi_randomize(*dhctx, group_order * 8 - 1, GCRY_WEAK_RANDOM);
gcry_mpi_powm(public, g, *dhctx, p);
return 0;
}
int
_libssh2_dh_secret(_libssh2_dh_ctx *dhctx, _libssh2_bn *secret,
_libssh2_bn *f, _libssh2_bn *p)
{
/* Compute the shared secret */
gcry_mpi_powm(secret, f, *dhctx, p);
return 0;
}
void
_libssh2_dh_dtor(_libssh2_dh_ctx *dhctx)
{
gcry_mpi_release(*dhctx);
*dhctx = NULL;
}
#endif /* LIBSSH2_LIBGCRYPT */
``` |
Józef Siemiradzki (March 28, 1858, Kharkov - December 12, 1933, Warsaw) was a Polish , geologist and naturalist and explorer. He was professor of paleontology at the University of Lviv (1901-1933). Siemiradzki studied nature at the University of Tartu. He visited Latin America three times: 1882–1883, 1892, and 1895.
References
Ewa Głowniak Biography of Józef Siemiradzki (1858-1933)
Hans von Berlepsch "Liste des oiseaux recueillis par MM. Stolzmann et Siemiradzki dans l'Ecuadeur occidental". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (in French):
Polish ornithologists
19th-century Polish geologists
1933 deaths
1858 births
20th-century Polish geologists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Austria-Hungary |
Marko Djokovic (, ; born 20 August 1991) is a Serbian former tennis player. He is the middle of the three children of Dijana and Srđan Đoković, younger brother of Novak and elder to Djordje Djokovic. Djokovic was included as a fifth player in a Serbian Davis Cup team for a quarterfinal tie against Croatia in the 2010 Davis Cup.
Tennis career
Djokovic appeared on the junior ITF circuit in September 2006. In July 2007, he failed to qualify for the Croatia Open Umag, losing to Pablo Andújar 6–2, 6–1 in the 1st round of qualifying. He also played, with his elder brother Novak, one doubles match in his career, having been beaten by Édouard Roger-Vasselin and Mathieu Montcourt 7–5, 6–1.Djokovic also has lost in two Futures tournaments in Novi Sad in the first round, both times to compatriot Saša Stojisavljević. He contested the Australian Open juniors in 2008, losing in the first round to Clifford Marsland in 3 sets.Djokovic won his first junior title at the Montenegro Open in Podgorica, defeating Ljubomir Čelebić in the final. In July 2008, Djokovic received a wildcard entry into the qualifying rounds of the Croatia Open Umag but was beaten by Italian Francesco Piccari. In September 2008, in his first ever main ATP Tour event, he received a wildcard entry into the main draw of the Thailand Open. He was defeated in the first round by Jarkko Nieminen 6–2, 6–0.On 7 May 2009, Djokovic, with Darko Mađarovski (as a wildcard pair), defeated ATP doubles world number 2 duo Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić, by 7–6, 2–6, [10–6], in the opening round of the Serbia Open, an ATP World Tour 250 tournament. This was Marko's first ever ATP win.He was included as a fifth player in the Serbian Davis Cup team for their quarterfinal tie against Croatia in the 2010 Davis Cup – a standard practice of Tennis Federation of Serbia and Davis Cup captain Bogdan Obradović for each tie to invite a different talented young player to practice with regular players and gain necessary experience. Djokovic was given a wildcard for the 2012 Dubai Duty Free tournament and opened the ATP World Tour 500 event against Andrei Golubev of Kazakhstan, losing in straight sets. According to his elder brother Novak, he had stopped playing tennis in 2015, but Marko has since played again in qualifying competitions on the ATP Challenger Tour since 2017, successfully surpassing this phase in the 2018 Copa Sevilla.The change in the ATP ranking points to start the 2019 season propelled Djokovic to a career-high ranking of world No. 574.
Career statistics
Challengers and Futures finals
Singles 2 (1–1)
Doubles 6 (5–1)
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Serbian male tennis players
Tennis players from Belgrade
Novak Djokovic |
The 1990 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball tournament took place in Charlotte, North Carolina, at the second Charlotte Coliseum. Georgia Tech won the tournament, defeating Virginia, 70–61, in the championship game. Brian Oliver of Georgia Tech was named tournament MVP. This was the only time both teams in the ACC Tournament final have been from outside the state of North Carolina until the 2021 ACC finals matchup between Florida State and Georgia Tech.
Bracket
AP rankings at time of tournament
External links
Tournament
ACC men's basketball tournament
College sports in North Carolina
Basketball competitions in Charlotte, North Carolina
ACC men's basketball tournament
ACC men's basketball tournament |
Acanthaspis siva is a species of assassin bug. Nymphs of this species engage in the camouflaging behavior common to other species of Acanthaspis. In A. siva, camouflaging appears to reduce the chance that a nymph will be cannibalized by its coinstars.
References
Endemic arthropods of India
Reduviidae
Insects described in 1902 |
Rope climbing was an artistic gymnastics event held at the Summer Olympics. It was only held four times: 1896, 1904, 1924, and 1932.
Medalists
Team medal counts
References
Rope climbing |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="path_to_url"
package="com.hussein.tictactoyonline">
<application android:allowBackup="true" android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name" android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true" android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>
``` |
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