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Graham Frederick Cross (born 15 November 1943) is a former professional footballer and cricketer. He is the record appearance holder for Leicester City, making 599 appearances for the club in all competitions.
Football career
Cross was born in Leicester. He spent most of his career playing for Leicester City originally as an inside forward, then later as a centre-half and occasionally a right half. At Leicester he holds the record for the most appearances for the club with 599 between 1961 and 1975. He went on to join Brighton & Hove Albion and then Preston North End. He made the record number of appearances for the England Under 23 side but never made a full international appearance.
Cricket career
Cross also represented Leicestershire as a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler between 1961 and 1977. In 83 first-class matches, he scored 2,079 runs (average 18.39), highest score 78 with eight fifties and 61 catches. He took 92 wickets (average 29.95), best bowling 4/28. In 51 ListA matches, he scored 701 runs (average 20.61), highest score 57* with three fifties and 17 catches. He took 63 wickets (average 20.23), best bowling 4/11.
Appearing irregularly because of his football commitments, Cross was nevertheless a good enough player to find a place in Ray Illingworth's successful county side of the late '70s. Cross's last appearance came when the side was stricken by illness in May 1977. A scratch side had to be assembled to play Hampshire at Grace Road in the B&H Cup. Showing his habitual adaptability, he kept wicket for the only time during his career.
Honours
As a player
Leicester City
FA Cup runner-up: 1963, 1969
League Cup: 1964
League Cup runner-up: 1965
Second Division: 1970–71
1971 FA Charity Shield
Leicestershire County Cricket Club
Benson and Hedges Cup: 1975
Records
Leicester City all-time leading appearance maker: 599 games
Leicester City all-time leading appearance maker in the first tier (Premier League and predecessors): 414 games
Leicester City all-time leading appearance maker in the FA Cup: 59 games
Leicester City all-time leading appearance maker in the League Cup: 40 games (Joint record)
References
External links
Cricket Archive
Famous players - Graham Cross
Football Heroes - Graham Cross
Profile and stats at FoxesTalk
Lincoln City profile
Further reading
Living people
1943 births
English cricketers
Leicestershire cricketers
Cricketers from Leicester
English men's footballers
Footballers from Leicester
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
England men's under-23 international footballers
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players |
The Ministry of Culture () was an agency in the Government of Kazakhstan that was responsible for carrying out state regulation, as well as, within the limits provided for by law, intersectoral coordination in the spheres of culture, interethnic and interfaith harmony, ensuring the rights of citizens to freedom of religion and interaction with religious associations, the development of languages, archival affairs, documentation, and state symbols.
The Ministry was originally created in 1990 as the State Committee of the Kazakh SSR for Culture. Its first chairman was Kanat Saudabayev. On 12 February 1992, the Ministry was formed into the Ministry of Culture.
On 6 August 2014, it was reorganized into the Ministry of Culture and Sports.
History
Government of Kazakhstan |
Patricia A. Madrid (born 1947) is an American politician and the former Attorney General for the U.S. state of New Mexico. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She also sits on the bipartisan advisory board of States United Democracy Center.
Family
Madrid's father was descendend of Pueblo amerinds. Her other ancestry include Irish, German and Hispanos of New Mexico.
Political career
Madrid won her first campaign in 1978 when she became the first woman elected to sit as a district court judge in New Mexico. In 1994, she was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico as Governor Bruce King's running mate, but lost the general election. In 1998, she became the first woman elected Attorney General of the State of New Mexico. She was re-elected in 2002.
In 2005, Madrid became the chairperson of the Conference of Western Attorneys General, which focuses on energy, environmental, and Indian gaming issues.
Madrid was term limited from seeking reelection in 2006. She chose instead to run for U.S. Representative in New Mexico's 1st congressional district. She lost to Republican incumbent Heather Wilson by 875 (out of 211,000) votes. When it appeared that Senator Pete Domenici was going to run for re-election in 2008, a Wilson-Madrid rematch was considered a strong possibility, especially considering Wilson's role in the firing of US Attorney for New Mexico David Iglesias. But Domenici's poll numbers dropped as a result of the scandal, and Madrid may have considered running against him. When Domenici announced his retirement from the Senate and Wilson announced her candidacy for the open Senate seat, it appeared Madrid may have been facing a rematch with Wilson on the statewide level. When Democratic Representative Tom Udall entered the race, Madrid opted against running for the U.S. Senate.
Notable actions as Attorney General
Established a Capital Litigation Unit to provide assistance to district attorneys statewide prosecuting violent crimes and death penalty cases.
Introduced New Mexico's first state-level Crime Victim's Services Unit.
Established the Violence Against Women unit, which received a grant for over $560,000 to provide training for first responders to domestic violence incidents in rural New Mexico.
Established the Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force.
Convicted a number of individuals for the illegal dumping of rendering plant waste near irrigation ditches in violation of the state's Water Quality Act.
Helped found the Endangered Species Act Work Group, which brings together farmers and municipalities, federal, state and environmental interests.
Ruled against the legality of the county clerk of Sandoval County issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
Awards and recognitions
Hispanic National Bar Association Latina Lawyer of the Year
Mothers Against Drunk Driving Annual Award for Elected Officials
New Mexico's Commission on the Status of Women Trailblazer Award
Capital Business and Professional Women of Santa Fe Woman of the Year in Government Award
Animal Protection of New Mexico 2004 Milagro Executive Director’s Award
New Mexico Business Weekly three time New Mexico Power Broker
See also
List of female state attorneys general in the United States
List of first women lawyers and judges in New Mexico
List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
American women judges
Hispanic and Latino American judges
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
New Mexico Attorneys General
New Mexico Democrats
New Mexico state court judges
Politicians from Las Cruces, New Mexico
Women in New Mexico politics
21st-century American women |
Major Minor Records was a Northern Irish record label started by Phil Solomon in 1966. It had a distribution deal with Decca Records. Artists on the label included the Dubliners and Johnny Nash.
Phil Solomon was also co-director of Radio Caroline in the mid-1960s. In August 1967, the Wilson government outlawed pirate radio and, although Radio Caroline continued, it began to heavily promote records from the Major Minor label. Caroline's DJs were unhappy with the type of music they were being forced to play and it is doubtful that much of the revenue from the record label actually went back into the radio station. In March 1968, the two Caroline ships were silenced when they were seized by creditors.
Major Minor's big chart moment came in 1969, when the label picked up a 'dropped' record and took it to Number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. The track, "Je t'aime... moi non plus" by Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg, was originally released on Fontana. Despite being performed in French, the song's obvious sexual tone resulted in a wide-scale ban from mainstream radio stations, and Fontana deleted the single during its chart ascent, allegedly because the wife of Fontana's boss was appalled at her husband's company releasing such a song. Major Minor acquired the licensing rights, and got its best selling single on the back of the controversy. Charles Aznavour is another French artist who worked with Major Minor (a single, "To My Daughter" / "Yesterday When I Was Young", and an LP, Aznavour Sings Aznavour).
Soul and jazz musicians on the label included Dizzy Gillespie, Sam and Dave, the Isley Brothers, Kim Weston and Cissy Houston. Rock artists included July and Them (who were managed by Solomon). There was also an obscure pre-10cc single featuring Eric Stewart credited to the New Wave Band ("Cecilia" / "Free, Free, Free"). Rory Gallagher's band Taste also released a single on the label ("Blister on the Moon" / "Born on the Wrong Side of Time").
A young Peter Sarstedt cut his first single, "My Monkey is a Junkie", for the label, under the name Peter Lincoln. The other big success was Northern Ireland's David McWilliams with "Days of Pearly Spencer", leased from EMI. Other tunes that Caroline had to play included "Sentimental Songs" by Freddie "Parrotface" Davies.
Major Minor's first big UK number one single was "Mony Mony" by Tommy James and the Shondells, in 1968. The label also scored hits with pianist Neville Dickie, balladeers Karen Young and Malcolm Roberts, and bubblegum band Crazy Elephant.
In July 2010, EMI announced that the label would be resurrected to release an "expanded 20th anniversary" release of Morrissey's Bona Drag.
References
External links
Overview of Major Minor records
The Major Minor singles
Record labels established in 1966
Pop record labels
Jazz record labels
Soul music record labels |
Formica gynocrates is a species of ant in the family Formicidae.
References
Further reading
gynocrates
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1985 |
Seth Banee Carr (born August 16, 2007) is an American actor from Anaheim, California. He is known for his role as young Killmonger in the film Black Panther (2018) and for his first leading role on Netflix‘s film The Main Event (2020).
Early life and career
Born on August 16, 2007, in Anaheim, CA, Carr started his career at 3-months-old, as a baby model. Under TalentWorks management, Carr’s career grew and he transitioned into an actor.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
2007 births
African-American male child actors
American male child actors
American male television actors
Living people
21st-century African-American people
Male actors from Anaheim, California |
```c
/*your_sha256_hash---------
*
* columnar_customscan.c
*
* This file contains the implementation of a postgres custom scan that
* we use to push down the projections into the table access methods.
*
* $Id$
*
*your_sha256_hash---------
*/
#include <math.h>
#include "postgres.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "access/amapi.h"
#include "access/skey.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am.h"
#include "catalog/pg_statistic.h"
#include "commands/defrem.h"
#include "nodes/extensible.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
#include "nodes/plannodes.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "optimizer/plancat.h"
#include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= PG_VERSION_16
#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#endif
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/relcache.h"
#include "utils/ruleutils.h"
#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
#include "utils/spccache.h"
#include "citus_version.h"
#include "columnar/columnar.h"
#include "columnar/columnar_customscan.h"
#include "columnar/columnar_metadata.h"
#include "columnar/columnar_tableam.h"
#include "distributed/listutils.h"
/*
* ColumnarScanState represents the state for a columnar scan. It's a
* CustomScanState with additional fields specific to columnar scans.
*/
typedef struct ColumnarScanState
{
CustomScanState custom_scanstate; /* must be first field */
ExprContext *css_RuntimeContext;
List *qual;
} ColumnarScanState;
typedef bool (*PathPredicate)(Path *path);
/* functions to cost paths in-place */
static void CostColumnarPaths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId);
static void CostColumnarIndexPath(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId,
IndexPath *indexPath);
static void CostColumnarSeqPath(RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId, Path *path);
static void CostColumnarScan(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId,
CustomPath *cpath, int numberOfColumnsRead,
int nClauses);
/* functions to add new paths */
static void AddColumnarScanPaths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
RangeTblEntry *rte);
static void AddColumnarScanPath(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
RangeTblEntry *rte, Relids required_relids);
/* helper functions to be used when costing paths or altering them */
static void RemovePathsByPredicate(RelOptInfo *rel, PathPredicate removePathPredicate);
static bool IsNotIndexPath(Path *path);
static Cost ColumnarIndexScanAdditionalCost(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
Oid relationId, IndexPath *indexPath);
static int RelationIdGetNumberOfAttributes(Oid relationId);
static Cost ColumnarPerStripeScanCost(RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId,
int numberOfColumnsRead);
static uint64 ColumnarTableStripeCount(Oid relationId);
static Path * CreateColumnarSeqScanPath(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
Oid relationId);
static void AddColumnarScanPathsRec(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
RangeTblEntry *rte, Relids paramRelids,
Relids candidateRelids,
int depthLimit);
/* hooks and callbacks */
static void ColumnarSetRelPathlistHook(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Index rti,
RangeTblEntry *rte);
static void ColumnarGetRelationInfoHook(PlannerInfo *root, Oid relationObjectId,
bool inhparent, RelOptInfo *rel);
static Plan * ColumnarScanPath_PlanCustomPath(PlannerInfo *root,
RelOptInfo *rel,
struct CustomPath *best_path,
List *tlist,
List *clauses,
List *custom_plans);
static List * ColumnarScanPath_ReparameterizeCustomPathByChild(PlannerInfo *root,
List *custom_private,
RelOptInfo *child_rel);
static Node * ColumnarScan_CreateCustomScanState(CustomScan *cscan);
static void ColumnarScan_BeginCustomScan(CustomScanState *node, EState *estate,
int eflags);
static TupleTableSlot * ColumnarScan_ExecCustomScan(CustomScanState *node);
static void ColumnarScan_EndCustomScan(CustomScanState *node);
static void ColumnarScan_ReScanCustomScan(CustomScanState *node);
static void ColumnarScan_ExplainCustomScan(CustomScanState *node, List *ancestors,
ExplainState *es);
/* helper functions to build strings for EXPLAIN */
static const char * ColumnarPushdownClausesStr(List *context, List *clauses);
static const char * ColumnarProjectedColumnsStr(List *context,
List *projectedColumns);
static List * set_deparse_context_planstate(List *dpcontext, Node *node,
List *ancestors);
/* other helpers */
static List * ColumnarVarNeeded(ColumnarScanState *columnarScanState);
static Bitmapset * ColumnarAttrNeeded(ScanState *ss);
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= PG_VERSION_16
static Bitmapset * fixup_inherited_columns(Oid parentId, Oid childId, Bitmapset *columns);
#endif
/* saved hook value in case of unload */
static set_rel_pathlist_hook_type PreviousSetRelPathlistHook = NULL;
static get_relation_info_hook_type PreviousGetRelationInfoHook = NULL;
static bool EnableColumnarCustomScan = true;
static bool EnableColumnarQualPushdown = true;
static double ColumnarQualPushdownCorrelationThreshold = 0.9;
static int ColumnarMaxCustomScanPaths = 64;
static int ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel = DEBUG3;
const struct CustomPathMethods ColumnarScanPathMethods = {
.CustomName = "ColumnarScan",
.PlanCustomPath = ColumnarScanPath_PlanCustomPath,
.ReparameterizeCustomPathByChild = ColumnarScanPath_ReparameterizeCustomPathByChild,
};
const struct CustomScanMethods ColumnarScanScanMethods = {
.CustomName = "ColumnarScan",
.CreateCustomScanState = ColumnarScan_CreateCustomScanState,
};
const struct CustomExecMethods ColumnarScanExecuteMethods = {
.CustomName = "ColumnarScan",
.BeginCustomScan = ColumnarScan_BeginCustomScan,
.ExecCustomScan = ColumnarScan_ExecCustomScan,
.EndCustomScan = ColumnarScan_EndCustomScan,
.ReScanCustomScan = ColumnarScan_ReScanCustomScan,
.ExplainCustomScan = ColumnarScan_ExplainCustomScan,
};
static const struct config_enum_entry debug_level_options[] = {
{ "debug5", DEBUG5, false },
{ "debug4", DEBUG4, false },
{ "debug3", DEBUG3, false },
{ "debug2", DEBUG2, false },
{ "debug1", DEBUG1, false },
{ "debug", DEBUG2, true },
{ "info", INFO, false },
{ "notice", NOTICE, false },
{ "warning", WARNING, false },
{ "log", LOG, false },
{ NULL, 0, false }
};
/*
* columnar_customscan_init installs the hook required to intercept the postgres planner and
* provide extra paths for columnar tables
*/
void
columnar_customscan_init()
{
PreviousSetRelPathlistHook = set_rel_pathlist_hook;
set_rel_pathlist_hook = ColumnarSetRelPathlistHook;
PreviousGetRelationInfoHook = get_relation_info_hook;
get_relation_info_hook = ColumnarGetRelationInfoHook;
/* register customscan specific GUC's */
DefineCustomBoolVariable(
"columnar.enable_custom_scan",
gettext_noop("Enables the use of a custom scan to push projections and quals "
"into the storage layer."),
NULL,
&EnableColumnarCustomScan,
true,
PGC_USERSET,
GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE,
NULL, NULL, NULL);
DefineCustomBoolVariable(
"columnar.enable_qual_pushdown",
gettext_noop("Enables qual pushdown into columnar. This has no effect unless "
"columnar.enable_custom_scan is true."),
NULL,
&EnableColumnarQualPushdown,
true,
PGC_USERSET,
GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE,
NULL, NULL, NULL);
DefineCustomRealVariable(
"columnar.qual_pushdown_correlation_threshold",
gettext_noop("Correlation threshold to attempt to push a qual "
"referencing the given column. A value of 0 means "
"attempt to push down all quals, even if the column "
"is uncorrelated."),
NULL,
&ColumnarQualPushdownCorrelationThreshold,
0.9,
0.0,
1.0,
PGC_USERSET,
GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE,
NULL, NULL, NULL);
DefineCustomIntVariable(
"columnar.max_custom_scan_paths",
gettext_noop("Maximum number of custom scan paths to generate "
"for a columnar table when planning."),
NULL,
&ColumnarMaxCustomScanPaths,
64,
1,
1024,
PGC_USERSET,
GUC_NO_SHOW_ALL | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE,
NULL, NULL, NULL);
DefineCustomEnumVariable(
"columnar.planner_debug_level",
"Message level for columnar planning information.",
NULL,
&ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
DEBUG3,
debug_level_options,
PGC_USERSET,
0,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL);
RegisterCustomScanMethods(&ColumnarScanScanMethods);
}
static void
ColumnarSetRelPathlistHook(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Index rti,
RangeTblEntry *rte)
{
/* call into previous hook if assigned */
if (PreviousSetRelPathlistHook)
{
PreviousSetRelPathlistHook(root, rel, rti, rte);
}
if (!OidIsValid(rte->relid) || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION || rte->inh)
{
/* some calls to the pathlist hook don't have a valid relation set. Do nothing */
return;
}
/*
* Here we want to inspect if this relation pathlist hook is accessing a columnar table.
* If that is the case we want to insert an extra path that pushes down the projection
* into the scan of the table to minimize the data read.
*/
Relation relation = RelationIdGetRelation(rte->relid);
if (!RelationIsValid(relation))
{
ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("could not open relation with OID %u", rte->relid)));
}
if (relation->rd_tableam == GetColumnarTableAmRoutine())
{
if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
{
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("sample scans not supported on columnar tables")));
}
if (list_length(rel->partial_pathlist) != 0)
{
/*
* Parallel scans on columnar tables are already discardad by
* ColumnarGetRelationInfoHook but be on the safe side.
*/
elog(ERROR, "parallel scans on columnar are not supported");
}
/*
* There are cases where IndexPath is normally more preferrable over
* SeqPath for heapAM but not for columnarAM. In such cases, an
* IndexPath could wrongly dominate a SeqPath based on the costs
* estimated by postgres earlier. For this reason, here we manually
* create a SeqPath, estimate the cost based on columnarAM and append
* to pathlist.
*
* Before doing that, we first re-cost all the existing paths so that
* add_path makes correct cost comparisons when appending our SeqPath.
*/
CostColumnarPaths(root, rel, rte->relid);
Path *seqPath = CreateColumnarSeqScanPath(root, rel, rte->relid);
add_path(rel, seqPath);
if (EnableColumnarCustomScan)
{
ereport(DEBUG1, (errmsg("pathlist hook for columnar table am")));
/*
* When columnar custom scan is enabled (columnar.enable_custom_scan),
* we only consider ColumnarScanPath's & IndexPath's. For this reason,
* we remove other paths and re-estimate IndexPath costs to make accurate
* comparisons between them.
*
* Even more, we might calculate an equal cost for a
* ColumnarCustomScan and a SeqPath if we are reading all columns
* of given table since we don't consider chunk group filtering
* when costing ColumnarCustomScan.
* In that case, if we don't remove SeqPath's, we might wrongly choose
* SeqPath thinking that its cost would be equal to ColumnarCustomScan.
*/
RemovePathsByPredicate(rel, IsNotIndexPath);
AddColumnarScanPaths(root, rel, rte);
}
}
RelationClose(relation);
}
static void
ColumnarGetRelationInfoHook(PlannerInfo *root, Oid relationObjectId,
bool inhparent, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
if (PreviousGetRelationInfoHook)
{
PreviousGetRelationInfoHook(root, relationObjectId, inhparent, rel);
}
if (IsColumnarTableAmTable(relationObjectId))
{
/* disable parallel query */
rel->rel_parallel_workers = 0;
/* disable index-only scan */
IndexOptInfo *indexOptInfo = NULL;
foreach_ptr(indexOptInfo, rel->indexlist)
{
memset(indexOptInfo->canreturn, false, indexOptInfo->ncolumns * sizeof(bool));
}
}
}
/*
* RemovePathsByPredicate removes the paths that removePathPredicate
* evaluates to true from pathlist of given rel.
*/
static void
RemovePathsByPredicate(RelOptInfo *rel, PathPredicate removePathPredicate)
{
List *filteredPathList = NIL;
Path *path = NULL;
foreach_ptr(path, rel->pathlist)
{
if (!removePathPredicate(path))
{
filteredPathList = lappend(filteredPathList, path);
}
}
rel->pathlist = filteredPathList;
}
/*
* IsNotIndexPath returns true if given path is not an IndexPath.
*/
static bool
IsNotIndexPath(Path *path)
{
return !IsA(path, IndexPath);
}
/*
* CreateColumnarSeqScanPath returns Path for sequential scan on columnar
* table with relationId.
*/
static Path *
CreateColumnarSeqScanPath(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId)
{
/* columnar doesn't support parallel scan */
int parallelWorkers = 0;
Relids requiredOuter = rel->lateral_relids;
Path *path = create_seqscan_path(root, rel, requiredOuter, parallelWorkers);
CostColumnarSeqPath(rel, relationId, path);
return path;
}
/*
* CostColumnarPaths re-costs paths of given RelOptInfo for
* columnar table with relationId.
*/
static void
CostColumnarPaths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId)
{
Path *path = NULL;
foreach_ptr(path, rel->pathlist)
{
if (IsA(path, IndexPath))
{
/*
* Since we don't provide implementations for scan_bitmap_next_block
* & scan_bitmap_next_tuple, postgres doesn't generate bitmap index
* scan paths for columnar tables already (see related comments in
* TableAmRoutine). For this reason, we only consider IndexPath's
* here.
*/
CostColumnarIndexPath(root, rel, relationId, (IndexPath *) path);
}
else if (path->pathtype == T_SeqScan)
{
CostColumnarSeqPath(rel, relationId, path);
}
}
}
/*
* CostColumnarIndexPath re-costs given index path for columnar table with
* relationId.
*/
static void
CostColumnarIndexPath(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId,
IndexPath *indexPath)
{
if (!enable_indexscan)
{
/* costs are already set to disable_cost, don't adjust them */
return;
}
ereport(DEBUG4, (errmsg("columnar table index scan costs estimated by "
"indexAM: startup cost = %.10f, total cost = "
"%.10f", indexPath->path.startup_cost,
indexPath->path.total_cost)));
/*
* We estimate the cost for columnar table read during index scan. Also,
* instead of overwriting total cost, we "add" ours to the cost estimated
* by indexAM since we should consider index traversal related costs too.
*/
Cost columnarIndexScanCost = ColumnarIndexScanAdditionalCost(root, rel, relationId,
indexPath);
indexPath->path.total_cost += columnarIndexScanCost;
ereport(DEBUG4, (errmsg("columnar table index scan costs re-estimated "
"by columnarAM (including indexAM costs): "
"startup cost = %.10f, total cost = %.10f",
indexPath->path.startup_cost,
indexPath->path.total_cost)));
}
/*
* ColumnarIndexScanAdditionalCost returns additional cost estimated for
* index scan described by IndexPath for columnar table with relationId.
*/
static Cost
ColumnarIndexScanAdditionalCost(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
Oid relationId, IndexPath *indexPath)
{
int numberOfColumnsRead = RelationIdGetNumberOfAttributes(relationId);
Cost perStripeCost = ColumnarPerStripeScanCost(rel, relationId, numberOfColumnsRead);
/*
* We don't need to pass correct loop count to amcostestimate since we
* will only use index correlation & index selectivity, and loop count
* doesn't have any effect on those two.
*/
double fakeLoopCount = 1;
Cost fakeIndexStartupCost;
Cost fakeIndexTotalCost;
double fakeIndexPages;
Selectivity indexSelectivity;
double indexCorrelation;
amcostestimate_function amcostestimate = indexPath->indexinfo->amcostestimate;
amcostestimate(root, indexPath, fakeLoopCount, &fakeIndexStartupCost,
&fakeIndexTotalCost, &indexSelectivity,
&indexCorrelation, &fakeIndexPages);
Relation relation = RelationIdGetRelation(relationId);
if (!RelationIsValid(relation))
{
ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("could not open relation with OID %u", relationId)));
}
uint64 rowCount = ColumnarTableRowCount(relation);
RelationClose(relation);
double estimatedRows = rowCount * indexSelectivity;
/*
* In the worst case (i.e no correlation between the column & the index),
* we need to read a different stripe for each row.
*/
double maxStripeReadCount = estimatedRows;
/*
* In the best case (i.e the column is fully correlated with the index),
* we wouldn't read the same stripe again and again thanks
* to locality.
*/
double avgStripeRowCount =
rowCount / (double) ColumnarTableStripeCount(relationId);
double minStripeReadCount = estimatedRows / avgStripeRowCount;
/*
* While being close to 0 means low correlation, being close to -1 or +1
* means high correlation. For index scans on columnar tables, it doesn't
* matter if the column and the index are "correlated" (+1) or
* "anti-correlated" (-1) since both help us avoiding from reading the
* same stripe again and again.
*/
double absIndexCorrelation = float_abs(indexCorrelation);
/*
* To estimate the number of stripes that we need to read, we do linear
* interpolation between minStripeReadCount & maxStripeReadCount. To do
* that, we use complement to 1 of absolute correlation, where being
* close to 0 means high correlation and being close to 1 means low
* correlation.
* In practice, we only want to do an index scan when absIndexCorrelation
* is 1 (or extremely close to it), or when the absolute number of tuples
* returned is very small. Other cases will have a prohibitive cost.
*/
double complementIndexCorrelation = 1 - absIndexCorrelation;
double estimatedStripeReadCount =
minStripeReadCount + complementIndexCorrelation * (maxStripeReadCount -
minStripeReadCount);
/* even in the best case, we will read a single stripe */
estimatedStripeReadCount = Max(estimatedStripeReadCount, 1.0);
Cost scanCost = perStripeCost * estimatedStripeReadCount;
ereport(DEBUG4, (errmsg("re-costing index scan for columnar table: "
"selectivity = %.10f, complement abs "
"correlation = %.10f, per stripe cost = %.10f, "
"estimated stripe read count = %.10f, "
"total additional cost = %.10f",
indexSelectivity, complementIndexCorrelation,
perStripeCost, estimatedStripeReadCount,
scanCost)));
return scanCost;
}
/*
* CostColumnarSeqPath sets costs given seq path for columnar table with
* relationId.
*/
static void
CostColumnarSeqPath(RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId, Path *path)
{
if (!enable_seqscan)
{
/* costs are already set to disable_cost, don't adjust them */
return;
}
/*
* Seq scan doesn't support projection or qual pushdown, so we will read
* all the stripes and all the columns.
*/
double stripesToRead = ColumnarTableStripeCount(relationId);
int numberOfColumnsRead = RelationIdGetNumberOfAttributes(relationId);
path->startup_cost = 0;
path->total_cost = stripesToRead *
ColumnarPerStripeScanCost(rel, relationId, numberOfColumnsRead);
}
/*
* RelationIdGetNumberOfAttributes returns number of attributes that relation
* with relationId has.
*/
static int
RelationIdGetNumberOfAttributes(Oid relationId)
{
Relation relation = RelationIdGetRelation(relationId);
if (!RelationIsValid(relation))
{
ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("could not open relation with OID %u", relationId)));
}
int nattrs = relation->rd_att->natts;
RelationClose(relation);
return nattrs;
}
/*
* CheckVarStats() checks whether a qual involving this Var is likely to be
* useful based on the correlation stats. If so, or if stats are unavailable,
* return true; otherwise return false and sets absVarCorrelation in case
* caller wants to use for logging purposes.
*/
static bool
CheckVarStats(PlannerInfo *root, Var *var, Oid sortop, float4 *absVarCorrelation)
{
/*
* Collect isunique, ndistinct, and varCorrelation.
*/
VariableStatData varStatData;
examine_variable(root, (Node *) var, var->varno, &varStatData);
if (varStatData.rel == NULL ||
!HeapTupleIsValid(varStatData.statsTuple))
{
return true;
}
AttStatsSlot sslot;
if (!get_attstatsslot(&sslot, varStatData.statsTuple,
STATISTIC_KIND_CORRELATION, sortop,
ATTSTATSSLOT_NUMBERS))
{
ReleaseVariableStats(varStatData);
return true;
}
Assert(sslot.nnumbers == 1);
float4 varCorrelation = sslot.numbers[0];
ReleaseVariableStats(varStatData);
/*
* If the Var is not highly correlated, then the chunk's min/max bounds
* will be nearly useless.
*/
if (float_abs(varCorrelation) < ColumnarQualPushdownCorrelationThreshold)
{
if (absVarCorrelation)
{
/*
* Report absVarCorrelation if caller wants to know why given
* var is rejected.
*/
*absVarCorrelation = float_abs(varCorrelation);
}
return false;
}
return true;
}
/*
* ExprReferencesRelid returns true if any of the Expr's Vars refer to the
* given relid; false otherwise.
*/
static bool
ExprReferencesRelid(Expr *expr, Index relid)
{
List *exprVars = pull_var_clause(
(Node *) expr, PVC_RECURSE_AGGREGATES |
PVC_RECURSE_WINDOWFUNCS | PVC_RECURSE_PLACEHOLDERS);
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, exprVars)
{
Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
if (var->varno == relid)
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/*
* ExtractPushdownClause extracts an Expr node from given clause for pushing down
* into the given rel (including join clauses). This test may not be exact in
* all cases; it's used to reduce the search space for parameterization.
*
* Note that we don't try to handle cases like "Var + ExtParam = 3". That
* would require going through eval_const_expression after parameter binding,
* and that doesn't seem worth the effort. Here we just look for "Var op Expr"
* or "Expr op Var", where Var references rel and Expr references other rels
* (or no rels at all).
*
* Moreover, this function also looks into BoolExpr's to recursively extract
* pushdownable OpExpr's of them:
* i) AND_EXPR:
* Take pushdownable args of AND expressions by ignoring the other args.
* ii) OR_EXPR:
* Ignore the whole OR expression if we cannot exract a pushdownable Expr
* from one of its args.
* iii) NOT_EXPR:
* Simply ignore NOT expressions since we don't expect to see them before
* an expression that we can pushdown, see the comment in function.
*
* The reasoning for those three rules could also be summarized as such;
* for any expression that we cannot push-down, we must assume that it
* evaluates to true.
*
* For example, given following WHERE clause:
* (
* (a > random() OR a < 30)
* AND
* a < 200
* ) OR
* (
* a = 300
* OR
* a > 400
* );
* Even if we can pushdown (a < 30), we cannot pushdown (a > random() OR a < 30)
* due to (a > random()). However, we can pushdown (a < 200), so we extract
* (a < 200) from the lhs of the top level OR expression.
*
* For the rhs of the top level OR expression, since we can pushdown both (a = 300)
* and (a > 400), we take this part as is.
*
* Finally, since both sides of the top level OR expression yielded pushdownable
* expressions, we will pushdown the following:
* (a < 200) OR ((a = 300) OR (a > 400))
*/
static Expr *
ExtractPushdownClause(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Node *node)
{
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
check_stack_depth();
if (node == NULL)
{
return NULL;
}
if (IsA(node, BoolExpr))
{
BoolExpr *boolExpr = castNode(BoolExpr, node);
if (boolExpr->boolop == NOT_EXPR)
{
/*
* Standard planner should have already applied de-morgan rule to
* simple NOT expressions. If we encounter with such an expression
* here, then it can't be a pushdownable one, such as:
* WHERE id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM something).
*/
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"must not contain a subplan")));
return NULL;
}
List *pushdownableArgs = NIL;
Node *boolExprArg = NULL;
foreach_ptr(boolExprArg, boolExpr->args)
{
Expr *pushdownableArg = ExtractPushdownClause(root, rel,
(Node *) boolExprArg);
if (pushdownableArg)
{
pushdownableArgs = lappend(pushdownableArgs, pushdownableArg);
}
else if (boolExpr->boolop == OR_EXPR)
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"all arguments of an OR expression must be "
"pushdownable but one of them was not, due "
"to the reason given above")));
return NULL;
}
/* simply skip AND args that we cannot pushdown */
}
int npushdownableArgs = list_length(pushdownableArgs);
if (npushdownableArgs == 0)
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"none of the arguments were pushdownable, "
"due to the reason(s) given above ")));
return NULL;
}
else if (npushdownableArgs == 1)
{
return (Expr *) linitial(pushdownableArgs);
}
if (boolExpr->boolop == AND_EXPR)
{
return make_andclause(pushdownableArgs);
}
else if (boolExpr->boolop == OR_EXPR)
{
return make_orclause(pushdownableArgs);
}
else
{
/* already discarded NOT expr, so should not be reachable */
return NULL;
}
}
if (IsA(node, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
{
if (!contain_volatile_functions(node))
{
return (Expr *) node;
}
else
{
return NULL;
}
}
if (!IsA(node, OpExpr) || list_length(((OpExpr *) node)->args) != 2)
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"must be binary operator expression")));
return NULL;
}
OpExpr *opExpr = castNode(OpExpr, node);
Expr *lhs = list_nth(opExpr->args, 0);
Expr *rhs = list_nth(opExpr->args, 1);
Var *varSide;
Expr *exprSide;
if (IsA(lhs, Var) && ((Var *) lhs)->varno == rel->relid &&
!ExprReferencesRelid((Expr *) rhs, rel->relid))
{
varSide = castNode(Var, lhs);
exprSide = rhs;
}
else if (IsA(rhs, Var) && ((Var *) rhs)->varno == rel->relid &&
!ExprReferencesRelid((Expr *) lhs, rel->relid))
{
varSide = castNode(Var, rhs);
exprSide = lhs;
}
else
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"must match 'Var <op> Expr' or 'Expr <op> Var'"),
errhint("Var must only reference this rel, "
"and Expr must not reference this rel")));
return NULL;
}
if (varSide->varattno <= 0)
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"var is whole-row reference or system column")));
return NULL;
}
if (contain_volatile_functions((Node *) exprSide))
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"expr contains volatile functions")));
return NULL;
}
/* only the default opclass is used for qual pushdown. */
Oid varOpClass = GetDefaultOpClass(varSide->vartype, BTREE_AM_OID);
Oid varOpFamily;
Oid varOpcInType;
if (!OidIsValid(varOpClass) ||
!get_opclass_opfamily_and_input_type(varOpClass, &varOpFamily,
&varOpcInType))
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"cannot find default btree opclass and opfamily for type: %s",
format_type_be(varSide->vartype))));
return NULL;
}
if (!op_in_opfamily(opExpr->opno, varOpFamily))
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"operator %d not a member of opfamily %d",
opExpr->opno, varOpFamily)));
return NULL;
}
Oid sortop = get_opfamily_member(varOpFamily, varOpcInType,
varOpcInType, BTLessStrategyNumber);
Assert(OidIsValid(sortop));
/*
* Check that statistics on the Var support the utility of this
* clause.
*/
float4 absVarCorrelation = 0;
if (!CheckVarStats(root, varSide, sortop, &absVarCorrelation))
{
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: cannot push down clause: "
"absolute correlation (%.3f) of var attribute %d is "
"smaller than the value configured in "
"\"columnar.qual_pushdown_correlation_threshold\" "
"(%.3f)", absVarCorrelation, varSide->varattno,
ColumnarQualPushdownCorrelationThreshold)));
return NULL;
}
return (Expr *) node;
}
/*
* FilterPushdownClauses filters for clauses that are candidates for pushing
* down into rel.
*/
static List *
FilterPushdownClauses(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, List *inputClauses)
{
List *filteredClauses = NIL;
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, inputClauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
/*
* Ignore clauses that don't refer to this rel, and pseudoconstants.
*
* XXX: A pseudoconstant may be of use, but it doesn't make sense to
* push it down because it doesn't contain any Vars. Look into if
* there's something we should do with pseudoconstants here.
*/
if (rinfo->pseudoconstant ||
!bms_is_member(rel->relid, rinfo->required_relids))
{
continue;
}
Expr *pushdownableExpr = ExtractPushdownClause(root, rel, (Node *) rinfo->clause);
if (!pushdownableExpr)
{
continue;
}
rinfo = copyObject(rinfo);
rinfo->clause = pushdownableExpr;
filteredClauses = lappend(filteredClauses, rinfo);
}
return filteredClauses;
}
/*
* PushdownJoinClauseMatches is a callback that returns true, indicating that
* we want all of the clauses from generate_implied_equalities_for_column().
*/
static bool
PushdownJoinClauseMatches(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
void *arg)
{
return true;
}
/*
* FindPushdownJoinClauses finds join clauses, including those implied by ECs,
* that may be pushed down.
*/
static List *
FindPushdownJoinClauses(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
List *joinClauses = copyObject(rel->joininfo);
/*
* Here we are generating the clauses just so we can later extract the
* interesting relids. This is somewhat wasteful, but it allows us to
* filter out joinclauses, reducing the number of relids we need to
* consider.
*
* XXX: also find additional clauses for joininfo that are implied by ECs?
*/
List *ecClauses = generate_implied_equalities_for_column(
root, rel, PushdownJoinClauseMatches, NULL,
rel->lateral_referencers);
List *allClauses = list_concat(joinClauses, ecClauses);
return FilterPushdownClauses(root, rel, allClauses);
}
/*
* FindCandidateRelids identifies candidate rels for parameterization from the
* list of join clauses.
*
* Some rels cannot be considered for parameterization, such as a partitioned
* parent of the given rel. Other rels are just not useful because they don't
* appear in a join clause that could be pushed down.
*/
static Relids
FindCandidateRelids(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, List *joinClauses)
{
Relids candidateRelids = NULL;
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, joinClauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
candidateRelids = bms_add_members(candidateRelids,
rinfo->required_relids);
}
candidateRelids = bms_del_members(candidateRelids, rel->relids);
candidateRelids = bms_del_members(candidateRelids, rel->lateral_relids);
return candidateRelids;
}
/*
* Combinations() calculates the number of combinations of n things taken k at
* a time. When the correct result is large, the calculation may produce a
* non-integer result, or overflow to inf, which caller should handle
* appropriately.
*
* Use the following two formulae from Knuth TAoCP, 1.2.6:
* (2) Combinations(n, k) = (n*(n-1)..(n-k+1)) / (k*(k-1)..1)
* (5) Combinations(n, k) = Combinations(n, n-k)
*/
static double
Combinations(int n, int k)
{
double v = 1;
/*
* If k is close to n, then both the numerator and the denominator are
* close to n!, and we may overflow even if the input is reasonable
* (e.g. Combinations(500, 500)). Use formula (5) to choose the smaller,
* but equivalent, k.
*/
k = Min(k, n - k);
/* calculate numerator of formula (2) first */
for (int i = n; i >= n - k + 1; i--)
{
v *= i;
}
/*
* Divide by each factor in the denominator of formula (2), skipping
* division by 1.
*/
for (int i = k; i >= 2; i--)
{
v /= i;
}
return v;
}
/*
* ChooseDepthLimit() calculates the depth limit for the parameterization
* search, given the number of candidate relations.
*
* The maximum number of paths generated for a given depthLimit is:
*
* Combinations(nCandidates, 0) + Combinations(nCandidates, 1) + ... +
* Combinations(nCandidates, depthLimit)
*
* There's no closed formula for a partial sum of combinations, so just keep
* increasing the depth until the number of combinations exceeds the limit.
*/
static int
ChooseDepthLimit(int nCandidates)
{
if (!EnableColumnarQualPushdown)
{
return 0;
}
int depth = 0;
double numPaths = 1;
while (depth < nCandidates)
{
numPaths += Combinations(nCandidates, depth + 1);
if (numPaths > (double) ColumnarMaxCustomScanPaths)
{
break;
}
depth++;
}
return depth;
}
/*
* AddColumnarScanPaths is the entry point for recursively generating
* parameterized paths. See AddColumnarScanPathsRec() for discussion.
*/
static void
AddColumnarScanPaths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, RangeTblEntry *rte)
{
List *joinClauses = FindPushdownJoinClauses(root, rel);
Relids candidateRelids = FindCandidateRelids(root, rel, joinClauses);
int depthLimit = ChooseDepthLimit(bms_num_members(candidateRelids));
/* must always parameterize by lateral refs */
Relids paramRelids = bms_copy(rel->lateral_relids);
AddColumnarScanPathsRec(root, rel, rte, paramRelids, candidateRelids,
depthLimit);
}
/*
* AddColumnarScanPathsRec is a recursive function to search the
* parameterization space and add CustomPaths for columnar scans.
*
* The set paramRelids is the parameterization at the current level, and
* candidateRelids is the set from which we draw to generate paths with
* greater parameterization.
*
* Columnar tables resemble indexes because of the ability to push down
* quals. Ordinary quals, such as x = 7, can be pushed down easily. But join
* quals of the form "x = y" (where "y" comes from another rel) require the
* proper parameterization.
*
* Paths that require more outer rels can push down more join clauses that
* depend on those outer rels. But requiring more outer rels gives the planner
* fewer options for the shape of the plan. That means there is a trade-off,
* and we should generate plans of various parameterizations, then let the
* planner choose. We always need to generate one minimally-parameterized path
* (parameterized only by lateral refs, if present) to make sure that at least
* one path can be chosen. Then, we generate as many parameterized paths as we
* reasonably can.
*
* The set of all possible parameterizations is the power set of
* candidateRelids. The power set has cardinality 2^N, where N is the
* cardinality of candidateRelids. To avoid creating a huge number of paths,
* limit the depth of the search; the depthLimit is equivalent to the maximum
* number of required outer rels (beyond the minimal parameterization) for the
* path. A depthLimit of zero means that only the minimally-parameterized path
* will be generated.
*/
static void
AddColumnarScanPathsRec(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, RangeTblEntry *rte,
Relids paramRelids, Relids candidateRelids,
int depthLimit)
{
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
check_stack_depth();
Assert(!bms_overlap(paramRelids, candidateRelids));
AddColumnarScanPath(root, rel, rte, paramRelids);
/* recurse for all candidateRelids, unless we hit the depth limit */
Assert(depthLimit >= 0);
if (depthLimit-- == 0)
{
return;
}
/*
* Iterate through parameter combinations depth-first. Deeper levels
* generate paths of greater parameterization (and hopefully lower
* cost).
*/
Relids tmpCandidateRelids = bms_copy(candidateRelids);
int relid = -1;
while ((relid = bms_next_member(candidateRelids, relid)) >= 0)
{
Relids tmpParamRelids = bms_add_member(
bms_copy(paramRelids), relid);
/*
* Because we are generating combinations (not permutations), remove
* the relid from the set of candidates at this level as we descend to
* the next.
*/
tmpCandidateRelids = bms_del_member(tmpCandidateRelids, relid);
AddColumnarScanPathsRec(root, rel, rte, tmpParamRelids,
tmpCandidateRelids, depthLimit);
}
bms_free(tmpCandidateRelids);
}
/*
* ParameterizationAsString returns the string representation of the set of
* rels given in paramRelids.
*
* Takes a StringInfo so that it doesn't return palloc'd memory. This makes it
* easy to call this function as an argument to ereport(), such that it won't
* be evaluated unless the message is going to be output somewhere.
*/
static char *
ParameterizationAsString(PlannerInfo *root, Relids paramRelids, StringInfo buf)
{
bool firstTime = true;
int relid = -1;
if (bms_num_members(paramRelids) == 0)
{
return "unparameterized";
}
appendStringInfoString(buf, "parameterized by rels {");
while ((relid = bms_next_member(paramRelids, relid)) >= 0)
{
RangeTblEntry *rte = root->simple_rte_array[relid];
const char *relname = quote_identifier(rte->eref->aliasname);
appendStringInfo(buf, "%s%s", firstTime ? "" : ", ", relname);
if (relname != rte->eref->aliasname)
{
pfree((void *) relname);
}
firstTime = false;
}
appendStringInfoString(buf, "}");
return buf->data;
}
/*
* ContainsExecParams tests whether the node contains any exec params. The
* signature accepts an extra argument for use with expression_tree_walker.
*/
static bool
ContainsExecParams(Node *node, void *notUsed)
{
if (node == NULL)
{
return false;
}
else if (IsA(node, Param))
{
Param *param = castNode(Param, node);
if (param->paramkind == PARAM_EXEC)
{
return true;
}
}
return expression_tree_walker(node, ContainsExecParams, NULL);
}
/*
* Create and add a path with the given parameterization paramRelids.
*
* XXX: Consider refactoring to be more like postgresGetForeignPaths(). The
* only differences are param_info and custom_private.
*/
static void
AddColumnarScanPath(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, RangeTblEntry *rte,
Relids paramRelids)
{
/*
* Must return a CustomPath, not a larger structure containing a
* CustomPath as the first field. Otherwise, nodeToString() will fail to
* output the additional fields.
*/
CustomPath *cpath = makeNode(CustomPath);
cpath->methods = &ColumnarScanPathMethods;
#if (PG_VERSION_NUM >= PG_VERSION_15)
/* necessary to avoid extra Result node in PG15 */
cpath->flags = CUSTOMPATH_SUPPORT_PROJECTION;
#endif
/*
* populate generic path information
*/
Path *path = &cpath->path;
path->pathtype = T_CustomScan;
path->parent = rel;
path->pathtarget = rel->reltarget;
/* columnar scans are not parallel-aware, but they are parallel-safe */
path->parallel_safe = rel->consider_parallel;
path->param_info = get_baserel_parampathinfo(root, rel, paramRelids);
/*
* Usable clauses for this parameterization exist in baserestrictinfo and
* ppi_clauses.
*/
List *allClauses = copyObject(rel->baserestrictinfo);
if (path->param_info != NULL)
{
allClauses = list_concat(allClauses, path->param_info->ppi_clauses);
}
allClauses = FilterPushdownClauses(root, rel, allClauses);
/*
* Plain clauses may contain extern params, but not exec params, and can
* be evaluated at init time or rescan time. Track them in another list
* that is a subset of allClauses.
*
* Note: although typically baserestrictinfo contains plain clauses,
* that's not always true. It can also contain a qual referencing a Var at
* a higher query level, which can be turned into an exec param, and
* therefore it won't be a plain clause.
*/
List *plainClauses = NIL;
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, allClauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = lfirst_node(RestrictInfo, lc);
if (bms_is_subset(rinfo->required_relids, rel->relids) &&
!ContainsExecParams((Node *) rinfo->clause, NULL))
{
plainClauses = lappend(plainClauses, rinfo);
}
}
/*
* We can't make our own CustomPath structure, so we need to put
* everything in the custom_private list. To keep the two lists separate,
* we make them sublists in a 2-element list.
*/
if (EnableColumnarQualPushdown)
{
cpath->custom_private = list_make2(copyObject(plainClauses),
copyObject(allClauses));
}
else
{
cpath->custom_private = list_make2(NIL, NIL);
}
int numberOfColumnsRead = 0;
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= PG_VERSION_16
if (rte->perminfoindex > 0)
{
/*
* If perminfoindex > 0, that means that this relation's permission info
* is directly found in the list of rteperminfos of the Query(root->parse)
* So, all we have to do here is retrieve that info.
*/
RTEPermissionInfo *perminfo = getRTEPermissionInfo(root->parse->rteperminfos,
rte);
numberOfColumnsRead = bms_num_members(perminfo->selectedCols);
}
else
{
/*
* If perminfoindex = 0, that means we are skipping the check for permission info
* for this relation, which means that it's either a partition or an inheritance child.
* In these cases, we need to access the permission info of the top parent of this relation.
* After thorough checking, we found that the index of the top parent pointing to the correct
* range table entry in Query's range tables (root->parse->rtable) is found under
* RelOptInfo rel->top_parent->relid.
* For reference, check expand_partitioned_rtentry and expand_inherited_rtentry PG functions
*/
Assert(rel->top_parent);
RangeTblEntry *parent_rte = rt_fetch(rel->top_parent->relid, root->parse->rtable);
RTEPermissionInfo *perminfo = getRTEPermissionInfo(root->parse->rteperminfos,
parent_rte);
numberOfColumnsRead = bms_num_members(fixup_inherited_columns(perminfo->relid,
rte->relid,
perminfo->
selectedCols));
}
#else
numberOfColumnsRead = bms_num_members(rte->selectedCols);
#endif
int numberOfClausesPushed = list_length(allClauses);
CostColumnarScan(root, rel, rte->relid, cpath, numberOfColumnsRead,
numberOfClausesPushed);
StringInfoData buf;
initStringInfo(&buf);
ereport(ColumnarPlannerDebugLevel,
(errmsg("columnar planner: adding CustomScan path for %s",
rte->eref->aliasname),
errdetail("%s; %d clauses pushed down",
ParameterizationAsString(root, paramRelids, &buf),
numberOfClausesPushed)));
add_path(rel, path);
}
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= PG_VERSION_16
/*
* fixup_inherited_columns
*
* Exact function Copied from PG16 as it's static.
*
* When user is querying on a table with children, it implicitly accesses
* child tables also. So, we also need to check security label of child
* tables and columns, but there is no guarantee attribute numbers are
* same between the parent and children.
* It returns a bitmapset which contains attribute number of the child
* table based on the given bitmapset of the parent.
*/
static Bitmapset *
fixup_inherited_columns(Oid parentId, Oid childId, Bitmapset *columns)
{
Bitmapset *result = NULL;
/*
* obviously, no need to do anything here
*/
if (parentId == childId)
{
return columns;
}
int index = -1;
while ((index = bms_next_member(columns, index)) >= 0)
{
/* bit numbers are offset by FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber */
AttrNumber attno = index + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
/*
* whole-row-reference shall be fixed-up later
*/
if (attno == InvalidAttrNumber)
{
result = bms_add_member(result, index);
continue;
}
char *attname = get_attname(parentId, attno, false);
attno = get_attnum(childId, attname);
if (attno == InvalidAttrNumber)
{
elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for attribute %s of relation %u",
attname, childId);
}
result = bms_add_member(result,
attno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
pfree(attname);
}
return result;
}
#endif
/*
* CostColumnarScan calculates the cost of scanning the columnar table. The
* cost is estimated by using all stripe metadata to estimate based on the
* columns to read how many pages need to be read.
*/
static void
CostColumnarScan(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId,
CustomPath *cpath, int numberOfColumnsRead, int nClauses)
{
Path *path = &cpath->path;
List *allClauses = lsecond(cpath->custom_private);
Selectivity clauseSel = clauselist_selectivity(
root, allClauses, rel->relid, JOIN_INNER, NULL);
/*
* We already filtered out clauses where the overall selectivity would be
* misleading, such as inequalities involving an uncorrelated column. So
* we can apply the selectivity directly to the number of stripes.
*/
double stripesToRead = clauseSel * ColumnarTableStripeCount(relationId);
stripesToRead = Max(stripesToRead, 1.0);
path->rows = rel->rows;
path->startup_cost = 0;
path->total_cost = stripesToRead *
ColumnarPerStripeScanCost(rel, relationId, numberOfColumnsRead);
}
/*
* ColumnarPerStripeScanCost calculates the cost to scan a single stripe
* of given columnar table based on number of columns that needs to be
* read during scan operation.
*/
static Cost
ColumnarPerStripeScanCost(RelOptInfo *rel, Oid relationId, int numberOfColumnsRead)
{
Relation relation = RelationIdGetRelation(relationId);
if (!RelationIsValid(relation))
{
ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("could not open relation with OID %u", relationId)));
}
List *stripeList = StripesForRelfilelocator(RelationPhysicalIdentifier_compat(
relation));
RelationClose(relation);
uint32 maxColumnCount = 0;
uint64 totalStripeSize = 0;
StripeMetadata *stripeMetadata = NULL;
foreach_ptr(stripeMetadata, stripeList)
{
totalStripeSize += stripeMetadata->dataLength;
maxColumnCount = Max(maxColumnCount, stripeMetadata->columnCount);
}
/*
* When no stripes are in the table we don't have a count in maxColumnCount. To
* prevent a division by zero turning into a NaN we keep the ratio on zero.
* This will result in a cost of 0 for scanning the table which is a reasonable
* cost on an empty table.
*/
if (maxColumnCount == 0)
{
return 0;
}
double columnSelectionRatio = numberOfColumnsRead / (double) maxColumnCount;
Cost tableScanCost = (double) totalStripeSize / BLCKSZ * columnSelectionRatio;
Cost perStripeScanCost = tableScanCost / list_length(stripeList);
/*
* Finally, multiply the cost of reading a single stripe by seq page read
* cost to make our estimation scale compatible with postgres.
* Since we are calculating the cost for a single stripe here, we use seq
* page cost instead of random page cost. This is because, random page
* access only happens when switching between columns, which is pretty
* much neglactable.
*/
double relSpaceSeqPageCost;
get_tablespace_page_costs(rel->reltablespace,
NULL, &relSpaceSeqPageCost);
perStripeScanCost = perStripeScanCost * relSpaceSeqPageCost;
return perStripeScanCost;
}
/*
* ColumnarTableStripeCount returns the number of stripes that columnar
* table with relationId has by using stripe metadata.
*/
static uint64
ColumnarTableStripeCount(Oid relationId)
{
Relation relation = RelationIdGetRelation(relationId);
if (!RelationIsValid(relation))
{
ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("could not open relation with OID %u", relationId)));
}
List *stripeList = StripesForRelfilelocator(RelationPhysicalIdentifier_compat(
relation));
int stripeCount = list_length(stripeList);
RelationClose(relation);
return stripeCount;
}
static Plan *
ColumnarScanPath_PlanCustomPath(PlannerInfo *root,
RelOptInfo *rel,
struct CustomPath *best_path,
List *tlist,
List *clauses,
List *custom_plans)
{
/*
* Must return a CustomScan, not a larger structure containing a
* CustomScan as the first field. Otherwise, copyObject() will fail to
* copy the additional fields.
*/
CustomScan *cscan = makeNode(CustomScan);
cscan->methods = &ColumnarScanScanMethods;
/* XXX: also need to store projected column list for EXPLAIN */
if (EnableColumnarQualPushdown)
{
/*
* Lists of pushed-down clauses. The Vars in custom_exprs referencing
* other relations will be changed into exec Params by
* create_customscan_plan().
*
* Like CustomPath->custom_private, keep a list of plain clauses
* separate from the list of all clauses by making them sublists of a
* 2-element list.
*
* XXX: custom_exprs are the quals that will be pushed into the
* columnar reader code; some of these may not be usable. We should
* fix this by processing the quals more completely and using
* ScanKeys.
*/
List *plainClauses = extract_actual_clauses(
linitial(best_path->custom_private), false /* no pseudoconstants */);
List *allClauses = extract_actual_clauses(
lsecond(best_path->custom_private), false /* no pseudoconstants */);
cscan->custom_exprs = copyObject(list_make2(plainClauses, allClauses));
}
else
{
cscan->custom_exprs = list_make2(NIL, NIL);
}
cscan->scan.plan.qual = extract_actual_clauses(
clauses, false /* no pseudoconstants */);
cscan->scan.plan.targetlist = list_copy(tlist);
cscan->scan.scanrelid = best_path->path.parent->relid;
#if (PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000)
/* necessary to avoid extra Result node in PG15 */
cscan->flags = CUSTOMPATH_SUPPORT_PROJECTION;
#endif
return (Plan *) cscan;
}
/*
* ReparameterizeMutator changes all varnos referencing the topmost parent of
* child_rel to instead reference child_rel directly.
*/
static Node *
ReparameterizeMutator(Node *node, RelOptInfo *child_rel)
{
if (node == NULL)
{
return NULL;
}
if (IsA(node, Var))
{
Var *var = castNode(Var, node);
if (bms_is_member(var->varno, child_rel->top_parent_relids))
{
var = copyObject(var);
var->varno = child_rel->relid;
}
return (Node *) var;
}
if (IsA(node, RestrictInfo))
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = castNode(RestrictInfo, node);
rinfo = copyObject(rinfo);
rinfo->clause = (Expr *) expression_tree_mutator(
(Node *) rinfo->clause, ReparameterizeMutator, (void *) child_rel);
return (Node *) rinfo;
}
return expression_tree_mutator(node, ReparameterizeMutator,
(void *) child_rel);
}
/*
* ColumnarScanPath_ReparameterizeCustomPathByChild is a method called when a
* path is reparameterized directly to a child relation, rather than the
* top-level parent.
*
* For instance, let there be a join of two partitioned columnar relations PX
* and PY. A path for a ColumnarScan of PY3 might be parameterized by PX so
* that the join qual "PY3.a = PX.a" (referencing the parent PX) can be pushed
* down. But if the planner decides on a partition-wise join, then the path
* will be reparameterized on the child table PX3 directly.
*
* When that happens, we need to update all Vars in the pushed-down quals to
* reference PX3, not PX, to match the new parameterization. This method
* notifies us that it needs to be done, and allows us to update the
* information in custom_private.
*/
static List *
ColumnarScanPath_ReparameterizeCustomPathByChild(PlannerInfo *root,
List *custom_private,
RelOptInfo *child_rel)
{
return (List *) ReparameterizeMutator((Node *) custom_private, child_rel);
}
static Node *
ColumnarScan_CreateCustomScanState(CustomScan *cscan)
{
ColumnarScanState *columnarScanState = (ColumnarScanState *) newNode(
sizeof(ColumnarScanState), T_CustomScanState);
CustomScanState *cscanstate = &columnarScanState->custom_scanstate;
cscanstate->methods = &ColumnarScanExecuteMethods;
return (Node *) cscanstate;
}
/*
* EvalParamsMutator evaluates Params in the expression and replaces them with
* Consts.
*/
static Node *
EvalParamsMutator(Node *node, ExprContext *econtext)
{
if (node == NULL)
{
return NULL;
}
if (IsA(node, Param))
{
Param *param = (Param *) node;
int16 typLen;
bool typByVal;
bool isnull;
get_typlenbyval(param->paramtype, &typLen, &typByVal);
/* XXX: should save ExprState for efficiency */
ExprState *exprState = ExecInitExprWithParams((Expr *) node,
econtext->ecxt_param_list_info);
Datum pval = ExecEvalExpr(exprState, econtext, &isnull);
return (Node *) makeConst(param->paramtype,
param->paramtypmod,
param->paramcollid,
(int) typLen,
pval,
isnull,
typByVal);
}
return expression_tree_mutator(node, EvalParamsMutator, (void *) econtext);
}
static void
ColumnarScan_BeginCustomScan(CustomScanState *cscanstate, EState *estate, int eflags)
{
CustomScan *cscan = (CustomScan *) cscanstate->ss.ps.plan;
ColumnarScanState *columnarScanState = (ColumnarScanState *) cscanstate;
ExprContext *stdecontext = cscanstate->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
/*
* Make a new ExprContext just like the existing one, except that we don't
* reset it every tuple.
*/
ExecAssignExprContext(estate, &cscanstate->ss.ps);
columnarScanState->css_RuntimeContext = cscanstate->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
cscanstate->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext = stdecontext;
ResetExprContext(columnarScanState->css_RuntimeContext);
List *plainClauses = linitial(cscan->custom_exprs);
columnarScanState->qual = (List *) EvalParamsMutator(
(Node *) plainClauses, columnarScanState->css_RuntimeContext);
/* scan slot is already initialized */
}
/*
* ColumnarAttrNeeded returns a list of AttrNumber's for the ones that are
* needed during columnar custom scan.
* Throws an error if finds a Var referencing to an attribute not supported
* by ColumnarScan.
*/
static Bitmapset *
ColumnarAttrNeeded(ScanState *ss)
{
TupleTableSlot *slot = ss->ss_ScanTupleSlot;
int natts = slot->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts;
Bitmapset *attr_needed = NULL;
Plan *plan = ss->ps.plan;
int flags = PVC_RECURSE_AGGREGATES |
PVC_RECURSE_WINDOWFUNCS | PVC_RECURSE_PLACEHOLDERS;
List *vars = list_concat(pull_var_clause((Node *) plan->targetlist, flags),
pull_var_clause((Node *) plan->qual, flags));
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, vars)
{
Var *var = lfirst(lc);
if (var->varattno < 0)
{
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg(
"UPDATE and CTID scans not supported for ColumnarScan")));
}
if (var->varattno == 0)
{
elog(DEBUG1, "Need attribute: all");
/* all attributes are required, we don't need to add more so break*/
attr_needed = bms_add_range(attr_needed, 0, natts - 1);
break;
}
elog(DEBUG1, "Need attribute: %d", var->varattno);
attr_needed = bms_add_member(attr_needed, var->varattno - 1);
}
return attr_needed;
}
static TupleTableSlot *
ColumnarScanNext(ColumnarScanState *columnarScanState)
{
CustomScanState *node = (CustomScanState *) columnarScanState;
/*
* get information from the estate and scan state
*/
TableScanDesc scandesc = node->ss.ss_currentScanDesc;
EState *estate = node->ss.ps.state;
ScanDirection direction = estate->es_direction;
TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
if (scandesc == NULL)
{
/* the columnar access method does not use the flags, they are specific to heap */
uint32 flags = 0;
Bitmapset *attr_needed = ColumnarAttrNeeded(&node->ss);
/*
* We reach here if the scan is not parallel, or if we're serially
* executing a scan that was planned to be parallel.
*/
scandesc = columnar_beginscan_extended(node->ss.ss_currentRelation,
estate->es_snapshot,
0, NULL, NULL, flags, attr_needed,
columnarScanState->qual);
bms_free(attr_needed);
node->ss.ss_currentScanDesc = scandesc;
}
/*
* get the next tuple from the table
*/
if (table_scan_getnextslot(scandesc, direction, slot))
{
return slot;
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* SeqRecheck -- access method routine to recheck a tuple in EvalPlanQual
*/
static bool
ColumnarScanRecheck(ColumnarScanState *node, TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
return true;
}
static TupleTableSlot *
ColumnarScan_ExecCustomScan(CustomScanState *node)
{
return ExecScan(&node->ss,
(ExecScanAccessMtd) ColumnarScanNext,
(ExecScanRecheckMtd) ColumnarScanRecheck);
}
static void
ColumnarScan_EndCustomScan(CustomScanState *node)
{
/*
* get information from node
*/
TableScanDesc scanDesc = node->ss.ss_currentScanDesc;
/*
* Free the exprcontext
*/
ExecFreeExprContext(&node->ss.ps);
/*
* clean out the tuple table
*/
if (node->ss.ps.ps_ResultTupleSlot)
{
ExecClearTuple(node->ss.ps.ps_ResultTupleSlot);
}
ExecClearTuple(node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot);
/*
* close heap scan
*/
if (scanDesc != NULL)
{
table_endscan(scanDesc);
}
}
static void
ColumnarScan_ReScanCustomScan(CustomScanState *node)
{
CustomScan *cscan = (CustomScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
ColumnarScanState *columnarScanState = (ColumnarScanState *) node;
ResetExprContext(columnarScanState->css_RuntimeContext);
List *allClauses = lsecond(cscan->custom_exprs);
columnarScanState->qual = (List *) EvalParamsMutator(
(Node *) allClauses, columnarScanState->css_RuntimeContext);
TableScanDesc scanDesc = node->ss.ss_currentScanDesc;
if (scanDesc != NULL)
{
/* XXX: hack to pass quals as scan keys */
ScanKey scanKeys = (ScanKey) columnarScanState->qual;
table_rescan(node->ss.ss_currentScanDesc,
scanKeys);
}
}
static void
ColumnarScan_ExplainCustomScan(CustomScanState *node, List *ancestors,
ExplainState *es)
{
ColumnarScanState *columnarScanState = (ColumnarScanState *) node;
List *context = set_deparse_context_planstate(
es->deparse_cxt, (Node *) &node->ss.ps, ancestors);
List *projectedColumns = ColumnarVarNeeded(columnarScanState);
const char *projectedColumnsStr = ColumnarProjectedColumnsStr(
context, projectedColumns);
ExplainPropertyText("Columnar Projected Columns",
projectedColumnsStr, es);
CustomScan *cscan = castNode(CustomScan, node->ss.ps.plan);
List *chunkGroupFilter = lsecond(cscan->custom_exprs);
if (chunkGroupFilter != NULL)
{
const char *pushdownClausesStr = ColumnarPushdownClausesStr(
context, chunkGroupFilter);
ExplainPropertyText("Columnar Chunk Group Filters",
pushdownClausesStr, es);
ColumnarScanDesc columnarScanDesc =
(ColumnarScanDesc) node->ss.ss_currentScanDesc;
if (columnarScanDesc != NULL)
{
ExplainPropertyInteger(
"Columnar Chunk Groups Removed by Filter",
NULL, ColumnarScanChunkGroupsFiltered(columnarScanDesc), es);
}
}
}
/*
* ColumnarPushdownClausesStr represents the clauses to push down as a string.
*/
static const char *
ColumnarPushdownClausesStr(List *context, List *clauses)
{
Expr *conjunction;
Assert(list_length(clauses) > 0);
if (list_length(clauses) == 1)
{
conjunction = (Expr *) linitial(clauses);
}
else
{
conjunction = make_andclause(clauses);
}
bool useTableNamePrefix = false;
bool showImplicitCast = false;
return deparse_expression((Node *) conjunction, context,
useTableNamePrefix, showImplicitCast);
}
/*
* ColumnarProjectedColumnsStr generates projected column string for
* explain output.
*/
static const char *
ColumnarProjectedColumnsStr(List *context, List *projectedColumns)
{
if (list_length(projectedColumns) == 0)
{
return "<columnar optimized out all columns>";
}
bool useTableNamePrefix = false;
bool showImplicitCast = false;
return deparse_expression((Node *) projectedColumns, context,
useTableNamePrefix, showImplicitCast);
}
/*
* ColumnarVarNeeded returns a list of Var objects for the ones that are
* needed during columnar custom scan.
* Throws an error if finds a Var referencing to an attribute not supported
* by ColumnarScan.
*/
static List *
ColumnarVarNeeded(ColumnarScanState *columnarScanState)
{
ScanState *scanState = &columnarScanState->custom_scanstate.ss;
List *varList = NIL;
Bitmapset *neededAttrSet = ColumnarAttrNeeded(scanState);
int bmsMember = -1;
while ((bmsMember = bms_next_member(neededAttrSet, bmsMember)) >= 0)
{
Relation columnarRelation = scanState->ss_currentRelation;
/* neededAttrSet already represents 0-indexed attribute numbers */
Form_pg_attribute columnForm =
TupleDescAttr(RelationGetDescr(columnarRelation), bmsMember);
if (columnForm->attisdropped)
{
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
errmsg("cannot explain column with attrNum=%d "
"of columnar table %s since it is dropped",
bmsMember + 1,
RelationGetRelationName(columnarRelation))));
}
else if (columnForm->attnum <= 0)
{
/*
* ColumnarAttrNeeded should have already thrown an error for
* system columns. Similarly, it should have already expanded
* whole-row references to individual attributes.
*/
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("cannot explain column with attrNum=%d "
"of columnar table %s since it is either "
"a system column or a whole-row "
"reference", columnForm->attnum,
RelationGetRelationName(columnarRelation))));
}
/*
* varlevelsup is used to figure out the (query) level of the Var
* that we are investigating. Since we are dealing with a particular
* relation, it is useless here.
*/
Index varlevelsup = 0;
CustomScanState *customScanState = (CustomScanState *) columnarScanState;
CustomScan *customScan = (CustomScan *) customScanState->ss.ps.plan;
Index scanrelid = customScan->scan.scanrelid;
Var *var = makeVar(scanrelid, columnForm->attnum, columnForm->atttypid,
columnForm->atttypmod, columnForm->attcollation,
varlevelsup);
varList = lappend(varList, var);
}
return varList;
}
/*
* set_deparse_context_planstate is a compatibility wrapper for versions 13+.
*/
static List *
set_deparse_context_planstate(List *dpcontext, Node *node, List *ancestors)
{
PlanState *ps = (PlanState *) node;
return set_deparse_context_plan(dpcontext, ps->plan, ancestors);
}
``` |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\ToolResults;
class ToolOutputReference extends \Google\Model
{
protected $creationTimeType = Timestamp::class;
protected $creationTimeDataType = '';
protected $outputType = FileReference::class;
protected $outputDataType = '';
protected $testCaseType = TestCaseReference::class;
protected $testCaseDataType = '';
/**
* @param Timestamp
*/
public function setCreationTime(Timestamp $creationTime)
{
$this->creationTime = $creationTime;
}
/**
* @return Timestamp
*/
public function getCreationTime()
{
return $this->creationTime;
}
/**
* @param FileReference
*/
public function setOutput(FileReference $output)
{
$this->output = $output;
}
/**
* @return FileReference
*/
public function getOutput()
{
return $this->output;
}
/**
* @param TestCaseReference
*/
public function setTestCase(TestCaseReference $testCase)
{
$this->testCase = $testCase;
}
/**
* @return TestCaseReference
*/
public function getTestCase()
{
return $this->testCase;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(ToolOutputReference::class, 'Google_Service_ToolResults_ToolOutputReference');
``` |
The Periodic Review Secretariat is a body authorized by President Barack Obama in Executive Order 13567, on March 7, 2011.
The Secretariat oversees Periodic Review Boards.
The Boards convene hearings to make recommendations about selected individuals held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
In January 2009 Obama authorized another body, the Guantanamo Review Task Force, to review the files on all the remaining individuals being held in Guantanamo. That body's mandate was to recommend classifying the men into three different groups: individuals who should face charges; individuals who it would be safe to release; and individuals for whom there was no evidence to justify charges, who nevertheless should be held indefinitely, because it was too dangerous to release them.
The Guantanamo Review Task Force recommended splitting the remaining captives into three groups of approximately eighty men each. The men who faced indefinite detention without charge were the ones whose files were to be periodically reviewed.
Some press reports compared the Periodic Review Boards to parole boards in the criminal justice system.
References
External links
Guantanamo Bay detention camp |
```c++
//
// windows/basic_stream_handle.hpp
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//
//
// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
//
#ifndef BOOST_ASIO_WINDOWS_BASIC_STREAM_HANDLE_HPP
#define BOOST_ASIO_WINDOWS_BASIC_STREAM_HANDLE_HPP
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
# pragma once
#endif // defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
#include <boost/asio/detail/config.hpp>
#include <boost/asio/windows/basic_overlapped_handle.hpp>
#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_WINDOWS_STREAM_HANDLE) \
|| defined(GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION)
#include <boost/asio/detail/push_options.hpp>
namespace boost {
namespace asio {
namespace windows {
/// Provides stream-oriented handle functionality.
/**
* The windows::basic_stream_handle class provides asynchronous and blocking
* stream-oriented handle functionality.
*
* @par Thread Safety
* @e Distinct @e objects: Safe.@n
* @e Shared @e objects: Unsafe.
*
* @par Concepts:
* AsyncReadStream, AsyncWriteStream, Stream, SyncReadStream, SyncWriteStream.
*/
template <typename Executor = any_io_executor>
class basic_stream_handle
: public basic_overlapped_handle<Executor>
{
public:
/// The type of the executor associated with the object.
typedef Executor executor_type;
/// Rebinds the handle type to another executor.
template <typename Executor1>
struct rebind_executor
{
/// The handle type when rebound to the specified executor.
typedef basic_stream_handle<Executor1> other;
};
/// The native representation of a handle.
#if defined(GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION)
typedef implementation_defined native_handle_type;
#else
typedef boost::asio::detail::win_iocp_handle_service::native_handle_type
native_handle_type;
#endif
/// Construct a stream handle without opening it.
/**
* This constructor creates a stream handle without opening it.
*
* @param ex The I/O executor that the stream handle will use, by default, to
* dispatch handlers for any asynchronous operations performed on the stream
* handle.
*/
explicit basic_stream_handle(const executor_type& ex)
: basic_overlapped_handle<Executor>(ex)
{
}
/// Construct a stream handle without opening it.
/**
* This constructor creates a stream handle without opening it. The handle
* needs to be opened or assigned before data can be sent or received on it.
*
* @param context An execution context which provides the I/O executor that
* the stream handle will use, by default, to dispatch handlers for any
* asynchronous operations performed on the stream handle.
*/
template <typename ExecutionContext>
explicit basic_stream_handle(ExecutionContext& context,
typename constraint<
is_convertible<ExecutionContext&, execution_context&>::value,
defaulted_constraint
>::type = defaulted_constraint())
: basic_overlapped_handle<Executor>(context)
{
}
/// Construct a stream handle on an existing native handle.
/**
* This constructor creates a stream handle object to hold an existing native
* handle.
*
* @param ex The I/O executor that the stream handle will use, by default, to
* dispatch handlers for any asynchronous operations performed on the stream
* handle.
*
* @param handle The new underlying handle implementation.
*
* @throws boost::system::system_error Thrown on failure.
*/
basic_stream_handle(const executor_type& ex, const native_handle_type& handle)
: basic_overlapped_handle<Executor>(ex, handle)
{
}
/// Construct a stream handle on an existing native handle.
/**
* This constructor creates a stream handle object to hold an existing native
* handle.
*
* @param context An execution context which provides the I/O executor that
* the stream handle will use, by default, to dispatch handlers for any
* asynchronous operations performed on the stream handle.
*
* @param handle The new underlying handle implementation.
*
* @throws boost::system::system_error Thrown on failure.
*/
template <typename ExecutionContext>
basic_stream_handle(ExecutionContext& context,
const native_handle_type& handle,
typename constraint<
is_convertible<ExecutionContext&, execution_context&>::value
>::type = 0)
: basic_overlapped_handle<Executor>(context, handle)
{
}
#if defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_MOVE) || defined(GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION)
/// Move-construct a stream handle from another.
/**
* This constructor moves a stream handle from one object to another.
*
* @param other The other stream handle object from which the move
* will occur.
*
* @note Following the move, the moved-from object is in the same state as if
* constructed using the @c basic_stream_handle(const executor_type&)
* constructor.
*/
basic_stream_handle(basic_stream_handle&& other)
: basic_overlapped_handle<Executor>(std::move(other))
{
}
/// Move-assign a stream handle from another.
/**
* This assignment operator moves a stream handle from one object to
* another.
*
* @param other The other stream handle object from which the move will occur.
*
* @note Following the move, the moved-from object is in the same state as if
* constructed using the @c basic_stream_handle(const executor_type&)
* constructor.
*/
basic_stream_handle& operator=(basic_stream_handle&& other)
{
basic_overlapped_handle<Executor>::operator=(std::move(other));
return *this;
}
#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_MOVE) || defined(GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION)
/// Write some data to the handle.
/**
* This function is used to write data to the stream handle. The function call
* will block until one or more bytes of the data has been written
* successfully, or until an error occurs.
*
* @param buffers One or more data buffers to be written to the handle.
*
* @returns The number of bytes written.
*
* @throws boost::system::system_error Thrown on failure. An error code of
* boost::asio::error::eof indicates that the connection was closed by the
* peer.
*
* @note The write_some operation may not transmit all of the data to the
* peer. Consider using the @ref write function if you need to ensure that
* all data is written before the blocking operation completes.
*
* @par Example
* To write a single data buffer use the @ref buffer function as follows:
* @code
* handle.write_some(boost::asio::buffer(data, size));
* @endcode
* See the @ref buffer documentation for information on writing multiple
* buffers in one go, and how to use it with arrays, boost::array or
* std::vector.
*/
template <typename ConstBufferSequence>
std::size_t write_some(const ConstBufferSequence& buffers)
{
boost::system::error_code ec;
std::size_t s = this->impl_.get_service().write_some(
this->impl_.get_implementation(), buffers, ec);
boost::asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "write_some");
return s;
}
/// Write some data to the handle.
/**
* This function is used to write data to the stream handle. The function call
* will block until one or more bytes of the data has been written
* successfully, or until an error occurs.
*
* @param buffers One or more data buffers to be written to the handle.
*
* @param ec Set to indicate what error occurred, if any.
*
* @returns The number of bytes written. Returns 0 if an error occurred.
*
* @note The write_some operation may not transmit all of the data to the
* peer. Consider using the @ref write function if you need to ensure that
* all data is written before the blocking operation completes.
*/
template <typename ConstBufferSequence>
std::size_t write_some(const ConstBufferSequence& buffers,
boost::system::error_code& ec)
{
return this->impl_.get_service().write_some(
this->impl_.get_implementation(), buffers, ec);
}
/// Start an asynchronous write.
/**
* This function is used to asynchronously write data to the stream handle.
* The function call always returns immediately.
*
* @param buffers One or more data buffers to be written to the handle.
* Although the buffers object may be copied as necessary, ownership of the
* underlying memory blocks is retained by the caller, which must guarantee
* that they remain valid until the handler is called.
*
* @param handler The handler to be called when the write operation completes.
* Copies will be made of the handler as required. The function signature of
* the handler must be:
* @code void handler(
* const boost::system::error_code& error, // Result of operation.
* std::size_t bytes_transferred // Number of bytes written.
* ); @endcode
* Regardless of whether the asynchronous operation completes immediately or
* not, the handler will not be invoked from within this function. On
* immediate completion, invocation of the handler will be performed in a
* manner equivalent to using boost::asio::post().
*
* @note The write operation may not transmit all of the data to the peer.
* Consider using the @ref async_write function if you need to ensure that all
* data is written before the asynchronous operation completes.
*
* @par Example
* To write a single data buffer use the @ref buffer function as follows:
* @code
* handle.async_write_some(boost::asio::buffer(data, size), handler);
* @endcode
* See the @ref buffer documentation for information on writing multiple
* buffers in one go, and how to use it with arrays, boost::array or
* std::vector.
*
* @par Per-Operation Cancellation
* This asynchronous operation supports cancellation for the following
* boost::asio::cancellation_type values:
*
* @li @c cancellation_type::terminal
*
* @li @c cancellation_type::partial
*
* @li @c cancellation_type::total
*/
template <typename ConstBufferSequence,
BOOST_ASIO_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void (boost::system::error_code,
std::size_t)) WriteHandler
BOOST_ASIO_DEFAULT_COMPLETION_TOKEN_TYPE(executor_type)>
BOOST_ASIO_INITFN_AUTO_RESULT_TYPE(WriteHandler,
void (boost::system::error_code, std::size_t))
async_write_some(const ConstBufferSequence& buffers,
BOOST_ASIO_MOVE_ARG(WriteHandler) handler
BOOST_ASIO_DEFAULT_COMPLETION_TOKEN(executor_type))
{
return async_initiate<WriteHandler,
void (boost::system::error_code, std::size_t)>(
initiate_async_write_some(this), handler, buffers);
}
/// Read some data from the handle.
/**
* This function is used to read data from the stream handle. The function
* call will block until one or more bytes of data has been read successfully,
* or until an error occurs.
*
* @param buffers One or more buffers into which the data will be read.
*
* @returns The number of bytes read.
*
* @throws boost::system::system_error Thrown on failure. An error code of
* boost::asio::error::eof indicates that the connection was closed by the
* peer.
*
* @note The read_some operation may not read all of the requested number of
* bytes. Consider using the @ref read function if you need to ensure that
* the requested amount of data is read before the blocking operation
* completes.
*
* @par Example
* To read into a single data buffer use the @ref buffer function as follows:
* @code
* handle.read_some(boost::asio::buffer(data, size));
* @endcode
* See the @ref buffer documentation for information on reading into multiple
* buffers in one go, and how to use it with arrays, boost::array or
* std::vector.
*/
template <typename MutableBufferSequence>
std::size_t read_some(const MutableBufferSequence& buffers)
{
boost::system::error_code ec;
std::size_t s = this->impl_.get_service().read_some(
this->impl_.get_implementation(), buffers, ec);
boost::asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "read_some");
return s;
}
/// Read some data from the handle.
/**
* This function is used to read data from the stream handle. The function
* call will block until one or more bytes of data has been read successfully,
* or until an error occurs.
*
* @param buffers One or more buffers into which the data will be read.
*
* @param ec Set to indicate what error occurred, if any.
*
* @returns The number of bytes read. Returns 0 if an error occurred.
*
* @note The read_some operation may not read all of the requested number of
* bytes. Consider using the @ref read function if you need to ensure that
* the requested amount of data is read before the blocking operation
* completes.
*/
template <typename MutableBufferSequence>
std::size_t read_some(const MutableBufferSequence& buffers,
boost::system::error_code& ec)
{
return this->impl_.get_service().read_some(
this->impl_.get_implementation(), buffers, ec);
}
/// Start an asynchronous read.
/**
* This function is used to asynchronously read data from the stream handle.
* The function call always returns immediately.
*
* @param buffers One or more buffers into which the data will be read.
* Although the buffers object may be copied as necessary, ownership of the
* underlying memory blocks is retained by the caller, which must guarantee
* that they remain valid until the handler is called.
*
* @param handler The handler to be called when the read operation completes.
* Copies will be made of the handler as required. The function signature of
* the handler must be:
* @code void handler(
* const boost::system::error_code& error, // Result of operation.
* std::size_t bytes_transferred // Number of bytes read.
* ); @endcode
* Regardless of whether the asynchronous operation completes immediately or
* not, the handler will not be invoked from within this function. On
* immediate completion, invocation of the handler will be performed in a
* manner equivalent to using boost::asio::post().
*
* @note The read operation may not read all of the requested number of bytes.
* Consider using the @ref async_read function if you need to ensure that the
* requested amount of data is read before the asynchronous operation
* completes.
*
* @par Example
* To read into a single data buffer use the @ref buffer function as follows:
* @code
* handle.async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(data, size), handler);
* @endcode
* See the @ref buffer documentation for information on reading into multiple
* buffers in one go, and how to use it with arrays, boost::array or
* std::vector.
*
* @par Per-Operation Cancellation
* This asynchronous operation supports cancellation for the following
* boost::asio::cancellation_type values:
*
* @li @c cancellation_type::terminal
*
* @li @c cancellation_type::partial
*
* @li @c cancellation_type::total
*/
template <typename MutableBufferSequence,
BOOST_ASIO_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void (boost::system::error_code,
std::size_t)) ReadHandler
BOOST_ASIO_DEFAULT_COMPLETION_TOKEN_TYPE(executor_type)>
BOOST_ASIO_INITFN_AUTO_RESULT_TYPE(ReadHandler,
void (boost::system::error_code, std::size_t))
async_read_some(const MutableBufferSequence& buffers,
BOOST_ASIO_MOVE_ARG(ReadHandler) handler
BOOST_ASIO_DEFAULT_COMPLETION_TOKEN(executor_type))
{
return async_initiate<ReadHandler,
void (boost::system::error_code, std::size_t)>(
initiate_async_read_some(this), handler, buffers);
}
private:
class initiate_async_write_some
{
public:
typedef Executor executor_type;
explicit initiate_async_write_some(basic_stream_handle* self)
: self_(self)
{
}
executor_type get_executor() const BOOST_ASIO_NOEXCEPT
{
return self_->get_executor();
}
template <typename WriteHandler, typename ConstBufferSequence>
void operator()(BOOST_ASIO_MOVE_ARG(WriteHandler) handler,
const ConstBufferSequence& buffers) const
{
// If you get an error on the following line it means that your handler
// does not meet the documented type requirements for a WriteHandler.
BOOST_ASIO_WRITE_HANDLER_CHECK(WriteHandler, handler) type_check;
detail::non_const_lvalue<WriteHandler> handler2(handler);
self_->impl_.get_service().async_write_some(
self_->impl_.get_implementation(), buffers,
handler2.value, self_->impl_.get_executor());
}
private:
basic_stream_handle* self_;
};
class initiate_async_read_some
{
public:
typedef Executor executor_type;
explicit initiate_async_read_some(basic_stream_handle* self)
: self_(self)
{
}
executor_type get_executor() const BOOST_ASIO_NOEXCEPT
{
return self_->get_executor();
}
template <typename ReadHandler, typename MutableBufferSequence>
void operator()(BOOST_ASIO_MOVE_ARG(ReadHandler) handler,
const MutableBufferSequence& buffers) const
{
// If you get an error on the following line it means that your handler
// does not meet the documented type requirements for a ReadHandler.
BOOST_ASIO_READ_HANDLER_CHECK(ReadHandler, handler) type_check;
detail::non_const_lvalue<ReadHandler> handler2(handler);
self_->impl_.get_service().async_read_some(
self_->impl_.get_implementation(), buffers,
handler2.value, self_->impl_.get_executor());
}
private:
basic_stream_handle* self_;
};
};
} // namespace windows
} // namespace asio
} // namespace boost
#include <boost/asio/detail/pop_options.hpp>
#endif // defined(BOOST_ASIO_HAS_WINDOWS_STREAM_HANDLE)
// || defined(GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION)
#endif // BOOST_ASIO_WINDOWS_BASIC_STREAM_HANDLE_HPP
``` |
Gregory Palamas (; c. 1296 – 1359) was a Byzantine Greek theologian and Eastern Orthodox cleric of the late Byzantine period. A monk of Mount Athos (modern Greece) and later archbishop of Thessaloniki, he is famous for his defense of hesychast spirituality, the uncreated character of the light of the Transfiguration, and the distinction between God's essence and energies (i.e., the divine will, divine grace, etc.). His teaching unfolded over the course of three major controversies, (1) with the Italo-Greek Barlaam between 1336 and 1341, (2) with the monk Gregory Akindynos between 1341 and 1347, and (3) with the philosopher Gregoras, from 1348 to 1355. His theological contributions are sometimes referred to as Palamism, and his followers as Palamites.
Gregory has been venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church since 1368. Within the Catholic Church, he has also been called a saint; Pope John Paul II repeatedly called Gregory a great theological writer. Since 1971, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church has venerated Gregory as a saint. Some of his writings are collected in the Philokalia, and since the Ottoman period, the second Sunday of Great Lent is dedicated to the memory of Gregory Palamas in the Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Byzantine Synodikon of Orthodoxy also celebrates his memory and theology while condemning his opponents, including some anti-Palamites who flourished after Gregory's death.
Early life
Gregory was born in Constantinople around the year 1296. His father, Constantine, was a courtier of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328), but died when Gregory was still young. The Emperor himself took part in the raising and education of the fatherless boy and hoped that the gifted Gregory would devote himself to government service, but Palamas chose monastic life on Mt. Athos. Gregory's mother (Kalloni) and siblings (Theodosios, Makarios, Epicharis, and Theodoti) would also embrace monasticism, and the entire family was canonized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 2009.
Before leaving for Mt. Athos, Gregory received a broad education at the University of Constantinople, including the study of Aristotle, which he would display before Theodore Metochites and the Emperor.
Monastic life
Despite the Emperor's ambitions for him, Gregory, then barely 21 years old, withdrew to Mount Athos in the year 1316 and became a novice there in the Vatopedi monastery under the guidance of the monastic Elder St Nicodemos of Vatopedi. Eventually, he was tonsured a monk, and continued his life of asceticism. After the demise of the Elder Nicodemus, Gregory spent eight years of spiritual struggle under the guidance of a new Elder, Nicephorus. After this last Elder's repose, Gregory transferred to the Great Lavra of St. Athanasius the Athonite on Mount Athos, where he served the brethren in the trapeza (refectory) and in church as a cantor. Wishing to devote himself more fully to prayer and asceticism he entered a skete called Glossia, where he taught the ancient practice of mental prayer known as "prayer of the heart" or hesychasm.
In 1326, because of the threat of Turkish invasions, he and the brethren retreated to the defended city of Thessaloniki, where he was then ordained a priest. Dividing his time between his ministry to the people and his pursuit of spiritual perfection, he founded a small community of hermits near Thessaloniki in a place called Veria.
He served for a short time as Abbot of the Esphigmenou Monastery but was forced to resign in 1335 due to discontentment regarding the austerity of his monastic administration.
Hesychast controversy
Hesychasm attracted the attention of Barlaam, a man who either converted to Orthodoxy or was baptized Orthodox who encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices during a visit to Mount Athos; he had also read the writings of Palamas, himself an Athonite monk. Trained in Western Scholastic theology, Barlaam was scandalized by hesychasm and began to combat it both orally and in his writings. As a private teacher of theology in the Western Scholastic mode, Barlaam propounded a more intellectual and propositional approach to the knowledge of God than the hesychasts taught.
On the hesychast side, the controversy was taken up by Palamas who was asked by his fellow monks on Mt Athos to defend hesychasm from the attacks of Barlaam. Palamas was well-educated in Greek philosophy. Gregory wrote a number of works in its defense and defended hesychasm at six different synods in Constantinople ultimately triumphing over its attackers in the synod of 1351.
Early conflict between Barlaam and Palamas
Although Barlaam came from southern Italy, his ancestry was Greek and he claimed Eastern Orthodoxy as his Christian faith. Arriving in Constantinople around 1330, Barlaam was working on commentaries on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite under the patronage of John VI Kantakouzenos. Around 1336, Gregory received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed. Although this condemnation was solid Orthodox theology, Palamas took issue with Barlaam's argument in support of it, namely that efforts at demonstrating the nature of God (specifically, the nature of the Holy Spirit) should be abandoned, because God is ultimately unknowable and undemonstrable to humans. Thus, Barlaam asserted that it was impossible to determine from whom the Holy Spirit proceeds. According to Sara J. Denning-Bolle, Palamas viewed Barlaam's argument as "dangerously agnostic". In his response titled "Apodictic Treatises", Palamas insisted that it was indeed demonstrable that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father but not from the Son. A series of letters ensued between the two but they were unable to resolve their differences amicably.
Triads
In response to Barlaam's attacks, Palamas wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises.
The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name.
Gregory's teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of Mount Athos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of Palamas. Although the tome does not mention Barlaam by name, the work clearly takes aim at Barlaam's views. The tome provides a systematic presentation of Palamas' teaching and became the fundamental textbook for Byzantine mysticism.
In response, Barlaam drafted "Against the Messalians", which attacked Gregory by name for the first time.
Barlaam derisively called the hesychasts omphalopsychoi (men with their souls in their navels) and accused them of the heresy of Messalianism, also known as Bogomilism in the East. According to Meyendorff, Barlaam viewed "any claim of real and conscious experience of God as Messalianism".
Barlaam also took exception to the doctrine held by the hesychasts as to the uncreated nature of the light, the experience of which was said to be the goal of hesychast practice, regarding it as heretical and blasphemous. It was maintained by the hesychasts to be of divine origin and to be identical to the light which had been manifested to Jesus' disciples on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration. Barlaam viewed this doctrine of "uncreated light" to be polytheistic because as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible and an invisible God. Barlaam accuses the use of the Jesus Prayer as being a practice of Bogomilism.
The second triad quotes some of Barlaam's writings directly. In response to this second triad, Barlaam composed the treatise "Against the Messalians" linking the hesychasts to the Messalians and thereby accusing them of heresy.
In the third Triad, Palamas refuted Barlaam's charge of Messalianism by demonstrating that the hesychasts did not share the antisacramentalism of the Messalians nor did they claim to physically see the essence of God with their eyes. According to Fr. John Meyendorff "Gregory Palamas orients his entire polemic against Barlaam the Calabrian on the issue of the Hellenic wisdom which he considers to be the main source of Barlaam's errors."
Role in the Byzantine civil war
Although the civil war between the supporters of John VI Kantakouzenos and the regents for John V Palaeologus was not primarily a religious conflict, the theological dispute between the supporters and opponents of Palamas did play a role in the conflict. Steven Runciman points out that "while the theological dispute embittered the conflict, the religious and political parties did not coincide."
The aristocrats supported Palamas largely due to their conservative and anti-Western tendencies as well as their links to the staunchly Orthodox monasteries. Although several significant exceptions leave the issue open to question, in the popular mind (and traditional historiography), the supporters of "Palamism" and of "Kantakouzenism" are usually equated. Thus, the eventual triumph of Kantakouzenos in 1347 also brought with it the conclusive triumph of the Palamists over the anti-Palamists.
Fifth Council of Constantinople
It became clear that the dispute between Barlaam and Palamas was irreconcilable and would require the judgment of an episcopal council. A series of six patriarchal councils were held in Constantinople on 10 June 1341, August 1341, 4 November 1344, 1 February 1347, 8 February 1347, and 28 May 1351 to consider the issues. Collectively, these councils are accepted as having ecumenical status by Orthodox Christians, some of whom call them the Fifth Council of Constantinople and the Ninth Ecumenical Council.
The dispute over hesychasm came before a synod held at Constantinople in May 1341 and presided over by the Emperor Andronicus III. The assembly, influenced by the veneration in which the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius were held in the Eastern Church, condemned Barlaam, who recanted. The ecumenical patriarch insisted that all of Barlaam's writings be destroyed and thus no complete copies of Barlaam's treatise "Against Messalianism" have survived.
Barlaam's primary supporter Emperor Andronicus III died just five days after the synod ended. Although Barlaam initially hoped for a second chance to present his case against Palamas, he soon realised the futility of pursuing his cause, and left for Calabria where he converted to the Roman Church and was appointed Bishop of Gerace.
After Barlaam's departure, Gregory Akindynos became the chief critic of Palamas. A second council held in Constantinople in August 1341 condemned Akindynos and affirmed the findings of the earlier council. Akindynos and his supporters gained a brief victory at a council held in 1344 which excommunicated Palamas.
However, the last of these councils, held in May 1351, conclusively exonerated Palamas and condemned his opponents. This synod ordered that the Metropolitans of Ephesus and Ganos be defrocked and jailed. All those who were unwilling to submit to the orthodox view were to be excommunicated and kept under surveillance at their residences. A series of anathemas were pronounced against Barlaam, Akindynos and their followers; at the same time, a series of acclamations were also declared in favor of Gregory Palamas and the adherents of his doctrine. One notable opponent of Palamism was Nicephorus Gregoras who refused to submit to the dictates of the synod and was effectively imprisoned in a monastery for two years.
Gradual acceptance of the Palamist doctrine
Kallistos I and the ecumenical patriarchs who succeeded him mounted a vigorous campaign to have the Palamist doctrines accepted by the other Eastern patriarchates as well as all the metropolitan sees under their jurisdiction. However, it took some time to overcome initial resistance to his teachings. For example, the Metropolitan of Kiev, upon receiving tomes from Kallistos that expounded the Palamist doctrine, rejected it vehemently and composed a reply in refutation. Similarly, the Patriarchate of Antioch remained steadfastly opposed to what they viewed as an innovation; however, by the end of the fourteenth century, Palamism had become accepted there. Similar acts of resistance were seen in the metropolitan sees that were governed by the Latins as well as in some autonomous ecclesiastical regions, such as the Church of Cyprus.
One notable example of the campaign to enforce the orthodoxy of the Palamist doctrine was the action taken by Patriarch Philotheos I to crack down on Prochoros Kydones, a monk and priest at Mount Athos who was opposed to the Palamites. Kydones had written a number of anti-Palamist treatises and continued to argue forcefully against Palamism even when brought before the patriarch and enjoined to adhere to the orthodox doctrine. Finally, in exasperation, Philotheos convened a synod against Kydones in April 1368. However, even this extreme measure failed to effect the submission of Kydones and in the end, he was excommunicated and suspended from the clergy in perpetuity. The long tome that was prepared for the synod concludes with a decree canonizing Palamas who had died in 1357/59.
Despite the initial opposition of some patriarchates and sees, over time the resistance dwindled away and ultimately Palamist doctrine became accepted throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church. During this period, it became the norm for ecumenical patriarchs to profess the Palamite doctrine upon taking possession of their see.
Martin Jugie states that the opposition of the Latins and the Latinophrones, who were necessarily hostile to the doctrine, actually contributed to its adoption, and soon Latinism and Antipalamism became equivalent in the minds of many Orthodox Christians.
According to Aristeides Papadakis, "all Orthodox scholars who have written on Palamas — Lossky, Krivosheine, Papamichael, Meyendorff, Christou — assume his voice to be a legitimate expression of Orthodox tradition."
Later years
Palamas's opponents in the hesychast controversy spread slanderous accusations against him, and in 1344 Patriarch John XIV imprisoned him for four years. However, in 1347 when Patriarch Isidore came to the Ecumenical Throne, Gregory was released from prison and consecrated as the Metropolitan of Thessalonica. However, since the conflict with Barlaam had not been settled at that point, the people of Thessalonica did not accept him, and he was forced to live in a number of places. It was not until 1350 that he was able to occupy the episcopal chair.
In 1354, during a voyage to Constantinople, the ship he was in fell into the hands of Turkish pirates; he was imprisoned and beaten. He was obliged to spend a year in detention at the Ottoman court where he was well treated. Eventually his ransom was paid and he returned to Thessaloniki, where he served as archbishop for the last three years of his life.
Death and canonization
Palamas died in 1357 or 1359. His dying words were, "To the heights! To the heights!" He was canonized a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1368 by Patriarch Philotheos of Constantinople, who also wrote his Vita and composed the service which is chanted in his honour. His feast day is celebrated twice a year, on 14 November, the anniversary of his death, and on the Second Sunday of Great Lent, because Gregory's victory over Barlaam is seen as a continuation of the Triumph of Orthodoxy, i.e., the victory of the Church over heresy, celebrated the previous Sunday.
Gregory's relics rest in the Church of Saint Gregory Palamas in Thessaloniki.
Hymns
Troparion (Tone 8)
O light of Orthodoxy, teacher of the Church, its confirmation,
O ideal of monks and invincible champion of theologians,
O wonder-working Gregory, glory of Thessaloniki and preacher of grace,
always intercede before the Lord that our souls may be saved.
Kontakion (Tone 8)
Holy and divine instrument of wisdom,
joyful trumpet of theology,
together we sing your praises, O God-inspired Gregory.
Since you now stand before the Original Mind, guide our minds to Him, O Father,
so that we may sing to you: "Rejoice, preacher of grace."
Works
Patrologia Graeca, vols. 150, 151
Philokalia
Primary works translated into English
The Triads (Classics of Western Spirituality Series) ()
Philokalia, Volume 4 ()
Saint Gregory Palamas: The Homilies, (The Complete Homilies Translated into English - Published in 2009) ()
Homilies of Saint Gregory Palamas, Vol. 1 ()
Homilies of Saint Gregory Palamas, Vol. 2 ()
Treatise on the Spiritual Life ()
The One Hundred and Fifty Chapters ()
Dialogue Between an Orthodox and a Barlaamite ()
See also
Tabor Light
Mount Athos
Gregory Acindynus
Christian mysticism
The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian, a 7th-century hesychastic text
References
Further reading
A Study of Gregory Palamas () By John Meyendorff Translated by George Lawrence (1964)
St. Gregory Palamas and Orthodox Spirituality () by Fr. John Meyendorff
Saint Gregory Palamas as a Hagiorite () by Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos) of Nafpaktos
Introduction to St. Gregory Palamas () by George C. Papademetriou
Triune God: Incomprehensible but Knowable—The Philosophical and Theological Significance of St Gregory Palamas for Contemporary Philosophy and Theology edited by Constantinos Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015 ()
Orthodox Mysticism and Asceticism: Philosophy and Theology in St Gregory Palamas’ Work ed. by C. Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020.
“The influence of Ps.Dionysius the Areopagite on Johannes Scotus Eriugena and St. Gregory Palamas: Goodness as Transcendence of Metaphysics”, by C. Athanasopoulos, in Agnieska Kijewska, ed., Being or Good? Metamorphoses of Neoplatonism, Lublin: Catholic University of Lublin Press (KUL), 2004, pp. 319–341.
“Scholastic and Byzantine Realism: Absolutism in the Metaphysics and Ethics of Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Ockham and the critique of St. Gregory Palamas”, by C. Athanasopoulos, in Verbum (the official Journal of the Institute of Medieval Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of St. Petersburg, Russia), Vol. 6, Volume Topic: Aristotle in Medieval Metaphysics, January 2002, pp. 154–165.
‘St. Gregory Palamas, (Neo-)Platonist and Aristotelian Metaphysics: the response of Orthodox Mystical Theology to the Western impasse of intellectualism and essentialism’ by C. Athanasopoulos in Divine Essence and Divine Energies: Ecumenical Reflections on the Presence of God in Eastern Orthodoxy, edited by C. Athanasopoulos and C. Schneider, James Clarke & Co, April 2013. (), pp. 50–67.
External links
St Gregory Palamas Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion
International Conference on St Gregory Palamas, Thessaloniki 2012 with links to abstracts and reports from the Conference
Papers from the International Conference on St Gregory Palamas (Thessaloniki, Veroia and Mt Athos, 2012)
Palamas Seminar Meetings
Papers from the International Conference on Mysticism and Asceticism in St Gregory Palamas (Veroia 2015)
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
Light for the World: the Life of St. Gregory Palamas (1296–1359) by Fr. Bassam A. Nassif
An Overview of the Hesychast Controversy
Melkite Greek Catholic Information Centre on St. Gregory Palamas
Excerpt from "Byzantine Theology, Historical trends and doctrinal themes" by John Meyendorff
1296 births
1359 deaths
14th-century Christian saints
14th-century Byzantine monks
14th-century Byzantine bishops
14th-century Byzantine writers
14th-century Christian mystics
14th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
Athonite Fathers
Byzantine bishops of Thessalonica
Byzantine Christian mystics
Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Byzantine theologians
Eastern Catholic saints
Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Eastern Orthodox mystics
Eastern Orthodox saints
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Greek Christian monks
Greek Christian mystics
Greek theologians
Medieval Athos
Medieval Thessalonica
People from Constantinople
Saints of medieval Greece
Saints of medieval Macedonia
14th-century Greek musicians
14th-century Greek writers
14th-century Greek educators
14th-century Greek philosophers
Palamism
Hesychasts
People associated with Vatopedi
People associated with Great Lavra
Philokalia |
The Sarcophagi of the Sixth Continent, Volume 2: Battle of the Minds is the seventeenth Blake and Mortimer book in the series.
Plot
Blake, Mortimer and Nasir land at Cape Town, South Africa, where they miss the departure of the ship La Madeleine. Fortunately, Lord Auchentosham, billionaire protector of nature, offers them to join the boat with his seaplane. Once aboard the ship, the three friends explain the reason for their presence to Labrousse. In order to intercept the package of uranium to Singh, they believe Ravi Kuta that their ship was immobilized by the storm of the day before and that they have a serious injury requiring care. Nasir boards the Indian cargo and sabotages its engines, allowing Blake and Mortimer to arrive first at the British Halley base. A radio exchange between the captain of La Madeleine shows the arrival of the British two to Acoka, who orders his men to assault the Halley base.
The next day, Blake and Mortimer land at the base where they are captured by the Indians. Blake manages to escape by dog sled and wanders in a blizzard to the Soviet base. While Major Varitch is about to kill him for pure vengeance, Blake flees on a freighter and joins the French base. Thanks to the invention of the Pr. Labrousse, the Subglacior, the French free their British colleagues. All together, they go to storm the Indian base. Meanwhile, Mortimer takes the Indian base where Acoka explains the functioning of his weapon and tells him that he will be the second guinea pig after Olrik. As he is preparing to enter the sarcophagus, Nasir, until then hidden under the guise of Singh, intervenes. At the same time, the Subglacior emerges in the base, causing a shootout, won by the French and British. Acoka and Radjak take refuge in an electromagnetic cage with Mortimer and Nasir, while earthquakes due to the Central Indian Ridge multiply.
The power supply to the base provided by the Soviets, Blake returns to their base to try and reason with them. In the tunnel he burrows, he convinces Major Varitch's lieutenant, killed by a collapse, to cut the current. In Indian base, a new earthquake plunges Acoka into a fault and seriously injures Radjak. While Labrousse repairs the damaged Subglacior, Radjak explained to Mortimer what Acoka criticized. In India, his love of the Princess Gita made Sushil, his childhood friend, jealous. The night where the two lovers were to meet, he killed the Princess in anger and pretended to Acoka that Mortimer was the murderer. Radjak eventually confessed the truth to his master who executed Sushil. Farmers found the Princess who had survived and Acoka decided to hide the truth, believing it was Mortimer who wanted to kill her. One day, Acoka returned alone, changed from a trip with his daughter. Mortimer then understands that Acoka is actually the Princess Gita.
The Princess reappears and threatens to kill Nasir if the British turn on the current. Once done, she sends the spirit of Olrik to sabotage the Expo but allows Mortimer to use the second sarcophagus if he wants to stop him. Mortimer finds himself in the form of electromagnetic waves in Brussels where he engages with Olrik, but he has a plan: while Labrousse distracts Gita at the base, the two enemies, who made a truce, joined their bodies. The Princess, furious, runs to Nasir to kill him but the Professor shoots her several times.
A new earthquake causes the collapse of the entire base. Mortimer and Nasir Labrousse have just enough time to escape on board the Subglacior, leaving Olrik, but they find themselves crushed by a rock needle over a pile of lava. A big explosion projects them outside where they are stranded on an ice floe. Thanks to the transmitter in the possession of Mortimer, Lord Auchentosham's seaplane manages to locate them. The protagonists gather on La Madeleine to debrief their adventure. On 17 April 1958, Blake, Mortimer and Labrousse are present at the inauguration of the Exposition by the King of the Belgians, Baudouin. In the old Indian Antarctic base, Olrik wakes up in his sarcophagus.
English publication
The first publication in English was by Cinebook Ltd in April 2011.
Blake and Mortimer
Brussels in fiction
Belgium in fiction
Antarctica in fiction
Fiction set in 1958
Comics set in Belgium
2004 in comics
2004 novels |
Chalcosyrphus nitidus is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.
Distribution
Russia.
References
Milesiini
Insects described in 1879
Diptera of Asia
Taxa named by Josef Aloizievitsch Portschinsky |
Tenohira wo Taiyou ni / Delighted (手のひらを太陽に / Palm to the Sun) is the seventh domestic single by Japanese hip hop group Lead. The single charted in the top ten on the Oricon charts, coming in at #8, and remained on the charts for four weeks.
Unlike their previous singles, which featured a limited edition CD+DVD combo, Tenohira wo Taiyou ni / Delighted was only released a standard CD.
Information
Tenohira wo Taiyou ni / Delighted is the seventh single released by Japanese hip-hop group Lead. The single peaked in the top ten on the Oricon Singles Charts at #8 and remained on the charts for four consecutive weeks. The limited editions of the single contained one of five possible trading cards, a URL that would take purchasers to site for a chance to win their live DVD Lead 1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~ and for buyers to download a specialized wallpaper.
"Tenohira wo Taiyou ni" was a cover of the Japanese nursery rhyme of the same name written by Takashi Yanase in the 1960s. "Delighted" was used as the for the television show Deep Love ~Ayu no Monogatari~, which was an adaption of the cell phone novel Deep Love by Yoshi.
Despite being a double a-side, only "Tenohira wo Taiyou ni" received a music video. While the music video was released for syndication upon the single's release, it was not available for purchase until March 16, 2005 on their second compilation VHS/DVD Lead Movies 2 (stylized as Lead MOVIES2).
Promotional activities
The coupling track "Delighted" was used as the theme song for the television show Deep Love ~Ayu no Monogatari~ (アユの物語 / Story of Ayu). The show was a television adaption of the cell phone novel Deep Love by Yoshi and ran for twelve episodes from January 7, 2005 to March 25, 2005.
Keita had played Yoshiyuki in both the film Deep Love and the television show Deep Love ~Ayu no Monogatari~.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Lead Official Site
2004 singles
2004 songs
Pony Canyon singles
Lead (band) songs |
Foreign domination is a term used in the historiography of multiple countries to characterize successive periods of rule by foreign powers.
China
China was under foreign rule in the years of the Yuan dynasty and of the Qing dynasty. Both dynasties however became gradually Chinese as time passed.
Italy
Foreign domination is commonly used to describe the condition of foreign rule over Italian states at the beginning of the Risorgimento, when the only state left under local Italian rule was Piedmont-Sardinia (predecessor state of Italy) whereas much of the north was under the Habsburgs. All of Italy was organised in independent states from the 11th-12th century as a result of the Walk to Canossa and the Treaty of Venice, but this condition was gradually lost between the end of the Italian Wars and the balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna.
Spain
Two foreign dynasties came to power in Spain, the House of Habsburg in 1516 and the House of Bourbon in 1700. However, both the Spanish Habsburgs by the time of Philip II of Spain and the Spanish Bourbons by the time of Louis I of Spain were Spanish-born monarchs.
Other examples
The term has also notably been used to refer to periods of Israeli, Eastern European, and Polish history.
References
Geopolitical terminology
Historiography
Military occupation |
Gloeospermum boreale is a species of plant in the family Violaceae. It is endemic to the Honduras.
References
Violaceae
Endemic flora of Honduras
Critically endangered flora of North America
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Dreams is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from October 3 to December 19, 1984. It follows the story of a fictional rock band that tries to get a recording contract.
Cast
John Stamos as Gino Minnelli (guitar)
Jami Gertz as Martha Spino (vocals)
Cain Devore as Phil Taylor (bass)
Albert Macklin as Morris Weiner (drums)
Valerie Stevenson as Lisa Copley (vocals/piano)
Sandy Freeman as Louise Franconi
Ron Karabatsos as Frank Franconi
Episodes
Soundtrack
External links
1984 American television series debuts
1984 American television series endings
1980s American musical comedy television series
1980s American sitcoms
CBS original programming
Television shows set in Philadelphia
Television series created by Andy Borowitz |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\RemoteBuildExecution;
class GoogleDevtoolsRemoteworkersV1test2DirectoryMetadata extends \Google\Model
{
protected $digestType = GoogleDevtoolsRemoteworkersV1test2Digest::class;
protected $digestDataType = '';
public $path;
/**
* @param GoogleDevtoolsRemoteworkersV1test2Digest
*/
public function setDigest(GoogleDevtoolsRemoteworkersV1test2Digest $digest)
{
$this->digest = $digest;
}
/**
* @return GoogleDevtoolsRemoteworkersV1test2Digest
*/
public function getDigest()
{
return $this->digest;
}
public function setPath($path)
{
$this->path = $path;
}
public function getPath()
{
return $this->path;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(GoogleDevtoolsRemoteworkersV1test2DirectoryMetadata::class, your_sha256_hash1test2DirectoryMetadata');
``` |
Enna Ben Abidi is a Paralympian athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category F40 throwing events.
Enna won a complete set of medals in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, where she won the gold medal in the F40 discus, the silver in the F40 javelin and completed the set with a bronze in the F40 shot put.
External links
Abidi&fname=Enna&gender=all profile on paralympic.org
Paralympic athletes for Tunisia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Tunisia
Paralympic silver medalists for Tunisia
Paralympic bronze medalists for Tunisia
Living people
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Tunisian female javelin throwers
Tunisian female shot putters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
20th-century Tunisian women
21st-century Tunisian women |
Lago di Cavazzo or Lago dei Tre Comuni is a lake in the Province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. At an elevation of 191 m, its surface area is 1.74 km².
Lakes of Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
Najim Amari, better known by the mononym Najim () also known as Cheb Najim () (born 18 January 1985, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine) is an Algerian raï singer.
Biography
Najim was born in France to an Algerian father and a French mother. Upon his parents' separation, Najim, just 3 months old, moved to Algeria to live with his grandparents in Bordj Bou Arréridj, in east Algeria.
He started in music very young at 6 with his uncles who were accomplished musicians. He performed on many social occasions singing mostly Sétifian music. At 15 he accompanied his uncles on a musical tour that took him to major Algerian cities. He also appeared on shows on Algerian television.
in 2001, the 17-year-old Najim was reunited with his mother for the first time. In 2003, after finishing his studies, he moved permanently to France performing at different night spots in and around Paris. This is how he met Salah Rahoui (in Arabic صالح رحوي) who had written songs for Khaled, Cheba Zahouania, Cheb Sahraoui, Cheb Akil, Gipsy Kings. The resulting independent debut album of Najim in 2004 Kount Enhawes won great accolades and sold 8000 copies. Most of the material appears again in his first official studio album Hasbtak ana.
In 2007, with being signed to Virgin Music France, Najim came back with his second official studio album Saba again produced by Salah Rahoui retro and modern sounds with great help from established names in raï. The album was notable for collaboration including Albi Montana and Larsen. He also found great support when the great diva of rai music Cheikha Rimitti sang a duo with him in the second album in the song "N'rouhou N'zourou".
In 2009, he is featured in a French remake of "Suddenly" a hit of the Swedish-Iranian Arash. Re-titled "Près de toi (Suddenly)", it is a multilingual song in French, English and Persian and contains a sampling of Algerian classic "Abdel Kader" with Arash featuring Najim and Swedish-Mexican star Rebecca Zadig
Discography
Albums
Singles
2004: "Jusqu'au bout du monde" (Willy Denzey & Najim)
2009: "Près de toi (Suddenly)" (with Arash and Rebecca) (EMI/Virgin)
2011: "Oulach oulach khallouna tranquille"
2015: "Je t'aimais, je t'aime, je t'aimerai"
2016: "Maman n'est pas ma mère"
Appearances / Collaborations
Willy Denzey and Najim – "Jusqu'au bout du monde"
Najim & Kenza Farah – "Ya mama" (2004)
Najim feat. Cheikha Rimitti – "N'Rouhou N'Zourou"
Najim feat. Alibi Montana – "Twahachtek Bezef" (on his album Saba)
Najim feat. Larsen – "Raha Walete"
Najim with Arash & Rebecca – "Près de toi (Suddenly)"
Les Déesses feat. Najim and Caloudji – "Ca c'est bon" (Les Déesses album Saveurs exotiques)
Isleym feat. Rat Luciano & Najim – "Tu mérites mieux" (in compilation album Rai N B Fever 4) (2011)
LaCrim feat. Najim – "Beauté fatale" (2013)
Génération Bataclan – "Je prie pour Paris" (2016)
DJ Kim feat. Najim – "Majic"
Some of Najim's songs have appeared on various compilations including Raï n'Funk (2006 compilation EMI Music France), on Coupé Décalé Mania, DJ Youcef's Raï A L'ancienne/Raï Nouvelle Génération, on Oran Oujda: Raï express, Arabianight 4 and on Urban raï and Urban raï Volume 2'' (a Beur FM release).
References
External links
Najim MySpace website
Najim Official YouTube website
Official Forum
1985 births
Living people
People from Suresnes
Raï musicians
21st-century Algerian male singers |
Censorship in Nepal consists of suppression on the expression of political opinion, religious aspect, and obscenity. The Constitution of Nepal guarantees the fundamental rights of citizens, including the freedom of expression. The right to freedom of expression includes the freedom of opinion and thought no matter what a source is. As the Constitution has been developed to push forward democracy, inconsistencies of the Constitution reform create different meanings of prohibiting censorship. The 2004, 2009, and 2015 Constitution are infamous with the restrictions of the rights which are obscure and open for misinterpretation compared to the Constitution announced in 1990.
Media Censorship
The Constitution of Nepal guarantees the freedom of expression in media; media should not be subject to direct censorship. In 2012, International Mission acknowledges that the progressive media policy in Nepal to follow the constitution is necessary, as the Ministry of Information and Communications (Nepal) has published a draft Media Policy on its website. The media, however, were still limited only in capital, and it was hard to find the access outside the capital. Moreover, the government approved the Online Media Directives 2015 without any hesitation, while it provides censorship or shut-down online media within their contents, which denies the Constitution. As a result, the government-owned media disseminate information to public and causes the disbelief in mass media.
Press
According to the Article 115 of the 1990 Constitution, any form of censorship was outlawed, and a free press was strongly guaranteed with announcement of parliamentary democracy. Unfortunately, press media was heavily censored in 2001 and 2002 by the king Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, unlike he promised. The king implemented Clause 1 of Article 115 of the 1990 constitution to suspend the guaranteed freedom of thought and expression that banned censorship. As a result, in 2002, hundreds or maybe even thousands of journalists who indicated their political opinions on the media were arrested, beaten, or detained, and some of them were killed to fight for freedom of expression guaranteed in the constitution.
In 2006, massive protests occurred to force the king to realize parliamentary democracy, and this resulted in returning some of fundamental press freedom. Until now, the government has not solved instability of censorship of media and creates norms and fragile democratic structures. The Nepal Press Council and the Federation of Nepali Journalists (FNJ) have a code of conduct, but it lacks effective systems and mechanisms, and it needs more support from media stakeholders.
Internet
The government controls the Internet in Nepal. The international internet connections were cut off by the government due to the martial law declared by the King in 2005. Self censorship can be forced on internet content by intimidation as happened in the case of a satirical folk song Lutna Sake Lut, which was taken down from YouTube by the author amid threats to his person.
Film
The Film Censor Board was established in 1951 to work as a machinery of state control. It mainly controls sex, violence, and politics in film and commands to cut off the scenes harmful to the society and the state. It also discredits the certification of prohibited movies if the whole cinema is assumed to be inappropriate for the state and society. For those of sexual scenes in movies are usually removed in chunks, and this censorship often causes low cinematic values with clumsiness and lacks completeness of movies.
Political Censorship
Any forms of publications that contain political thoughts or opinions are censored by the government. Police directly suppress Nepalese journalists and make them self-censored when journalists criticize politicians or politics on the newspapers. For example, because a journalist wrote an article about Nepalese politician on the newspapers, police gathered all the newspapers and burned all of them in front of journalists. Moreover, the government was going to arrest journalists who made the publications of Political cartoon that depicted the constitutional monarchy as a dead animal to indicate the Press Act as completely inconsistent and violating the freedom of expression of media guaranteed in the constitution.
Religious Censorship
Nepal had an official religion as Hinduism until the government declared democracy of state in 2006. After that, the constitution has prohibited any acts leading to conversions from one religion to another. Nevertheless, the government controls the religious expression or defamation, especially when it publicly dissents Hinduism or does not comply rules of it. For instance, in 2010, the song of Komal Oli was banned from Nepal Television, because it was against Hindu sentiments. Also, in 2012, paintings of Hindu gods and goddesses Manish Harijan depicted in super hero costumes and innocuously displayed in the Siddhartha Art Gallery were considered as offensive to Hinduism, and the police shut down the gallery.
Notes
Nepal
Human rights abuses in Nepal |
4 (four) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 3 and preceding 5. It is a square number, the smallest semiprime and composite number, and is considered unlucky in many East Asian cultures.
Evolution of the Hindu-Arabic digit
Brahmic numerals represented 1, 2, and 3 with as many lines. 4 was simplified by joining its four lines into a cross that looks like the modern plus sign. The Shunga would add a horizontal line on top of the digit, and the Kshatrapa and Pallava evolved the digit to a point where the speed of writing was a secondary concern. The Arabs' 4 still had the early concept of the cross, but for the sake of efficiency, was made in one stroke by connecting the "western" end to the "northern" end; the "eastern" end was finished off with a curve. The Europeans dropped the finishing curve and gradually made the digit less cursive, ending up with a digit very close to the original Brahmin cross.
While the shape of the character for the digit 4 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the glyph usually has a descender, as, for example, in .
On the seven-segment displays of pocket calculators and digital watches, as well as certain optical character recognition fonts, 4 is seen with an open top: .
Television stations that operate on channel 4 have occasionally made use of another variation of the "open 4", with the open portion being on the side, rather than the top. This version resembles the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics letter ᔦ. The magnetic ink character recognition "CMC-7" font also uses this variety of "4".
Mathematics
Four is the smallest composite number, its proper divisors being and . Four is the sum and product of two with itself: , the only number such that , which also makes four the smallest and only even squared prime number and hence the first squared prime of the form , where is a prime. Four, as the first composite number, has a prime aliquot sum of 3; and as such it is part of the first aliquot sequence with a single composite member, expressly (4, 3, 1, 0).
In Knuth's up-arrow notation, , and so forth, for any number of up arrows. By consequence, four is the only square one more than a prime number, specifically three.
The sum of the first four prime numbers two + three + five + seven is the only sum of four consecutive prime numbers that yields an odd prime number, seventeen, which is the fourth super-prime. Four lies between the first proper pair of twin primes, three and five, which are the first two Fermat primes, like seventeen, which is the third. On the other hand, the square of four (), equivalently the fourth power of two (), is sixteen; the only number that has as a form of factorization.
Holistically, there are four elementary arithmetic operations in mathematics: addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication (×), and division (÷); and four basic number systems, the real numbers , rational numbers , integers , and natural numbers .
Each natural number divisible by 4 is a difference of squares of two natural numbers, i.e. . A number is a multiple of 4 if its last two digits are a multiple of 4 (for example, 1092 is a multiple of 4 because ).
Lagrange's four-square theorem states that every positive integer can be written as the sum of at most four square numbers. Three are not always sufficient; for instance cannot be written as the sum of three squares.
There are four all-Harshad numbers: 1, 2, 4, and 6. 12, which is divisible by four thrice over, is a Harshad number in all bases except octal.
A four-sided plane figure is a quadrilateral or quadrangle, sometimes also called a tetragon. It can be further classified as a rectangle or oblong, kite, rhombus, and square.
Four is the highest degree general polynomial equation for which there is a solution in radicals.
The four-color theorem states that a planar graph (or, equivalently, a flat map of two-dimensional regions such as countries) can be colored using four colors, so that adjacent vertices (or regions) are always different colors. Three colors are not, in general, sufficient to guarantee this. The largest planar complete graph has four vertices.
A solid figure with four faces as well as four vertices is a tetrahedron, which is the smallest possible number of faces and vertices a polyhedron can have. The regular tetrahedron, also called a 3-simplex, is the simplest Platonic solid. It has four regular triangles as faces that are themselves at dual positions with the vertices of another tetrahedron. Tetrahedra can be inscribed inside all other four Platonic solids, and tessellate space alongside the regular octahedron in the alternated cubic honeycomb.
The third dimension holds a total of four Coxeter groups that generate convex uniform polyhedra: the tetrahedral group, the octahedral group, the icosahedral group, and a dihedral group (of orders 24, 48, 120, and 4, respectively). There are also four general Coxeter groups of generalized uniform prisms, where two are hosoderal and dihedral groups that form spherical tilings, with another two general prismatic and antiprismatic groups that represent truncated hosohedra (or simply, prisms) and snub antiprisms, respectively.
Four-dimensional space is the highest-dimensional space featuring more than three regular convex figures:
Two-dimensional: infinitely many regular polygons.
Three-dimensional: five regular polyhedra; the five Platonic solids which are the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron.
Four-dimensional: six regular polychora; the 5-cell, 8-cell or tesseract, 16-cell, 24-cell, 120-cell, and 600-cell. The 24-cell, made of regular octahedra, has no analogue in any other dimension; it is self-dual, with its 24-cell honeycomb dual to the 16-cell honeycomb.
Five-dimensional and every higher dimension: three regular convex -polytopes, all within the infinite family of regular -simplexes, -hypercubes, and -orthoplexes.
The fourth dimension is also the highest dimension where regular self-intersecting figures exist:
Two-dimensional: infinitely many regular star polygons.
Three-dimensional: four regular star polyhedra, the regular Kepler-Poinsot star polyhedra.
Four-dimensional: ten regular star polychora, the Schläfli–Hess star polychora. They contain cells of Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra alongside regular tetrahedra, icosahedra and dodecahedra.
Five-dimensional and every higher dimension: zero regular star-polytopes; uniform star polytopes in dimensions > are the most symmetric, which mainly originate from stellations of regular -polytopes.
Altogether, sixteen (or 16 = 42) regular convex and star polychora are generated from symmetries of four (4) Coxeter Weyl groups and point groups in the fourth dimension: the simplex, hypercube, icositetrachoric, and hexacosichoric groups; with the demihypercube group generating two alternative constructions. There are also sixty-four (or 64 = 43) four-dimensional Bravais lattices, alongside sixty-four uniform polychora in the fourth dimension based on the same , , and Coxeter groups, and extending to prismatic groups of uniform polyhedra, including one special non-Wythoffian form, the grand antiprism. Two infinite families of duoprisms and antiprismatic prisms exist in the fourth dimension.
There are only four polytopes with radial equilateral symmetry: the hexagon, the cuboctahedron, the tesseract, and the 24-cell.
Four-dimensional differential manifolds have some unique properties. There is only one differential structure on except when = , in which case there are uncountably many.
The smallest non-cyclic group has four elements; it is the Klein four-group. A alternating groups are not simple for values ≤ .
There are four Hopf fibrations of hyperspheres:
They are defined as locally trivial fibrations that map for values of (aside from the trivial fibration mapping between two points and a circle).
Further extensions of the real numbers under Hurwitz's theorem states that there are four normed division algebras: the real numbers , the complex numbers , the quaternions , and the octonions . Under Cayley–Dickson constructions, the sedenions constitute a further fourth extension over . The real numbers are ordered, commutative and associative algebras, as well as alternative algebras with power-associativity. The complex numbers share all four multiplicative algebraic properties of the reals , without being ordered. The quaternions loose a further commutative algebraic property, while holding associative, alternative, and power-associative properties. The octonions are alternative and power-associative, while the sedenions are only power-associative. The sedenions and all further extensions of these four normed division algebras are solely power-associative with non-trivial zero divisors, which makes them non-division algebras. has a vector space of dimension 1, while , , and work in algebraic number fields of dimensions 2, 4, 8, and 16, respectively.
List of basic calculations
In religion
Buddhism
Four Noble Truths – Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Magga
Four sights – observations which affected Prince Siddhartha deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all beings, and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey—an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and an ascetic
Four Great Elements – earth, water, fire, and wind
Four Heavenly Kings
Four Foundations of Mindfulness – contemplation of the body, contemplation of feelings, contemplation of mind, contemplation of mental objects
Four Right Exertions
Four Bases of Power
Four jhānas
Four arūpajhānas
Four Divine Abidings – loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity
Four stages of enlightenment – stream-enterer, once-returner, non-returner, and arahant
Four main pilgrimage sites – Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kusinara
Judeo-Christian symbolism
The Tetragrammaton is the four-letter name of God.
Ezekiel has a vision of four living creatures: a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle.
The four Matriarchs (foremothers) of Judaism are Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, and Rachel.
The Four Species (lulav, hadass, aravah and etrog) are taken as one of the mitzvot on the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. (Judaism)
The Four Cups of Wine to drink on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)
The Four Questions to be asked on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)
The Four Sons to be dealt with on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)
The Four Expressions of Redemption to be said on the Jewish holiday of Passover. (Judaism)
The four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. (Christianity)
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ride in the Book of Revelation. (Christianity)
The four holy cities of Judaism: Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, and Tiberius
Hinduism
There are four Vedas: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.
In Puruṣārtha, there are four aims of human life: Dharma, Artha, Kāma, Moksha.
The four stages of life Brahmacharya (student life), Grihastha (household life), Vanaprastha (retired life) and Sannyasa (renunciation).
The four primary castes or strata of society: Brahmana (priest/teacher), Kshatriya (warrior/politician), Vaishya (landowner/entrepreneur) and Shudra (servant/manual laborer).
The swastika symbol is traditionally used in Hindu religions as a sign of good luck and signifies good from all four directions.
The god Brahma has four faces.
There are four yugas: Satya, Dvapara, Treta and Kali
Islam
Eid al-Adha lasts for four days, from the 10th to the 14th of Dhul Hijja.
The four holy cities of Islam: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Damascus.
The four tombs in the Green Dome: Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar ibn Khattab and Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus).
There are four Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib.
The Four Arch Angels in Islam are: Jibraeel (Gabriel), Mikaeel (Michael), Izraeel (Azrael), and Israfil (Raphael)
There are four months in which war is not permitted: Muharram, Rajab, Dhu al-Qi'dah and Dhu al-Hijjah.
There are four Sunni schools of fiqh: Hanafi, Shafi`i, Maliki and Hanbali.
There are four major Sunni Imams: Abū Ḥanīfa, Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i, Malik ibn Anas and Ahmad ibn Hanbal.
There are four books in Islam: Taurāt, Zābūr, Injīl, Qur'ān.
Waiting for four months is ordained for those who take an oath for abstention from their wives.
The waiting period of the woman whose husband dies is four months and ten days.
When Abraham said: "My Lord, show me how You give life to the dead," Allah said: "Why! Do you have no faith?" Abraham replied: "Yes, but in order that my heart be at rest." He said: "Then take four birds, and tame them to yourself, then put a part of them on every hill, and summon them; they will come to you flying. [Al-Baqara 2:260]
The respite of four months was granted to give time to the mushriks in Surah At-Tawba so that they should consider their position carefully and decide whether to make preparation for war or to emigrate from the country or to accept Islam.
Those who accuse honorable women (of unchastity) but do not produce four witnesses, flog them with eighty lashes, and do not admit their testimony ever after. They are indeed transgressors. [An-Noor 24:4]
Taoism
Four Symbols of I Ching
Other
In a more general sense, numerous mythological and cosmogonical systems consider Four corners of the world as essentially corresponding to the four points of the compass.
Four is the sacred number of the Zia, an indigenous tribe located in the U.S. state of New Mexico.
The Chinese, the Koreans, and the Japanese are superstitious about the number four because it is a homonym for "death" in their languages.
In Slavic mythology, the god Svetovid has four heads.
In politics
Four Freedoms: four fundamental freedoms that Franklin D. Roosevelt declared ought to be enjoyed by everyone in the world: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear.
Gang of Four: Popular name for four Chinese Communist Party leaders who rose to prominence during China's Cultural Revolution, but were ousted in 1976 following the death of Chairman Mao Zedong. Among the four was Mao's widow, Jiang Qing. Since then, many other political factions headed by four people have been called "Gangs of Four".
In computing
Four bits (half a byte) are sometimes called a nibble.
In science
A tetramer is an oligomer formed out of four sub-units.
In astronomy
Four terrestrial (or rocky) planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Four giant gas/ice planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Four of Jupiter's moons (the Galilean moons) are readily visible from Earth with a hobby telescope.
Messier object M4, a magnitude 7.5 globular cluster in the constellation Scorpius.
The Roman numeral IV stands for subgiant in the Yerkes spectral classification scheme.
In biology
Four is the number of nucleobase types in DNA and RNA – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (uracil in RNA).
Many chordates have four feet, legs or leglike appendages (tetrapods).
The mammalian heart consists of four chambers.
Many mammals (Carnivora, Ungulata) use four fingers for movement.
All insects with wings except flies and some others have four wings.
Insects of the superorder Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, such as butterflies, ants, bees, beetles, fleas, flies, moths, and wasps, undergo holometabolism—complete metamorphism in four stages—from (1) embryo (ovum, egg), to (2) larva (such as grub, caterpillar), then (3) pupa (such as the chrysalis), and finally (4) the imago.
In the common ABO blood group system, there are four blood types (A, B, O, AB).
Humans have four canines and four wisdom teeth.
The cow's stomach is divided in four digestive compartments: reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum.
In chemistry
Valency of carbon (that is basis of life on the Earth) is four. Also because of its tetrahedral crystal bond structure, diamond (one of the natural allotropes of carbon) is the hardest known naturally occurring material. It is also the valence of silicon, whose compounds form the majority of the mass of the Earth's crust.
The atomic number of beryllium
There are four basic states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
In physics
Special relativity and general relativity treat nature as four-dimensional: 3D regular space and one-dimensional time are treated together and called spacetime. Also, any event E has a light cone composed of four zones of possible communication and cause and effect (outside the light cone is strictly incommunicado).
There are four fundamental forces (electromagnetism, gravitation, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force).
In statistical mechanics, the four functions inequality is an inequality for four functions on a finite distributive lattice.
In logic and philosophy
The symbolic meanings of the number four are linked to those of the cross and the square. "Almost from prehistoric times, the number four was employed to signify what was solid, what could be touched and felt. Its relationship to the cross (four points) made it an outstanding symbol of wholeness and universality, a symbol which drew all to itself". Where lines of latitude and longitude intersect, they divide the earth into four proportions. Throughout the world kings and chieftains have been called "lord of the four suns" or "lord of the four quarters of the earth", which is understood to refer to the extent of their powers both territorially and in terms of total control of their subjects' doings.
The Square of Opposition, in both its Aristotelian version and its Boolean version, consists of four forms: A ("All S is R"), I ("Some S is R"), E ("No S is R"), and O ("Some S is not R").
In regard to whether two given propositions can have the same truth value, there are four separate logical possibilities: the propositions are subalterns (possibly both are true, and possibly both are false); subcontraries (both may be true, but not that both are false); contraries (both may be false, but not that both are true); or contradictories (it is not possible that both are true, and it is not possible that both are false).
Aristotle held that there are basically four causes in nature: the material, the formal, the efficient, and the final.
The Stoics held with four basic categories, all viewed as bodies (substantial and insubstantial): (1) substance in the sense of substrate, primary formless matter; (2) quality, matter's organization to differentiate and individualize something, and coming down to a physical ingredient such as pneuma, breath; (3) somehow holding (or disposed), as in a posture, state, shape, size, action, and (4) somehow holding (or disposed) toward something, as in relative location, familial relation, and so forth.
Immanuel Kant expounded a table of judgments involving four three-way alternatives, in regard to (1) Quantity, (2) Quality, (3) Relation, (4) Modality, and, based thereupon, a table of four categories, named by the terms just listed, and each with three subcategories.
Arthur Schopenhauer's doctoral thesis was On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
Franz Brentano held that any major philosophical period has four phases: (1) Creative and rapidly progressing with scientific interest and results; then declining through the remaining phases, (2) practical, (3) increasingly skeptical, and (4) literary, mystical, and scientifically worthless—until philosophy is renewed through a new period's first phase. (See Brentano's essay "The Four Phases of Philosophy and Its Current State" 1895, tr. by Mezei and Smith 1998.)
C. S. Peirce, usually a trichotomist, discussed four methods for overcoming troublesome uncertainties and achieving secure beliefs: (1) the method of tenacity (policy of sticking to initial belief), (2) the method of authority, (3) the method of congruity (following a fashionable paradigm), and (4) the fallibilistic, self-correcting method of science (see "The Fixation of Belief", 1877); and four barriers to inquiry, barriers refused by the fallibilist: (1) assertion of absolute certainty; (2) maintaining that something is unknowable; (3) maintaining that something is inexplicable because absolutely basic or ultimate; (4) holding that perfect exactitude is possible, especially such as to quite preclude unusual and anomalous phenomena (see "F.R.L." [First Rule of Logic], 1899).
Paul Weiss built a system involving four modes of being: Actualities (substances in the sense of substantial, spatiotemporally finite beings), Ideality or Possibility (pure normative form), Existence (the dynamic field), and God (unity). (See Weiss's Modes of Being, 1958).
Karl Popper outlined a tetradic schema to describe the growth of theories and, via generalization, also the emergence of new behaviors and living organisms: (1) problem, (2) tentative theory, (3) (attempted) error-elimination (especially by way of critical discussion), and (4) new problem(s). (See Popper's Objective Knowledge, 1972, revised 1979.)
John Boyd (military strategist) made his key concept the decision cycle or OODA loop, consisting of four stages: (1) observation (data intake through the senses), (2) orientation (analysis and synthesis of data), (3) decision, and (4) action. Boyd held that his decision cycle has philosophical generality, though for strategists the point remains that, through swift decisions, one can disrupt an opponent's decision cycle.
Richard McKeon outlined four classes (each with four subclasses) of modes of philosophical inquiry: (1) Modes of Being (Being); (2) Modes of Thought (That which is); (3) Modes of Fact (Existence); (4) Modes of Simplicity (Experience)—and, corresponding to them, four classes (each with four subclasses) of philosophical semantics: Principles, Methods, Interpretations, and Selections. (See McKeon's "Philosophic Semantics and Philosophic Inquiry" in Freedom and History and Other Essays, 1989.)
Jonathan Lowe (E.J. Lowe) argues in The Four-Category Ontology, 2006, for four categories: kinds (substantial universals), attributes (relational universals and property-universals), objects (substantial particulars), and modes (relational particulars and property-particulars, also known as "tropes"). (See Lowe's "Recent Advances in Metaphysics," 2001, Eprint)
Four opposed camps of the morality and nature of evil: moral absolutism, amoralism, moral relativism, and moral universalism.
In technology
The resin identification code used in recycling to identify low-density polyethylene.
Most furniture has four legs – tables, chairs, etc.
The four color process (CMYK) is used for printing.
Wide use of rectangles (with four angles and four sides) because they have effective form and capability for close adjacency to each other (houses, rooms, tables, bricks, sheets of paper, screens, film frames).
In the Rich Text Format specification, language code 4 is for the Chinese language. Codes for regional variants of Chinese are congruent to .
Credit card machines have four-twelve function keys.
On most phones, the 4 key is associated with the letters G, H, and I, but on the BlackBerry Pearl, it is the key for D and F.
On many computer keyboards, the "4" key may also be used to type the dollar sign ($) if the shift key is held down.
It is the number of bits in a nibble, equivalent to half a byte
In internet slang, "4" can replace the word "for" (as "four" and "for" are pronounced similarly). For example, typing "4u" instead of "for you".
In Leetspeak, "4" may be used to replace the letter "A".
The TCP/IP stack consists of four layers.
In transport
Many internal combustion engines are called four-stroke engines because they complete one thermodynamic cycle in four distinct steps: Intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
Most vehicles, including motor vehicles, and particularly cars/automobiles and light commercial vehicles have four road wheels.
"Quattro", meaning four in the Italian language, is used by Audi as a trademark to indicate that all-wheel drive (AWD) technologies are used on Audi-branded cars. The word "Quattro" was initially used by Audi in 1980 in its original 4WD coupé, the Audi Quattro. Audi also has a privately held subsidiary company called quattro GmbH.
List of highways numbered 4
In sports
In the Australian Football League, the top level of Australian rules football, each team is allowed 4 "interchanges" (substitute players), who can be freely substituted at any time, subject to a limit on the total number of substitutions.
In baseball:
There are four bases in the game: first base, second base, third base, and home plate; to score a run, an offensive player must complete, in the sequence shown, a circuit of those four bases.
When a batter receives four pitches that the umpire declares to be "balls" in a single at-bat, a base on balls, informally known as a "walk", is awarded, with the batter sent to first base.
For scoring, number 4 is assigned to the second baseman.
Four is the most runs that can be scored on any single at bat, whereby all three baserunners and the batter score (the most common being via a grand slam).
The fourth batter in the batting lineup is called the cleanup hitter.
In basketball, the number four is used to designate the power forward position, often referred to as "the four spot" or "the four".
In cricket, a four is a specific type of scoring event, whereby the ball crosses the boundary after touching the ground at least one time, scoring four runs. Taking four wickets in four consecutive balls is typically referred to as a double hat trick (two consecutive, overlapping hat tricks).
In American Football teams get four downs to reach the line of gain.
In rowing, a four refers to a boat for four rowers, with or without coxswain. In rowing nomenclature, 4− represents a coxless four and 4+ represents a coxed four.
In rugby league:
A try is worth 4 points.
One of the two starting centres wears the jersey number 4. (An exception to this rule is the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.)
In rugby union:
One of the two starting locks wears the jersey number 4.
In the standard bonus points system, a point is awarded in the league standings to a team that scores at least 4 tries in a match, regardless of the match result.
In women’s artistic gymnastics, there are four events/apparatus uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault.
In other fields
The phrase "four-letter word" is used to describe many swear words in the English language.
Four is the only number whose name in English has the same number of letters as its value.
Four (, formal writing: , pinyin sì) is considered an unlucky number in Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese cultures mostly in Eastern Asia because it sounds like the word "death" (, pinyin sǐ). To avoid complaints from people with tetraphobia, many numbered product lines skip the "four": e.g. Nokia cell phones (there was no series beginning with a 4 until the Nokia 4.2), Palm PDAs, etc. Some buildings skip floor 4 or replace the number with the letter "F", particularly in heavily Asian areas. See tetraphobia and Numbers in Chinese culture.
In Pythagorean numerology (a pseudocience) the number 4 represents security and stability.
The number of characters in a canonical four-character idiom.
In the NATO phonetic alphabet, the digit 4 is called "fower".
In astrology, Cancer is the 4th astrological sign of the Zodiac.
In Tarot, The Emperor is the fourth trump or Major Arcana card.
In Tetris, a game named for the Greek word for 4, every shape in the game is formed of 4 blocks each.
4 represents the number of Justices on the Supreme Court of the United States necessary to grant a writ of certiorari (i.e., agree to hear a case; it is one less than the number necessary to render a majority decision) at the court's current size.
Number Four is a character in the book series Lorien Legacies.
In the performing arts, the fourth wall is an imaginary barrier which separates the audience from the performers, and is "broken" when performers communicate directly to the audience.
In music
In written music, common time is constructed of four beats per measure and a quarter note receives one beat.
In popular or modern music, the most common time signature is also founded on four beats, i.e., 4/4 having four quarter note beats.
The common major scale is built on two sets of four notes (e.g., CDEF, GABC), where the first and last notes create an octave interval (a pair-of-four relationship).
The interval of a perfect fourth is a foundational element of many genres of music, represented in music theory as the tonic and subdominant relationship. Four is also embodied within the circle of fifths (also known as circle of fourths), which reveals the interval of four in more active harmonic contexts.
The typical number of movements in a symphony.
The number of completed, numbered symphonies by Johannes Brahms.
The number of strings on a violin, a viola, a cello, double bass, a cuatro, a typical bass guitar, and a ukulele, and the number of string pairs on a mandolin.
"Four calling birds" is the gift on the fourth day of Christmas in the carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas".
Groups of four
Big Four (disambiguation)
Four basic operations of arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
Greek classical elements (fire, air, water, earth).
Four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter.
The Four Seasons (disambiguation)
A leap year generally occurs every four years.
Approximately four weeks (4 times 7 days) to a lunar month (synodic month = 29.53 days). Thus the number four is universally an integral part of primitive sacred calendars.
Four weeks of Advent (and four Advent candles on the Advent wreath).
Four cardinal directions: north, south, east, west.
Four Temperaments: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic.
Four Humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm.
Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
Four-corner method.
Four Asian Tigers, referring to the economies of Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore
Cardinal principles.
Four cardinal virtues: justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude.
Four suits of playing cards: hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades.
Four nations of the United Kingdom: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland.
Four provinces of Ireland: Munster, Ulster, Leinster, Connacht.
Four estates: politics, administration, judiciary, journalism. Especially in the expression "Fourth Estate", which means journalism.
Four Corners is the only location in the United States where four states come together at a single point: Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Four Evangelists – Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
Four Doctors of Western Church – Saint Gregory the Great, Saint Ambrose, Saint Augustine, and Saint Jerome
Four Doctors of Eastern Church – Saint John Chrysostom, Saint Basil the Great, and Gregory of Nazianzus and Saint Athanasius
Four Galilean moons of Jupiter – Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto
The Gang of Four was a Chinese communist political faction.
The Fantastic Four: Mr. Fantastic, The Invisible Woman, The Human Torch, The Thing.
The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael
The Beatles were also known as the "Fab Four": John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr.
Gang of Four is a British post-punk rock band formed in the late 1970s.
Four rivers in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:10–14): Pishon (perhaps the Jaxartes or Syr Darya), Gihon (perhaps the Oxus or Amu Darya), Hiddekel (Tigris), and P'rat (Euphrates).
There are also four years in a single Olympiad (duration between the Olympic Games). Many major international sports competitions follow this cycle, among them the FIFA World Cup and its women's version, the FIBA World Championships for men and women, and the Rugby World Cup.
There are four limbs on the human body.
Four Houses of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter series: Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, Slytherin.
Four known continents of the world in the A Song of Ice and Fire series: Westeros, Essos, Sothoryos, Ulthos.
Each Grand Prix in Nintendo's Mario Kart series is divided into four cups and each cup is divided into four courses. The Mushroom Cup, Flower Cup, Star Cup, and Special Cup make up the Nitro Grand Prix, while the Shell Cup, Banana Cup, Leaf Cup, and the Lightning Cup make up the Retro Grand Prix.
See also
List of highways numbered 4
References
Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 55–58
External links
Marijn.Org on Why is everything four?
A few thoughts on the number four, by Penelope Merritt at samuel-beckett.net
The Number 4
The Positive Integer 4
Prime curiosities: 4
Integers |
William Fairbrother was a Canadian ice hockey player who is credited with inventing the ice hockey net in the 1890s. During the 1880s, Fairbrother played for Beamsville, Ontario's Men's Hockey team. At first, two poles or two rocks served as goals, and an official would watch to see if a puck passed through the goal. However, disputes arose over goals and biased officiating. Then, Fairbrother, who played as a goaltender, got a net from a local fisherman and strung it from the poles. Players were immediately more satisfied with the new system.
The Ontario Hockey Association soon thereafter credited Fairbrother with the idea. Hockey Hall of Fame records indicate that Fairbrother's idea happened in 1897 or 1898. The Jordan Historical Museum of the Twenty held an exhibit on Fairbrother. In February 1997, the town Lincoln, Ontario designated Fairbrother's home a historical site.
References
History of ice hockey
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
Jagannath Paudel () is a Nepali politician who is a member of the Nepali Congress. He is also a former member of Rastriya Sabha and was elected under the open category.
He was one of the core leader of Nepali Congress in Bharatpur until he gave independent candidacy against the alliance. Currently, even CPN (UML) and RPP are in talks with Paudel to vote him instead of their own candidate to make Renu Dahal loose the election. Similarly, nearly seventy percent of the Nepali Congress vote is expected to be cast for Paudel. Due to this Paudel has been a matter of pressure to both UML and Maoist candidate with highest chance of win.
Political life
Paudel is the former elected deputy mayor of Bharatpur. He has served as member of National Assembly. A veteran politician, Paudel is one of the most popular politicians in Bharatpur.
2022 Bharatpur municipal election
On the eve of , Paudel gave independent candidacy against Renu Dahal, the candidate if governing alliance. He disobeyed the decision with consultation to local party committees who asked him to take the step in order that they would vote their own candidate instead of Renu Dahal in mayoral post.
Prime Minister and many other top leaders asked him to visit Kathmandu at least once to discuss the topic. Deuba had sent the two ministers to Chitwan on Wednesday to convince rebel candidate Paudel to withdraw candidacy and support CPN (Maoist Center) candidate Renu Dahal, but to no avail. Paudel on the other hand didn't accepted to take back his candidacy even when Home minister Bal Krishna Khand and minister Umesh Shrestha went to Bharatpur to ask him to take back his candidacy for other post to be given to him. Currently, Poudel has got pineapple election symbol.
Behind Poudel is a team of former presidents of Chitwan Congress Krishna Lal Sapkota and Tikaram Neupane, former MP Bhim Bahadur Shrestha, former district secretary Anand Raj Raut, leader Meena Kharel, former president of Nepal Tarun Dal Shambhu Prasad Aryal and others. Similarly, Nepali Congress (BP) and five other parties have given support to Paudel.
Social works
Paudel is one the founder of community campus, Balkumari Campus of Bharatpur. Similarly, Paudel has been involving in various social welfare activities.
See also
Nepali Congress
2022 Bharatpur municipal election
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Nepali Congress politicians from Bagmati Province
Members of the National Assembly (Nepal)
Living people
People from Chitwan District |
The M10 is a rapid transit line in the Asian part of the Istanbul Metro system that leads to Sabiha Gökçen Airport. Initially named and tendered as the M10 Pendik Merkez–Fevzi Çakmak, the line was supposed to complete the link between Pendik railway station and the M4ᴀ extension branch of the M4 line. The tender of this project was later cancelled on 3 January 2018 and on 30 September 2022, a contract was signed with the new contractor company, with a value of ₺2.896.691.000 and works restarted on November 2022.
Starting from the Pendik railway station, the line will head northeast, cut orthogonally the M4ʙ extension branch of the M4 line at Kaynarca Merkez station, join the M4ᴀ extension branch of the M4 line just before Fevzi Çakmak station, and continue to Sabiha Gökçen Airport.
Stations
References
Istanbul Metro
Transport infrastructure under construction in Turkey
Airport rail links in Turkey |
Line U2 is a line on the Vienna U-Bahn metro system. Opened in 1980, it currently has 20 stations and a total length of , from to .
It is connected to at and , at , at Karlsplatz and .
Since May 2021, the section from Karlsplatz to Schottentor has been closed due to the construction of the not-yet-opened . Since the closure, Line U2 only runs between Schottentor and Seestadt, totaling just 16 stations and losing its only connection to U3 at Volkstheater, as well as connections at Karlsplatz to U1 and U4.
Stations
Line U2 serves the following stations:
No service due to construction:
(transfer to: )
(transfer to: )
Currently in service:
(transfer to: )
(transfer to: )
( park & ride facility)
(transfer to: )
(transfer to: )
History
Construction (1963–1980)
The construction of the tunnel, which was later the centrepiece of the U2, was started in 1963. After the tunnel was completed in 1966 with a length of 1.8 kilometres, it ran from Vienna Secession to Friedrich-Schmidt-Platz. Soon after, the modern construction of Vienna's railway was built on the 3 November 1969. This consisted of the newly built U1 line, and two merged lines from a tram and old metro, of the line U2 and U4 respectively. As the result of a more streamlined network, there were new routes between U1, U2 and U4.
In the 1960s and 1970s, U2 received a total of three new stations: Karlsplatz, Schottentor and Schottenring. On 30 August 1980, the U2 between Karlsplatz and Schottenring was opened, meaning the line was 3.5 kilometres in length.
Expansion (2008–2013)
Between 1980 and 2008, the U2 remained by far the weakest busy line in the Vienna network. As a result, U2 was extended to the Ernst Happel Stadium in 2008, to Aspernstraße in 2010, and finally to Seestadt on October 5, 2013.
Future
It has been proposed that the existing U2 line will be separated into two lines at Rathaus station. The section of the current U2 line from Rathaus to Karlsplatz will be upgraded to allow for driverless operation and become part of a new U5 line. A new U2 line will then be built, extending from Rathaus to Wien Matzleinsdorfer Platz railway station (for interchange with the Vienna S-Bahn), via interchanges with the U3 at Neubaugasse and the U4 at Pilgramgasse, and then on to Wienerberg. In late 2017 it was announced that construction on the new line would start in 2018, with entry into service planned for 2024.
Rolling Stock
The development of the cars of the U2 Trains was by Simmering-Graz-Pauker (SGP) in 1972. This unit had a two-axle motorcar, it was 36.8 metres long and 2.8 metres wide and a permanently coupled twin railcar. A train was made up of three double cars. From 1987, SGP upgraded their cars' technical equipment, which included water-cooled three-phase motors, brakes with energy recovery and modernised emergency braking and safety equipment. In 2006, the U2 LED displays replaced the original in-and-out illuminated telltale displays. In addition, the trains were retrofitted with plastic seats, video surveillance and warning lights that had signalled the door closing. An individual car consists of 49 seats and 91 standing spots.
The line is, as of June 2019, operated with a mixture of the original trains and the newer Type V, with each train having 260 seats and 618 standing spots.
Service
In rush hour and during the night, the entire line is serviced by all trains; during all other operating hours, every second train terminates at Aspernstraße due to lower capacity utilization on the final section.
References
External links
U2
Railway lines opened in 1980 |
is a train station in the city of Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is on the Mizushima Main Line, operated by the Mizushima Rinkai Railway. Currently, all services stop at this station.
Lines
Mizushima Rinkai Railway
Mizushima Main Line
Adjacent stations
|-
!colspan=5|Mizushima Rinkai Railway
References
Mizushima Rinkai Railway Mizushima Main Line
Railway stations in Okayama Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1949
Kurashiki |
Events from the year 1783 in Denmark.
Incumbents
Monarch – Christian VII
Prime minister – Ove Høegh-Guldberg
Events
5 July ''HDMS Friderichsværn is launched at Bodenhoffs Plads in Copenhagen.
Undated
Births
2 January – Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, painter (d. 1858)
11 May – Peter Willemoes, naval officer (d. 1808)
15 August Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein Stub, painter (died 1816)
8 September – N. F. S. Grundtvig, pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician (d. 1872)
8 October – Christian Molbech, historian and editor (d. 1857)
Deaths
14 April – Abraham Pelt, industrialist and philanthropist (born 1695)
15 June – Ludvig Harboe, theologian and bishop (born 1709)
17 August Joachim Melchior Magens, colonial administrator and planter (born 1715)
17 December – Gysbert Behagen, merchant (born 1725)
References
1780s in Denmark
Denmark
Years of the 18th century in Denmark |
Acalolepta griseomicans is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1942.
References
Acalolepta
Beetles described in 1942 |
The $1,000,000 Reward is a 1920 American drama serial film directed by George Lessey and produced by Harry Grossman. This is now considered to be a lost film, as there are no available copies of it.
Cast
Lillian Walker as Betty Thorndyke
Coit Albertson as Morgan Spencer
Charles B. Middleton as William Russell
George Lessey as James Bradley (credited as George A. Lessey)
Joe Smith Marba as Kenwah (credited as Joseph Marba)
Leora Spellman as Valerie Kernan
Bernard Randall as Kip Van Hoan
William Pike as James Forsythe
Buck Connors (credited as George Connors)
Louise Hotaling
Ray Allen
Herbert Rawlinson as Man in suit
F.W. Stewart
See also
List of American films of 1920
List of film serials
List of film serials by studio
List of lost films
References
External links
1920 films
1920 drama films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Lost American drama films
Films directed by George Lessey
Silent American drama films
1920 lost films
1920s American films |
Daniel Pfister (born 7 December 1986 in Schwaz) is an Austrian luger who has competed since 2003. He won three medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with a silver (Mixed team: 2009 and two bronzes (men's singles: 2009, mixed team: 2007).
Pfister also won a bronze in the men's singles event at the FIL European Luge Championships 2010 in Sigulda. He also competed in three Winter Olympics, earning his best finish of sixth in the men's singles event at Vancouver in 2010.
References
FIL-Luge profile
External links
1986 births
Living people
Austrian male lugers
Olympic lugers for Austria
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Schwaz
Sportspeople from Tyrol (state) |
The enzyme Inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.56, systematic name 1D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphohydrolase; other names type I inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase, inositol trisphosphate phosphomonoesterase, InsP3/Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 5-phosphatase, inosine triphosphatase, D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate 5-phosphatase, D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase, L-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-monoesterase, inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate/1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphatase, Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphataseD-myo-inositol(1,4,5)/(1,3,4,5)-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate phosphatase, inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase, myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase) catalyses the following reaction
(1) D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate
(2) 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate
Ten mammalian isoforms are known.
References
External links
EC 3.1.3 |
Benjamin Taliaferro ( ; 1750 – September 3, 1821) was a politician and United States Representative from Georgia. He had served in the Revolutionary War, reaching the rank of captain. An attorney, he was later appointed as a judge of the county court and the Georgia Superior Court. He also served in the Georgia Senate and as a delegate to the state's constitutional convention of 1798.
Biography
Taliaferro was born in present-day Amherst County, Virginia, in 1750 to an Anglo-Italian family, the Taliaferros, who had settled in Virginia in the early 17th century from London. Having completed preparatory studies, Taliaferro served in the American Revolutionary War as a lieutenant in the rifle corps commanded by General Daniel Morgan. He was promoted to captain, participated in the Battle of Princeton, volunteered to serve in Lee's Legion, and was captured by the British at Charleston in 1780.
In 1782, Benjamin Taliaferro married Martha Meriwether in Virginia. The couple had nine children together. After his wife died, Benjamin married again, and had his tenth child with his second wife.
After the Revolutionary War ended, Taliaferro was among the pioneers who settled in Wilkes County, Georgia (1784). He was appointed a judge of the superior court. He established a successful tobacco plantation along the Broad River, becoming one of the largest slave holders in Wilkes County. He was elected to the Georgia General Assembly beginning in 1786. In the 1790s, he played an important role in resisting the state government's Yazoo land scandal. He engaged in at least one duel to defend his honor.
In 1795 Governor George Mathews appointed Taliaferro as major general of the Georgia Militia 3rd Division. He was elected to the Georgia Senate, after the state reorganized its government in 1789, and he served as senate president there from 1792 to 1796. He was a delegate to the Georgia state constitutional convention in 1798.
He was elected as a Federalist to the 6th United States Congress and then re-elected as a Republican to the 7th Congress, where he served from March 4, 1799, until his resignation in 1802.
He was later appointed as a judge of the Georgia Superior Court and a trustee for the University of Georgia. He died in Wilkes County on September 3, 1821.
Honors
Taliaferro County, Georgia was named in his honor.
Footnotes
References
Retrieved on March 4, 2009
Carol Ebel, First Men: Changing Patterns of Leadership on the Virginia and Georgia Frontiers, 1642-181 (PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1996).
George R. Gilmer, Sketches of Some of the First Settlers of Upper Georgia, of the Cherokees, and the Author(1855; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1965).
Lee A. Wallace Jr., The Orderly Book of Captain Benjamin Taliaferro, 2d Virginia Detachment Charleston, South Carolina, 1780 (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1980).
Smith, Gordon Burns, History of the Georgia Militia, 1783-1861, Volume One, Campaigns and Generals, Milledgeville: Boyd Publishing, 2000. ASIN:B003L1PRKI.
1750 births
1821 deaths
American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain
Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Georgia (U.S. state) state court judges
Taliaferro County, Georgia
People from Amherst County, Virginia
Continental Army officers from Virginia
University of Georgia people
Benjamin
Georgia (U.S. state) Federalists
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
American slave owners |
Ligron () is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France. Ligron was famous for its pottery ovens from the 13th century which were still in use until the late 19th century.
Sights
Church of Sainte-Maire-and-Saint-Anne (12th, 16th and 17th century).
Manor House La Sansonniere (13th, 17th and 19th century).
Population
See also
Communes of the Sarthe department
References
Communes of Sarthe |
Bavarian United SC is an American soccer team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Bavarian Majors of the Bavarian Soccer Club compete in the USL League 2. The team plays its home games in the athletic stadium at the Heartland Value Fund Stadium. The team's colors are blue and white. Bavarian has won six USASA National Amateur Cup titles as well as two National Open Cup championships and is a frequent qualifier for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.
History
The original Milwaukee Bavarians club was formed by German American immigrants in 1929 as Fussball Club Bayern (Football Club Bavaria) as a multi-sports association. Their first soccer match was played on September 29, 1929 against a team from nearby Sheboygan, resulting in a 3–2 victory for Bayern. The club subsequently became very strong in its area, winning many state championships.
In 1956, the team renamed to Milwaukee Bavarian SC and bought a new field on which to play home matches. They were a charter member of the National Premier Soccer League in 2005. The team took a hiatus from the NPSL for the 2014 season to focus on completing substantial upgrades to their Heartland Value Fund Stadium. The total upgrades estimated to cost $1.1 million. At the end of that hiatus, they joined the Great Lakes Premier League, which changed its name to the Premier League of America shortly thereafter.
In their first season in the PLA, the Bavarians won both the West Division and League Championships, and had five players named to the West Division Team of the Year.
In 2021, Milwaukee Bavarian merged with Inter Northshore FC and renamed to Bavarian United SC. On February 7, 2023, it was announced that Bavarian would be joining USL League Two and USL W League for the upcoming 2023 season.
National Championships
Bavarian Soccer Club has won nine national championships. In 1976 they won their first National Amateur Cup, when they defeated a team from Trenton, New Jersey 3–1 in the final. They repeated this success in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2018, and 2022. They have also finished as runners-up in this tournament (1983, 2016, and 2017).
In 2018, the Bavarians won the United Premier Soccer League (UPSL) national championship, defeating Sporting AZ FC 3–2 in the championship.
In 2003 the Bavarians also won the USASA National Open Cup amateur championship. The club would win the competition again in 2009. USASA eliminated this national tournament in 2015.
Bavarian SC competed in the 1994 U.S. Open Cup as Bavarian Leinenkugel as they were sponsored by the Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company that year.
Current squad
Year-by-year
Honors
USASA Werner Fricker Open Cup winner – 2003, 2009 (national competition ceased after 2015)
Head coaches
Tom Zaiss (1996–2006)
Jon Mroz (2007–2008)
Andreas Davi (2009–2011)
Patrick Hodgins (2012–present)
Stadium
Heartland Value Fund Stadium; Glendale, Wisconsin (1950–present)
References
External links
Official website
Sports in Milwaukee
Soccer clubs in Wisconsin
1929 establishments in Wisconsin
United Premier Soccer League teams
Great Lakes Premier League teams
German-American culture in Milwaukee
Association football clubs established in 1929 |
Siddareddy palem is a village in Chennuru panchayat, Dagadarthi mandal of Andhra Pradesh in India.
References
Villages in Nellore district |
Salutation was a modern dance solo choreographed by Martha Graham to music by Lehman Engel. It premiered on April 7, 1936, at Philharmonic Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. Subtitled Dance of Greeting, the work was performed by the choreographer.
Graham performed ten other pieces on the all-solo program: Lamentation, Frontier, Satyric Festival Song, Building Motif from Horizons, Imperial Gesture, Sarabande, Act of Piety, Ekstasie, Frenetic Rhythm (No.3) and Harlequinade.
Salutation-Dance of Greeting did not remain in the Martha Graham Dance Company repertory. The choreography and other details of the piece are lost. Graham also created other dances with the same name, including a 1930 work set to music by Arthur Honegger (originally called Prelude to a Dance) and a 1932 piece with music by Carlos Chávez (originally called Prelude).
References
1936 ballet premieres
Ballets by Martha Graham |
```c
/*
*
* was not distributed with this source code in the LICENSE file, you can
* obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/software. If the Alliance for Open
* PATENTS file, you can obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/patent.
*/
#include "pxr/imaging/plugin/hioAvif/aom/config/aom_config.h"
#define RTCD_C
#include "pxr/imaging/plugin/hioAvif/aom/config/av1_rtcd.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/plugin/hioAvif/aom/aom_ports/aom_once.h"
void av1_rtcd() {
// TODO(JBB): Remove this aom_once, by insuring that both the encoder and
// decoder setup functions are protected by aom_once();
aom_once(setup_rtcd_internal);
}
``` |
The 1874 North Hampshire by-election was fought on 14 March 1874. The byelection was fought due to the incumbent Conservative MP, George Sclater-Booth, becoming President of the Local Government Board. It was retained by the incumbent.
References
1874 elections in the United Kingdom
1874 in England
19th century in Hampshire
March 1874 events
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Hampshire constituencies
Unopposed ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in English constituencies |
Tomás José Guitarte Gimeno is a Spanish architect and politician serving as president and sole deputy within the Congress of Deputies for the electoral coalition Teruel Existe. He gained the position of deputy in the Spanish general election in November 2019.
Gimeno has faced harassment from right-wing and far-right supporters. This stems from his decision to vote in favour of the investiture of the PSOE and Unidas Podemos coalition. As a result, Guitarte has been provided with a security escort by the Ministry of the Interior.
Since November 2022 Guitarte has been spokesperson for the Empty Spain coalition, of which Teruel Existe is a part.
References
1961 births
Politicians from Aragon
Living people
Members of the 14th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Technical University of Valencia alumni
Spanish architects |
Super single may refer to:
Super single wheels on large trucks, where a single larger wheel and tire substitutes for a pair of adjacent wheels on one hub.
Formula 450 motorcycle racing, originally called "Super Single" for its use of single cylinder engines |
Inter de Querétaro Fútbol Club is a Mexican professional football team based in Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico that plays in Liga Premier de México.
History
The team was founded in August 2020 with the name change of the Real Querétaro, team that competed in the Liga TDP and whose place was occupied by the new club, however, for administrative reasons the team officially played with the name of the previous club.
On January 23, 2021, Azores de Hidalgo announced its withdrawal from the Liga Premier de México due to institutional problems, in addition, the Azores board of directors returned the license to Real Zamora owners, who agreed to start a new project with Inter de Querétaro, so the Querétaro team used the place in the league, however, officially the team was called Azores de Hidalgo for the rest of the season. Inter made their Liga Premier debut on January 30, 2021, losing 4–1 to Pioneros de Cancún.
At the end of January 2021 it was announced that the team got a second team in the Liga TDP after signing an agreement with the Club Fundadores, the new squad was called Inter Fundadores. On July 30, 2021, Inter de Querétaro obtained its own official registration in the Liga Premier and Liga TDP.
In September 2021 the club got a third team in the Liga TDP, which became known as Inter Aicesa SJR, playing in San Juan del Río, Querétaro, In December 2021 the team was withdrawn from San Juan del Río due to problems between the board and the players, the team was relocated to Querétaro City and renamed as Inter San Pablo, however, the team has always been officially called C.D. Querétaro 3D.
Stadium
The Estadio Olímpico de Querétaro, also called Estadio Olímpico Alameda, is a multi-use stadium in Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico. It is currently used mostly for football matches and athletics. The stadium has a capacity of 4,600 people, was opened in 1939 and renovated in 2021.
The team also plays some of its matches at the Unidad Deportiva La Cañada, a sports complex that has a soccer stadium which has an approximate capacity for 2,000 people. This field is located at El Marqués, Querétaro, a town that is part of the metropolitan area of Querétaro.
Players
First-team squad
Reserve teams
Inter de Querétaro F.C. (Liga TDP)
Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.
Inter Corregidora (Liga TDP)
Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.
Inter Guanajuato (Liga TDP)
Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.
References
External links
Liga MX Profile
Football clubs in Querétaro
Association football clubs established in 2020
2020 establishments in Mexico
Liga Premier de México |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
namespace ClosedXML.Tests
{
/// <summary>
/// Summary description for ResourceFileExtractor.
/// </summary>
public sealed class ResourceFileExtractor
{
#region Static
#region Private fields
private static readonly IDictionary<string, ResourceFileExtractor> extractors = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, ResourceFileExtractor>();
#endregion Private fields
#region Public properties
/// <summary>Instance of resource extractor for executing assembly </summary>
public static ResourceFileExtractor Instance
{
get
{
Assembly _assembly = Assembly.GetCallingAssembly();
string _key = _assembly.GetName().FullName;
if (!extractors.TryGetValue(_key, out ResourceFileExtractor extractor)
&& !extractors.TryGetValue(_key, out extractor))
{
extractor = new ResourceFileExtractor(_assembly, true, null);
extractors.Add(_key, extractor);
}
return extractor;
}
}
#endregion Public properties
#endregion Static
#region Private fields
private readonly Assembly m_assembly;
private readonly ResourceFileExtractor m_baseExtractor;
private bool m_isStatic;
//private string ResourceFilePath { get; }
#endregion Private fields
#region Constructors
/// <summary>
/// Create instance
/// </summary>
/// <param name="resourceFilePath"><c>ResourceFilePath</c> in assembly. Example: .Properties.Scripts.</param>
/// <param name="baseExtractor"></param>
public ResourceFileExtractor(string resourceFilePath, ResourceFileExtractor baseExtractor)
: this(Assembly.GetCallingAssembly(), baseExtractor)
{
ResourceFilePath = resourceFilePath;
}
/// <summary>
/// Create instance
/// </summary>
/// <param name="baseExtractor"></param>
public ResourceFileExtractor(ResourceFileExtractor baseExtractor)
: this(Assembly.GetCallingAssembly(), baseExtractor)
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Create instance
/// </summary>
/// <param name="resourcePath"><c>ResourceFilePath</c> in assembly. Example: .Properties.Scripts.</param>
public ResourceFileExtractor(string resourcePath)
: this(Assembly.GetCallingAssembly(), resourcePath)
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Instance constructor
/// </summary>
/// <param name="assembly"></param>
/// <param name="resourcePath"></param>
public ResourceFileExtractor(Assembly assembly, string resourcePath)
: this(assembly ?? Assembly.GetCallingAssembly())
{
ResourceFilePath = resourcePath;
}
/// <summary>
/// Instance constructor
/// </summary>
public ResourceFileExtractor()
: this(Assembly.GetCallingAssembly())
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Instance constructor
/// </summary>
/// <param name="assembly"></param>
public ResourceFileExtractor(Assembly assembly)
: this(assembly ?? Assembly.GetCallingAssembly(), (ResourceFileExtractor)null)
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Instance constructor
/// </summary>
/// <param name="assembly"></param>
/// <param name="baseExtractor"></param>
public ResourceFileExtractor(Assembly assembly, ResourceFileExtractor baseExtractor)
: this(assembly ?? Assembly.GetCallingAssembly(), false, baseExtractor)
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Instance constructor
/// </summary>
/// <param name="assembly"></param>
/// <param name="isStatic"></param>
/// <param name="baseExtractor"></param>
/// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Argument is null.</exception>
private ResourceFileExtractor(Assembly assembly, bool isStatic, ResourceFileExtractor baseExtractor)
{
#region Check
if (assembly is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("assembly");
}
#endregion Check
Assembly = assembly;
m_baseExtractor = baseExtractor;
AssemblyName = Assembly.GetName().Name;
IsStatic = isStatic;
ResourceFilePath = ".Resources.";
}
#endregion Constructors
#region Public properties
/// <summary> Work assembly </summary>
public Assembly Assembly { get; }
/// <summary> Work assembly name </summary>
public string AssemblyName { get; }
/// <summary>
/// Path to read resource files. Example: .Resources.Upgrades.
/// </summary>
public string ResourceFilePath { get; }
public bool IsStatic { get; set; }
public IEnumerable<string> GetFileNames(Func<String, Boolean> predicate = null)
{
predicate = predicate ?? (s => true);
string _path = AssemblyName + ResourceFilePath;
foreach (string _resourceName in Assembly.GetManifestResourceNames())
{
if (_resourceName.StartsWith(_path) && predicate(_resourceName))
{
yield return _resourceName.Replace(_path, string.Empty);
}
}
}
#endregion Public properties
#region Public methods
public string ReadFileFromResource(string fileName)
{
Stream _stream = ReadFileFromResourceToStream(fileName);
string _result;
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(_stream);
try
{
_result = sr.ReadToEnd();
}
finally
{
sr.Close();
}
return _result;
}
public string ReadFileFromResourceFormat(string fileName, params object[] formatArgs)
{
return string.Format(ReadFileFromResource(fileName), formatArgs);
}
/// <summary>
/// Read file in current assembly by specific path
/// </summary>
/// <param name="specificPath">Specific path</param>
/// <param name="fileName">Read file name</param>
public string ReadSpecificFileFromResource(string specificPath, string fileName)
{
ResourceFileExtractor _ext = new ResourceFileExtractor(Assembly, specificPath);
return _ext.ReadFileFromResource(fileName);
}
/// <summary>
/// Read file in current assembly by specific file name
/// </summary>
/// <param name="fileName"></param>
/// <exception cref="ApplicationException"><c>ApplicationException</c>.</exception>
public Stream ReadFileFromResourceToStream(string fileName)
{
string _nameResFile = AssemblyName + ResourceFilePath + fileName;
Stream _stream = Assembly.GetManifestResourceStream(_nameResFile);
#region Not found
if (_stream is null)
{
#region Get from base extractor
if (!(m_baseExtractor is null))
{
return m_baseExtractor.ReadFileFromResourceToStream(fileName);
}
#endregion Get from base extractor
throw new ArgumentException("Can't find resource file " + _nameResFile, nameof(fileName));
}
#endregion Not found
return _stream;
}
#endregion Public methods
}
}
``` |
Technopark is a technology park in Thiruvananthapuram in the state of Kerala, India. Established on 28 July 1990 by the Government of Kerala, under chief minister E K Nayanar, it is one the largest information technology (IT) park in India in terms of developed area..Technopark is the first IT Park of India
Technopark has of built-up area, and is home to over 480 companies, employing more than 70,500 professionals, and it is still expanding, adding another as part of Phase III expansion, and as Technocity—an integrated IT township near Pallippuram.
The policy of economic liberalisation initiated by the government of India in 1991, and the rapid growth of the global software industry during the 1990s, substantially contributed to this growth. During the global financial crisis of 2007–2010, the park saw a period of reduced growth in 2009–10, when exports were only 2.8% more than the previous year. During the 2016-17 financial year, the park recorded IT exports of Rs. 5,000 crores.
Technopark is owned and administered by the Government of Kerala and is headed by a chief executive officer. In addition to this, it has a Governing Council and a Project Implementation Board, both of which include top officials of the government. Administrative offices, including that of the CEO, are housed in the Park Centre building. Technopark also hosts a Technology Business Incubation Cell under Kerala Startup Mission.
Technopark houses domestic firms, joint ventures, and subsidiaries of foreign companies engaged in a wide variety of activities, which include embedded software development, smart card technology, enterprise resource planning (ERP), process control software design, engineering and computer-aided design software development, IT Enabled Services (ITES), process re-engineering, animation, and e-business.
History and mission
Then Chief Minister of Kerala, E. K. Nayanar visited the Apple facility in the United States in 1989. This led to forming of Technopark, India's first IT park and still remains the largest in India. Nayanar laid the foundation stone on 1990 after it was registered under the Travancore Cochin Scientific and Charitable Societies Act. As of 2020, the IT park employs 70,000 people and provides indirect employment to lakhs. In March 1990, the Government of Kerala conceptualised Technopark as a facility to foster the development of high-technology industries in the state. Technopark was set up under the auspices of Electronics Technology Park, Kerala—an autonomous body under the Department of Information Technology of the government of Kerala.
Technopark's aim was to create infrastructure to support the development of high-technology companies.
On 31 March 1991, the foundation stone for Technopark was laid by E K Nayanar, Chief Minister of Kerala, at a ceremony presided over by K R Gowri Amma, Minister for Industries. Technopark was formally dedicated to the nation by the then Prime Minister, P.V. Narasimha Rao, in November, 1995.
Since then, Technopark has been growing steadily both in size and employee strength. Park Centre, Pamba, and Periyar were the only buildings constructed in the beginning, by 1995. Since then, Technopark has periodically added new buildings, such as Nila (1997), Gayathri, and Bhavani. With the inauguration of the "Thejaswini", on 22 February 2007, Technopark became the largest IT Park in India. After that, Leela Group has built a facility, "Leela Infopark", that hosts MNCs like Allianz, Oracle Corporation, D+H, RM Education, and Zafin.
Socio-economic impact
Technopark has become the single largest source of employment in Kerala, with over seventy thousand people directly working in the facility.
Workforce
Technopark hosts about 470 companies, and a workforce that numbers more than 70,000 personnel, in the IT and ITES sectors: companies such as Allianz–Cornhill, Ernst & Young, Speridian Technologies, Infosys, Guidehouse India, Oracle Corporation, Quest Global, RR Donnelly, SunTec Business Solutions, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Elxsi, Toonz Media Group, and UST Global, as well as Finastra, H&R Block, IBS Software Services, Nissan Digital, RM Education, Envestnet, TechMahindra and Way.com.
Institutions
Technopark hosts two educational and research institutes. The Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala, (IIITM–K) is an institution of higher education and research and development in applied Information Technology and Management. Portals for computational chemistry and agricultural information dissemination are among its areas of focus. IIITM–K is located at present in Park Centre.
The Asian School of Business (ASB) used to have its flagship post-graduate management programme in Technopark, before moving it to its own 16 Acre LEED-certified campus in 2011. The Asian School of Business is managed by a board of governors, which includes Tata Consultancy Services CEO S. Ramadorai and Infosys CEO Kris Gopalakrishnan.
Infrastructure
Technopark aims to provide the infrastructure and support facilities needed for IT/ITES and electronics companies to function. In addition to office space, it provides utilities and connectivity, which is done either directly or through private partners. Besides, Technopark provides business incubation facilities for start-up firms as well as some social infrastructure for the personnel working in the park.
Buildings
There are currently about a dozen buildings on the Technopark campus intended for software development. Seven of the buildings are named after rivers in Kerala—the Pamba, the Periyar, the Nila, the Chandragiri, the Gayathri, Bhavani, and the Thejaswini, the seventh building, which was commissioned in February 2007, with over and of carpet area. There are also independent buildings of private enterprises inside the Phase I campus: Amstor House, Padmanabham, and M-squared. These buildings have an aggregate floor area of about .
Other facilities in the campus include:
Technopark Club – Includes a gym, swimming pool, restaurant, and sporting facilities.
Technomall – a shopping complex
Technopark guesthouse
Private IT parks of individual companies
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
Technology Business Incubator
WiFi Solutions IT Rentals Infrastructure Service Provider
Utilities and support facilities
Technopark infrastructure facilities include power backup, uninterrupted water supply, and ambient air conditioning; for all buildings. 100% of electric power is available from the Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL) and the diesel generators operate with less than 5% annual downtime (with at least 95% uptime, generating electricity). Technopark has its own 110kV electric transformer substation and a 25 mega volt-ampere dedicated internal power distribution system with built-in redundancies at all levels. The water supply is maintained through a dedicated water distribution system.
Technopark has other support facilities such as a satellite earth station, a 200-seater convention centre, a club, a guest house, a shopping complex (Techno-Mall), banks, ATMs, restaurants and conference rooms on campus. Furthermore, setting up of new units is accelerated by exemption from state-level clearances as well as through ready-to-use incubation facilities.
Transport facility
Technopark Express service is a public transport system for Technopark employees. It was inaugurated on 17 April 2017 by Hrishikesh R Nair, the then CEO of Technopark, Infopark, and Cyberpark.
Connectivity
Technopark offers multiple Internet Service Providers, including Reliance Infocomm, STPI, BSNL, Bhari, and VSNL. Leased-line fiber connectivity is available to all buildings on the campus, guaranteeing that connection breaks are a thing of the past.
FLAG Telecom—a subsidiary of Reliance Infocomm—has its FALCON global cable system at Thiruvananthapuram, providing direct connectivity to the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Technopark is connected through fibre link, with a self-healing redundant ring architecture, to Reliance Internet's data center and gateway at Mumbai, directly connecting to FLAG, the undersea cable system backbone that connects 134 countries including the U.S., U.K., and other countries, in North America, Europe, the Middle East, South East Asia, and Asia Pacific.
Technopark Business Incubation Centre (T-BIC)
The Kerala Startup Mission, formerly known as the Technopark Business Incubation Centre (T-BIC), aims to provide economical plug-and-play facilities to start-ups in the IT/ITES fields. This facility has given rise to over 47 successful ventures, many of whom have expanded by taking up space elsewhere in Technopark. T-BIC currently has . (800 sq m.) at Park Centre, and this is being expanded with another . (1000 sq m.) in the newest Technopark building, Thejaswini.
One of the latest companies started at T-BIC is Entiresoft Technologies Private Limited.
Expansion and new projects
Phase II
Technopark has acquired of land, for its Phase II expansion.
Out of this, has been earmarked for Infosys and for UST Global.
Infosys is planning to create up to of space to eventually accommodate up to 15,000 professionals. It plans to set up in the first phase.
UST Global was to set up a campus to be completed by 2015. of space was to be completed by January 2012. Work on the campus was started on 24 October 2007.
Tata Consultancy Services has been allotted within the campus for their software development centre. This is in addition to the of land allotted to them for setting up their new training centre—Peepul Park.
IBS Software Services is constructing a office on of land. The first phase of the campus was inaugurated on 23 October 2007.
Tata Elxsi Limited, which is the product design arm of the US$68 billion Tata Group, has taken on which to build its design and development centre. The first phase of the campus was commissioned on 7 September 2007.
The NeST group has also been allocated land to build a development centre, on which work has almost been completed.
OXOMO Systems International is one of the fastest-growing IT company in the area, concentrating on software development, Digital Marketing, and IT outsourcing sectors.
Technopark Phase III
Technopark has completed acquisition of of land for Phase III expansion. Firms like Larsen & Toubro and the Rahejas are planning major developments within and around Technopark as well. L&T has already announced its plans to set up a hybrid IT-and-residential park as part of Technopark Phase III. iGate (formerly Patni Computer Systems) has already announced that it will set up a Rs 150 crore ($US 32 million) development centre in Phase III.
The second and third phases of expansion of Technopark along with the ramping up of operations of the existing IT units are expected to see an investment of around Rs. 3000–4000 crore (US$0.75 billion) and an additional creation of 80,000–100,000 jobs.
Taurus Investment Holdings, along with its partners Embassy Group and Asset Homes, is building a mixed-use project that is to build of floor space on of land, as a part of Phase 3.
Phase IV expansion – Technocity
The fourth phase of Technopark is also referred to as the "Technocity" project. It involves a mixed use—IT, biotechnology, nanotechnology, commercial and residential development—spread over of land, about from the present campus. It will be a self-contained IT township with the potential to employ 100,000 people. The expected investment in the project is around Rs 60 billion (over US$1.5 billion), according to 2007 estimates.
Once Technocity's land acquisition is complete, Technopark will have an extent of close to , making it one of India's largest IT satellite townships in terms of geographic area, comparable to that of projects like Mahindra World City in Chennai.
The government of Kerala has decided to partner with multiple private developers for Technocity and has formed a special company – Kerala State Information Technology Infrastructure Limited (KSITIL) – to take up the work. of the project area has already been acquired. A Request for Qualification was issued on 1 June 2008, and nine major developers, including international majors Emaar and Forest City Enterprises, have applied for qualification.
Special Economic Zones in Technopark
There are three Special Economic Zones (SEZs) inside Technopark. Each economic zone encompasses one of Phases I, II, or III. Phase IV will also become an SEZ once land acquisition is completed and will provide a range of economic benefits to the companies operating within Technopark.
Technopark Club
A sports and recreation club on the campus of Phase I provides diverse facilities for professionals to unwind. These include a gym; a swimming pool; and courts for basketball, badminton, table tennis, and beach volleyball. The club supports tour operators in organising recreational travel of employees and their families; it also has a massage parlour, Vaisakha, and a multi-cuisine restaurant.
Technopark Adventure Club
The Technopark Adventure Club provides adventure activities to employees of Technopark and their families. It organises activities such as parasailing, rock climbing, rappelling, trekking and camping, paragliding. It administers a camp at Munnar, as well as corporate training camps.
Tech-A-Break
Tech-A-Break is Technopark's annual cultural extravaganza. Typically held over the course of a week, it kicks off with a Carnival parade and ends with performance by professional bands, dance groups, and musicians.
In popular culture
The climactic scenes of the 1997 Malayalam film Superman were filmed in Technopark's Travancore Hall.
The 2009 Malayalam film Ritu was extensively shot on the Technopark campus.
See also
InfoPark, Kochi
Kazhakoottam Railway Station
Techno-lodge
Technopark Kollam
Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram
Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram
Notes
External links
Technopark.org – Technopark official website
1990 establishments in Kerala
Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram
Science and technology in Thiruvananthapuram
Software technology parks in Kerala
Government-owned companies of Kerala |
Vladimir Vovk is a British computer scientist, and professor at Royal Holloway University of London. He is the co-inventor of Conformal prediction. He is the co-director of the Centre for Machine Learning at Royal Holloway University of London, and a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society.
Career
Vovk started working as a researcher in the Russian Academy of Sciences, then became a Fellow in the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. He was appointed as a professor of Computer Science at Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, where he currently serves as co-director of the Centre for Machine Learning.
Early in his career, Vovk was heavily involved in the development of the foundations of probability, along with Glenn Shafer. Their work has resulted in a book, Probability and Finance: It's Only a Game!, published in 2001, which was subsequently translated into Japanese in 2006 by Masayuki Kumon and edited by Kei Takeuchi. In 2005, he co-invented the Conformal prediction framework with Alexander Gammerman.
Vovk has delivered speeches all around the world. In 2021, he was invited to deliver a series of memorial lectures to Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in India. On the 20-year anniversary of The Society for Imprecise Probability (SIPTA) in 2019, he was invited to deliver a talk on "Game-theoretic foundations for imprecise probabilities" in Belgium. In 2016, he delivered a seminar about "Probability-free theory of continuous martingales" at Imperial College in the UK. In 2014, he delivered a seminar at University of Hawai'i in the USA.
Vovk has written 9 books, more than 280 research papers, and has an estimated h-index of 53. He holds fellowship positions at Stanford University (USA), Arizona State University (USA) and Yandex (Russia).
Selected books
Game-theoretic foundations for probability and finance (2019), Wiley, .
Conformal Prediction for Reliable Machine Learning: Theory, Adaptations and Applications (2014), Morgan Kaufmann, .
Algorithmic Learning in a Random World (2005), Springer, .
Probability and finance: it's only a game (2001), Wiley, .
References
External links
Vovk's Personal Website
Vovk's University Website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Ukrainian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Moscow State University alumni
British computer scientists
Machine learning researchers
Mathematical statisticians |
Chimay Brewery (Brasserie de Chimay) is a brewery at Scourmont Abbey, a Trappist monastery in Chimay, Hainaut, Belgium, one of the thirteen breweries worldwide that produce Trappist beer. They make four ales: Chimay Rouge, Chimay Bleue, Chimay Blanche, and Chimay 150; and one patersbier for the monks. The monastery also makes four varieties of cheese.
Brewery
The brewery was founded inside Scourmont Abbey, in the Belgian municipality of Chimay in 1862.
The brewery produces four ales as well as a patersbier for the monks themselves which is occasionally sold as Chimay Gold; they are known as Trappist beers because they are made in a Trappist monastery. It was the first brewery to use the Trappist Ale designation on its labels.
As with all other Trappist breweries, the beer is sold only for financial support of the monastery and good causes. The brewery business pays rent for use of the property within the abbey, which is used to support the monastic community. The majority of the profit from the sale of the beer is distributed to charities and for community development around the region. As of 2007, sales figures for Chimay products exceeded $50 million per year.
The water for the beers is drawn from a well located inside the monastery walls. The filtered solids from the beer mash are recycled into livestock feed which is given to the same cows that produce the milk for Chimay cheeses.
The beer is transported from the monastery to the bottling plant 12 km away, which can fill 40,000 bottles per hour, of which many are returns. The beer is then refermented in the bottle for three weeks before being shipped around the world. 50% of Chimay beer production is sold on the export markets.
The brewing plant was updated in 1988, and as of 2005 produced 12 megalitres annually.
Beers
The ingredients are: water, malted barley, wheat starch, sugar, hop extract and yeast; malt extract is used in Rouge and Bleue for colouring.
Chimay Red, 7% ABV. In the 75 cl bottle, it is known as Première. It is a dark brown colour dubbel and has a sweet, fruity aroma.
Chimay Blue, 9% ABV darker ale. In the 75 cl bottle, it is known as Grande Réserve. This copper-brown beer has a light creamy head and a slightly bitter taste. Considered to be the "classic" Chimay ale, it exhibits a considerable depth of fruity, peppery character.
Chimay Triple, 8% ABV golden tripel. In the 75 cl bottle, it is known as Cinq Cents. This crisp beer bears a light orange colour, and is the most hopped and driest of the three.
Chimay 150, 10% ABV blonde ale. Originally brewed as a special, 150th anniversary ale, now in regular production. Noted for its spicy, smoky character.
Chimay Dorée (Golden), 4.8% ABV ale, brewed from very similar ingredients as the Red, but more pale and spiced differently. It is a patersbier, intended only to be drunk at the Abbey. Since 2007 it was available at the nearby inn Auberge de Poteaupré, which is associated with the abbey. The monks themselves drink this variety rather than the stronger three. Prior to 2015, it was unusual for bottles of the Chimay Dorée to be available outside the Abbey or local inn. However, from 2013, a limited quantity of this beer was sold on draught in the United Kingdom, at 19 Fuller's pubs and in Italy, where only 50 pubs sell this variety of beer, as well as in 330 ml bottles in some export markets. In the Christmas season of 2016, Chimay made available a gift set with all four varieties and two chalices, and since has been available in limited quantities in the USA.
Cheeses
Since 1876 the monastery has also made cheese, and as of 2010 offers four cheeses.
They are:
Chimay with Beer, whose rind is soaked in Chimay beer.
Chimay Grand Classic, a semi-hard pressed cheese.
Chimay Grand Cru, made from pasteurised milk and matured for six weeks.
Old Chimay, a hard cheese matured for at least six months.
See also
References
External links
1862 establishments in Belgium
Belgian brands
Trappist breweries in Belgium
Breweries of Wallonia
Companies based in Hainaut (province)
Chimay |
Sopelkino () is a rural locality (a village) in Rostilovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 77 as of 2002. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Sopelkino is located 20 km south of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Abanino is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Gryazovetsky District |
The Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon was one of the largest NATO bases in south Europe Allied Command Operations. It was based in Oeiras, near Lisbon, Portugal. In 2009 a French lieutenant general took command from the previous US Navy admiral who had filled the post for a number of years. It was deactivated in 2012.
History
From 1972, for many years during the Cold War, Oeiras was home to Commander Iberian Atlantic. Commanders during this period included Rear Admiral Eugene B. Fluckley and Robert Erly of the U.S. Navy. On September 18, 1982, the Defence Committee of the North Atlantic Council redesignated Commander IBERLANT (COMIBERLANT) as Commander-in-Chief IBERLANT (CINCIBERLANT) and the Portuguese Vice-Admiral Ilídio Elias da Costa took command. CINCIBERLANT was responsible to SACLANT in Norfolk, Virginia. On 1 September 1999, the CINCIBERLANT command was upgraded to CINCSOUTHLANT, a NATO regional command with new terms of reference and a greater area of responsibility. The headquarters becomes Regional Headquarters South Atlantic (RHQ SOUTHLANT). On 12 June 2003, command authority for CINCSOUTHLANT was transferred from SACLANT to SACEUR, NATO's European command in Belgium.
On 4 December 2006, SACEUR rewarded Joint Command Lisbon with a Campaign Pennant to recognize the operational contribution during the Pakistan Earthquake Relief Operation.
In 2009 Joint Command Lisbon was responsible for providing assistance to the African Union on request, principally as regards airlift for the mission in Darfur; preparing staff to command the NATO Response Force; mounting a sea-based Combined Joint Task Force Headquarters; and support for cooperation and dialogue under the Partnership for Peace and Mediterranean Dialogue programmes.
During the 2000s (decade), the commander was a United States Navy vice admiral who simultaneously held the position of commander of United States Sixth Fleet and commander of Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO (STRIKFORNATO, the old STRIKFORSOUTH), both located in Naples, Italy. The admiral resided in Lisbon and commanded the three commands separated by the western Mediterranean through a rigorous travel schedule and electronic means, including frequent video teleconferences. Vice Admiral Bruce W. Clingan was the last U.S. commander to hold the three commands simultaneously.
References
External links
Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon
Formations of the NATO Military Command Structure 1994–present
Organisations based in Lisbon
Military units and formations disestablished in 2012 |
Macrocneme cupreipennis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found in Brazil.
References
Macrocneme
Moths described in 1856 |
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3), also called UBCH7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2L3 gene. As an E2 enzyme, UBE2L3 participates in ubiquitination to target proteins for degradation. The role of UBE2L3 in the ubiquitination of the NF-κB precursor implicated it in various major autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), celiac disease, Crohn's disease (CD), and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Structure
Gene
The UBE2L3 gene is located at chromosome 22q11.21, consisting of 6 exons. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.
Protein
There are 38 E2 enzymes in humans. They all contain a conserved catalytic core domain that interacts with E1 and E3 and many E2s possess additional N- and/or C-terminal protein sequences. In contrast to other E2s, residues necessary for lysine reactivity are absent: the D87 and D117 residues (in UBCH5C numbering) are replaced by Pro and His residues.
Function
The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). E2s play a key role in the whole ubiquitin (Ub) transfer pathway and are responsible for Ub cellular signaling. Unlike many E2s that transfer Ub with RINGs, UBE2L3 has E3-independent reactivity with lysine. This enzyme is demonstrated to participate in the ubiquitination of p53, c-Fos, and the NF-κB precursor p105 in vitro. UBE2L3 is primarily known for its role in the cell cycle. Specifically, UBE2L3 manages cell cycle regulatory protein levels via the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway (UPP) during the G1/S transition and during the actual S phase.
Clinical significance
Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), UBE2L3 has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, including RA, celiac disease, CD, and SLE via the ubiquitination of the NK-κB precursor. This association was observed in European, Asian, and African-American populations. UBE2L3 has been linked to natural killer cell cytotoxic function, and high UBE2L3 levels had contributed to clearing chronic HBV infection. UBE2L3 controls the protein stability of 53BP1 and determines the DNA double-strand break repair choice. Loss of UBE2L3 stabilizes 53BP1 and force cells to choose NHEJ to repair DNA double-strand break. Repair by NHEJ leads to radial chromosomes and cell death. UBE2L3 depletion may become a novel strategy in enhancing the effect of anticancer therapies. The haplotype of UBE2L3 gene is also reported associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a Chinese Han population.(27094594)
Interactions
UBE2L3 has been shown to interact with:
ARIH1,
ARIH2,
CBL,
CHEK1,
NEDD4,
PARK2,
SMURF2,
TNFAIP3,
TNFSF4,
TNIP1,
TRAF6,
UBE3A,
UBE3A, and
UBOX5.
References
External links
Further reading |
Gábor Máté (born 9 February 1979) is a Hungarian discus thrower. He currently resides in Mobile, Alabama, United States.
His personal best throw is 66.54 metres, achieved in April 2000 in Walnut.
Competition record
References
1979 births
Living people
Hungarian male discus throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Hungary
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for Hungary
Competitors at the 1999 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade |
David Olère (January 19, 1902 in Warsaw – August 21, 1985 in Paris) was a Polish-born French painter and sculptor best known for his explicit drawings and paintings based on his experiences as a Jewish Sonderkommando inmate at Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II.
Life
Olère studied at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts, and upon completion of his studies there at the age of 16, moved to Danzig and later Berlin, where he exhibited woodcuts at museums and art houses. In 1921 he was hired by Ernst Lubitsch at the Europäische Film Allianz to work as a set builder for the film Das Weib des Pharao. Olère also lived in Munich and Heidelberg before moving to Paris in 1928 and settling in Montparnasse, where he designed costumes and publicity posters for Paramount Pictures. In 1930, Olère married Juliette Ventura who gave birth to their son, Alexandre. When war broke out, Olère was drafted into the infantry regiment at Lons-le-Saunier.
The Holocaust
On February 20, 1943, Olère was arrested by French police, under the Marechal Pétain, during a round up of Jews in Seine-et-Oise and placed in Drancy internment camp. On March 2, 1943, he was one of approximately 1,000 Jews deported from Drancy to Auschwitz. From this transport, Olère was one of 119 people selected for work; the rest were gassed shortly after arrival. He was registered as prisoner 106144 and assigned to the Sonderkommando at Birkenau, the unit of prisoners forced to empty gas chambers and burn the bodies, firstly working in Bunker 2 and later in Crematorium III. In addition to these duties, he was also forced to work as an illustrator, writing and decorating letters for the SS.
Olère remained at Auschwitz until January 19, 1945, when he was taken on the evacuation death march, eventually reaching Mauthausen concentration camp, then the Melk and Ebensee subcamps, from which he made five unsuccessful escape attempts. Following his liberation on May 6, 1945, he learned that his entire family had been exterminated in Warsaw. He subsequently moved back to Paris.
Art
Olère began to draw at Auschwitz during the last days of the camp, when the SS became less attentive. His work has exceptional documentary value: there are no photos of what happened in the gas chambers and crematoria, and Olère was the only artist to have worked as a member of the Sonderkommando and survived. He was also the first witness to draw plans and cross-sections to explain how the crematoria worked.
Olère felt compelled to capture Auschwitz artistically to illustrate the fate of all those that did not survive. He sometimes depicts himself in his paintings as a ghostly witnessing face in the background. He exhibited his work at the State Museum of Les Invalides and the Grand Palais in Paris, at the Jewish Museum in New York City, at the Berkeley Museum, and in Chicago. He retired from being an artist in 1962, and died in 1985. His widow and son have continued to inform the world about Auschwitz via his artwork.
References
Bibliography
Hoffmann, Detleft (1998). Das Gedächtnis der Dinge. Campus Verlag.
Serge Klarsfeld (ed.), David Olère: un peintre au sonderkommando à Auschwitz (David Olère: a Painter in the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz) bilingual French-English edition. . New York: The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989
Miriam Novitch, Spiritual Resistance: Art from Concentration Camps 1940–1945 - a selection of drawings and paintings from the collection of Kibbutz Lochamei Haghetaot, Israel. Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981
Alexandre Oler, Witness: Images of Auschwitz, illustrations by David Olère. Texas: WestWind Press (imprint of D. & F. Scott Publishing), 1998.
Alexandre Oler, Un génocide en héritage (French edition of Witness: Images of Auschwitz), Paris: Wern Éditions, 1998.
Sujo, Glenn; Imperial War Museum (Great Britain) (2001). Legacies of silence: the visual arts and the Holocaust memory. New Age International.
External links
David Olere Drawings & paintings
How David Olere's drawing inform about the prisoners of the Sonderkommando in Birkenau. In French
1902 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Polish Jews
Polish emigrants to France
Jewish artists
Polish male artists
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors
Sonderkommando
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni |
Come Over may refer to:
"Come Over" (Faith Evans song), 1996
"Come Over" (Aaliyah song), 2003
"Come Over" (Estelle song), 2008
"Come Over" (Kenny Chesney song), 2012
"Come Over" (Clean Bandit song), 2014
"Come Over", a 2001 song by Jennifer Lopez from J.Lo
"Come Over", a 2018 song by the Internet from Hive Mind
"Come Over", a 2023 song by Carly Rae Jepsen from The Loveliest Time
"Do You Wanna Come Over?", 2016 song by Britney Spears
Come Over (Rudimental song) 2020
See also
Come On Over (disambiguation) |
Matthew Algernon Adams (9 August 1836 – 29 April 1913) was a British medical doctor. He was the President of the Society of Public Analysts in 1889 and 1890, and a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.
Biography
Adams was born in London and studied medicine at Guy's Hospital, hearing chemistry lectures by William Odling. After having been house-surgeon to the Public Dispensary in Leeds he settled, soon after 1860, as a medical practitioner in Maidstone. He specialised in eye surgery, in which he excelled and earned an almost international repute. Hard-working and well-read, he had wide scientific interests, with a predilection for chemistry. In 1874, while the Sale of Food and Drugs Bill was under parliamentary discussion, Adams worked for some time in the laboratory of James Alfred Wanklyn, and was in the same year appointed Public Analyst for the county of Kent. He held that position till 1911.
Adams was one of the medical men who, when the Food and Drugs Act compelled local authorities to appoint public analysts knowledgeable in chemistry. At that time delicate questions involving an accurate knowledge of the chemistry of food had not yet arisen, and there was fair reason why appointing authorities should entrust to the doctors, who to them were the apostles of all that was scientific, the duty of controlling the food supply. Adams showed the importance of chemistry on several examples. In 1884, he found that cooked apple-pulp contained a substance reacting with iodine like starch. This method enabled the distinction of apple in mixtures with other fruits and was used in examination of jams.
For a few years close to 1880 a controversy raged round the composition and analysis of milk.
James Alfred Wanklyn had stated that milk, apart from a considerable variation in the fat percentage, was of remarkably constant composition, the amount of "solids-not-fat" ranging from 9.0 to 9.3%. While this statement had never met with acceptance by continental chemists, public analysts had adopted Wanklyn’s figures and methods of milk analysis. The Wanklyn's procedure for the separation of fatty and non-fatty constituents was rather crude and yielded vastly varying results, as demonstrated in a celebrated milk case, heard in Manchester in 1885. Adams proposed a rather simple alternative: by merely distributing a weighed quantity of milk over strips of blotting paper and thus subdividing the solids over a very large surface, the direct extraction of the fat from milk became easy and complete. It has become the standard method by which all other methods of fat-estimation in milk were judged and regulated. The observation in itself was a small one, but it has affected fifty thousand milk analyses made annually in Britain.
Adams married early in life, his wife being the daughter of the late Mr. John Prall, solicitor, of Rochester; she survived him, together with a son and three daughters. Adams was an avid traveller, and almost each year he and his wife would spend a lengthy vacation abroad.
References
1836 births
1913 deaths
Local government in the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Institute of Chemistry
19th-century British medical doctors |
"Heather's Wall" is a song written by Rick Giles, Tim Nichols, and Gilles Goddard, and recorded by American country music singer Ty Herndon. The song was slated to appear on his fifth studio album for Epic Records, which was never released due to the single's underperformance. It would be his final Top 40 Hit.
Content
The song is about a man who walks in on a bank robbery and is fatally wounded in the process, unable to think of anything other than his love, who is named Heather.
Giles Goddard said that co-writer Tim Nichols had the title "Heather's Wall" for several years, but he and the other co-writers were unsure of what to do with the title until Rick Giles saw a bank robbery on television.
Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price of Billboard reviewed the song with favor, saying that the song was "well-written" and that Herndon "delivers a powerful performance", although she added that "in a national climate where people are yearning for comfort and peace, this may have a challenge at the starting gate."
Music video
The song's music video features Donna Scott, who also starred in Herndon's videos for "Living in a Moment" and "Hands of a Working Man", portraying Heather.
Chart performance
References
2001 singles
Ty Herndon songs
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Tim Nichols
Songs written by Rick Giles
Song recordings produced by Paul Worley
Songs about crime
Songs about death |
The Compaq Cup is a One Day International cricket tournament which held in Sri Lanka from 8 September to 14 September 2009. The series involved the national teams of India, Sri Lanka and New Zealand.
Squads
Matches
Group stage
Sri lanka won the toss and elected to bat first
New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat first
Final
Media coverage
Television
Arab Digital Distribution (live) – Middle East
Ten Sports (live) – India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan
DD National (live) – India (only India matches)
References
2009 in Sri Lankan cricket
International cricket competitions in 2009
New Zealand cricket tours of Sri Lanka
Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 2000–01
2009 in Indian cricket
2009 in New Zealand cricket |
The Fountain is the eleventh studio album by British band Echo & the Bunnymen. It was released on 12 October 2009 and produced by John McLaughlin, Ian McCulloch and Simon Perry. The first single from the album, "Think I Need It Too", was released on 28 September 2009.
Reception
The album was mostly received to mixed reviews. Reviewing The Fountain for the British music magazine Mojo, Johnny Sharp described the album as "mid-tempo, middle of the road, middle-aged pop-rock". Sharp went on to say that the only character was to be found in the "pun-laden lyrics" of "Shroud of Turin". Writing in The Word, Andrew Collins said that despite there being a "languid grace" to whatever the pair do, [lead singer, Ian] McCulloch's voice "sounds shot" and [guitarist, Will] Sergeant's guitar sounded like a "diluted copy of somebody copying him". Stephen Troussé for Uncut described the album as "dismayingly anonymous". Troussé went on to describe McLaughlin's production as "hyper-compressed, anodyne-sheen".
In The Guardian, Dave Simpson gave the album four stars. He described the album as, "Their most accessible offering in a long time sees Ian McCulloch at his most lyrically playful and cocksure, hovering between confessional [...] and mischievous, and firing off one-liners as if it were the band's 80s heyday. Will Sergeant's guitar-playing is at its scintillating best [...] Their poppiest tunes since 'Bring on the Dancing Horses' could win the Scouse veterans a new generation of fans." Writing in the music magazine Q, Garry Mulholland described McCulloch and Sergeant's sound as "remarkably perky" and "rejuvenated by an injection of youth from new rhythm section Simon Perry and David Thomas and pop producer John McLaughlin."
The Fountain reached No. 63 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
All tracks written by Ian McCulloch, John McLaughlin, Simon Perry, David Thomas, and Will Sergeant, except where noted.
"Think I Need It Too" – 3:41
"Forgotten Fields" – 3:46
"Do You Know Who I Am?" – 2:52
"Shroud of Turin" (McCulloch, Sergeant) – 4:10
"Life of a Thousand Crimes" (McCulloch, Sergeant) – 3:22
"The Fountain" (McCulloch) – 4:01
"Everlasting Neverendless" – 3:08
"Proxy" (McCulloch) – 3:15
"Drivetime" – 4:11
"The Idolness of Gods" (McCulloch) – 4:26
Personnel
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, percussion, producer, mixing ("The Fountain")
Will Sergeant – guitar, vocals, bass, piano, keyboards, drums, percussion
John McLaughlin – producer
Simon Perry – producer ("Think I Need It Too", "Forgotten Fields", "Do You Know Who I Am?", "Life of a Thousand Crimes", "Everlasting Neverendless", and "Drivetime")
David Thomas – mixing (except "The Fountain")
Andrea Wright – additional production, mixing ("The Fountain")
Paul Fleming – keyboards, synthesizers, piano, drum programming
Gordy Goudie – guitar, vocals, bass, e-bow on "The Fountain", lap steel on "The Idolness of Gods"
Nick Kilroe – drums, percussion, loops on "Everlasting Neverendless"
References
External links
Official website
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
2009 albums |
Ryan Craig is an ice hockey player.
Ryan Craig may also refer to:
Ryan Craig (playwright), British playwright |
The 47th Sikhs were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1901, when they were raised as the 47th (Sikh) Bengal Infantry.
After World War I, the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 47th Sikhs now became the 5th Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment. The regiment was allocated to the new India on independence.
References
Sources
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Military units and formations established in 1901
Military units and formations disestablished in 1922
Bengal Presidency |
Qaflankuh-e Gharbi Rural District () is in the Central District of Mianeh County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran.
At the National Census of 2006, its population was 12,166 in 2,990 households. There were 11,920 inhabitants in 3,557 households at the following census of 2011. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 7,372 in 2,308 households. The largest of its 20 villages was Eslamabad, with 2,281 people.
References
Meyaneh County
Rural Districts of East Azerbaijan Province
Populated places in Meyaneh County |
Upper Flood Swallet which was originally known as Blackmoor Flood Swallet, is an exceptionally well-decorated cave near Charterhouse, in the carboniferous limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. The cave is part of the Cheddar Complex SSSI.
The entrance was revealed in the Great Flood of 1968, giving the cave its name. It was dug consistently since then with breakthroughs occurring in 1971, 1972, 1985 and 2006.
As of September 2008 it is over 3.5 km in length and around 125 m deep.
The 2006 breakthrough
In September 2006 cavers squeezed through an excavated boulder choke into new passage. In a series of three digging trips they discovered 1.2 km of well decorated cave.
See also
Caves of the Mendip Hills
References
External links
YouTube video showing pictures of the discoveries made by the Mendip Caving Group in Upper Flood Swallet in 2006.
Caves of the Mendip Hills
Limestone caves
Wild caves |
|}
{| class="collapsible collapsed" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="clear:right; float:right; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" width="280px"
! colspan="3" style="border:1px solid black; background-color: #77DD77;" | Also Ran
The 1990 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Wednesday 6 June 1990. It was the 211th running of the Derby, and it was won by Quest for Fame. The winner was ridden by Pat Eddery and trained by Roger Charlton. The pre-race favourite Razeen finished fourteenth.
Race details
Sponsor: Ever Ready
Winner's prize money: £355,000
Going: Good
Number of runners: 18
Winner's time: 2m 37.26s
Full result
* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. hd = head; nk = neck.† Trainers are based in Great Britain unless indicated.
Winner's details
Further details of the winner, Quest for Fame:
Foaled: 15 February 1987 in Great Britain
Sire: Rainbow Quest; Dam: Aryenne (Green Dancer)
Owner: Khalid Abdullah
Breeder: Juddmonte Farms
Rating in 1990 International Classifications: 123
Form analysis
Two-year-old races
Notable runs by the future Derby participants as two-year-olds in 1989.
Karinga Bay – 1st Washington Singer Stakes, 7th Horris Hill Stakes
Linamix – 1st Prix La Rochette, 2nd Grand Critérium
Missionary Ridge – 6th National Stakes, 3rd Horris Hill Stakes
Digression – 1st Royal Lodge Stakes
Bastille Day – 12th Cartier Million
The road to Epsom
Early-season appearances in 1990 and trial races prior to running in the Derby.
Quest for Fame – 2nd Chester Vase
Blue Stag – 1st Dee Stakes
Elmaamul – 1st Easter Stakes, 7th 2,000 Guineas, 2nd Predominate Stakes
Kaheel – 3rd Heron Stakes
Karinga Bay – 3rd Sandown Classic Trial, 2nd Dante Stakes
Duke of Parducah – 2nd Feilden Stakes
Zoman – 2nd Poule d'Essai des Poulains
Treble Eight – 7th Feilden Stakes, 4th Derby Italiano
Linamix – 1st Prix de Fontainebleau, 1st Poule d'Essai des Poulains
Missionary Ridge – 4th Sandown Classic Trial, 3rd Chester Vase
Digression – 5th Predominate Stakes
Sober Mind – 4th Warren Stakes, 3rd Prix Hocquart, 19th Derby Italiano
Razeen – 1st Predominate Stakes
Bastille Day – 6th Irish 2,000 Guineas
Mr Brooks – 2nd Gladness Stakes, 5th Irish 2,000 Guineas
Subsequent Group 1 wins
Group 1 / Grade I victories after running in the Derby.
Quest for Fame – Hollywood Invitational Turf Handicap (1992)
Elmaamul – Eclipse Stakes (1990), Phoenix Champion Stakes (1990)
Zoman – Prix d'Ispahan (1992), Washington, D.C. International Stakes (1992)
Mr Brooks – July Cup (1992), Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp (1992)
Subsequent breeding careers
Leading progeny of participants in the 1990 Epsom Derby.
Sires of Classic winners
Linamix (9th)
Amilynx - 1st Prix Royal-Oak (1999, 2000)
Vahorimix - 1st Poule d'Essai des Poulains (2001)
Slickly - 1st Prix du Moulin de Longchamp (2001)
Valiramix - 1st Bula Hurdle (2001)
Sires of Group/Grade One winners
Quest For Fame (1st)
Sarrera - 1st Doomben Cup (2008)
Viscount - 1st George Main Stakes (2001)
De Beers - 1st Rosehill Guineas (2006)
Dame d'Harvard - Dam of Harchibald
Elmaamul (3rd)
Muhtathir - 1st Prix Jacques Le Marois (2000)
Sweet Return - 1st Hollywood Derby (2003)
Risk Seeker - 1st Sagaro Stakes (2004)
Habbie Simpson - 3rd Classic Novices' Hurdle (2011)
Sires of National Hunt horses
Karinga Bay (5th)
Coneygree - 1st Cheltenham Gold Cup (2015)
Quwetwo - 1st Morebattle Hurdle (2010)
General Miller - 1st Top Novices' Hurdle (2010)
Megalex - Dam of Ballyandy and Megastar
Other Stallions
Blue Stag (2nd) - Exported to BrazilKaheel (4th) - Exported to West IndiesDuke of Paducah (6th) - Exported to AmericaMissionary Ridge (10th) - Exported to AmericaDigression (11th) - Exported to AmericaRazeen (14th) - Exported to IndiaRiver God (16th) - Minor jumps winnerAromatic (17th) - Exported to America
References
External links
Colour Chart – Derby 1990
Epsom Derby
1990
Epsom Derby
20th century in Surrey
Epsom Derby |
National Family Week originated in Canada and takes place the week before Thanksgiving every year. It was proclaimed an official week by the government of Canada in 1985. National Family Week is celebrated throughout the country with special events put on by community organizations. National Family Week also exists in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia.
It is a distinct event from Family Day which is a statutory holiday created by the provincial governments of Ontario, Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Canada
National Family Week () is largely a public awareness campaign, the purpose of which is to celebrate families. Each year FRP Canada, in partnership with other national organizations, creates downloadable resources for families and those who work with families to access when planning an event in their community. With a different theme each year, National Family week highlights various important aspects of family life.
Government perspective
National Family Week offers an opportunity for the federal government to honour families and to introduce new legislation or modify existing laws in ways that it deems will help families.
In 2007, Minister of Human Resources and Social Development, Monte Solberg, stated that "Canada's New Government is proud to celebrate National Family Week and to recognize the important role that families play in this country. Families are the building blocks of our society, and we will continue delivering on our commitment to support and strengthen them.”
National Family Week UK
National Family Week takes place during the Summer half term holiday and is backed by over 180 not-for-profit organisations
National Family Week United States
National Family Week in the United States takes place the week of American Thanksgiving. It was first proclaimed by Richard Nixon in 1972 pursuant to a resolution introduced in Congress by Representative John Myers (R-IN) upon the suggestion of a constituent, Sam Wiley. It is led annually by the National Family Week Foundation, established by Mr. Wiley and now managed by John Palatiello, a former staff assistant to Rep. Myers. President Donald Trump proclaimed the week of November 18 through November 24, 2018, as National Family Week.
National Families Week Australia
The Australian Government, through the Department of Social Services, sponsors National Families Week with Families Australia. National Families Week coincides with the United Nations International Day of Families on 15 May, the day observed by the United Nations to mark the importance placed on families as the most fundamental units of society, and to show the international community's concern for family issues in many parts of the world.
References
External links
October observances
Observances in Canada
Awareness weeks in Canada
Awareness weeks in the United States
Observances in Australia
Observances in the United Kingdom
November observances
September observances
Awareness weeks
Family member holidays
Week-long observances |
Vidaneachchigoda is a small town in Sri Lanka. It is located within Southern Province.
See also
List of towns in Southern Province, Sri Lanka
External links
Populated places in Southern Province, Sri Lanka |
The Kasturi-class corvettes are two ships of the Royal Malaysian Navy, KD Kasturi and KD Lekir. They were acquired in the mid-1980s. The two ships constitute the Malaysian Navy's 22nd Corvette Squadron, their homeport being Lumut. After about 25 years of service, they underwent an extensive modernisation known as Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) starting in 2009, enabling them to be employed for another 10 to 15 years. They have since been returned to active duty.
The two ships of the class are named after Hang Kasturi and Hang Lekir, two heroic figures from the Malay 15th-century epic narrative Hikayat Hang Tuah. They share this characteristic with the two s, KD Lekiu and KD Jebat, as well as the old frigate-turned-training ship , all of which are named after figures from the epic as well.
Development
The class was ordered in February 1981, and built by the German Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) shipyard. Both ships were simultaneously launched on 14 May 1983 and commissioned on 15 August 1984. Two more were planned, but were never ordered. The Kasturi class is based on HDW's FS 1500 design. The two ships constitute the Royal Malaysian Navy's 22nd Corvette Squadron. Their homeport is Lumut at the west coast of the Malayan Peninsula, facing the Strait of Malacca and the Indian Ocean.
Characteristics
Sensors and electronics
The SLEP modernisation comprised extensive changes to the original configuration of the ships, aimed at both extending their service life as well as improving combat capabilities. The TACTICOS Combat Management System from Thales replaced the older Signaal SEWACO MA command system and the DR3000S Electronic Support Measures suite including the Therma SKWS Decoy Launching System was installed. The DA-08 search radar and the WM22 fire control radar were overhauled, and the Thales MIRADOR electro-optical sensor replaced the Signaal LIOD optronic director. A DSQS-24C hull-mounted sonar from Atlas Elektronik was installed to complement the new torpedo-launch capabilities.
Armament
The Kasturi class original armament was heavily altered by the 2009 modernisation as well. The 57 mm Bofors was moved from the aft to the bow, where it replaced the 100 mm gun as the main gun. No new aft gun was installed. The two manually operated Emerlec 30 mm twin-barrel anti-air guns were replaced with 30 mm single-barrel MSI DS30B guns. Anti-submarine capabilities were enhanced by replacing the dated Bofors 375 mm anti-submarine rocket launcher with two EuroTorp B515 triple torpedo launchers equipped with Whitehead A244-S torpedoes.
There are conflicting reports about the Exocet anti-ship missiles. Some sources state that the Kasturi class prior to the SLEP had been equipped with the Exocet MM38, an old variant of the missile, and that the modernisation included an upgrade to the newer and more capable Exocet MM40 Block II variant. Other sources state that the ships had been equipped with MM40 Block II missiles straight from the beginning.
Propulsion
The Kasturi class is powered by a CODAD propulsion system, provided by four MTU diesels driving two shafts and developing driving two controllable pitch propellers. This gives a maximum speed of , and a range of at .
Aircraft
The Kasturi class has a helideck aft suitable for the Malaysian Navy's Super Lynx 300 and Fennec helicopters. Lacking a hangar, it does not carry an embarked helicopter. According to support future mission it will be fitted with hand-launched UAV system as Schiebel has been selected.
Service Life Extension Program (SLEP)
In August 2009, a Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) was awarded to Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation to overhaul the aging corvettes, with work to be carried out locally at the Boustead Naval Shipyard in Lumut. By this time, KD Kasturi had reportedly not been operational since 2007, and it would eventually take almost seven years for her to resume operational status in early 2014. KD Lekir remained in active duty until the SLEP work on her began in October 2011 and was completed in November 2014. The SLEP is estimated to have extended the corvettes' service life by around 15 years.
Despite the work being incomplete on KD Lekir at that time, both ships participated in the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 in March 2014.
Ships of the class
Gallery
See also
List of naval ship classes in service
– A Colombian ship class also based on the FS 1500 design.
References
Bibliography
Baker, A.D. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999. Annapolis, Maryland, USA. .
Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. .
External links
Boustead Naval Shipyard Awarded SLEP Contract
Corvette classes |
Clivina flava is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1868.
References
flava
Beetles described in 1868 |
Matt Catalano (born 20 February 1958) is a Canadian athlete. He competed in the men's shot put at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
1958 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canadian male shot putters
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Place of birth missing (living people) |
The Ganga Jadadisvarar Temple (also known as the Govindaputhur Gangajatatheeswarar Temple) is a Hindu temple located in the village of Govindaputtur, Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu, India. Saint Appar and Sambandar who lived during the period of Mahendravarma Pallava praised the deity of the temple in their Devaram hymns. The present temple building was built by Uttama Chola by his officer Ambalavan Paluvur Nakkan in 980 AD.
Vaippu Sthalam
It is one of the shrines of the Vaippu Sthalams.
Location
The Ganga Jadadisvarar Temple is located in the village of Govindaputtur. The village is located in the Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu in India and is located on the north bank of the Kollidam River.
See also
References
Shiva temples in Ariyalur district |
Dallam County is the north-westernmost county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 Census, its population was 7,115. Its county seat is Dalhart. The county was founded in 1876 and later organized in 1891. It is named for James Wilmer Dallam, a lawyer and newspaper publisher.
History
Dallam County was formed in 1876 from portions of Bexar County. It was named after James Wilmer Dallam, the lawyer who made the first digest of Texas laws. The first settlement in the area followed in 1870, which resulted in the Red River War of 1874 and 1875 with the native Comanche and Kiowa tribes. In 1900–01, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad company built a stretch from Liberal, Kansas, to Tucumcari, New Mexico, which ran through the county. The location where the tracks met those of the Fort Worth and Denver Railway was named Dalhart. The name is taken from the first letters of Dallam County and Hartley County, between which the town's area is divided. Within a short time, the small railroad stop turned into a sizable town and was named county seat in 1903.
Dallam County was one of the hardest-hit areas in the Dust Bowl.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which are land and (0.1%) are covered by water.
Dallam County is one of only three counties in Texas to border two other U.S. states (the others being Bowie and Cass). Dallam County forms part of the tripoint—of Texas-Oklahoma-New Mexico.
Major highways
U.S. Highway 54
U.S. Highway 87
U.S. Highway 287
U.S. Highway 385
State Highway 102
Adjacent counties
Cimarron County, Oklahoma (north)
Sherman County (east)
Moore County (southeast)
Hartley County (south)
Union County, New Mexico (west)
National protected area
Rita Blanca National Grassland (part)
Demographics
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,222 people, 2,317 households, and 1,628 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 2,697 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 82.64% White, 1.64% Black or African American, 0.90% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 12.41% from other races, and 2.20% from two or more races. 28.38% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In terms of ancestry, 19.6% were of German, 8,2% were of Irish, 7,1% were of English, 5,5% were of American, 2,8% were of French, 2,7% were of Scotch-Irish, 1,6% were of Dutch.
There were 2,317 households, out of which 39.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.10% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 31.80% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 28.80% from 25 to 44, 20.60% from 45 to 64, and 10.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 102.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.30 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $27,946, and the median income for a family was $33,558. Males had a median income of $27,244 versus $19,000 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,653. About 11.30% of families and 14.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.40% of those under age 18 and 24.80% of those age 65 or over.
Politics
Dallam County is located within District 86 of the Texas House of Representatives. The seat has been held by Amarillo attorney John T. Smithee, a Republican, since 1985. Dallam County as a whole is heavily Republican in orientation. Joe Biden's 12.24% showing in the 2020 Election is the lowest amount of the vote received by a Democrat since the county's conception in 1891.
Education
The following school districts serve Dallam County:
Dalhart Independent School District
Stratford Independent School District
Texline Independent School District
Communities
City
Dalhart (county seat) (partly in Hartley County)
Town
Texline
Unincorporated communities
Coldwater
Conlen
Kerrick
Ghost town
Perico
See also
List of museums in the Texas Panhandle
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallam County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Dallam County
References
External links
Dallam County commissioners' website
Dallam County in Handbook of Texas Online at the University of Texas
Dallam County Profile from the Texas Association of Counties
The XIT Ranch claims to have been the largest range in the world "under fence"
1891 establishments in Texas
Populated places established in 1891
Texas Panhandle
Majority-minority counties in Texas |
George "Wild Child" Butler (October 1, 1936 – March 1, 2005) was an American blues harmonica player, and vocalist.
Career
Butler was born October 1, 1936, in Autaugaville, Alabama, and began playing blues music in bands in the late 1950s, but it was not until 1966 that he began to receive notice, after moving to Chicago and signing with Jewel Records. His early sessions were recorded with Willie Dixon, Cash McCall and Jimmy Dawkins as sidemen. He recorded an album for Mercury Records in 1969.
In 1981, Butler moved to Ontario, Canada, where he played regularly. In the 1990s, he began recording with record producer Mike Vernon in England, which resulted in two albums released on Bullseye Blues.
Butler died on March 1, 2005, in Windsor, Ontario, of a pulmonary embolism, at the age of 68.
Discography
Open Up Baby (Jewel/Charly, 1966)
Keep On Doing What You're Doing (Mercury Records, 1969)
Funky Butt Lover (TK Records, 1976; reissued as Lickin' Gravy by Rooster Blues)
These Mean Old Blues (Bullseye Blues, 1992)
Stranger (Bullseye, 1994)
Lickin' Gravy (M.C. Records, 1998)
The Devil Made Me Do It (Ace Records, 1999)
Sho' Nuff (APO Records, 2001)
References
1936 births
2005 deaths
People from Autauga County, Alabama
20th-century African-American male singers
American blues harmonica players
American blues singers
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
Blues musicians from Alabama
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
20th-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Alabama
20th-century American male singers
African-American guitarists
21st-century African-American people |
José Javier Cobos Castillo (born 23 April 1968), known as Cobos, is a French retired footballer who played as a left-back.
Career
Born in Strasbourg, Cobos started playing professionally with hometown club RC Strasbourg, helping it return to Ligue 1 in 1992. He had already played in the top flight in the 1988–89 season, his official debut coming on 30 July 1988 in a 1–0 away loss against Montpellier HSC.
Afterwards, Cobos spent three-and-a-half years with Paris Saint-Germain FC, helping with 14 matches as the capital side won the league in 1994 and he was a more important part of the first-team unit in the following season, as they conquered the Coupe de France. Additionally, in the latter season, he played in all the games to help his team reach the last-four in the European Cup. He also helped them win the 1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but he was not part of the squad for the final, and the 1995 Trophée des Champions.
Late into 1996, Cobos moved to the land of his ancestors, signing with Spain's RCD Espanyol and being a regular during his stay. Aged 30, he returned to his country, playing one year with Toulouse FC then joining OGC Nice, which he helped promote to the top level in his third season by appearing in ten matches – ironically, he would feature significantly more in the following years, with the Côte d'Azur side always maintaining their division status.
After retiring, with French first division totals of 251 games and 13 goals (plus 170 and five in Ligue 2), Cobos continued to work with his last club, serving a two-year spell as assistant coach. In January 2009, two years after leaving Nice, he joined AS Monaco FC as its director of football, but only lasted three months in office.
Personal life
Cobos' older brother, Vincent, was also a footballer and a defender. He too played mainly for Strasbourg, and the siblings shared teams from 1988 to 1991.
References
External links
RC Strasbourg archives
1968 births
Living people
French people of Spanish descent
French men's footballers
Footballers from Strasbourg
Men's association football defenders
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
La Liga players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Toulouse FC players
OGC Nice players
RCD Espanyol footballers
OGC Nice non-playing staff
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain |
Olav Arnold Brunvand (7 January 1912 – 15 February 1988) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party.
He was born in Kristiansand as a son of tailor Olav Brunvand, Sr. (1878–1944) and Anna Olsen (1878–1952). In 1936 he married Åsta Bergliot Strømme (1915–1988). His father was a Social Democratic ballot candidate in the Market towns of Vest-Agder and Rogaland counties for the 1921 general election but was not elected.
He worked as a journalist in Sørlandet from 1934, and in Bergens Arbeiderblad from 1939. These newspapers belonged to the Labour Party, and were thus subject to repression during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1945; Brunvand was imprisoned by the Germans from 1941 to 1945. He was arrested in October 1941, spent time in Ulven concentration camp in November before being sent via Bergen to Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel in December. In August 1943 he was transferred to Rendsburg, later to Dreibergen. During his stay in German prisons he made notes which were later published in newspaper articles, and issued in 1968 as the book Smil og tårer i tukthus. The manuscript was written on toilet paper and smuggled out by Hiltgunt Zassenhaus, who buried it and sent it to Brunvand after he had returned to Bergen in 1945.
In 1945 he was promoted to subeditor in Bergens Arbeiderblad. He was then the editor and manager of the news agency Arbeidernes Pressekontor from 1949 to 1952 and 1954 to 1978. From 1952 to 1954 he served as State Secretary in the Ministry of Defence as a part of the Labour cabinet Torp.
He was the father of Per Brunvand.
References
1912 births
1988 deaths
Norwegian newspaper editors
Norwegian state secretaries
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Ulven concentration camp survivors
Politicians from Kristiansand
20th-century Norwegian writers |
```c++
#include <AggregateFunctions/AggregateFunctionFactory.h>
#include <Core/Settings.h>
#include <DataTypes/DataTypeDate.h>
#include <DataTypes/DataTypeDateTime.h>
#include <DataTypes/DataTypeNullable.h>
#include <Interpreters/Context.h>
#include <IO/ReadHelpers.h>
#include <IO/WriteHelpers.h>
#include <IO/ReadBufferFromString.h>
#include <IO/WriteBufferFromString.h>
#include <DataTypes/DataTypesNumber.h>
#include <Columns/ColumnString.h>
#include <Columns/ColumnVector.h>
#include <Columns/ColumnNullable.h>
#include <Common/ArenaAllocator.h>
#include <Common/assert_cast.h>
#include <AggregateFunctions/IAggregateFunction.h>
#include <bitset>
namespace DB
{
constexpr size_t max_events_size = 64;
constexpr size_t min_required_args = 3;
namespace ErrorCodes
{
extern const int ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT;
extern const int NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH;
extern const int BAD_ARGUMENTS;
extern const int UNKNOWN_AGGREGATE_FUNCTION;
extern const int TOO_LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
namespace
{
enum class SequenceDirection : uint8_t
{
Forward,
Backward,
};
enum SequenceBase : uint8_t
{
Head,
Tail,
FirstMatch,
LastMatch,
};
/// This is for security
const UInt64 max_node_size_deserialize = 0xFFFFFF;
/// NodeBase used to implement a linked list for storage of SequenceNextNodeImpl
template <typename Node, size_t MaxEventsSize>
struct NodeBase
{
UInt64 size; /// size of payload
DataTypeDateTime::FieldType event_time;
std::bitset<MaxEventsSize> events_bitset;
bool can_be_base;
char * data() { return reinterpret_cast<char *>(this) + sizeof(Node); }
const char * data() const { return reinterpret_cast<const char *>(this) + sizeof(Node); }
Node * clone(Arena * arena) const
{
return reinterpret_cast<Node *>(
const_cast<char *>(arena->alignedInsert(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(this), sizeof(Node) + size, alignof(Node))));
}
void write(WriteBuffer & buf) const
{
writeVarUInt(size, buf);
buf.write(data(), size);
writeBinary(event_time, buf);
UInt64 ulong_bitset = events_bitset.to_ulong();
writeBinary(ulong_bitset, buf);
writeBinary(can_be_base, buf);
}
static Node * read(ReadBuffer & buf, Arena * arena)
{
UInt64 size;
readVarUInt(size, buf);
if (unlikely(size > max_node_size_deserialize))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::TOO_LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE, "Too large node state size");
Node * node = reinterpret_cast<Node *>(arena->alignedAlloc(sizeof(Node) + size, alignof(Node)));
node->size = size;
buf.readStrict(node->data(), size);
readBinary(node->event_time, buf);
UInt64 ulong_bitset;
readBinary(ulong_bitset, buf);
node->events_bitset = ulong_bitset;
readBinary(node->can_be_base, buf);
return node;
}
};
/// It stores String, timestamp, bitset of matched events.
template <size_t MaxEventsSize>
struct NodeString : public NodeBase<NodeString<MaxEventsSize>, MaxEventsSize>
{
using Node = NodeString<MaxEventsSize>;
static Node * allocate(const IColumn & column, size_t row_num, Arena * arena)
{
StringRef string = assert_cast<const ColumnString &>(column).getDataAt(row_num);
Node * node = reinterpret_cast<Node *>(arena->alignedAlloc(sizeof(Node) + string.size, alignof(Node)));
node->size = string.size;
memcpy(node->data(), string.data, string.size);
return node;
}
void insertInto(IColumn & column)
{
assert_cast<ColumnString &>(column).insertData(this->data(), this->size);
}
bool compare(const Node * rhs) const
{
auto cmp = strncmp(this->data(), rhs->data(), std::min(this->size, rhs->size));
return (cmp == 0) ? this->size < rhs->size : cmp < 0;
}
};
/// TODO : Support other types than string
template <typename Node>
struct SequenceNextNodeGeneralData
{
using Allocator = MixedAlignedArenaAllocator<alignof(Node *), 4096>;
using Array = PODArray<Node *, 32, Allocator>;
Array value;
bool sorted = false;
struct Comparator final
{
bool operator()(const Node * lhs, const Node * rhs) const
{
return lhs->event_time == rhs->event_time ? lhs->compare(rhs) : lhs->event_time < rhs->event_time;
}
};
void sort()
{
if (!sorted)
{
std::stable_sort(std::begin(value), std::end(value), Comparator{});
sorted = true;
}
}
};
/// Implementation of sequenceFirstNode
template <typename T, typename Node>
class SequenceNextNodeImpl final
: public IAggregateFunctionDataHelper<SequenceNextNodeGeneralData<Node>, SequenceNextNodeImpl<T, Node>>
{
using Self = SequenceNextNodeImpl<T, Node>;
using Data = SequenceNextNodeGeneralData<Node>;
static Data & data(AggregateDataPtr __restrict place) { return *reinterpret_cast<Data *>(place); }
static const Data & data(ConstAggregateDataPtr __restrict place) { return *reinterpret_cast<const Data *>(place); }
static constexpr size_t base_cond_column_idx = 2;
static constexpr size_t event_column_idx = 1;
SequenceBase seq_base_kind;
SequenceDirection seq_direction;
const size_t min_required_args;
DataTypePtr & data_type;
UInt8 events_size;
UInt64 max_elems;
public:
SequenceNextNodeImpl(
const DataTypePtr & data_type_,
const DataTypes & arguments,
const Array & parameters_,
SequenceBase seq_base_kind_,
SequenceDirection seq_direction_,
size_t min_required_args_,
UInt64 max_elems_ = std::numeric_limits<UInt64>::max())
: IAggregateFunctionDataHelper<SequenceNextNodeGeneralData<Node>, Self>(arguments, parameters_, data_type_)
, seq_base_kind(seq_base_kind_)
, seq_direction(seq_direction_)
, min_required_args(min_required_args_)
, data_type(this->argument_types[0])
, events_size(arguments.size() - min_required_args)
, max_elems(max_elems_)
{
}
String getName() const override { return "sequenceNextNode"; }
bool haveSameStateRepresentationImpl(const IAggregateFunction & rhs) const override
{
return this->getName() == rhs.getName() && this->haveEqualArgumentTypes(rhs);
}
void insert(Data & a, const Node * v, Arena * arena) const
{
++a.total_values;
a.value.push_back(v->clone(arena), arena);
}
void create(AggregateDataPtr __restrict place) const override /// NOLINT
{
new (place) Data;
}
void add(AggregateDataPtr __restrict place, const IColumn ** columns, size_t row_num, Arena * arena) const override
{
Node * node = Node::allocate(*columns[event_column_idx], row_num, arena);
const auto timestamp = assert_cast<const ColumnVector<T> *>(columns[0])->getData()[row_num];
/// The events_bitset variable stores matched events in the form of bitset.
/// Each Nth-bit indicates that the Nth-event are matched.
/// For example, event1 and event3 is matched then the values of events_bitset is 0x00000005.
/// 0x00000000
/// + 1 (bit of event1)
/// + 4 (bit of event3)
node->events_bitset.reset();
for (UInt8 i = 0; i < events_size; ++i)
if (assert_cast<const ColumnVector<UInt8> *>(columns[min_required_args + i])->getData()[row_num])
node->events_bitset.set(i);
node->event_time = static_cast<DataTypeDateTime::FieldType>(timestamp);
node->can_be_base = assert_cast<const ColumnVector<UInt8> *>(columns[base_cond_column_idx])->getData()[row_num];
data(place).value.push_back(node, arena);
}
void merge(AggregateDataPtr __restrict place, ConstAggregateDataPtr rhs, Arena * arena) const override
{
if (data(rhs).value.empty())
return;
if (data(place).value.size() >= max_elems)
return;
auto & a = data(place).value;
auto & b = data(rhs).value;
const auto a_size = a.size();
const UInt64 new_elems = std::min(data(rhs).value.size(), static_cast<size_t>(max_elems) - data(place).value.size());
for (UInt64 i = 0; i < new_elems; ++i)
a.push_back(b[i]->clone(arena), arena);
/// Either sort whole container or do so partially merging ranges afterwards
using Comparator = typename SequenceNextNodeGeneralData<Node>::Comparator;
if (!data(place).sorted && !data(rhs).sorted)
std::stable_sort(std::begin(a), std::end(a), Comparator{});
else
{
const auto begin = std::begin(a);
const auto middle = std::next(begin, a_size);
const auto end = std::end(a);
if (!data(place).sorted)
std::stable_sort(begin, middle, Comparator{});
if (!data(rhs).sorted)
std::stable_sort(middle, end, Comparator{});
std::inplace_merge(begin, middle, end, Comparator{});
}
data(place).sorted = true;
}
void serialize(ConstAggregateDataPtr __restrict place, WriteBuffer & buf, std::optional<size_t> /* version */) const override
{
/// Temporarily do a const_cast to sort the values. It helps to reduce the computational burden on the initiator node.
this->data(const_cast<AggregateDataPtr>(place)).sort();
writeBinary(data(place).sorted, buf);
auto & value = data(place).value;
size_t size = std::min(static_cast<size_t>(events_size + 1), value.size());
switch (seq_base_kind)
{
case SequenceBase::Head:
writeVarUInt(size, buf);
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
value[i]->write(buf);
break;
case SequenceBase::Tail:
writeVarUInt(size, buf);
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
value[value.size() - size + i]->write(buf);
break;
case SequenceBase::FirstMatch:
case SequenceBase::LastMatch:
writeVarUInt(value.size(), buf);
for (auto & node : value)
node->write(buf);
break;
}
}
void deserialize(AggregateDataPtr __restrict place, ReadBuffer & buf, std::optional<size_t> /* version */, Arena * arena) const override
{
readBinary(data(place).sorted, buf);
UInt64 size;
readVarUInt(size, buf);
if (unlikely(size == 0))
return;
if (unlikely(size > max_node_size_deserialize))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::TOO_LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE,
"Too large array size (maximum: {})", max_node_size_deserialize);
auto & value = data(place).value;
value.resize(size, arena);
for (UInt64 i = 0; i < size; ++i)
value[i] = Node::read(buf, arena);
}
std::optional<size_t> getBaseIndex(Data & data) const
{
if (data.value.size() == 0)
return {};
switch (seq_base_kind)
{
case SequenceBase::Head:
if (data.value[0]->can_be_base)
return 0;
break;
case SequenceBase::Tail:
if (data.value[data.value.size() - 1]->can_be_base)
return data.value.size() - 1;
break;
case SequenceBase::FirstMatch:
for (size_t i = 0; i < data.value.size(); ++i)
{
if (data.value[i]->events_bitset.test(0) && data.value[i]->can_be_base)
return i;
}
break;
case SequenceBase::LastMatch:
for (size_t i = 0; i < data.value.size(); ++i)
{
auto reversed_i = data.value.size() - i - 1;
if (data.value[reversed_i]->events_bitset.test(0) && data.value[reversed_i]->can_be_base)
return reversed_i;
}
break;
}
return {};
}
/// This method returns an index of next node that matched the events.
/// matched events in the chain of events are represented as a bitmask.
/// The first matched event is 0x00000001, the second one is 0x00000002, the third one is 0x00000004, and so on.
UInt32 getNextNodeIndex(Data & data) const
{
const UInt32 unmatched_idx = static_cast<UInt32>(data.value.size());
if (data.value.size() <= events_size)
return unmatched_idx;
data.sort();
std::optional<size_t> base_opt = getBaseIndex(data);
if (!base_opt.has_value())
return unmatched_idx;
UInt32 base = static_cast<UInt32>(base_opt.value());
if (events_size == 0)
return data.value.size() > 0 ? base : unmatched_idx;
UInt32 i = 0;
switch (seq_direction)
{
case SequenceDirection::Forward:
for (i = 0; i < events_size && base + i < data.value.size(); ++i)
if (!data.value[base + i]->events_bitset.test(i))
break;
return (i == events_size) ? base + i : unmatched_idx;
case SequenceDirection::Backward:
for (i = 0; i < events_size && i < base; ++i)
if (!data.value[base - i]->events_bitset.test(i))
break;
return (i == events_size) ? base - i : unmatched_idx;
}
}
void insertResultInto(AggregateDataPtr __restrict place, IColumn & to, Arena *) const override
{
auto & value = data(place).value;
UInt32 event_idx = getNextNodeIndex(this->data(place));
if (event_idx < value.size())
{
ColumnNullable & to_concrete = assert_cast<ColumnNullable &>(to);
value[event_idx]->insertInto(to_concrete.getNestedColumn());
to_concrete.getNullMapData().push_back(0);
}
else
{
to.insertDefault();
}
}
bool allocatesMemoryInArena() const override { return true; }
};
template <typename T>
inline AggregateFunctionPtr createAggregateFunctionSequenceNodeImpl(
const DataTypePtr data_type, const DataTypes & argument_types, const Array & parameters, SequenceDirection direction, SequenceBase base)
{
return std::make_shared<SequenceNextNodeImpl<T, NodeString<max_events_size>>>(
data_type, argument_types, parameters, base, direction, min_required_args);
}
AggregateFunctionPtr
createAggregateFunctionSequenceNode(const std::string & name, const DataTypes & argument_types, const Array & parameters, const Settings * settings)
{
if (settings == nullptr || !settings->allow_experimental_funnel_functions)
{
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::UNKNOWN_AGGREGATE_FUNCTION, "Aggregate function {} is experimental. "
"Set `allow_experimental_funnel_functions` setting to enable it", name);
}
if (parameters.size() < 2)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH,
"Aggregate function '{}' requires 2 parameters (direction, head)", name);
auto expected_param_type = Field::Types::Which::String;
if (parameters.at(0).getType() != expected_param_type || parameters.at(1).getType() != expected_param_type)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Aggregate function '{}' requires 'String' parameters", name);
String param_dir = parameters.at(0).safeGet<String>();
std::unordered_map<std::string, SequenceDirection> seq_dir_mapping{
{"forward", SequenceDirection::Forward},
{"backward", SequenceDirection::Backward},
};
if (!seq_dir_mapping.contains(param_dir))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS, "Aggregate function {} doesn't support a parameter: {}", name, param_dir);
SequenceDirection direction = seq_dir_mapping[param_dir];
String param_base = parameters.at(1).safeGet<String>();
std::unordered_map<std::string, SequenceBase> seq_base_mapping{
{"head", SequenceBase::Head},
{"tail", SequenceBase::Tail},
{"first_match", SequenceBase::FirstMatch},
{"last_match", SequenceBase::LastMatch},
};
if (!seq_base_mapping.contains(param_base))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS, "Aggregate function {} doesn't support a parameter: {}", name, param_base);
SequenceBase base = seq_base_mapping[param_base];
if ((base == SequenceBase::Head && direction == SequenceDirection::Backward) ||
(base == SequenceBase::Tail && direction == SequenceDirection::Forward))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::BAD_ARGUMENTS, "Invalid argument combination of '{}' with '{}'", param_base, param_dir);
if (argument_types.size() < min_required_args)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH,
"Aggregate function {} requires at least {} arguments.", name, toString(min_required_args));
bool is_base_match_type = base == SequenceBase::FirstMatch || base == SequenceBase::LastMatch;
if (is_base_match_type && argument_types.size() < min_required_args + 1)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH,
"Aggregate function {} requires at least {} arguments when base is first_match or last_match.",
name, toString(min_required_args + 1));
if (argument_types.size() > max_events_size + min_required_args)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS_DOESNT_MATCH,
"Aggregate function '{}' requires at most {} (timestamp, value_column, ...{} events) arguments.",
name, max_events_size + min_required_args, max_events_size);
if (const auto * cond_arg = argument_types[2].get(); cond_arg && !isUInt8(cond_arg))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT, "Illegal type {} of third argument of aggregate function {}, "
"must be UInt8", cond_arg->getName(), name);
for (const auto i : collections::range(min_required_args, argument_types.size()))
{
const auto * cond_arg = argument_types[i].get();
if (!isUInt8(cond_arg))
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT,
"Illegal type '{}' of {} argument of aggregate function '{}', must be UInt8", cond_arg->getName(), i + 1, name);
}
if (WhichDataType(argument_types[1].get()).idx != TypeIndex::String)
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT,
"Illegal type {} of second argument of aggregate function {}, must be String",
argument_types[1].get()->getName(), name);
DataTypePtr data_type = makeNullable(argument_types[1]);
WhichDataType timestamp_type(argument_types[0].get());
if (timestamp_type.idx == TypeIndex::UInt8)
return createAggregateFunctionSequenceNodeImpl<UInt8>(data_type, argument_types, parameters, direction, base);
if (timestamp_type.idx == TypeIndex::UInt16)
return createAggregateFunctionSequenceNodeImpl<UInt16>(data_type, argument_types, parameters, direction, base);
if (timestamp_type.idx == TypeIndex::UInt32)
return createAggregateFunctionSequenceNodeImpl<UInt32>(data_type, argument_types, parameters, direction, base);
if (timestamp_type.idx == TypeIndex::UInt64)
return createAggregateFunctionSequenceNodeImpl<UInt64>(data_type, argument_types, parameters, direction, base);
if (timestamp_type.isDate())
return createAggregateFunctionSequenceNodeImpl<DataTypeDate::FieldType>(data_type, argument_types, parameters, direction, base);
if (timestamp_type.isDateTime())
return createAggregateFunctionSequenceNodeImpl<DataTypeDateTime::FieldType>(data_type, argument_types, parameters, direction, base);
throw Exception(ErrorCodes::ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT,
"Illegal type {} of first argument of aggregate function {}, must "
"be Unsigned Number, Date, DateTime", argument_types.front().get()->getName(), name);
}
}
void registerAggregateFunctionSequenceNextNode(AggregateFunctionFactory & factory)
{
AggregateFunctionProperties properties = { .returns_default_when_only_null = true, .is_order_dependent = false };
factory.registerFunction("sequenceNextNode", { createAggregateFunctionSequenceNode, properties });
}
}
``` |
The pharmaceutical industry in India was valued at an estimated US$42 billion in 2021 and is estimated to reach $130 billion by 2030. India is the world's largest provider of generic medicines by volume, with a 20% share of total global pharmaceutical exports. It is also the largest vaccine supplier in the world by volume, accounting for more than 60% of all vaccines manufactured in the world. Indian pharmaceutical products are exported to various regulated markets including the US, UK, European Union and Canada.
According to Economic Survey 2023, the turnover in the domestic pharmaceutical market was estimated to be $41 billion. India's pharmaceutical exports revenue was $25.3 billion in fiscal year 2022–23, according to the data released by Pharmexcil. India ranked third globally in terms of dollar value of drugs and medicines exports.
Major pharmaceutical hubs in India are (anticlockwise from northwest): Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Ankleshwar, Vapi, Baddi, Sikkim, Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Margao, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad, Pithampur, and Paonta Sahib.
Overview
Summary
As of 2023, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is the world's 13th largest by value and third largest in the world by volume. The industry produces over 60,000 generic drugs in different 60 therapeutic categories. India's revenue from pharmaceutical exports was $25.3 billion in the 2022-2023 financial year. In terms of the global market, India currently holds an accountable share and is known as the pharmacy of the world. The country is the largest global supplier of generic medicine. India produces more than 50% the world's vaccines. It supplies 40% of the US's demand for generic drugs. India gained its foothold on the global scene with its innovatively-engineered generic drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), The country accounts for around 30% (by volume) and about 10% (value) in the US$70–80 billion US generics market. Growth in other fields notwithstanding, generics are still a large part of the picture. The Indian pharmaceutical industry supplies over 50 per cent of global demand for various vaccines, 40 per cent of generic demand in the US and 25 per cent of all medicine in the UK. India is the largest contributor in UNESC with over 50-60% share.
Industry sector development
Government intervention
The Indian government established the Department of Biotechnology in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Since then, there have been a number of dispensations offered by both the central government and various states to encourage the growth of the industry. India's science minister launched a program that provides tax incentives and grants for biotech start-ups and firms seeking to expand and establishes the Biotechnology Parks Society of India to support ten biotech parks by 2010. Previously limited to rodents, animal testing was expanded to include large animals as part of the minister's initiative. States have started to vie with one another for biotech business, and they are offering such goodies as exemption from VAT and other fees, financial assistance with patents and subsidies on everything ranging from investment to land to utilities.
The Government started to encourage the growth of drug manufacturing by Indian companies in the early 1960s, and with the Patents Act in 1970. The government has addressed the problem of educated but unqualified candidates in its Draft National Biotech Development Strategy. This plan included a proposal to create a National Task Force that will work with the biotech industry to revise the curriculum for undergraduate and graduate study in life sciences and biotechnology. The government's strategy also stated intentions to increase the number of PhD Fellowships awarded by the Department of Biotechnology to 200 per year. These human resources will be further leveraged with a "Bio-Edu-Grid" that will knit together the resources of the academic and scientific industrial communities, much as they are in the US.
The biotechnology sector faces some major challenges in its quest for growth. Chief among them is a lack of funding, particularly for firms that are just starting out. The most likely sources of funds are government grants and venture capital, which is a relatively young industry in India. Government grants are difficult to secure, and due to the expensive and uncertain nature of biotech research, venture capitalists are reluctant to invest in firms that have not yet developed a commercially viable product.
Incentives for R&D, product development and high-value production
Government of India has launched a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Pharmaceuticals with provision for disbursal of US$2 billion or 15,000 crore government incentives, which will run from 2020–21 to 2028–29, to reduce import dependence, benefit domestic manufacturers, boost product diversification and innovation for development of complex and high-tech products especially in in vitro diagnostic devices and emerging technologies especially in cell based or gene therapy, employment generation and production of wide range of lower cost affordable medicines for consumers with the aim to achieve incremental sales of US$4 billion or INR 29,400 crore and incremental exports of US$2.7 billion or INR 19,600 crore between 2022–23 to 2027–28.
Manufacture of API supplies in India
To eliminate the dependence on China after the 2017 China–India border standoff to foster an Atmanirbhar Bharat, in July 2021 India's Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) initiated a Make in India program in collaboration with the coal and petroleum industries of India to end-to-end manufacture 56 prioritised active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for the essential medicines. In 2016–17, China was the largest supplier of API to India with 66% share by volume of API raw material supplies to India worth US$2.4 billion or INR 18,000 crore, followed by US$1.6 billion API imported from Germany, the US, Italy and Singapore are other major suppliers to India.
Foreign investment
Per India's Consolidated FDI Policy, 2020 (the “FDI Policy”), foreign direct investment (“FDI”) in the pharmaceutical sector in greenfield (new) projects is permitted up to 100% without the approval of the Department of Pharmaceuticals (the “DoP”). In brownfield (existing) projects, FDI exceeding 74% requires the investor to seek prior approval from the DoP in compliance with the prescribed conditions under the FDI Policy.
Separately, FDI up to 100% is permitted for the manufacturing of medical devices for both greenfield and brownfield projects without the approval of the DoP.
An FDI approval from the DoP can be obtained within a period of ten to twelve weeks from the date of the application, depending on the completeness of the documentation submitted by the investor in support of the application, failing which, this timeline could vary.
Relation between pharma and biotech
India's biopharmaceutical industry clocked a 17% growth with revenues of Rs. 137 billion ($1.8 billion) in the 2009-10 financial year over the previous fiscal. Bio-pharma was the biggest contributor generating 60 percent of the industry's growth at Rs. 8,829 crore, followed by bio-services at Rs. 2,639 crore and bio-agri at Rs. 1,936 crore. Indian companies carved a niche in both the Indian and world markets with their expertise in reverse-engineering new processes for manufacturing drugs at low costs which became the advantage for industry.
Unlike in other countries, the difference between biotechnology and pharmaceuticals remains fairly defined in India, with biotech a much smaller part of the economy. India accounted for 2% of the $41 billion global biotech market and in 2003 was ranked 3rd in the Asia-Pacific region and 13th in the world in number of biotech. In 2004–5, the Indian biotech industry saw its revenues grow 37% to $1.1 billion. The Indian biotech market is dominated by biopharmaceuticals; 76% of 2004–5 revenues came from biopharmaceuticals, which saw 30% growth last year. Of the revenues from biopharmaceuticals, vaccines led the way, comprising 47% of sales. Biologics and large-molecule drugs tend to be more expensive than small-molecule drugs, and India hopes to sweep the market in bio-generics and contract manufacturing as drugs go off patent and Indian companies upgrade their manufacturing capabilities.
Most companies in the biotech sector are extremely small, with only two firms breaking 100 million dollars in revenues. At last count there were 265 firms registered in India, over 92% of which were incorporated in the last five years. The newness of the companies explains the industry's high consolidation in both physical and financial terms. Almost 30% of all biotech are in or around Bangalore, and the top ten companies capture 47% of the market. The top five companies were homegrown; Indian firms account for 72% of the bio-pharma sector and 52% of the industry as a whole.[4,46] The Association of Biotechnology-Led Enterprises (ABLE) is aiming to grow the industry to $5 billion in revenues generated by 1 million employees by 2009, and data from the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) seem to suggest that it is possible.
Comparison with the United States
The Indian biotech sector parallels that of the US in many ways. Both are filled with small start-ups while the majority of the market is controlled by a few powerful companies. Both are dependent upon government grants and venture capitalists for funding because neither will be commercially viable for years. Pharmaceutical companies in both countries see growth potential in biotechnology and have either invested in existing start-ups or ventured into the field themselves.
Research and product development
Product development
Indian companies are also starting to adapt their product development processes to the new environment. For years, firms have made their ways into the global market by researching generic competitors to patented drugs and following up with litigation to challenge the patent. This approach remains untouched by the new patent regime and looks to increase in the future. However, those that can afford it have set their sights on an even higher goal: new molecule discovery. Although the initial investment is huge, companies are lured by the promise of hefty profit margins and thus a legitimate competitor in the global industry. Local firms have slowly been investing more money into their R&D programs or have formed alliances to tap into these opportunities. To push for further R&D the government is planning to introduce a Research Linked Incentive (RLI) Scheme on the lines of Production Linked Incentive Scheme to encourage development of new medical products.
Patents
In 1970, Indira Gandhi enacted legislation which barred medical products from being patented in the country. In 1994, 162 countries including India signed the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, which stipulated that patents had to be given to all inventions including medicines. India and other developing countries were provided an extra ten years to comply fully with the conditions mandated by TRIPS. India succeeded in including a crucial clause to the agreement in the form of the right to grant compulsory licenses (CLs) to others to manufacture drugs in cases where the government felt that the patent holder was not serving the public health interest. This right was used in 2012, when Natco was granted a CL to produce Nexavar, a cancer drug. In 2005, a provision was added to the new legislation as section 3(d) which stipulated that a medicine could not be patented if it did not result in "the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance".
A significant change in intellectual property protection in India was 1 January 2005 enactment of an amendment to India's patent law that reinstated product patents for the first time since 1972. The legislation took effect on the deadline set by the WTO's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, which mandated patent protection on both products and processes for a period of 20 years. Under this new law, India will be forced to recognise not only new patents but also any patents filed after 1 January 1995.
In December 2005, the TRIPS pact was amended to incorporate specific safeguards to ensure that the public health concerns of affordability and accessibility for a large section of people in developing countries was not compromised. These amendments came into force only in January 2017, however, after two-thirds of the member countries ratified them.
In the domestic market, this new patent legislation has resulted in fairly clear segmentation. The multinationals narrowed their focus onto high-end patents who make up only 12% of the market, taking advantage of their newly bestowed patent protection. Meanwhile, Indian firms have chosen to take their existing product portfolios and target semi-urban and rural populations.
Types of companies
The Indian pharmaceutical industry has 5 important segments; contract research and manufacturing services (CRAMS), active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), formulations, biologics and biosimilars, and vaccines. Various types of companies are within these segments.
Formulations
India is considered globally as a high-quality generic medicines manufacturer. Most of India's largest pharmaceutical companies manufacture and export generic medicines, and are among the largest generic medicine companies globally. These companies include Sun Pharma, which is India's largest and the world's fourth largest specialty generics pharmaceutical company. Cipla, another large Indian pharmaceutical company, is noted for its pioneering role in manufacturing and exporting low-cost generic HIV/AIDS drugs to developing countries. As of 2021, Lupin is the third largest pharmaceutical company in India by prescriptions.
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
As of 2021, India's APIs market is worth $11.8 billion and is forecasted to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 12.24% until 2027. Several Indian companies manufacture APIs. One of India's largest pharmaceutical companies, Divi's Laboratories, is the world's largest manufacturer of more than 10 generic APIs. Laurus Labs supplies APIs to 9 out of the 10 largest generic pharmaceutical companies, and is a leading producer of APIs for antiretroviral, cardiovascular and oncology drugs. Piramal Pharma, a company that is part of the Piramal Group, develops and manufactures peptide APIs.
Contract research and manufacturing services (CRAMS)
India has a rapidly growing CRAMS sector. Several Indian companies offer CRAMS services, which also includes contract development and manufacturing (CDMO) services. Most of India's CRAMS companies and contract manufacturing organizations (CMO) operate in the small molecules segment. Laurus labs offers biologics and fermentation CDMO services. Divi's Laboratories's CDMO client's include 6 of the top 10 largest multinational pharmaceutical companies. Syngene, a subsidiary of Biocon, offers CRAMS small molecules APIs and biologics. Piramal Pharma, through its investment in Yapan Bio offers CDMO services for biologics which include vaccines, gene therapies, and monoclonal antibodies. Suven Pharmaceuticals offers services across the entire CDMO value chain with both intermediates & API related CDMO services. The company is also among the top five CDMO companies in India who supply high quality intermediaries to innovator companies.
Biologics and biosimilars
As of 2021, India controls only 8% of the world's biopharmaceutical market. India's domestic biosimilars market is projected to be valued at US$35 billion by 2030. Biocon is India's largest and fully-integrated biopharmaceutical company. In 2021, Biocon Biologics, a subsidiary of Biocon, received USFDA approval for Semglee, which is the first interchangeable biosimilar insulin glargine. Another subsidiary of Biocon, Biocon Sdn Bhd, built Asia's largest integrated insulin manufacturing and R&D facility in Malaysia, with a $300 million investment. Sun Pharma has stated that it intends to look at opportunities in the third wave of bio-pharmaceuticals that are going off patent in 2026–27. Intas Pharmaceuticals is a large company in the global biosimilar monoclonal antibodies market.
Vaccines
As of 2021, India is the world's largest manufacturing region for vaccines. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that India has more than a 40% of the global market share in vaccines. Serum Institute of India (SII) is the world's largest vaccine manufacturer by volume. SII manufactured Covishield, the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, which is the most administered COVID-19 vaccine in India. SII and MassBiologics, part of the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, developed Rabishield, a first of its kind rabies human monoclonal antibody. Bharat Biotech, in collobartion with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Virology (NIV), developed Covaxin, India's first COVID-19 vaccine. Bharat Biotech is also one of the first companies to develop vaccines for the Zika and Chikungunya viruses. Zydus Lifesciences developed the world's first human DNA COVID-19 vaccine and India's second indigenous COVID-19 Vaccine.
Largest companies
By market capitalization
Top 12 public pharmaceutical companies in India by market capitalization as of August 2023.
Top 5 private pharmaceutical companies in India by reported valuation in 2022.
By sales and marketing operations within India
Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies ranked as per active presence of sales, marketing and business in India are as follows:
Pfizer
GSK
Sanofi
Merck
Johnson & Johnson
Amgen
Novartis
Roche
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Eli Lilly & Company
Abbott
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
Boehringer Ingelheim
Astellas
Exports
Exports of pharmaceuticals products from India increased from US$6.23 billion in 2006–07 to US$8.7 billion in 2008-09 a combined annual growth rate of 21.25%.
India exported $11.7 billion worth of pharmaceuticals in 2014. Pharmaceutical export from India stood at US$17.27 billion in 2017–18, and is expected to grow by 30 per cent to reach US$20 billion by 2020.And India Share in This 40% The 10 countries below imported 56.5% of that total:
Criticism
Scandals
In 2022, toxic cough syrups made by two companies in India were linked to the deaths of 70 children in The Gambia and 19 in Uzbekistan. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the products had excess levels of diethylene glycol.
On 5 October 2022, the World Health Organization issued a medical product alert that was linked to acute kidney injuries, and the deaths of 69 children in the Republic of the Gambia. The four substances that were issued the medical product alert were: Promethazine Oral Solution, Kofexmalin Baby Cough Syrup, Makoff Baby Cough syrup, and Magrip N Cold Syrup. These medications were produced by Maiden Pharmaceuticals Limited, in India. The medical alert was issued as the World Health Organization claimed that after sampling batches and conducting laboratory analysis its investigators had found that these products had "unacceptable levels of diethylene glycol." The WHO also claimed that while these products were only found in the Gambia, they may have been exported to other countries through informal markets.
Patents
It has been pointed out that the pharma industry is not scrutinized enough when it comes to withdrawing patent challenges. An example of this lies in the case of the patent application filed by Gilead Sciences for the Hepatitis C medicine sofosbuvir.
For context, Sofosbuvir (brand name: Sovaldi) was listed at $1,000 per pill in the united States. Patients group desired that this medication be off a patent, to ensure more affordable distribution of the drug. Because India's patent laws allow a third party to dispute a pending patent, in 2014, it was claimed that Natco initially filed a "pre-grant opposition" with the patent authority. However, a month after signing a voluntary licensing agreement with Gilead, Natco withdrew the patent challenge.
In 2015, Gilead Sciences's patent was rejected by the Indian Patent Authority on the basis that there were little changes to the formulation of the drug. This decision was then appealed by Gilead Sciences, and subsequently the Indian Patent Office in New Delhi approved the drug. After receiving exclusivity with the patent, Gilead Sciences stated that the patent would not stop the availability of the drug, mentioning that they had a voluntary licensing program with generic manufacturers in India to distribute the drug.
It has been argued that Mylan (an influential pharmaceutical company which was Natco's client) exerted pressure on Natco and 'brokered' a deal, though the term 'brokered' has been refuted by Mylan.
Quality
Between 2015 and 2017, there were 31 FDA warning letters to Indian pharmaceutical companies citing serious Data Integrity issues, including data deletion, manipulation or fabrication of test results.
According to Outsourcing Pharma in 2012, 75% of counterfeit drugs supplied world over had some origins in India, followed by 7% from Egypt and 6% from China. The Central Drug Standards Control Organisation (CDSCO), the drug regulatory authority of India conducted a nationwide survey in 2009 and announced that of "24,000 samples [that] were collected from all over India and tested. It was found that only 11 samples or 0.046% were spurious." In 2017 a similar survey found 3.16% of the medicines sampled were substandard and 0.0245% were fake.
See also
Ayurveda
Healthcare in India
Medical tourism in India
Opium and Alkaloid Works
Contract Research Organization
Genome Valley
Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat
References
Healthcare in India
Pharmacy in India
Industries in India |
John Gregg Fee (September 9, 1816 – January 11, 1901) was an abolitionist, minister and educator, the founder of the town of Berea, Kentucky, The Church of Christ, Union in Berea (1853), Berea College (1855), the first in the U.S. South with interracial and coeducational admissions, and late in his life another congregation that would become First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 2 blocks from his first. (1890). During the American Civil War, Fee worked at Camp Nelson to have facilities constructed to support freedmen and their families, and to provide them with education and preaching where the formerly enslaved men who had joined the Union Army were taken to be mustered out in the last years of the Civil War.
Early life and education
Fee was born in Bracken County, Kentucky on September 9, 1816, the son of John Fee Jr., of Irish and Scots descent, and Sarah (Gregg) Fee, of Irish and English descent. His father inherited a bondsman who reached the term of his indenture. He then began to buy slaves, finally holding thirteen. Later he recognized more of its problems and invested in lands in free states, but held on to his slaves throughout his life and opposed his son's abolitionism.
Following a conversion to the Christian faith at age 14, John Fee, Jr., wanted to join the Methodist Episcopal Church. His father encouraged him to wait, and a couple of years later they both joined the Presbyterian Church. He studied at Augusta College in Bracken County, Kentucky and Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He then entered Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1842, where in studying for the ministry, he made lifelong friendships. The young Fee became a staunch abolitionist, vowing to "Love thy neighbor as thyself."
Career
Fee returned to Kentucky, preaching against slavery, but found it difficult to find a permanent position, as there was widespread pro-slavery sentiment. He started in Lewis County, which had fewer slaveholders, so more people who supported his point of view. In the 1840s, he came into conflict with the Presbyterian Synod of Kentucky, which opposed his church's stance to refuse fellowship to slaveholders.
Fee left the Presbyterian Church over this matter and came to believe that Christianity had to be non-denominational and non-sectarian. He began writing about abolition, and some of his work was published by the American Missionary Association (AMA), established in 1846. By 1848 the AMA commissioned Fee as an itinerant preacher in Bracken and Lewis counties. In Lewis County, he and parishioners built a Free Church of Christ.
With a land donation from Cassius M. Clay, a wealthy landowner who supported the church and gradual abolition, in 1853 Fee founded the town of Berea, Kentucky in the interior of the state in Madison County. Like-minded people began to gather there. He preached in neighboring counties, often running into violent opposition to his anti-slavery views. His autobiography is filled with his accounts the volatility of the decade before the war, when he was often challenged and threatened because of his stand on abolition and equal treatment of black people.
In 1855 with other members of Union Church, Fee founded Berea College, the first college in the state that was interracial and coeducational. It began as a one-room schoolhouse, which also served as their local church building. He modeled the school on Oberlin College of Ohio and hired some teachers from there as his school expanded. There was great interest in the college, as small as it was. In Governor Salmon P. Chase of Ohio attended its commencement ceremonies as one of the speakers. Fee, J.A.R. Rogers, who acted as principal, and other supporters drew up a constitution for the school, and pledged their own support with more than of land for the college's campus.
In 1859 Fee took his family to Boston, Massachusetts, where he attended the AMA Convention and did fund-raising for the school. Abolitionists also encouraged him to seek help from Henry Ward Beecher's church in Brooklyn, New York. Abolitionists and supporters of education created a broad national network that sustained such progressive efforts. Word of Fee's seeking help from Beecher made the news in Kentucky, in a distorted fashion, and stirred up pro-slavery sentiment against him.
With social tensions increasing in the years leading up to the American Civil War, and especially after John Brown's Raid, in December 1859 a band of armed pro-slavery men came to Berea while Fee was still away in the East. They delivered notice to J.A.R. Rogers and others to leave the state within 10 days, because of the group's opposition to Fee, their church and college. Although the Bereans appealed to the governor of the state for protection, he said he was unable to do so. For a time, townspeople abandoned the village and school. Abolitionists were expelled from Lewis and Bracken counties as well. After Fee's return to Bracken County, where he and his family were staying with his in-laws, a committee of 62 men of "high standing" told Fee he and his supporters had to leave Bracken County.
Fee lived with his family in exile in Cincinnati, Ohio, until 1864. Although they tried to return to Berea before that, violent opposition to Fee and abolitionists forced them out of state again. Matilda Fee had returned to their house in Berea with two of their children without much incident, although both Union and Confederate troops were in the area. Fee was unable to get through to her, so she had to get back to Cincinnati.
In 1864 Fee and his wife returned to Berea. He soon was going frequently to Camp Nelson, where he became involved with preaching and teaching former slaves, who were being enlisted for military service in the Union Army. Their wives and children also came to the camp. Fee worked with the camp commandant and quartermaster on arrangements for a school, and urged building facilities for the families. He appealed to Salmon Chase, now with the national government, for funding, which was quickly approved. Barracks, a hospital and school buildings were constructed at Camp Nelson. Fee helped arrange for teachers for the freedmen and was closely involved in operations until after the end of the war. He and his wife used their own funds to help buy land in the area to be allocated as home lots, as well as raising a church and school near there.
After the war, Fee and Rogers returned with their families to Berea. For years, Fee had been determinedly non-sectarian. When the AMA became aligned with the Congregational Church in 1865, Fee felt that he no longer could accept their aid, as he believed the AMA, like other sects or denominations, would divide the people of the South. In later years, Fee and others went on to establish the Christian Missionary Association of Kentucky, made up of individuals rather than churches. He also devoted his efforts to Berea College, which grew after the war. The school accepted freedmen and women, and expanded from its one room. In 1873, it awarded its first college degree.
While headed the Board of Trustees, J.A.R. Rogers was principal of the school from 1858 to 1869. After the war, Fee recruited additional teachers from Oberlin College.
Starting in the late 19th century, president William Goodell Frost recognized the need for education among people in Appalachia and started the school's commitment to that region.
Fee died January 9, 1901.
Marriage and family
He married Matilda Hamilton on 26 September 1844. She was also from Bracken County, they had known each other since they were young, and she supported his strong abolitionism. They had several children, some of whom died in childhood.
Notes
External links
Berea College official site
Berea College – Berea College Archives at www.berea.edu Berea College Special Collections & Archives
"150 Years at Berea College", Berea College
1816 births
1901 deaths
People from Bracken County, Kentucky
Abolitionists from Kentucky
American Protestants
Augusta College (Kentucky) alumni
Lane Theological Seminary alumni
Berea College people
American religious leaders
Educators from Kentucky
Miami University alumni
Suffragists from Kentucky |
The DVDplus is a dual-sided disc similar to the DualDisc. It is an optical disc storage technology that combines the technology of DVD and CD in one disc. A DVD and a CD-compatible layer are bonded together to provide a multi-format hybrid disc. DVDplus, like DualDisc, is not a new format as such: it combines two existing formats, DVD and CD, to produce a new product.
DVDplus is currently available in three variants:
CD / DVD
CD / DVD-Audio
DVD / ROM
These variants can be combined: for example the DVD side can contain a DVD-Video zone, a DVD-Audio zone and a ROM/file download zone, just as is the case with conventional DVDs.
It will eventually be possible to produce the DVDplus with upcoming formats, such as Blu-ray.
All DVDplus formats can be played both on conventional CD players, on DVD players and on the computer (the format is compatible with approximately 99% of the players on the market).
There has been some controversy (See MSNBC article) surrounding the DVDplus format as of late, as United States record labels have attempted to roll out its DualDisc format with a specification that the creators of DVDplus claim is in violation of its essential patents (but see below for the actual patent status of DVDPlus).
According to the DVDPlus website, in December 2004, Sony DADC signed a global license agreement with DVDplus International, the makers of DVDplus.
To circumvent legal wrangles, manufacturers releasing DualDiscs in Europe have generally, so far, paid a licence fee to Dierks, even though the discs they are releasing are actually DualDiscs and not DVDplus discs. This has generally been achieved by using certified DualDisc plants that are also licensed to make DVDplus discs.
It would be erroneous to think of DVDplus as 'the European equivalent of DualDisc'. Some record companies in the United States, notably Ryko, have released DVDplus products, and DualDisc is now a great deal more common in Europe (though not as common as in the USA). They are essentially two similar approaches to the same goal, although the RIAA has pointed out that DualDisc is a music medium, and not a video medium. No such nominal restriction applies to DVDplus.
Although theoretically almost identical, DVDplus discs have so far appeared in practice - despite claims to the contrary - to measure as having slightly thicker CD-compatible layers than DualDiscs (though not sufficiently thick to make them conform to CD Red Book specifications). As a result, DVDplus has been able to claim a higher level of compatibility with CD players than DualDisc (where the thinness of the CD-compatible layer has shown some incompatibilities with a few players). This also meant that there were no limitations to the CD-compatible side's playing time as was the case with early DualDiscs. However, increased overall disc thickness risks an increased likelihood of the disc getting stuck in slot-loading players and autochangers. Despite these factors, return rates for both of the dual-sided disc products as a result of either sticking or non-playability are claimed to be extremely small.
Status of the trademark "DVDPlus"
DVDplus is a trademark of Dieter Dierks. A search in the trademarks database of the European Union's Office of Harmonisation of the Internal Market (OHIM) reveals that the trademark was registered in 2001.
Patent History of DVDPlus applications
As the table below shows, although the company and Mr. Dierks have been successful in closing licensing agreements with various companies, DVDPlus is not actually subject to much patent protection. The only European patents granted for the DVDPlus concept have either been withdrawn, revoked or allowed to lapse. The only jurisdiction in which patent protection exists is Australia.
See also
DualDisc
Super Audio CD, another format that has discs that both take advantage of the higher bandwidth audio in supported machines, and are also sometimes readable in standard CD players.
References
DualDisc rollout challenged by Euro Patent holder
Enxnet/OneDisk website
External links
DVDplus International (English)
DVDplus International (German)
DVDplus France (French)
DVDplus Australia (English)
Audiovisual introductions in 2001
DVD |
Skelly Peak () is a peak (1,450 m) on the end of a spur, marking the northeast limit of Watlack Hills in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1961 to 1966. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Donald J. Skelly, a hospital corpsman and U.S. Navy chief petty officer in charge of Palmer Station in 1966.
Mountains of Ellsworth Land |
"Tenterfield Saddler" is a song written by Peter Allen in 1970. It was released in 1972 as the second single from his second studio album of the same name.
"Tenterfield Saddler" tells the moving story of the musician's life, from his much-loved grandfather, George Woolnough, his troubled relationship with his father and moving to New York to marry Liza Minnelli, "a girl with an interesting face".
The lyric "been all 'round the world and lives no special place", is compared to a lyric of another of his songs, "no matter how far or how wide I roam, I still call Australia home" in "I Still Call Australia Home".
Charts
"Tenterfield Saddler" made its ARIA chart debut in September 2015 following the screening of the Peter Allen Australian mini-series, Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door.
Cover versions
In 1993, Rick Price performed a live tribute to Allen at the ARIA Music Awards of 1993. This version was later included on his 2004 album, The Essential Collection.
In 1996 Colleen Hewett covered the song on her album, Tenterfield Dreams.
In 2002, Olivia Newton-John covered the song (with Peter Allen) for her album, 2.
In 2004, Hugh Jackman recorded the song for The Boy from Oz Broadway Cast Album.
In 2007, Lee Kernaghan covered the song on his album, Spirit of the Bush.
In 2015, John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John sang a duet on their album Two Strong Hearts Live that they performed on the tour in 2015.
References
1970 songs
Australian country music songs
Song recordings produced by Richard Landis
A&M Records singles |
Dexter is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main settlement within the town of Dexter in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population of the CDP was 2,158 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Dexter is located at (45.020594, −69.292374).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.3 square miles (13.8 km2), of which 4.8 square miles (12.3 km2) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.5 km2), or 10.86%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,201 people, 968 households, and 623 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,151 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.23% White, 0.55% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.18% Asian, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.
There were 968 households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $23,779, and the median income for a family was $31,019. Males had a median income of $27,031 versus $17,670 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,397. About 15.6% of families and 20.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.7% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Census-designated places in Penobscot County, Maine
Dexter, Maine |
MKVV International Vidyalaya, mkvviv, or Matushri Kashiben Vrajlal Valia International Vidyalaya, formerly known as BES International Vidyalaya, is a private, CBSE affiliated school in Borivali, Mumbai, India.
History
M.K.V.V. International Vidyalaya is an offspring of the Borivli Education Society which is a registered body.
The school was established on 21 June 1999, under the guidance and vision of Shri. Vinubhai Valia, who has been the President of Borivali Education Society for the last 25 years.
The foundation of the school was laid by the Director, Shri. Shantilal M. Shah.
Academics
The school is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education up to Std.XII. It is a co-educational school from Nursery to Class XII.
As per the CBSE norms, the students are introduced to a third language in their sixth grade. The school offers a choice between Sanskrit and French. As the students proceed to their ninth grade and are relieved of one language (as per CBSE norms), they may choose from Hindi, Sanskrit and French.
The school offers medical, non-medical and commerce to its senior secondary section.
Co-curricular activities
Apart from imparting knowledge and wisdom to all its torch bearers, the school also emphasizes co-curricular activities and sports. These are usually inter-house competitions wherein the school is divided into four houses:
Red House - motto: Pride gears us up for action
Blue House - motto: Strength gives confidence
Yellow House - motto: Energetic attitude leads to success
Green House - motto: Cheerful attitude leads to motivation
Infrastructure
The school has classrooms, a computer lab, separate labs for physics, chemistry and biology, a hall that holds competitions, yoga and dance classes, a massive playground, a sports room, and a first aid room.
Cultural activities and summer camps take place here.
References
External links
School website
International schools in Mumbai
Borivali
Educational institutions established in 1999
1999 establishments in Maharashtra |
Esteghlal or Esteqlal () is a Persian word meaning independence. It is used as a prefix by many Iranian association football clubs and Armenian football clubs. This includes:
Esteghlal F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Meli-Sanati Khuzestan F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Bandar Anzali F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Ardabil F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Bojnurd F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Buer Ahmad F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Dushanbe – Tajikistani football club
Esteghlal Tashkent — Uzbekistani football club
Esteghlal Kish F.C. – defunct Iranian football club
Esteghlal-Kotayk Abovian – Armenian football club
Esteghlal Rasht F.C. – defunct Iranian football club
Esteghlal Takestan F.C. – Iranian football club
Esteghlal Iravan F.C. – Armenian football club
See also
Istiqlal (disambiguation) |
Garnett USD 365 is a public unified school district headquartered in Garnett, Kansas, United States. The district includes the communities of Garnett, Greeley, Westphalia, Welda, and nearby rural areas.
History
In 1971 voters in USD 365 defeated a $1.7 million bond issue to build a new high school on a 1,447 no to a 740 yes count.
In 2008 Gordon Myers, the USD 365 superintendent, retired. Donald Blome, who had been the superintendent of Burlingame USD 454 school district, was hired as the new superintendent that year.
Schools
The school district operates the following schools:
Anderson County High School in Garnett
Garnett Elementary School in Garnett
Greeley Elementary School in Greeley
Mont Ida Elementary School in Welda
Westphalia Elementary School in Westphalia
See also
Kansas State Department of Education
Kansas State High School Activities Association
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in Kansas
References
External links
School districts in Kansas
Education in Anderson County, Kansas |
Hing Tong (16 February 1922 – 4 March 2007) was an American mathematician. He is well known for providing the original proof of the Katetov–Tong insertion theorem.
Life
Hing Tong was born in Canton, China. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1947, he received his doctorate in mathematics from Columbia University, where his thesis advisor was Edgar Lorch. In 1956, he married fellow mathematician, Mary Powderly. He was the father of five children.
Work
Hing Tong made many significant contributions to the area of algebraic topology, and served in a number of academic capacities. In 1947, after receiving a National Research Council fellowship, he became an assistant professor at Barnard College (Columbia University). In 1955, he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Also in 1955, he was appointed professor of mathematics (and eventually chairman of the mathematics department) at Wesleyan University. He later became a professor of mathematics at Fordham University, where he also served as chairman of the department. He was listed among the Outstanding Educators of America in 1973. Tong retired from academia in 1984 to concentrate on research in theoretical physics. A commemorative brick in the Paul Halmos Commemorative Walk at the Carriage House Conference Center of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) in Washington, DC, reads: "Hing Tong, Topology and Physics".
Important publications
Hing Tong, "The elements of the theory of transfinite numbers", Columbia University masters dissertation: 1944.
Hing Tong, "On Ideals Associated with Certain Normed Rings over Topological Spaces", Columbia University Ph.D. dissertation: 1947.
Hing Tong, "On Some Problems of Cech", The Annals of Mathematics, 2nd Series, Vol. 50, No. 1: January, 1949, pp. 154–157.
Hing Tong, "On Ideals of Certain Topologized Rings of Continuous Mappings Associated with Topological Spaces", The Annals of Mathematics, 2nd Series, Vol. 50, No. 2: April, 1949, pp. 329–340.
Hing Tong, "Some characterizations of normal and perfectly normal spaces", Duke Math. J. Volume 19, Number 2: 1952, pp. 289–292.
Mary Powderly and Hing Tong, "On Orbital Topologies", The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, 7(1), 1956: pp. 1–2.
George Kozlowski and Hing Tong, "Two problems of Hewitt on topological expansions", Duke Math. J. Volume 33, Number 3: September, 1966, pp. 475–476.
Edgar Lorch and Hing Tong, "Continuity of Baire Functions and Order of Baire Sets", Indiana University Mathematics Journal, 16: 1967, pp. 991–995.
Edgar Lorch and Hing Tong, "A Completeness Theorem on the Group of Baire Equivalences", Indiana University Mathematics Journal, 19: 1970, pp. 189–193.
Hing Tong, "Non-existence of certain topological expansions", Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata, Volume 86, Number 1: December, 1970, pp. 43–45.
Hing Tong, "Solutions of problems of P. S. Alexandroff on extensions of topological spaces", Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata, Volume 86, Number 1: December, 1970, pp. 47–51.
Edgar Lorch and Hing Tong, "Compactness, metrizability, and Baire isomorphism", Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 35: 1973.
Edgar Lorch and Hing Tong, "On the automorphisms of certain groups of permutations", Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics Academia Sinica, Volume 2, Number 2: 1974.
Mary Powderly, Hing Tong, and George Kozlowski, "On a problem of Alexandroff and Hopf", Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics Academia Sinica, Volume 3, Number 1: 1975.
Edgar Lorch and Hing Tong, "Baire isomorphisms between certain non-metric spaces", Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata, Volume 103, Number 1: December, 1975.
Edgar Lorch and Hing Tong, "On the automorphisms of the group of Baire equivalences of a complete separable metric space", Bulletin of the Institute of Mathematics Academia Sinica, Volume 6, Number 2: 1978.
External links
Hing Tong in the Mathematical Genealogy project
Notes
1922 births
2007 deaths
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Wesleyan University faculty
Barnard College faculty
American mathematicians
Topologists
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Scientists from Guangdong
Mathematicians from Guangdong
Educators from Guangdong |
Grifolin is an isolate of the mushroom Albatrellus confluens which upregulates DAPK1 in vitro.
References
Phenols |
Petra is a 2018 Spanish tragedy film directed by Jaime Rosales. It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.
Cast
Bárbara Lennie as Petra
Àlex Brendemühl as Lucas
Joan Botey as Jaume
Marisa Paredes as Marisa
Petra Martínez as Julia
Carme Plà as Teresa
Oriol Pla as Pau
Chema del Barco as Juanjo
Natalie Madueño as Martha
References
External links
2018 films
2018 drama films
Spanish drama films
2010s Spanish-language films
2010s Catalan-language films
Danish drama films
French drama films
2018 multilingual films
Danish multilingual films
French multilingual films
Spanish multilingual films
2010s Spanish films
2010s French films |
Typhoon Doksuri, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Egay, was a powerful, deadly and destructive tropical cyclone, which became the costliest typhoon to hit China on record, the strongest typhoon to impact Fujian since Typhoon Meranti in 2016, and the most powerful typhoon to strike the province since records began in 1950. Doksuri caused extensive damage in the Philippines, Taiwan, China and Vietnam, in late July 2023. The name "Doksuri" means eagle in Korean. The fifth named storm and third typhoon of the 2023 Pacific typhoon season, Doksuri started as a low-pressure area in the Philippines, far off the coast of Mindanao. Tracking northwestward, it rapidly intensified into a typhoon over the Philippines prior to making landfall over the Babuyan Islands. Together with the southwest monsoon, Doksuri showered most of the northern and central Luzon island with heavy rains, triggering floods in various regions of the country. Doksuri steadily weakened after interacting with land, but by late July 27, Doksuri underwent another round of rapid intensification in the South China Sea. Doksuri moved towards Fujian, China, before rapidly weakening overland, and Doksuri dissipated early on the next day.
Doksuri left behind a trail of severe destruction in its wake. The typhoon killed 137 and left 285 people injured, 27 of those deaths were on board the MB Aya Express who were killed when the pump boat capsized. Floods were reported in 9 out of the Philippines' 17 regions, affecting over 2 million people and requiring over 300,000 to evacuate. The typhoon's close proximity and large influence to Taiwan caused around 150,000 people to lose power. The storm affected over 724,600 people and of farmland in China's southeastern province of Fujian; 44 houses were damaged, with 178 houses completely destroyed.
In Fujian, the rainfall set records for 24-hour totals, including an accumulation of more than . Torrential rains impacted many areas, with accumulations in Xiamen, Quanzhou and Putian reaching . The remnants of the storm produced heavy rainfall in Beijing. The remnants dropped up to of rainfall in Wangjiayuan Reservoir in Changping District with Doksuri setting maximum rainfall records since recordkeeping began during the Qing dynasty in 1883. Overall, Doksuri caused US$15.6 billion worth of damages across the four countries affected by the typhoon.
Meteorological history
On July 19, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began tracking a low pressure area in the Philippine Sea, east of Mindanao. The agency noted its formation into a tropical depression by July 20; the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) released a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert later that day. The system maintained its intensity over the following day as it tracked further northwestward. On July 21, the system intensified into a tropical storm and was immediately named Doksuri; the Philippine meteorological agency PAGASA also noted the storm's formation and locally named it Egay. It was then designated by JTWC as the newly formed tropical depression 05W. Driven by a deep-layer subtropical ridge to its north, the storm slightly intensified as it tracked northwestward across the following day.
At 09:00 UTC on July 23, Doksuri began to rapidly intensify as it reached typhoon status over the Philippine Sea. Its rapid intensification is attributed to a lack of vertical wind shear affecting the cyclone whilst moving over very warm () ocean waters. Satellite imagery showed the development of an eye-like feature, which was fully defined by 03:00 UTC on July 24. Over 24 hours, its maximum sustained wind speeds grew by and eventually reached a peak of . At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the system into a 'super typhoon'—its highest storm category—after Doksuri attained 1-minute sustained winds of .
At 08:00 PHT (00:00 UTC) on July 25, PAGASA declared Doksuri a 'super typhoon', making it the second PAGASA super typhoon of the season; the JTWC later downgraded the system from its super typhoon category by 09:00 UTC. Doksuri significantly slowed down as it approached the extreme northern Philippines, with a slight wobble in its movement. Though atmospheric conditions made further development favorable, interaction with land and some dry air around the system suppressed development. Nevertheless, it held its peak intensity of 100 knots for over 12 hours. At around 12:00 UTC, the storm was now just off the coast northwest of Cagayan, continuing its west-northwestward track. With its eye almost complete surrounded by dry air, Doksuri began to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle at 15:00 UTC. PAGASA downgraded the storm into a typhoon prior to making landfall at Fuga Island in Aparri, Cagayan, around 03:10 PHT (19:10 UTC). It completed its eyewall replacement cycle around 21:00 UTC, though it still maintained its intensity. Now moving westwards through the Luzon Strait, Doksuri made a second landfall over Dalupiri Island at 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC) on July 26. The storm significantly slowed down following landfall, remaining quasi-stationary over the Babuyan Islands.
Prolonged interaction with the rugged terrain of northern Luzon began weakening the system, which slowly began moving westwards by 09:00 UTC. Doksuri left the Philippine Area of Responsibility at around 10:00 PHT (02:00 UTC) on July 27. Doksuri underwent another round of rapid intensification in the South China Sea southwest of Taiwan, forming a pinhole eye as it did so, the JTWC assessed the storm to have strengthened into of winds. Doksuri moved northwestward and subsequently made its third landfall in Jinjiang, Fujian, with two-minute sustained winds of 180 km/h (50 m/s) on July 28. As it moved further inland, Doksuri rapidly weakened. Shortly after the landfall, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system. Doksuri tracked northwards until it was last noted on July 29, marking its dissipation.
Preparations
Philippines
PAGASA began tracking the low pressure area that would eventually develop into Doksuri as early as July 17, 2023. The agency's first bulletin on the storm was released on July 21. Doksuri was already forecasted to reach super typhoon intensity as early as the first forecast. Initial forecasts indicated that the storm would narrowly miss the Luzon mainland, instead tracking directly towards Taiwan or the Bashi Channel, though uncertainty of the forecast track was made clear in the agency's bulletins. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology issued lahar advisories for the Mayon Volcano (at the time under Alert Level 3) as the trough of Doksuri brought rain over Caraga and Eastern Visayas.
On July 23, sea travel in areas of Bicol were suspended. The Department of the Interior and Local Government asked local governments to prepare for the disaster, and requested that mayors and governors stay within their constituencies.
As the storm began its phase of rapid intensification and began tracking closer to the Philippines, PAGASA began raising Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS) for parts of northern Luzon. Expecting rough weather and a transport strike protesting the 2023 State of the Nation Address, classes in public schools and work in government offices were suspended in Metro Manila for July 24. The municipality of Taytay in Rizal, the city of Bacoor in Cavite, and the province of Pampanga also suspended classes and government work, following the same rationale. Classes and government work in Catanduanes, Iloilo, Laguna, and Cagayan were suspended due to heavy rains and floods. Workers in the private sector were excused from penalties for skipping work due to the weather; this assurance was provided by a labor advisory circulated by the Department of Labor and Employment in 2022. Two domestic flights were cancelled for the day, and sea trips between Cebu and Negros Occidental were suspended. In preparation for the storm, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) prepared 51,039 food packs in DSWD- and local government unit-managed warehouses in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Telecommunications company Globe Telecom prepared emergency supplies and personnel in areas where the storm is expected to hit.
After the storm reached super typhoon status on the morning of July 25, the agency raised Signal No. 4 in extreme northern parts of Luzon. Later on the same day, the agency further raised the signal into Signal No. 5 in the eastern portion of Babuyan Islands, the first time since Typhoon Noru of the previous year and the fourth tropical cyclone to raise the highest signal by PAGASA. Now under the risk of violent, life-threatening winds, evacuations began in the island group's coastal communities — areas which stood directly on the typhoon's forecasted path. Forced evacuations began in Cagayan as heavy winds of up to battered the region. Evacuations also began in Palawan after heavy rains began as rivers quickly swelled. Around 23 domestic flights were cancelled for July 25, another eight for the following days. The Laoag International Airport, situated in northern Luzon, cancelled all its flights for July 25 and 26. Various sea ports in Calabarzon, Mimaropa, and the Bicol Region suspended operations due to strong waves. The earlier transport strike—supposed to last three days—was suspended. Local governments across Luzon and parts of Visayas also suspended classes for the 25th and 26th. Large waves forced Boracay to suspend water sports activities.By July 27, most TCWS signals were lowered by the PAGASA as the storm left the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Signals remained up, however, for areas in northern Luzon which were still within the extent of Doksuri's gale-force winds.
Taiwan
As the typhoon passed south of Taiwan, sea and land warnings were raised in the southern counties of Pingtung and Taitung and in the cities of Tainan and Kaohsiung. Annual military drills in the country were cancelled in preparation. Taiwan also issued a land warning for Doksuri at 06:00 UTC. More than 5,700 people were evacuated in southern and eastern Taiwan as Doksuri was expected to bring up to 1 metre (3.3 feet) of rainfall. All domestic flights, over 100 international flights, and many ferry lines were cancelled. Railway services were suspended starting July 26. As a precaution, some highways in Taiwan were briefly closed. The Taiwanese islands of Penghu and Kinmen were issued a "hurricane-force winds" alert advising people to prepare for gusts up to .
China
The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) issued a red alert—the highest level of its four-tier color-coded weather warning system—ahead of the impending arrival of Doksuri on its southern coast. Authorities in China have issued an advisory stopping all indoor and outdoor activities in the affected regions as well as construction activity along the coast. Train services on routes along the coast along with other high-risk zones in Guangdong were stopped or altered until July 30. China has instructed people to remain indoors and ordered businesses and schools to close their doors. At least 416,000 people were evacuated in Fujian. All expressways in Xiamen, Zhangzhou, and Quanzhou were temporarily shut down. According to State Flood Control and Drought Relief headquarters in China, four teams were dispatched to the provinces of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi to assist with local flood and typhoon prevention efforts. At least 4,000 rescuers and five helicopters were deployed in the four provinces.
Impact
Philippines
Doksuri carried expansive rain bands as it approached the Philippines, exacerbating the existing southwest monsoon and causing widespread rains and floods over most of the country. As early as July 23, rain from the storm triggered floods in Pampanga. Nine out of the Philippines' seventeen regions were hit with heavy rain and floods. Doksuri was responsible for deaths, 25 of which remain unconfirmed.
Over ₱175 million (US$3.2 million) in government funds were put on standby. The Department of Agriculture also prepared a ₱1 billion (US$18.3 million) response fund for agricultural areas hit by the storm. The Armed Forces of the Philippines' deployed troops and equipment of their disaster response brigades. Teams from the Bureau of Fire Protection and Philippine Coast Guard also participated in rescue operations. Disaster risk reduction management offices in Pangasinan and La Union went on red alert on July 25, entailing the deployment of evacuation facilities and rescue teams. The Government Service Insurance System prepared emergency loan programs for calamity-hit individuals.
Two organizations from the private sector began facilitating the sale of produce which were harvested in advance to evade damage from the typhoon's strong winds. A collection of lawmakers from the Tingog Party List provided ₱117 million ($2.14 million) to stricken victims: ₱22 million sourced from personal funds, and the remaining ₱95 million pulled from the Department of Social Welfare and Development's crisis program.
, the NDRRMC reports 2,930,200 people have been affected by the storm, spread across 13 regions across the Philippines. At least 312,995 of those were displaced and required evacuation. Doksuri is attributed with 2 confirmed and 25 unconfirmed deaths, and another 127 confirmed and 13 unconfirmed injuries. 13 people remain missing. Officials in Baguio and Benguet report 5 deaths and seven injuries from landslides. In Ramon, Isabela, one person was killed by a falling coconut tree during strong winds. One person was reported missing after a landslide that occurred in Benguet. Two tourists nearly drowned in Boracay from water sports activities amid high waves. The entire provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Pampanga, Bataan, Cavite, Abra, Apayao, and Mountain Province, including 18 additional cities/municipalities, have declared a state of calamity.
In the coastal town of Santa Ana, Cagayan, over 433 families (1,426 residents) were brought to evacuation centers. Floods in Bacolod forced the evacuation of over 3,300 residents near waterways which quickly became inundated. A cargo ship in Cabadbaran, Agusan del Norte, ran aground; its crew of 24 was later rescued by the Philippine Coast Guard. Two residents in Baguio were rescued from a landslide; another three in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya were rescued after a tree fell on a residential building.
Infrastructural damage were at ₱ (US$), agricultural damage were pegged at ₱ (US$). 55,584 houses were damaged and suffered a loss of ₱344,000 (US$6,300), while the damage to other assets were estimated at ₱ (US$). As such, the total damage were amounted to be ₱ (US$). Over ₱ (US$) worth of assistance was provided, most of which sourced from the DSWD and local government units. Power outages were reported in 306 areas, water outages were reported in six, and a telecommunications outage were reported in 10. Around 90% of Baguio suffered power outages throughout the night of July 26.
In official reports, 85 domestic flights were cancelled, while 145 seaports cancelled trips. As much as 8,949 passengers were stranded in ports across 6 regions. Official reports tallied up to 448 class suspensions in various areas, while around 355 suspended work. Classes and transport were also suspended for July 27 in some areas. Laoag International Airport, Vigan Airport, and Tuguegarao Airport suffered minimal damage; 25 airports in total were affected. Across the country, 396 roads and 33 bridges were rendered impassable.
Widespread flooding
Doksuri and Typhoon Khanun exacerbated the southwest monsoon which had already been causing rains in much of the country. In the aftermath of the typhoon, flooding was reported in 9 of the 13 affected regions. The first of these floods occurred in Pampanga, as early as July 23 – two days before the typhoon's first landfall. A day prior to landfall, PAGASA had warned of highly-likely floods as a result of heavy rainfall, particularly in elevated and mountainous areas. The NDRRMC reported floods in 957 areas across the country. Much of these floods occurred in the Ilocos and Central Luzon regions.
Over the course of July 27 to August 1, rainfall in Baguio, Zambales, and Bataan reached over of rain per square meter, with rainfall in Ilocos Sur treading close to the same amount. Laoag alone received over of rainfall in just 48 hours, even more than the town's average rainfall for the entire month of July. One death has been attributed to flash floods caused by the typhoon. By August 3, floods had only receded in a third (347 areas) of all flooded areas.
On July 26, in response to increasing water levels, the Ambuklao Dam and Binga Dam began discharging water at rates of and , respectively. Discharge rates were later increasesd on July 27. Meanwhile, the La Mesa Dam neared its spilling level of , prompting the release of flood warnings. As rains continued throughout the day, the Ipo Dam reached its spilling level of , while the lower Bustos Dam also reached its spilling level of . Now at critical levels and with persisting heavy rains, the two dams were forced to open at rates of and of water per second. An issue with one of Bustos Dam's gates and the allegedly unannounced release of water triggered extensive floods in much of Bulacan.
The Marikina River, which runs through Metro Manila, was raised to second alarm after reaching a water level of , prompting preemptive evacuations. Major roads in Metro Manila became flooded after heavy rains from Doksuri's far-reaching rainbands. Swelling of the Pampanga River from the persistent rain triggered floods that reached the North Luzon Expressway, causing standstill traffic along the national highway. Over of road was covered by floods in a portion of the expressway that runs through San Simon, Pampanga. Some of the smaller vehicles passing through the expressway broke down while attempting to cross deep floods. An alternative route passing through the MacArthur Highway was opened by expressway officials, but soon also hit heavy traffic due to the volume of passing vehicles.
Following the floods in Bulacan, the National Irrigation Administration was called to a Senate Blue Ribbon Committee hearing to address the allegations. Senators later filed resolutions calling for a review of the Department of Public Works and Highways' flood control and mitigation programs.
MB Aya Express
A pump boat called the MB Aya Express capsized near Talim Island in Binangonan, Rizal, killing at least 27 people. The incident happened around 1 pm. PHT on July 27. As the pump boat was pounded by strong winds, passengers panicked to the port (left) side causing the boat to capsize barely from shore. The next day, the Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA) suspended the safety permit of the vessel and issued a show cause order to its shipowner.
The casualties would not be added to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's official toll. The Office of Civil Defense cited that these were indirectly caused by the typhoon that was already outside the Philippine Area of Responsibility as the accident happened, although it enhanced the southwest monsoon which caused further heavy rainfall and strong winds.
Taiwan
At least 278,000 homes in Taiwan lost power as a result of the storm, and hundreds of trees were also felled in Kaohsiung. Doksuri brought heavy rain in mountainous southern and eastern regions, with accumulated rainfall totaled . A woman drowned on July 26 in the Mugua River near Wenlan Village in Xiulin, Hualien, after getting trapped by rising water levels.
China
Fujian
Typhoon Doksuri was the strongest typhoon to impact southeastern Fujian since Typhoon Meranti in 2016, and the most powerful typhoon to strike Fujian since records began in 1950. Doksuri made landfall in Jinjiang, Fujian on the morning of July 28. It affected over 724,600 people and of farmland in Fujian. Among them, suffered complete crop failure, according to the provincial flood control and drought relief headquarters. More than 416,000 people in Fujian were evacuated to safe places, and another 30,000-plus personnel, including those working at offshore farms, went ashore for shelter. Over 800 ships of various types returned to ports. At least five Fujian cities broke 24-hour rainfall records, including Baisha in Putian, which received in a single day.
Fuzhou saw a record daily precipitation total of . In addition, 178 houses were totally destroyed, while another 44 houses were damaged. A total of 463 tourist sites, 11,624 construction sites, and 202 port terminals were closed, while all 89 passenger ferry routes were suspended. Direct economic losses amounted to ¥14.76 billion (US$2.06 billion). Torrential rains impacted many areas, with accumulations in Xiamen, Quanzhou and Putian reaching . In Quanzhou, power outages impacted more than 500,000 houses and resulted in 39 people reporting minor injuries.
Beijing, Jilin and Hebei
As a remnant system, Doksuri brought brief heavy rainfall accumulations in Beijing, averaging ; the largest rainfall occurred in Xincun in Shidu, Fangshan District, 500.4 mm (19.70 in); The maximum hourly rain intensity occurred in Qianling Mountain, Fengtai District, at 111.8 mm (4.40 in); as the remnant dropped up to of rainfall in Wangjiayuan Reservoir in Changping District with Doksuri setting maximum rainfall records since recordkeeping began during the Qing dynasty in 1883. The National Meteorological Center of CMA issued a red alert—the highest level warning for heavy rainfall—this was only the second time a red rainfall warning had been issued—since the warning system was formally implemented in 2010. A total of 59,000 houses were destroyed and 147,000 others were severely damaged by flooding in the region. According to state broadcaster China Central Television, around 31,000 individuals fled their homes in high-risk regions in Beijing. Another 20,000 individuals were relocated from the adjacent province of Hebei. Over 300 flights from Beijing Daxing International Airport have been canceled. Roughly 50,000 individuals were evacuated from the capital. Power outages were reported in 60,000 areas.
At least 80 individuals have been killed; 33 in Beijing, 29 in Hebei, 14 in Jilin and four in Liaoning. As of 11 August, at least 35 others are still missing, including 18 in Beijing, 16 in Hebei, and another in Jilin. In early August flood control systems were used to redirect 1.8 billion cubic meters of water from Beijing and Tianjin to low-lying areas of Hebei. More than 850,000 residents were told to evacuate, including 134,000 in Zhuozhou, 73,000 in Bazhou and 113,000 in Gaobeidian. Overall, Doksuri caused at least ¥110.6 billion (US$15.31 billion) in property damages, becoming the costliest typhoon in Chinese history.
Vietnam
Although Doksuri remained far away, it caused heavy rainfalls and strong winds across Southern Vietnam. In Kiên Giang province, strong winds blew up 125 house roofs and collapsed 72 others; 13 people were injured. Damage in the province were amounted to 2.6 billion đồng (US$110,000). In Cà Mau province, strong winds torn off 347 house roofs, in which 70 were collapsed. Many trees and power lines were downed. Four people were injured, and the damage in the province reached 9.5 billion đồng (US$401,000). Doksuri brough heavy rains and triggered flooding and landslides Đắk Nông province. Two major flooding in late July and early August resulted in a loss of 1,046 billion đồng (US$43.5 million).
Aftermath
China
Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, urged local officials to make every effort to find individuals who are missing or trapped. Chinese Premier Li Qiang called for all-out efforts during rescue and relief operations and stressed that ensuring people's lives and safety is a top priority. While inspecting relief efforts local Communist Party secretary Ni Yuefeng commented that Hebei should "serve as the capital's moat", prompting criticism online.
Chinese officials earmarked ¥90 million (US$12.6 million) from the central natural disaster-relief funds for the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, and Zhejiang on July 28. The Ministry of Finance also allocated ¥842 million (US$117 million) to 12 provinces including Hebei for agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation and water conservancy disaster relief on July 31.
The National Development and Reform Commission stated that it would immediately set aside ¥100 million (US$13.9 million) from the national budget for post-disaster emergency restoration and reconstruction of infrastructure and public service facilities in areas severely affected in Beijing and Hebei.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs announced US$60 million in flood relief money to help the region's farm sector. JD.com announced the donation of ¥30 million (US$4.18 million) in materials to aid flood prevention in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Apple CEO Tim Cook said that Apple would donate to flood relief efforts in Beijing and the surrounding Hebei province. Xiaomi also provided an amount of ¥25 million (US$3.48 million) towards disaster relief efforts in Beijing and Hebei. Condolences to China were expressed by most countries, including the United States, Taiwan, and Ukraine.
See also
Tropical cyclones in 2023
Weather of 2023
Other tropical cyclones named Doksuri
Other tropical cyclones named Egay
Historical comparisons to Doksuri:
Typhoon Hal (Kuring; 1985) – a relatively weaker typhoon that made an identical course over the Philippines and China.
Typhoon Lynn (Pepang; 1987) – a powerful typhoon that also skirted the northern coast of Luzon.
Typhoon Kent (Gening; 1995) – another strong typhoon that took a similar path.
Typhoon Dan (Pepang; 1999) – a weaker typhoon that took an identical track.
Typhoon Nuri (Karen; 2008) – a weaker typhoon that impacted the same general area fifteen years prior to Doksuri.
Typhoon Hagupit (Nina; 2008) – a strong typhoon that only brought moderate damages in the extreme Northern Luzon throughout its path.
Typhoon Nanmadol (Mina; 2011) – a typhoon which took a comparable trajectory to Doksuri.
Typhoon Usagi (Odette; 2013) – a typhoon that also impacted the extreme northern Luzon area.
Typhoon Krosa (Vinta; 2013) – a moderate typhoon which also took a similar track and affected northern Luzon.
Typhoon Kalmaegi (Luis; 2014) – a typhoon that affected the same areas in Northern Luzon.
Typhoon Haima (Lawin; 2016) - A violent typhoon took a similar path.
Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong; 2018) – a violent typhoon that had a similar track and severely affected northern Luzon.
Typhoon Chanthu (Kiko; 2021) – another violent typhoon that skirted through Cagayan Valley to the Batanes Island.
Tropical Storm Kompasu (Maring; 2021) – a weaker storm that flooded the same areas where Doksuri struck a year and a half later.
Typhoon Saola (Goring; 2023) – A powerful Category-4 super typhoon that also affected Babuyan Islands months after Doksuri.
Typhoon Haikui (Hanna; 2023) – A Category-3 typhoon that impacted the same area just days after Saola, and became Hong Kong's wettest typhoon on record.
Other typhoons that produced major shipwrecks in the Philippines:
Typhoon Clara (Rubing; 1981) – an intense typhoon which also passed the northern coast of Luzon and caused the capsizing of the BRP Datu Kalantiaw.
Typhoon Ruby (Unsang; 1988) – another Category 4-equivalent typhoon which devastated the Philippines and blamed for the loss of the MV Doña Marilyn.
Typhoon Vicki (Gading; 1998) – a weaker typhoon which led to the sinking of the MV Princess of the Orient.
Typhoon Fengshen (Frank; 2008) – a slightly weaker but more devastating typhoon which directly capsized the MV Princess of the Stars.
Other typhoons that caused widespread damage in China:
Typhoon Nina (Bebeng; 1975) – a severely damaging typhoon which became China's wettest tropical cyclone on record.
Typhoon Saomai (Juan; 2006) – the most powerful typhoon to strike the east coast of China.
Typhoon Fitow (Quedan; 2013) – China's second costliest tropical cyclone on record.
Typhoon Lekima (Hanna; 2019) – an equally violent and destructive typhoon which struck East China, becoming the third costliest typhoon in Chinese history.
Typhoon In-fa (Fabian; 2021) – a weaker system which became China's second-wettest typhoon on record.
Notes
References
External links
05W.DOKSURI from the United States Naval Research Laboratory
General Information of Typhoon Doksuri (2305) from Digital Typhoon
2023 Pacific typhoon season
2023 disasters in China
2023 disasters in the Philippines
2023 in Taiwan
July 2023 events in Asia
July 2023 events in China
July 2023 events in the Philippines
Typhoons
Typhoons in China
Typhoons in the Philippines
Typhoons in Taiwan
Typhoons in Vietnam |
David Min (born 23 June 1999) is a Dutch professional football player who plays as a forward for club RKC Waalwijk.
Club career
On 15 August 2022, Min was loaned to Telstar for the season.
References
External links
Career stats & Profile - Voetbal International
1999 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
RKC Waalwijk players
SC Telstar players
Eredivisie players
Footballers from Zaanstad |
Quine is a Manx surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dan Quine (born 1967) British computer scientist
Don Quine (born 1938), American actor and writer, founder of Professional Karate Association
Edgar Quine (born 1934), Manx politician
John Quine (1857-1940), Manx clergyman, scholar and writer, The Captain of the Parish
Richard Quine (1920–1989), American actor and film director
Robert Quine (1942–2004), American guitarist
Willard Van Orman Quine (1908–2000), American analytic philosopher and logician
William Edward Quine (1847–1922), American physician and academic
See also
Quinn (disambiguation)
Surnames
Surnames of Manx origin |
Sun Jun (, born June 22, 1969, in Changchun, Jilin, China) is a retired Chinese professional basketball player who later served as a coach and general manager for the Jilin Northeast Tigers, as well as an assistant basketball coach with the Chinese national team. Standing 1.98 meters (6'6") tall, he played at the small forward position.
CBA career
Sun Jun spent his entire playing career with the Jilin Northeast Tigers and helped the team gain membership in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) in 1998. He set the league record by scoring 70 points in 139–94 win over the Jinan Army squad on December 17, 2000, a mark which stood for nearly a decade until it was broken in March 2010. Sun was an eight-time CBA All-Star, won the CBA regular season MVP award in 1999 and 2003, and led the league in scoring in 1999, 2001, and 2003.
National team career
Sun was selected to join the Chinese national youth team in 1986 and was a member of the senior squad between 1989 and 2003. He helped China win gold at the 1994 Asian Games and 1998 Asian Games, as well as achieve qualification for the 1994 FIBA World Championship, and 1992, 1996, and 2000 Summer Olympics.
Coaching career
After serving as a player-coach with the Jilin Northeast Tigers for several years, Sun eventually became the club's CEO and general manager. After an ownership shake-up pushed him out in 2007, he moved to the national team as an assistant coach, before eventually returning to fill various roles in Jilin's front office.
Career statistics
CBA statistics
Regular season and Playoffs combined
References
External links
Sun Jun at olympedia.org
1969 births
Living people
Jilin Northeast Tigers players
Small forwards
Basketball players from Changchun
Chinese men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for China
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in basketball
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Basketball players at the 1994 Asian Games
Basketball players at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
1994 FIBA World Championship players |
The Piracy Act 1670 (22 & 23 Cha. 2. c. 11) was an Act of the Parliament of England.
The whole Act was repealed by section 1 of, and the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1966.
See also
Halsbury's Statutes
Piracy Act
References
Acts of the Parliament of England
1670 in law
1670 in England
United Kingdom piracy law |
Veljko Bakašun (June 14, 1920 – July 17, 2007) was a Croat water polo player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
He died in Korčula.
Bakašun was part of the Yugoslav team which was eliminated in the second round of the 1948 Olympic tournament. He played all three matches.
Four years later he won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team in the 1952 tournament. He played six matches.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
External links
1920 births
2007 deaths
Croatian male water polo players
Yugoslav male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Yugoslavia
Water polo players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics |
Schagonaria is a genus of trilobite, an extinct group of marine arthropods. The only known species, S. tannuola occurs in the earliest Middle Cambrian of Russia (Amgaian, Ulukhema River, Tuva Region). It is related to Paradoxides, but can be distinguished from it by only slightly forward expansion of the glabella, a character shared with Anabaraceps and Primoriella. In Primoriella the front of the glabella touches the roll-like border, causing it to slightly bulge forward, in Anabaraceps there is a roll-like preglabellar field as wide as the flat border in front of it, but in Schagonaria the glabella may or may not touch the frontal border, but neither the border, nor if present the preglabellar field is particularly convex. The glabella of Schagonaria is more than twice as long as wide, and differs from Primordiella in which it is less than twice as long as wide. The articulate middle part of the body (or thorax) has 16 segments. The tailshield (or pygidium has a spatulate shape.
References
Cambrian trilobites
Paradoxidoidea
Fossils of Russia
Fossil taxa described in 1955 |
The Taipei Metro Taipei Bridge station is a station on the Xinzhuang Line located in Sanchong District, New Taipei, Taiwan, two blocks from the approach to Taipei Bridge for which the station is named. The station opened for service on 5 January 2012.
Station overview
This six-level, underground station has two, stacked side platforms. It is located beneath Chongxin Rd., Sec. 1 between Wenhua North and South Rd. and Zhongyang North and South Rd. It was originally scheduled to open in March 2012 along with most of the Xinzhuang Line, but opened for service earlier on 5 January 2012.
Construction
Excavation depth for this station was . It is in length and meters wide. The station has one entrance, one accessibility elevator, and two vent shafts. Two emergency exits are integrated with a joint development building. Public art is featured on the walls of the main entrance.
Design
The station is based on a theme of "Sunset-bathed Iron Bridge" (referring to Taipei Bridge), with images of the Tamsui River, Guanyin Mountain, and a "bazaar culture".
Station layout
Exits
Single Exit: No. 108, Chongxin Rd. Sec. 1
Around the station
Taipei Bridge
Sanhe Night Market
Central Market
Sanchong Farmers Association
Lin Rong-San (between this station and Cailiao station)
Tiantai Plaza
Zhengyi Elementary School
Guangxing Elementary School
References
Zhonghe–Xinlu line stations
Railway stations opened in 2012
Railway stations in Taiwan opened in the 2010s |
Mush Bijar (, also Romanized as Mūsh Bījār; also known as Musmudzhal) is a village in Blukat Rural District, Rahmatabad and Blukat District, Rudbar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 18 families.
References
Populated places in Rudbar County |
Scott Barnes may refer to:
Scott Barnes (athletic director) (born 1962), American athletic director
Scott Barnes (baseball) (born 1987), American professional baseball player
Scottie Barnes (born 2001), American basketball player |
Mirosławice may refer to the following places in Poland:
Mirosławice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Mirosławice, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Mirosławice, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Mirosławice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) |
Youth Parliament of Manitoba Inc. (YPM) is a non-partisan, non-denominational, and incorporated registered charity based in Manitoba, Canada.
Its mission is "to foster amongst the youth of Manitoba an understanding of, interest in, and engagement with the Canadian democratic parliamentary process that would enable their active participation in society as responsible citizens. In so doing, YPM strives to encourage the growth of the individual and their abilities through their exposure to a diversity of ideas and perspectives and the fellowship of their peers."
Activities
YPM's flagship event is Session, an annual model parliament that takes place from December 26 to 31 each year at the Manitoba Legislature open to all Manitoban youth aged 16 to 20. During Session, participants ("members") debate mock legislation according to parliamentary procedure as per YPM's Standing Orders. Throughout the week, members also have the opportunity to meet current and former politicians from the Manitoba Legislature and the House of Commons, partake in workshops, and socialize with fellow youth from across the province.
Every summer, YPM hosts Speaker's Night, its premier fundraising gala. Proceeds go towards supporting YPM's programming, financial aid capabilities, and operating costs. Recent keynote speakers have included Dr. Annette Trimbee, Susan Thompson, Senator Marilou McPhedran, Dr. Aimée Craft, and Wab Kinew.
YPM is a founding member of the Western Canada Youth Parliament and current Member Parliament of its successor, Canada Youth Parliament. In this capacity, it assists in the organization of, and nominates delegates to, the biennial Canada Youth Parliament.
History
In 1922, George Stewart, Lieutenant Governor of the Older Boys’ TUXIS Parliament of Manitoba, opened the first of a long line of annual sessions devoted to the development of leadership and awareness of the parliamentary system among the young men (and later, women) of Manitoba. It has since become one of the oldest Youth Parliaments in a network of similar organizations stretching across the country and the world. Although each of these Parliaments has a unique style and emphasis, all are based on the same basic principle of fostering knowledge of the parliamentary system amongst Canadian youth.
The Older Boys’ Parliament program began in Ontario as part of the TUXIS (“Training Under Christ In Service”) movement. Its original sponsors included various Protestant churches, such as the United Church of Canada, the Anglican, Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches, the Salvation Army, and a variety of service groups such as the YMCA, De Molay and Kiwanis organizations. The movement's goal was to foster the development of the physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being of the person as inspired by the biblical passage Luke 2:52, which reads: “And Jesus increased in wisdom and in years, and in divine and human favour.” YPs, only one of many TUXIS activities, were designed for religious as well as parliamentary training. Though most YPs were at one time part of the TUXIS movement, only the TUXIS Youth Parliament of Alberta retains the name to this day.
In 1960, “TUXIS” was dropped from the name, leaving “Older Boys’ Parliament.” In 1968, it was decided that YPM would expand its focus by becoming open to youth from non-Protestant backgrounds, thereby becoming non-denominational. This meant that the Oath of Allegiance and the legislation placed before the house was no longer written for specific religious groups and with specifically religious purposes in mind.
On December 28, 1972, a special meeting of the organization was held to officially admit women as full members and to change the organization’s name to Youth Parliament of Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario (YPMNO). Previously, female members had for some years been allowed to attend session but only as associate members who did not hold the right to vote on the matters debated in the house. Seven years later, Ann Thompson became the first female Premier of YPMNO.
In celebration of its 60th anniversary in 1981, YPMNO hosted a first-of-its-kind invitational session for all YPs in Western Canada. Two years later, the Western Canada Youth Parliament (WCYP) was officially formed, with its second session being hosted again in Winnipeg in the chambers of City Council. Our organization has since hosted WCYP on three other occasions, in 1993, 2002 and most recently in 2010.
The organization successfully incorporated in 1984 and gained full charitable status. In 2003, the organization voted to shorten its name to Youth Parliament of Manitoba (YPM).
In 2007, YPM hosted its first annual Spring Session in Manitoba. In 2008, YPM hosted its first annual Speaker’s Night fundraising dinner. In 2019, it elected its first all-female Executive. In 2021, it celebrated its 100th annual Session.
Past Premiers
Organizational structure
YPM bases its organizational structure and nomenclature on the Westminster parliamentary system. The membership structure of YPM is made up of three main components: the Executive, the Cabinet, and Backbenchers. All members of YPM are between the ages of 16 and 25.
Executive
Youth Parliament of Manitoba Inc. is governed by a five-person Executive, who legally function as the corporation's board of directors. Each person is elected for a one-year term by and from the membership on the last day of Session. All directors are volunteers between the ages of 18 and 25. The positions on the board are:
the Chairperson (Premier),
the Past-Chairperson (Speaker),
the vice-chairperson (Deputy Premier),
the Director of Finance (Deputy Speaker), and
the Director of Procedures (House Leader).
Cabinet
The Cabinet is YPM's volunteer organizing committee, appointed by the Executive from the members (attendees) of the previous Session. The Cabinet assists the Executive in organizing and holding Session. Current Cabinet portfolios include:
Ministry of Alumni Affairs
Ministry of Communications
Ministry of Defence
Ministry of External Affairs
Ministry of Government Services
Ministry of Human Resources
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Ministry of Labour
Ministry of Publications
Ministry of Public Relations
Ministry of Revenue
Ministry of Supply and Service
Registrar General
Whips (Armstrong and Thompson)
Backbenchers
All non-Executive and non-Cabinet members of YPM sit as Backbenchers during Session.
Dignitaries
Lieutenant governor
Each year, the board of directors invites a distinguished member of the community (in recent years, often a former member) to act as the lieutenant governor (LG). The LG officially opens and prorogues the session, reads the Speech from the Throne, and makes a brief presentation to the membership.
Honorary president
The honorary president (HP) is a prominent citizen of Manitoba who serves as an advisor for the organization. At Session, they attend the opening and closing ceremonies.
Elder or Traditional Knowledge Keeper
The Elder or Traditional Knowledge Keeper advises the organization on reconciliation with Indigenous peoples in Manitoba. At Session, they conduct a traditional Indigenous teaching on the first and last days.
Notable alumni
Many of YPM's past members have gone on to successful careers in a variety of fields. Some of the organization's prominent past members include:
Lloyd Axworthy (former Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, former president and vice-chancellor of the University of Winnipeg)
Bill Norrie (former Mayor of Winnipeg)
Tom Axworthy (principal secretary to Pierre Trudeau from 1981 to 1984)
Robert Steen (former Mayor of Winnipeg)
Wally Fox-Decent (former chair of the Workers Compensation Board of Manitoba)
By decision of the Board, former members of YPM who have made outstanding contributions to the organization are eligible to be appointed to the organization's Senate.
See also
Parlement jeunesse franco-manitobain
Western Canada Youth Parliament
Youth Parliament of Canada/Parlement jeunesse du Canada
External links
Youth Parliament of Manitoba website
Manitoba, Youth Parliament of
1922 establishments in Manitoba
Educational organizations based in Manitoba
Charities based in Canada |
Leucanopsis huacina is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1933. It is found in Peru.
References
huacina
Moths described in 1933 |
Samuel Strober (-) was a biomedical researcher and inventor best known for his work on the elimination of the need for lifelong immune suppressive drugs in organ transplant patients.
Strober was born in Brooklyn, New York, on May 8, 1940, and received his bachelor's degree from Columbia College in 1961, and his MD from the Harvard Medical School in 1966. He also studied at Massachusetts General and Stanford University Hospitals and the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University.
He was chief of the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology at the Stanford University School of Medicine (1979–1997); a co-founder of a biotechnology company, Dendreon, that developed the first FDA approved cancer vaccination; President of the Clinical Immunology Society (1996); and chairman of the Board of Directors of the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology. He also co-founded Medeor Therapeutics.
Personal life
His first wife is feminist economist Myra Strober, who decided to keep the Strober last name after she remarried.
References
Living people
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University School of Medicine faculty |
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