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Brunn is a locality situated in Värmdö Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 950 inhabitants in 2010.
References
Populated places in Värmdö Municipality |
Nuuksio National Park (, ) is one of Finland's 40 national parks. Established in 1994, the park spreads over an area of forests and lakes in Espoo, Kirkkonummi and Vihti. North-west from Helsinki, it is the second-closest national park to the capital behind the recently established Sipoonkorpi National Park. The name is derived from the Nuuksio district of Espoo.
Located less than 30 kilometers from downtown Helsinki, the park can easily be reached by public transportation. Bus 245A leaves from Espoon keskus to Nuuksionpää and Kattila during daytime.
Within the park there are eight marked trails for hiking. These trails vary in length and difficulty, being between 1.5 km and 17 km long. In addition, there are 30 km of biking trails and 22 km of horse riding trails. Designated spots for grilling, camping and skiing are scattered across the park.
The Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) is the emblem of the national park due to their high population density in the park.
The national park comprises the westernmost part of the so-called Nuuksio lake highlands. Dozens of endangered or near threatened species animals, plants and fungi are known to inhabit the area, for instance the Siberian flying squirrel, the European nightjar and the woodlark.
See also
Districts of Espoo
List of national parks of Finland
Sipoonkorpi National Park
Protected areas of Finland
References
External links
Nuuksio National Park – Finland, Naturally
Nuuksio National Park – Natureparks.fi
Espoo
Protected areas established in 1994
Geography of Uusimaa
Tourist attractions in Uusimaa
National parks of Finland
cs:Nuuksio |
The Charleston Commercial Historic District encompasses the historic commercial center of Charleston, Arkansas. Extending along East Main Street (Arkansas Highway 22) between Tilden Street and Arkansas Highway 217, the district includes primarily single-story masonry commercial buildings built between 1900 and 1940. Notable exceptions are the Franklin County Courthouse, Southern District, and the Methodist Episcopal Church.
The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Arkansas
References
Buildings designated early commercial in the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Buildings and structures completed in 1900
Franklin County, Arkansas
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Arkansas |
Ian Campbell (born 22 November 1953) is a Scottish football former player and manager. His twin brother Dick Campbell is also a football player and manager, and the two currently manage Scottish Championship side Arbroath.
Playing career
As a player Campbell was a noted lower division forward whose 131 goals in all competitions established the individual record for a player with Brechin City. He had previously appeared for Dunfermline Athletic and Arbroath and went on to appear for Cowdenbeath, Dunfermline again and Montrose before retiring. During his career, Campbell was promoted with Brechin and helped Dunfermline to achieve promotion twice.
Coaching career
In a coaching career spanning 25 years, Campbell has helped Dunfermline achieve promotion to the Scottish Premier League three times, saw Brechin City promoted three times and Forfar once.
Campbell managed Brechin City between 2005 and 2006, succeeding his brother Dick to whom he had been assistant. Brechin struggled in the First Division which was mainly made up of full-time clubs and as they sat at the bottom of the table his tenure was ended towards the end of the season. He became the assistant manager of Forfar Athletic in 2008, again working for his twin brother. Ian took temporary charge of the team in 2011, when his brother underwent treatment for cancer. He left Forfar in June 2014 to concentrate on his business commitments.
Campbell also works closely with the Scottish Football Association delivering courses to assist the development of coaches and managers.
Business career
Campbell has also pursued a career in business, joining CR Smith after his playing career and progressing from personnel manager to operations director and then managing director.
In 1993, Campbell set up Avenue Scotland as part of the Creyfs Group, where he became group managing director, looking after 46 recruitment companies across Europe. In 2001, he left his post with the Creyfs Group to focus his efforts on Avenue Scotland Group, which now includes Avenue Recruitment, Avenue Care Services, Avenue Logistics as well as Avenue Consultancy - a specialist business consultancy working with companies across the UK.
Campbell is also a director of Hotel Connexxions.
As of June 2014, he was managing director of Human Resources, a company based in Dunfermline.
Campbell is also a director of Fife-based Curtain Walling and Commercial Glazing company, Avtek Solutions.
References
1953 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
People from Hill of Beath
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Arbroath F.C. players
Brechin City F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Montrose F.C. players
Scottish football managers
Brechin City F.C. managers
Scottish twins
Scottish Football League managers
Lochore Welfare F.C. players
British identical twins
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Fife
Identical twin males |
AM Gold is the eleventh studio album by American pop rock band Train, released on May 20, 2022, through Columbia Records. To date, AM Gold is the first Train album of original material not to chart on the Billboard 200 albums chart.
Background
On February 16, 2022, Train released a single called "AM Gold" and announced that an album of the same name would be released on May 20, 2022. They also uploaded a video to their YouTube channel showing Ken Jeong promoting the album. Frontman Pat Monahan says that, regarding the album, "writing songs is hard. It's difficult to create something that you love and then other people love as well. Writing songs for two and a half years in front of video screens instead of being in the presence of other humans has been a long, strange trip. And now here we are. It has to start with love. Love that goes into work comes out of work. We love (the title track), this album, and our fans. Thank you for waiting so long for us. I think it was worth it. AM Gold! Here we go!"
Promotion
Other than the lead single, "AM Gold", the album was preceded by three promotional singles. These songs were "Running Back (Trying to Talk to You)", released on April 14, 2022, "Turn the Radio Up" featuring Jewel, released on May 6, 2022, and "Cleopatra" featuring Sofía Reyes, released on May 18, 2022.
Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave AM Gold a positive review, stating that "Train makes maximalist pop music, the kind designed to be heard and sold at big-box stores, a sensibility that's rare in 2022, which is why AM Gold delivers a very particular kind of retro good times.
Tour
The band subsequently announced the AM Gold Tour with Jewel and Blues Traveler, with a few select shows with Thunderstorm Artis and Will Anderson. The tour began on June 8, 2022, in Mansfield, Massachusetts.
Track listing
Personnel
Train
Jerry Becker – guitar, keyboards, production
Nikita Houston – background vocals
Taylor Locke – guitar
Hector Maldonado – bass
Pat Monahan – lead vocals
Matt Musty – drums, production
Sakai Smith – background vocals
Musicians
Wayne Bergeron – trumpet (1, 2, 7, 8)
Charlie Bisharat – violin (4–6, 9)
Jacob Braun – cello (4–6, 9)
Zach Dellinger – viola (4–6, 9)
Andrew Duckles – viola (4–6, 9)
Bruce Dukov – violin (4–6, 9)
Steve Erdody – cello (4–6, 9)
Jessica Guideri – violin (4–6, 9)
Dan Higgins – baritone saxophone (1, 2, 7, 8), alto saxophone (2, 7, 8)
Paula Hochhalter – cello (4–6, 9)
Luanne Homzy – violin (4–6, 9)
Alex Iles – trombone (1, 2, 7, 8)
Julia Laws – background vocals (3)
Natalie Leggett – violin (4–6, 9)
Maya Magub – violin (4–6, 9)
Shawn Mann – viola (4–6, 9)
Eric Marienthal – tenor saxophone (1, 2, 7, 8)
Rob Mathes – conductor (1, 2, 4–9)
Rafael Padilla – percussion (1, 3, 7, 8, 10)
Alyssa Park – violin (4–6, 9)
Molly Rogers – violin (4–6, 9)
Rob Schaer – trumpet (1, 2, 7, 8)
Terez Stanislav – violin (4–6, 9)
Josefina Vergara – violin (4–6, 9)
Technical
Tristan Ableson – engineering assistance
Jeff Balding – mixing
Jordan Blackmon – miscellaneous production (6)
Thom Bridges – co-production (3)
Jeff Fitzpatrick – engineering assistance (2, 4–7)
Lilly Graves – engineering assistance (2, 4–7)
Chandler Harrod – engineering (2, 4–9)
Todd Stopera – engineering
Butch Walker – production, engineering
Charts
References
2022 albums
Albums produced by Butch Walker
Columbia Records albums
Train (band) albums |
Barbara C. Tilley is an American biostatistician.
Early life
Tilley was born in San Rafael, California.
Education
Tilley graduated from California State University, Northridge in 1972. She earned a master's degree in biomathematics at the University of Washington in 1975, and completed her Ph.D. at the University of Texas School of Public Health in 1981.
Career
Tilley became an adjunct faculty member at the University of Michigan in 1984, and worked at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, Michigan, from 1983 to 1999. She became a professor at Case Western Reserve University in 1998,
and in 1999, moved to the Medical University of South Carolina as chair of the Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology. She returned to the University of Texas School of Public Health in 2009, as Lorne D. Bain Distinguished Professor and head of the Division of Biostatistics. She is a Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at the Medical University of South Carolina.
Recognition
In 1992, Tilley was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. She became a fellow of the Society for Clinical Trials in 2012.
Tilley was president of the Statistics Section of the American Public Health Association in 1991, and president of the Caucus for Women in Statistics for the 1993 term.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American statisticians
Women statisticians
Biostatisticians
California State University, Northridge alumni
University of Washington alumni
UTHealth School of Public Health alumni
Case Western Reserve University faculty
Medical University of South Carolina faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association |
```sqlpl
SET max_memory_usage = 50000000;
SET join_algorithm = 'partial_merge';
SELECT count(1) FROM (
SELECT t2.n FROM numbers(10) t1
JOIN (SELECT toUInt32(1) AS k, number n FROM numbers(100)) t2 ON toUInt32(t1.number) = t2.k
JOIN (SELECT toUInt32(1) AS k, number n FROM numbers(100)) t3 ON t2.k = t3.k
JOIN (SELECT toUInt32(1) AS k, number n FROM numbers(100)) t4 ON t2.k = t4.k
);
``` |
Zulkurnain bin Kamisan is a Malaysian politician. He is the Member of Johor State Legislative Assembly for Sri Medan since 2013 and served as Johor State Executive Councillor.
Election Results
References
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
United Malays National Organisation politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Members of the Johor State Legislative Assembly
Johor state executive councillors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Marming is a village in Sindhupalchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2918 and had 533 houses in the village.
References
Populated places in Sindhupalchowk District |
14 + 14, also spelled 14 plus 14, is a CD and DVD greatest hits album by bachata group Aventura. It contains the songs and music videos from five studio albums and from the live album K.O.B. Live. Every song that has had a music video is on this album, with the exception of "All Up 2 You" which featured Akon and Wisin & Yandel.
Tracklist
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
Aventura official site
2011 greatest hits albums
Aventura (band) compilation albums |
Dermatiscum is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae. The genus contains two species found in South Africa and North America.
References
Caliciales
Caliciales genera
Lichen genera
Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)
Taxa described in 1867 |
Jay Webber Seaver (March 9, 1855 – May 5, 1915 ) was an American physician and a pioneer of anthropometry.
Life
Seaver was born in Craftsbury, Vermont as son of William Seaver and Betsy Urie, and had four siblings. He studied at the Yale School of Medicine, where he became professor in his later life. Seaver measured the bodies of thousands of people attending the summer school resort at Chautauqua, New York., and published the results of his studies in his work Anthropometry and physical examination. A book for practical use in connection with gymnastic work and physical education.. On July 1, 1886, he married Leona Nancy Sheldon Sullivan.
Seaver died in Berkeley, California, and was buried at Chautauqua Cemetery on the main road to Jamestown.
Honors and awards
Honorary Fellow in Memoriam, National Academy of Kinesiology
References
1855 births
1915 deaths
19th-century American physicians
Yale School of Medicine alumni
Yale School of Medicine faculty
Anthropometry
People from Craftsbury, Vermont |
Leander Paes and David Rikl were the defending champions but only Paes competed that year with Jonas Björkman.
Björkman and Paes lost in the final 6–2, 4–6, 6–4 against Mahesh Bhupathi and Fabrice Santoro.
Seeds
Mahesh Bhupathi / Fabrice Santoro (champions)
Jonas Björkman / Leander Paes (final)
Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor (first round)
Martin Damm / Cyril Suk (first round)
Draw
References
2004 Dubai Tennis Championships Men's Doubles Draw
2004 Dubai Tennis Championships
Doubles |
Serawaia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, first established in 2019. Its only species is Serawaia strobilifera, endemic to Borneo. The species was first described in 1994 as Callerya strobilifera.
Description
Serawaia strobilifera is a twining vine scrambling up trees and river banks to a height of . Its stems are white or very pale grey. Its leaves are evergreen and generally have 2–3 pairs of leaflets plus a terminal leaflet. The erect inflorescence consists of a slightly branched panicle long. Individual flowers are long and have the general shape of members of the subfamily Faboideae. Uniquely in the tribe Wisterieae, they are golden yellow in colour. The standard petal is long by wide, lemon or golden yellow, with a yellow nectar guide. The wing petals are about the same length as the keel at long by 4–5 mm (0.2 in) wide. They are completely free from the keel and have short basal claws. The keel petals are long by 4–5 mm (0.2 in) wide. Nine of the stamens are fused together, the other is free; all curve upwards at the apex. The flattened seed pods are long by wide, splitting to release their 2-3 seeds.
Taxonomy
Serawaia strobilifera was first described by Anne M. Schot in 1994 as Callerya strobilifera. A 2019 molecular phylogenetic study showed that it fell outside the clade containing the type species of Callerya, and the new genus Serawaia was established for this species. The generic name refers to the Serawai river in west Kalimantan where the species was first discovered. In the 2019 study, the genus formed a clade with Afgekia, Callerya, Kanburia and Whitfordiodendron. Its yellow flowers are one distinguishing feature.
References
Wisterieae
Monotypic Fabaceae genera
Endemic flora of Borneo
Plants described in 1994 |
is a Prefectural Natural Park in northern Hokkaidō, Japan. The park was established in 1978.
See also
National Parks of Japan
References
External links
Map of Natural Parks of Hokkaidō
Map of Teshiodake Prefectural Natural Park
Outdoor Sports in Teshiodake Prefectural Natural Park
Parks and gardens in Hokkaido
Protected areas established in 1978
1978 establishments in Japan |
Abbatini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antonio Maria Abbatini (1595 or 1609 or 1610 – after 1677 or 1679), Italian composer
Bruno Abbatini (1938–2017), Italian football player
Guido Ubaldo Abbatini (1600–1656), Italian painter
Italian-language surnames |
Greater Iran ( ), also known as Persosphere, refers to a sociocultural region in which Iranian traditions and Iranian languages have had a significant impact. It spans parts of West Asia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and Xinjiang. The region is defined by having been long-ruled by the dynasties of various Iranian empires, under whom the local populaces gradually incorporated some degree of Iranian influence into their cultural and/or linguistic traditions; or alternatively as where a considerable number of Iranian peoples settled to still maintain communities who patronize their respective cultures, geographically corresponding to the areas surrounding the Iranian plateau. It is referred to as the "Iranian Cultural Continent" by Encyclopædia Iranica.
Throughout the 16th–19th centuries, Iran lost many of the territories that had been conquered under the Safavids and Qajars. The Ottoman–Iranian Wars resulted in the loss of present-day Iraq to the Ottoman Empire, as outlined in the Treaty of Amasya in 1555 and the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639. Simultaneously, the Russo-Iranian Wars resulted in the loss of the Caucasus to the Russian Empire: the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 saw Iran cede present-day Dagestan, Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan; and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 saw Iran cede present-day Armenia, the remainder of Azerbaijan, and Iğdır, setting the northern boundary along the Aras River. Parts of Afghanistan were lost to the British Empire through the Treaty of Paris in 1857 and the McMahon Arbitration in 1905.
Etymology
The name "Iran", meaning "land of the Aryans", is the New Persian continuation of the old genitive plural aryānām (proto-Iranian, meaning "of the Aryans"), first attested in the Avesta as airyānąm (the text of which is composed in Avestan, an old Iranian language spoken in northeastern Greater Iran, or in what are now Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan). The proto-Iranian term aryānām is present in the term Airyana Vaēǰah, the homeland of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism, near the provinces of Sogdiana, Margiana, Bactria, etc., listed in the first chapter of the Vidēvdād. The Avestan evidence is confirmed by Greek sources: Arianē is spoken of as being between Persia and the Indian subcontinent. However, this is a Greek pronunciation of the name Haroyum/Haraiva (Herat), which the Greeks called 'Aria' (a land listed separately from the homeland of the Aryans).
While up until the end of the Parthian period in the 3rd century CE, the idea of "Irān" had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an "Iranian" empire or kingdom in a political sense is a purely Sasanian one. It was the result of a convergence of interests between the new dynasty and the Zoroastrian clergy, as we can deduce from the available evidence. This convergence gave rise to the idea of an Ērān-šahr "Kingdom of the Iranians", which was "ēr" (Middle Persian equivalent of Old Persian "ariya" and Avestan "airya").
Definition
Richard Nelson Frye defines Greater Iran as including "much of the Caucasus, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, with cultural influences extending to China and western India." According to Frye, "Iran means all lands and peoples where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed." Richard Foltz notes that while "A general assumption is often made that the various Iranian peoples of 'greater Iran'—a cultural area that stretched from Mesopotamia and the Caucasus into Khwarizm, Transoxiana, Bactria, and the Pamirs and included Persians, Medes, Parthians and Sogdians among others—were all 'Zoroastrians' in pre-Islamic times... This view, even though common among serious scholars, is almost certainly overstated." Foltz argues that "While the various Iranian peoples did indeed share a common pantheon and pool of religious myths and symbols, in actuality a variety of deities were worshipped—particularly Mitra, the god of covenants, and Anahita, the goddess of the waters, but also many others—depending on the time, place, and particular group concerned".
To the Ancient Greeks, Greater Iran ended at the Indus River located in Pakistan.
According to J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams most of Western greater Iran spoke Southwestern Iranian languages in the Achaemenid era while the Eastern territory spoke Eastern Iranian languages related to Avestan.
George Lane also states that after the dissolution of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanids became rulers of greater Iran and Uljaytu, according to Judith G. Kolbas, was the ruler of this expanse between 1304 and 1317 A.D.
Primary sources, including Timurid historian Mir Khwand, define Iranshahr (Greater Iran) as extending from the Euphrates to the Oxus
The Cambridge History of Iran takes a geographical approach in referring to the "historical and cultural" entity of "Greater Iran" as "areas of Iran, parts of Afghanistan, and Chinese and Soviet Central Asia".
Background
Greater Iran is called Iranzamin () which means "Iranland" or "The Land of Iran". Iranzamin was in the mythical times as opposed to the Turanzamin the Land of Turan, which was located in the upper part of Central Asia.
With Imperial Russia continuously advancing south in the course of two wars against Persia, and the treaties of Turkmenchay and Gulistan in the western frontiers, plus the unexpected death of Abbas Mirza in 1833, and the murdering of Persia's Grand Vizier (Mirza AbolQasem Qa'im Maqām), many Central Asian khanates began losing hope for any support from Persia against the Tsarist armies. The Russian armies occupied the Aral coast in 1849, Tashkent in 1864, Bukhara in 1867, Samarkand in 1868, and Khiva and Amudarya in 1873.
"Many Iranians consider their natural sphere of influence to extend beyond Iran's present borders. After all, Iran was once much larger. Portuguese forces seized islands and ports in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire wrested from Tehran's control what is today Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, and part of Georgia. Iranian elementary school texts teach about the Iranian roots not only of cities like Baku, but also cities further north like Derbent in southern Russia. The Shah lost much of his claim to western Afghanistan following the Anglo-Iranian war of 1856-1857. Only in 1970 did a UN sponsored consultation end Iranian claims to suzerainty over the Persian Gulf island nation of Bahrain. In centuries past, Iranian rule once stretched westward into modern Iraq and beyond. When the western world complains of Iranian interference beyond its borders, the Iranian government often convinced itself that it is merely exerting its influence in lands that were once its own. Simultaneously, Iran's losses at the hands of outside powers have contributed to a sense of grievance that continues to the present day." -Patrick Clawson of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy
"Iran today is just a rump of what it once was. At its height, Iranian rulers controlled Iraq, Afghanistan, Western Pakistan, much of Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Many Iranians today consider these areas part of a greater Iranian sphere of influence." -Patrick Clawson
"Since the days of the Achaemenids, the Iranians had the protection of geography. But high mountains and the vast emptiness of the Iranian plateau were no longer enough to shield Iran from the Russian army or British navy. Both literally, and figuratively, Iran shrank. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Afghanistan were Iranian, but by the end of the century, all this territory had been lost as a result of European military action."
Regions
In the 8th century, Iran was conquered by the Abbassids who ruled from Baghdad. The territory of Iran at that time was composed of two portions: Persian Iraq (western portion) and Khorasan (eastern portion). The dividing region was mostly the cities of Gurgan and Damaghan. The Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. This point can be observed in many books such as Abul Fazl Bayhqi's "Tārīkhi Baïhaqī", Al-Ghazali's Faza'ilul al-anam min rasa'ili hujjat al-Islam and other books. Transoxiana and Chorasmia were mostly included in the Khorasanian region.
West Asia
Bahrain
From the 6th century BC to the 3rd century BC, Bahrain was a prominent part of the Persian Empire by the Achaemenids dynasty. It was referred to by the Greeks as "Tylos", the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus discovered it while serving under Alexander the Great. From the 3rd century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, the island was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties, the Parthians and the Sassanids.
In the 3rd century AD, the Sassanids succeeded the Parthians and controlled the area for four centuries until the Arab conquest. Ardashir, the first ruler of the Iranian Sassanid dynasty marched to Oman and Bahrain and defeated Sanatruq (or Satiran), probably the Parthian governor of Bahrain. He appointed his son Shapur I as governor. Shapur constructed a new city there and named it Batan Ardashir after his father. At this time, it incorporated the southern Sassanid province covering the Persian Gulf's southern shore plus the archipelago of Bahrain. The southern province of the Sassanids was subdivided into three districts; Haggar (now al-Hafuf province, Saudi Arabia), Batan Ardashir (now al-Qatif province, Saudi Arabia), and Mishmahig (now Bahrain Island) (In Middle-Persian/Pahlavi it means "ewe-fish").
By about 130 BC, the Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established garrisons along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf.
through warfare and economic distress, been reduced to only 60.
The influence of Iran was further undermined at the end of the 18th century when the ideological power struggle between the Akhbari-Usuli strands culminated in victory for the Usulis in Bahrain.
An Afghan uprising led by Hotakis of Kandahar at the beginning of the 18th century resulted in the near-collapse of the Safavid state. In the resultant power vacuum, Oman invaded Bahrain in 1717, ending over one hundred years of Persian hegemony in Bahrain. The Omani invasion began a period of political instability and a quick succession of outside rulers took power with consequent destruction. According to a contemporary account by theologian, Sheikh Yusuf Al Bahrani, in an unsuccessful attempt by the Persians and their Bedouin allies to take back Bahrain from the Kharijite Omanis, much of the country was burnt to the ground. Bahrain was eventually sold back to the Persians by the Omanis, but the weakness of the Safavid empire saw Huwala tribes seize control.
In 1730, the new Shah of Persia, Nadir Shah, sought to re-assert Persian sovereignty in Bahrain. He ordered Latif Khan, the admiral of the Persian navy in the Persian Gulf, to prepare an invasion fleet in Bushehr. The Persians invaded in March or early April 1736 when the ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh Jubayr, was away on hajj. The invasion brought the island back under central rule and to challenge Oman in the Persian Gulf. He sought help from the British and Dutch, and he eventually recaptured Bahrain in 1736. During the Qajar era, Persian control over Bahrain waned and in 1753, Bahrain was occupied by the Sunni Persians of the Bushire-based Al Madhkur family, who ruled Bahrain in the name of Persia and paid allegiance to Karim Khan Zand.
During most of the second half of the eighteenth century, Bahrain was ruled by Nasr Al-Madhkur, the ruler of Bushehr. The Bani Utibah tribe from Zubarah exceeded in taking over Bahrain after war broke out in 1782. Persian attempts to reconquer the island in 1783 and in 1785 failed; the 1783 expedition was a joint Persian-Qawasim invasion force that never left Bushehr. The 1785 invasion fleet, composed of forces from Bushehr, Rig, and Shiraz was called off after the death of the ruler of Shiraz, Ali Murad Khan. Due to internal difficulties, the Persians could not attempt another invasion. In 1799, Bahrain came under threat from the expansionist policies of Sayyid Sultan, the Sultan of Oman, when he invaded the island under the pretext that Bahrain did not pay taxes owed. The Bani Utbah solicited the aid of Bushire to expel the Omanis on the condition that Bahrain would become a tributary state of Persia. In 1800, Sayyid Sultan invaded Bahrain again in retaliation and deployed a garrison at Arad Fort, in Muharraq island and had appointed his twelve-year-old son Salim, as Governor of the island.
Many names of villages in Bahrain are derived from the Persian language. These names were thought to have been as a result influences during the Safavid rule of Bahrain (1501–1722) and previous Persian rule. Village names such as Karbabad, Salmabad, Karzakan, Duraz, Barbar were originally derived from the Persian language, suggesting that Persians had a substantial effect on the island's history. The local Bahrani Arabic dialect has also borrowed many words from the Persian language. Bahrain's capital city, Manama is derived from two Persian words meaning 'I' and 'speech'.
In 1910, the Persian community funded and opened a private school, Al-Ittihad school, that taught Farsi amongst other subjects.
According to the 1905 census, there were 1650 Bahraini citizens of Persian origin.
Historian Nasser Hussain says that many Iranians fled their native country in the early 20th century due to a law king Reza Shah issued which banned women from wearing the hijab, or because they feared for their lives after fighting the English or to find jobs. They were coming to Bahrain from Bushehr and the Fars province between 1920 and 1940. In the 1920s, local Persian merchants were prominently involved in the consolidation of Bahrain's first powerful lobby with connections to the municipality in an effort to contest the municipal legislation of British control.
Bahrain's local Persian community has heavily influenced the country's local food dishes. One of the most notable local delicacies of the people in Bahrain is mahyawa, consumed in Southern Iran as well, is a watery earth brick coloured sauce made from sardines and consumed with bread or other food. Bahrain's Persians are also famous in Bahrain for bread-making. Another local delicacy is "pishoo" made from rose water (golab) and agar agar. Other food items consumed are similar to Persian cuisine.
Iraq
Throughout history, Iran always had strong cultural ties with the region of present-day Iraq. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization and the place where the first empires in history were established. These empires, namely the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian, dominated the ancient middle east for millennia, which explains the great influence of Mesopotamia on the Iranian culture and history, and it is also the reason why the later Iranian and Greek dynasties chose Mesopotamia to be the political center of their rule. For a period of around 500 years, what is now Iraq formed the core of Iran, with the Iranian Parthian and Sasanian empire having their capital in what is modern-day Iraq for the same centuries-long time span. (Ctesiphon)
According to Iranologist Richard N. Frye:
Testimony to the close relationship shared by Iraq and western Iran during the Abbasid era and later centuries, is the fact that the two regions came to share the same name. The western region of Iran (ancient Media) was called 'Irāq-e 'Ajamī ("Persian Iraq"), while central-southern Iraq (Babylonia) was called 'Irāq al-'Arabī ("Arabic Iraq") or Bābil ("Babylon").
For centuries the two neighbouring regions were known as "The Two Iraqs" ("al-'Iraqain"). The 12th century Persian poet Khāqāni wrote a famous poem Tohfat-ul Iraqein ("The Gift of the Two Iraqs"). The city of Arāk in western Iran still bears the region's old name, and Iranians still traditionally call the region between Tehran, Isfahan and Īlām "ʿErāq".
During the medieval ages, Mesopotamian and Iranian peoples knew each other's languages because of trade, and because Arabic was the language of religion and science at that time. The Timurid historian Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru (d. 1430) wrote of Iraq:
Iraqis share religious and certain cultural ties with Iranians. The majority of Iranians are Twelver Shia (an Islamic sect established in Iraq), although the majority of Iranians were Sunni Muslims and did not convert to Shia until the Safavids forced Shi'ism in Iran.
Iraqi culture has commonalities with the culture of Iran. The Mesopotamian cuisine also has similarities to the Persian cuisine, including common dishes and cooking techniques. The Iraqi dialect has absorbed many words from the Persian language.
There are still cities and provinces in Iraq where the Persian names of the city are still retained – e.g., ’Anbār and Baghdad. Other cities of Iraq with originally Persian names include Nokard (نوكرد) --> Haditha, Suristan (سورستان) --> Kufa, Shahrban (شهربان) --> Muqdadiyah, Arvandrud (اروندرود) --> Shatt al-Arab, and Asheb (آشب) --> Amadiya, Peroz-Shapur --> Anbar (town)
In the modern era, the Safavid dynasty of Iran briefly reasserted hegemony over Iraq in the periods of 1501–1533 and 1622–1638, losing Iraq to the Ottoman Empire on both occasions (via the Treaty of Amasya in 1555 and the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639). Ottoman hegemony over Iraq was reconfirmed in the Treaty of Kerden in 1746.
Following the fall of the Ba'athist regime in 2003 and the empowerment of Iraq's majority Shī'i community, relations with Iran have flourished in all fields. Iraq is today Iran's largest trading partner in regard to non-oil goods.
Many Iranians were born in Iraq or have ancestors from Iraq, such as the Chairman of Iran's Parliament Ali Larijani, the former Chief Justice of Iran Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran Ali Akbar Salehi, who were born in Najaf and Karbala respectively. In the same way, many Iraqis were born in Iran or have ancestors from Iran, such as Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, who was born in Mashhad.
Caucasus
North Caucasus
Dagestan remains the bastion of Persian culture in the North Caucasus with fine examples of Iranian architecture like the Sassanid citadel in Derbent, the strong influence of Persian cuisine, and common Persian names amongst the ethnic peoples of Dagestan. The ethnic Persian population of the North Caucasus, the Tats, remain, despite strong assimilation over the years, still visible in several North Caucasian cities. Even today, after decades of partition, some of these regions retain Iranian influences, as seen in their old beliefs, traditions and customs (e.g. Norouz).
South Caucasus
According to Tadeusz Swietochowski, the territories of Iran and the republic of Azerbaijan usually shared the same history from the time of ancient Media (ninth to seventh centuries b.c.) and the Persian Empire (sixth to fourth centuries b.c.).
Intimately and inseparably intertwined histories for millennia, Iran irrevocably lost the territory that is nowadays Azerbaijan in the course of the 19th century. With the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 following the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) Iran had to cede eastern Georgia, its possessions in the North Caucasus and many of those in what is today the Azerbaijan Republic, which included the khanates of Baku, Shirvan, Karabakh, Ganja, Shaki, Quba, Derbent, and parts of Talysh. These Khanates comprise most of what is today the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan in Southern Russia. In the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 following the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828), the result was even more disastrous, and resulted in Iran being forced to cede the remainder of the Talysh Khanate, the khanates of Nakhichevan and Erivan, and the Mughan region to Russia. All these territories together, lost in 1813 and 1828 combined, constitute all of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and southern Dagestan. The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary republic of Azerbaijan were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.
Many localities in this region bear Persian names or names derived from Iranian languages and Azerbaijan remains by far Iran's closest cultural, religious, ethnic, and historical neighbor. Azerbaijanis are by far the second-largest ethnicity in Iran, and comprise the largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis in the world, vastly outnumbering the number in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Both nations are the only officially Shia majority in the world, with adherents of the religion comprising an absolute majority in both nations. The people of nowadays Iran and Azerbaijan were converted to Shiism during exactly the same time in history. Furthermore, the name of "Azerbaijan" is derived through the name of the Persian satrap which ruled the contemporary region of Iranian Azerbaijan and minor parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan in ancient times.
Central Asia
Khwarazm is one of the regions of Iran-zameen, and is the home of the ancient Iranians, Airyanem Vaejah, according to the ancient book of the Avesta. Modern scholars believe Khwarazm to be what ancient Avestic texts refer to as "Ariyaneh Waeje" or Iran vij. Iranovich These sources claim that Urgandj, which was the capital of ancient Khwarazm for many years, was actually "Ourva": the eighth land of Ahura Mazda mentioned in the Pahlavi text of Vendidad. Others such as University of Hawaii historian Elton L. Daniel believe Khwarazm to be the "most likely locale" corresponding to the original home of the Avestan people, while Dehkhoda calls Khwarazm "the cradle of the Aryan people" (مهد قوم آریا). Today Khwarazm is split between several central Asian republics.
Superimposed on and overlapping with Chorasmia was Khorasan which roughly covered nearly the same geographical areas in Central Asia (starting from Semnan eastward through northern Afghanistan roughly until the foothills of Pamir, ancient Mount Imeon). Current day provinces such as Sanjan in Turkmenia, Razavi Khorasan Province, North Khorasan Province, and Southern Khorasan Province in Iran are all remnants of the old Khorasan. Until the 13th century and the devastating Mongol invasion of the region, Khorasan was considered the cultural capital of Greater Iran.
Xinjiang
The Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County regions of China harbored a Tajik population and culture. Chinese Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County was always counted as a part of the Iranian cultural & linguistic continent with Kashgar, Yarkand, and Hotan bound to the Iranian history.
See also
Notes and references
Explanatory footnotes
Citation footnotes
General references
Marcinkowski, Christoph (2010). Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts. Berlin: Lit Verlag 2010. .
Cultural regions
Geography of Iran
History of Iran
Iranian culture
Georgia (country)–Iran relations
Azerbaijan–Iran relations
Iran–Pakistan relations
Iran–Iraq relations
Armenia–Iran relations
Afghanistan–Iran relations
Central Asia
Country classifications
Middle East
West Asia
Historical geography of Iran
Historical regions of Iran
Historical regions |
Expressway S69 or express road S69 (in Polish droga ekspresowa S69) was a major road in Poland which was supposed to run from Bielsko-Biała to the border with Slovakia at Zwardoń/Skalité, where it would connect with Slovak motorway D3. In the original plans, from Bielsko-Biała to Żywiec, the road was to be a dual carriageway with the remaining part to the border with Slovakia a single carriageway only (with terrain reserves for construction of second carriageway in future).
On 4 August 2016, the S69 became part of Expressway S1 when it was rerouted; the old route of S1 became Expressway S52.
Route description
References
Expressways in Poland
Proposed roads in Poland |
Jurki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kąkolewnica Wschodnia, within Radzyń Podlaski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Kąkolewnica Wschodnia, north of Radzyń Podlaski, and north of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Jurki |
Chilcoot is an unincorporated community in Plumas County, California. It lies at an elevation of . Chilcoot is located east of Portola.
For census purposes, Chilcoot is included in the census-designated place (CDP) of Chilcoot-Vinton.
The Chilcoot post office opened in 1898, was moved into Lassen County in 1909, and moved back into Plumas County in 1910. Chilcoot may be a Shawnee language name.
Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chilcoot has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.
References
Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Plumas County, California |
Lobe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Adolf Lobe (1860–1939), German jurist and member of the Reichstag in the Weimar Republic
Bill Lobe (1912–1969), American baseball player and coach
Jim Lobe (born 1949), American journalist
Kārlis Lobe (1895–1985), Latvian collaborationist with the Nazis
Mira Lobe (1913–1995), Austrian author
Robert Lawrance Lobe (born 1945), American sculptor
German-language surnames |
The Howling Wolf (German: Der heulende Wolf) is a 1919 German silent crime film directed by Léo Lasko and starring Carl Auen, Meinhart Maur and Victor Janson. It was part of a series of films featuring the detective character Joe Deebs.
It was shot at the Templehof Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Kurt Richter.
Cast
Carl Auen as Joe Deebs, Detektiv
Meinhart Maur
Victor Janson
Albert Patry
References
Bibliography
Ken Wlaschin. Silent Mystery and Detective Movies: A Comprehensive Filmography. McFarland, 2009.
Hans-Michael Bock & Michael Töteberg. Das Ufa-Buch. Zweitausendeins, 1992.
External links
1919 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
Films directed by Léo Lasko
UFA GmbH films
German black-and-white films
German crime films
1919 crime films
Films shot at Tempelhof Studios
1910s German films
1910s German-language films |
Bailu () is a town under the administration of Pengzhou, Sichuan, China. , it has one residential community and eight villages under its administration.
Tourist marketing
Bailu has been developed into a so-called "French town" due to its French Catholic heritage, according to Xianghui Liao, however, the real reason for this designation is to serve tourism and economic development: "This led to the commercialization of once authentic religious sites for tourism and economic development as part of the secularization process. [...] Catholicism's public influence on tourism and economic development has been increasing, while its activities and church attendance have not followed synchronously."
Tourist attractions
Annunciation Seminary
Earthquake Heritage Park
Honor Record
July.2020, the National Patriotic Health Campaign Committee reconfirmed Bailu Township as a national health township.
Sep.2020 Selected as a town with cultural tourism characteristics in Sichuan Province.
See also
Catholic Church in Sichuan
Marie-Julien Dunand
List of township-level divisions of Sichuan
Travel Recommendations
Xiao Bei Yuan Tea Culture B&B (小别院茶文化民宿): No.14, Shuyuan Road, Bailu Town (白鹿镇书院路14号)
References
Towns in Sichuan
Pengzhou
Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu |
ROH Supercard of Honor is a pay-per-view professional wrestling event annually presented by the U.S. based promotion Ring of Honor (ROH), and primarily takes place during the weekend of WrestleMania - the flagship event of WWE and considered to be the biggest wrestling event of the year.
Supercard of Honor has been a yearly tradition since 2006. The shows are sometimes two-day events, traditionally taking place on Friday nights and/or Saturday afternoons, and are held either in or nearby the same city as that year's WrestleMania. The only deviations so far have been the 2010 and 2011 Supercards, which were held about a month after WrestleMania weekend. The 2019 event used the modified "G1 Supercard" name as it was co-produced with New Japan Pro-Wrestling.
After annually running from 2006 to 2019 (with the exception of 2012), the event took a two-year hiatus, as Supercard of Honor XIV had been scheduled to take place on April 4, 2020, with some matches having already been announced, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and no Supercard of Honor event took place in 2021 because of the lingering pandemic. The event returned in 2022 with Supercard of Honor XV.
Dates and venues
See also
ROH annual events
References
External links
Ring of Honor's official website |
Fraize () is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France about 25 miles from Colmar.
Twin communes
Since 1998 Fierza, Albania is a twin commune of Fraize.
See also
Communes of the Vosges department
References
External links
Town website
Communes of Vosges (department) |
Daughters of Chibok is an 11-minute Nigerian short film. The virtual reality documentary tells the story of Yana Galang, whose daughter, Rifkatu, was among the 276 girls kidnapped by Boko Haram in April 2014 from their school dormitory in Chibok, northeast Nigeria. The film was made to commemorate the fifth anniversary of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping.
Awards
The documentary won "The Best VR Story" at the 2019 Venice Film Festival.
References
External links
Nigerian documentary films
2019 short films
2019 films
Virtual reality films |
In animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon (from the Greek, ῥίς, rhis = "nose", and ἐγκέφαλος, enkephalos = "brain"), also called the smell-brain or olfactory brain, is a part of the brain involved with smell (i.e. olfaction). It forms the paleocortex and is rudimentary in the human brain.
Components
The term rhinencephalon has been used to describe different structures at different points in time.
One definition includes the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, anterior olfactory nucleus, anterior perforated substance, medial olfactory stria, lateral olfactory stria, parts of the amygdala and prepyriform area.
Some references classify other areas of the brain related to perception of smell as rhinencephalon, but areas of the human brain that receive fibers strictly from the olfactory bulb are limited to those of the paleopallium. As such, the rhinencephalon includes the olfactory bulb, the olfactory tract, the olfactory tubercle and striae, the anterior olfactory nucleus and parts of the amygdala and the piriform cortex.
In different species
The development of the rhinencephalon varies among species. In humans it is rudimentary. A small area where the frontal lobe meets the temporal lobe and the area of cortex on the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus (both belonging to the olfactory cortex) have a different structure (so called "allocortex") than most of the telencephalon and are phylogenetically older (so called paleocortex).
References
External links
Neuroanatomy
Olfactory system |
Ronald Hamming (born January 9, 1973, in Zeegse, Drenthe) is a football striker from the Netherlands, who played for BV Veendam from summer 2003 in the Dutch second league, Eerste Divisie. He previously played for FC Groningen (1992–1994) and Fortuna Sittard (1994–2003), for which he scored 99 goals in nine seasons.
External links
Profile
1973 births
Living people
People from Tynaarlo
Dutch men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Groningen players
Fortuna Sittard players
SC Veendam players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Footballers from Drenthe |
The Birbhum is a large coal field located in the east of India in West Bengal. Birbhum is having estimated reserves of 5 billion tonnes of coal.
Deucha Pachami coal block spread over an area of 9.7 km2 is to be developed by Bengal Birbhum Coal Company Limited. Another potential coal reserve is Dewanganj Harinsingha block with an estimated area of 2.6 km2. These blocks are located in Mohammad Bazar CD Block.
References
Coalfields of India
Coal mining in West Bengal |
Abani Chakravarty was an Indian humanitarian poet of the late twentieth century Assamese literature. Apart from original poetry his works included two novelettes and translations of the third-world poetry.
Early life
Chakravarty was born in Nalbari subdivision (now Nalbari district) of Undivided Kamrup district of Assam, India on 3 January 1941 to a Brahmin family. Abani started contributing to the Assamese literature prolifically in the 1960s and continued to do so until the 1990s. He was influential in the world of Assamese poetry and literature before he disappeared on a cold Saturday evening on 12 November 1994 from his Kharguli residence in Guwahati.
Works
Chakravarty published a number of books including poetry anthologies, translations and two novelettes. He published his poems in most of the major Assamese newspapers and magazines. His books were primarily published by publishers based in Assam apart from his own publication Kabita Prakashan(কবিতা প্ৰকাশন).
Abani was the joint editor for the Assamese magazine Antaranga(অন্তৰংগ) (meaning "The Intimate", six-monthly, 1969), Asomiya Kabita(অসমীয়া কবিতা) ("The Assamese Poetry", monthly, 1970) and the editor of Chirantan(চিৰন্তন) ("The Eternal", three-monthly, 1972). Pratibadar Kantha(প্ৰতিবাদৰ কন্ঠ) ("The Voice of Rebellion", recorded in 1985), a cassette of recitation of his poems, was the first ever cassette of recitation of Assamese poetry. His anthologies are Deha Romeromai Mor(দেহা ৰমেৰমাই মোৰ) (1970), Slogan(শ্লোগান)(1980), Kabikantha(কবিকন্ঠ) (1987), autobiographical novelette Sankardev Uddyan, Si aru Apurba(শংকৰদেৱ উদ্যান, সি আৰু অপূৰ্ব) (1990), edited anthologies Britta Bhangar Samay (বৃত্ত ভঙাৰ সময়)(1972), Ai Samay(এই সময়) (1972), Parashu Goswamir Kabita (1989)(পৰশু গোস্বামীৰ কবিতা) and Amulya Baruar Jeevan aru Kabita(অমূল্য বৰুৱাৰ জীৱন আৰু কবিতা) (1990).
The books that were jointly edited, translated and compiled are Mao Tse Tungar Kabita (মাও চে টু্ঙৰ কবিতা)(1979), Tung Pi Ur Kabita (টুং পি উৰ কবিতা)(1979), Ho Tsi Minar Kabita(হো চি মিনৰ কবিতা) (1979), Krishnanga Kabir Kabita(কৃষ্ণাংগ কবিৰ কবিতা) (1982), Faiz Ahmad Faizar Kabita(ফয়্জ আহমদ ফয়্জৰ কবিতা) (1985) and Musa Jalilar Kabita(মুছা জালিলৰ কবিতা) (1987).
Books about Abani Chakravarty
Since Abani's disappearance, several books have been published about him. These include: Abani Chakravartir Nirbachita Kabita(অৱনী চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ নিৰ্বাচিত কবিতা) (published by Puthi Niketan in 1996), Abani Chakravartir Swa Nirbachita Kabita Sankalan (অৱনী চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ স্ব নিৰ্বাচিত কবিতা সংকলন)(published by Friends Publication in 2004), Abani Chakravarty: Smriti aru Sristi(অৱনী চক্ৰৱৰ্তী: স্মৃতি আৰু সৃষ্টি) (published by Kabita Prakashan in 2009) and Swapno Ke Saath Ek Din Thitholi (सपनो के साथ एक दिन ठिठोली) (A Hindi translation of a few selected poems of Abani Chakravarty by Dinkar Kumar, published by Kabita Prakashan in 2010). A special edition of the Hindi magazine Ulupi focused on Chakravarty came out in 2004.
Website on Abani Chakravarty
A website on Poet Abani Chakravarty https://poetabani.com was launched on 3 January 2018 by the poet's family. It was inaugurated by Sahitya Akademy awardee poet Gyan Pujari at Gahpur, Assam.
See also
List of people who disappeared
References
External links
Abani Chakraborty's poetry
1941 births
1990s missing person cases
20th-century Indian poets
Assamese-language poets
Kamrupi people
Missing people
Missing person cases in India
People from Nalbari district
Poets from Assam |
South Medwin, sometimes spelled Medwyn, is a river in the Lanarkshire region of Scotland. Along with the confluence of the North Medwin River it forms the Medwin water basin. The South Medwin flows westward to join the River Clyde a mile (1.5 km) south of Carnwath at a point called "The Meeting".
References
Rivers of South Lanarkshire
River Clyde |
Saṃśodhana Maṇḍala (; lit. Revision Board) is a Nepalese research organisation. The primary work of the organisation is to correct the errors and shortcomings present in existing historical information about Nepal and to interpret information from historical archives. Alongside history, the organisation also researches on various topic related to language, Nepalese culture and Vedic traditions. The organisation was awarded the Jagadamba Shree Puraskar in 2011 (2068 BS).
About
It was established as a group on 20 September 1952 (5 Ashoj 2009 BS) by polymath Naya Raj Pant. When it was formed in 1952, the group had 21 scholars. Their first work was the correction of the information published in Nepal ko Eitihasik Rooprekha by historian Balchandra Sharma, published a year earlier. Gradually, the size of the group reduced to eight. The organisation was formally established in .
After the death of Pant in 2002, his sons Dinesh Raj and Mahesh Raj Pant run the organisation.
The organisation also publishes a magazine called Poornima, once every three months, from 1964 (2021 BS). The organisation was awarded the Jagadamba Shree Puraskar in 2011 (2068 BS) for “their significant contribution towards Nepali literature”.
As of 2019, the organization had only two members Dinesh Raj and Mahesh Raj Pant. According to Mahesh Raj Pant, about 80 per cent of the revision in the information related to Nepalese history is corrected by the organisation.
Publications
Itihas Sansodhana
Avilekha Sangraha
Savadhana Patra
Vyakaran Sansodhana
Panchanga Sansodhana
Nayaraj Panta ko Drishti ma Shree 3 Junga Bahadur Rana
Poornima magazine
References
1952 establishments in Nepal
Jagadamba Shree Puraskar winners
History organizations based in Nepal |
Luís Paquete (6 May 1940 – January 2003) was a Portuguese weightlifter. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1940 births
2003 deaths
Portuguese male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for Portugal
Weightlifters at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1968 Summer Olympics
People from Évora
Sportspeople from Évora District |
James Praed (ca. 16551706) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1681 and between 1689 and 1705.
Praed was the son of James Praed of Trevethoe, Cornwall and his wife Horor Gifford, daughter of Arthur Gifford of Birghtley, Devon. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford on 27 June 1671 aged 15 and entered Middle Temple in 1674. He was a colonel in the militia.
In 1681, Praed was elected Member of Parliament for St Ives. He was re-elected MP for St Ives in 1689 and sat until 1705. During his time in parliament he had considerable periods of absence. He voted for the Tack and was defeated at the election in 1705. He was recorder of Penzance from 1693 until his death in 1706, and stannator for Penwith and Kerrier in 1703.
Praed married Lucy Basset, daughter of John Basset of Tehidy, Illogan, Cornwall shortly before his death. He left all his personal property to his wife and his encumbered estates to his brother John.
References
1655 births
1706 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England for St Ives
English MPs 1681
English MPs 1689–1690
English MPs 1690–1695
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1698–1700
English MPs 1701
English MPs 1701–1702
English MPs 1702–1705
Members of the Middle Temple
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford |
Dresden Bischofsplatz station () is a railway station in the town of Dresden, Saxony, Germany. The station is located on the Pirna–Coswig railway.
Gallery
References
External links
Bischofsplatz
Railway stations in Germany opened in 2016
DresdenBischofsplatz |
The Sergeant Floyd Monument is a monument on the Missouri River at Floyd's Bluff in Sioux City, Iowa, US. The monument honors Charles Floyd, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, who died on the upstream voyage in 1804 and was buried here.
The monument is the first designated National Historic Landmark of the United States.
History
Charles Floyd (1782–1804) was a United States explorer, a non-commissioned officer and quartermaster in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. A native of Kentucky, he was a relative of William Clark. He was one of the first men to join the expedition.
While exploring the Louisiana Purchase with Lewis and Clark, Floyd took ill at the end of July 1804. On July 31, Floyd wrote in his diary, "I am very sick and has been for sometime but have recovered my health again." However, this apparent recovery was soon followed by a severe turn for the worse. William Clark described his colleague's death as one "with a great deal of composure", and said that before Floyd died, he told Clark: "I am going away. I want you to write me a letter." The sergeant died on August 20. The expedition held a funeral and buried Floyd on a bluff overlooking the Missouri River; they named it Floyd's Bluff in his honor.
Clark diagnosed Floyd's illness as bilious colic, though modern doctors and historians agree Floyd's death was more likely to have been caused by a ruptured appendix. The brief "recovery" Floyd described may have represented the temporary relief afforded by the bursting of the organ, which would have been followed by a fatal peritonitis. In those days, appendicitis was almost invariably fatal; while appendectomies had been performed as early as 1735, they were extremely hazardous and agonizing, and unfamiliar to most doctors of the era.
By 1857, erosion had caused much of Floyd's grave—even the original cedar post marker left by the crew of the expedition—to slide into the river and wash away. Concerned citizens rescued most of his skeleton, including his skull, and re-buried it 200 meters east of the original burial site. A forensic reconstruction of Sgt. Floyd's probable facial appearance based on a plaster cast of his skull is on display at the Sergeant Floyd Riverboat Museum in Sioux City.
After Floyd's expedition journal was published in 1894, new interest was taken in him and his remains were buried again on August 20, 1895, the anniversary of his death. Sioux City residents Thomas J. Stone, John H. Charles, George D. Perkins, C. R. Marks, and G. W. Wakefield established the Floyd Association to erect a monument. It took five years to raise $20,000 and development began in May 1900 with the pouring of a concrete base. Floyd's remains were reinterred for the final time on August 20, 1900, the anniversary of his death. The obelisk of white sandstone standing high was completed on May 30, 1901. In 1960, the monument was recognized by the U.S. Department of Interior as the first National Historic Landmark. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 30, 1960.
The Floyd Monument is now within a park that overlooks the Missouri River valley. Floyd's final resting place is located on old U.S. Highway 75, in the southern part of Sioux City, Iowa.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places listings in Woodbury County, Iowa
References
The Definitive Journals of Lewis and Clark: John Speedway and Charles Floyd
External links
Sergeant Floyd Monument
Lewis and Clark Trail: Sioux City
Sgt. Floyd Monument NPS
George Catlin's 1832 painting of "Floyd's Bluff"
Floyd Biography
National Historic Landmarks in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Sioux City, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Sioux City, Iowa
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Monuments and memorials in Iowa
Tourist attractions in Sioux City, Iowa
1901 sculptures
Obelisks in the United States
1901 establishments in Iowa |
J. Scott Milne (January 21, 1898 – July 20, 1955) was a Canadian-born American labor union leader.
Born in Vancouver, Milne served in the Canadian Army during World War I. After the war, he emigrate to the United States, settling in Portland, Oregon. There, he became an electrical lineman, and joined the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW). In 1923, he became business manager and financial secretary of his local union.
In 1929, Milne began working full-time for the international union. In 1936, he was elected as vice-president for the West Coast region. He was elected as secretary-treasurer of the union in 1947, also becoming editor of the union journal, Electrical Workers' Journal. He served as the American Federation of Labor's delegate to the British Trades Union Congress in 1953, and that year also became president of the International Labor Press of North America.
In 1954, Milne was elected as president of IBEW. He was also elected as a vice-president of the American Federation of Labor. In his spare time, he ran a dairy and bulb farm. He died there of a heart attack in 1955.
References
1898 births
1955 deaths
American trade union leaders
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Trade unionists from British Columbia
Vice Presidents of the American Federation of Labor |
Cairo Jim is a popular series of children's books by author Geoffrey McSkimming. They have been described as "epic" and "imaginatively written", and compared to the Boy's Own Paper and the works of Agatha Christie.
There are currently 20 books in the series. Additionally published is Cairo Jim's Bumper Book of Flabbergasting Fragments, a book of poems, short stories and puzzles for fans of the series. The Cairo Jim and Jocelyn Osgood books are published in many different languages in the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Korea, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Poland, Russia, Hungary, and New Zealand.
Commencing in 2016, all titles in the Cairo Jim chronicles are being e-published by 9 Diamonds Press.
Characters
Cairo Jim – The protagonist of the series, Cairo Jim is a well known archaeologist and little known poet. He lives in the fictional Valley of the Hairdressers in Cairo, along with his faithful animal companions Doris the talking macaw and Brenda the wonder camel. He is fond of wearing special desert sun spectacles and a pith helmet.
Brenda the Wonder Camel - A camel from the Wonder Herd of Thebes, who possesses a remarkably broad knowledge of the world since accidentally swallowing a collection of encyclopedias as a calf. A long-time friend of Jim's, she is an aficionado of the Melodious Tex adventure novels.
Doris - Doris the macaw originally met Jim in Peru (see Cairo Jim on the Trail to ChaCha Muchos) and has been his travelling companion ever since. She can speak English, is an expert in ancient languages, and enjoys quoting the works of Shakespeare.
Captain Neptune Flannelbottom Bone - The primary villain of the series, Bone is a former friend of Jim's, having attended archaeology school with him. He seeks to exploit the treasures and secrets of antiquity for his own gain, and is obsessed by plans of wealth, power, world domination and immortality. He is described as an overweight man with a neatly clipped moustache and beard, who is fond of wearing waistcoats, plus fours, spats and fezzes in various garish and clashing colours. He takes extreme pride in his finely manicured fingernails.
Desdemona - A red-eyed, flea-ridden talking raven and an accomplice to most of Bone's dastardly plots.
Jocelyn Osgood - A flight attendant with Valkyrian Airways, she is described as a "'good friend' of Cairo Jim" and occasionally helps him on his adventures. She also has a pilot's licence.
List of books
Cairo Jim on the Trail to ChaCha Muchos
Cairo Jim & Doris in Search of Martenarten
Jocelyn Osgood - After the Puce Empress
Cairo Jim and the Sunken Sarcophagus of Sekheret
Jocelyn Osgood and the Xylophones above Zarundi
Cairo Jim and the Alabastron of Forgotten Gods
Cairo Jim and the Quest for the Quetzal Queen
Jocelyn Osgood in Ascent into Asgard
Cairo Jim and the Secret Sepulchre of the Sphinx
Cairo Jim Amidst the Petticoats of Artemis
Cairo Jim and the Lagoon of Tidal Magnificence
Cairo Jim and the Tyrannical Bauble of Tiberius
Cairo Jim and the Chaos from Crete
Cairo Jim and the Rorting of Rameses' Regalia
Cairo Jim and Jocelyn Osgood in Bedlam from Bollywood
Cairo Jim and the Sumptuous Stash of Silenus
Cairo Jim at the Crossroads of Orpheus
Cairo Jim and the Astragals of Angkor
Cairo Jim and the Portal of Peristophanes: the Return of Cairo Jim
References
External links
Official Geoffrey McSkimming website
Official Geoffrey McSkimming website for the Phyllis Wong mysteries
Official Geoffrey McSkimming website for the Cairo Jim chronicles
Series of children's books
Australian children's books |
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Clay Hall is a mid-twentieth century women's dormitory located on the campus of Northern Oklahoma College in Enid, Oklahoma that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2012. Architect Roy W. Shaw designed it for Phillips University in 1941. The building was named after Robert Henry Clay, the husband of Sadie Clay, who had given a $25,000 donation to the project. A cornerstone ceremony was held on October 9, 1941. Mefford construction had completed the exterior by 1942, and the interior was completed in 1946, having been delayed by the onset of World War II. The dormitory cost $175,000 to build, and the University held a dedication ceremony on October 11, 1946. In 1951 and 1959, a north and a south wing were added to the building in order to accommodate an expanding student population. These additional wings increased Clay Hall's residential space from 150 women to 258, and its building size to 59,000 square feet. Phillips University's enrollment peaked in the 1970s, and the dormitory closed briefly in 1985, was reopened in 1986, and then permanently shut down in 1987. Clay Hall is the oldest dormitory on the campus. Its predecessor, Athenian Hall, was demolished in 1952, and a men's dormitory, Earl Butts Hall, was completed in 1955.
References
Buildings and structures in Enid, Oklahoma
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Phillips University
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Mission Revival architecture in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Garfield County, Oklahoma |
The 33rd Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.
LIST OF WINNERS
The 1983 winners were divided into twelve categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] novel, short story, poetry, essay, one-act play, and full-length play:
English Division
Novel
Special Prize: Edilberto K. Tiempo, The Standard Bearer
Short Story
First Prize: Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., "Oldtimer"
Second Prize: Jesus Cruz, "Games"
Third Prize: Jose L. Ayala, "Perfect Sunday"
Poetry
First Prize: Rowena Tiempo Torrevillas, "Seeress and Voyager"
Gemino H. Abad, "The Other Clearing"
Second Prize: Francis Macansantos, "The Words and Other Poems"
Alfredo N. Salanga, "Thin Poems Occasioned by Big and Small Events"
Third Prize: Simeon Dumdum Jr., "Axioms"
Cesaro Syjuco, "The Chameleon"
Ophelia Dimalanta, "The Time Factor"
Essay
First Prize: Gregorio C. Brillantes, "Rizal, Balaguer and Teilhard: Convergence at the Luneta"
Second Prize: Adrian Cristobal, "Letters to the President"
Third Prize: Marjorie Evasco, "Tertulias at San Jose and a Family Album"
One-Act Play
First Prize: No Winner
Second Prize: Herminia Sison, "Waiting for Noriyushi"
Third Prize: Felix A. Clemente, "The Chieftain's Daughter"
Honorable Mention: Jessie B. Garcia, "Brief Passage"
Dong Delos Reyes, "Standard Overhauling Procedure"
Full-Length Play
First Prize: Ed delos Santos Cabagnot, "The Theatre of Director Julius Opus"
Second Prize: Ma. Soledad N. Fortich, "Reyna Elena"
Third Prize: Mig Alvarez Enriquez, "Labaw, Donggon"
Filipino Division
Nobela
Grand Prize: Lualhati Bautista, Dekada '70
Edel Garcellano, Ficcion
Maikling Kwento
First Prize: Agapito M. Pugay, "Pinagdugtong-dugtong na Hininga Mula sa Iskinitang..."
Second Prize: Fidel Rillo Jr., "Mga Sugat sa Dibdib ni Sister Faina"
Third Prize: Lualhati Bautista, "Buwan, Buwan, Hulugan Mo Ako ng Sundang"
Fanny A. Garcia, "Tayong Mga Maria Magdalena"
Tula
First Prize: Jose F. Lacaba, "Sa Panahon ng Ligalig"
Second Prize: David T. Mamaril, "Basal ang Bungo Ko"
Third Prize: Teo T. Antonio, "Pamamangka at iba pang Pagsasagwan"
Sanaysay
First Prize: Rosario Torres-Yu, "Ang Kontemporaryong Nobelang Tagalog"
Second Prize: Pedro L. Ricarte, "Ukol sa Isang Komprehensibong Panunuring Pampanitikan"
Third Prize: Lilia Quindoza Santiago, "Mula Kay Maria Clara Hanggang Kay Connie Escobar"
Dulang May Isang Yugto
First Prize: Rene O. Villanueva, "Huling Gabi sa Maragondon"
Second Prize: Roberto Jose De Guzman, "Liwanag sa Karimlan"
Third Prize: Dong Delos Reyes, "Bulkang Sumambulat ang ... Pigsa"
Pedro L. Ricarte, "Madawag na Lupa"
Dulang Ganap ang Haba
First Prize: Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo, "Mga Abong Pangarap"
Second Prize: Bienvenido Noriega Jr., "Batang PRO"
Third Prize: Tony Perez, "Isang Pangyayari sa Planas Site"
References
Sources
Palanca Awards
Palanca Awards, 1983 |
Seed cake may refer to:
Bush bread
Caraway seed cake
Press cake, residue left after pressing seeds to extract oil. |
The Ultimate Clip Collection is a 2003 DVD compilation of seven music videos American rock band The Hooters made for Columbia Records.
DVD features
Technical side
Available Audio Tracks:
English (Dolby Digital 5.1)
English (PCM Stereo)
Content
Music videos:
"500 Miles" (Hedy West, additional lyrics by Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian, Rick Chertoff)
"Johnny B." (Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian, Rick Chertoff)
"Satellite" (Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian, Rick Chertoff)
"And We Danced" (Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian)
"Karla With a K" (The Hooters)
"Brother, Don't You Walk Away" (Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian, Rick Chertoff)
"Where Do the Children Go" (Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian)
Awards
At Billboard'''s 8th Annual Video Music Conference on November 22, 1986, The Hooters received an award for Best Concert Performance'' for the "Where Do the Children Go" video.
Personnel
Eric Bazilian: lead vocals, guitar, mandolin
Rob Hyman: lead vocals, keyboards, accordion
David Uosikkinen: drums
John Lilley: guitar
Andy King: bass guitar, vocals
Fran Smith Jr.: bass guitar, vocals (tracks 1,6)
Additional musicians
Peter, Paul and Mary: background vocals on "500 Miles"
2003 films |
James Herbert Curle (18 October 1870 – 26 December 1942) was a Scottish mining engineer, traveller, writer, eugenicist, and philatelist. He wrote The Gold Mines of the World as well as autobiographical and travel works of a philosophical turn.
He was a member of the Eugenics Society and published To-day and To-morrow: The Testing Period of the White Race (1926) in which he surveyed the races of the world and argued that the white race was being out-bred by other races and its purity being eroded through inter-breeding with other races.
He won awards for his collection of stamps of the Transvaal and in 1940 jointly won the Crawford Medal of the Royal Philatelic Society, London, for his book on the postage stamps of that province.
Early life
James Curle was born in Melrose, Scotland, on 18 October 1870, one of eleven children. His father was also James Curle and his mother was Marion Passmore Whyte Newlyn. The family lived in the south of Scotland at the foot of the Eildon Hills. He was educated at a preparatory school in Worcestershire but did not attend a public school due to "an overcharged nervous system".
In 1885 he travelled to Australia in the care of a physician whose passage had been paid by Curle's father. The physician drank the brandy from Curle's flask, attributing its disappearance to "evaporation" and, according to Curle, much of the rest of the alcohol on the ship. Curle arrived in Australian at the age of 14 and after visiting relatives and staying in "the bush", visited his first gold mine at Ballarat. He visited Tasmania before returning to Scotland in 1886.
Later in 1886 he travelled to South Africa, visiting the Transvaal and Natal before returning to Scotland where he spent two years at the University of St Andrews before matriculating at Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge.
Career
In 1891, Curle arrived in Witwatersrand, South Africa. In 1894 he was appointed mining editor of the Johannesburg Star but he left that job fairly soon after to work in mine evaluation which he did during his extensive travels. In the course of his work he acquired a great deal of financial insight into mining companies that enabled him to become wealthy by trading shares on the stock exchange.
In 1899 he published The Gold Mines of the World which had a second edition in 1902 and a third in 1905. He also wrote a number of autobiographical and travel works of a philosophical turn such as The Shadow-show (1912) and This World of Ours (1921). According to his obituary, he travelled with a large map of the world on which he recorded his journeys which for a prolonged period of time averaged 50,000 miles per annum.
The writer Manfred Nathan, who worked with Curle on The Star, described him as "a tall man with thick eye-brows and a sort of stammer" who was taciturn and did not encourage confidences. His obituary in The Eugenics Review, described him as "very much a Border Scot", shy, deflecting praise with a joke, an agnostic, of strong views but personally generous. Tall at , he was, however, not robust and his extensive travels were the result of determination and an inherently roving nature.
Racial views
Curle was a member of the Eugenics Society and in 1926 published To-day and To-morrow: The Testing Period of the White Race in which he surveyed the races of the world and argued, as was common in eugenicist circles before the Second World War, that the white race was being out-bred by other races and its purity being eroded through inter-breeding with other races.
He described the "Negro" as the "hero of Africa", capable of great good and a gentleman, but characterised him as unsophisticated and child-like with "vivid emotions", a ready laugh, and an innate gentleness. Described as having a smaller brain than other races, Curle argued that "Evolution does not need the Negro" and saw the growth in their population in Africa as a "vast futility" but one that "we [the white race] must make the best of".
Curle placed the races of the world in a pecking-order with the white race at the top but even there he saw significant differences between different groups, seeing whites from Western Europe as more advanced than those from Eastern Europe whom he described as inferior, unstable, and ruled by emotion.
Philately
He was a specialist in the stamps of Transvaal. In 1940, with Albert Basden, he was awarded the Crawford Medal by the Royal Philatelic Society London for his work Transvaal Postage Stamps. He was a signatory to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists of South Africa.
He was unmarried and it was said of him in his obituary in The London Philatelist that his stamp collection was his "wife and children" to him and that there was no distance he would not travel to add to his collection.
Death and legacy
Curle died at the Royal Jubilee Hospital on 26 December 1942, in Victoria, B.C., from cancer of the pharynx. He left his stamp collection to the Africana Museum, Johannesburg. It was displayed at the JOMAPEX 2013 stamp exhibition. He left £2,000 to the Eugenics Society.
Selected publications
The Gold Mines of the World: Containing concise and practical advice for investors gathered from a personal inspection of the mines of the Transvaal, India, West Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, British Columbia and Rhodesia &c. Waterlow, London, 1899. (2nd ed. 1902) (3rd ed. 1905)
"The origin of the gold in the Rand banket", Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa, Vol. 8 (1907/08), pp. 198–202.
The Shadow-show. Methuen, London. 1912.
This World of Ours. Methuen, London, 1921.
To-day and To-morrow: The Testing Period of the White Race. Methuen, London, 1926. (U.S. edition titled Our Testing Time: Will the White Race Win Through?)
This World First. Methuen, London, 1931.
The Face of Earth. Methuen, London, 1937.
Transvaal Postage Stamps. Royal Philatelic Society, London, 1940. (With Albert Basden)
Eskimo Pie. Methuen, London, 1942.
References
Further reading
Pirie, J. H. Harvey & William Redford. (1951) "The World's Rarest Group of Stamps." A short description of the "Curle" collection of the stamps of the Transvaal. Johannesburg: Africana Museum.
1942 deaths
Philately of South Africa
Mining engineers
British philatelists
1870 births
20th-century Scottish autobiographers
Scottish travel writers
Scottish non-fiction writers
Scottish emigrants to South Africa
People from Melrose, Scottish Borders
Deaths from throat cancer
Scottish eugenicists |
Lake Norman State Park, formerly Duke Power State Park, is a North Carolina state park near Troutman, Iredell County, North Carolina in the United States. The park is on the northern shore of Lake Norman at the mouth of Hicks Creek. The park is open for year-round recreation including, boating, fishing, water skiing, swimming and camping. Lake Norman State Park is on Inland Sea Road in Troutman just off U.S. Route 70 between Interstates 40 and 77.
Lake Norman
Lake Norman, created between 1959 and 1964 as part of the construction of the Cowans Ford Dam by Duke Power, is the largest manmade body of fresh water in North Carolina. It is fed by the Catawba River. It was named after former Duke Power president Norman Cocke. Lake Norman is sometimes referred to as the "inland sea"; it offers of shoreline and a surface area of more than .
Lake Norman is a warm water fishery. The common game fish are yellow perch, crappie, bluegill, and striped, largemouth and white bass. Access to Lake Norman is available at the boat ramp within Lake Norman State Park. Use of the docks is free. All visitors to the park are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the North Carolina Wildlife Resource Commission. Rowboat and canoe rentals are available at the marina. A long beach is open for swimming, daily, April 1 - October 31, 10:00 a.m. until 6:00pm. A five dollar fee for adults and four dollar fee for children is charged for swimmers only when a lifeguard is present.
Recreation
Lake Norman State Park is open to recreational opportunities other than boating, swimming and fishing at Lake Norman. Several varieties of campsites are open at the park. Many miles of trails are open to hiking and mountain biking. And an extensive picnic area is open for year-round gatherings.
Camping
Lake Norman State Park features 33 campsites with tent pads, picnic tables and grills. They are available on a first-come, first-served basis for a fee. The gates of the park are locked nightly. Campers may not leave the park after closing or before the 8:00 a.m. opening except for emergencies. The closing hours change throughout the year. Lake Norman State Park closes at 6:00pm November–February, 8:00 p.m. in March, April, September and October, and 9:00 p.m. May–August.
There is group camping available to organizations. All organizations must reserve the group camping facilities in advance. No groups larger than 35 persons may camp at Lake Norman State Park. Restrooms are available in the park.
Trails
Alder Trail is a loop trail that begins at Park Lake near the main entrance of Lake Norman State Park. This trail passes through the picnic area and circles the peninsula between Norwood and Hicks Creeks near Park Lake.
Lake Shore Trail is a trail on the shore of Lake Norman.
Itusi Trail is a mountain biking trail system designed, built and maintained by the Tar Heel Trailblazers, a Charlotte based mountain biking club.
Wildlife
Most of the wildlife at Lake Norman State Park is rarely seen by the casual visitor. This does not mean that wildlife is scarce at the park, in fact a wide variety of eastern woodland creatures call Lake Norman State Park home. The more common mammals of the park are opossum, white-tailed deer, red and gray foxes, rabbits, muskrats, raccoons, and gray squirrels. Amphibians and reptiles can be found on the shores of Lake Norman and in the woods of Lake Norman State Park. The most common amphibians are a variety of frogs. A variety of snakes and turtles can also be seen at the park. Birds commonly seen at the park include, Carolina chickadees, pine warblers, red-tailed hawks, wild turkey, osprey, mallards, Canada geese, and herons.
Nearby state parks
The following state parks and state forests are within of Lake Norman State Park:
Mountain Island Educational State Forest
References
External links
Protected areas established in 1962
State parks of North Carolina
Protected areas of Iredell County, North Carolina
Duke Energy
Open-air museums in North Carolina
Beaches of North Carolina |
611 Place is a 42-story, skyscraper at 611 West 6th Street in Downtown Los Angeles, California, designed by William L. Pereira & Associates and completed in 1969. The building was commissioned by the now-defunct Crocker Citizen's Bank, and served as its Southern California headquarters until 1983, when it moved to Crocker Center, now Wells Fargo Center (Los Angeles). It was subsequently bought by AT&T. It was the tallest building in Los Angeles upon completion, and the first building to surpass Los Angeles City Hall in terms of structural height (many buildings had surpassed City Hall with decorative spires, the first being Richfield Tower). It consists of a cross-shaped tower clad in vertical aluminum beams, and supported on its west side by an immense, blank slab of concrete running the entire height of the building, which houses elevator and utility shafts and is used to display corporate logos. The building features a number of Pereira's design trademarks, including cleft vertical columns, grid patterned ceilings, and architectural lanterns fitted to the exterior.
The building was described in 2023 as "long-vacant." A 2007 plan to convert the building to condominums did not move forward.
The building has appeared in several movies and television series:
The Elevator (1974), where it appeared as a skyscraper in which an elevator stalls and traps the occupants.
Mr. Mom (1983), where it appeared as the location of the Richardson Advertising Agency.
Uncommon Valor (1983), where it is featured as the Houston headquarters of an oil executive.
Con Air (1997), the building be seen from an aerial view and street view as a dead body falls from an aircraft and lands on a car near the base of the building in the city of Fresno, California.
Epicenter (2000), This building is destroyed by an earthquake in this movie.
The Day After Tomorrow (2004), where it appeared in shots of Manhattan.
Along Came Polly (2004), where it was the starting point of an ill-fated BASE jump.
The Morning Show (2019 - 1st season, 2021 - 2nd season), where 611 Place is shown as UBA's headquarters.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles
References
1960s architecture in the United States
1969 establishments in California
AT&T buildings
Bank company headquarters in the United States
Buildings and structures in Downtown Los Angeles
Financial District, Los Angeles
Office buildings completed in 1969
Skyscraper office buildings in Los Angeles
William Pereira buildings |
A by-election was held in the federal riding of Chicoutimi—Le Fjord in Quebec on June 18, 2018, following the resignation of incumbent Liberal MP Denis Lemieux.
The seat was gained by the Conservative Party of Canada, with Richard Martel winning on a large swing of 19 points, becoming the new MP. The result was a surprise as in the 2015 election, the conservative candidate had come in 4th place. Martel's victory was the first by-election loss for the Liberals since 2013.
Background
Constituency
The riding is located about 200 kilometres north of Quebec City, and consists of the northern part of the Chicoutimi borough of Saguenay, as well as the La Baie borough and the municipalities of Ferland-et-Boilleau, L'Anse-Saint-Jean, Petit-Saguenay, Rivière-Éternité and Saint-Félix-d'Otis and the unorganized territory of Lalemant.
Representation
The by-election was triggered by the announcement by Liberal MP Denis Lemieux on November 6, 2017, that he would be resigning his seat for family reasons; his resignation took effect on December 1, 2017. Lemieux was first elected in the 2015 federal election with 31.1% of the vote, narrowly defeating NDP incumbent Dany Morin.
Campaign
Liberal
Port Saguenay board member Lina Boivin, who was endorsed by Lemieux, defeated former Saint-Charles de Bourget mayor Michel Ringuette for the Liberal nomination, held in May 2018. A rumoured candidate for the Liberal nomination was former Paralympic athlete and head of university sport at UQAC, Philippe Gagnon. Former municipal councillor and former Quebec Liberal MNA candidate Joan Simard, local businessman Simon-Pierre Murdock, who later endorsed Boivin, and Chicoutimi-Nord Municipal Councillor Marc Pettersen declined to run for the nomination. "Promotion Saguenay" Director of Industrial Development and Corporate Affairs Claude Bouchard had his candidacy rejected by the federal Liberal party.
New Democrat
Éric Dubois, a union advisor at the CSN and former federal NDP candidate, was acclaimed as the NDP candidate on January 22, 2018. Dany Morin and former Ontario MPP and federal NDP leader Jagmeet Singh both expressed interest in running for the nomination but decided against it.
Bloc Quebecois
Catherine Bouchard-Tremblay was acclaimed as the candidate for the Bloc Québécois on May 18, 2018. Former Dubuc PQ MNA Jean-Marie Claveau and teacher Valérie Tremblay were rumoured to be interested in running for the Bloc Québécois nomination. Former Chicoutimi—Le Fjord BQ MP Robert Bouchard, Saguenay firefighter Mario Gagnon, and UQAC political science professor Michel Roche declined to run for the nomination.
The short-lived « Groupe parlementaire québécois » / « Québec debout », formed by seven members of parliament after they left the Bloc Québécois, considered nominating a candidate but failed to do so.
Conservative
Two-time Ron Lapointe Trophy winning QMJHL coach Richard Martel was named the Conservative candidate on December 20, 2017.
Green
Lynda Youde was acclaimed as the candidate for the Green Party on May 22, 2018.
Warrant
The Speaker's warrant regarding the vacancy was received on December 4, 2017; under the Parliament of Canada Act the writ for a by-election had to be dropped no later than June 2, 2018, 180 days after the Chief Electoral Officer was officially notified of the vacancy via a warrant issued by the Speaker. On May 13, 2018, the writ was dropped for a by-election for June 18, 2018.
Results
2015 result
References
See also
By-elections to the 42nd Canadian Parliament
Chicoutimi—Le Fjord federal by-election
Chicoutimi—Le Fjord federal by-election
Chicoutimi—Le Fjord federal by-election, 2018
Chicoutimi—Le Fjord federal by-election
Politics of Saguenay, Quebec |
Paul Raymond Hutchins (5 April 1945 – 14 March 2019) was a British tennis player and Davis Cup player.
He was the longest serving British Davis Cup captain, being in charge for 31 matches and 13 years, including the 1978 final.
Biography
Born in Bristol, Hutchins was educated at Millfield School.
Hutchins was a Davis Cup player and Captain for Great Britain from 1975 to 1987. In 1968, he made the third round of the men's singles at the French Open and the US Open, and the quarterfinals of the men's doubles at the French, partnering Gerald Battrick.
Hutchins largely stopped playing at the age of 25 due to injury, though he did play a few matches in 1972 & 1973.
He had four children, the most noteworthy being Ross, a former ATP Pro.
References
External links
1945 births
2019 deaths
Members of the Order of the British Empire
English male tennis players
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Bristol
Neurological disease deaths in the United Kingdom
Deaths from motor neuron disease
People educated at Millfield |
Dakodonou, Dakodonu, Dako Donu or Dako Danzo was an early king of the Kingdom of Dahomey, in present-day Benin, ruling from around 1620 until 1645. Oral tradition recounts that Dakodonu was the son (or grandson) of Do-Aklin, the founder of the royal dynasty of Dahomey, and the father to Houegbadja, often considered the founder of the Kingdom of Dahomey. In addition, it is said that Dakodonu killed a local chieftain and founded the capital city upon the site. However, some recent historical analysis contends that Dakodonu was added into the royal line in the 18th century to legitimize the ruling dynasty over the indigenous inhabitants of the Abomey plateau.
Name
One legend tells that Dakodonou's original name was Dako but he adopted his new name Dakodonou after killing Donou (who was either a farmer or an indigo painter) in a pot of indigo and rolling his corpse around its blue tomb.
Founding of Abomey Kingdom
Oral tradition holds that a succession struggle in Allada resulted in Do-Aklin moving a large population onto the Abomey plateau, an area settled by the Gedevi. When Do-Aklin died (or in some versions was deposed), Dakodonu became the leader of the group and was given permission by the Gedevi chiefs to settle on the plateau. Dakodonu requested additional land for settlement from a prominent Gedevi chief named Dan (or Da). To this request, the chief responded "Should I open up my belly and build you a house in it." The tradition contends that Dakodonu killed Dan on the spot and ordered that his new palace be built on the site and derived the kingdom's name from the incident: Dan=chief, xo=Belly, me=Inside of. From this beginning, Dakodonu began establishing the basic structure of the Dahomey kingdom and is reported to have conquered two additional villages. Oral tradition of the ruling lineage of the kingdom says that Dakodonu's son Houegbadja, often considered the first king of Dahomey, took over after Dakodonu's reign.
Dakodonu and legitimation of the royal lineage
Dahomey historian Edna Bay argues that Dakodonu was actually himself a Gedevi, the local population of the area, and that he was added into the royal lineage story by Agaja in order to establish the legitimate rule of the Kingdom over the local population. Evidence of this is suggested through the fact that the head priest of the kingdom, the agasunon in Fon, was always from the lineage of Dakodonu. In addition, oral tradition of lineages not associated with the ruling group claim that Houegbadja was an adopted son of Dakodonu. Dakodonu's inclusion in royal lists then was a means of creating recognition for the local population in a powerful position (the head priest) and legitimating the rule of the Fon kingdom over the territory. In addition, Monroe contends that the story of the founding, the killing of Dan, is likely not based on a single incident and Bay contends that Dahomey meaning In the belly of Dan is likely a false etymology.
Constructions by Dakodonu
As an early king of Dahomey, the reign of Dakodonu coincided with some significant construction projects including the start of the Royal Palaces of Abomey, although the structures were probably replaced by construction by Houegbadja, and Agongointo-Zoungoudo Underground Town.
See also
Vodun
History of the Kingdom of Dahomey
References
Kings of Dahomey
17th-century monarchs in Africa
17th century in the Kingdom of Dahomey
Year of birth unknown
1645 deaths |
Minuscule 222 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A404 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition.
Description
The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels, on 346 paper leaves (size ), with some lacunae (Matthew 1:1-6:19; John 14:2-16:4; 16:7-fin). It is written in one column per page, 24-32 lines per page.
It contains a commentary (Victor's in Mark).
Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.
It was not examined by the Claremont Profile Method. In result his textual character is unknown.
History
The manuscript was brought by Busbecq from Constantinople (along with Minuscule 123 and 221). C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887.
It is currently housed at the Austrian National Library (Theol. Gr. 180), at Vienna.
See also
List of New Testament minuscules
Biblical manuscript
Textual criticism
References
Further reading
External links
Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts of the Austrian National Library |
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries. As the border between the countries had not been determined in detail prior to independence, several parts of the border were disputed, both on land and at the sea, namely in the Gulf of Piran.
According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the two countries share about of border. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, the border spans . The border mostly runs along a southwest-northeast axis.
The countries have attempted to resolve the dispute, most notably with the Drnovšek–Račan agreement in 2001 that was ratified by Slovenia but not by Croatia. Because of the disputed border, Slovenia blocked Croatia's EU accession talks until the agreement was reached by both countries and the EU to settle the dispute by a binding arbitration.
On 29 June 2017, the Permanent Court of Arbitration issued a binding ruling on the border, ruling on the disputed parts of land border, drawing the border in the Gulf of Piran, and ruling that Slovenia should have direct access to international waters in the north Adriatic Sea using a corridor crossing Croatian waters. It also ruled on several other disputed border areas. The ruling was hailed by Slovenia but Croatia said it would not implement it. Croatia stated that they withdrew from the process in 2015, citing the discovered talks between the Slovenian government representative and the member of the arbitration court as a breach of the arbitration rules. Slovenia implemented the ruling on 29 December 2017 with continued opposition from Croatia.
Origins of Gulf of Piran issues
Following World War II, the area from north of Trieste to the Mirna River in the south was part of the Free Territory of Trieste. In 1954, the Territory was dissolved; the area was provisionally divided between Italy and Yugoslavia, and the division made final by the Treaty of Osimo in 1975.
In the first draft delimitation proposal following both countries' 1991 declarations of independence, Slovenia proposed establishing the border in the Gulf of Piran's center. However, Slovenia changed the draft the following year (declaring its sovereignty over the entire Gulf on 5 June 1992). Since then Slovenia has continued to insist on this position.
The name "Bay of Savudrija" () was originally used for only part of the bay. In 2000 it came into use for the whole bay by local Croatian fishermen and was quickly adopted (first by Croatian journalists, then local authorities, and finally at the state level), leading to its appearance in official maps. Such actions were contrary to established practices with long-standing geographical names, and are seen by Slovene authorities as an attempt to imply historical connections with the bay. Another name, "Bay of Dragonja" (), was introduced in Croatia but failed to gain widespread use.
Sea dispute
Croatia claims that the boundary should be an equal distance from each shore. The claim is based on the first sentence of Article 15 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:
Slovenian claims are based on the same article. However, it favours the second sentence, which stipulates that historical claims or other unusual circumstances supersede the equidistance rule. The Law of the Sea also states that international waters begin from the country's shore – while the nearest international waters are away from Slovenia's shore.
The Convention states that a coastal state has an exclusive right to manage all natural resources in a band up to from its shore (an 'exclusive economic zone').
When Slovenia notified the UN Secretariat in 1995 of its succession to Yugoslavia's ratification of the Convention (continuing the agreement), it included a note saying that this system of exclusive economic zones has become part of international law and asserted its rights as a geographically disadvantaged state. The convention makes it clear that any decision to declare an exclusive economic zone should be made in co-operation with all interested parties; Croatian sources claim that Slovenia's self-description as a geographically disadvantaged state amounts to an admission that it is a country without access to international waters.
Slovenia also claims the right to access international waters; Slovenia bases this claim on the country's free access to international waters while part of Yugoslavia. Due to the statements of Croatian negotiators, Slovenian politicians have also presented the concern that without a territorial connection to international waters, Croatia could limit "harmless passage" to its ports (contrary to international agreements and practice); this would complicate Slovenia's sovereignty at sea and could cause economic damage. Because of these concerns, Slovenia has invoked the principle of equity for unfortunate geographic conditions.
According to Slovenia, Savudrija was associated with Piran, which for centuries had an Italian majority until post-World War II, and Slovenian police controlled the entire gulf between 1954 and 1991. If this claim were to prevail, Slovenia argues it could claim sovereignty over part of the bay area on the Croatian side of the median line. Croatia disputes Slovenia's claims of historical control over the bay.
The Croatian side asserts that the corridor in the Croatian waters would be useless for traffic, since traffic regulations in the Gulf of Trieste allow only incoming traffic on the Croatian side of the border, while outgoing traffic must go through Italian waters. The Slovenian response is that Slovenia's access to international waters is not an exclusively practical or commercial issue; it is rather the logical consequence of that Slovenia is said to be an internationally recognized maritime country with granted access to international seas. The latter assertion has been repeatedly disputed by the Croatian side.
Croatia wants to solve this dispute only by certain articles of international law, while the Slovenian side insists on consideration of the principle "ex aequo et bono". The disputed points between the countries include whether or not the legal principle "ex aequo et bono" is a part of international law. Article 38(2) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice provides that the court may decide cases ex aequo et bono only if the parties agree. In 1984, the ICJ decided a case between the U.S. and Canada using "equitable criteria".
According to the Wikileaks cables published in 2011, which contain assessments by American diplomats, the maritime border dispute was influenced by Slovenia considering itself a maritime nation and Croatia feeling inferior to its neighbours.
Land dispute along the Dragonja river
Along with the maritime dispute, the two countries also have a land border dispute in the Gulf area along the Dragonja river. As in other disputed border areas, the dispute stems from differing demarcation principles: while the border between two republics was often drawn based on (sometimes loose) political agreements or along natural landforms, cadastral records from villages along the border continued to refer to the land which ended up controlled by the other republic. In the delta of Dragonja, Slovenia claims that the border is south of the river (thus including all the land that is registered in the cadastral municipality of Sečovlje), while Croatia claims that the border is on the river itself (St. Odoric's canal). The Croatian side rejects Slovenian arguments for cadastral borders on just this part of the mutual border (where such are in favour of Slovenia), saying that if the cadastral principle was consistently implemented, Slovenia would lose much more territory elsewhere than it could receive in the Gulf of Piran.
Another source of conflict in this area has been the border crossing at Plovanija, due to a checkpoint unilaterally established by Croatia on territory that has been claimed by both sides. Despite stating that the border crossing checkpoint is only a temporary solution, Croatia has included this checkpoint as indisputable in its international documents. Consequently, the territories with a Slovenian population south of that border checkpoint are considered to be under Croatian occupation by many Slovenian politicians and legal experts.
Both countries claim to have exercised since 1954 the most administrative jurisdiction over the contested area on the left bank of the river. The strip's inhabitants were granted Slovenian citizenship in 1991 and the Slovenian judiciary considers the area an integral part of Slovenia.
Among the Slovenian citizens residing in the area on the left bank of the Dragonja river is Joško Joras, whose refusal to recognize any Croatian jurisdiction after the two countries' independence has led since the early 1990s to numerous conflicts between Slovenia and Croatia. Joras claims he is on Slovenian territory occupied by Croatia; this has garnered much local public, but not much international, attention.
According to some Croatian experts, the border between the countries should be a few miles north from the current Dragonja river course, on what they regard as the original river course. The current river flow is actually a man-made canal, known as the Canal of St. Odoric. They point out a 1944 meeting organized by the Partisan Scientific Institute, led by the Slovenian historian Fran Zwitter, at which Slovenian and Croatian officials agreed on the Dragonja river as the border between the Socialist Republics of Croatia and Slovenia. However, neither the Slovenian nor the Croatian parliament ever ratified the agreement, nor was it ever internationally recognized. Moreover, according to some Slovenian legal experts such as Pavel Zupančič, the last internationally recognized border between the two countries was on the river Mirna (south of the Dragonja). However, the proposed Dragonja border has also been referenced many times and even partially implemented. The Croatian argument is, accordingly, based exclusively on the Dragonja border proposal which Slovenia has never officially recognized. According to the Croatian view, the current main flow of the Dragonja (the Canal of St. Odoric) was man made; according to Dr. Ekl, while international law allows changes of river-defined borders when rivers are changed by nature, it does not allow man-made river changes to alter borders. However, this is not the Croatian government's official position.
The analogous Slovenian argument claims that Piran has historically included the cadastral municipalities of Savudrija and Kaštel, which constitute the northern part of Savudrija Cape. The division of prewar Piran is therefore considered legally void, since any changes of borders should be (according to the former Yugoslav constitution) accepted by either the (no longer extant) federal parliament or the former Yugoslav republics' parliaments. Also support for the Slovenian claim to the Savudrija Cape comes from the area's ethnic structure, including Kaštel and Savudrija. In 1880 Kaštel, for instance, 99.31% of the population spoke Slovene. In 1910, the percent of Slovene-speaking inhabitants fell to 29.08%, the rest of population being predominantly Italian-speaking (65.22%), with only 5.70% Croatian-speaking. Similarly, in Savudrija, in 1910, the percent of Slovene-speaking population was 14.01%, while the majority was Italian speaking (78.77%). Thus, in 1910 Slovene were the largest non-Italian minority population in Kaštel and Savudrija. On that basis, some claim that the border between the countries should be changed and established at the southern border of the cadastral municipalities of Kaštel and Savudrija, at the Savudrija Cape's middle; since Croatia claims these municipalities, the border should not be further south than this. This position has been supported by a few notable Slovenian politicians, such as Marjan Podobnik and his political/party colleagues.
Another Slovenian view advocating border changes was proposed by the first President of the Slovenian Parliament, the legal expert France Bučar. The Istrian peninsula was historically included in the Austro-Hungarian Empire's Austrian part, as was the territory of modern Slovenia; the majority of modern Croatian territory was included in the Hungarian part. Bučar asserted that the present Istrian peninsular division is thus legally unfounded and irrelevant, since this division has never been based on what he considers proper legal acts and especially not on the will of Istria's native population. Therefore, Bučar proposed that the border in Istria should be determined by referendums carried out in any territory both countries wish to claim. This proposal is, according to Bučar, based upon the legal principle of self-determination, the same principle on which both countries' 1991 Declarations of Independence were based. Such a border determination process was employed in the Carinthian Plebiscite to determine the Slovenian–Austrian border.
Land dispute on Sveta Gera/Trdinov vrh
Sveta Gera (), the Žumberak/Gorjanci mountain range's highest peak, was disputed in the 1990s, but the issue is dormant.
The summit is claimed by both Croatia and Slovenia and is recorded in the Croatian land registry. An old Yugoslav People's Army barracks building stands there that is used as an outpost by the Slovenian Army. Control over the military complex is another part of the dispute. Diplomacy has kept this dispute from escalating.
In March 1999, Milan Kučan (president of Slovenia at the time) characterized the barracks building's use by either the Slovenian or the Croatian Army as controversial and "at least uncivilized". In 2004, he argued on Croatian TV that it would be better to open a mountain lodge there.
Border demarcation along the Mura river
Međimurje, the northernmost county of Croatia, borders Prekmurje, the easternmost region of Slovenia. The Mura river has divided Prekmurje from Međimurje for many centuries. The two regions were part of the Kingdom of Hungary, however latter was claimed by the Kingdom of Croatia and the Independent State of Croatia. The two regions became part of Slovenia and Croatia, respectively, in 1945.
An unresolved matter has been the March 1947 massacre of civilians by UDBA in the village of Štrigova. The Slovenes claim this was an incident of ethnic cleansing perpetrated by Croats to make the village Croatian.
The border between SR Slovenia and SR Croatia became the international border after the two countries became independent, pursuant to the decisions of the Badinter Committee.
In the border area, the river Mura meanders, occasionally floods, and has over time naturally modified its course.
The border, however, has customarily remained as previously determined; thus, the border today does not strictly follow the present-day river's course. Slovenia has proposed that the border follow the present-day river, but Croatia has rejected this.
Diplomacy has kept this dispute from escalating.
Since 2008, local farmers – (such as from the northern Međimurje towns of Štrigova, Sveti Martin na Muri, Mursko Središće and Podturen) – have to reach their properties (fields, meadows or woods) on the river's other side by crossing the strict Schengen border checkpoints.
Attempts at dispute resolution
Drnovšek–Račan agreement
On 20 July 2001, the prime ministers of Slovenia and Croatia, Janez Drnovšek and Ivica Račan, made the Drnovšek–Račan agreement, which defined the entire border between the countries, including the maritime border.
According to this agreement, Croatia would get approximately one third of the gulf and a maritime border with Italy, while Slovenia would get a corridor to international waters.
This solution included a Croatian "maritime exclave" between Italian and Slovenian waters. However, there are interpretations that such a solution breaks the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, which prohibits sovereignty over parts of the sea unconnected to land. Article 4 states, "... the sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain to be subject to the regime of internal waters," and "... baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off from the high seas the territorial sea of another State."
In the Drnovšek–Račan agreement, the border strip on the Dragonja's left bank was recognized as part of Croatia.
The Parliament of Slovenia ratified this agreement. The Croatian parliament, however, never voted on the agreement's ratification, criticizing Račan for unilaterally simply giving all the disputed area to Slovenia, and insisting that the border dispute should be settled in the International Tribunal of Justice at the Hague.
Bled agreement
In 2007, the prime ministers Sanader and Janša achieved an unbinding agreement in principle to solve the border problem using the International Court of Justice in the Hague. According to the Slovenian proposal, both sides could dispute any part of the border and ask for it to be redrawn in court. Analogously to the Drnovšek–Račan agreement and Croatian politicians, the Bled agreement did not receive much support from most Slovenian politicians. Croatia, however, has kept insisting on the Bled agreement. Slovenia never officially informed Croatia of abandoning the agreement; a Slovene–Croatian working group continued to work for a year and a half on the matter.
EU accession blockade
EU blockade background
Zmago Jelinčič, leader of the right-wing Slovene National Party (SNS), has reportedly stated that Slovenia should block Croatia's EU accession until the matter is resolved. Former Slovenian Foreign Minister Dimitrij Rupel and Minister of Finance Dušan Mramor stated in 2003 that they would stop supporting Croatian efforts to join the EU, together with Romania and Bulgaria. These two countries joined the EU while Croatia's negotiations were stalled by the EU's accusations that it was unwilling to apprehend Ante Gotovina on its territory and deliver him to the Hague on war crimes charges; Gotovina was actually located and captured in Spain. However, former Slovenian president Janez Drnovšek stated that Slovenia should act in the "European spirit" and carefully respond to any problems with Croatia.
On 23 September 2004 Slovenia threatened to veto Croatia's EU accession after Croatian border police detained 12 Slovenes, among them Janez Podobnik (leader of the opposition Slovenian People's Party (SPP)), after they refused to show their identification at the Sečovlje crossing point. The activists stated they were visiting Joras, who lives on the narrow strip of disputed land and claims it to be a part of Slovenia. After an emergency meeting, Slovenia's then Prime Minister Anton Rop declared that Croatia was not fit to join the EU.
Marjan Podobnik, head of the "Institute 25 June" () (an organization that "preserves the national heritage") and the president of the Slovenian National Alliance in the SPP, published a new map in May 2007 in which the borders of Slovenia go deeply into current Croatian territory and the whole Piran Bay belongs to Slovenia. Podobnik, also known for his suggestions to hold a referendum in Slovenia on whether Croatia should enter the EU, stated for Globus magazine that "the map is logical because on the day of 25 June 1991 Slovenia had possession over the whole Piran Bay and unlimited access to international waters". Croatia's president Stipe Mesić stated: "Our friends in Slovenia can draw whatever maps they want, as part of Slovenia they can even encompass Helsinki and Reykjavík, that's of no interest to me".
In August 2007, the Croatian proposal for solving the disputed border issues before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg was rejected by Slovenia's Minister of Foreign Affairs Dimitrij Rupel. Croatia has also suggested arbitration on other disputes with Slovenia, such as a dispute over penalties for an electricity cutoff for Croatia from a jointly-managed nuclear power plant.
Before December 2008, Slovenia had rejected claims that it was responsible for blocking Croatia's EU accession, stating that the process's slowness was "because [Zagreb] has difficulties meeting the standards of the organization it wants to join".
Description of the blockade
Croatia included in documents presented in its process of negotiation for joining the EU their border proposal, without clearly demarcating the disputed status of parts of the borderline; this was perceived by Slovenia as prejudicing the ultimate borderline outcome. Therefore, Slovenia blocked Croatia's negotiation chapters for its EU membership that included the controversial documents.
Slovenia's Prime Minister Borut Pahor stated at the time that documents – notably maps – that Croatia had provided as part of its candidacy for accession could prejudice a resolution of the two countries' long-running border dispute. The blockade was strongly criticized by Croatian officials.
Politicians from both states accused each other of trying to steal a part of their territory. Croatia suggested a border arbitration by a third party, while the Slovenian government suggested that the dispute be resolved through a special Croatian–Slovene commission.
In December 2008, Croatian Prime Minister Ivo Sanader and Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo Đukanović agreed that their own border dispute regarding Boka Kotorska would be settled in the International Court of Justice in the Hague, with both countries respecting the arbitration decision. The same was proposed to the Slovenian government, but Pahor refused. In September 2009, after Jadranka Kosor became Croatia's Prime Minister, she reached an agreement with Pahor, who subsequently announced an end to the 10-month blockade.
Blockade of negotiations in December 2008
Although previously Slovenia had sporadically slowed down the opening of new chapters between Croatia and the EU due to the border dispute, the new Prime Minister Borut Pahor immediately announced a total blockade when he came to power, accusing Croatia of prejudging the border in its border descriptions in the negotiation chapter with the EU. France, then the head of the EU presidency, moved to prevent a possible blockade. On 21 November 2008, Pahor gave a speech declaring that for the "last 14 days we have been in lively contact with the French EU presidency and are thankful for taking into consideration of our objections, so that the issue can be resolved on the adequate way".
Pahor stated that Slovenia supports Croatia joining the EU, but that he expects understanding from the EU for Slovenia's reservations due to the unresolved border issue. The Croatian government responded that it just gave maps to the EU for the negotiation process, which simply show the border based on the 1991 former Yugoslav republics' borders. Pahor stated that he will "study the French suggestion for a compromise, but only under the condition that the documents which were prepared by Croatia for the accession negotiations don't prejudge the state border and that both the European Commission and the Council of EU understand that stance".
Croatia's EU accession was thus set back by the following (7 December 2008) meeting of the 27 EU ministers of foreign affairs in Brussels. The ministers did not confirm the suggestion by the European Commission (EC) that Croatia's EU accession negotiations end by 2009; this was because of Slovenia's threat of a veto if the border dispute with Croatia was not resolved. As a consequence, the ministers did not record a conclusion date for the EU–Croatia negotiations. Croatia had initially hoped to join by 2010 or 2011. Italian foreign minister Pasquale Ferrara stated that "Member states, understandingly, do not want another border row inside the EU", concluding that one revolving around Cyprus is already enough. Following a discussion with the EC, Pahor said, "Zagreb should accept the negotiation plan for the border dispute which was suggested by Slovenia to France". Pahor initially gave hints that Ljubljana was ready to find a solution at the negotiating table. "If Croatia does not open 10 chapters in December, it is obvious that it will not be able to close and conclude the negotiations by the end of 2009", said analyst Željko Trkanjec.
Disputed documents
On 19 December 2008 Slovenian Minister of foreign affairs Samuel Žbogar revealed to the Slovene public the documents from 7 chapters that Croatia was negotiating with the EU, and which were the main reason for the Slovenian negotiation blockade. According to Žbogar, these were documents from the chapters Agriculture, Food safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy, Taxation, Infrastructure, Regional politics and structural instruments, Justice, Freedom and Security as well as Environment.
In the chapter on agriculture, the disputed settlements on the left side of the Dragonja river (Škrile, Bužin, Škudelini, and Veli Mlin) were stated as part of Croatia.
In food safety, the disputed point was the Croatian epicontinental area in the Adriatic sea.
In the chapter on taxation, the border crossing Plovanija is explicitly stated, regarding the temporary border control point at Sečovlje; in 1994, the prime minister Nikica Valentić had explicitly and in writing stated that this control point does not prejudge the border.
In infrastructure, maps were enclosed that show the proposed sea border.
In the area of regional policymaking, the stumbling point was the intervention plan in case of sea pollution, which mentions the ZERP, and maps were enclosed which show the proposed sea border.
In the chapter on justice, maps were enclosed that show the border crossings, mentioning Plovanija and cadastral parcels from the cadastre which was created after 25 June 1991.
In the chapter on the Environment, the ZERP was mentioned and maps were enclosed that show the proposed sea border.
Minister Žbogar told the reporters that Slovenia must "protect its national interests" and that "Slovenia does not enjoy this position". He added that for any arbitration Slovenia would not use documents that were created after 25 June 1991 and the Conference at Brijuni.
On 23 June 2009, Slovenia blocked the closing of another chapter in Croatia's EU accession negotiations, Statistics, leaving Zagreb with a total of 13 blocked chapters. The explanation was that the statistics chapter contained maps with Croatia's borders pre-drawn against Slovenia's wishes.
On 24 July 2009, Slovenia officially blocked the closing of the policy chapter Freedom of Movement for Workers in Croatia's EU accession talks, explaining similarly to before that in that chapter, too, Croatia had submitted documents "prejudging the Croatian-Slovene border"; this raised the number of blocked chapters to 14. Slovenia was the only EU member country that withheld its consent for the closing of the Freedom of Movement for Workers chapter. Slovene officials said the reason for such a decision was that in its documents submitted to the European Commission, Croatia referred to the Act on the Office of Notary Public, which in turn referred to the Act on Towns and Municipalities and its list of towns and municipalities in Croatia, including four border villages in Istria that Slovenia disputes.
A source in the Swedish EU Presidency said that despite the blockade, Croatia was continuing with reforms within the accession process; this was taken note of at the enlargement task force meeting.
French proposal for solving the blockade
The French proffered a simple document that would finish the dispute, namely a signed declaration of both sides that neither is prejudging the border. The Committee of Permanent Representatives discussed over 3 days the Slovene-proposed amendments on the French proposal for unblocking the negotiation process; its chairman, French ambassador at the EU Pierre Sellal, stated that he is "in touch with the Slovene colleague in order to find a fair solution". All other member states were for the French proposal; only Slovenia was for the Slovene amendments.
Sellal also said "One needs to understand that the negotiations of Croatia's EU accession cannot have the goal to resolve bilateral issues between Croatia and Slovenia. I respect the Slovenian opinion, but I will try during the accession negotiations to prevent a possible predisposition of the border. These negotiations are neutral towards the bilateral and local relationships between Slovenia and Croatia". French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner expressed his surprise at Slovenia's move to block Croatia just due to the dispute over a "few kilometres of coast". The Slovene correspondent to Večer from Brussels, Darja Kocbek, expressed her concern on the Razgledi portal that "Croatian lobbyists may be more successful than Slovenian lobbyists".
Sarkozy used the upcoming second vote of Ireland for the Treaty of Lisbon 2009 to insert a protocol for the accession of Croatia into the EU. Sarkozy told journalists: "To give a legal value to the engagements made to Ireland by the 26 other member states, we have committed that at the time of the next EU enlargement – whether that will be in 2010 or in 2011, when probably Croatia will join us... we will use that to add a protocol (on Ireland) to Croatia's accession treaty". The announcement confirmed that the Balkan country with an EU candidate status since 2004 and in EU accession talks since 2005 could effectively become the bloc's 28th member state by 2011 at the latest".
Pahor stated that unless all his terms are met, there would be no new momentum in the negotiation process. Pahor told Sanader that he no longer had anything to discuss with him one to one and nothing more to say than he had already said in front of the media. On 19 December 2008 Slovenia officially blocked the opening of new chapters between the EU and Croatia. Slovenia remained the only EU member state that insisted on the blockade; the other 26 states approved the continuation of accession negotiation between Croatia and the EU. Pahor's government was criticized from outside; Hannes Swoboda declared that the EU should tell Ljubljana that "it doesn't go that way". Some questioned if Pahor's blockade was actually a red herring trying to gain concessions from both the EU and Croatia.
Commercial TV station POP TV conducted an internet poll in which 10,000 Slovenian viewers participated; 84% of them believe their government's blockade decision was "completely justified". The same station quoted Minister Žbogar who said that the maps displayed by Croatia were a "problem" to Slovenia and that they must not be used in arbitration. "If Croatia says that she won't give away her territory for the EU, the same goes for us", he said.
Croatian president (at the time) Stipe Mesić said "This is not our problem any more, this is now Brussels' problem" in reaction to the blockade. He also said it was a mistake that would harm economic and other relations between Croatia and Slovenia.
"The blockade of 10 chapters, 8 for opening and 2 for closing, is a move without precedent in the history of the negotiations of European Union", said Croatia's then Prime Minister Ivo Sanader. "If it doesn't rethink its stance and change its decision of the blockade of Croatian negotiations, the Slovenian government will show exclusiveness, which is in discrepancy with the basic principles of solidarity, community, supranationalism and good neighbor relations on which the EU and the whole Europe are based", added Sanader in a special news conference summoned after the intent of Slovenia to put a blockade.
A couple of anonymous groups on Croatian websites urged the Croatian public to boycott all Slovene products, even though Sanader urged the people not do so.
Bernd Posselt, the German representative at the European parliament, condemned on 18 December 2008 the Slovenian government's act of blockade, calling it "Anti-European aggression". Posselt, a representative of the Bavarian CSU Party in the European parliament, also called it an act of "ransom": "The Slovene socialist government is abusing its right for a veto. Because of a marginal bilateral dispute, Slovenia is blackmailing the middle European candidate country Croatia, excellently prepared for an EU accession, even though the deeply pro-European Croatian government expressed its readiness to let all the unresolved problems get resolved at the international arbitration a long time ago", he said. He also added he feels "disappointed and double-crossed by Borut Pahor's administration, who previously promised a balanced and constructive relationship with Zagreb".
The European Commission regretted Slovenia's decision to block Croatia. Crisztina Nagy, a commission spokeswoman, said "The commission has consistently maintained the view that the border issue is a bilateral issue that should not be brought to the table of the accession negotiations."
Slovenia's threat to block Croatia's NATO accession
In January 2009, some Slovenian politicians started threatening to also block Croatia's accession into NATO. Slovene Prime Minister Borut Pahor stated his regret on 29 January of the move by the opposition Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS), which threatened to boycott the assembly that was supposed to decide about the ratification of accession protocols into NATO of the future member states Croatia and Albania; as a result, the assembly had to be postponed. However, the Slovenian parliament ultimately ratified Croatia's NATO accession. An unforeseen complication arose when the small, extra-parliamentary Party of Slovenian Nation (SSN) and the Institute 25 June gathered over 5,000 signatures; according to the Slovenian Constitution, this gave it time until March 2009 to gather an additional 40,000 signatures to mandate a referendum on Croatia joining NATO. NATO then expressed concern about such a complication. Controversy erupted over claims that Andrej Šiško, a SSN member convicted for an attempted murder and sentenced to 22 months in prison, was released for a day in Rogoza to attend the negotiations of the highest body of his Party with Pahor about preventing a referendum.
Croatian newspaper Večernji list columnist Milan Jajčinović wrote in response "Slovenia's Prime Minister Borut Pahor, it seems, got scared of the created madness he himself contributed to. And he is not the only Slovenian politician whose (ill) considered statements participated in creating intolerance towards Croatia...Problems with Croatia have already for years been exaggerated or even made up, and then such constructions are used to madden the masses... The tactic is always the same: at first a politician finds a grouch against Croatia, then the media publish it, the public gets upset and agitated, hysteria breaks out, and then those same politicians show up again, because 'the public opinion demands it'".
The referendum attempt was not successful (less than 2,500 more signatures were gathered), allowing Croatia to become a full NATO member in April 2009, although the process's constitutionality was questioned. Croatia's NATO membership prompted discussions about Pahor's wishing Croatia to join NATO but blocking it from joining the EU.
EU proposal for mediation in the border dispute
On 22 January 2009, the European Commission announced that it was ready to create a three-member committee to mediate in the border row. According to reports, Finland's Nobel prize winner Martti Ahtisaari and the French legal expert Robert Badinter were supposed to be members. The report came out just a day after Olli Rehn visited politicians in Ljubljana and Zagreb.
At first, Ivo Sanader rejected meeting with Pahor without European Commission participation, but he then decided to compromise and agreed. After numerous complications around the meeting's location and time, the meeting was held on 24 February 2009 in Macelj, but nothing significant was achieved. Subsequently, the Slovenian government blocked the Statistics accession negotiation chapter, totalling 13 blocked chapters in Croatia's EU membership talks. A second meeting was planned on 28 April 2009 in Croatia, but it was cancelled by the Slovenian side.
On 17 April, Mesić re-stated his puzzlement regarding Pahor's blocking the accession talks instead of resolving the issue at the International Court of Justice: "I don't understand, why is Slovenia so afraid of International Law? That's the only enigma I can't comprehend".
In June 2009, Croatia accepted Rehn's proposal for an arbitration commission, but Slovenia rejected it and proposed four amendments. Out of four amendments proposed by Slovenia, Rehn accepted just one, for the three 'ad hoc' arbitrage judges to be selected by the two parties in dispute from a proposed list instead of the ICJ's president. However, Croatia refused this amendment after reviewing the list proposed, which mainly had 'legal experts' and not renowned judges, and decided for the original proposal, which Ljubljana rejected. At the same time, the Slovenian delegation also opposed this as it failed to guarantee a successful outcome. Sanader proposed that the two parliaments ratify a statement that none of the documents presupposes the border, and should Slovenia not accept this, that European Commission lawyers should examine the documents to determine whether it is true. If Ljubljana should reject both proposals, "it is up to the EU to decide how the accession talks with Croatia should end and whether the article 7 of the EU contract should be activated", which implies revoking voting rights of a member country that is persistently violating EU principles. Sanader added that Pahor "should ask Berlusconi for some sea".
On 1 July 2009, Croatia's prime minister Ivo Sanader unexpectedly resigned. He held a brief news conference before announcing his decision. Jadranka Kosor succeeded him.
Kosor–Pahor meetings and the end of the blockade
On 31 July 2009, the second meeting between the Croatian–Slovenian governments was held, this time in Croatia at the Trakošćan castle. The meeting between the newly appointed Croatian Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor and her Slovenian counterpart Borut Pahor was reportedly constructive and respectful. "We have found the road to take...I am very satisfied we [have] started to agree on issues in the interest of both countries", Kosor stated. Pahor argued it is likely that the border dispute's solution and EU access for Croatia will be accomplished this year. One solution could be an area of shared sovereignty (possibly involving joint governance structures) over the Savudrija Cove, also known as the Piran Bay.
On 11 September 2009, Kosor and Pahor met in Ljubljana, and agreed on the final details of an agreement to end the blockade. After Kosor sent a letter from Ljubljana to the EU presidency announcing Croatia does not wish to prejudge the border and that border dispute negotiations will take place under EU supervision, Pahor said that Slovenia's blockade will soon be lifted.
Pahor said his government would immediately propose to the Slovenian parliament that "Slovenia removes restraints for Croatia's EU negotiating process". For her part, Croatia's prime minister said she had faxed a letter to the Swedish EU presidency saying they had "reached an agreement on the continuation of talks with the EU and continuation of the border talks... No document can be prejudicial to the final border solution", she added. Pahor claimed it was a "victory for both countries".
Delo editorialized that this Slovenian/Croatian agreement was a "return to common sense". The Slovene People's Party (SLS) announced that it would start collecting signatures of support for a referendum on the arbitration agreement between Slovenia and Croatia that is to determine the manner in which the final border between the two countries is to be set down.
Kosor and Pahor met again on 26 October 2009 in Zagreb and worked out the final proposal of an arbitration agreement. On 2 November 2009 the Croatian Parliament gave its consent to the Arbitration Agreement with Slovenia.
The Arbitration Agreement between Croatia and Slovenia was signed in Stockholm on 4 November 2009, by both countries' prime ministers, Jadranka Kosor and Borut Pahor, and the EU President, Fredrik Reinfeldt.
Despite the agreement, the Slovenian government did not lift the blockade of three chapters – on the environment, on fisheries, and on foreign security and defence policy. Samuel Žbogar, Slovenia's foreign minister, declared in December 2009 that his government had "reservations" about the three chapters' substance.
However, a Slovenian referendum was held on 6 June 2010 on approving an agreement to bring the border dispute with Croatia before an international arbitration tribunal. The agreement was supported by 51.48% of voters and opposed by 48.52%, allowing arbitration to resolve the border dispute.
Arbitration tribunal
On 25 May 2011 Croatia and Slovenia submitted their arbitration agreement to the UN, a necessary step before the arbitration process could begin. The treaty specifies that the arbitration process will happen after UN registration and Croatia's signing of its accession into the European Union. "It has been decided that an ad-hoc arbitral tribunal will be used to resolve the outstanding disputes. It is now believed that with the submission of the agreement to the UN that the arbitration tribunal could begin within a year, but is expected to take at least three years to reach a decision that will be binding upon each country."
Slovenian breach of agreement and Croatian withdrawal
On 22 July 2015, a major international scandal occurred during arbitration procedure when the Croatian daily newspaper Večernji list published transcripts and audio recordings showing that a Slovenian judge on the arbitration panel, Jernej Sekolec, had been in collusion with Simona Drenik, a representative from the Slovenian government. Sekolec, a member of the arbitration panel, allegedly put pressure on other arbitration panel members, Gilbert Guillaume (France), Bruno Simma (Germany) and Vaughan Lowe (UK), to rule in Slovenia's favor, and helped Slovenia by revealing secret communications, which was strictly forbidden by arbitration rules. In addition, Croatian Foreign Minister Vesna Pusić stated on 29 July 2015, during the meeting with foreign ambassadors to Croatia, that Sekolec inserted additional documents into the case files after the arbitration had already started which was also against the arbitration rules.
A Permanent Court of Arbitration internal investigation, however, concluded that no leak of information had occurred. On 23 July, Sekolec resigned and Simona Drenik offered her resignation. On 24 July 2015, the Croatian government called for a meeting of the Sabor to discuss exiting arbitration over the reported breaches in the arbitration tribunal.
Three days later Prime Minister Zoran Milanović announced the withdrawal of Croatia from arbitration after a meeting with the leaders of parliamentary groups. On 28 July 2015 Slovenia appointed Ronny Abraham, president of the International Court of Justice as their choice on arbitration panel. On 29 July 2015, the Croatian Parliament unanimously decided to cancel arbitration due to the allegations of significant breaches of arbitration rules by Slovenia as allowed by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. On 5 August 2015, after eight days in service, Ronny Abraham resigned.
The president of the tribunal appointed Rolf Einar Fife of Norway and Nicolas Michel of Switzerland as new arbitrators for Slovenia and Croatia, respectively, on 25 September, to replenish the tribunal's open seats and to proceed with its work.
On 2 December 2015, the arbitral tribunal deciding on the border between Slovenia and Croatia asked both countries for additional submissions concerning Croatia's decision to unilaterally withdraw from arbitration and scheduled a hearing on 17 March 2016.
On 1 July 2016, the arbitral tribunal decided that Slovenia did violate the agreement, but not in a way that would prevent the tribunal from completing the task and stated that arbitration shall continue.
Verdict
On 29 June 2017, the Arbitration Tribunal announced its decision in the border dispute. The ruling was hailed by Slovenia but Croatia announced that it will not accept it because it left the trial in 2015.
Mura River region
In respect of the Mura River region, the Tribunal determined that generally, the international boundary follows the aligned cadastral limits. Regarding the hamlet of Brezovec-del/Murišće, the Tribunal determined that the boundary between Croatia and Slovenia runs to the south-east of the settlement. In the areas of Novakovec, Ferketinec, and Podturen in Croatia and Pince in Slovenia, the boundary continues to follow the limits of the cadastres of Croatia and Slovenia as they stood before the purported modifications in 1956. Regarding Mursko Središće and Peklenica, the Tribunal determined that the boundary is in the middle of the Mura River as recorded in the agreed 1956 Minutes on the Determination of the Borders of the Cadastral District of Peklenica.
Central Region
The boundary in the Razkrižje area follows the aligned cadastral limits, as well as in the case of Santavec River and Zelena River areas. Along the Drava River, the Tribunal determined that the boundary follows the aligned cadastral limits, which run along a series of historic boundary stones recorded in a 1904 protocol. The boundaries in the Slovenian region of Macelj and the Croatian region of Haloze are set out in Slovenia's cadastre. Along the disputed areas along the Sotla River, the Tribunal determined that the boundary generally follows the cadastral limits where aligned, two disputed areas follow the Croatia's cadastral register. Along the Sava and Bregana Rivers, the border follows the aligned cadastral limits. In the Gorjanci/Žumberak area, where cadastral boundaries on Slovenian and Croatian cadastral maps coincide, they are the borders of the disputed areas. In one location where the cadasters did not coincide, the Slovenian cadaster prevailed over an 1898 Croatian cadastral map. The settlement of Drage lies in Slovenia. The Tribunal declared that in the Trdinov Vrh/Sveta Gera area, the border follows the cadastral limits. The barracks are on Croatian territory; however, the Tribunal "observes that it has no jurisdiction to address Croatia's request for a declaration as to the presence of Slovenian civilian and military personnel in that area". Along the Kamenica River, the border follows Croatia's claim. Along Čabranka River, the border follows the cadastral limits. The same holds for the area near Črneča Vas. The boundary near the hamlets of Draga and Novi Kot in Slovenia and Prezid in Croatia was demarcated in 1913.
Istria Region
The area referred to as the "Tomšič plots" is located in Slovenia. The area near Gomance forms part of Slovenia's territory. In the case of areas near Klana and Zabiče on the one hand and Lisac and Sušak on the other hand, the border follows the cadastral map from 1878. The area of Kućibreg/Topolovec is divided according to the Croatian claim. The Tribunal has decided that land border in Istria follows the Dragonja river and ends in the middle of the Channel of St. Odorik.
Bay of Piran and junction regime
The Tribunal has decided and that maritime border should be a straight line that connects the land border at the mouth of the Dragonja River to the point at the end of the gulf, which is three times closer to Croatia then to the Slovenian side, therefore awarding Slovenia 3/4 of the gulf. In addition, the Tribunal ruled that Slovenia has a right for junction through the Croatian territorial water which, according to the Tribunal, should be 2.5 nautical miles wide and would be connected to the border.
International reactions
- Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen said during his visit to Slovenia in May 2017, that he believed that Slovenia and Croatia should accept the verdict. In July 2017, during official visits of Croatian and Slovene Presidents in Salzburg, he stated that countries should accept the verdict as a crucial step in finding a permanent solution to the border dispute, that his country would stay neutral in the matter and has offered help in resolving dispute. Austrian Foreign Minister Karin Kneissl supported Slovenian position about implementation of Final Award after meeting with Foreign Minister Erjavec on 20 March 2018.
- Prime Ministers Xavier Bettel, Mark Rutte and Charles Michel issued a joint statement in which they supported the verdict and called on "both parties to adhere to an arbitrary decision-making structure."
European Union - On 4 July 2017, European Commission issued an official statement in which it expressed its support for the arbitration procedure and final award, adding that Slovenia and Croatia should accept and implement it. Vice-President of the European Commission Frans Timmermans stated that both Croatia and Slovenia should respect the verdict, adding that EC will help in verdict's implementation but that EC would not order implementation since it's a bilateral issue which is not within the scope of the EU. In the Minutes of the Meeting from 4 July 2017 EC once more said that Slovenia did act in violation of Arbitration Agreement, however, PCA stated in the Partial Award, that the violation was not of such nature, that it would influence the Final Award of the tribunal and that the judge involved in the violation of the agreement was replaced by another judge. Vice-President Timmermans said that EC unequivocally supported the process. The Legal Service of the EC stated during the meeting that the EU has a jurisdiction in respect of this matter and that it is obligation of the EU and Member States to implement public international law (Final Award by the PCA). High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini stressed the importance of respecting international treaties.
Manfred Weber, leader of the European People's Party Group, said that "Croatia and Slovenia should continue the dialogue about the border dispute", while Guy Verhofstadt, leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group, called on implementation of the verdict.
In January 2020, following Slovenia's action against Croatia before the European Court of Justice, the Court ruled that it had no jurisdiction to rule on the dispute and merely urged both sides to resolve their differences. The decision was final and there was no appeal.
- French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development didn't issue an official statement on the matter, but wrote on its web site in a section in which it responds to journalists' questions that France "hopes that territorial controversy will soon be resolved in a constructive spirit, a spirit of reconciliation and dialogue, that would be in favor of the European Union and regional stability of the Western Balkans". During 2017 Bled Strategic Forum, French Minister for European Affairs Nathalie Loiseau expressed her support for the "principle of respect for international law and decisions of international courts".
- German Embassy in Croatia issued a statement in which it praised International Arbitration Tribunal as a "valuable instrument of international law" and has called on implementation of the verdict, adding that "member states of the European union must make a good example for others." German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel stated, during the press conference in Berlin in June 2017, that Germany "calls upon both countries to accept the verdict and implement it". According to the Slovenian Prime Minister Miro Cerar, German Chancellor Angela Merkel confirmed to him during their meeting at a 2017 Western Balkans Summit that her government believes that verdict should be implemented.
- Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni stated during the state visit to Slovenia that Italy supported the position of the European Commission.
- Russian Minister of Communications and Mass Media Nikolay Nikiforov stated during his visit to Slovenia that the verdict should be implemented, but that Slovenia shouldn't interrupt bilateral dialogue on resolving other opened disputes between the countries.
- United States embassy in Croatia confirmed to the Večernji List that the official stance of the United States is that "two countries, both EU members and allies in NATO, need to resolve this bilateral issue" and that they "encourage both countries to agree on the best path to its solution".
Potential OECD accession blockade
On 6 September 2017, Slovenia informed the Deputy Permanent Representatives of EU Member States that it could not support membership in the OECD "if a particular country does not meet the membership criteria (especially the rule of law, respecting the international law and international courts)", referring to Croatia's rejection of the arbitration verdict, although Slovenian Prime Minister Miro Cerar later added that the warning wasn't meant just for Croatia, but for any other country. Croatian Foreign Ministry pointed out that Slovenia's position was against the stance of the European Commission which since 2007 advocates ascension of all EU member states to the OECD.
Implementation of the arbitration and further development
On 14 September 2017, Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković held consultations with representatives of all Croatian parliamentary parties on the border dispute on which they concluded that they still supported decision of the Croatian Parliament on Croatia's withdrawal from the arbitration process, and that it's necessary to continue the dialogue with the Slovenian government. Croatian daily newspaper Jutarnji list published an article in which it revealed that the Prime Minister Plenković was planning to suggest defining a neutral common fishing zone in the middle of the Bay which would be used both by Croatian and Slovenian fishermen under the same conditions. This solution is similar to the idea of the academician Davorin Rudolf who proposed that the Bay should be governed as condominium which means that it wouldn't be divided nor would it be extraterritorial, but that both Croatia and Slovenia would have sovereignty over it simultaneously. Slovenian Prime Minister Miro Cerar expressed satisfaction with the "reconciliatory tones of the Croatian Prime Minister" and stressed that bilateral talks should focus on "how to jointly enforce the tribunal's verdict", adding that his government would consider new suggestions referring to the condominium proposition, but that his stance is that the verdict should still be implemented. According to the map of the neutral common fishing zone given to the president of Croatian fishermen's association Mare Croaticum Daniele Kolec by the fisheries administration at the Croatian Ministry of Agriculture, the border on the sea, between Croatia and Slovenia is drawn according to the arbitration verdict. Two Prime Ministers arranged an official meeting on 29 September 2017 but the Slovenian Prime Minister has canceled meeting because of Prime Minister Plenković's statement on arbitration at the UN. Namely, Prime Minister Plenković stated in his speech before the UN General Assembly that Croatia had to come out of "a compromised arbitration" on the border dispute with Slovenia and warned that such "Slovenian disrespect of international law" would discourage other states from settling disputes with the help of a third party, adding that "Croatia is the one that adheres to the principles international law".
On 19 December 2017, Slovenian Prime Minister Miro Cerar met with Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković in Zagreb. After the several-hour-long meeting, the prime ministers confirmed their previous standpoints, with Cerar stating that Croatia "works against civilization standards and good neighborly relations," and Plenković replying that arbitration ruling was "non-existent" and that 29 December would be a "day as any other".
On 29 December 2017, Slovenia started implementing arbitration ruling but only on sea while Croatia continued to oppose it. Several Croatian fishermen normally sailed at 4–5 a.m. and returned to the ports around 8 a.m. According to one fisherman, Slovenian police approached his boat and told him to leave the "Slovenian sea", but Croatian police arrived and parked between them, and after he finished fishing, escorted him to the port. Another stated that "Slovenian police officers always come to us if we work, they monitor us, say that we are in their waters, warn us, but they do not touch us, and our police is always next to us." Slovenian Foreign Ministry sent two diplomatic notes on the implementation of arbitration ruling to Croatia. In the first, it called Croatia for a dialogue on the implementation of the arbitration ruling, and in the second expressed protest against "the violation of the borderline at sea". In response, Croatian Foreign Ministry called on Slovenia to "refrain from the unilateral implementation of measures aimed at attempting to change the situation in the field" and on "a constructive dialogue on resolutions of border disputes".
In March 2018 Slovenia submitted a letter of complaint against Croatia to the European Commission. After the Commission refused to get involved, declaring neutrality, Slovenia brought an action against Croatia before the European Court of Justice in July 2018 asking the court to establish whether Croatia had breached articles of the EU treaty on respect for the rule of law and cooperation between member states. Slovenia also accused Croatia of violating the Common Fisheries Policy by sending police escorts to guard its fishing boats in contested waters, and preventing Slovenian inspectors from boarding the vessels. In January 2020 the Court of Justice said it had no jurisdiction to rule on the dispute and merely urged both sides to resolve their differences. The decision is final and there is no appeal.
See also
Croatia–Slovenia relations
Croatia–Serbia border dispute
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations#Border issues
List of territorial disputes
2010 Slovenian border dispute agreement referendum
References
External links
Orthophoto and Topographic maps of the area, centered at Joras's house, from the Geodesic Institute of Slovenia
Border disputes
Disputes
Slovenia
Territorial disputes of Slovenia
Politics of Slovenia
Politics of Croatia
Enlargement of the European Union
Blockades
Disputed waters
Croatian nationalism
2000s in Croatia
2000s in Slovenia
21st century in international relations
2000s in the European Union
2010s in the European Union
2010s in Slovenia
2010s in Croatia
Slovenian nationalism |
The Little Willis River is a tributary of the Willis River in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is part of the James River watershed. It rises in Buckingham County and flows east into Cumberland County, joining the Willis River north of Farmville.
See also
List of rivers of Virginia
References
USGS Hydrologic Unit Map - State of Virginia (1974)
Rivers of Virginia
Tributaries of the James River
Rivers of Buckingham County, Virginia
Rivers of Cumberland County, Virginia |
Aliabad-e Salar (, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād-e Sālār; also known as ‘Alīābād) is a village in Khobriz Rural District, in the Central District of Arsanjan County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 527, in 120 families.
References
Populated places in Arsanjan County |
William Gerald Standridge (November 27, 1953 – April 12, 2014) was an American stock car racing driver. He was a competitor in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series and Busch Series.
Career
Born November 27, 1953, Standridge started his racing career in the Goody's Dash Series. Standridge began running the NASCAR Busch Series in 1986, when he finished 14th at the All Pro 300 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in his own Pontiac. After that, he began running a limited schedule in the Busch Series, posting five top-ten finishes in 84 starts, the last of which came in 1993. In 1994, he began running a limited schedule in Winston Cup, making his debut at North Carolina Speedway but finishing 42nd after a crash. He ran seven more races that year, his best finish being a 24th at the Southern 500 as well as picking up sponsorship from the WCW and Dura Lube. He followed that up with a 14th-place finish at Darlington the following year.
After an unsuccessful stint with Triad Motorsports in 1996 and 1997 (he was released after New Hampshire's summer race in 1997), Standridge began running his own team, the #47 Ford Thunderbird, picking up sponsorship from Jayski and also from fan-sponsored donations. He even picked up sponsorship from Phillips after Geoffrey Bodine failed to qualify for a 1998 Talladega race. Standridge was one of the last drivers to run in NASCAR using a Thunderbird after other teams switched to the redesigned Taurus for the 1998 season.
His last career start was that the Pepsi 400 in 1998, where his engine expired 19 laps into the race. His last attempt ever came in 1999, when he filled in for Dan Pardus in the Midwest Transit Racing Chevy at Rockingham Speedway in 2nd-round-qualifying, but his time was not fast enough to make the race. Outside of NASCAR, Standridge ran an auto-parts store in Shelby, North Carolina.
In March 2014, Standridge was diagnosed with cancer. He died on April 12, 2014, at his home in Lake Wylie, South Carolina. Standridge was survived by his wife, five children, and seven grandchildren.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Winston Cup Series
Daytona 500 results
Busch Series
ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
Standridge Auto
1953 births
2014 deaths
Sportspeople from Shelby, North Carolina
Racing drivers from North Carolina
NASCAR drivers
ISCARS Dash Touring Series drivers
Deaths from cancer in South Carolina
ARCA Menards Series drivers |
Bourke County is one of the 141 Cadastral divisions of New South Wales. It contains the entirety of the Coolamon Shire, including the towns of Coolamon, Ganmain and Ardlethan; as well as parts of Bland, Narrandera and Temora Shires and part of the City of Wagga Wagga. The Murrumbidgee River is the southern boundary.
Bourke County is within the Eastern Land Division, and includes parts of the Wyalong, Temora Central and Wagga Wagga Land Districts.
Bourke County was named in honour of Sir Richard Bourke, Governor (1777-1855).
Parishes within this county
Bourke County contains 55 parishes. A full list of parishes found within this county; their current LGA and mapping coordinates to the approximate centre of each location is as follows:
References
Counties of New South Wales |
Mary Olivia Gowan (1888–1977) was an American nurse and Benedictine nun known for founding the nursing school at the Catholic University of America.
Biography
Mary Olivia Gowan was born on March 15, 1888, in Stillwater, Minnesota to William and Margaret Lawler. She expressed an interest in nursing from a young age and in 1912 would graduate from St. Mary's School of Nursing in Duluth, Minnesota. After graduating there, she went on to get a bachelor's degree in nursing at the College of St. Scholastica and a masters at Teachers College, Columbia University. While a student of sociology at the Catholic University of America, she worked with James Hugh Ryan to establish the university's nursing school in 1932, and in 1935 she would be appointed as dean of the school. After the Second World War, Gowan was cited by the American Red Cross for her service as an advisor and consultant to the medical division of the United States Department of the Navy and the Veterans Administration. She also served as president of the Association of Collegiate Nursing from 1940 to 1944. She retired in 1957 back to the College of St. Scholastica, where she died on April 2, 1977, at the age of 89.
References
20th-century American Roman Catholic nuns
Benedictine nuns
1880s births
1970s deaths
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
College of St. Scholastica alumni
American women nurses
Catholic University of America faculty
American women academics |
The 2014–15 Ukrainian Hockey Championship was the 23rd season of the Ukrainian Hockey Championship. Only four teams participated in the league this season, because of the instability in Ukraine and that most of the clubs had economic issues. Generals Kiev was the only team that participated in the league the previous season, and the season started first after the year-end of 2014. The regular season included just 12 rounds, where all the teams went to the semifinals. In the final, HK ATEK Kyiv defeated the regular season winner HK Kremenchuk.
Regular season
Play-off
References
Ukrainian Hockey Championship seasons
Ukrainian Hockey Championship
Ukr |
In Search of the Supernatural (), is a 4th-century Chinese compilation of legends, short stories, and hearsay concerning Chinese gods, ghosts, and other supernatural phenomena. Although the authorship of the book is not made explicit in the text, it is believed to have been written and compiled by Gan Bao, a historian at the court of Emperor Yuan of the Jin dynasty around AD350. It was reissued in numerous editions, including in 1593. The book usually consists of 464 stories.
The English translation by Kenneth J. DeWoskin and J. I. Crump, Jr. was published in 1996. The book is also known as In Search of the Sacred and Anecdotes about Spirits and Immortals.
Stories
Notable stories include:
Gan Jiang Mo Xie〈干將莫邪〉
Wu Wang Xiao Nü〈吳王小女〉
Li Ji Zhan She〈李寄斬蛇〉a legend about serpent-slaying: Li Ji Slays the Giant Serpent (Li Chi Slays the Serpent), similar to the legend of Chen Jinggu.
Han Bing Fufu〈韓憑夫婦〉
The collection also contains a variant of the story of a Swan Maiden (or Heavenly/Celestial Bride) who marries a mortal man.
Legacy
Pu Songling cites Gan Bao's work as a far greater work than his own, the now famous Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.
References
Gan Bao. In Search of the Supernatural: The Written Record, translated into English by Kenneth J. DeWoskin and James Irving Crump. Stanford University Press, 1996.
Further reading
External links
搜神記 (Sou Shen Ji) at Project Gutenberg (in Chinese)
Chinese literature
4th-century documents
4th-century books
Jin dynasty (266–420)
Chinese mythology
Chinese folklore
Chinese short story collections |
Pros & Cons (sometimes written as Pros and Cons) is a 1999 cоmedy film starring Larry Miller (who also wrote the screenplay), Tommy Davidson, and Delroy Lindo. The broadcast rights wеrе purchased by Cinemax who aired the debut of the film in 1999 on their cable network. It was directed by Boris Damast. Аfter its cable debut, it was released on video in 1999 by Warner Home Video under the New Line Home Video imprint.
This was the final film appearance of actor Darren McGavin.
Plot
Miller plays Ben Babbitt, an accountant who is imprisoned for financial crimes. Davidson plays his cellmate Ron Carter. Ben is endeared to Kyle, a powerful prisoner who convinces Ben to use his computer expertise to help them escape from prison.
Primary cast
Larry Miller .... Ben Babbitt
Tommy Davidson .... Ron Carter
Delroy Lindo .... Kyle Pettibone
Darren McGavin .... Mr. Stanford
David Rasche .... Jack Stanford
Christine Ebersole .... Kathy Stanford
Wayne Knight .... Wayne the Guard
Julie Warner .... Eileen
Terry Sweeney .... Decorator
References
External links
1999 films
1990s crime comedy films
1999 direct-to-video films
American crime comedy films
American direct-to-video films
American prison comedy films
Films scored by Michel Colombier
1990s prison films
1999 comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language crime comedy films |
Chicago in the 1930s was one of the major centers of activity in the United States. 1930s Chicago is strongly associated with gangsters and the mafia and speakeasies to provide alcohol following Prohibition. A dark and gloomy time during the Great Depression, many people in the city were unemployed and became dependent on food hand outs in order to get by; many turned to crime as a way to deal with poverty. Many struggling musicians came to the city and found solace in the blues and jazz in the clubs of the city as a way to cope with their grievances. Numerous southern blues and jazz musicians made a name for themselves in the city as they had done in the 1920s. The theater scene in Chicago thrived during this period.
1930-1931
During the early days of the Great Depression, musicians from the southern region migrated to the north to Chicago and the Chicago blues absorbed them into their fold, allowing their ensembles to become very popular. The originality of each musician was brought to the fore in these ensembles.
In 1930, President Herbert Hoover's work on behalf of Chicago's "Al Capone problem" began to "get legs." A Washington, D.C. special prosecutor Dwight H. Green was appointed to Chicago to capture the Chicago gangsters and send them to jail, particularly Al Capone. Green had access to all the government ammunition needed for the job. However, Capone was aware of the secret plans of the Federal government with men identified to execute the job by men like Frank J. Wilson, a U.S. Secret Service agent, and Elmer Irey, the IRS head. Capone had sounded and fixed the people who mattered by sending a legal team to the nation's capitol for executing the deal. Yet, while the money was taken, it bought Capone no influence in Washington, D.C.
This did not stop the IRS investigations and even his Capone underlings Frank Nitti (Francesco Nitto) were booked by the IRS and sentenced to 18 months in prison and a $10,000 fine. Capone's brother Ralph (Raffaele Capone, Sr.), was also indicted for three years in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary and a $10,000 fine. On 17 October 1931, Al Capone was convicted of tax evasion following a four-day trial in Chicago. Bribes failed to help him. However, Capone had "cut a deal" with the prosecutors during the pre-trial to drop 5,000 "Prohibition" violations that could have "nailed him" for 25,000-years-to-life if convicted on all the charges. It has been said that Capone underling Gus Winkler was prevented by other Capone men from freeing him outright, with $100,000 upfront (a tax payment, not a bribe) to the federal taxman.
On 24 October 1931, one week after he was convicted of tax evasion, Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison (first, Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, then Alcatraz Island), fined $50,000 and charged $30,000 in court costs. While awaiting transfer to Atlanta to serve his sentence, Capone sat in Cook County Jail, where it was reported that he "had all the booze and women he wanted".
Some time during 1931, a group of mostly college graduates in the Chicago area, called the "College Kidnappers," embarked on the bold step of kidnapping low-level, area gangsters and held them for ransom. Allegedly, the Klutas gang, named after leader Theodore "Handsome Jack" Klutas, took in a half-million dollars from these kidnappings in about a two-year span.
The Merchandise Mart was completed for Marshall Field & Co. in 1930. The $32 million, 4.2 million square foot (390,000 m2) building was the world's largest commercial building. It was sold it to Joseph P. Kennedy in 1945.
The Adler Planetarium opened on 10 May 1930, through a gift from local merchant Max Adler. It was the first planetarium in the Western Hemisphere. Adler was quoted as saying, "Chicago has been striving to create, and in large measure has succeeded in creating, facilities for its citizens of today to live a life." The Shedd Aquarium opened soon afterwards in May 1930. In 1931, and again the following year, the city hosted the International Workers' Olympics.
At the beginning of 1930 and at beginning of 1940, the population of Chicago was 3,376,438 and 3,396,808 respectively.
The Doorway to Hell (1930) was a movie made in 1930 based on the theme of organizing the various gangs in Chicago so that the gangsters do not destroy each other. It was nominated for the Best Writing, Original Story for Rowland Brown, in 1931.
1932–1933
In 1932, the Chicago democrats got into power and Franklin Roosevelt achieved 98% votes from the Twenty Fourth ward. Eddy Kelly was elected mayor and the Chicago democrats, who ruled so overwhelmingly that they held office for nearly 70 years, until the end of the 1900s. They played a key role in the elections of Harry Truman and John F Kennedy. The Chicago democrats could deliver the votes in every other way. In 1932, Chicago as a city was about 100 years old since it was established by Jean Baptiste Du Sable, and had developed into a massive city with a huge population of 3.4 million in 1932.
In 1932, the Chicago school system was also in tatters and the banking industry went into a tailspin as many of the banks who had invested in the electric company "The Common Wealth Edison" busted during the Great Depression as the stock market crashed.
In May 1932, Al Capone began serving his 11-year sentence for tax evasion, in Atlanta, GA. He was later transferred to Alcatraz Island to finish his sentence.
The Gangster Era came to an end in 1933. It had lasted since 1919 when Prohibition began. The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, Dion O'Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era.
The Century of Progress World's Fair took place in 1933 from May 27 to November 1 and named "A Century of Progress". On February 15, 1933, Mayor Anton Cermak was shot while standing near President-elect Roosevelt in Miami; the mayor died on March 6. In December 1933, violence broke out by communists in the city. On December 17 they attacked a parade of Ukrainians. By 1933, four years after the start of the Great Depression, unemployment reached 50 percent.
In early 1933, after one of his gang turned on him, Theodore "Handsome Jack" Klutas was machine-gunned to death by cops. Thus, ending the gang's kidnapping spree.
In 1929, Robert Maynard Hutchins was the fifth president of the University of Chicago when the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. He had eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics. He organized the university's graduate work into its current four divisions and a liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core was also added. In 1933, his proposal to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university did not come through During his tenure in office, the development of University of Chicago Hospitals, now known as the University of Chicago Medical Center, was completed and enrolled its first medical students, and also at the same time the Committee on Social Thought was created.
1934–1935
On 22 July 1934, John Dillinger was shot by the FBI in the alley next to the Biograph Theater.
On January 19, 1935, Coopers Inc. sold the world's first briefs. In 1935, Jay Berwanger of the University of Chicago was awarded the very first Heisman Trophy. In 1934, a major fire broke out at the Chicago Union Stock Yards, the second major fire in its history after the 1910 fire.
Masses of blacks migrated to the city from the south during the Great Migration of the first half of the 20th century. Many arrived in the city looking for work and settled in what became known as the "Black Belt", the chain of neighborhoods on the South Side of Chicago where three-quarters of the city's African American population lived by the mid-20th century. The Black Belt was an area of aging, dilapidated housing that stretched 30 blocks along State Street on the South Side. It was rarely more than seven blocks wide.
Many African Americans who moved to the Black Belt area of Chicago were from the Southeastern region of the United States. Discrimination played a big role in the lives of blacks. They often struggled to find decent housing. Immigration to Chicago resulted in overcrowding, and although there were decent homes in the African American sections, the core of the Black Belt was a slum. A 1934 census estimated that black households contained 6.8 people on average, whereas white households contained 4.7.
Many Blacks lived in apartments that lacked plumbing, with only one bathroom for each floor. With the buildings so overcrowded, building inspections and garbage collection were below the minimum mandatory requirements for healthy sanitation. This unhealthiness increased the threat of disease. Crime in African-American neighborhoods was a low priority to the police. Associated with problems of poverty and southern culture, rates of violence and homicide were high. Some women resorted to prostitution to survive. Both low life and middle class strivers were concentrated in a small area.
1936–1937
Soldier Field was the scene of the 1936 world championship games when Chicago hosted the Amateur Softball Association. Although billiards was considered to be a popular commercial sport for blue-collar workers, the number of licensed billiard parlors diminished from 2,244 (1920) to 580 (1936) due to the Great Depression.
On November 28, 1937, in Soldier Field, Austin High School beat Leo High School 26–0 in the annual playoff which pitted the champions of the city's Public League against the Catholic League. The crowd, estimated at 120,000, was considered to be the largest ever to view a football game in the US.
On May 26, 1937, 85,000 steelworkers in five states walked out. Five Chicago-area mills were shut with 22,000 workers walking out. Republic Steel clash four days later. Ten demonstrators were killed by police bullets during the "Little Steel Strike" of 1937. When several smaller steelmakers, including Republic Steel, refused to follow the lead of U.S. Steel by signing a union contract, a strike was called by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). In the melee that followed, 10 demonstrators were killed and 60 injured; 40 police officers were hurt.
1938–1939
The year 1938 saw the National League pennant won by the Cubs. A key moment in the team's pennant drive came near the end of the season when Gabby Hartnett hit a game-ending home run at a foggy and nearly dark Wrigley Field; according to legend, the ball disappeared into the fog and was never found. The Cubs went into first place, and clinched the pennant three days later. Hartnett's shot entered baseball lore as the "Homer in the Gloamin'".
On 8 November 1939, two unknown gunman assassinated Chicago's Attorney Edward O'Hare. They drove close to his car on Ogden Avenue and shot him. Apparently, O'Hare had double crossed The Outfit (secretive organized crime cartel) while managing some of its affairs had leaked information about the Outfit to authorities for years.
After long efforts, in the late 1930s, workers organized across racial lines to form the United Packinghouse Workers of America. By then, the majority of workers in Chicago's plants were black, but they succeeded in creating an interracial organizing committee. It succeeded in organizing unions both in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska, the city with the second largest meatpacking industry. This union belonged to the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which was more progressive than the American Federation of Labor. They succeeded in lifting segregation of job positions. For a time, workers achieved living wages and other benefits, leading to blue collar middle-class life for decades. Some blacks were also able to move up the ranks to supervisory and management positions. The CIO also succeeded in organizing Chicago's steel industry. Raceway Park was a one-fifth-mile asphalt oval, built in 1938, for amateur stock car competitions.
In popular culture
The third volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé, Tintin in America took place in Chicago in the early 1930s.
References
Bibliography
External links
History of Chicago
1930s in Illinois |
Sniper!, subtitled "House-to-House Fighting in World War II", is a two-player board wargame about man-to-man combat in urban environments during WWII,
originally released in 1973 by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI). After TSR purchased SPI in 1982, TSR released an expanded edition of Sniper! in 1986, and followed up that up with releases of various "companion games" and a videogame.
Original edition (SPI)
Sniper! was released by SPI in 1973 as a two-person combat boardgame designed by James Dunnigan, with additional material provided by developers Hank Zucker, John Young, Ed Curran, Bob Felice, Bill Sullivan, Angel Gomez, and Hal Vaughn, cover art by Rodger B. MacGowan, and graphic design and cartography by Redmond A. Simonsen. Subtitled House to House Fighting in World War Two, the game simulates man-to-man urban combat in the Second World War. The game was significant for being the first commercial tactical board wargaming treatment of man-to-man combat in the Second World War.
The game came in three formats:
a plain white box
a plastic counter tray with a clear lid
a "Designer's Edition" in a full-sized color cardboard box
Components
The 1st edition came with:
34" x 22" map (a paper map in the "white box" and "counter tray" editions, a mounted map in the "Designer's Edition")
2 Sniper charts and tables
Game Rules
1 Pad of Simultaneous Movement Sheets
1 tray to hold game pieces
two sets of 2 tanks, 2 armoured personnel carriers and 2 trucks, all printed on cardstock that required vehicles to be cut apart
400 die-cut counters in olive green for Allies and grey for Germans
Gameplay
Movement Points
Each counter, usually representing an individual soldier, has 10 Movement Points (MP) per turn. At the start of each turn, each player secretly "buys" actions for each counter up to the 10 MP limit. Moving a unit uses 1 MP per hex of plain terrain; other terrain has a higher MP cost. Actions such as standing up or throwing a grenade each use 5 MP. Firing a weapon or reloading a weapon uses all 10 MP.
Panic
After the actions for each counter have been purchased and recorded, each player checks their units for panic. Those that are panicked will do nothing or move randomly.
Actions
All remaining actions are performed simultaneously in three phases: combat, movement, and finally grenades and artillery.
Second Edition (TSR)
Following TSR's purchase of SPI in 1982, TSR released a new version of Sniper! in 1986 titled Sniper! Second Edition: Game of Man-to-Man Combat, 1941-90 that expanded the timeframe of the game to include modern-day warfare. The expanded game, which combined SPI's original Sniper! and sister game Patrol, was designed by Steve Winter, with artwork and cartography by Linda Bakk, Doug Chaffee, Tom Darden, Kim Lindau, Rodger B. MacGowan, and Colleen O'Malley.
Game components included:
two large 22" x 34" paper maps (double sided, with urban terrain on one side and rural terrain on the other, to allow for "double-blind" play with an umpire)
32-page rulebook divided into Basic, Intermediate, Advanced, and Optional rules
cardstock sheet of vehicles
two six-sided dice
plastic counter tray
600 diecut counters.
In an article in The Wargamer (May–June 1988) about the development of the game, designer Steve Winter commented, "When I first started revising the Sniper! and Patrol games in 1985, there were only two other wargames (that I am aware of) that covered modern combat at man-to-man scale. Since then, at least three more have been published (two of which, like the Sniper! game, were based heavily on previously published games). Yet, despite this surge of man-to-man games, very few articles have been published about any of them."
Companion Game #1: Hetzer
In 1987, TSR released the first "Sniper Companion Game" titled Hetzer (named for the German Jagdpanzer 38 light tank destroyer). As indicated by its subtitle, "Game of Man-to-Man Combat in Europe, 1940-45", Hetzer returned to the Second World War setting of SPI's original Sniper!. The game was again designed by Steve Winter, with artwork and cartography by Dennis Kauth, David S. LaForce, and David C. Sutherland III. Components included
two 22" x 34" maps (similar to those in Sniper! but including Normandy-style hedgerows)
24-page rulebook
16-page rulebook
8-page Scenario book
three cardstock sheets of vehicles
two six-sided dice
counter tray
400 die-cut counters
Companion Game #2: Special Forces
In 1988, TSR released the second "Sniper Companion Game", Special Forces, designed by Rick Swan, with artwork by and cartography by Doug Chaffee, Dennis Kauth, David LaForce, Sue Myers, Stephen Sullivan, and David C. Sutherland III. Unlike the previous editions of the game, which had been published as boxed sets, Special Forces was sold as a cardstock folder holding loose contents, which included
two 21" x 32" maps
24-page rulebook
16-page rule book
8-page scenario booklet
reference card
a ziplock bag
400 die-cut counters.
In the May–June 1988 edition of The Wargamer, designer Rick Swan commented on his transnational approach to the game, saying, "I was more or less given a free hand to set the scope of the game, so the first design decision was to establish parameters. It seemed it could go one of two ways - it could either focus on a few select forces in specifically chosen conflicts, or it could take a broader view and allow for forces from around the world to participate in a variety of situations. The first option would demand a more detailed and complicated system than I wanted, not to mention requiring the answers to questions I wasn't comfortable answering (Which nationalities should be included? What's a "typical" terrorist operation?). The second option was more attractive - not only would it give players a lot to pick from, it sounded like it'd be more fun to design and more like a game I'd like to play.
Companion game #3: Bug Hunter
In 1988, TSR also released a science fiction version of Sniper! called Bug Hunter, designed by Steve Winter, with artwork and cartography by Kim Janke, Dennis Kauth, and David C. Sutherland III, and cover art by Keith Parkinson. Using the Sniper! rules set, the game focuses on "the popular science fiction theme of embattled humans threatened by vicious alien creatures in space and on the ground."
Components include:
four double-sided maps
three rulebooks (original Sniper! rules, science fiction rules adaptations, scenarios)
400 die-cut counters
fifty random event cards
cardstock sheet of vehicle cutouts
track/roster sheet
cover folder, which included reference tables
Sniper! videogame
In 1989, TSR released Sniper! as a multiplayer, online computer game on Compuserve. Designed by Steve Estvanik, the game started each player as a recruit in the Sniper Saloon & Salad Bar, where a drill instructor waited to show new players how the game was played. Once trained, players could challenge other players to a Sniper! game, or play a computerized opponent. Several subgames were featured, including:
Patrol: two opposing squads, Alpha and Bravo, met between their front lines in no-man's land
Infiltrate: Alpha force tried to cross from one side of the map to the other, exiting the map at Bravo’s Victory Point area before Bravo could stop Alpha.
Reception
In A Player's Guide to Table Games, John Jackson thought that "it just takes too many rules to simulate action on such [an individual] level; ultimately, the trouble of learning so many directions and the tedium of order-writing will overcome most players' interest in the subject matter."
In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer commented that "with a counter for each individual ... you can't get more tactical than that!" Palmer noted the "controversial panic (command control) rules frustrating your best-laid plans." He concluded that the game was "Exciting and fast-moving: lengthy rules, but easy to play once you have tried a game or two."
In Issue #21 of Phoenix, Geoff Barnard noted that both Sniper! and the follow-up game Patrol are "primarily concerned with technology" rather than playability. Barnard liked the detailed maps, but he felt that the "panic rule" introduced too much of a random factor, commenting, "the weird panic/preservation rules cause aberrant as well as logical things to happen — as the random dice rolls decree."
In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman commented that this game "suffers from being outdated by more recent designs." Freeman found the simultaneous movement system interfered with playability. Freeman concluded by giving the game an Overall Evaluation of only "Fair", saying, "It offers variety and a wealth of fine detail for those who find the subject and scale irresistible, but most gamers will find it too cumbersome."
In The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training, Martin Campion commented on the use of this game in the classroom, saying, "This is a very accurate simulation of the danger and activity in city-fighting situations. It is very gripping to students, who have watched the same thing on TV frequently and who identify readily with their roles in the game."
In the May 1989 edition of Games International, James Wallis reviewed Bug Hunter as the magazine's "Game of the Month", and found the amount of material included made for "a great deal of game by any standards." He found the hand-to-hand combat rules "simple and direct", and the rules overall "written in a clear style that explains everything while not being patronising or dull." He concluded by giving the game a perfect score of 5 out of 5, saying, "Bug Hunter is not without a few rough spots but [...] it is fast, fun and contains enough variables to keep players interested for some time.".
In the May–June 1991 edition of Fire & Movement (Issue 73), Terry Rooker reviewed TSR's Special Forces, and was not overly impressed, saying, "it fails to capture some of the most important aspects of [modern] LIC (Light Infantry combat)." Rooker's issue was that "The original [Sniper! game] system was designed for WWII infantry engagements. In that type of warfare, everyone obeys the rules of land warfare and wears a uniform of the appropriate color. In LIC situations, the situation is not so clear. The combatants often wear clothing indistinguishable from the non-combatants. Target identification is much more difficult." Nevertheless, Rooker concluded, "For the direct action part of a mission, Sniper! Special Forces is the best game available."
In the December 1998 edition of The Wargamer, James C. Gordon reviewed Hetzer, and found that it "fills a [niche] in the hobby with a challenging view of ground level combat situations in World War II. [...] Managing forces of sometimes questionable reliability, weapons systems with various strengths and weaknesses, and reacting to the opposition requires the skills of a chess player." Gordon liked the "professionally done map and counters", and found the rules to be "well organized." Although he found the game complex, with "lots to remember and lots to do", he didn't find the system cumbersome. He concluded by noting that the historical accuracy of the game was derived from "typical situations and objectives. Good marks for all."
Other reviews
Moves #30
Strategy & Tactics #45
Fire & Movement #62
Games & Puzzles #58
The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games
References
External links
'The Sniper'
Board games introduced in 1973
Board wargames with artwork by Rodger B. MacGowan
Jim Dunnigan games
Man-to-man wargames
Simulations Publications games
TSR, Inc. games
Wargames introduced in 1973
World War II board wargames |
The sack of Cashel, also known as the massacre of Cashel, took place on 15 September 1647 during the Irish Confederate Wars, when Cashel Castle in County Tipperary was taken by a Protestant Parliamentarian army commanded by the Baron of Inchiquin. In what is considered one of the most brutal incidents of the war, survivors of the Catholic garrison were executed along with a number of civilians and the castle was sacked.
The Munster mutiny
The sack of Cashel occurred against the background of a complex conflict in the south of Ireland. In 1642, most of the province of Munster had fallen to Irish Catholic rebels with the exception of Cork city and a few towns along the south coast, which remained in the hands of Protestant settlers. For five years, the province had been fought over by the Irish Confederation and Protestants, led by the Baron of Inchiquin.
The political and military situation was further fragmented by the First English Civil War in which the Catholics gave their support to Charles I, and the Protestants after 1643 to the Parliament of England. What was more, the Irish Confederates were themselves split over the terms on which they should sign a peace deal with the King. A deep rift developed within their ranks in 1647 between those who were prepared to accept a mere toleration of Catholicism in return for an alliance with the English Royalists and those who in effect wanted Ireland to be a Catholic kingdom, albeit under sovereignty of the Stuart monarchy. This infighting was to fatally hamper the war effort of the Confederates in Munster and make possible the Protestant sack of Cashel.
On 12 June 1647, Donough MacCarthy, the Viscount of Muskerry entered the camp of the Irish Confederate Munster army. The Viscount Muskerry was probably the most powerful Confederate leader in Munster and was known to be sympathetic to the powerful Irish Royalist Ormonde. At that time, the Munster army was commanded by the Earl of Glamorgan, an English Catholic nobleman who had been granted command of the army by the Confederate Supreme council for reasons of political expediency, being aligned neither to the Royalist nor clerical faction.
Glamorgan was not popular, partly because he was English but also because he lacked money to regularly pay the soldiers. Muskerry was unsatisfied with the direction the Irish Confederate Supreme Council was headed under the influence of Rinuccinni and realised that he was in a position to influence the army of Munster and thereby strengthen his hand.
He won the army over within an hour. A ceremony was afterwards arranged in which Glamorgan handed over command to Muskerry but this was merely to save face. Muskerry desired to turn his full attention to the politics of the Irish Confederations supreme council, and so immediately after the ceremony, Muskerry resigned in favour of Theobald Taaffe, a nobleman who had joined the Irish Confederates but who was known to be sympathetic to Royalism. Unfortunately for the Confederates, Lord Taaffe was one of the most incompetent leaders to command an Irish army during the 1640s.
Even worse, while the Munster Army was paralysed by the intrigues of its commanders, Inchiquin's Protestant forces had embarked on a highly destructive campaign in Confederate held territory.
Inchiquin's offensive
In summer 1647, the Baron of Inchiquin, commander of the Protestant army in Munster, commenced a campaign against Catholic strongholds in County Limerick and County Clare, then in early September captured Cahir Castle in County Tipperary. This provided him a secure base for raiding the surrounding countryside, largely unopposed by Lord Taaffe, probably the result of the political scheming of Muskerry and other powerful Irish lords who hoped to keep the Munster army intact for their own ends. As a result, Inchiquin was able to advance on Cashel, County Tipperary, a significant economic and ecclesiastical centre.
The attack
Inchiquin had already launched two minor raids against Cashel, and he now had the opportunity to launch a major assault. The Parliamentarian forces first stormed nearby Roche Castle, putting fifty warders to the sword. This attack terrified the local inhabitants of the region, some of whom fled to hiding places, while hundreds of others fled promptly to the Rock of Cashel, a stronger place than the town itself. Lord Taaffe had placed six companies in the fortified churchyard that sat upon the rock, and considered the place defensible, though he himself did not stay to put it to the test, leaving command to the Governor Lieutenant-Colonel Butler.
Arriving with his army at the Rock, Inchiquin called for surrender within an hour. The defenders of the churchyard offered to negotiate, but that was refused, and on the afternoon of 15 September the assault commenced. The Parliamentarians were first reminded of earlier atrocities against Protestants, and then began to deploy. The attack was led by around 150 dismounted horse officers (who wore more armour than the foot) with the remainder of the infantry following; troops of horse rode along the flanks of the advancing force to encourage the infantry. The Irish soldiers attempted to drive off the attackers with pikes while the civilians inside hurled rocks down from the walls: in turn the attackers hurled firebrands into the compound, setting some of the buildings inside on fire. Although many were wounded, the Parliamentarians gradually fought their way over the walls, pushing the garrison into the church.
Initially, the Irish defenders managed to protect the Church, holding off the attackers trying to get through the doors, but the Parliamentarians then placed numerous ladders against the many windows in the church and swarmed the building. For another half an hour fighting raged inside the church, until the depleted defenders retreated up the bell tower. Only sixty soldiers of the garrison remained at this point, and they thus accepted a call to surrender. However, after they had descended the tower and thrown their swords away, all were killed.
The sack
In the end all the soldiers (save a single major) and most of the civilians on the Rock were killed by the attackers. The Bishop and Mayor of Cashel along with a few others survived by taking shelter in a secret hiding place. Apart from these a few women were spared, after being stripped of their clothes, and a small number of wealthy civilians were taken prisoner, but these were the exceptions. Overall, close to 1,000 were killed, amongst them Lieutenant-Colonel Butler and catholic scholar Theobald Stapleton. The bodies in the churchyard were described by a witness as being five or six deep.
The slaughter was followed by extensive plunder. There was much of value inside, for apart from pictures, chalices and vestments of the church, many of the slain civilians had also brought their valuables with them. The sword and mace of the mayor of Cashel, as well as the coach of the bishop were captured. The plunder was accompanied by acts of iconoclasm, with statues smashed and pictures defaced. The deserted town of Cashel was also torched.
Aftermath
The atrocity at Cashel caused a deep impact in Ireland, as it was the worst single atrocity committed in Ireland since the start of fighting in 1641. Previously, the most infamous massacre amongst the Catholic population was that at Timolin in 1643, when 200 civilians were killed by Ormonde's English Royalist army, but many more than this were killed at Cashel, and the Rock of Cashel was one of the chief holy places of Ireland. The slaughter of the garrison at Cashel and the subsequent devastation of Catholic-held Munster earned Inchiquin the Irish nickname, Murchadh na Dóiteáin or "Murrough of the Burnings".
The political ramifications in the Irish confederation were also profound, serving to exacerbate the split between the Catholic party headed by Giovanni Battista Rinuccini and those sympathetic to the Royalist lord Ormonde. The former were enraged by the attack, and desired retribution against Inchiquin and his army, but the Ormondist faction saw the Sack of Cashel and a subsequent raid by Inchiquin's men into County Kilkenny as evidence of the futility of defending Ireland without Royalist support. In the short term, Lord Taffe came under intense pressure from the Confederate leadership to engage Inchiquin. When he did so in November, the politically divided and badly led Munster army was routed and destroyed at the Battle of Knocknanuss. This was the second Confederate army to be destroyed in less than six months, the Leinster Army having been annihilated at the battle of Dungans Hill in August.
In consequence, the Confederates had no option but to sign a truce with Inchiquin, an act which deeply alienated many Confederates and Catholic clergy, who had been appalled at Inchiquin's brutal tactics in Munster. These divisions would lead to the brief but bloody Irish Confederate Civil War in 1648. Inchiquin withdrew his support for the English Parliament in the same year and entered with the Confederates into a Royalist alliance.
Despite the massacre, Inchiquin converted to Roman Catholicism while in exile in France in 1656.
See also
List of massacres in Ireland
Citations
References
General references
Conflicts in 1647
Cashel
1647 in Ireland
Anti-Catholicism in Ireland
History of County Tipperary
Attacks on churches in Europe
Looting in Europe
Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Cashel, County Tipperary
Anti-Christian sentiment in Ireland
Massacres of Catholics |
Katz back-off is a generative n-gram language model that estimates the conditional probability of a word given its history in the n-gram. It accomplishes this estimation by backing off through progressively shorter history models under certain conditions. By doing so, the model with the most reliable information about a given history is used to provide the better results.
The model was introduced in 1987 by Slava M. Katz. Prior to that, n-gram language models were constructed by training individual models for different n-gram orders using maximum likelihood estimation and then interpolating them together.
Method
The equation for Katz's back-off model is:
where
C(x) = number of times x appears in training
wi = ith word in the given context
Essentially, this means that if the n-gram has been seen more than k times in training, the conditional probability of a word given its history is proportional to the maximum likelihood estimate of that n-gram. Otherwise, the conditional probability is equal to the back-off conditional probability of the (n − 1)-gram.
The more difficult part is determining the values for k, d and α.
is the least important of the parameters. It is usually chosen to be 0. However, empirical testing may find better values for k.
is typically the amount of discounting found by Good–Turing estimation. In other words, if Good–Turing estimates as , then
To compute , it is useful to first define a quantity β, which is the left-over probability mass for the (n − 1)-gram:
Then the back-off weight, α, is computed as follows:
The above formula only applies if there is data for the "(n − 1)-gram". If not, the algorithm skips n-1 entirely and uses the Katz estimate for n-2. (and so on until an n-gram with data is found)
Discussion
This model generally works well in practice, but fails in some circumstances. For example, suppose that the bigram "a b" and the unigram "c" are very common, but the trigram "a b c" is never seen. Since "a b" and "c" are very common, it may be significant (that is, not due to chance) that "a b c" is never seen. Perhaps it's not allowed by the rules of the grammar. Instead of assigning a more appropriate value of 0, the method will back off to the bigram and estimate P(c | b), which may be too high.
References
Language modeling
Statistical natural language processing |
Sonya Hardcastle (born 16 April 1972) is a New Zealand former international netball player.
An attacking midcourt player, Hardcastle was first selected for the New Zealand national netball team, the Silver Ferns, in 1992. She sustained a back injury the following year, which kept her out of the 1993 World Games. Outside of netball, Hardcastle was stalked several times during her early international career. After taking time out to focus on studies, Hardcastle rejoined the Silver Ferns in 1997, and went on to win silver medals at the 1998 Commonwealth Games and 1999 Netball World Championships.
With the start of the Coca-Cola Cup (later the National Bank Cup) in 1998, Hardcastle signed with the Northern Force; having moved to live in Invercargill, she also started playing provincial netball for Southland. She announced her retirement from all forms of netball after 1999, although she played again with the Northern Force in 2001; she also made a surprise return to play with North Harbour in the 2008 provincial netball season.
Her sisters Nadine and Rochelle also played alongside Sonya in domestic netball, with Rochelle joining her in the Northern Force. Her mother is also a coach with Netball North Harbour.
References
External links
Profile at the New Zealand Olympic Committee website
New Zealand netball players
New Zealand international netball players
Netball players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
New Zealand Māori netball players
1972 births
Living people
Commonwealth Games medallists in netball
Netball players at the 1993 World Games
1999 World Netball Championships players
Northern Force players
Northern Mystics coaches
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games |
"Rock the Boat" is a song by French music producer and DJ Bob Sinclar, featuring Pitbull, Dragonfly and Fatman Scoop. It was released on 19 December 2011. The single peaked at number 22 on the French charts.
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Rock the Boat" was first released onto YouTube on January 21, 2012 at a total length of three minutes and eight seconds. Pitbull does not appear on the video.
The singers are the French Bob Sinclair, the Colombian Dragonfly and the Americans Fatman Scoop and Pitbull.
Formats and track listings
Digital download
"Rock the Boat" (Original Version) – 3:54
"Rock the Boat" (Radio Edit) – 3:08
6 track CD single – X Energy Italy – X 12384.12 CDS
"Rock the Boat" (Original Radio Edit) – 3:08
"Rock the Boat" (Original Club Version) – 5:06
"Rock the Boat" (Martin Solveig Remix) – 5:42
"Rock the Boat" (Bassjackers & Yellow Claw Remix) – 5:36
"Rock the Boat" (Ilan Khan Remix) – 6:19
"Rock the Boat" (Cutee B. Remix) – 5:49
Credits and personnel
Bob Sinclar – producer, keyboards, arranger, instrumentation, recording and mixing
Armando C. Perez – vocals, songwriter
Dragonfly – vocals
Christophe Le Friant – songwriter
Kinnda Kee Hamid – songwriter
Maurizio Zoffoli – songwriter
David A. Stewart – songwriter
Annie Lennox – songwriter
Source:
Charts
Weekly charts
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Certifications
References
Bob Sinclar songs
2011 singles
Pitbull (rapper) songs
Fatman Scoop songs
Songs written by Annie Lennox
Songs written by David A. Stewart
Songs written by Kinnda
2011 songs
Songs written by Pitbull (rapper)
Songs written by Bob Sinclar
Ministry of Sound singles |
Metro Detroit is a major metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and over 200 municipalities in the surrounding area with its largest employer being Oakland County. There are varied definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, a federal agency of the United States.
Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, food, cultural diversity, and sports. The area includes a variety of natural landscapes, parks, and beaches, with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes. Metro Detroit also has one of the largest metropolitan economies in the U.S. with 17 Fortune 500 companies.
Definitions
The Detroit Urban Area, which serves as the metropolitan area's core, ranks as the 12th most populous in the United States, with a population of 3,776,890 as of the 2020 census and an area of . This urbanized area covers parts of the counties of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne. These counties are sometimes referred to as the Detroit Tri-County Area and had a population of 3,862,888 as of the 2010 census with an area of .
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a federal agency of the United States, defines the Detroit–Warren–Dearborn Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as the six counties of Lapeer, Livingston, Macomb, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 4,296,250 with an area of .
Detroit–Warren–Dearborn Metropolitan Statistical Area
The nine county area designated by the OMB as the Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor Combined Statistical Area (CSA) includes the Detroit–Warren–Dearborn MSA and the three additional counties of Genesee, Monroe, and Washtenaw (which include the metropolitan areas of Flint, Monroe, and Ann Arbor, respectively). It had a population of 5,318,744 as of the 2010 census, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States, covering an area of . Lenawee County was removed from the CSA in 2000, but added back in 2013.
Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor Combined Statistical Area
With the adjacent city of Windsor, Ontario, and its suburbs, the combined Detroit–Windsor area has a population of about 5.7 million. When the nearby Toledo metropolitan area and its commuters are taken into account, the region constitutes a much larger population center. An estimated 46 million people live within a radius of Detroit proper, including the major metropolitan areas of Chicago, Toronto and Cleveland. Metro Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis.
Conan Smith, a businessperson quoted in a 2012 article by The Ann Arbor News, stated the most significant reason Washtenaw County, including Ann Arbor, is not often included in definitions of Metro Detroit is that there is a "lack of affinity that Washtenaw County as a whole has with Wayne County and Detroit or Oakland County and Macomb". Ann Arbor is nearly 43 miles by car from Downtown Detroit, and developed separately as a university city, with its own character. Smith said that county residents "just don't yet see ourselves as a natural part of that [Detroit] region, so I think it feels a little forced to a lot of people, and they're scared about it".
Economy
Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a major center of commerce and global trade, most notably as home to America's 'Big Three' automobile companies: General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. Detroit's six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) has a population of about 4.3 million and a workforce of about 2.1 million. In December 2017, the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate at 4.2%. The Detroit MSA had a Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) of $252.7 billion as of September 2017.
Firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and hydrogen fuel cell development.
Metro Detroit is one of the leading health care economies in the U.S., according to a 2003 study measuring health care industry components, with the region's hospital sector ranked fourth in the nation.
Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest US city to offer casino resort hotels. Caesars Windsor, Canada's largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Hollywood Casino in the city. The casino hotels contribute significant tax revenue along with thousands of jobs for residents. Gaming revenues have grown steadily, with Detroit ranked as the fifth-largest gambling market in the United States for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included, Detroit's gambling market ranks either third or fourth.
There are about four thousand factories in the area. The domestic auto industry is primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. The area is an important source of engineering job opportunities. A rise in automated manufacturing using robotic technology has created related industries in the area.
A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Detroit–Windsor region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the city's international border crossing.
In addition to property taxes, residents of the City of Detroit pay an income tax rate of 2.50%.
Detroit automakers and local manufacturers have made significant restructurings in response to market competition. GM made its initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010, after bankruptcy, bailout, and restructuring by the federal government. Domestic automakers reported significant profits in 2010, interpreted by some analysts as the beginning of an industry rebound and an economic recovery for the Detroit area.
The region's nine-county area, with its population of 5.3 million, has a workforce of about 2.6 million and about 247,000 businesses. Fourteen Fortune 500 companies are based in metropolitan Detroit. In April 2015, the metropolitan Detroit unemployment rate was 5.1 percent, a rate lower than the New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta metropolitan areas.
Metro Detroit has made Michigan's economy a leader in information technology, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. Michigan ranks fourth nationally in high-tech employment with 568,000 high-tech workers, including 70,000 in the automotive industry.
Michigan typically ranks second or third in overall Research & development (R&D) expenditures in the United States. Metro Detroit is an important source of engineering and high-tech job opportunities. As the home of the "Big Three" American automakers (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler), it is the world's traditional automotive center and a key pillar of the U.S. economy. In the 2010s, the domestic auto industry accounts, directly and indirectly, for one of ten jobs in the United States, making it a significant component for economic recovery.
For 2010, the domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.
Metro Detroit serves as the headquarters for the United States Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command (TACOM), with Selfridge Air National Guard Base. Detroit Metropolitan Airport (DTW) is one of America's largest and most recently modernized facilities, with six major runways, Boeing 747 maintenance facilities, and an attached Westin Hotel and Conference Center.
Detroit is a major U.S. port with an extensive toll-free expressway system. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Detroit-Windsor region and $13 billion in annual production depend on Detroit's international border crossing. A source of top talent, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor is one of the world's leading research institutions, and Wayne State University in Detroit has the largest single-campus medical school in the United States.
Metro Detroit is a prominent business center, with major commercial districts such as the Detroit Financial District and Renaissance Center, the Southfield Town Center, and the historic New Center district with the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place. Among the major companies based in the area, aside from the major automotive companies, are BorgWarner (Auburn Hills), Rocket Mortgage (Downtown Detroit), Ally Financial (Downtown Detroit), Carhartt (Dearborn), and Shinola (Detroit).
IBM and Google are among the technology companies with a major presence in Metro Detroit. HP Enterprise Services makes Detroit its regional headquarters, and one of its largest global employment locations. The metropolitan Detroit area has one of the nation's largest office markets with 147,082,003 square feet. Chrysler's largest corporate facility is its U.S. headquarters and technology center in the Detroit suburb of Auburn Hills, while Ford Motor Company is in Dearborn, directly adjacent to Detroit. In the decade leading up to 2006, downtown Detroit gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.
Tourism
Tourism is an important component of the region's culture and economy, comprising nine percent of the area's two million jobs. About 15.9 million people visit metro Detroit annually, spending about $4.8 billion. Detroit is the largest city or metro area in the U.S. to offer casino resort hotels (MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, Hollywood Casino, and nearby Caesars Windsor).
Metro Detroit is a tourist destination that easily accommodates super-sized crowds to events such as the Woodward Dream Cruise, North American International Auto Show, Youmacon, the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, 2009 NCAA Final Four, and Super Bowl XL. The Detroit International Riverfront links the Renaissance Center to a series of venues, parks, restaurants, and hotels. In 2006, the four-day Motown Winter Blast drew a cold weather crowd of about 1.2 million people to Campus Martius Park area downtown.
Detroit's metroparks include fresh water beaches, such as Metropolitan Beach, Kensington Beach, and Stony Creek Beach. Metro Detroit offers canoeing through the Huron-Clinton Metroparks. Sports enthusiasts can enjoy downhill and cross-county skiing at Alpine Valley Ski Resort, Mt. Brighton, Mt. Holly, and Pine Knob Ski Resort.
The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America that is located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline.
Metro Detroit contains a number of shopping malls, including the upscale Somerset Collection in Troy, Great Lakes Crossing Outlets in Auburn Hills, and Twelve Oaks Mall in Novi, all of which are draws for tourists.
The region's leading attraction is The Henry Ford, located in the Detroit suburb of Dearborn; it is America's largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.
The recent renovation of the Renaissance Center, and related construction of a state-of-the-art cruise ship dock, new stadiums, and a new RiverWalk, have stimulated related private economic development. Nearby Windsor has a 19-year-old drinking age with a myriad of entertainment to complement Detroit's Greektown district. Some analysts believe that tourism planners have yet to tap the full economic power of the estimated 46 million people who live within a 300-mile (480-km) radius of Detroit.
Demographics
Metro Detroit is a six-county metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with a population of 4,392,041—making it the 14th-largest MSA in the United States as enumerated by the 2020 United States Census.
The Detroit region is a ten-county Combined Statistical Area (CSA) with a population of 5,325,219—making it the 12th-largest CSA in the United States as enumerated by the 2020 Census.
The Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada-U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,296,250 people, 1,682,111 households, and 1,110,454 families residing within the metropolitan statistical area. The census reported 70.1% White, 22.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.2% of the population. Arab Americans were at least 4.7% of the region's population (considered white in the US Census).
As of the 2010 American Community Survey estimates, the median income for a household in the MSA was $48,198, and the median income for a family was $62,119. The per capita income for the MSA was $25,403. The region's foreign-born population sat at 8.6%. The region contains the largest concentration of Arab-Americans in the United States, particularly in Dearborn. The metro area also has the 25th largest Jewish population worldwide.
In 1701, French officer Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Ponchartrain du Détroit, naming it after the comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. The French legacy can be observed today in the names of many area cities (ex. Detroit, Grosse Pointe, Grosse Ile) and streets (ex. Gratiot, Beaubien, St. Antoine, Cadieux). Later came an influx of persons of British and German descent, followed by Polish, Irish, Italian, Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean, Greek, Jewish, Maltese, and Belgian immigrants who made their way to the area in the early 20th century and during and after World War II. There was a large migration of African Americans into the city from the rural South during The Great Migration and following World War I.
Today, the Detroit suburbs in Oakland County, Macomb County, and northeastern and northwestern Wayne County are predominantly ethnic European American. Oakland County is among the most affluent counties in the United States, with a population of more than one million. In Wayne County, the city of Dearborn has a large concentration of Arab Americans, mainly Shi'ite Muslim Lebanese, whose ancestors immigrated here in the early 20th century. Recently, the area has witnessed some growth in ethnic Albanian, Asian and Hispanic populations.
Metro Detroit has a sizeable population of Indian Americans, with an estimated 1.5% of the population being of Indian descent. Indians Americans in Metro Detroit are employed in various engineering and medical fields.
In the 2000s, 115 of the 185 cities and townships in Metro Detroit were more than 95% white. African Americans have also moved to the suburbs: in 2000 44% of the more than 240,000 suburban blacks lived in Inkster, Pontiac, Oak Park, and Southfield.
Transportation
Airports
The largest airport in the area is Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) in Romulus, an international airport that serves as a commercial hub for Delta Air Lines and Spirit Airlines.
The other airports in the metropolitan area are:
Ann Arbor Municipal Airport (ARB)
Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET) (Detroit) - General aviation only
Flint-Bishop International Airport(FNT) (Flint) - Commercial airport
Oakland County International Airport (PTK) Waterford Township - Charter passenger facility
St. Clair County International Airport (near Port Huron, Michigan) - An international airport on the Canada–US border.
Selfridge Air National Guard Base (Mount Clemens) - Military airbase
Willow Run Airport (YIP) (Ypsilanti) - Cargo, general aviation, charter passenger traffic
Transit systems
Bus service for the metropolitan area is provided jointly by the Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) and Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) which operate under a cooperative service and fare agreement. The elevated Detroit People Mover encircles downtown providing service to numerous downtown hotels, offices and attractions. The Woodward Avenue Streetcar has recently began service to provide service between downtown and New Center, and the proposed SEMCOG Commuter Rail would extend from Detroit's New Center area to The Henry Ford, Dearborn, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Ypsilanti, and Ann Arbor The Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was established in December 2012 to coordinate the services of all existing transit providers, and to develop a bus rapid transit service along Woodward Avenue.
Roads and freeways
The Metro Detroit area is linked by an advanced network of major roads and freeways which include Interstate highways. Traditionally, Detroiters refer to some of their freeways by name rather than route number. The Davison, Lodge, and Southfield freeways are almost always referred to by name rather than route number. Detroiters commonly precede freeway names with the word 'the' as in the Lodge, the Southfield, and the Davison. Those without names are referred to by number.
Surface street navigation in Metro Detroit is commonly anchored by "mile roads", major east–west surface streets that are spaced at one-mile (1.6 km) intervals and increment as one travels north and away from the city center. Mile roads sometimes have two names, the numeric name (ex. 15 Mile Road) used in Macomb County and a local name (ex. Maple Road) used in Oakland County mostly.
Education
Colleges and universities
Baker College — Auburn Hills and Royal Oak
Cleary University — Detroit and Howell
College for Creative Studies — Detroit
Concordia University Ann Arbor — Ann Arbor
Cranbrook Academy of Art — Bloomfield Hills
Davenport University — Detroit and Warren
Dorsey College — Dearborn, Madison Heights, Roseville, Wayne and Woodhaven
Eastern Michigan University — Ypsilanti
Henry Ford College — Dearborn
Kettering University — Flint
Lawrence Technological University — Southfield
Macomb Community College — Warren and Clinton Township
Madonna University — Livonia
Michigan State University Management Education Center — Troy
Monroe County Community College — Monroe
Mott Community College — Flint
Northwood University — Midland
Oakland Community College — Auburn Hills, Farmington Hills, Highland Lakes, Royal Oak and Southfield
Oakland University — Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills
Rochester College — Rochester
Saint Clair County Community College — Port Huron
St. Clair College — Windsor, Ontario
Schoolcraft College — Livonia
Specs Howard School of Media Arts — Southfield
Sacred Heart Major Seminary — Detroit
SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary — Orchard Lake
University of Detroit Mercy — Detroit
University of Michigan — Ann Arbor
University of Michigan–Dearborn — Dearborn
University of Michigan–Flint — Flint
University of Windsor — Windsor, Ontario
Walsh College — Troy
Washtenaw Community College — Ann Arbor
Wayne County Community College — Detroit
Wayne State University — Detroit
Crime
The principal City of Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. About half of all murders in Michigan in 2015 occurred in Detroit.
Since 2013, the FBI has reported a 26% decrease in property crimes and a 27% decrease in violent crimes.
Sports
Professional sports has a major fan following in Metro Detroit. The area is home to many sports teams, including seven professional teams in five major sports. The area's several universities field teams in a variety of sports. Michigan Stadium, home of the Michigan Wolverines, is the largest American football stadium in the world. Metro Detroit hosts many annual sporting events including auto and hydroplane racing. The area has hosted many major sporting events, including the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Super Bowl XVI, Super Bowl XL, Wrestlemania 23, the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, many Stanley Cup Championship rounds, the first two games of the 2006 World Series, and the last two games of the 2012 World Series.
The Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn hosts various Auto racing: NASCAR, INDYCAR, and ARCA.
The Detroit River hosts Hydroplane racing held by the APBA for the Detroit APBA Gold Cup.
Area codes
Metro Detroit is served by nine telephone area codes (six not including Windsor). The 313 area code, which used to encompass all of Southeast Michigan, is today confined exclusively to the City of Detroit and several neighboring Wayne County suburbs.
The 248 area code along with the newer 947 area code overlay mostly serve Oakland County.
Macomb County is largely served by 586.
Genesee, St. Clair, and Lapeer counties, eastern Livingston County, and part of northern Oakland County are covered by 810.
Washtenaw, Monroe, and most of the Wayne County suburbs are in the 734 area.
The Windsor area (and most of southwestern Ontario) is served by an overlay complex of three codes — 519, 226, and 548.
References
External links
Metro Detroit Convention and Visitors Bureau
Southeast Michigan Council of Governments
City Charter of Detroit
Michigan's Official Economic Development and Travel Site.
Map of Michigan Lighthouse (PDF)
Collection: "Detroit Metro" from the University of Michigan Museum of Art
Geography of Detroit |
Georissa is a genus of minute land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrocenidae. Although the species are best known for living on the surface of limestone rocks, they are often also found in and on the vegetation and on non-calcareous rocks. One species, Georissa filiasaulae, is cavernicolous. It is only known from two caves in the Sepulut area of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, where its above-ground sister species, Georissa saulae, inhabits the rocks outside of the cave, and is connected to the cave snail via narrow zones of hybridization at the cave entrances. Possibly, G. filiasaulae has evolved without ever having been fully separated from its ancestor, a process known as speciation-with-gene-flow.
Species
Species within the genus Georissa include:
Georissa anyiensis Khalik, Hendriks, Vermeulen & Schilthuizen, 2018
Georissa bangueyensis E. A. Smith, 1895
Georissa bauensis Khalik, Hendriks, Vermeulen & Schilthuizen, 2018
Georissa biangulata Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894
Georissa borneensis E. A. Smith, 1895
Georissa elegans Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894
Georissa everetti E. A. Smith, 1895
Georissa filiasaulae Haase & Schilthuizen, 2007
Georissa gomantongensis E.A. Smith, 1894
Georissa hadra Thompson & Dance, 1983
Georissa hosei Godwin-Austen, 1889
Georissa japonica Pilsbry, 1900
Georissa kinabatanganensis Khalik, Hendriks, Vermeulen & Schilthuizen, 2018
Georissa kobelti Gredler, 1902
Georissa laevigata Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894
Georissa laseroni (Iredale, 1937)
Georissa mawsmaiensis Das & Aravind, 2021
Georissa monterosatiana Godwin-Austen & Neville, 1879
Georissa muluensis Khalik, Hendriks, Vermeulen & Schilthuizen, 2018
Georissa niahensis Godwin-Austen, 1889
Georissa pachysoma Vermeulen & Junau, 2007
Georissa purchasi
Georissa pyrrhoderma Thompson & Dance 1983
Georissa pyxis (Benson, 1856) - type species of the genus Georissa
Georissa rufula von Möllendorf, 1900
Georissa saulae (van Benthem-Jutting, 1966)
Georissa scalinella (van Benthem-Jutting, 1966)
Georissa semisculpta
Georissa sepulutensis Khalik, Hendriks, Vermeulen & Schilthuizen, 2018
Georissa shikokuensis Amano, 1939
Georissa silaburensis Khalik, Hendriks, Vermeulen & Schilthuizen, 2018
Georissa similis E.A. Smith, 1894
Georissa vesta Thompson & Dance, 1983
Georissa williamsi Godwin-Austen, 1889 (including Georissa hungerfordi)
References
External links
Gastropod genera
Hydrocenidae
Gastropods of Asia
Molluscs of Oceania
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Lewis Alfred Smith was an English cricketer active from 1934 to 1947 who played for Middlesex and Northamptonshire (Northants). He was born in Brentford on 12 July 1913 and died in Ealing on 10 September 1978. He appeared in five first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast medium. He scored 92 runs with a highest score of 55 and took eleven wickets with a best performance of four for 55.
Notes
1913 births
1978 deaths
English cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Middlesex cricketers |
Sophia Laskaridou (, 1876 – 13 November 1965) was a Greek artist who was well known for her impressionist paintings in the early part of the 20th century. Later she became better known for her life than for her work.
Life
Sophia Laskaridou was born in Athens in 1876. She came from an affluent and cosmopolitan family. Her father, Laskaris Laskaridis, was raised in London. Her mother, Aikaterini Christomanou-Laskaridou, was born and raised in Vienna and was a pioneer of women's education who founded a girls' school in Athens in 1864 and was the first to introduce physical education for girls.
Sophia Laskaridou began painting before receiving any artistic education. At first she focused on landscapes, in part because she did not have the knowledge needed to depict figures. Her decision to paint en plein air was unusual in Greece at the time, particularly for a woman, since there was constant danger from thieves in the countryside. In the period from 1897 to 1907 she participated in important art exhibitions including Zappeion and the International Exhibition of 1903. She studied at the Athens School of Fine Arts from 1903 to 1907 with teachers Konstantinos Volanakis, Georgios Roilos, Nikiforos Lytras and Georgios Jakobides. She also studied with Spyridon Vikatos. In 1906 she and Thalia Flora staged a joint exhibition, and in 1907 she held a solo exhibition in "Parnassus".
In 1908 Laskaridou left for Munich, and from 1908 to 1916 she stayed in Germany and France, where her work received a positive reception. She had obtained a scholarship from the Bozeiou Endowment that allowed her to study in Munich where she received free lessons at the School of the Ladies Association of Artists. In Paris she studied to the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and Académie Colarossi. Her work was shown at the Salon.
Laskaridou returned to settle permanently in Greece in 1916. By this time she was considered a prominent artist. She exhibited in 1924 and 1927 and sold many paintings. After this her work only appeared in occasional group exhibitions. Myths gradually developed about her time in Europe, such as that she had affairs with Pablo Picasso and Auguste Renoir, and these later became accepted as fact. In 1952 she staged a solo retrospective exhibition. She died in Athens in 1965.
Work
Laskaridou's subjects include genre scenes, portraits, still lifes and landscapes. Her style shows the influence of impressionism. Her goal was to capture light and color in her paintings, with drawing and composition secondary concerns.
Publications
In 1955 Laskaridou published her autobiography, From my diary. Memories and contemplations, covering her time in Germany and France. In 1960 she published From my diary. Annex: A big love, in which she described her love affairs with the poet and essayist Pericles Giannopoulos.
Notes
Sources
1870s births
1965 deaths
Greek painters
Greek women painters
Artists from Athens
Impressionist painters
20th-century Greek women artists
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
19th-century Greek painters
20th-century Greek painters |
The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers the fields of orthopedics and surgery as related to the human hand. The editor-in-chief is Wee Lam. It was established in 1969 and is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 2.648.
References
External links
British Society for Surgery of the Hand
SAGE Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Surgery journals
Academic journals established in 1969
9 times per year journals |
```turing
#!./perl
# test that "use vars;" doesn't load Carp
BEGIN {
chdir 't' if -d 't';
@INC = '../lib';
$ENV{PERL5LIB} = '../lib';
}
$| = 1;
print "1..1\n";
use vars;
# Carp not loaded yet;
print defined $Carp::VERSION ? "not ok 1\n" : "ok 1\n";
``` |
"Mitt i ett äventyr" is a song written by Stephan Berg, and performed by Carola Häggkvist at Melodifestivalen 1990, where the song ended up second, 15 points after Edin-Ådahl with "Som en vind". During Carola Häggkvist's the Nacka transmitter was knocked out. Urban rumors told about sabotage, since Carola Häggkvist had joined Christian denomination Livets ord.
The single peaked at number five on the Swedish Singles Chart. The song stayed at Svensktoppen for 10 weeks during the period of 21 April-25 August 1990, peaking at number three.
The song also entered Trackslistan.
In 1990, the song was also recorded by Curt Haagers for the album "Curt Haagers 10".
Charts
References
1990 singles
1990 songs
Melodifestivalen songs of 1990
Swedish-language songs
Carola Häggkvist songs
Curt Haagers songs
Mariann Grammofon singles
Songs written by Stephan Berg |
Catocala intacta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Japan and Taiwan.
The wingspan is 58–60 mm.
Subspecies
Catocala intacta intacta
Catocala intacta taiwana Sugi, 1965 (Taiwan)
References
External links
Species info
intacta
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1889 |
A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel.
Analog AM and FM radio broadcast networks as well as digital broadcast networks can operate in this manner. SFNs are not generally compatible with analog television transmission, since the SFN results in ghosting due to echoes of the same signal.
A simplified form of SFN can be achieved by a low power co-channel repeater, booster or broadcast translator, which is utilized as a gap filler transmitter.
The aim of SFNs is efficient utilization of the radio spectrum, allowing a higher number of radio and TV programs in comparison to traditional multi-frequency network (MFN) transmission. An SFN may also increase the coverage area and decrease the outage probability in comparison to an MFN, since the total received signal strength may increase to positions midway between the transmitters.
SFN schemes are somewhat analogous to what in non-broadcast wireless communication, for example cellular networks and wireless computer networks, is called transmitter macrodiversity, CDMA soft handoff and Dynamic Single Frequency Networks (DSFN).
SFN transmission can be considered as creating a severe form of multipath propagation. The radio receiver receives several echoes of the same signal, and the constructive or destructive interference among these echoes (also known as self-interference) may result in fading. This is problematic especially in wideband communication and high-data rate digital communications, since the fading in that case is frequency-selective (as opposed to flat fading), and since the time spreading of the echoes may result in intersymbol interference (ISI). Fading and ISI can be avoided by means of diversity schemes and equalization filters.
Transmitters, which are part of a SFN, should not be used for navigation via direction finding as the direction of signal minima or signal maxima can differ from the direction to the transmitter.
OFDM and COFDM
In wideband digital broadcasting, self-interference cancellation is facilitated by the OFDM or COFDM modulation method. OFDM uses a large number of slow low-bandwidth modulators instead of one fast wide-band modulator. Each modulator has its own frequency sub-channel and sub-carrier frequency. Since each modulator is very slow, we can afford to insert a guard interval between the symbols, and thus eliminate the ISI. Although the fading is frequency-selective over the whole frequency channel, it can be considered as flat within the narrowband sub-channel. Thus, advanced equalization filters can be avoided. A forward error correction code (FEC) can counteract some of the sub-carriers being exposed to too much fading to be correctly demodulated.
OFDM is utilized in the terrestrial digital TV broadcasting system DVB-T (used in Europe and other regions), ISDB-T (used in Japan and Brazil) and in ATSC 3.0. OFDM is also widely used in digital radio systems, including DAB, HD Radio, and T-DMB. Therefore, these systems are well-suited to SFN operation.
DVB-T SFN
In DVB-T a SFN functionality is described as a system in the implementation guide. It allows for re-transmitters, gap-filler transmitters (essentially a low-power synchronous transmitter) and use of SFN between main transmitter towers.
The DVB-T SFN uses the fact that the guard interval of the COFDM signal allows for various length of path echoes to occur is not different from that of multiple transmitters transmitting the same signal onto the same frequency. The critical parameters is that it needs to occur about in the same time and at the same frequency. The versatility of time-transfer systems such as GPS receivers (here assumed to provide PPS and 10 MHz signals) as well as other similar systems allows for phase and frequency coordination among the transmitters. The guard interval allows for a timing budget, of which several microseconds may be allocated to time errors of the time-transfer system used. A GPS receiver worst-case scenario is able to provide +/- 1 µs time, well within the system needs of DVB-T SFN in typical configuration.
In order to achieve the same transmission time on all transmitters, the transmission delay in the network providing the transport to the transmitters needs to be considered. Since the delay from the originating site to the transmitter varies, a system is needed to add delay on the output side such that the signal reaches the transmitters at the same time. This is achieved by the use of special information inserted into the data stream called the Mega-frame Initialization Packet (MIP) which is inserted using a special marker in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream forming a mega-frame. The MIP is time-stamped in the SFN adapter, as measured relative the PPS signal and counted in 100 ns steps (period time of 10 MHz) with the maximum delay (programmed into the SFN adapter) alongside. The SYNC adapter measures the MIP packet against its local variant of PPS using the 10 MHz to measure the actual network delay and then withholding the packets until the maximum delay is achieved. The details is to be found in ETSI TR 101 190 and mega-frame details in ETSI TS 101 191.
It should be understood that the resolution of the mega-frame format is being in steps of 100 ns, whereas the accuracy needs can be in the range of 1-5 µs. The resolution is sufficient for the needed accuracy. There is no strict need for an accuracy limit as this is a network planning aspect, in which the guard-interval is being separated into system time error and path time-error. A 100 ns step represents a 30 m difference, while 1 µs represents a 300 m difference. These distances needs to be compared with the worst-case distance between transmitter towers and reflections. Also, the time accuracy relates to nearby towers in a SFN domain, since a receiver is not expected to see the signal from transmission towers being geographically far apart, so there is no accuracy requirements between these towers.
So called GPS-free solutions exist, which essentially replace GPS as the timing distribution system. Such system may provide benefit in integration with transmission system for the MPEG-2 Transport Stream. It does not change any other aspect of the SFN system as the basic requirements can be met.
ATSC and 8VSB
While not designed with on-channel repeaters in mind, the 8VSB modulation method used in North America for digital TV is relatively good at ghost cancellation. Early experiments at WPSU-TV led to an ATSC standard for SFNs, A/110. ATSC SFNs have seen widest use in mountainous areas like Puerto Rico and Southern California, but are also in use or planned in gentler terrain.
Early ATSC tuners were not very good at handling multipath propagation, but later systems have seen significant improvements.
Through the use of virtual channel numbering, a multi-frequency network (MFN) can appear as an SFN to the viewer in ATSC.
Alternative modulations
Alternatives to using OFDM modulation in SFN self-interference cancellation would be:
CDMA Rake receivers.
MIMO channels (i.e. phased array antenna)
Single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE), i.e. single-carrier modulation combined with guard intervals and FFT-based frequency domain equalization, or its multi-user version Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA).
See also
Distributed transmission system
Broadcast translator
Cooperative diversity
Macro-diversity
Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network
Digital Video Broadcasting, ISDB-T, ATSC
OFDM, guard interval
Quasi-synchronous transmission
References
External links
Technical overview of Single Frequency Network
for an example of field measured benefits of SFN in mobile cellular urban environments and cell topologies, see Christian Le Floc’h, Regis Duval "SFN over DVB-SH manifestations at full network level (S-UMTS band radio propagation performances evaluation)", March 20, 2009, at open access website Google Sites: Sign-in
Digital television
Broadcast engineering
Radio resource management |
Woodburn is a farm complex that was built beginning about 1777 for the Nixson family near Leesburg, Virginia. The first structure on the property was a stone gristmill, built by George Nixson, followed by a stone miller's residence in 1787, along with a stable. The large brick house was built between 1825 and 1850 by George Nixson's son or grandson George. The house became known as "Dr. Nixson's Folly." A large brick bank barn dates from this time, when Woodburn had become a plantation.
The brick house is two stories with five bays, backed by a two-story seven-bay ell to the rear. The brickwork is in Flemish bond on the front and west sides, and four or five course American bond on the other sides. The house has a double-pile (two rooms deep) plan, but with a single full-depth parlor on the west side of the central hall. A "little parlor" lies on the other side of the hall. The bank barn features an overhanging forebay supported by six brick arches. A small forebay barn on a stone foundation is nearby. Down the hill from the main house lies the "patent house," whose original single-pen log structure was probably the first building on the site, erected to establish the land patent. It has since been extended twice.
An additional structure, the farm manager's house, was added to the National Register of Historic Places listing in 2008. The frame house was built in 1909 on a fieldstone foundation. The house has five rooms on each level with a large stair hall on both levels. A rear staircase connects the rearmost rooms.
The Woodburn property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1976, with the farm manager's house added in 2008.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Loudoun County, Virginia
Houses completed in 1787
Houses completed in 1850
Houses in Loudoun County, Virginia
1787 establishments in Virginia
Leesburg, Virginia |
Akbarpur is a city, municipal corporation, tehsil, and the administrative headquarters of Ambedkar Nagar district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a part of Ayodhya division.
Mythology
According to the Ramayana, Akbarpur is where King Dashratha shot Dhanush Shravan Kumar, at the place called Shravan Kshetra. The ashram of the sage Shringi Rishi was situated here. According to the Ramayana, Rama's son Kusha rules Shravasti. This area was a part of extended Ayodhya city.
Geography
Akbarpur, is situated on the banks of the Tamsa River (also known as the Tons River). The Tamasa River divides the city of Ambedkarnagar into two parts, Akbarpur and Shahzadpur, with the latter being the commercial centre of the city. Lorepur, part of Akbarpur City, is noted as the location of the old palace and imambargah of Lorepur.
Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Akbarpur had a total population of 111,447, of which 57,330 were males and 54,117 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 14,726. The total number of literates in Akbarpur was 72,049, which constituted 64.6% of the population with male literacy of 70.9% and female literacy of 58.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Akbarpur was 74.5%, of which male literacy rate was 81.7% and female literacy rate was 66.9%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 15,310 and 50 respectively. Akbarpur had 17720 households in 2011.
Administration
Akbarpur city is governed by a municipal corporation.
Economy
Major economic activities in the district are power looms and farming. Agricultural industries include rice milling and power and distribution transformer manufacturing. The district is noted for Tanda Terricot clothes based in nearby Tanda. The district has a sugar factory, the Akbarpur Sugar Mill, which is situated near Mijhaura, about from the city. Many rice mills are present in Akbarpur. There is a cement manufacturing plant, the Jaypee Ayoudha Grinding Unit, which belongs to the Jaypee Group. The district has a thermal power station belonging to NTPC Limited.
Transport
By road
Akbarpur is well connected with the nearby cities of Faizabad, Ayodhya, Lucknow, Sultanpur, Raebareli, Amethi, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Varanasi, Prayagraj, Pratapgarh; and with the nearby towns of Tanda, Baskhari, Dostpur, Hanswar, Haiderganj, Jalalpur, Goshainganj, Tarun, and Bikapur.
The Purvanchal Expressway connects Akbarpur to the capital, New Delhi, via the Agra-Lucknow and Yamuna expressways.
By rail
Akbarpur Junction is the main railway station in Akbarpur city. Goshainganj, Ayodhya Cantt, Ayodhya Junction, Lucknow Junction, Shahganj Junction and Varanasi Junction are nearby railway stations.
By air
Ayodhya Airport (Ayodhya), Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport (Lucknow), Gorakhpur Airport (Gorakhpur), and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport (Varanasi) are the nearby airports.
Education
The recent establishment of various local colleges has improved the availability of higher education. The Ramabai Government Women Post Graduate College, Akbarpur, was established in 1997 to provide opportunities in various disciplines to rural, as well as urban, students. BNKBPG College is a privately managed and government-aided co-educational degree college that offers several programs. There is one government engineering college, Mahamaya Engineering College, a medical college, and a recently opened agriculture college.
Many government secondary schools (junior high schools and Rajkiya intermediate colleges) have been opened in town to provide educational opportunities. St. Peter's Inter College is an ICSE-accredited English medium inter college founded in 1984, and it celebrated 25 years of existence in 2009. Radiant college is a CBSE-accredited college in Jalalpur. Narendra Dev Intermediate College is accredited to the U.P. board.
Engineering colleges
Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar a government Engineering college in Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar. It is affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University of Lucknow.
Mahamaya College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology is a government agriculture engineering college in Akbarpur. It is part of Faizabad's Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology.
Medical college
Mahamaya Rajkiya Allopathic Medical College, A government medical college in Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar
Religious sites
Ashrafpur Kichhauchha, a village in Ambedkar Nagar district about from Akbarpur city, is the location of the shrine of the illustrious 13th Century Chisti Sufi saint Ashraf Jahangir Semnani, which is visited by millions of devotees every year, irrespective of religion, ethnicity, and gender.
A popular pilgrimage site is the Hindu temple of Shiv Baba. It is situated from the city, on Faizabad Road, and from the holy city of Ayodhya. A fair is held here every Monday and Friday.
Notable people
Syed Amin Ashraf
Syed Waheed Ashraf
Syeda Ummehani Ashraf
Ram Manohar Lohia, Indian freedom fighter and socialist political leader.
Neem Karoli Baba, spiritual saint
Abdur-Razzaq Nurul-Ain
Ashraf Jahangir Semnani
See also
References
Cities and towns in Ambedkar Nagar district
Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar |
Matthew T Tarrant (born 11 July 1990) is a British rower.
Rowing career
Tarrant won a gold medal in the eight at the 2014 World Championships in Bosbaan, Amsterdam. He was part of the British team that topped the medal table at the 2015 World Rowing Championships at Lac d'Aiguebelette in France, where he won a gold medal as part of the coxed pair with Nathaniel Reilly-O'Donnell and Henry Fieldman.
He won a bronze medal at the 2017 World Rowing Championships in Sarasota, Florida, as part of the coxless four. He then won a bronze medal at the 2018 World Rowing Championships in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, as part of the eight with James Rudkin, Alan Sinclair, Tom Ransley, Thomas George, Moe Sbihi, Oliver Wynne-Griffith, Will Satch and Fieldman. He won another bronze medal the following year at the 2019 World Rowing Championships in Ottensheim, Austria as part of the eight with George, Rudkin, Josh Bugajski, Sbihi, Jacob Dawson, Wynne-Griffith, Thomas Ford and Fieldman.
References
External links
Matthew Tarrant – British Rowing profile
1990 births
Living people
British male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain |
Tiburtius Tibor Kneif (9 October 1932 – 26 July 2016) was a German-Hungarian lawyer and musicologist.
Life
Born in Bratislava, Kneif, who after studying law received his doctorate from the Faculty of Law in Budapest in 1955, continued his studies at the Faculty of Law in Göttingen after emigrating to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, but from 1959 he turned his attention to musicology, philosophy and Romance studies and received his doctorate again in 1963, this time with the musicological topic Zur Entstehung der musikalischen Mediävistik with Heinrich Husmann. With a scholarship from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft he worked at the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research with Theodor W. Adorno from 1965 to 1967. In 1971 he completed his habilitation in musicology under Rudolf Stephan at Freie Universität Berlin and was appointed professor there in 1973 (1997: retired university professor). In addition to his academic profession, he also worked as a music critic, for example for the Göttingen Press between 1959 and 1963 and for the Berlin Tagesspiegel from 1976 to 1984.
Kneif died in Berlin at age 83.
Writings
An extensive list of the writings of Tibor Kneif, compiled by Thomas Gerlich, can be found in the volume Semantische Inseln – Musikalisches Festland. Für Tibor Kneif zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Hanns-Werner Heister, Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen, Arne Langer, Susanne Oschmann, by Bockel Verlag 1997.
Legal Studies
Studien zur Rechtsstellung von staatseigenen Betrieben. Unpublished dissertation in Hungarian language, Budapest 1955
Die Entwicklung des Verfassungsrechts in Ungarn seit 1945. In Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts. Neue Folge 8, 1959
History, sociology and aesthetics of music
Die geschichtlichen und sozialen Voraussetzungen des musikalischen Kitsches. 37, 1963
Die Erforschung mittelalterlicher Musik in der Romantik und ihr geistesgeschichtlicher Hintergrund. In Acta Musicologica. 36, 1964
Ernst Bloch und der musikalische Expressionismus. In Ernst Bloch zu Ehren. Beiträge zu seinem Werk. ed. , Frankfurt/M. 1965
Gegenwartsfragen der Musiksoziologie. Ein Forschungsbericht. In Acta Musicologica 38, 1966
Der Gegenstand musiksoziologischer Erkenntnis. In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft. 23, 1966
Das triviale Bewusstsein in der Musik. In Studien zur Trivialmusik des 19. Jahrhunderts. ed. Carl Dahlhaus, Regensburg 1967
Zur Deutung der Rheintöchter in Wagners „Ring“. In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 26, 1969
Die Idee des Organischen bei Richard Wagner. In Das Drama Richard Wagners als musikalisches Kunstwerk. ed. Carl Dahlhaus, Regensburg 1970
Ideen zu einer dualistischen Musikästhetik. In International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music. 1, 1970
Die Idee der Natur in der Musikgeschichte. In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft. 28, 1971; also in Language And Style. III 1970 (Southern Illinois University)
Musikästhetik. In Einführung in die systematische Musikwissenschaft. ed. Carl Dahlhaus, Cologne 1971
Musiksoziologie, idem
Bedeutung, Struktur, Gegenfigur. Zur Theorie des musikalischen Meinens. In International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music. 2, 1971
Musiksoziologie. Cologne 1971, 2nd edition. 1975; in Italian as Sociologia della musica. Una introduzione. Fiesole 1981
Die Bühnenwerke von Leoš Janáček. Vienna 1974
Typen der Entsprachlichung in der neuen Musik. In Über Musik und Sprache. ed. Rudolf Stephan, Mainz 1974
Anleitung zum Nichtverstehen eines Klangobjekts. In Musik und Verstehen. Aufsätze zur semiotischen Theorie, Ästhetik und Soziologie der musikalischen Rezeption. Cologne 1974
Texte zur Musiksoziologie. ed. Tibor Kneif. With a foreword by Carl Dahlhaus, Cologne 1975
Richard Wagner: Die Kunst und die Revolution; Das Judentum in der Musik; Was ist deutsch? dited and commented by Tibor Kneif, Munich 1975
Camille Durutte (1803–1881). Ein Beitrag zur französischen Musiktheorie des 19. Jahrhunderts. In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft. 32, 1975
Musikalische Hermeneutik, musikalische Semiotik. In Beiträge zur musikalischen Hermeneutik. ed. by Carl Dahlhaus, Regensburg 1975
La musica come simbolo e immagine della realtà sociale. In La sociologia della musica. ed. Antonio Serravezza, Torino 1980
Ein Plädoyer für Broučeks Freispruch. In Leoš Janáček – Konzeption und Rezeption seines musikdramatischen Schaffens. ed. Walter Bernhart, Salzburg 1997
Requiem in Messe und Motette. ed. Laurenz Lütteken, Kassel 2002
Rock music and jazz
Rockmusik und Subkultur; Rockmusik und Bildungsmusik; Ästhetische und nichtästhetische Wertungskriterien der Rockmusik. In Rockmusik. Aspekte zur Geschichte, Ästhetik, Produktion. ed. Wolfgang Sandner, Mainz 1977
Sachlexikon Rockmusik. Instrumente, Stile, Techniken, Industrie und Geschichte. Reinbek 1978; revised and extended new edition 1980
Dass. Revised edition together with Bernward Halbscheffel 1992
Einführung in die Rockmusik. Entwürfe und Unterlagen für Studium und Unterricht. Wilhelmshaven 1979, 2nd edition 1981
Rock in den 70ern. Jazzrock, Hardrock, Folkrock und New Wave. ed. Tibor Kneif, Reinbek 1980
Rockmusik. Ein Handbuch zum kritischen Verständnis. Reinbek 1982
Exotik im musikalischen Underground. In Europäische Musik zwischen Nationalismus und Exotik. Basler Beiträge zur Musikgeschichte. 4, 1984
References
External links
20th-century German musicologists
Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin
20th-century German journalists
1932 births
2016 deaths
Writers from Bratislava |
Oflag IV-A was a World War II German POW camp for officers located in the 15th-century Burg Hohnstein, in Hohnstein, Saxony.
Camp history
The castle was first used as a camp in 1933–34, named KZ Hohnstein. As a Schutzhaftlager ("protective custody camp"), it held political prisoners, mostly members of the Communist Party, who were forced to work in a nearby quarry.
The camp was reopened on 1 October 1939 to house Polish generals and their staffs captured during the German September 1939 offensive. On 15 May 1940 most of them were transferred to Oflag IV-B Koenigstein.
By September 1940 the prisoners at the camp were mainly French, with 100 officers up the rank of colonel, and 28 generals. There were also seven Dutch and 27 Polish generals, with orderlies. By the end of October 1940 all these prisoners had been transferred to other camps, and the castle was then used to accommodate evacuee children from Hamburg and Berlin.
German records indicate the camp was in existence until April 1945.
Post-war it housed refugees and displaced persons until 1948.
Prominent inmates
General Juliusz Rómmel
General Tadeusz Kutrzeba
General Walerian Czuma
General Edmund Knoll-Kownacki
General Franciszek Kleeberg
General Emil Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski (7 July - 29 October 1940)
See also
Oflag
List of prisoner-of-war camps in Germany
Kemna concentration camp
References
Notes
Bibliography
Eggers, Reinhold (1961) Colditz - The German Side of the Story (edited and translated by Howard Gee) New York: W. W. Norton & Company
Oflags |
Ystradgynlais Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union club based in Ystradgynlais, Wales. The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is also a feeder club for the Ospreys.
The club was established in 1890.
Club honours
West Wales Cup Champions (1938)
Swansea Valley Cup (13 Occasions)
Promotion to Heineken League (1991)
Promotion from Division 3 (1993)
Cwmtawe 7s Champions (1994)
Division 2 Champions (1995)
Promotion from Division 5 South West (2008)
West Wales Plate Champions (2008)
Former notable players
Joe Jones (Wales)
Steve Bayliss (Wales (RL))
Anthony Buchanan(Wales)
Jonny Koloi (Tonga)
Kevin Hopkins (Wales)
Tom Hopkins (Wales)
Stan Wright (Cook Islands)
Vernon Cooper (Wales)
Albert Owen (Wales)
Mark Bennett (Wales)
David Lewis (Wales B)
Ogwyn Alexander (Wales B)
William Lewis Thomas (Final Welsh Trialist)
Ness Flowers (Wales (RL))
Dan Baker (Wales)
Memorable Results
Ystradgynlais 6 Pontarddulais 3 (West Wales Cup Final 1938)
Ystradgynlais 6 Llanelli 6 (Welsh Cup 1978)
Ystradgynlais 9 Garndiffaith 8 (Play Off 1991)
Ystradgynlais 16 Pontypridd 15 (Centenary Game 1991)
Ystradgynlais 10 Newport 9 (Welsh Cup 1994)
Ystradgynlais 52 Cefneithin 10 (West Wales Plate Final 2008)
References
Rugby union teams in Wales
Sport in Powys |
Stathmodera grisea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.
References
Apomecynini
Beetles described in 1939 |
Zhong Acheng (; born 1949), often known by his pseudonym Ah Cheng, is a Chinese author and screenwriter.
Life
Ah Cheng's father, Zhong Dianfei, was in charge of the Chinese Communist Party's Propaganda Bureau. In 1956, as part of the Hundred Flowers campaign, he wrote an article criticizing political interference in films and was sent to the countryside. Ah Cheng had to sell his father's books to support the family, and read these Chinese and western classics before doing so. During the Cultural Revolution, Ah Cheng was also sent to the countryside, working in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Yunnan, where he became a popular storyteller.
In 1976, he returned to Beijing on leave and witnessed the Tiananmen Square protests against Zhou Enlai. His sketch of Zhou was published in the first issue of Jintian, an unofficial literary magazine founded by Bei Dao and others.
In 1979, Ah Cheng and his wife moved to Beijing. Together with He Dong, Ma Desheng, Wang Keping, Huang Rui, Li Shuang, Qu Leilei and Ai Weiwei, Ah Cheng founded the Stars Group (XingXing), an assembly of untrained, experimental artists who challenged the strict tenets of Chinese politics. As a political and artistic group, they staged exhibitions around Beijing, making way for avant-garde art in China.
Ah Cheng also began writing stories about his life in Yunnan. One of these, "The Chess Master", was published in Shanghai Literature in July 1984. It was praised in Wen yi bao, the journal of the China Writers Association, that October, and won an award in December. "The King of Trees" was published in Chinese Writers in January 1985, and "The King of Children" later that year in People's Literature. Collections of his work were published in Hong Kong and Beijing that year, and in Taipei in 1986.
Chen Kaige, another contributor to Jintian, adapted "The King of Children" into his third film, King of the Children (1988), and Ah Cheng began working as a screenwriter.
Ah Cheng won the 1992 International Nonino Prize in Italy.
Works
Screenplays
Yue Yue (1986)
Hibiscus Town (1986)
Painted Skin (1992)
Springtime in a Small Town (2002)
The Go Master (2006)
The Assassin (2015)
Novels and novellas
"The Chess Master", also translated as "The King of Chess" (1984)
"The King of Children" () (1985)
"The King of Trees" () (1985)
Unfilled Graves ()
Collections
Three Kings: Three Stories from Today's China (trans. by Bonnie McDougall), published 1990 by Collins-Harvill (London).
The King of Trees (omnibus of "King of Trees", "The King of Chess, and "The King of Children") (trans. by Bonnie McDougall), published by New Directions Publishing in 2010.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Screenwriters from Beijing
Chinese male short story writers
20th-century Chinese short story writers
International Writing Program alumni
20th-century Chinese male writers
People's Republic of China novelists
Short story writers from Beijing |
Perunthanni is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. This place is situated on Vetti Muricha Kotta-Westfort-Enchakkal Road.
Geography
It is located at.
Places near Perunthanni
Perunthanni surrounded by Palkulanagara, Eanchakkal and Sreekanteswaram.
Religion
The population of Perunthanni mainly practices Hinduism.
Main Landmarks
West Fort
NSS Public School
NSS Arts College for Women
Arumana Hospital
Archives Office
References
External links
NSS Public School Official Website
Suburbs of Thiruvananthapuram |
Baldrine is a village in the Isle of Man. It is close to the east coast of the island, about 3 km south of Laxey and 6 km NE of Douglas. It is in the historic parish of Lonan, in the sheading of Garff. For administrative purposes it is in the parish district of Garff, and it is also in the House of Keys constituency of Garff.
Geography
Baldrine is located on the A2 road, the coast road between Douglas and Ramsey and the area includes three halts (or stations) on the Manx Electric Railway: Baldrine, Sunnycott and Garwick Glen. The River Gawne flows through the village and then through Garwick Glen down towards Garwick Beach at Garwick Bay (part of Laxey Bay).
Also within the bounds of Baldrine is Ballannette Country Park, a nature reserve which includes a group of lakes and bird watching locations. The country park is a registered Dark Sky Park, where light pollution is restricted.
History
The name of the village dates back to at least 1643 and comes from the Manx words Bailey drine, which translates to "farm of the blackthorn".
It has had two Primitive Methodist chapels, the first was built in 1843, under the direction of Anne Kelly, a resident of Barroose. Her husband, Thomas Kelly, sold of land for the chapel for 2 shillings. Anne Kelly laid the first stone, and prayed upon it for the head of the church to bless the building. The building would cost £100 to erect.
The second chapel was built in 1883 when the first started to exceed its capacity, at the cost of £383. The new chapel could seat 118, and included a Sunday school for the local children.
In 1850, the Liverpool Arms public house was opened in the village. The pub was shut in 2017, and the brewery that owned it put it up for sale, on the understanding that it would not longer be a pub. However, the local council did not allow the change of use, stating that the building should remain a pub.
In 2018 Laxey Bay was designated as a Marine Nature Reserve.
References
Isle of Man
Villages in the Isle of Man |
Recipes for Love and Murder is a South African dark comedy mystery television series based on the novels by Sally Andrew. The first two episodes screened at the 72nd Berlinale Series Market. It began airing on 20 March 2022 on M-Net. Distributed by MultiChoice and Global Screen, and was released internationally on Acorn TV on 5 September.
Cast
Main
Supporting
Recurring
Robyn Scott as Aileen McClintock
Loren Loubser as Lucille
as Gordon McClintock
Ashley Dowds as Mickey Purvis
Melissa de Vries as Nurse Christine
Evan Hengst as Stefan
Episodes
Production
The series is produced by Thierry Cassuto's Both Worlds Pictures in association with the Scotland-based Pirate Productions with support from Creative Scotland and Paradoxal. The novel was adapted for television by Karen Jeynes and Annie Griffin, and the show was directed by Christiaan Olwagen and along with Jeynes. Jenny Williams of Pirate produced alongside Cassuto. Executive producers include Jeynes of Both Worlds, Catherine Mackin and Lesley Pemberton of Acorn, and Yolisa Phahle, Allan Sperling, and Jan du Plessis of M-Net.
Principal photography took place on location in Cape Town, Prince Albert in the Karoo region of the Western Cape, as well as in Edinburgh.
References
External links
Recipes for Love and Murder at M-Net
2020s Scottish television series
2020s South African television series
2022 South African television series debuts
Acorn TV original programming
Crime comedy television series
M-Net original programming
Murder in television
Television shows based on novels
Works about chefs
Works based on South African novels |
Mau Aima is an industrial town and a nagar panchayat in Prayagraj district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Location
It is positioned in the north of Prayagraj, 30 km on the state highway from Prayagraj to Ayodhya. Chitpalgarh, Raniganj, Siwaith and Sikandra are some of the towns surrounding Mau Aima. The Mau Aima Railway Station on the Ayodhya-Prayagraj rail route is the nearest railway station and the Prayagraj airport at the distance of 49km is the nearest airport. Other nearby two airports are Ayodhya (Maryada Purushottam Shri Ram International Airport - 126 km) and Banaras (Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport - 136 km).The historical town of Shringverpur is located at a distance of 12 km. Historical Shri Pandeshvar Mahadev Temple (Pandila Mahadev Temple) is located at a distance of 23 km near Phaphamau.
Economy
It is known for the manufacture of cotton, polyester and nylon clothes. The main business of Mau Aima is Power loom.
Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Mau Aima nagar panchayat had a total population of 19,645, of which 10,171 were males and 9,474 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 2,659. The total number of literates in Mau Aima was 13,295 , which constituted 67.7% of the population with male literacy of 72.4% and female literacy of 62.6%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Mau Aima was 78.3%, of which male literacy rate was 83.7% and female literacy rate was 72.5%. The Scheduled Castes population was 1,510. Mau Aima had 2754 households in 2011.
References
Cities and towns in Prayagraj district |
Calomarde can refer to:
Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arría (1775), Spanish statesman.
Calomarde, Aragon, a municipality in Spain |
Asiakwa is a town in the East Akim District of the Eastern Region of Ghana.
The town includes a SOS Children's Village since 1992.
References
Populated places in the Eastern Region (Ghana) |
The University of Economics in Bratislava () is the oldest university of economics in Slovakia.
History
The university was established in 1940 as a private university under the name Vysoká obchodná škola v Bratislave (College of Commerce in Bratislava), to serve Slovak students because of the closure of colleges and universities in the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. It was nationalized in 1945 and renamed to Slovenská vysoká škola obchodná (Slovak College of Commerce). It was renamed in 1949 to Vysoká škola hospodárskych vied (College of Business / Economic Sciences) and once again in 1952 to Vysoká škola ekonomická (College of Economics). The current name has been used since 1992.
University Board
Prof. Ing. Ferdinand Daňo, PhD. – Rector of the University of Economics in Bratislava
Assoc. Prof. Mgr. Boris Mattoš, PhD. – Statutory Representative of the Rector and Vice-Rector for International Relations
Assoc. Prof. Mgr. Ing. Zuzana Juhászová, PhD. – Vice-Rector for Education
Assoc. Prof. Ing. Paula Puškárová, DiS. art., Ph.D. – Vice-Rector for Research and Doctoral Studies
Assoc. Prof. Ing. Jana Péliová, PhD. – Vice-Rector for Management of Academic Projects
Ing. Jakub Kintler, PhD. – Vice-Rector for Development
Ing. Mária Dziurová – Head of the University Administration and Finance
Structure
Faculty of Economics and Finance
Faculty of Commerce
Faculty of Economic Informatics
Faculty of Business Management
Faculty of International Relations
Faculty of Applied Languages
Faculty of Business Economy with seat in Košice
References
Universities and colleges established in 1940
Education in Bratislava
1940 establishments in Slovakia |
Rag Ball () is a 1930 German comedy film directed by Carl Heinz Wolff and starring Harry Frank, Irene Ambrus, and Kurt Lilien. The title refers to a costume ball in which the guests turn up in tatters and rags.
The film's sets were designed by the art directors Gustav A. Knauer and Willy Schiller.
Cast
References
Bibliography
External links
1930 films
1930 comedy films
German comedy films
Films of the Weimar Republic
1930s German-language films
Films directed by Carl Heinz Wolff
German black-and-white films
1930s German films |
Essertines may refer to:
Essertines-sur-Rolle, Vaud, Switzerland
Essertines-sur-Yverdon, Vaud, Switzerland |
The 1955 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1955 college football season.
In its ninth season under head coach Harry Lawrence, the team compiled a 2–6–1 record. Bob Sierer and Jim Kozlowski were the team captains.
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.
Schedule
References
Bucknell
Bucknell Bison football seasons
Bucknell Bison football |
Zuck Bucks is a name reportedly given by employees to a possible in development digital currency by Meta Platforms. Alternatively, this refers to a cryptocurrency by the same name made to mock Meta Platforms previous attempts to create a successful cryptocurrency such as Diem.
References
Meta Platforms applications |
Josef Maria Auchentaller (2 August 1865 – 31 December 1949) was an Austrian painter, draftsman, and printmaker associated with the Vienna Secession and the Art Nouveau style.
Early life
Josef Auchentaller attended the Technical College in Vienna from 1882 to 1886. He attended the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna starting in 1890, and there he excelled and won several awards. In 1885, he fell in love with Emma Scheid, the daughter of a prosperous manufacturer of silverware and jewelry. The couple married in 1891 after her father was convinced of Auchentaller's social and financial suitability. They had a daughter, Maria Josepha, and a son, Peter.
Career
Beginning in 1895, he contributed art nouveau designs for his father-in-law's company, G.A. Scheid. From 1892 to 1896, the Auchentallers lived in Munich, where he studied under Paul Hoecker, a founder of the 1892 Munich Secession. Auchentaller contributed to Jugend, the German Secession review established in 1896.
Vienna Secession
In 1897, the Vienna Secession was formed by artists who had left the Association of Austrian Artists. The Auchentallers returned from a vacation in Italy to take part. Between 1898 and 1904, Auchentaller showed his work in 10 Secessionist shows. Auchentaller designed the poster and the catalog covers for the Seventh (1900) and Fourteenth (1902) exhibitions. He also played a role in the Secession's organizing committee from the Fifth to the Tenth Exhibition (1899–1901). In 1905, he left the Secession along with Gustav Klimt due to differences of artistic opinion.
Auchentaller was a contributor to the magazine Ver Sacrum, a Secessionist publication, and sat on its editorial board between 1900 and 1901. For this magazine, he contributed two title pages and many graphics. His work consisted primarily of floral motifs and linear drawings influenced by Japanese woodcuts which were the popular during that time (see Japonisme). The eighth issue of Ver Sacrum was entirely devoted to Auchentaller.
His family connections to the Scheids and Thonets continued to provide him with further work. For Georg Adam Scheid's company, G.A.S. Silver Jewelry Manufacturers, the artist designed jewelry heavily influenced by the Art Nouveau and Jugendstil movements. Auchentaller also produced numerous billboards and posters for companies including Aureol (1898), Schott and Donnath, Kath Reiners Kneipp barley (1899), Continental pneumatic (1900), International Fisheries Exhibition, and G.A.S. Silver Jewelry Manufacturers (1902).
Grado, Italy
In 1903, he moved with his wife and children to Grado, Italy, seeking a better climate and financial stability. From 1904, the Auchentallers spent every summer in Grado, where they contributed significantly to the growth of tourism in the Adriatic seaside resort town. He provided ornamentation for a new pensione, the "Pension Fortino", designed by the architect Julius Mayreder. His wife, Emma, later installed a steam laundry and bought an island where fruit and vegetables were grown for the town. Grado soon became a popular holiday destination of the Viennese bourgeoisie and for Auchentaller's circle of artist friends, including Carl Moll, Alfred Roller, Wilhelm List, Max Kurzweil, and the architect Otto Wagner. In 1906, Auchentaller designed the advertisement poster Seebad Grado, which endures as one of his most famous art nouveau works.
Although he spent winters in Vienna, Auchentaller became increasingly isolated from the Austrian art world after leaving the Secession in 1905. Increasingly, he began to paint moody landscapes and portraits. His family life became strained: his daughter, Maria Josepha, committed suicide in 1914, and there were rumors that his wife was involved with another man in Grado. In 1914, war was declared and the Auchentellers moved back to Austria. In 1919, the Auchentallers took Italian citizenship and moved to Grado for good. Emma died in 1945, and Auchentaller died four years later in 1949.
Legacy
Auchentaller was a substantial contributor to the Vienna Secession and the Art Nouveau style. However, many of Auchentaller's works remain in private collections or were lost. In 1920s, a sizeable collection of his oil paintings bound for a retrospective in Argentina disappeared. A large frieze he painted entitled "Joy, Fair Spark of the Gods", created for the Belvedere Gallery in Vienna, is lost as well.
In 2008–2009, a traveling exhibition entitled "Josef Maria Auchentaller (1865-1949): A Secessionist on the Borders of the Empire" was curated by Roberto Festi. Over 300 of his works were displayed at the Palazzo Attems-Petzenstein, in the Musei provinciali of Gorizia, Italy; the Galleria Civica in Bolzano, Italy; and the Leopold Museum in Vienna, Austria.
In 2013 two portraits of his daughter Maria, including Bunte Bänder ('colourful ribbons'), were shown at the National Gallery, London exhibition Facing the Modern: The Portrait in Vienna 1900.
References
External links
1865 births
1949 deaths
19th-century Austrian painters
19th-century Austrian male artists
Austrian male painters
20th-century Austrian painters
20th-century Austrian male artists
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Members of the Vienna Secession
Art Nouveau painters
Artists from Vienna
20th-century Austrian printmakers
Painters from Austria-Hungary |
Holiday Wishes may refer to:
Holiday Wishes, novel by Nora Roberts
Holiday Wishes, DVD by Amber Benson
Holiday Wishes (Idina Menzel album), album by Idina Menzel, 2014
Holiday Wishes: From Me to You, album by Jon B, 2006 |
Resizing (including miniaturization, growth, shrinking, and enlargement) is a recurring theme in fiction, in particular in fairy tales, fantasy, and science fiction. Resizing is often achieved through the consumption of mushrooms or toadstools, which might have been established due to their psychedelic properties, through magic, by inherent yet-latent abilities, or by size-changing rays of ambiguous properties.
See also
Miniaturization – the redesign of products to make smaller ones
Shapeshifting
Shrink ray
Square–cube law – a mathematical principle that defines why resizing is not possible in real life
References
Further reading
Glassy, Mark C. The Biology of Science Fiction Cinema. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 2001.
External links
The Biology of B-Movie Monsters by Michael C. LaBarbera.
Fictional technology
Science fiction themes
Internet memes |
Basóvišča (pronounced ; Music Festival of Young Belarus) is the festival of Belarusian alternative and rock music, which is annually conducted by the Belarusian Association of Students since 1990.
The festival takes place during two July days in the Borak forest near Gmina of Gródek, Poland. The important part of the festival is the music contest, in which young bands compete for prizes - usually money and rights to record their album for free. Well-known stars of Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish rock-scene usually perform there too. From five to twelve thousand people come to the festival every year.
History
2006
17th Basovišča was held on 22–23 July 2006. Contest was on second day. It was the first time when a band from Lithuania, IR, took part in it.
Contest results
Winners:
Parason - 40 hours of recording in Apollo Studio, and money (1800 zl)
S.D.M. - 25 hours of recording in Studio Rembrandt Radio Bialystok, and money (1200 zl)
Nevma - 1360 zl
Ludzi śviatla - 1000 zl
Vodar suśviet - electric guitar
Other participants: Band A, Krok, RoStra, Termin X, Mozart
Bans
In 2006, the organizers faced a ban on the concerts of “Adboryšča” (qualifying rounds for “Basovišča-2006”) in Minsk.
Criticism
In 2008 Rock-Princess Kasia Kamockaja as a columnist over at naviny.by made such a takeaway on the festival, "„Basovišča“ was conceived not as a festival of Belarusian music in exile, but as a celebration of local Białystok Belarusians."
On the pages of BelGazeta, Tat'yana Zamirovskaya wrote in 2007 that the festival "is the only and oldest music competition in which young Belarusian rock bands can prove themselves and get a very significant prize."
In the retrospect of 2010–2019 in 2019, Lesha Gorbash from 34mag called the festival "a Mecca for Belarusian rock music." Oleg Klimov, editor-in-chief of Muzykalnaya Gazeta, described the festival in 2003 as follows: “Basovišča is a Belarusian Woodstock, only on the territory of Poland bordering Belarus. Therefore, no one knows about this fest, not only in the world, but even in the rest of Poland. In general, it is a cool festival of life.”
References
External links
Basovišča — the official web-site
Belarusian music
Censorship in Belarus
Music competitions in Belarus |
Stašov is a municipality and village in Beroun District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Transport
The municipality is located on a regional railway line leading from Beroun to Plzeň.
Gallery
References
Villages in the Beroun District |
Peyk-i Şevket was a torpedo cruiser of the Ottoman Navy, built in Germany in 1906–07, the lead ship of her class, which included one other vessel. She was built by the Germaniawerft shipyard in Germany in 1906–07, and was delivered to the Ottoman Navy in November 1907. The ship's primary armament consisted of three torpedo tubes and a pair of guns, and she was capable of a top speed of . A major reconstruction in the late 1930s revised her armament and rebuilt her bow and superstructure.
The ship was interned at British-controlled Suez at the start of the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12, and as a result she saw no action during the conflict. During the First Balkan War in 1913, she bombarded Bulgarian troops threatening the Ottoman capital at Constantinople. Peyk-i Şevket was torpedoed by the British submarine in August 1915 during the Dardanelles Campaign of World War I. Repairs lasted until 1917, and in the final year of the war she served in the Black Sea, escorting troop ships to the Caucasus. Renamed Peyk in 1923, the ship continued in service with the Turkish Navy following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire until 1944, when she was decommissioned. She was broken up for scrap in 1953–54.
Design
Peyk-i Şevket, classified as a torpedo cruiser by the Ottoman Navy, was also sometimes referred to as a torpedo gunboat. She was long, with a beam of and a draft of . She displaced while on sea trials. The ship was powered by a pair of vertical triple-expansion engines each driving a screw propeller. The engines were rated at for a top speed of ; Peyk-i Şevket had a cruising radius of . Her crew numbered 105 officers and enlisted men.
Peyk-i Şevkets primary offensive armament was her three torpedo tubes. One was mounted in the bow, above water, and the other two were in deck-mounted swivel launchers amidships. She was armed with a pair of guns that were placed in shielded single mounts on the forecastle and quarterdeck. She also carried six guns, four of which were mounted in sponsons, and a pair of guns. She had no armor protection.
Service history
Peyk-i Şevket was ordered on 18 January 1903 and laid down in February 1906 at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel, Germany. She was launched on 15 November of that year, and completed in 1907. After completing sea trials, she was transferred to the Ottoman Navy, arriving in Constantinople on 13 November, where she was formally commissioned into the Ottoman fleet. Rauf Orbay took command of the ship in 1908, and held the position until 1911. In 1909, she and her sister participated in the first fleet maneuver conducted by the Ottoman Navy in twenty years. At the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War in September 1911, Peyk-i Şevket was in the Red Sea; on 2 October, she encountered the Italian torpedo cruiser and the gunboat off Al Hudaydah. The two Italian vessels forced Peyk-i Şevket to flee into the port, bombarded the dock facilities, and then withdrew. Peyk-i Şevket was later interned for the duration of the war in British-controlled Suez. In March 1913 during the First Balkan War, the ship was sent to the Black Sea to support the Çatalca garrison, which was under renewed attacks by the Bulgarian army during the Second Battle of Çatalca. After heavy bombardment from the Ottoman fleet, including Peyk-i Şevket, the Bulgarians were forced to retreat on 30 March.
On 3 August 1914, Peyk-i Şevket steamed to Constantinople, where she was scheduled to begin a lengthy overhaul. But due to the growing tensions in the region due to the outbreak of World War I in Europe, the ship was only painted and loaded with ammunition, fuel, and stores. On 20 November, Peyk-i Şevket and the battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim, formerly the German Goeben, for a patrol off the Bosporus. In December, the ship joined Yavuz Sultan Selim, the ex-German light cruiser Midilli, and her sister Berk-i Satvet to escort a convoy of four troop transports to Rize. On 22 June 1915, Peyk-i Şevket was nearly torpedoed by the British submarine in the Sea of Marmara while she was transporting ammunition to the Ottoman garrison at Çanakkale. Two months later, successfully torpedoed the ship on 6 August, causing serious damage.
The ship returned to service by 1917, and as of July 1918, the ship was back in service, being used as an escort for troopships between Constantinople and the Caucasus. She was decommissioned in the final weeks of the war, on 30 October 1918, and laid up in Constantinople. On 30 November, the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros with the Entente powers, which concluded the conflict.
The ship was renamed Peyk in 1923 following the end of the Turkish War of Independence, which saw the Republic of Turkey replace the old Ottoman Empire. At the time, the ship was one of a handful of major warships still in active service, after more than a decade of near continuous war for the Turkish fleet. From 1925 to 1927, she was modernized at the Gölcük Naval Shipyard and was recommissioned in 1927. She was rebuilt in 1936–1938 and incorporated substantial improvements. Her stem was replaced and her superstructure was rebuilt. The old gun armament was replaced with a pair of 45-caliber guns and four 37 mm 40-caliber guns. The ship continued in service until 1944, when she was stricken from the naval register. The ship was laid up in Izmit and broken up between 1953 and 1954 at the Gölcük shipyard.
Notes
References
Cruisers of the Ottoman Navy
Ships built in Kiel
1906 ships
Peyk-i Şevket-class cruiser |
Michael Brandon Roll (born April 12, 1987) is an American-born naturalized Tunisian professional basketball player who last played for US Monastir. Born in America, he joined the Tunisia national basketball team after becoming a naturalized citizen in 2015.
Roll played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins, who reached the Final Four three times in four NCAA tournament appearances during his tenure. Roll was the Bruins leading scorer in his final season in 2009–10, when he earned all-conference honors in the Pacific-10. He has played professionally in Turkey, Belgium, Spain, Israel, Italy, and France.
Early life
Roll was born in Mission Viejo, California, to Richard and Joyce Roll. He played basketball at Aliso Niguel High School, where as a senior he was named the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) Southern Section Division I-A Player of the Year. That season, he averaged almost 25 points per game while leading the Wolverines over top-seeded Lake Forest El Toro in the Division I-A title game.
Ranked as the No. 1 shooting guard in the West by Scout.com, Roll originally gave a verbal, non-binding, commitment to attend college at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before he changed to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
College career
As a freshman for UCLA in 2005–06, Roll played on a 32–7 Bruins team that lost in the 2006 national championship to Florida. Though he played behind Arron Afflalo and Cedric Bozeman that season, Roll averaged 15 minutes per game, and UCLA coach Ben Howland called him "an important contributor." The following season, he played behind Afflalo and Josh Shipp while UCLA returned to the Final Four. As a junior, he was bypassed for a starting position by sophomore Russell Westbrook. UCLA again reached the Final Four, but Roll's season had ended prematurely after he ruptured his left plantar fascia. However, he was granted a medical redshirt, earning another year of eligibility to effectively remain a junior. He returned the following season, but continued as a role player behind Shipp and freshman Jrue Holiday. Roll and the Bruins again qualified for the NCAA Tournament, but were eliminated in the round of 32.
After years of being a role player for the Bruins, Roll became a leader of the team as a fifth-year senior in 2009–10. He was pushed into his new role after the departure of seniors Shipp, Darren Collison, and Alfred Aboya from the prior season. Moreover, he would have been only the fourth option on the team behind Kevin Love, Westbrook, and Holiday, had they not declared early for the National Basketball Association. Roll prepared for the increased workload during the offseason with a workout regimen that included basketball workouts twice a day, ball-handling drills, shooting 500 times daily, and a weight-training program to strengthen his legs and back. UCLA's roster that season included six freshmen and six sophomores. Roll, Nikola Dragović, and James Keefe were the only seniors on the team, and Keefe's season ended prematurely after season-ending shoulder surgery. UCLA's season ended in the semifinals of the 2010 Pacific-10 Conference tournament with an 85–72 loss to California, despite a career-high 27 points from Roll. He averaged 22.5 points in the two tournament games, and was named to the All-Tournament team. The Bruins finished the season 14-18 and did not qualify for the NCAA tournament for the first time in six seasons. Roll earned first team All-Pac-10 honors, and was named the Bruins' most valuable player after leading the team in scoring with 14.1 points per game. He also led UCLA with 3.6 assists per game, and set the school record for most career games played (147), surpassing Collison and Aboya's previous mark (142). Roll was selected to play in the Reese's College All-Star Game during the Final Four.
Professional career
Bornova Belediye (2010–2011)
After going undrafted in the 2010 NBA draft, Roll joined the Toronto Raptors for the 2010 NBA Summer League. One week later, on July 3, 2010, Roll started his professional career with the Turkish team Bornova Belediye, signing a one-year deal.
Antwerp Giants (2011–2012)
On July 24, 2011, Roll signed with the Belgian team Antwerp Giants for the 2011–12 season. On November 8, 2011, Roll recorded a career-high 27 points, shooting 13-of-17 from the field, along with four rebounds and three assists in a 72–76 loss to BC Enisey. Roll helped Antwerp to reach the 2012 Belgian Cup Final, where they eventually lost to Okapi Aalstar.
Zaragoza (2012–2014)
On July 5, 2012, Roll joined the Spanish team Zaragoza for the 2012–13 season. In his first season with Zaragoza, Roll helped them to reach the 2013 ACB Playoffs Semifinals as well as the Copa del Rey Quarterfinals. On June 30, 2013, Roll signed a one-year contract extension with Zaragoza.
Türk Telekom (2014–2015)
On July 28, 2014, Roll signed with Türk Telekom of the Turkish Basketball Super League for 2014–15 season.
Büyükçekmece (2015–2016)
On July 13, 2015, Roll signed a one-year deal with Tüyap Büyükçekmece B.K. On January 24, 2016, Roll participated in the 2016 Turkish Super League All-Star Game. In 30 games played during the 2016–17 season, Roll averaged 16.3 points, 4.6 rebounds and 4.6 assists per game.
Baskonia (2016)
On May 24, 2016, Roll signed with the Spanish team Baskonia for the 2016 ACB Playoffs as well as the following season, but parted ways with the team at the end of the playoffs.
Beşiktaş (2016–2017)
On July 19, 2016, Roll returned to Turkey for a third stint, signing with Beşiktaş for the 2016–17 season. Roll helped Beşiktaş to reach the 2017 Turkish League Finals, where they eventually lost to Fenerbahçe.
Maccabi Tel Aviv (2017–2019)
On July 3, 2017, Roll joined the Israeli team Maccabi Tel Aviv of the EuroLeague, signing a one-year deal with an option for another one. On January 11, 2018, Roll recorded a season-high 23 points, shooting 8-of-13 from the field, along with two rebounds and two assists in a 90–88 win over Brose Bamberg. Roll won the 2017 Israeli League Cup and the 2018 Israeli League Championship titles with Maccabi.
On June 27, 2018, Roll signed a one-year contract extension with Maccabi. On January 3, 2019, Roll recorded a season-high 23 points, shooting 6-of-7 from three-point range, along with four rebounds, five assists and three steals in a 91–79 loss to Real Madrid. Roll went on to win the 2019 Israeli League Championship with Maccabi, winning his second straight Israeli League title in the process.
Olimpia Milano (2019–2021)
On July 25, 2019, Roll signed a two-year deal with Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A and the EuroLeague. On June 23, 2021, Roll officially parted ways with the Italian club.
Pınar Karşıyaka (2021–2022)
On October 1, 2021, Roll signed with Pınar Karşıyaka of the Turkish Basketball Super League.
Paris Basketball (2023)
In January 2023, Roll was announced by the Tunisian champions US Monastir, nevertheless, he signed with Paris Basketball in France on 26 January 2023. At Paris, Roll replaced the injured Kyle Allman and appeared in two league games for the Paris side, averaging 7 points per outing. He left the team on February 7, 2023.
US Monastir (2023)
Shortly after leaving Paris, he finally joined US Monastir. Roll played at the 2023 FIBA Intercontinental Cup, before leaving the team shortly after.
National team career
Roll became a naturalized citizen of Tunisia in July 2015, enabling him to join the Tunisia national basketball team and compete in AfroBasket 2015, which was hosted in Tunisia. On July 3, 2017 following Roll's signing with Israeli basketball club Maccabi Tel Aviv, Ali Benzarti, president of the Tunisian Basketball Federation (FTBB), announced that Roll would not be on the Tunisian national team "for now" because of his recent integration with a team in the Israeli League. Relations between Tunisia and Israel have been stressed since the Second Intifada of 2000. After leaving Maccabi in July 2019, Roll once again joined Tunisia national team, becoming a member of the squad representing Tunisia at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.
Career statistics
EuroLeague
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2017–18
| style="text-align:left;"| Maccabi
| 29 || 28 || 26.2 || .470 || .408 || .889 || 2.1 || 2.9 || .3 || .1 || 9.1 || 9.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19
| style="text-align:left;"| Maccabi
| 29 || 7 || 21.5 || .472 || .407 || .905 || 2.2 || 2.7 || .7 || .0 || 9.1 || 8.7
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career
| 58 || 35 || 23.8 || .471 || .407 || .894 || 2.1 || 2.8 || .5 || .1 || 9.1 || 8.9
College
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2005–06
| style="text-align:left;"| UCLA
| 38 || 5 || 14.7 || .369 || .383 || .714 || .9 || .9 || .3 || .1 || 3.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07
| style="text-align:left;"| UCLA
| 36 || 1 || 16.3 || .393 || .358 || .750 || 1.4 || 1.1 || .3 || .1 || 4.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08
| style="text-align:left;"| UCLA
| 6 || 0 || 15.5 || .240 || .286 || .333 || 1.7 || 2.3 || .3 || .0 || 2.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09
| style="text-align:left;"| UCLA
| 35 || 2 || 17.1 || .491 || .515 || .684 || 1.3 || 1.4 || .5 || .3 || 6.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2009–10
| style="text-align:left;"| UCLA
| 32 || 32 || 35.8 || .468 || .426 || .766 || 2.8 || 3.6 || 1.0 || .1 || 14.1
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career
| 147 || 40 || 20.3 || .437 || .417 || .726 || 1.6 || 1.7 || .5 || .1 || 6.8
References
External links
RealGM.com profile
Eurobasket.com profile
FIBA profile
UCLA Bruins bio
TBLStat.net Profile
1987 births
Living people
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
Aliso Niguel High School alumni
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Antwerp Giants players
Basket Zaragoza players
Beşiktaş men's basketball players
Bornova Belediye players
Büyükçekmece Basketbol players
Karşıyaka basketball players
Liga ACB players
Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players
Olimpia Milano players
Saski Baskonia players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Mission Viejo, California
Basketball players from Orange County, California
Tunisian men's basketball players
Tunisian people of American descent
Türk Telekom B.K. players
UCLA Bruins men's basketball players
Paris Basketball players
Naturalised basketball players |
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