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Cassie Mogilner Holmes (born February 2, 1980) is a professor of marketing and behavioral decision making at UCLA Anderson School of Management and author of Happier Hour. Best known for her research on time and happiness. (e.g. time salience, age, ways to spend time, present focus, temporal distance, and time affluence). Early life and education Mogilner Holmes grew up in San Diego, California, where she attended La Jolla Country Day School. For several years during elementary school, she and her family lived in London, where she attended the American School in London. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in psychology in 2002 from Columbia University. In 2004, Mogilner Holmes began graduate work at Stanford Graduate School of Business studying under Jennifer Aaker, earning a Ph.D. in marketing in 2009. At Stanford GBS, she received the Jaedicke Award in 2004, and was chosen as the AMA-Sheth Foundation Doctoral Consortium Fellow in 2008. Career After graduating with a PhD in marketing from Stanford Graduate School of Business in 2009, Mogilner Holmes began her academic career as an assistant professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where she taught brand management. At Wharton, she was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 2015. In 2016, she moved back to California to join UCLA Anderson School of Management as an associate professor with tenure. At Anderson, she was appointed the Donnalisa '86 and Bill Barnum Endowed Term Chair in Management in 2018 and was promoted to full professor in 2020. Among her awards, Mogilner Holmes was recognized as a Top 40 Business Professor Under 40 by Poets & Quants in 2018 and was the recipient of the Early Career Award from the Association of Consumer Research in 2016 and the Society of Consumer Psychology in 2017. She was recognized as a Marketing Science Institute Young Scholar in 2013 and won the Journal of Consumer Research Best Article Award in 2017. Mogilner Holmes's research has been published in scholarly journals in psychology and marketing such as Journal of Consumer Research, Psychological Science, and Social Psychological and Personality Science. She has also written for Harvard Business Review, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times, and her work appears in The Economist, Financial Times, The Atlantic, Huffington Post, Scientific American, Time, and NPR. Trained as a social psychologist, Mogilner Holmes's research focuses on the role of time for happiness. Her work provides empirically based knowledge to inform how individuals should think about and spend their time to make their lives better. Her research can be organized into three primary streams: 1) the effects of focusing on time (vs. money), 2) the effects of age (and the amount of time people feel like they have left in life), and 3) optimal ways of spending time. Among her findings on the topic of time and happiness, her research has identified that merely thinking about time (vs. money) boosts consumers' happiness both with their products and in their lives; age influences the way people experience happiness (as peaceful vs. exciting) and the types of experiences (ordinary vs. extraordinary) that produce happiness; gifting time through experiences cultivates happiness in relationships; and to feel happier, people should spend their days on a variety of activities but their hours on more similar activities. Professor Cassie Holmes is the author of the book, Happier Hour: How to Beat Distraction, Expand Your Time, and Focus on What Matters Most, which is based on her popular MBA course, Applying the Science of Happiness to Life Design. References External links Academic website Author website 1980 births Living people UCLA Anderson School of Management faculty Columbia College (New York) alumni Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni People from San Diego Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania faculty
The honour killing of Sadia Sheikh occurred on 22 October 2007, when a 20-year-old Belgian woman of Pakistani heritage was fatally shot by her brother, an act of sororicide. The murder occurred in Lodelinsart, Charleroi. Sheikh had left her family home after her parents pressured her to marry a cousin who she had never met, later moving in with a Belgian man, but had visited to try to make peace. Her brother, Mudusar Sheikh, confessed to the murder in a 2011 trial, claiming that he had acted alone, but a jury pronounced all four members of the family guilty of the murder and sentenced each to prison. The case has been called Belgium's first honour killing trial. Background Born in Pakistan in 1949, Sheikh's father, Tarik Mahmood Sheikh, was himself wed by arranged marriage to her mother, Parveen Zahida. Tarik arrived in Belgium in 1973. The children were born in Brussels, and the family lived in Charleroi. Sheikh was a student at the Athénée Royal Vauban; and then Haute Ecole provinciale de Charleroi (HEPCUT), which merged into the . When Sheikh's parents, who owned businesses in both Belgium and Pakistan, attempted to force her to accept an arranged marriage to a cousin she had never met in Pakistan, she instead left home to study law. She felt threatened to the point that she drew up a will at a centre for victims of domestic violence. Soon after, she moved in with Jean, a Belgian man her age. Whilst unwilling to comply with her family's demands, she had not surrendered the hope of reconciliation. On 22 October, then in her final year of law school, she visited her family in hopes of mending the rift, but instead she was shot three times. In the shooting, her sister Sariya Sheikh was also wounded by a bullet in the arm. Trial and punishment On 21 November 2011, Sheikh's family—including her parents, brother Mudusar and sister Sariya—stood trial for her death. Sheikh's brother was accused of the shooting, while the rest of the family was accused of aiding and abetting the murder and "attempting to arrange a marriage." Prosecutors sought 20 – 30 years for Sariya Sheikh, who they claimed held Sheikh while she was shot, and life imprisonment for the rest of her family. The trial was held in Mons. During the trial, Mudusar Sheikh confessed to the crime, also claiming that he attempted to murder his sister Sariya. Other members of the family also claimed that Mudusar Sheikh was solely responsible for the murder. According to them, he acted in rage, but Mudusar Sheikh himself testified that the act was premeditated. He clarified that "I didn't want to take her (Sadia's) life, but to make her feel as bad as I felt." During the trial, evidence had been presented to suggest that Mudusar Sheikh, himself to marry a cousin in Pakistan, had been very close to his sister Sadia, his closest sibling in age. On 9 December 2011, the jury found all four family members guilty of the murder, with the aggravating factor that it was an honour killing, and the brother and father guilty of attempting to force an arranged marriage. Sentencing was handed down on 12 December. The court found that the parents had orchestrated the event, ordering their son to do the shooting. For that reason, although Mudusar Sheikh himself was sentenced to 15 years, Sheikh's mother and father were sentenced to 20 and 25 respectively. The 22-year-old Sariya Sheikh, five months pregnant at the time of sentencing, was given five years, a light sentence due to her youth at the time of the crime. In December 2011 Sheikh's parents were reported to be appealing their sentences. Sariya Sheikh also entered an appeal, to preserve the right, but it was reported she may not follow through if her attorneys do not find sufficient grounds. The case has been called Belgium's first honour killing trial. It has been positioned as a gender equality issue by civil rights groups. During the trial, the courthouse had to be briefly cleared when it received a bomb threat from a person alleging to be part of a Pakistani organization, but the threat proved false. Parveen Zahida was released after six years of prison. Commentary Following the court's verdict, the English-language Pakistani newspaper Dawn commented that Pakistan "would do well to take a leaf out of Belgium's book" given the regularity of reported honour killings in Pakistan and the common lack of punishment. The editorial laments that the "honour-killing debate is still at that medieval stage" in their country. Aftermath Sadia's burial took place in Pakistan. In popular culture The film A Wedding (2016) is based on this case. See also Honour killings of people of Pakistani heritage outside of Pakistan Shafilea Ahmed (United Kingdom) Sandeela Kanwal (United States) Gazala Khan (Denmark) Samaira Nazir (United Kingdom) Aqsa Parvez (Canada) Hina Saleem (Italy) See also: Honour killing in Pakistan References Further reading 2011 in Belgium 2007 murders in Belgium Honor killing in Europe Honor killing victims Murder in Belgium 2007 deaths Deaths by firearm in Belgium Belgian murder victims Belgian people of Pakistani descent Year of birth missing Violence against women in Belgium Sororicides Honour killing
In algebraic geometry, a proper morphism between schemes is an analog of a proper map between complex analytic spaces. Some authors call a proper variety over a field k a complete variety. For example, every projective variety over a field k is proper over k. A scheme X of finite type over the complex numbers (for example, a variety) is proper over C if and only if the space X(C) of complex points with the classical (Euclidean) topology is compact and Hausdorff. A closed immersion is proper. A morphism is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite. Definition A morphism f: X → Y of schemes is called universally closed if for every scheme Z with a morphism Z → Y, the projection from the fiber product is a closed map of the underlying topological spaces. A morphism of schemes is called proper if it is separated, of finite type, and universally closed ([EGA] II, 5.4.1 ). One also says that X is proper over Y. In particular, a variety X over a field k is said to be proper over k if the morphism X → Spec(k) is proper. Examples For any natural number n, projective space Pn over a commutative ring R is proper over R. Projective morphisms are proper, but not all proper morphisms are projective. For example, there is a smooth proper complex variety of dimension 3 which is not projective over C. Affine varieties of positive dimension over a field k are never proper over k. More generally, a proper affine morphism of schemes must be finite. For example, it is not hard to see that the affine line A1 over a field k is not proper over k, because the morphism A1 → Spec(k) is not universally closed. Indeed, the pulled-back morphism (given by (x,y) ↦ y) is not closed, because the image of the closed subset xy = 1 in A1 × A1 = A2 is A1 − 0, which is not closed in A1. Properties and characterizations of proper morphisms In the following, let f: X → Y be a morphism of schemes. The composition of two proper morphisms is proper. Any base change of a proper morphism f: X → Y is proper. That is, if g: Z → Y is any morphism of schemes, then the resulting morphism X ×Y Z → Z is proper. Properness is a local property on the base (in the Zariski topology). That is, if Y is covered by some open subschemes Yi and the restriction of f to all f−1(Yi) is proper, then so is f. More strongly, properness is local on the base in the fpqc topology. For example, if X is a scheme over a field k and E is a field extension of k, then X is proper over k if and only if the base change XE is proper over E. Closed immersions are proper. More generally, finite morphisms are proper. This is a consequence of the going up theorem. By Deligne, a morphism of schemes is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite. This had been shown by Grothendieck if the morphism f: X → Y is locally of finite presentation, which follows from the other assumptions if Y is noetherian. For X proper over a scheme S, and Y separated over S, the image of any morphism X → Y over S is a closed subset of Y. This is analogous to the theorem in topology that the image of a continuous map from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a closed subset. The Stein factorization theorem states that any proper morphism to a locally noetherian scheme can be factored as X → Z → Y, where X → Z is proper, surjective, and has geometrically connected fibers, and Z → Y is finite. Chow's lemma says that proper morphisms are closely related to projective morphisms. One version is: if X is proper over a quasi-compact scheme Y and X has only finitely many irreducible components (which is automatic for Y noetherian), then there is a projective surjective morphism g: W → X such that W is projective over Y. Moreover, one can arrange that g is an isomorphism over a dense open subset U of X, and that g−1(U) is dense in W. One can also arrange that W is integral if X is integral. Nagata's compactification theorem, as generalized by Deligne, says that a separated morphism of finite type between quasi-compact and quasi-separated schemes factors as an open immersion followed by a proper morphism. Proper morphisms between locally noetherian schemes preserve coherent sheaves, in the sense that the higher direct images Rif∗(F) (in particular the direct image f∗(F)) of a coherent sheaf F are coherent (EGA III, 3.2.1). (Analogously, for a proper map between complex analytic spaces, Grauert and Remmert showed that the higher direct images preserve coherent analytic sheaves.) As a very special case: the ring of regular functions on a proper scheme X over a field k has finite dimension as a k-vector space. By contrast, the ring of regular functions on the affine line over k is the polynomial ring k[x], which does not have finite dimension as a k-vector space. There is also a slightly stronger statement of this: let be a morphism of finite type, S locally noetherian and a -module. If the support of F is proper over S, then for each the higher direct image is coherent. For a scheme X of finite type over the complex numbers, the set X(C) of complex points is a complex analytic space, using the classical (Euclidean) topology. For X and Y separated and of finite type over C, a morphism f: X → Y over C is proper if and only if the continuous map f: X(C) → Y(C) is proper in the sense that the inverse image of every compact set is compact. If f: X→Y and g: Y→Z are such that gf is proper and g is separated, then f is proper. This can for example be easily proven using the following criterion. Valuative criterion of properness There is a very intuitive criterion for properness which goes back to Chevalley. It is commonly called the valuative criterion of properness. Let f: X → Y be a morphism of finite type of noetherian schemes. Then f is proper if and only if for all discrete valuation rings R with fraction field K and for any K-valued point x ∈ X(K) that maps to a point f(x) that is defined over R, there is a unique lift of x to . (EGA II, 7.3.8). More generally, a quasi-separated morphism f: X → Y of finite type (note: finite type includes quasi-compact) of 'any' schemes X, Y is proper if and only if for all valuation rings R with fraction field K and for any K-valued point x ∈ X(K) that maps to a point f(x) that is defined over R, there is a unique lift of x to . (Stacks project Tags 01KF and 01KY). Noting that Spec K is the generic point of Spec R and discrete valuation rings are precisely the regular local one-dimensional rings, one may rephrase the criterion: given a regular curve on Y (corresponding to the morphism s: Spec R → Y) and given a lift of the generic point of this curve to X, f is proper if and only if there is exactly one way to complete the curve. Similarly, f is separated if and only if in every such diagram, there is at most one lift . For example, given the valuative criterion, it becomes easy to check that projective space Pn is proper over a field (or even over Z). One simply observes that for a discrete valuation ring R with fraction field K, every K-point [x0,...,xn] of projective space comes from an R-point, by scaling the coordinates so that all lie in R and at least one is a unit in R. Geometric interpretation with disks One of the motivating examples for the valuative criterion of properness is the interpretation of as an infinitesimal disk, or complex-analytically, as the disk . This comes from the fact that every power seriesconverges in some disk of radius around the origin. Then, using a change of coordinates, this can be expressed as a power series on the unit disk. Then, if we invert , this is the ring which are the power series which may have a pole at the origin. This is represented topologically as the open disk with the origin removed. For a morphism of schemes over , this is given by the commutative diagramThen, the valuative criterion for properness would be a filling in of the point in the image of . Example It's instructive to look at a counter-example to see why the valuative criterion of properness should hold on spaces analogous to closed compact manifolds. If we take and , then a morphism factors through an affine chart of , reducing the diagram towhere is the chart centered around on . This gives the commutative diagram of commutative algebrasThen, a lifting of the diagram of schemes, , would imply there is a morphism sending from the commutative diagram of algebras. This, of course, cannot happen. Therefore is not proper over . Geometric interpretation with curves There is another similar example of the valuative criterion of properness which captures some of the intuition for why this theorem should hold. Consider a curve and the complement of a point . Then the valuative criterion for properness would read as a diagramwith a lifting of . Geometrically this means every curve in the scheme can be completed to a compact curve. This bit of intuition aligns with what the scheme-theoretic interpretation of a morphism of topological spaces with compact fibers, that a sequence in one of the fibers must converge. Because this geometric situation is a problem locally, the diagram is replaced by looking at the local ring , which is a DVR, and its fraction field . Then, the lifting problem then gives the commutative diagramwhere the scheme represents a local disk around with the closed point removed. Proper morphism of formal schemes Let be a morphism between locally noetherian formal schemes. We say f is proper or is proper over if (i) f is an adic morphism (i.e., maps the ideal of definition to the ideal of definition) and (ii) the induced map is proper, where and K is the ideal of definition of . The definition is independent of the choice of K. For example, if g: Y → Z is a proper morphism of locally noetherian schemes, Z0 is a closed subset of Z, and Y0 is a closed subset of Y such that g(Y0) ⊂ Z0, then the morphism on formal completions is a proper morphism of formal schemes. Grothendieck proved the coherence theorem in this setting. Namely, let be a proper morphism of locally noetherian formal schemes. If F is a coherent sheaf on , then the higher direct images are coherent. See also Proper base change theorem Stein factorization References , section 5.3. (definition of properness), section 7.3. (valuative criterion of properness) , section 15.7. (generalizations of valuative criteria to not necessarily noetherian schemes) External links Morphisms of schemes
Phrynella is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, Phrynella pulchra. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss. References External links Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Phrynella pulchra Microhylidae Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Monotypic amphibian genera
Kalluveene Nudiyithu is a 1983 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by Thipatur Raghu and produced by Smt Kalpana Pandu. The film stars Vishnuvardhan in a double role. The film has musical score by M. Ranga Rao. Cast Vishnuvardhan (Double role) Aarathi Jayanthi Padmapriya Udaykumar Chandrashekar Jai Jagadish Bhavya Dinesh Shakti Prasad Dheerendra Gopal Shashikala Prashanthi Mamatha M. S. Umesh M. S. Karanth Jr. Narasimharaju Aravind Soundtrack The music was composed by M. Ranga Rao. References External links 1983 films 1980s Kannada-language films Films scored by M. Ranga Rao
The 2004 Baltimore Ravens season was the team's ninth season in the NFL. They were unable to improve upon their previous output of 10–6 and a playoff appearance, instead going 9–7 and missing the playoffs. The 2004 season was the subject of the John Feinstein non-fiction book Next Man Up; the result of Feinstein spending the season behind the scenes with the team. It was highlighted by then-37-year-old Deion Sanders making a comeback after three years out of football. Meanwhile, Jamal Lewis, who was coming off a historic 2003 season, was arrested for drug charges and earned a two-game suspension by the NFL. He would finish the season with just 1,006 yards rushing as the Ravens were one of the worst offenses in the NFL in 2004. Ed Reed, who had 9 interceptions for the season, was named Defensive Player of the Year. For the season, the Ravens introduced black alternate uniforms for the first time in franchise history. Draft Staff Roster Preseason Schedule Regular season Schedule In addition to their regular games with AFC North divisional rivals, the Ravens played against the AFC East and NFC East based on the NFL’s schedule rotation introduced in 2002, and also played against the Chiefs and the Colts, who had in 2003 finished first in the two remaining AFC divisions. Week 2: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Steelers starting quarterback Tommy Maddox would suffer an injury during this game, sending 2004 first-round pick Ben Roethlisberger out on the field. After the game, Roethlisberger would lead the Steelers to fourteen straight victories to end the season. Thus, this marked the only loss the Steelers suffered during the regular season. Standings References Baltimore Ravens seasons Baltimore Ravens Baltimore Ravens 2000s in Baltimore
Anna Tatishvili and Heather Watson were the defending champions, but Watson chose not to participate. Tatishvili partnered with Louisa Chirico, but they withdrew before playing their first round. Julie Coin and Emily Webley-Smith won the title, defeating Jacqueline Cako and Sachia Vickery in the final, 4–6, 7–6(7–4), [11–9]. Seeds Draw External Links Draw Dow Corning Tennis Classic - Doubles Dow Corning Tennis Classic
“Soft-Boiled Sergeant” is an uncollected work of short fiction by J. D. Salinger which appeared in the 26 February, 1944 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. Plot The story is presented as a first-person vernacular narrative by protagonist Philly Barnes, a World War II combat veteran. Salinger uses a “ tale-with-in-a-tale to structure the account. "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" chronicles a young soldier's entry into basic training into the US military shortly before the United States entered World War II. Philly Barnes, only 16-years-old, has lied about his age to army recruiters so as to escape his life as a homeless drifter. Staff Sergeant Burke befriends the boy, recognizing a fellow spirit. A former hobo himself, and now an army “lifer”, Burke—of short stature and a grotesquely ugly face— is a solitary man of genuine decency and courage and skillful at handling practical matters. He helps the young Barnes, who suffers from low self-esteem, adjust to army life. After Barnes ships out to serve overseas, he never sees Burke again. He does, however, learn the details of what befell the “soft-boiled sergeant.” Barnes is killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor while rescuing a number of panicked servicemen. Background “Soft-boiled Sergeant,” was written while Salinger was stationed at Bainbridge Air Base, among three stories that Salinger wrote in 1943 which were sold to The Saturday Evening Post in January 1944. The other two stories were “Both Parties Concerned (submitted as “Wake Me When It Thunders”) and “Last Day of the Last Furlough.”) While Salinger was in Europe preparing with the 12th Infantry Regiment for the D-Day invasions, he discovered that the Post had changed the title of the work from “Death of a Dogface” to “Soft-boiled Sergeant” without consulting him. He was further outraged to discover that Post editors had placed the story amid garishly illustrated endorsements for “movie stars” and ads for “Calox Tooth Powder.” Salinger felt these juxtapositions distracted readers from the serious themes presented in the story. The Post, Collier's and Harper’s, referred disparagingly as “the slicks” because of their glossy covers, became repellent to the author. According to biographer Kenneth Slawenski, Salinger “swore he never again deal with the slicks, regardless of how much they paid.” Theme The central theme of “Soft-Boiled Sergeant”—the contrast between Hollywood portrayals of combat and the actualities of violent death—is presented as a complaint by war veteran Philly Barnes concerning his spouse Juanitas’ fascination with war movies. Literary critic John Wenke offers this monologue from protagonist Philly Barnes: Salinger provides this eulogy to his character Burke in which the life and death of the soldier serve as a “counterpoint” to all romanticized movie versions of war: Footnotes Sources Slawenski, Kenneth. 2010. J. D. Salinger: A Life. Random House, New York. Wenke, John. 1991. J. D. Salinger: A Study of the Short Fiction.'' Twaynes Studies in Short Fiction, Gordon Weaver, General Editor. Twayne Publishers, New York. 1944 short stories Short stories by J. D. Salinger Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post
Pershing Township is one of twelve townships in Jackson County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,394 and it contained 628 housing units. History The Frank Wheeler Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Geography According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 99.35%) is land and (or 0.65%) is water. Lakes in this township include Beck Pond, Buckskin Pond, Fox Pond and Scholl Pond. The streams of Cross Branch and Runt Run run through this township. Unincorporated towns Freetown Spraytown Extinct towns Bald Knobs Adjacent townships Jackson Township, Bartholomew County (northeast) Hamilton Township (east) Brownstown Township (southeast) Owen Township (southwest) Salt Creek Township (west) Van Buren Township, Brown County (northwest) Cemeteries The township contains three cemeteries: Lucas, Spraytown and Waggoner. Major highways Indiana State Road 58 Indiana State Road 135 Indiana State Road 258 References External links Indiana Township Association United Township Association of Indiana U.S. Board on Geographic Names (GNIS) United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files Townships in Jackson County, Indiana Townships in Indiana
Phoenix Force is a series of men's action-adventure novels published from 1982 to 1991 and spanning 55 novels (and several anthologized short stories), following the exploits of the five-man, anti-terrorist team Phoenix Force. There were 51 novels in the Phoenix Force series, plus 4 Super Phoenix Force special editions. The characters also appeared in the three Heroes paperback anthologies published by Gold Eagle. The series ended in 1991 but the characters went on to star in the Stony Man series that followed. Phoenix Force is one of two neutralization teams working for Stony Man, a top-secret anti-terrorist organization. It is a spin-off of the Executioner series created by Don Pendleton. As with The Executioner, the Phoenix Force novels have been written by a succession of authors under the pseudonym Gar Wilson. In 1991, Gold Eagle combined Phoenix Force with another Executioner spin-off series, Able Team, and launched the Stony Man book series, which ran a total of 140 novels, ending in 2015. Characters Originally, Phoenix Force was composed of Yakov Katzenelenbogen, a French-Israeli commando; Gary Manning, Canadian demolitions expert and security engineer; Keio Ohara, Japanese Martial Arts and electronics expert; David McCarter, former SAS operator and pilot; and Rafael Encizo, Cuban survivor of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and Castro's prisons. Ohara was killed in the course of the series and replaced with Calvin James, African-American Vietnam veteran. Katz retired from field work, resulting in McCarter becoming the new team leader, and T.J. Hawkins was recruited by Katz and Bolan to become the fifth member of Phoenix Force. The Phoenix Force team has used the assistance of John Trent, Japanese-American ninjitsu master; and Karl Hahn, former GSG 9 operator turned BND agent. Phoenix Force members David McCarter McCarter is the current commander of Phoenix Force. A Cockney born in London's East End neighborhood, McCarter is a former SAS operator who participated in the Iranian Embassy Siege and spent a tour of duty in Vietnam as a "special observer". McCarter is a big, strong man who thrives on action. He is unmatched in combat, with significant battlefield experience and great marksmanship with a pistol. McCarter is often the first in a firefight, with a degree of desire for action that borders on recklessness. He is an action junkie with Katz summing up "that man would be lost without a battlefield." He is also highly sarcastic and always gets in the last word. McCarter's attitude often leads to friction between him and Gary Manning, and the two frequently take jabs at each other. However, their conflict is good-natured and not detrimental to the team. One of McCarter's quirks is consuming large amounts of Coca-Cola. McCarter's preferred SMG was the Ingram MAC-10 in 9mm, but it had jammed on one mission, causing him to adopt the Intratec KG-99. His preferred pistol is the Browning Hi-Power. Rafael Encizo Originally from Cuba, Encizo assisted in Fidel Castro's revolution in Cuba. Upon realizing that he had helped install a Communist regime, Encizo turned against the Communists and was subsequently imprisoned. He escaped and fled to America, and later came back during the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Encizo was captured a second time as a result, and tortured for several months before making a second escape. Rafael Encizo's younger brother, Raul, was taken from the family at a very young age, and joined the Cuban army. Rafael and Raul have fought against each other on two occasions, the second of which resulted in Raul's death after he turned on a group of Communist terrorists he was working with. Encizo's preferred weapons are the H&K MP5 and a Smith & Wesson or a Walther PPK pistol (later changed to the H&K P9). He is also the team's edged weapons expert, favoring the Cold Steel Tanto. Gary Manning Phoenix Force's Canadian demolitions expert, the team's most talented sniper, and silent weapons expert. Manning grew up hunting and working for his uncle's demolitions company. During the Vietnam War, Manning was attached to a US Special Forces team as an "observer" (much like McCarter). Following the war, Manning settled down, got married and became an executive of a major import-export firm. The marriage failed, but the business prospered. Because of his wealth, Manning is the most unlikely of the Phoenix Force members. He seems more down to earth than the others, and is annoyed at McCarter's actions, although the two are friends. Manning's weapons of choice are the FN FAL and the Desert Eagle .357 Magnum. In later books, he uses the SA80 and the Walther P5. Calvin James Hailing from the south side of Chicago, James grew up in an environment full of drugs and gang violence. His parents died when he was young; his mother murdered by a drug dealer. At the age of 17, James became a hospital corpsman with the Navy SEALs and fought in the Vietnam War. His brother, Waldo James, who was also in the Vietnam War, went MIA and was never seen again. After the war, James continued studying to become a doctor, but when his sister, Susan James, died of a drug overdose, he instead joined the San Francisco Police Department as a SWAT officer. During the time the Black Alchemist terrorist conspiracy was going on, James and his SWAT partner, Don Rambo, were infiltrating the Hilldale Pacific Bank to rescue people taken hostage by the Arma de Liberacion de Puerto Rico, or ALPR. During the infiltration, Rambo was killed by one of the terrorists. James almost shared the same fate, but was rescued by McCarter and Manning, who had infiltrated the building looking for him. After helping James deal with the terrorists, McCarter and Manning shanghaied him and transported him to Stony Man Farm, where his skills and knowledge of chemistry proved invaluable. After Keio Ohara was killed, Hal Brognola and the rest of Phoenix Force offered him a spot on the team. Since he felt that Phoenix Force was where he really belonged, he agreed, becoming the unit's unofficial medical corpsman. He regularly administers truth serums to captured terrorists in order to gain information. He is streetwise and not as knowledgeable about world affairs as the other team members, but is also a natural con artist to help with undercover work. James' weapons of choice are the M16 fitted with the M203 grenade launcher, and the Colt Commander. In later books, he is armed with a Beretta 92SB automatic pistol. T. J. Hawkins Thomas Jackson Hawkins was brought in as a new member of Phoenix Force when Yakov Katzenelenbogen retired from field work and David McCarter became the new commander of the team. Named after famous Confederate general Stonewall Jackson, Hawkins was born in the U.S. Army hospital at Fort Benning, Georgia. He is the second of three sons born to a U.S. Army career infantry NCO who served as an adviser to an ARVN Ranger battalion. His father was killed during the Tet Offensive. At age 5, Hawkins and his entire family moved to Fort Hood, Texas. Following in his father's footsteps, Hawkins joined the Army after graduating from high school in 1980. When he completed basic training, he volunteered for Airborne training, earning his parachute wings in the process. Later accepted for training by the Rangers and subsequently assigned to the 75th Ranger Regiment. During this assignment, he participated in Operation Urgent Fury and Operation Just Cause as part of a recon team. Years later, he was assigned to Delta Force, leading one of its recon teams into Iraq during Operation Desert Storm to look for Scud missile launchers to be bombed by the Air Force. On one of these missions, the Black Hawk chopper transporting his unit went down outside Baghdad. Hawkins led his team to safety in the aftermath of the crash. For this action, he was awarded the Silver Star. During Operation Restore Hope, Hawkins and 12 others of his Delta Force unit were assigned to escort a United Nations team sent to secure a Somali village that was being threatened by a small-time warlord and 24 of his gunmen. The leader of the U.N. team, a Swedish major, had backed down from the warlord's threats and was ready to stand by while the villagers were massacred. However, Hawkins was unwilling to follow the major's lead and refused to stand down. The warlord threatened Hawkins with his pistol, but the Georgia native responded by shooting him dead. His men chased the warlord's troops away, saving all the villagers, an act for which Hawkins should have been rewarded. Instead, upon their return to the U.N. headquarters in Somalia's capital of Mogadishu, the Swedish major declared his intention to bring Hawkins up on murder charges. The young noncom responded by threatening to break the story of the major backing down and deciding to let innocent villagers be murdered in cold blood. Because of the political implications of the incident, Hawkins was allowed to resign his commission. He was honorably discharged, returning to his Texas home shortly thereafter. Hawkins was reluctant to join Phoenix Force at first, fearing that the organization had too many political connections, but after he saw their after-action reports and was made aware of Mack Bolan's true identity, he agreed to join the team. Since then, his expertise in electronic communications and airborne operations has made him a valuable asset to Phoenix Force. His friends call him either T. J. or Hawk. A serious individual when he needs to be, Hawkins has a deep sense of how things should be, and will sometimes conceal his true feelings with his Southernism. Stony Man crew Phoenix Force is supported by the Stony Man crew. This crew provides a wide variety of expertise, ranging from piloting aircraft or hacking into a computer database. Stony Man crew members: Hal Brognola Harold Brognola is the Stony Man project director. He is responsible for assigning missions to both Phoenix Force and Able Team, as well as providing them with intelligence, weapons, transportation, and anything else they may require to conduct their assignments. Brognola enjoys chewing on expensive cigars. Jack Grimaldi Stony Man's ace pilot, Grimaldi is often called on to assist in situations which require the use of air assets. Grimaldi is competent with all aircraft, both fixed-wing and helicopters. Aaron "The Bear" Kurtzman Kurtzman is the computer expert of the Stony Man farm. His role is to obtain intel from other government agencies and process it. Kurtzman lost the use of his legs in an assault on Stony Man Farm, and has since been forced to use a wheelchair. He has made several attempts to regain the use of his legs. Barbara Price Taking over from April Rose, Barbara Price serves as Stony Man's mission controller. At the request of the President, she assisted with the security clearances when Stony Man was initially set up. She and Mack Bolan are friends and sometimes lovers. Buck Greene Taking over from the man who replaced the traitorous Captain Wade, Buck Greene serves as Stony Man's chief of security and leads the Blacksuits, a security force maintained by Stony Man to provide security for the Farm. Charlie Mott A former Vietnam veteran and ex-Marine, Charlie Mott is the second Stony Man pilot, behind Jack Grimaldi. John Kissinger Taking over from the murdered Andrzej Konzaki, John 'Cowboy' Kissinger serves as Stony Man's weaponsmith. Kissinger first worked for the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, the predecessor to the DEA. After the dismantling of the BND, Kissinger went freelance, offering his talents to companies like Colt, Beretta, Heckler & Koch, and IMI. Prof. Huntington Wethers A former cybernetics professor at UCLA, Huntington 'Hunt' Wethers was recruited by Aaron Kurtzman for his expertise in computers and cybernetics. While Kurtzman looks at computers as a means of leveraging information, Wethers looks at computers as a science. Akira Tokaido Of Japanese extraction, Akira Tokaido is an expert computer hacker and the youngest member of Stony Man's cybernetic team. He listens to rock music on his headphones, which are often attached to a cassette player or CD player, claiming that it helps him focus on his work. At times, he is unconventional in his thinking and is cocky. He is an expert in kanji and has a deep interest in learning about his Japanese heritage. Leo Turrin Like Mack Bolan, Rosario Blancanales and Hermann Schwarz, Leo 'The Pussy' Turrin is a Vietnam veteran and former Green Beret. His association with the Mafia came because of connections his family had. He rose up through the ranks and became a capo, involving himself in various criminal activities. Associates John Trent John Inoshiro Trent is the owner and operator of a dojo, or martial arts school, in San Francisco, California, and a master of ninjutsu. His father, Sgt. Victor J. Trent, was an American serviceman stationed in Japan during reconstruction efforts after World War II. His mother, Reko Nakezuri, lost most of her family in the Tokyo firebombing that was carried out by the U.S. Army Air Corps. Her brother, Inoshiro Nakezuri, was an officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy and a covert operative who specialized in ninjutsu. When John was born, his uncle Inoshiro, from whom John gets his middle name, took a personal interest in him, training him in the ways of the ninja. John proved to be an outstanding student, much to his uncle's delight. Being a ninja, he is most adept with such weapons as the ninja-do and shuriken, but he also uses shotguns and pistols. In addition to being fluent in both English and Japanese, Trent also speaks Mandarin. His skills proved invaluable to Phoenix Force during a mission in San Francisco involving two crime syndicates, MERGE and TRIO. Phoenix Force would later draw on these skills during their Far East assignments, and Trent would later work on a mission with Mack Bolan himself. Calvin James has an association with Trent from his days as a policeman in San Francisco. Deceased characters Over the course of the series, some notable characters have died. Members Yakov "Katz" Katzenelenbogen Known as 'Katz' to his friends, Col. Yakov Katzenelenbogen was the original Phoenix Force leader when Bolan first assembled the team. Born in Russia, his father was a noted linguist and translator, and Yakov grew up speaking four languages: English, French, German and Russian. Katz assisted the French Resistance during the Nazi occupation. Later, he moved to Israel. During the Six-Day War, Katz lost his right arm and his only son. Before joining Phoenix Force, he worked for the Mossad, Israel's intelligence unit. Katz was held in high regard by the other Phoenix Force members. After a mission in the Far East, Katz retired from field work and went on to serve as Stony Man's tactical adviser. Katz was killed on a personal mission to stop a terrorist conspiracy in the Middle East, leading Mack Bolan to take up where he left off with support from Stony Man's top operatives and a top Mossad agent. Katz's prosthetic arm featured hooks which could be effective in a fistfight, and could often be replaced with a realistic-looking arm or a version that fired a single .22 Magnum bullet. His age, slightly paunchy appearance and prosthetic arm often caused opponents to underestimate him. Katz's weapons of choice were the IMI Uzi, Heckler & Koch P7, SIG Sauer P226, and a Spetznaz ballistic knife. Keio Ohara Keio Ohara was the youngest member of Phoenix Force when Mack Bolan first assembled the team. He served as an officer of the JGSDF, holding the rank of captain. He was trained as a paracommando, but had no real experience in the field. Held black belts in both karate and judo. Loved to drive fast without regard to the rules of the road at times. Also loved cigars and racing motorcycles. Even though he kept an apartment in the Japantown section of San Francisco, he saw Tokyo as his home. His uncle, Teko Ohara, had been exiled from the Ohara clan after associating with Yakuza gangsters after World War II, which was a disgrace to the clan. Teko challenged the decision and demanded a duel of honor with his successor, who happened to be Keio's father, Toshiro Ohara. Toshiro won the duel, but he and his wife were later murdered by Teko. He later joined up with Professor Edward Oshimi, the founder of the terrorist group called the Japanese Red Cell, in his plot against the U.S. government. However, he and some of his JRC associates were on the Hawaiian island of Lanai when Phoenix Force attacked the mad professor's stronghold, so Keio had no idea of his uncle's involvement until he broke into Keio's apartment and left a note challenging him to a duel to the death on Alcatraz Island. Keio eliminated his uncle's associates before facing him in the duel, whereupon Teko gleefully admitted his guilt in the deaths of Keio's parents. Keio won the duel by killing him, avenging his parents in the process. Keio Ohara would later be killed in action during the mission against the Black Alchemist terror group led by Maurice Cercueil, the former head of Haiti's Tonton Macoute secret police organization. There is a small monument to Keio at Arlington National Cemetery, simply inscribed with the following word: Samurai. Associates Karl Hahn Karl Hahn first served West Germany as an operator for the GSG 9 counter-terrorist unit. In this capacity, Hahn operated against the Baader-Meinhof Gang, aka Red Army Faction, Second June Movement, and various Palestinian terrorist groups. He was one of the GSG 9 commandos who carried out Operation Feuerzauber (Fire Magic), the famous rescue mission in Mogadishu, Somalia, against the PFLP terrorist team holding 86 hostages aboard Lufthansa Flight 181, hijacked on October 13, 1977. During his career, members of the RAF captured Hahn's best friend, GSG 9 operator Klaus Hausberg. They tortured and mutilated Hausberg to the point where Hahn had to put him out of his misery with a bullet to his brain. Eager to avenge Hausberg, Hahn hunted down and executed no less than eight RAF members. When his superiors learned of this, they dismissed him from the GSG 9. He was later recruited by the BND, West Germany's federal intelligence agency, and trained as a covert operative. He handled assignments in East Germany and Czechoslovakia, and was stationed in Turkey when he first met Phoenix Force during a mission against the KGB. He later worked with Phoenix Force on several occasions, most notably filling in for Rafael Encizo, who was injured during a mission in France against ODESSA. Hahn was eventually killed in action during a Phoenix Force mission in Europe to rescue the President of the United States and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Super Phoenix Force #1: Fire Storm). Hahn studied computer electronics as an exchange student at UCLA, spoke three languages fluently, and had a working knowledge of Czech and Russian. Possessing a dry sense of humor, he was also capable of making weapons out of common objects like a newspaper for close-quarter combat. Books There are a total of 51 books in the official series, plus 4 "Super Phoenix Force" novels. Phoenix Force also appeared in the three "Heroes" anthology paperbacks published by gold medal. The first book, Argentine Deadline, was published in June 1982, and the 51st, Savage World, was published in January 1991. See also The Executioner (book series) Able Team Mack Bolan Stony Man Death Merchant The Destroyer Nick Carter-Killmaster References External links MackBolan.com GraphicAudio Books Dramatized audio book adaptations of Mack Bolan, Stony Man and The Executioner. Official Don Pendleton Website Novel series Fictional military organizations
Estimates of the deaf population in Tunisia range from 40,000 to 60,000 people. These estimates indicate that deaf people make up between 0.3% to 0.5% of the population. The percent of deaf Tunisians can be much higher in isolated communities, ranging from 2% to 8%. The increase in prevalence is attributed to higher rates of intermarriage, geographic isolation, and social traditions. Tunisian Sign Language, abbreviated as TSL or LST, is the most commonly used sign language in Tunisia. As of 2008, TSL's user population is 21,000 signers. Language emergence Tunisian Sign Language (TSL) is made up of French Sign Language, Italian Sign Language, and Arab Unified Sign Language. The French colonization of Tunisia (1881 - 1956) influenced the oral languages of the hearing community and the sign language of the deaf community, with TSL heavily borrowing from French Sign Language (LSF). The prolonged contact between the French and Tunisian communities makes it hard for researchers to determine which signs are distinctively TSL or borrowed from LSF. Although there is limited research and documentation on TSL, researchers conclude that TSL is a distinct language due to its unique lexicon of sign that symbolize Tunisian traditions, history, and customs: "despite numerous borrowings, LST includes "Tunisian" signs on which there is no way to be mistaken as to their origin because they are quite cultural signs referring to the traditions, to the history of Tunisia and the customs of deaf Tunisians." TSL has been officially recognized as a language since 2006. Significant organizations One major organization that supports deaf people is Association Voix du Sourd de Tunisie (translated: Voice of the Deaf Association of Tunisia), or AVST. AVST is the oldest organization for the deaf in Tunisia and promotes access to healthcare, education, and employment. Working with Dr. Amira Yaacoubi, AVST founded a hospital where medical appointments are provided in Tunisian Sign Language. The hospital is located in the most populous slum community, Djebel Lahmar, in the outskirts of Tunisia's capitol. Manel Bergaoui, a teacher affiliated with AVST, is the first and only person to teach English to deaf/hard of hearing children through Tunisian Sign Language in the entire MENA (Middle East/North Africa) region. Frustrated with the lack of educational material for deaf/hard of hearing chidlren, Bergaoui wrote Let's Hand Speak English (2017), the first English textbook for deaf/hard of hearing children in Tunisia and the MENA region. In 2018, Bergaoui developed an educational app "Let'sapp" for deaf Tunisians/MENA region population. Currently, Bergaoui's organization provides face-to-face and online English lessons, helping more than 10 deaf people improve their English each school year. AVST raises awareness about the deaf community - in 2016, it produced a film in TSL, and in 2017, AVST organized the first World Deaf Day in Tunisia. In association with L'Académie Sportive et Éducative des Sourds de Tunis (translated: The Sports and Educational Academy of the Deaf of Tunis, abbreviated ASEST) and other deaf organizations, AVST holds yearly conventions where the issues and experiences of the deaf community are discussed. In 2022, AVST held an event with ASEST to discuss technological solutions for people with hearing disabilities, with TSL signers and interpreters present at the event. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems produced a video in Tunisian Sign Language on the risks of COVID-19 and preventative measures to keep the deaf population safe from infection. This video was shared by Tunisia's Ministry of Social Affairs on Facebook, where it has been viewed 30,000 times and shared 500 times. Other deaf organizations followed suit in sharing the video, and it was broadcast on multiple national television channels. Early hearing detection and intervention Hearing impairment negatively affects the ability for children to develop their communication skills. The earlier hearing impairment is detected in a child, the better care they receive, leading to better language and speech development. There is no national early detection and intervention program regarding hearing impairment in Tunisia; however, there are research studies and one-time programs that have aimed at studying the prevalence of different levels of hearing loss in Tunisian newborns and children. At Hospital Charles Nicolle of Tunis, the neonatology department collected data from the hearing screenings of 3,260 newborns. From this study it was determined that 0.9% of the newborns had mild bilateral hearing loss, 1.5% had unilateral profound hearing loss in the right ear, and one newborn that anacusis. Another study at Mohamed Tlatli Hospital screened for hearing impairment in 397 infants ranging from 4 days to 5 months old. All infants received the Otoacoustic Emission Test. It was determined that 9.37% of the infants had some hearing impairment. Out of these infants with some hearing impairment, 27 were given the Auditory Brainstem Response Test, in which 80% tested positively. In Ras Djebal-Bizerte (Northern Tunisia), 304 children ranging from 4 to 6 years old received hearing screenings for the first time in their lives. The screening included a preliminary ear checkup, subjective and objective audiometric tests, otoacoustic emission test, acoustic impedance meter tests, and a speech-language assessment. 12.17% of the children had hearing impairment (33 had conductive hearing loss, two had sensorineural hearing loss, and two had mixed hearing loss). 14 children exhibited articulation disorder, 10 exhibited language delays, and five children exhibited speech delays. The children were referred to ENT specialists for proper management and care. Language deprivation Because of the lack of hearing impairment detection programs, deaf Tunisians' language and written communication skills are very poor. 98% of deaf Tunisians are illiterate. In Arabic regions where diglossic situations are common, like Tunisia, higher rates of illiteracy occur than non-Arabic regions. Primary and secondary education Under Article 47, the new Tunisian constitution states that children are guaranteed the right to education by their parents and the state. Furthermore, Tunisia ratified the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on August 6, 1982, and is therefore legally bound to this treaty which states that education for children aged 6 – 16 is mandatory. Despite these laws in place, deaf Tunisian do not get equal access to education. There are two educational tracks in Tunisia. The first track is mainstream schooling - the track that most children will take part in, which is overseen by the Ministry of Education. The second track of schooling is reserved for disabled children, with deaf Tunisian children falling under this category. This track is overseen by the Ministry of Social Affairs; however, the ministry has relegated this responsibility to the independent organization Association Tunisienne d'Aide aux Sourds (ATAS, translated: Tunisian Association for Aid to the Deaf). There is no governmental oversight and accountability for the education of deaf Tunisians. In 2013, a report was published on the educational system for deaf Tunisians. The author, Dr. Marta Stroscio, compiled her findings after visiting 5 out of 70 ATAS educational centers. Stroscio stated that there was a range in the curriculum between the 5 schools. Some centers adopt a completely oralist teaching method, meaning the language of instruction is spoken and students are encouraged to improve their speaking skills if possible. Other centers use some form of sign language or Total Communication. The educational centers were described in more detail in another report published in 2022. Primary education for deaf Tunisians consists of 6 years of specialized primary school. Disabled children from 6 to 12 years of age will attend these primary schools. Contrary to the name "specialized school", there is nothing specialized about these educational centers. Studies have reported that deaf children learn beside autistic and mentally-ill children, and the student's unique educational needs are not being met. Member of AVST Wassim ben Dhiab asserts that the lack of sign language and special need educators exacerbated the poor education that deaf Tunisians receive. In these education centers, it was noted that the classroom material was not tailored to deaf children, as they were using the same textbooks as children in the mainstream schools. Unlike primary school, there is no two-track educational system for secondary school. In secondary school, deaf Tunisians join students in mainstream schools. The subjects in secondary school are taught in Modern Standard Arabic, Tunisian Dialect Arabic, and French, none of which languages deaf Tunisians are proficient in, since their primary education was so poor. There are a lack of sign language interpreters in this level of schooling as well. Mona Belhouane, a partly-deaf Tunisian who is a member of Deaf Unity, states, "most [deaf children] didn't manage to reach high school level, due to the lack of adequate measures, the absence of sign language translators and the presence of communication barriers." It is encouraged that deaf students make their way from specialized centers to main stream schools; however, deaf educational centers like El Imtiez have seen children come back from mainsteam schools because they found the curriculum too hard or were dealing with the psychological effects of bullying. Only 1% - 10% of disabled children successfully integrate into main stream schools, and even fewer receive a high school diploma. This is compared to 33.9% of the general population that receive at least a high school diploma in Tunisia. Advisor to the Minister of Education Mongi Godhbane said, "Only students with visual impairments are able to integrate into normal schools, because they know how to behave normally." Higher education Because the primary and secondary education that deaf Tunisians receive is poor, many pursue vocational training as their tertiary education, rather than a traditional college degree. These training programs include trades such as sewing, hairdressing, and design. In the 2010 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities report on the implementation of disabled rights, the government listed only one institution that had vocational training programs specifically for deaf people. The Vocational Training Centre for the Deaf in Ksar Hellal had 43 students enrolled at the time of the report. It is known that the certificates that deaf people receive from these vocational training programs are not taken seriously by employers. Employment The unemployment rates among deaf Tunisians are very high. The government provides incentives for businesses to hire more disabled people, one such incentive being businesses could pay disabled employees from their taxes if the business maintains that at least 1% of their employees are disabled. This incentive only applies to small to medium-sized businesses, so it is not as effective at increasing the portion of disabled people in the work force. Even with the incentive, businesses are reluctant to hire disabled people, specifically deaf people, because of their poor education. Of the small amount of people with disabilities hired, most of them have visual impairments. This is because it is the easiest for people with visual impairments to integrate into the workplace. An official from the Ministry of Social Affairs has acknowledged that disabled people get paid less for the same work their colleagues complete. The government has opened accounts to provide financial aid to unemployed people with disabilities, with the revenue generated from taxing certain products and postal packages. Healthcare Deaf people face unique barriers to accessing and receiving healthcare. One such obstacle stems from language deprivation. People who are illiterate will not be able to receive the proper health care they need. For example, they might not understand what procedures they are agreeing to, when their next appointment is scheduled, and how to properly take prescribed medication. Since 98% of Tunisia's deaf population is illiterate, they will undoubtedly face the some of the problems listed above. It has also been determined that delays in the access to a sign language will limit health literacy. Using the estimates of the deaf Tunisian population and TSL signers, the percent of deaf Tunisians that use TSL ranges from 35% to 53%. Consequently, a large portion of deaf Tunisian will experience limited health literacy. Another obstacle that deaf Tunisians face is they will not be able to directly communicate with their health care providers. Since Tunisian Sign Language is a deaf community sign (mostly only used by deaf people), it is unlikely that physicians among other health care workers are fluent in TSL. Although the proportion of Tunisian healthcare workers who are deaf could not be found, it is reasonable to assume that the proportion is incredibly small, considering most deaf Tunisians do not even receive a high school diploma. A lack of sign language interpreters also exacerbates the language barrier. To help combat this issue, the Association Voix du Sourd de Tunisie (translated: Voice of the Deaf Association of Tunisia) worked with Dr. Amira Yaacoubi to establish a hospital where medical appointments are provided in Tunisian Sign Language. The hospital is located in the most populous slum community, Djebel Lahmar, in the outskirts of Tunisia's capitol. In recognition of these barriers to health care, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems produced a video in Tunisian Sign Language on the risks of COVID-19 and preventative measures to keep the deaf population safe from infection. This video was shared by Tunisia's Ministry of Social Affairs on Facebook, where it has been viewed 30,000 times and shared 500 times. Other deaf organizations followed suit in sharing the video, and it was broadcast on multiple national television channels. Language preservation and revitalization According to the World Federation of the Deaf, the 2008 estimate of the population of Tunisian Sign Language users was 21,200 people; this was classified as a medium-sized speaker population. TSL usage is scattered around Tunisia, but it is most prevalent in Tunis and Sfax, the two most populous cities in Tunisia. According to Ethnologue, TSL is a deaf community sign, and its language status has been classified as 5 (developing) on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale. Languages with this status are "in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some, though this is not yet widespread or sustainable." TSL's vitality, or how much the language is used as means of communication, has been described as stable. There are 70 educational centers in Tunisia that deaf Tunisian children can attend, and some centers teach the students TSL, while others do not, so TSL is being passed down to at least a portion of the younger generations. See also Deafness in Benin Deafness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Deafness in Egypt History of deaf education in Africa References Tunisia Disability in Tunisia
Théodore Legault (July 26, 1886 – January 17, 1935) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Sturgeon Falls in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1926 to 1929 as an Independent-Liberal and then Nipissing as a Liberal member from 1934 until his death in 1935. He was born in Wendover, Ontario, the son of Hormidas Legault. In 1912, he married Estelle Bourdon. He served as mayor of Sturgeon Falls in 1922 and was president of the local Board of Trade. Legault was also a member of the Knights of Columbus. References Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1928, AL Normandin External links 1886 births 1935 deaths Canadian Roman Catholics Franco-Ontarian people Ontario Liberal Party MPPs Mayors of places in Ontario People from West Nipissing
This is a list of musical pieces and songs that include or feature the Jew's harp or other resonance based lamellophones. Jew's harp music is Library of Congress Subject Heading M175.J4. Famous Jew's harpists include the German musicians Father Bruno Glatzl (1721–1773) of Melk Abbey (for whom Albrechtsberger wrote his concerti), Franz Koch (1761–1831), who was discovered by Frederick the Great, and, "the most famous," Karl Eulenstein (1802–1890). "Four of the famous Jew's Harp virtuosos of the world," today are Svein Westad, Leo Tadagawa, Trần Quang Hải, and the late John Wright (1948–2013). Other performers include Phons Bakx and the earlier Angus Lawrie and Patric Devane. US country musician Jimmie Fadden played the Jew's harp on many albums. 1700s Johann Heinrich Hörmann: Partita for Jews Harp and 8 other instruments (c.1730). Recorded by Othmar Costa conducting the Innsbrucker Kammerorchester (1971). Johann Georg Albrechtsberger: four surviving Concerti for Jew's Harp & Mandora in D, E, E, and F (1769–1771), 2 recorded by Hans Stadlmair conducting the Munich Chamber Orchestra (1981) 1900s Charles Ives: "Washington's Birthday" (1909), A Symphony: New England Holidays (1913) Flanagan Brothers: "On the Road to the Fair" and "Miss McLeod's Reel" (1920s or 30s), "melodic style" La Bolduc: "Ton amour, ma Catherine" (1930) Henry Hall Orchestra with Phyllis Robins: "I Took My Harp to a Party" (1933) Jenny Howard: "I Took My Harp to a Party" (1933) Sonny Terry: Sonny Terry's New Sound: The Jawharp In Blues & Folk Music (1961, FS 3821) The Beatles: "The Fool on the Hill", Magical Mystery Tour (1967), "single boing" The High Level Ranters (Colin Ross): Northumberland Forever (1968/1997) Jack Elliott: "Broken Tanner", "Jack's Choice", and "In the Bar-Room", Jack Elliott of Birtley: The songs and stories of a Durham miner (1969) Leonard Cohen: "Story of Isaac" and "Tonight Will Be Fine", Songs from a Room (1969) John Wright: La Guimbarde (1971) The Who: "Join Together" (1972), "fine melodic riff" The Beach Boys: Steamboat Emanuele Calanduccio: U Marranzanu (1973) Leonard Cohen: "Is This What You Wanted", New Skin for the Old Ceremony (1974) Mario Ruspoli: Les Guimbardes (1974) Various: "Banish Misfortune" (John, Michael, and David Wright), The Lark in the Clear Air (1974) Various: North America Jew's Harp Festival 1997 Highlights (1997) Makigami Koichi: Electric Eel (1998), "newly invented versions of the jaw harp" Albert Smith: "The Pigeon On the Gate - Stepdance" (1977), The Voice of the People Volume 14: Troubles They Are But Few (1998) Oberallgäuer Maultrommerltrio: Allgäuer Volksmusik auf der Maultrommel (1979) The Clash: "The Guns of Brixton", London Calling (1979), "sound effect" Red Hot Chili Peppers: "Give It Away", Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991) Various: Khomus: Jew's Harp Music Of Turkic Peoples In The Urals, Siberia, And Central Asia (1995) The instrument features prominently in the opening theme and the score to the 1990s British animated television show, Oakie Doke. "" The instrument can be heard as part of the background music on the late 1970s / early 1980s American TV show Dukes of Hazzard, particularly during the chase sequences. Various: Maultrommel Molln (1996), "Jew's Harp music from Austria and its neighbor countries" Trân Quang Haï: Jew's Harps of the World (1998), "This recording features jew's harps from Bali, Yakutiya, Bashkiriya, Austria, and Norway, and also from different peoples of Vietnam." Willie Kemp: "Glendarel Highlands", "Lovat Scouts", and "Monymusk", The Voice of the People Volume 7: First I'm Going to Tell You a Ditty (1998) Tapani Varis: Jews Harp (1998), "solo and accompanied Jew's harp...collection of Finnish and Norwegian folk tunes...variety of harps" Huun-Huur-Tu: "Sagly Khadyn Turu-La Boor (It's Probably Windy On Sandy Steppe)", Where Young Grass Grows (1999) The Jew Harp is used to play the theme song alongside the accordion in the Yugoslav movie Ko To Tamo Peva (1980). 2000s Svein Westad: Munnharpas Verden (2000) "Traditional and contemporary Jew's Harp compositions from Norway, Ireland, Vietnam, Indonesia, China, Japan, India and Kyrgyzstan performed by," Westad, Tadagawa, Trần, and Wright. Traditional Kazakh: "Kuu" (Nurlanbek Nishanov), "Jew's Harp Melody" (Edil Huseinov), The Silk Road: A Musical Caravan, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings #40438 (2002), "elaborate Jew's harp techniques of Kazakhstan" The OddTones: We're Allowed (2002) Various: Fourth International Jew's Harp Festival (2002) Kid Rock: unspecified tracks (Jimmie "Bones" Trombly), Kid Rock (2003) David Simons: "Four Kotekan", Prismatic Hearing (2004) Miranda Lambert: "Me and Charlie Talking", Kerosene (2004) John Zorn: "Terumah" (Rashanim), Masada Rock (2005) Wu Man: "Old Joe Clark" (Lee Knight), Wu Man and Friends (2005) Johnny Cash: "God's Gonna Cut You Down", American V: A Hundred Highways (2006) Wang Li: Guimbarde (2006) Elizabeth Cook: "Times Are Tough in Rock 'N Roll", Balls (2007) Alan Jackson: "Good Time", Good Time (2008) Imogen Heap: "2-1", Ellipse (2009) Animal Collective: "Lion in a Coma", Merriweather Post Pavilion (2009) Thomas Dolby: "The Toad Lickers" (performed by Imogen Heap), A Map of the Floating City (2011) Wang Li: Reve de Sang (2011) Leonard Cohen: "Nightingale", Dear Heather (2004) Sam Lee: "Wild Wood Amber", Ground of his Own (2012) Karolina Cicha: "Za rieczkaju", 9 Languages (2013) Faun: "Tanz Mit Mir", Von den Elben (2013) Dirtwire: "Ibex" and "Taiga", Ondar EP (2014) Wang Li: Past, Present, Future (2014) Kepa Junkera: "Marea Zumaian", Maletak (2016) Wang Li and Wu Wei: Overtones (2016) Tyler Childers: "WhiteHouse Road" Purgatory (2017) Tapani Varis: "Munniharppuuna" (1996) Big Thief: "Spud Infinity", Dragon New Warm Mountain I Believe in You (2022) References External links "The online sound archive at the Musée de l´Homme in Paris is a treasure trove of Jew's harp music", DanMoi.com. Frame lamellophones Lists of compositions by instrumentation
Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston (born September 26, 1934) is an American writer. Her writings primarily focus on ethnic identity formation in the United States of America. She is best known for her autobiographical novel Farewell to Manzanar that narrates her personal experiences in World War II internment camps. Biography Houston was born in Inglewood, California, on September 26, 1934, attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School for three years and graduated from James Lick High School in San Jose. She was the youngest of four boys and six girls in the Wakatsuki family. For the first seven years she experienced a normal childhood. She lived in Los Angeles, California until 1942 when President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, causing her and her family to be evacuated. They were forced to leave their home and be taken to Manzanar. They rode in large greyhound buses from Los Angeles to Manzanar, a drive that takes about three hours and forty five minutes today. At the time she was only seven years old. She did not understand what was happening because she had no concept of war. She and her family spent the next three years in the camp, attempting to live a "normal" life behind barbed wire, under the watch of armed guards in searchlight towers. Conditions in the camp were awful and sickness spread throughout the camp quickly. This can be attributed to the compactness of the camp. Nearly 10,000 inmates lived in a 500 acre square, and this caused a lot of illness. Adapting to the climate was also difficult. Winters were very cold, and summers were very hot. The food they were provided was canned military food. It was not uncommon for prisoners to not eat because the food was not the traditional food they were accustomed to. Water in the camp was unclean, and it often caused Dysentery. Despite their efforts, obstacles managed to get in the way: her father's drinking habits and aggressive abuse, having no freedom, and very little space in the cubicles. In her book, Farewell to Manzanar, Jeanne describes the living conditions, "After dinner we were taken to Block 16, a cluster of fifteen barracks that had just been finished a day or so earlier—although finished was hardly a word for it. The shacks were built of pine planking covered with tarpaper. They sat on concrete footings, with about two feet of open space between the floorboards and the ground. Gaps showed between the planks, and as the weeks passed and the green wood dried out, the gaps widened. Knotholes gaped in the uncovered floor.” She goes on to explain the size and layout of the barracks. They were divided into six units that were sixteen long by twenty feet wide, and a singular light bulb hung from the ceiling. They had an oil stove for heat as well as two army blankets each, some mattress covers and steel army cots. However, things eventually improved, and they learned to adapt to their environment. Several years after leaving the camp in 1945, Jeanne went to San Jose State College (now San José State University) where she studied sociology and journalism and participated in the marching band's flag team. She met her husband James D. Houston there, and they married in 1957. Jeanne later decided to tell her story about the time she spent in Manzanar in Farewell to Manzanar, co-authored by her husband, in 1972. Ten years after their marriage, in 1967, Jeanne gave birth to a girl. Six years later she gave birth to twins. Jeanne has received many awards for her writing as well as her influence, and for being a voice for Japanese American women. A partial list of her awards can be found at https://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/jeanne-wakatsuki-houston Other publications include Don't Cry, It's Only Thunder (1984) with Paul G. Hensler as co-author, and Beyond Manzanar and Other Views of Asian-American Womanhood (1985). Farewell to Manzanar In her book Farewell to Manzanar (1973), Houston writes about her family's experiences at Manzanar, an internment camp in California's Owens Valley where Japanese Americans were imprisoned during World War II. Jeanne was inspired to write the book when her nephew, who was born in Manzanar, began to learn about it in college and wanted to know more about the place he was born. Her husband, James, co-authored the book. He believed it was not just a book for their family but for the whole world. He would be proven correct, as today it has sold over one million copies. The novel was adapted into a television movie in 1976, starring Nobu McCarthy, who portrayed both Houston as well as her mother in the film. Distribution In an effort to educate Californians about the experiences of Japanese Americans who were imprisoned during World War II, the book and movie were distributed in 2002 as part of a kit to approximately 8,500 public elementary and secondary schools and 1,500 public libraries in California. The kit also included study guides tailored to the book, and a video teaching guide. Today, Farewell to Manzanar has sold over one million copies. See also List of Asian American writers References Wakatsuki Houston, Jeanne. Academic Interview. Nov. 2022 Critical studies "National and Ethnic Affiliation in Internment Autobiographies of Childhood by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and George Takei" By: Davis, Rocío G.; Amerikastudien/American Studies, 2006; 51 (3): 355-68. (journal article) "'But Isn't This the Land of the Free?': Resistance and Discovery in Student Responses to Farewell to Manzanar" By: Chappell, Virginia A.. pp. 172–88 IN: Severino, Carol (ed. and introd.); Guerra, Juan C. (ed. and introd.); Butler, Johnnella E. (ed. and introd.); Writing in Multicultural Settings. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America; 1997. xi, 370 pp. (book article) "The Politics of Possession: The Negotiation of Identity in American in Disguise, Homebase, and Farewell to Manzanar" By: Sakurai, Patricia A.. pp. 157–70 IN: Okihiro, Gary Y. (ed. & introd.); Alquizola, Marilyn (ed.); Rony, Dorothy Fujita (ed.); Wong, K. Scott (ed.); Privileging Positions: The Sites of Asian American Studies. Pullman: Washington State UP; 1995. xiii, 448 pp. (book article) "The Politics of Possession: Negotiating Identities in American in Disguise, Homebase, and Farewell to Manzanar" By: Sakurai, Patricia A.; Hitting Critical Mass: A Journal of Asian American Cultural Criticism, 1993 Fall; 1 (1): 39-56. (journal article) External links Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, Notable Asian Americans, PDF 1934 births Living people 20th-century American memoirists Japanese-American internees San Jose State University alumni People from Inglewood, California American writers of Japanese descent 20th-century American women writers American autobiographers American women memoirists 21st-century American women American women writers of Asian descent James Lick High School alumni
The 1991 South Australian National Football League (SANFL) Grand Final saw North Adelaide defeat West Adelaide by 75 points. The match was played on Saturday 5 October 1991 at Football Park in front of a crowd of 39,276. Teams References SANFL Grand Finals Sanfl Grand Final, 1991
Liu Junshuai (; born 10 January 1995) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Qingdao Hainiu F.C. in the Chinese Super League. Club career Liu Junshuai went to Portugal for further training as a part of the Chinese Football Association's Project in 2011. He played for Fátima, Alverca and Real Massamá's youth academy between 2011 and 2014. He made his senior debut with Portuguese District Championships club Atlético Cacém in the 2014–15 season. Liu moved to Campeonato de Portugal side União Torreense in July 2015. On 15 July 2016, Liu was loaned to Chinese Super League side Jiangsu Suning along with Yang Ailong. He played for Jiangsu Suning's reserve team in the 2016 season. Liu transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shandong Luneng on 5 February 2017. He made his debut for Shandong on 7 April 2017 in a 2–1 away defeat against Shanghai SIPG. On 25 July 2018, he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home win over Guizhou Hengfeng in the quarter-finals of 2018 Chinese FA Cup. He would go on to establish himself as a regular within the team and would go on to be part of the squad that won the 2020 Chinese FA Cup. On 29 April 2022, he transferred on loan to second tier club Qingdao Hainiu. He would go on to make his debut in a league game on 9 June 2022 against Shaanxi Chang'an Athletic in a 1-1 draw. He would go on to establish himself as regular within the team that gained promotion to the top tier at the end of the 2022 China League One campaign. Career statistics Statistics accurate as of match played 25 December 2022. Honours Club Shandong Luneng Chinese Super League: 2021 Chinese FA Cup: 2020, 2021 References External links 1995 births Living people Chinese men's footballers Footballers from Qingdao S.C.U. Torreense players Shandong Taishan F.C. players Segunda Divisão players Chinese Super League players Men's association football defenders Chinese expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal Chinese expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Boccheggiano is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Montieri, province of Grosseto, in the area of Colline Metallifere. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 339. Boccheggiano is about 48 km from Grosseto and 8 km from Montieri, and it is situated along the Provincial Road which links Massa Marittima with Monticiano. It was an important mining village. Main sights San Bartolomeo (15th century), main parish church of the village, it was restructured many times (in 1864, 1986, 1990). San Sebastiano (14th century), it was restructured in the 17th century. Walls of Boccheggiano, old fortifications which surround the village since the 13th century. Porta della Torricella, main gate and access to the medieval village. Porta di Villa, destroyed. Municipal Theatre of Boccheggiano, it was built in 1927. Giardino dei Suoni (Garden of Sounds), a park of contemporary art founded by artist Paul Fuchs. References Bibliography Aldo Mazzolai, Guida della Maremma. Percorsi tra arte e natura, Le Lettere, Florence, 1997. See also Gerfalco Montieri Travale Frazioni of Montieri
Roche Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of Stump Lake in the Nicola Country of that province's South-Central Interior. The park lies to the northwest of the city of Merritt and to the south of Kamloops. References Provincial parks of British Columbia Nicola Country 1996 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1996
Eastern Youth is a Japanese punk rock trio formed in 1989 in Hokkaidō. Their sound blends many different styles, and is especially complex for a three-piece band. Their lyrics express the helplessness of Japanese youths. Their influences include Fugazi, Jawbreaker, Jets to Brazil, Stiff Little Fingers and Discharge. Career Eastern Youth was formed as Scanners in 1989 by childhood friends Hisashi Yoshino and Atsuya Tamori in Sapporo, Hokkaidō. From 1989 to 1993 they were the top oi!/skinhead act in Japan. The released 3 albums, 1 single and were on several compilation albums. The band changed the name from EASTERN YOUTH to eastern youth, and shed the skinhead image of their past. The band moved to Tokyo in 1990. In 1995, they put out their first release on their own record label, 坂本商店: (Sakamoto-Shoten) 口笛、夜更けに響 Kuchibue Yofuke-ni-Hibiku ("A Whistle Rings Late At Night"). Within the next 5 years, Eastern Youth became legendary to the Japanese indie rock scene and in 2000 they played in the United States for the first time, with At The Drive-In, largely broadening their popularity. They continued to tour America with Jimmy Eat World in 2001, and Saddle Creek band Cursive in 2006, with whom Eastern Youth split sides on 2002's 8 Teeth to Eat You EP. During the "Bottom of the world"-Tour 2015 Tomokazu Ninomiya announces that he will be leaving the band. He was replaced by Muraoka Yuka. Members Hisashi Yoshino – vocals, guitar Atsuya Tamori – drums Yuka Muraoka – bass Discography Singles For Skins and Punks EP (1991) Noboru Asahi Abite (1991) Hadashi de Ikazaru wo Enai (1996) Aosugiru Sora (1997) Kaze no Naka (1999) Amazarashi nara Nureru ga Ii sa (1999) Seijaku ga Moeru (2000) Kakatonaru (2001) Sekai ha Warehibiku Miminari no you da (2002) Kyousei Shiryoku 0.6 (Corrected Eyesight 0.6) (2004) Boiling Point 36 °C (October 24, 2007) Akai-Inoatama Blues (February 6, 2008) Tokeidai no Kane (November 14, 2018) Albums East End Land (1989) Time Is Running (1990) Eastern Youth (1993) 口笛、夜更けに響く (1995) 孤立無援の花 (1997) 旅路ニ季節ガ燃エ落チル (1998) 雲射抜ケ声 (1999) 感受性応答セヨ (2001) 其処カラ何ガ見エルカ (2003) "What Can You See From Your Place" DON QUIJOTE (2004) 365步のブルース (2006) "365-Step Blues" 地球の裏から風が吹く (2007) "Blowing from the Other Side of the Earth" 歩幅と太陽 (2009) "The Pace With the Sun" 心ノ底ニ灯火トモセ (2011) "Kokoro No Soko Ni Tomoshibi Tomose" 叙景ゼロ番地 (2012) "Jokei Zero Banchi" ボトムオブザワールド (2015) "Bottom Of The World" SONGentoJIYU (2017) 2020 (2020) DVDs Sono Zanzou to Zankyouon (2001) Archives 1997–2001 (2004) 日比谷野外大音楽堂公演 DVD 2019.9.28 (2020) Notes External links Official Eastern Youth website Eastern Youth Myspace Page Japanese indie rock groups Japanese punk rock groups Musical groups from Hokkaido Musical groups established in 1989 Japanese emo musical groups
The TMRP-6 (Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Bosnian : Protivtenkovska Mina Razorno Probojna -6, Cyrillic script : Противтенковска Мина Разорно Пробојна -6 ) is a former Yugoslavian anti tank EFP mine. History Developed with Swedish assistance (today Dynamit Nobel AG). The EFP disc was originally manufactured in Sweden then license produced in Yugoslavia. It may bear resemblance to the AT2 mine. Description The mine is intended for incapacitating and demolition of enemy armoured and other combat and transport vehicles. It has a destructive and penetrating effect. The activation force by a bar is 13–17 N (1.3–1.7 kgf; 2–4 lbf) and by pressure 1500–3500 N (150–350 kgf; 330–780 lbf). Temperature range: −25 °C to +50 °C (–10 °F to +90 °F). It is armed with the pressure lever type mechanical fuse that makes a unit with the mine. The firing pin of the fuse is locked and the explosive chain interrupted, securing safety in storage, transportation and laying. The safety is for one or four minutes. The mine may be laid manually, by means of minelayer, or from helicopter. Arming is automatically done in the ditch. The mine is typically laid in dry or swampy ground. It is airtight and resistant to the action of increased air pressure. General information Size: Ø = 290×132 mm (11½×5¼ in). Capable for any type of transportation. Mass of the mine is 7.2 kg. Explosive charge of cast TNT, mass 5.1 kg with tetryl detonator. The mine penetrates an armour to 40 mm at a distance to 80 cm and may act sidewise from a distance of 45 m. Mine laying The mine may be laid manually, mechanically and from helicopters. In manual laying. a clod is cut, larger by one half than the mine diameter and a well is dug so that the clod of 2–3 cm is protruding by 2 cm above the ground. The mine is laid in the well, the safety element is taken off, safety is set at 1 or 4 minutes the starter is pressed (the fuze bar is fitted) and the mine camouflaged. The mine is safe for 6 months even under very unfavourable conditions. Fuze UTMRP-6 The fuze is mechanical of pressure-lever type, permanently fitted in the mine. It has a clockwork safety, set at 1 or 4 minutes. The basic position is 1 minute. The fuze is activated by a pressure force of 1500 N (330 lbf) or more. The mine may be armed with a supplementary fuze too and may be electrically activated in controlled firing. The fuze may be activated also by action of a bar which Is fitted on the fuze after laying of the mine, with a force of 13–17 N (2–4 lbf). The fuze has an ejection charge of black powder which breaks the weakened part of the mine body, ejecting the top part with tuze, removing the clod and clearing the way to the penetrating disc to obtain a higher penetration. Mine clearing The camouflaging layer is removed, the protective plug is unscrewed, the wrench is fitted, interrupting the explosive train and the fuze is set in safe position; the safety element is put on (the haze bar is removed) and the mine is taken out from well. Packing Four mines are packed per case: 330×650×330 mm, mass 43 kg (95 lb). Storage capacity -15 years. Operators SFRY Yugoslavia : passed on to successor states Not exported abroad. References Anti-tank mines Land mines of Yugoslavia Sweden–Yugoslavia relations
Woodburn is a city in Clarke County, Iowa, United States. The population was 146 at the time of the 2020 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Demographics 2020 census As of the 2020 Census, the total population was 146 people. The population density was 228.1 people per square mile, spread over 0.64 miles. Of those 146 people, the median age was 55.3 years, with 15.1% of the town's population under the age of 18, 63.1% between the ages of 18 and 64, and 21.8% of the population over the age of 65. There were a total of 65 households, with an average of 2.2 people per household. 55% of the town's population was female, with 45% of the population male. The racial makeup of the town was 93.1% White, 2% Asian, and 6.8% Hispanic. The average income per capita of Woodburn was $15,470, which is far lower than the state average, and the median household income was $34,750, lower than the rest of the state. 10.9% of the town’s population lives under the poverty line, which is barely lower than the rest of the state. 57.9% of the population of the town is identified as currently married. 97% of the town’s population has received a high school degree, which is 4.5 percentage points higher than the rest of the state. Although Woodburn has a lower-than-average percentage of the population having received college degrees, with only 6.1% of the town's population have received college degrees compared to the state average of 30.5%. 3% of the town's population were veterans. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 202 people, 83 households, and 59 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 89 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.0% White and 1.0% Asian. There were 83 households, of which 21.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.9% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.76. The median age in the city was 45.3 years. 17.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 33.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.0% male and 46.0% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 244 people, 89 households, and 63 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 99 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.36% White, 0.41% Native American, 0.41% Asian, and 0.82% from two or more races. There were 89 households, out of which 46.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.27. In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.4% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $30,938. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,139. About 21.5% of families and 26.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 14.3% of those 65 or over. References Cities in Clarke County, Iowa Cities in Iowa
Serena Alleyne Armstrong-Jones, Countess of Snowdon ( Stanhope; born 1 March 1970), is the ex wife of David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon. Early life and education She was born The Honourable Serena Alleyne Stanhope in Limerick, Ireland, the daughter of the then Viscount Petersham and his wife Virginia Freeman-Jackson, a debutante. Her parents divorced when she was 13 years old. She has one older brother. Through her father, she is a descendant of King Charles II of England's illegitimate child, Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton. She spent most of her childhood between Chelsea with her father and her father's girlfriend (and later wife) Anita Howard, Countess of Suffolk, and Monaco with her mother. She went to St Mary's School, Wantage, where she was described as being "more interested in lacrosse than Latin". After leaving St Mary's School, she went on to study art in Italy. She also attended a finishing school in Switzerland. Career In 1989, she joined Sotheby's as a trainee. She then worked as a publicist for Giorgio Armani until August 1993, two months before her wedding. She subsequently had her own shop called 'Serena Linley Provence'. The store closed in 2014. Marriage and children On 8 October 1993, she married David Armstrong-Jones (then known as Viscount Linley), the only son of Princess Margaret a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, and first cousin of King Charles III, at St Margaret's Church, Westminster. They had met when her father commissioned Linley to design a walnut dining table for his Chelsea house. There were 650 guests in attendance at the wedding, including Elton John, Jerry Hall, the Aga Khan, and Constantine II of Greece. In addition, there were an estimated 5,000 spectators in the streets. She wore a $9,000 dress designed by Bruce Robbins, noted for its resemblance to Princess Margaret's 1960 Norman Hartnell wedding dress, and the 'Lotus Tiara', which was on loan from her mother-in-law, Princess Margaret. Her going-away outfit was designed by Robinson Valentine. They have two children together: Charles Patrick Inigo Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (born 1 July 1999 at Portland Hospital in London), a former page of honour to Queen Elizabeth II. Lady Margarita Elizabeth Rose Alleyne Armstrong-Jones (born 14 May 2002 at Portland Hospital). When Viscount Linley became the Earl of Snowdon on the death of his father in 2017, she became the Countess of Snowdon. In February 2020, she and the Earl of Snowdon separated, and a spokesperson confirmed they will be getting a divorce. References Bibliography Montague-Smith, P. (editor). (1979). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage External links 1970 births Living people Armstrong-Jones family British countesses Daughters of British earls People educated at St Mary's School, Wantage Stanhope family
Alfredia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae described as a genus in 1816. Alfredia is native to Central Asia and western China. Species Alfredia acantholepis Kar. & Kir. - Xinjiang, Altai, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan Alfredia aspera C.Shih - Xinjiang Alfredia cernua (L.) Cass. - Xinjiang, Altai, Kazakhstan Alfredia fetissowii Iljin - Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan Alfredia integrifolia (Iljin) Tulyag. - Central Asia Alfredia nivea Kar. & Kir. - Xinjiang, Altai, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan Alfredia talassica Korovin ex Iljin - Turkmenistan References Asteraceae genera Cardueae
Roy Allen Foster (born May 24, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans. High school career Foster prepped at Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California and Shawnee Mission West High School in Overland Park, Kansas. College career Foster played for the University of Southern California (USC) and was selected to 1981 College Football All-America Team (Consensus selection), and the 1980 College Football All-America Team Foster was the first winner of The Morris Trophy for being the top offensive or defensive lineman in the Pacific-8 conference. He is one of only three Pac-12 Offensive lineman (along with Lincoln Kennedy and Alex Mack) to win the award twice. Professional career Foster was a first round pick of the Miami Dolphins in the 1982 NFL Draft. He was a two-time Pro Bowler, in 1985 and 1986, and played in two Super Bowls. He retired with the San Francisco 49ers in 1993. He is the only offensive lineman to have blocked for Joe Montana, Steve Young, and Dan Marino. He also caught a touchdown pass from Dan Marino. References External links 1960 births Living people American football offensive guards Miami Dolphins players San Francisco 49ers players USC Trojans football players All-American college football players American Conference Pro Bowl players Players of American football from Los Angeles Sportspeople from Overland Park, Kansas Players of American football from Kansas African-American players of American football William Howard Taft Charter High School alumni 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American sportspeople
Syedna Sheikh Adam Safiuddin (died on 7 Rajab 1030 AH AH/1622 AD; born on 6th Jumad-il-Akhar [1548], Ahmedabad, India) was the 28th Da'i al-Mutlaq (Absolute Missionary) of the Tayyibi sect of Musta‘lī Islam. He succeeded the 27th Dai Syedna Dawood Bin Qutubshah to the religious post. Life Syedna Sheikh Adam was born in 1548 in Vadodara. His father's name was Tayyeb Shah. Syedna Sheikh Adam obtained elementary education in Vadodara and went to Ahmedabad to pursue further education. He further studied in Yemen under Syedna Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman. After the death of Syedna Yusuf, Syedna Sheikh Adam returned to India and served under Syedna Dawood Bin Ajabshah who sent him to Deccan Plateau to review affairs. One of the most noteworthy service was to debate Sulayman bin Hasan claims. Succession His tenure lasted 9 years and 21 days and is buried in Ahmedabad. As per the Dawoodi Bohra faction, Syedna Sheikh Adam Safiuddin appointed or gave nass to Syedna Abduttayyeb Zakiuddin. References Further reading Daftary, Farhad, The Ismaili, Their History and Doctrine (Chapter -Mustalian Ismailism- p. 300-310) Lathan, Young, Religion, Learning and Science Bacharach, Joseph W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilisation Dawoodi Bohra da'is Dawoodi Bohras 1622 deaths Year of birth unknown 17th-century Ismailis
Andre Marquette Lott (born May 31, 1979) is an American football strong safety most recently with the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Tennessee and was drafted in the fifth round of the 2002 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins and retired in 2007. Lott is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Lott is currently head football coach at St. George Memphis TN. He is married to Ashley and they reside in Memphis with their two dogs, Hazel and Jax. References 1979 births Living people American football safeties Players of American football from Memphis, Tennessee People from Savannah, Tennessee Pittsburgh Steelers players San Diego Chargers players Tennessee Volunteers football players Washington Redskins players
Eois nympha is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Costa Rica. References Moths described in 1912 Eois Moths of Central America
Yeosucheon is a river of South Korea. It is a tributary of the Han River. References Rivers of South Korea
```smalltalk using System.Threading.Tasks; using Volo.Abp.DependencyInjection; using Volo.Abp.Http.Client.ClientProxying; using Volo.Abp.Http.Modeling; namespace Volo.Abp.Http.DynamicProxying; public class TestObjectToPath : IObjectToPath<int>, ITransientDependency { public Task<string> ConvertAsync(ActionApiDescriptionModel actionApiDescription, ParameterApiDescriptionModel parameterApiDescription, int value) { if (actionApiDescription.Name == nameof(IRegularTestController.GetObjectandCountAsync)) { if (value <= 0) { value = 888; } return Task.FromResult(value.ToString()); } return Task.FromResult<string>(null); } } ```
Main Post Office Building in Belgrade is located on the corner of Takovska Street and Boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar, close to the National Assembly, the building of the President of Serbia (the building of the New Palace) and the Belgrade City Assembly (the building of the Old Palace). It is one of the most representative buildings of the most important state institution for postal traffic and services. It was constructed in the period from 1935 to 1938 as the palace of the Post Office Savings Bank, the Main Post Office and the Main Telegraph. Since the completion of the work to date, the part of the palace from Takovska Street designed for the work of the Main Post Office has not changed its basic purpose. On the other hand, the part of the palace from King Alexander Boulevard in which the Post Office Savings Bank was located, from 1946 to September 2006, was used to house the National Bank until its relocation to a new facility on Slavija Square. Since 2003, some ministries of the Republic of Serbia were located in this building, and since 2013, it is used by the Constitutional Court of Serbia. The same year, in 2013, the Palace of the Main Post Office was declared a cultural monument. History of construction The Main Post office, whose history of service dates back to the forties of the nineteenth century, was the highest postal institution not only in Serbia but in the whole of the Кingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Кingdom of Yugoslavia. On the other hand, the Post Office Savings Bank began operations on 1 October 1923 at the Palace “Мoskvа“ in Теrazije. Although a young institution, the Post Office Savings Bank became one of the "most popular financial institutions" in the whole country after a few years of operation, so the rooms of the Palace “Moscow“ became too small for her work. The authorities solved the question of inadequate accommodation of both institutions with the construction of a single building of the Main Post Office and the Post Office Savings Bank. Despite all the activities related to the construction of buildings intended for postal services, the building of the Main Post Office was not constructed until the beginning of the fourth decade of the twentieth century. An all-Yugoslav competition for the project of the Palace of the Post Office Savings Bank and the Main Post Office and Telegraph was announced in Belgrade in 1930. From a total of fifteen of submitted works, whose authors were architects from all over the country, as well as those who were in training or working abroad, in September 1930, three papers and four purchases were selected and awarded. First prize was awarded to the joint project of Zagreb architects Јosip Pičman and Аndrija Baranji, designed according to the principles of modern architecture, while the second prize was awarded to the also modern project of Slovenian architect Аco Lovrenčić. However, the realization of the winning project was soon abandoned. The beginning of the thirties of the last century was marked by the economic crisis in the European context, while the second reason lay in the discontent of the highest state authorities by the selected project of architect Pičman, which in their opinion did not satisfy the requirements for representative and monumental architecture of public buildings. The reduction and ease of the facade canvas of Pičman’s project did not fit the dominant architectural concept, which included the architecture of public buildings expressing the power, prosperity and statehood of the young Yugoslav Kingdom through its gorgeous, academically shaped facades. Immediately after the competition, at the end of 1930, it was decided that the Ministry of Construction amend the winning project. Elaboration of the sketches was entrusted to the architect Dimitrije M. Leko, and within the ministry, a narrower internal competition was organized to create new plans for the façades of the building, where the project of the architect Vasilije Androsov was evaluated as the best one. However, after the adoption of the new project of architect Androsov, the construction of the building did not start until another almost five years. Having approved the construction in 1934, on 17 August 1935, the ceremony of consecration of the foundation stone took place. The work on the realization of this very important facility for the then Belgrade environment lasted three years and ended on 10 October 1938. Architecture Architecture of the Palace of the Post Office Savings Bank, Main Post Office and Main Telegraph in Belgrade reflects the complexity of the social, political, stylistic and aesthetic circumstances that ruled the entire artistic creativity of the interwar period. It is based on a combination of modernist and functional base and representatively molded facades in the academic style. New Androsov’s project largely relied on the initial competition solution, which is primarily reflected in the decision of the base and disposition of space. Relations of mass, the position of the building in relation to the street, contours of the asymmetrically resolved basis, as well as the city and entrance number were retained from the original project to detail. All facades of the freestanding palace were recomposed according to the principles of academic monumental architecture, typical of the architecture of Belgrade of the fourth decade, while instead of the rather simple facades with combined glass and concrete, the author predicted cladding with granite slabs and artificial stone. The highlighted avant-corps of the main facade, except that it shares the façade canvas into two unequal, asymmetrical parts, also reflects the internal functional division of the object. The avant-corps is treated as a façade and outlined by the main portal in the ground-floor, elongated by Doric columns in the zone from the second to the fifth floor and a characteristic tower with a clock in the highest zone. Adjusting the modern concept of building to visually expressing the strength and prosperity of the new Yugoslav state and Belgrade as its capital with a representative academic base of its expression reflected the widely accepted attitude of the government with the monumental character of public buildings, designed in the style of high-academicism. As the building of the central and the most important postal institution in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Palace of the Main Post Office is an important testimony to the development of postal services and activities, from its founding to the present. On the other hand, its striking position at the crossroads of two important city roads, is one of the most important visual benchmarks of the city center. At the same time, the monumentality of the continent and the representativeness of the external processing classify it among the major examples of academic architecture of Belgrade. References Literature Buildings and structures in Belgrade Post office buildings Palilula, Belgrade
The spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) is a chimaera found in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Often seen by divers at night in the Pacific Northwest, this cartilaginous fish gets its characteristic name from a pointed rat-like tail. The ratfish lays leathery egg cases on the bottom of muddy or sandy areas, which are often mistaken by divers as something inanimate. While mainly a deep-water species, it occurs at shallower depths in the northern part of its range. The generic name, Hydrolagus, comes from the Greek words ὕδωρ, meaning water, and λαγώς/λαγῶς, meaning hare, and the specific name honors Alexander Collie, who was a ship surgeon and early naturalist. The spotted ratfish is common in much of its range, not typically eaten by humans, and is not commercially caught. Description The spotted ratfish has a very distinct appearance compared to unrelated fish species. The female is up to long, much bigger than the male. These fish have a smooth and scaleless skin that is a silvery-bronze color, often with sparkling shades of gold, blue, and green. The speckled white spots along their backs contribute to their name. Dark edges outline both the caudal and dorsal fins, whereas the pectoral fins have a transparent outline. Their pectoral fins are large and triangular, and extend straight out from the sides of their bodies like airplane wings. They have a venomous spine located at the leading edge of their dorsal fin, which is used in defense. It does not present a serious danger to humans, but can cause painful wounds and has been known to kill harbor seals that ate spotted ratfish (caused by the spine penetrating vital tissue in the stomach or esophagus after the ratfish was swallowed). The tail of the ratfish constitutes almost half of its overall length and closely resembles a pointed, rat-like tail. The body of this fish is supported by cartilage rather than bone. It has a duckbill-shaped snout and a rabbit-like face. The mouth is small and contains one pair of forward-directed, incisor-shaped teeth in the bottom jaw and two pairs in the top jaw. Unlike sharks, which have sharp teeth that are easily replaceable, spotted ratfish teeth are plate-shaped, mineralized, and permanent, which assist them in grinding their prey. Like many bony fishes, but unlike its sister group, the Elasmobranchii, the upper jaw of the chimaera is fused with the skull. Although their jaws are soft and mouths are relatively small, they have the largest biting force and jaw leverage found within the Holocephali, which supports their ability to consume large prey. One of their most mesmerizing features is their large, emerald green eyes, which are able to reflect light, similar to the eyes of a cat. Distribution and habitat The spotted ratfish can be found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from Alaska to Baja California, with an isolated population in the Gulf of California. They are abundant in much of their range. They be found most commonly off the Pacific Northwest. The range of depths in which this fish is found extends from below sea level, but it is most common between . Spotted ratfish typically live closer to the shore in the northern part of their range than in the southern, but it is also found as shallow as off California. Spotted ratfish tend to move closer to shallow water during the spring and autumn, then to deeper water in summer and winter. For most of the year, they prefer temperatures between , but seasonally they do move into slightly warmer water. They can most commonly be found living near the sea floor in sandy, muddy, or rocky reef environments. Unlike most of its relatives, which are entirely restricted to deep waters, the spotted ratfish has been held in public aquaria. It has also been bred in such aquaria, where two of the main issues are the requirements of low light and low temperature (generally kept at ). Diet The spotted ratfish swims slowly above the seafloor in search of food. Location of food is done by smell. Their usual hunting period is at night, when they move to shallow water to feed. They are particularly drawn to crunchy foods such as crabs and clams. Besides these, the spotted ratfish also feeds on shrimp, worms, small fish, small crustaceans, and sea stars. Species known to prey on the spotted ratfish include soupfin sharks, dogfish sharks, Pacific halibut, pinnipeds, and pigeon guillemots. Reproduction Like some sharks, spotted ratfish are oviparous. Their spawning season peaks during the spring to autumn. During this time, the female releases up to two fertilized eggs into sand or mud areas of the seabed every 10–14 days. The extrusion process can last 18–30 hours and the actual laying can last another 4–6 days. The egg sack is leather-like, long, and has a filament connected to it which is used to attach it to the ocean floor when it is let go by the mother. A female may be seen swimming around her newly laid eggs, in hopes of preventing predators from finding them. Development of the egg can take up to a year, which can be dangerous because the eggs are sometimes mistaken for inanimate objects by divers. When the young finally hatch, they are about in length and grow, reaching in length their first year. Male spotted ratfish have multiple secondary sexual characteristics, which include paired pelvic claspers, a single frontal tentaculum, and paired pelvic tentacula. The pelvic claspers are located on the ventral side of the fish. They protrude out from the pelvic fins and are responsible for the movement of sperm to the oviduct of the female. The interior of the pelvic clasper is supported by cartilage and separates into two branches, ultimately ending in a fleshy lobe on the posterior end. The cephalic clasper (tentaculum) is a unique, club-like organ not found in any other vertebrate. The cephalic clasper is located on the head of the fish, just anterior to the eyes. The tip of the retractable organ is fleshy and lined with numerous small, sharp barbs. For the male to stay attached during courtship, the clasper has been observed to clamp down on the pectoral fin of the female. Additional evidence for this use has been found in the form of scars and scratches on the dorsal sides of females. The significantly smaller body size of males, which is a sexually dimorphic characteristic, may be a contributing factor to this mating behavior. Behaviour The ratfish prefers to maintain a safe distance from divers, and are usually not aggressive. However, if they feel their territory has been invaded, they are able to inflict a mildly toxic wound with their dorsal fin spines. As they swim, they perform barrel rolls and corkscrew turns, as if they are flying. Ratfish swim using large pectoral fins, and this has often been termed aquatic flight given the resemblance to a bird. Albino Puget Sound ratfish A rare albino Puget Sound ratfish was discovered near Whidbey Island, Washington. It is the only pure albino among the 7.2 million specimens in the University of Washington's fish collection. References External links spotted ratfish Western North American coastal fauna spotted ratfish
The long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta), a marsupial, is a species of bandicoot found in eastern Australia, from north Queensland along the east coast to Victoria. Around long, it is sandy- or grey-brown with a long snouty nose. Omnivorous, it forages for invertebrates, fungi and plants at night. Taxonomy French naturalist Étienne Louis Geoffroy described the long-nosed bandicoot in 1804. Swiss naturalist Heinrich Rudolf Schinz described a large specimen from near Bathurst in the Blue Mountains as a new species, Perameles lawson, in 1825, though the specimen was lost at sea in shipwreck. French naturalist Pierre Boitard described Isoodon musei in 1841, both are now classified as P. nasuta. Two subspecies are recognised: P. nasuta subspecies nasuta is found from western Victoria through eastern New South Wales and north to central Queensland, and P. nasuta subspecies pallescens, found from central Queensland through to the Cape York Peninsula. The long-nosed bandicoot is the largest member of its genus, which also includes the eastern barred bandicoot and the western barred bandicoot. It is most closely related to the eastern barred bandicoot, the two species having diverged from one another in the late Pliocene. Their ancestors diverged from the ancestor of the western barred bandicoot in the Miocene. Description The long-nosed bandicoot is much less colourful than its relatives, being primarily a sandy-brown or greyish colour. It is nocturnal, non-climbing, solitary, and omnivorous. Its body length is around , including a tail length of , and it weighs . It has a very prominent long nose and small pointed upright ears, a hunched-looking posture, a short tail, a rear-facing pouch, and three long, clawed toes on front feet. The excreta are long by wide. The long-nosed bandicoot has a high-pitched squeak when disturbed. Distribution and habitat The species is distributed along the eastern coast of Australia from Cape York Peninsula in Queensland to New South Wales and Victoria. It is found in rainforest, moist gullies and grassy woodlands. Long-nosed bandicoots benefit from a mosaic of mixed habitats, including open grassy areas (such as lawns in urban areas) that they forage in at night-time and sheltered areas with undergrowth that they retreat to and nest in. Conservation Widely distributed, it is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List, with some localised decline in the southern part of its range. Although faring better than many other native mammal species in the face of human impact, the long-nosed bandicoot vanished from much of Sydney in the 1960s. It is restricted to the outskirts such as the upper North Shore and Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in the north, Blue Mountains in the west, Holsworthy in the southwest and Royal National Park in the south. The species is a common visitor to gardens of people living near Garigal and Ku-ring-gai Chase National Parks and are generally well received. Two small populations remain in the inner Sydney urban area: A population at North Head has been designated as endangered by the New South Wales government. It is thought to number around 200 individuals. Sydney's Taronga Zoo is undertaking a breeding program to bolster the population. A population centred around the urbanised suburb of Dulwich Hill in the Inner West was identified in 2002. Little remnant habitat exists and the numbers are thought to be low, though the bandicoots appear to have adapted to foraging in more urban habitat. The population has been classified as endangered. Behaviour Long-nosed bandicoots are solitary individuals, interacting little when not mating or parenting. Feeding The long-nosed bandicoot is omnivorous and nocturnal, foraging for insects, such as beetles and beetle larvae (grubs), plants, including the roots of monocots, and fungi. Invertebrates make up most of the diet year-round, with spiders, caterpillars, leaves and seeds more common food items in summer and cicada larvae, blades of grass, bracts (tiny true leaves) of wattles, and underground items such as roots and fungi eaten more in winter. Long-nosed bandicoots spend much of their time digging, and often leave characteristic conical holes in the ground where they have foraged looking for grubs in the soil. It is often found near compost heaps. The Long-nosed bandicoot is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasite Australiformis semoni. A field study in Booderee National Park showed that bandicoot numbers markedly increased following increase in invertebrate numbers before declining within two years. Breeding Gestation lasts 12.5 days, one of the shortest known of mammal species. The young spend another 50 to 54 days in the mother's pouch before being weaned. Predators The long-nosed bandicoot is a common prey item of the introduced red fox. The greater sooty owl preys on bandicoots. Captivity This bandicoot was first bred in captivity by Eleanor Stodart of the CSIRO in 1964. It appears to be straightforward to breed as long as ample space is supplied. References External links Long-nosed Bandicoot on Animal Diversity Web Peramelemorphs Marsupials of Australia Mammals of Queensland Mammals of New South Wales Mammals of Victoria (state) Least concern biota of Australia Mammals described in 1804
HAS-V is a cryptographic hash function with a variable output length. HAS-V is a hash function based on a block cipher. The hash function can produce hash values with lengths from 16 to 40 bytes. Specifications Digest Size: 128-320 bits Max message length: <264 bits Compression Function: 1024-bit message block, 320-bit chaining variable The hash function was developed by Nan Kyoung Park, Joon Ho Hwang and Pil Joong Lee, and was released in 2000. See also One-way compression function - Describes how hash functions can be built from block ciphers. References External links HAS-V: A New Hash Function with Variable Output Length Cryptographic hash functions
George Corbett (11 May 1925 – June 1999) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left back and left winger. Career Born in Walbottle, Corbett played for Shildon, Sheffield Wednesday, Spennymoor United, West Bromwich Albion, Workington and Berwick Rangers. References 1925 births 1999 deaths English men's footballers Shildon A.F.C. players Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players Spennymoor United A.F.C. players West Bromwich Albion F.C. players Workington A.F.C. players Berwick Rangers F.C. players English Football League players Scottish Football League players Men's association football fullbacks Men's association football wingers Footballers from Newcastle upon Tyne
Moritz Kaspar Nebel (born 25 September 1991) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Swiss 2. Liga Interregional club FC Uster. References 1991 births Living people German men's footballers German expatriate men's footballers Men's association football midfielders 2. Bundesliga players Regionalliga players Bayernliga players Swiss 1. Liga (football) players 2. Liga Interregional players FC Augsburg players FC Augsburg II players FV Illertissen players Sportspeople from Erlangen Footballers from Middle Franconia Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland German expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Jaungulbene () is a village in Gulbene Municipality, Latvia. See also Jaungulbene Manor External links Towns and villages in Latvia Gulbene Municipality Kreis Walk
Gottfried Reimann (5 October 1862 – 23 February 1909) was a Swiss politician and trade union leader. Born in Biel/Bienne, Reimann completed an apprenticeship as a typographer. He then spent time working in Geneva, Strasbourg and Vevey, becoming bilingual in French and German. In 1886, he founded the newspaper L'Ouvrier horloger in Biel, and became active in the Swiss Typographers' Union. In 1892, the International Printers' Secretariat was established in Bern, and the following year, Reimann was elected as its first general secretary. He also joined the Grütli Union, and in 1894 was elected to the Grand Council of Bern. In 1896, he moved to work for the Swiss Workers' Secretariat. In 1901, Grütli Union joined the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, and from 1902 to 1908 he served as its president. From 1899, Reimann served on the Biel/Bienne municipal council, and in 1907 he was elected as mayor of the city, the first socialist to serve as a mayor in Switzerland. References 1862 births 1909 deaths Mayors of places in Switzerland People from Biel/Bienne Social Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians Swiss newspaper editors Swiss printers Swiss trade unionists
The 1981 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula Pacific motor race held at Calder Park Raceway in Victoria, Australia on 8 November 1981. It was the forty sixth Australian Grand Prix and the first to be restricted to Formula Pacific racing cars. It was the first AGP since 1968 to feature two or more current or past World Drivers' Champions with reigning 1981 World Champion Nelson Piquet of Brazil and Australia's 1980 World Champion Alan Jones both in the field. The race was won by 22-year-old Roberto Moreno by over a lap from Nelson Piquet with Australian Geoff Brabham finishing third. The top three drivers all drove Ralt RT4's (13 of the 20 starters were in fact driving the 1.6L Ford powered RT4's). To actually be able to compete in the Grand Prix Moreno needed five endorsements before the race to be able to obtain his FIA Super Licence, the first endorsement coming from Calder Park Clerk of Course Ken Smith. Defending race winner Alan Jones failed to finish after transmission failure in his RT4 six laps from the finish while in second place. The first resident Australian driver home was another ex-Formula One driver and future touring car star Larry Perkins who finished fourth, one lap behind Moreno. Classification Results as follows: Qualifying Race Notes Pole position: Roberto Moreno – 0'39.2 Fastest lap: Roberto Moreno – 0'39.8 (145.6 km/h, 90.5 mph) Winner's average speed: 142.8 km/h, 88.7 mph References External links autopics.com.au Grand Prix Australian Grand Prix Australian Grand Prix
The 1920 Lebanese legislative speaker election was the first legislative speaker election. The 17 members of the Administrative Committee of Greater Lebanon elected Daoud Amoun as speaker of the committee. References Elections in Lebanon Lebanon October 1920 events 1920 in Lebanon
("A spiritual song booklet"), sometimes called First Wittenberg Hymnal and (Choir hymnal), was the first German hymnal for choir, published in Wittenberg in 1524 by Johann Walter who collaborated with Martin Luther. It contains 32 sacred songs, including 24 by Luther, in settings by Walter for three to five parts with the melody in the tenor. Luther wrote a preface for the part books. The collection has been called the root of all Protestant song music. History Martin Luther used hymns in German to affirm his ideas of reformation and to have the congregation actively take part in church services. was the third German hymnal, after the "", published in Nürnberg by Jobst Gutnecht, and the "Erfurt Enchiridion", published in Erfurt, both also dating from 1524. was published in Wittenberg and is often referred to as the first Wittenberg hymnal. It came with a foreword by Martin Luther: The collection was the first German collection of hymns for choir and was published in Wittenberg in 1524 by Johann Walter, who collaborated with Luther. The hymnal comprised originally 32 songs, 24 of which were written by Luther, including "" and "". The settings are for three, four, and five parts (SATTB), with the melody in the tenor. Nine of the songs are psalms paraphrased in metric stanzas, such as "", a paraphrase of Psalm 130. The order of the songs does not seem to follow a plan, but groupings are apparent, such as Latin songs being placed at the end, preceded by five songs about the topics of the creed and the Trinity: (Luther) (Luther) (Speratus) (Speratus) (Speratus) Four of the songs had been part of the , the first Lutheran hymnal. Luther continued to revise and enlarge the 1524 "Wittenberg hymnal", adding more songs, and it was reprinted in 1529, 1531, 1533, 1535, and 1543. This culminated in an edition titled Geystliche Lieder, prefaced by Luther and published by Valentin Babst in Leipzig in 1545 shortly before Luther's death. Contemporaneous editions of hymnals for lay people followed the organization of Luther's choral "Wittenberg hymnal" rather closely. For example, the Wittenberg Enchiridion of 1526 (full title Enchyridion of Spiritual Songs and Psalms for the Laity, Improved with Many More than Previously). contained ten more songs, with seven of them placed at the end and two others following a song with the same melody. This edition was copied in hymnals in Zurich in 1528 and in Leipzig in 1530. has been called the root of all Protestant song music ("Grundstock aller evangelischer Liedmusik"). Editions Walter, Johann / Kade, Otto: Wittembergisch Geistlich Gesangbuch, von 1524; zu drei, vier und fünf Stimmen, Neue Partitur-Ausgabe nebst Klavierauszug / von Otto Kade, Berlin, 1878 (Digitalisat) See also Metrical psalter Lutheran First Lutheran hymnal Erfurt Enchiridion Swenske songer eller wisor 1536 Thomissøn's hymnal Anabaptist Ausbund Anglican Book of Common Prayer Whole Book of Psalms Presbyterian Book of Common Order Scottish Psalter Reformed Souterliedekens Genevan Psalter References External links Walter, Johann ¬: Geystliche gesangk Buchleyn stimmbuecher.digitale-sammlungen.de Luther’s Preface to the Wittenberg Hymnal gnesiolutheran.com Geystliche gesangk Buchleyn WorldCat 16th century in music Lutheran hymnals 1524 books 16th-century Christian texts
The Tulane DoubleTree Classic was an annual basketball tournament hosted by Tulane University at Fogelman Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana in December. The tournament started in 1996, the final edition was played in 2009. History 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 On December 21, Tulane defeated Providence 68-46 win over Providence to take the championship of the Tulane DoubleTree Classic for the 10th time in 13 seasons. Brett Benzio recorded her second double-double, with 13 points and 11 rebounds to be named tournament MVP. 2009 The 2009 edition will be held from December 28–29. Most Valuable Players All Tournament Team 1996 Barbara Farris, Mary Ann Marino, Grace Daley (Tulane), Becky Hammon, Katie Cronin (Colorado State University), Melinda Goodson (UNC Greensboro). 1997 Grace Daley, Barbara Farris, Kristen Koch (Tulane), Amy O'Brien (Holy Cross), Natasha Lettsome (Appalachian State), Jennifer Meade (Richmond) 1998 Grace Daley, Janell Burse (Tulane), Jamie Cassidy, Kristen McCormick (Maine), Jackie Smith (Furman), Cortney Neeley (Middle Tennessee State) 1999 Janell Burse, Fabrecia Roberson, Grace Daley (Tulane), Christin Annie (West Virginia) Monika Roberts (Providence) Anne Tierney (Lehigh) 2000 Janell Burse, Britt Themann and Teana McKiver (Tulane), Jackie Moore (Long Beach State), Jen Sobota (William & Mary), Janeka Lopp (Hartford) 2001 Teane McKiver, Gwen Slaughter, Delacey Joseph (Tulane), Telisha Quarles, Brandi Teamer (Virginia), Jessica Kochendorfer (Buffalo) 2002 Gwen Slaughter, Delacey Joseph, (Tulane), Brianne Stepherson, Jessalyn Deveney (Boston College), Andrea Cossey (Southern Methodist), Nicole Murray (UNC Greensboro) 2003 Cricket Williams, Tatiana Taylor (San Jose State), Steph Del Preore, Maureen Magarity (Marist) Kelly Nadeau (Tulane), Christina Phillips (Yale) 2004 D'Aundra Henry, Lakethia Hampton (Tulane), Jennifer Lacy, Daphanie Kennedy (Pepperdine), April Clyburn (Georgia State), Jennifer Simpson (Stephen F. Austin) 2005 Cara Wright, Terri Ramsey (Dayton), Jennifer Sands (Tulane), Danielle Bishop (Toledo), Cora Beth Smith, Alex Munday (Samford) 2006 Ashley Langford, Jami Montagnino (Tulane), Terra Wallace, Maryann Abanobi (Texas-Arlington), Beth Troutt (Fordham) Arminite Price (Ole Miss) 2007 Andrea Barbour, Brittany Cook (Virginia Tech), Chinata Nesbit, Sade Logan (Robert Morris), Ashley Langford (Tulane), Whitney York (Texas-San Antonio) 2008 Sonya Daugherty (Southeast Missouri State), Erica Lumpkin (Alabama State), Shantee Darrian (Providence), Ashley Langford, Megan Valicevic), Brett Benzio (Tulane) 2009 Championships by School References Tulane Green Wave women's basketball College women's basketball competitions in the United States College basketball competitions Basketball in New Orleans Basketball 1996 establishments in Louisiana 2009 disestablishments in Louisiana Basketball in Alaska Recurring sporting events established in 1996 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2009
Haunted History is a 1998 UFA/Cafe Productions series exploring the supernatural. Executive Producer Ed Babbage for Cafe (London). The American version of the show also debuted in 1998 (as a special) with the same premise of exploring the world to investigate the "haunted history" of reportedly haunted locations. Premise Tell ghost stories related to famous people and events using a mixture of experts and dramatic reconstructions of both the supernatural events and the history underlying them. Season One (UK) Episode 1: Legacy of the Battle of Little Bighorn examines the ghost stories associated with Custer's Last Stand. Episode 2: Echoes of an Earthly Hell: Perched on a craggy peninsula on the south coast of Tasmania are the ruins of the infamous Port Arthur Penal Settlement. Do psychic echoes reverberate here? Episode 3: Ghosts of Slavery The Myrtles is a two-hundred-year-old Louisiana plantation house with a turbulent past. A ghost story from America's South. Episode 4: The Witches Who Cannot Forget: The story of Matthew Hopkins, Witchfinder General and the Witch Trials, and the ghosts which are still said to linger. Episode 5: Verdun: The Secret Battle Underground: claims of ghosts haunting tourists in the tunnels of the fortifications of this terrible First World War battle. Episode 6: Mary Queen of Scots: The Tragic Queen: retells the tale of the tragic Queen and the many ghost stories today associated with her romantic life. US version Haunted History premiered as a special in October 1998. The series began on 26 October 1999 on the History Channel and ran until 11 August 2001. It was produced by Greystone Communications. The show featured haunted locations where ghosts have been reported from all over the United States, the United Kingdom and the Caribbean. It was executive produced by Craig Haffner and Donna E. Lusitana, and produced by Greg Goldman, Jim Lindsey, and Jonathan Moser, among others. Opening: "Stories of the supernatural: fact or fiction? Through a veil of sightings and encounters, we catch a glimpse of our historical past on our journey through Haunted History." Series overview Haunted History Special Haunted History episodes Season 1 (1999–2000) Season 2 (2001) See also List of ghost films References Haunted History on The History Channel Haunted History on TV.com External links Paranormal television History (American TV channel) original programming 1998 American television series debuts 2001 American television series endings 1998 British television series debuts 2001 British television series endings 1990s American documentary television series 2000s American documentary television series 1990s British documentary television series 2000s British documentary television series
The 2021–22 season was the 116th season in the existence of Olympique de Marseille and the club's 26th consecutive season in the top flight of French football. In addition to the domestic league, Marseille participated in this season's editions of the Coupe de France, the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Europa Conference League. Players First-team squad Out on loan Transfers In Out Pre-season and friendlies Competitions Overall record Ligue 1 League table Results summary Results by round Matches The league fixtures were announced on 25 June 2021. Coupe de France UEFA Europa League Group stage The draw for the group stage was held on 27 August 2021. UEFA Europa Conference League Knockout phase Knockout round play-offs The draw for the knockout round play-offs was held on 13 December 2021. Round of 16 The round of 16 draw was held on 25 February 2022. Quarter-finals The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 18 March 2022. Semi-finals The draw for the semi-finals was held on 18 March 2022, after the quarter-final draw. Statistics Appearances and goals \|- ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center\| Goalkeepers \|- ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center\| Defenders \|- ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center\| Midfielders \|- ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center\| Forwards \|- ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center\| Players transferred out during the season Goalscorers Notes References Olympique de Marseille seasons Marseille 2021–22 UEFA Europa League participants seasons
Symonenko () is a gender-neutral Ukrainian language surname, derived from the given name Symon. Notable people with the surname include: Alexander Symonenko (born 1974), Ukrainian track cyclist Oleksiy Symonenko (born 1976), Ukrainian lawyer Petro Symonenko (born 1952), Ukrainian politician and the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine Serhiy Symonenko (born 1981), Ukrainian footballer Valentyn Symonenko (born 1940), Ukrainian politician and former acting prime minister Vasyl Symonenko (1935–1963), Ukrainian poet Patronymic surnames Ukrainian-language surnames
Rhodesia competed at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg, West Germany. It was the last time the nation competed at the Paralympic Games before returning as Zimbabwe at the 1980 Summer Paralympics. The delegation consisted of 13 competitors in the sports of track and field athletics and swimming. Three athletes (Avril Davis, Sandra James, and Leslie Manson-Bishop) competed in both sports. Rhodesia had also been invited to take part in the 1972 Summer Olympics, but the invitation was withdrawn by the International Olympic Committee four days before the opening ceremony, in response to African countries' protests against the Rhodesian regime. As the Paralympics that year were held before the Olympics, Rhodesia was able to take part in the Paralympic Games. Medalists Athletics Swimming Men Women References Nations at the 1972 Summer Paralympics 1972 Paralympics 1972
The Vilhon Reach is an accessory for the 2nd edition of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, published in 1996. Contents The Vilhon Reach is a Forgotten Realms that focuses on the Vilhon Reach area and its nations, including Chondath. The book also details the power group known as the Emerald Enclave, a loose group of druids, clerics, bards, and others which exerts vast regional influence. Publication history The Vilhon Reach was published by TSR, Inc. in 1996. Reception Trenton Webb reviewed The Vilhon Reach for Arcane magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. He expected a book on this region to be dull: "It's too civilised, too central and too focused on trade to be any fun. Yet this latest Forgotten Realms campaign expansion takes tedious trading towns and develops them into a network of delightfully jealous city states teetering on the brink of war." He felt that the material on the region itself was "good, if predictable stuff", he countered that "what sets The Vilhon Reach apart is the Emerald Enclave." He continues, noting that "While the Emerald Enclave currently holds sway it lacks the popular base to run the region - leaving the Reach in a power vacuum. Throughout the long history of the Reach there has always been one prominent if not dominant power. With the rise and fall of each empire, the people have developed a whole host of reasons to rabidly hate each other. Yet in this power vacuum old rivalries and new jealousies have turned th Reach into a powder keg that's ready to blow. Each country is rife with plots, and the success of any single one of them will drag the entire region down into civil war." Webb concluded his review by saying, "The Reach welcomes adventurers. Each army needs specialists, each town needs problems solved and there's treasure aplenty washing around the many ruined cities. But those who take on these challenges risk becoming embroiled in a truly titanic power struggle. Now that's a shame." References Forgotten Realms sourcebooks Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1996
Anthony II may refer to: Anthony II, Count of Ligny (died 1557) Anthony II Peter Arida (1863–1955), Maronite Patriarch in 1932–1955
Five Mile River may refer to: Five Mile River, a river located in Connecticut's Northeast Corner Five Mile River (Long Island Sound), a river in Fairfield County, Connecticut Five Mile River (East Brookfield River) Five Mile River, Nova Scotia See also Five Mile Bridge (disambiguation) Five Mile Creek (disambiguation) Five mile (disambiguation)
Huang Cisheng (; April 1938 – 25 July 2020) was a lieutenant general (Zhongjiang) of the People's Liberation Army. He was a delegate to the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and a deputy to the 10th National People's Congress. Biography Huang was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang, in April 1938. He joined the People's Liberation Army soon after finishing college from the PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering in 1960. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in May of the following year. He had successively served as the staff officer, deputy team leader, deputy director, director and then president of the Training Department of the Academic Affairs Office, dean of its Command School, dean of its Engineering College, and director of its Equipment Technology Department. In November 1996, he was assigned as deputy commander of the Second Artillery Corps, and held that office until July 2001. He died of illness in Beijing, on July 25, 2020. He was promoted to major general in 1988 and to lieutenant general in 1998, aged 82. References 1938 births 2020 deaths People from Ningbo PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering alumni People's Liberation Army generals from Zhejiang
The Glasdrumman ambush was an attack by the South Armagh Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) against a British Army observation post in Glasdrumman, County Armagh on 17 July 1981. An attempted ambush by the British Army on IRA members at a scrapyard southwest of Crossmaglen was itself ambushed, resulting in the death of one British soldier and the IRA retaining the ability to set up checkpoints in South Armagh. Background The crisis triggered by the 1981 Irish hunger strike of Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) prisoners led to an increase in militant Irish republican activity in Northern Ireland. British intelligence reports unveiled IRA intentions of mounting illegal checkpoints and hijacking vehicles on the IRA-controlled roads in South County Armagh, near the Irish border. To counter it, the British Army deployed the so-called "close observation platoons" (COPs) - small infantry sections acting as undercover units to counter IRA activity, a tactic introduced by Major General Richard Trant in 1977. On 6 May 1981, a day after the death of hunger-striker Bobby Sands, one IRA member from a three-man unit was arrested while trying to set up a roadblock east of the main Belfast-Dublin road by 12 members of the Royal Green Jackets, who had been divided into three teams. A second volunteer crossed the border, only to be arrested by the Irish Army. The third IRA man escaped, apparently injured. A total of 689 rounds had been fired by the soldiers. Ambush After this initial success, the British Army continued these tactics. On 16 July, another operation was carried out by 18 Royal Green Jackets soldiers. That night, four concealed positions – Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and Delta – were inserted into the Glassdrumman area, southwest of Crossmaglen in South Armagh, around a scrapyard along the border. The plan was that another unit – called the triggering team – would ambush any IRA unit on sight, while the other four would block the expected escape routes. On 17 July, the commanders in charge of Alpha and Delta teams, suspecting that the operation had been compromised by the presence of local civilians, ordered the withdrawal of their men. Shortly thereafter, Bravo team was suddenly engaged by automatic fire from an M60 machine gun and AR-15 rifles fired by six or seven IRA members. The concealed position, emplaced inside a derelict van, was riddled by more than 250 bullets. The team's leader, Lance Corporal Gavin Dean, was killed instantly and one of his men, Rifleman John Moore, was seriously wounded. Moore was later awarded the Military Medal. The IRA members fired their weapons from across the border, away. Aftermath The British Army's follow up investigation concluded that Dean's team had been seen on the first day, allowing the IRA to carry out detailed reconnaissance of the area and to select a firing position for their ambush. British army commanders concluded that "it was not worth risking the lives of soldiers to prevent an IRA roadblock being set up." The incident also exposed the difficulties of concealing operations from local civilians in South Armagh, a region of Northern Ireland heavily sympathetic to the IRA. Several years later, the IRA in South Armagh repeated its success against undercover British observation posts in the course of Operation Conservation in 1990. External links Youtube - IRA South Armagh brigade Glasdrumman ambush, in middle of Hunger Strike, 17 July 1981 See also Attack on Cloghogue checkpoint Drummuckavall Ambush Occupation of Cullaville Operation Conservation Timeline of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions References Further reading Harnden, Toby: Bandit Country:The IRA & South Armagh. Coronet Books, London, 1999; . English, Richard: Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Oxford University Press, 2005; . 1981 in Northern Ireland British Army in Operation Banner Military actions and engagements during the Troubles (Northern Ireland) Military history of County Armagh Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland Provisional Irish Republican Army actions The Troubles in County Armagh July 1981 events in the United Kingdom Ambushes in Northern Ireland
The 3rd Armoured Regiment was a Territorial Force regiment of the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps, New Zealand Army. The Regiment was formed on 29 March 1944 by amalgamating the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry, Otago Mounted Rifles and the Nelson-Marlborough Mounted Rifles. It was equipped with a mixture of Valentine and Stuart tanks, but was demobilized later that year. The regiment only existed on paper until 1949 when Compulsory military training was reintroduced. The reformed regiment was placed under 4th Armoured Brigade and continued to use the same tanks it had used during the Second World War. By 1956 New Zealand had refocused its defense focus on South East Asia where it was thought that armoured units would be less effective. 3rd Armoured Regiment was placed into suspended animation and later disbanded in 1965. References Armored regiments Military units and formations established in 1944 Military units and formations disestablished in 1956 Armoured regiments of New Zealand
```objective-c /* * * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@ * * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of, * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement. * * path_to_url and read it before using this file. * * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES, * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. * * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@ / /- * All rights reserved. * * This software was developed by Robert Watson for the TrustedBSD Project. * * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project in part by Network * Associates Laboratories, the Security Research Division of Network * Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), * as part of the DARPA CHATS research program. * * This software was enhanced by SPARTA ISSO under SPAWAR contract * N66001-04-C-6019 ("SEFOS"). * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. * * $FreeBSD: src/sys/sys/mac_policy.h,v 1.39 2003/04/18 19:57:37 rwatson Exp $ / /* @file mac_policy.h @brief Kernel Interfaces for MAC policy modules This header defines the list of operations that are defined by the TrustedBSD MAC Framwork on Darwin. MAC Policy modules register with the framework to declare interest in a specific set of operations. If interest in an entry point is not declared, then the policy will be ignored when the Framework evaluates that entry point. / #ifndef _SECURITY_MAC_POLICY_H_ #define _SECURITY_MAC_POLICY_H_ //#warning "MAC policy is not KPI, see Technical Q&A QA1574, this header will be removed in next version" #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif #include <Library/security/_label.h> struct attrlist; struct auditinfo; struct bpf_d; struct cs_blob; struct devnode; struct exception_action; struct fileglob; struct ifnet; struct inpcb; struct ipq; struct label; struct mac_module_data; struct mac_policy_conf; struct mbuf; struct mount; struct msg; struct msqid_kernel; struct pipe; struct pseminfo; struct pshminfo; struct sbuf; struct semid_kernel; struct shmid_kernel; struct socket; struct sockopt; struct task; struct thread; struct tty; struct ucred; struct vfs_attr; struct vnode; /* @struct dummy / #ifndef _KAUTH_CRED_T #define _KAUTH_CRED_T typedef struct ucred kauth_cred_t; #endif /* !_KAUTH_CRED_T / #ifndef __IOKIT_PORTS_DEFINED__ #define __IOKIT_PORTS_DEFINED__ #ifdef __cplusplus class OSObject; typedef OSObject io_object_t; #else struct OSObject; typedef struct OSObject io_object_t; #endif #endif / __IOKIT_PORTS_DEFINED__ / /- * MAC entry points are generally named using the following template: * * mpo_<object>_<operation>() * * or: * * mpo_<object>_check_<operation>() * * Entry points are sorted by object type. * * It may be desirable also to consider some subsystems as "objects", such * as system, iokit, etc. / /* @name Entry Points for Label Management These are the entry points corresponding to the life cycle events for kernel objects, such as initialization, creation, and destruction. Most policies (that use labels) will initialize labels by allocating space for policy-specific data. In most cases, it is permitted to sleep during label initialization operations; it will be noted when it is not permitted. Initialization usually will not require doing more than allocating a generic label for the given object. What follows initialization is creation, where a label is made specific to the object it is associated with. Destruction occurs when the label is no longer needed, such as when the corresponding object is destroyed. All necessary cleanup should be performed in label destroy operations. Where possible, the label entry points have identical parameters. If the policy module does not require structure-specific label information, the same function may be registered in the policy operation vector. Many policies will implement two such generic allocation calls: one to handle sleepable requests, and one to handle potentially non-sleepable requests. / /* @brief Audit event postselection @param cred Subject credential @param syscode Syscall number @param args Syscall arguments @param error Syscall errno @param retval Syscall return value This is the MAC Framework audit postselect, which is called before exiting a syscall to determine if an audit event should be committed. A return value of MAC_AUDIT_NO forces the audit record to be suppressed. Any other return value results in the audit record being committed. @warning The suppression behavior will probably go away in Apple's future version of the audit implementation. @return Return MAC_AUDIT_NO to force suppression of the audit record. Any other value results in the audit record being committed. / typedef int mpo_audit_check_postselect_t( kauth_cred_t cred, unsigned short syscode, void args, int error, int retval ); /** @brief Audit event preselection @param cred Subject credential @param syscode Syscall number @param args Syscall arguments This is the MAC Framework audit preselect, which is called before a syscall is entered to determine if an audit event should be created. If the MAC policy forces the syscall to be audited, MAC_AUDIT_YES should be returned. A return value of MAC_AUDIT_NO causes the audit record to be suppressed. Returning MAC_POLICY_DEFAULT indicates that the policy wants to defer to the system's existing preselection mechanism. When policies return different preferences, the Framework decides what action to take based on the following policy. If any policy returns MAC_AUDIT_YES, then create an audit record, else if any policy returns MAC_AUDIT_NO, then suppress the creations of an audit record, else defer to the system's existing preselection mechanism. @warning The audit implementation in Apple's current version is incomplete, so the MAC policies have priority over the system's existing mechanisms. This will probably change in the future version where the audit implementation is more complete. @return Return MAC_AUDIT_YES to force auditing of the syscall, MAC_AUDIT_NO to force no auditing of the syscall, MAC_AUDIT_DEFAULT to allow auditing mechanisms to determine if the syscall is audited. / typedef int mpo_audit_check_preselect_t( kauth_cred_t cred, unsigned short syscode, void args ); /** @brief Initialize BPF descriptor label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated BPF descriptor. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_bpfdesc_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Destroy BPF descriptor label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a BPF descriptor label. Since the BPF descriptor is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_bpfdesc_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Associate a BPF descriptor with a label @param cred User credential creating the BPF descriptor @param bpf_d The BPF descriptor @param bpflabel The new label Set the label on a newly created BPF descriptor from the passed subject credential. This call will be made when a BPF device node is opened by a process with the passed subject credential. / typedef void mpo_bpfdesc_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct bpf_d bpf_d, struct label bpflabel ); /* @brief Check whether BPF can read from a network interface @param bpf_d Subject; the BPF descriptor @param bpflabel Policy label for bpf_d @param ifp Object; the network interface @param ifnetlabel Policy label for ifp Determine whether the MAC framework should permit datagrams from the passed network interface to be delivered to the buffers of the passed BPF descriptor. Return (0) for success, or an errno value for failure. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatches, EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_bpfdesc_check_receive_t( struct bpf_d bpf_d, struct label bpflabel, struct ifnet ifp, struct label ifnetlabel ); /* @brief Indicate desire to change the process label at exec time @param old Existing subject credential @param vp File being executed @param offset Offset of binary within file being executed @param scriptvp Script being executed by interpreter, if any. @param vnodelabel Label corresponding to vp @param scriptvnodelabel Script vnode label @param execlabel Userspace provided execution label @param p Object process @param macpolicyattr MAC policy-specific spawn attribute data @param macpolicyattrlen Length of policy-specific spawn attribute data @see mac_execve @see mpo_cred_label_update_execve_t @see mpo_vnode_check_exec_t Indicate whether this policy intends to update the label of a newly created credential from the existing subject credential (old). This call occurs when a process executes the passed vnode. If a policy returns success from this entry point, the mpo_cred_label_update_execve entry point will later be called with the same parameters. Access has already been checked via the mpo_vnode_check_exec entry point, this entry point is necessary to preserve kernel locking constraints during program execution. The supplied vnode and vnodelabel correspond with the file actually being executed; in the case that the file is interpreted (for example, a script), the label of the original exec-time vnode has been preserved in scriptvnodelabel. The final label, execlabel, corresponds to a label supplied by a user space application through the use of the mac_execve system call. The vnode lock is held during this operation. No changes should be made to the old credential structure. @warning Even if a policy returns 0, it should behave correctly in the presence of an invocation of mpo_cred_label_update_execve, as that call may happen as a result of another policy requesting a transition. @return Non-zero if a transition is required, 0 otherwise. / typedef int mpo_cred_check_label_update_execve_t( kauth_cred_t old, struct vnode vp, off_t offset, struct vnode scriptvp, struct label vnodelabel, struct label scriptvnodelabel, struct label execlabel, struct proc p, void macpolicyattr, size_t macpolicyattrlen ); /** @brief Access control check for relabelling processes @param cred Subject credential @param newlabel New label to apply to the user credential @see mpo_cred_label_update_t @see mac_set_proc Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can relabel itself to the supplied new label (newlabel). This access control check is called when the mac_set_proc system call is invoked. A user space application will supply a new value, the value will be internalized and provided in newlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_cred_check_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct label newlabel ); /** @brief Access control check for visibility of other subjects @param u1 Subject credential @param u2 Object credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential u1 can "see" other subjects with the passed subject credential u2. This call may be made in a number of situations, including inter-process status sysctls used by ps, and in procfs lookups. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch, EPERM for lack of privilege, or ESRCH to hide visibility. / typedef int mpo_cred_check_visible_t( kauth_cred_t u1, kauth_cred_t u2 ); /* @brief Associate a credential with a new process at fork @param cred credential to inherited by new process @param proc the new process Allow a process to associate the credential with a new process for reference countng purposes. NOTE: the credential can be dis-associated in ways other than exit - so this strategy is flawed - should just catch label destroy callback. / typedef void mpo_cred_label_associate_fork_t( kauth_cred_t cred, proc_t proc ); /* @brief Create the first process @param cred Subject credential to be labeled Create the subject credential of process 0, the parent of all BSD kernel processes. Policies should update the label in the previously initialized credential structure. / typedef void mpo_cred_label_associate_kernel_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Create a credential label @param parent_cred Parent credential @param child_cred Child credential Set the label of a newly created credential, most likely using the information in the supplied parent credential. @warning This call is made when crcopy or crdup is invoked on a newly created struct ucred, and should not be confused with a process fork or creation event. / typedef void mpo_cred_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t parent_cred, kauth_cred_t child_cred ); /* @brief Create the first process @param cred Subject credential to be labeled Create the subject credential of process 1, the parent of all BSD user processes. Policies should update the label in the previously initialized credential structure. This is the 'init' process. / typedef void mpo_cred_label_associate_user_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Destroy credential label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a user credential label. Since the user credential is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_cred_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Externalize a user credential label for auditing @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of the label Produce an external representation of the label on a user credential for inclusion in an audit record. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that will be added to the audit record as part of a text token. Policy-agnostic user space tools will display this externalized version. @return 0 on success, return non-zero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_cred_label_externalize_audit_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Externalize a user credential label @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of the label Produce an external representation of the label on a user credential. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will display this externalized version. @return 0 on success, return non-zero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_cred_label_externalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Initialize user credential label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated user credential. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_cred_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Internalize a user credential label @param label Label to be internalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which the label should be internalized @param element_data Text data to be internalized Produce a user credential label from an external representation. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will forward text version to the kernel for processing by individual policy modules. The policy's internalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return 0 on success, Otherwise, return non-zero if an error occurs while internalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_cred_label_internalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, char element_data ); /** @brief Update credential at exec time @param old_cred Existing subject credential @param new_cred New subject credential to be labeled @param p Object process. @param vp File being executed @param offset Offset of binary within file being executed @param scriptvp Script being executed by interpreter, if any. @param vnodelabel Label corresponding to vp @param scriptvnodelabel Script vnode label @param execlabel Userspace provided execution label @param csflags Code signing flags to be set after exec @param macpolicyattr MAC policy-specific spawn attribute data. @param macpolicyattrlen Length of policy-specific spawn attribute data. @see mac_execve @see mpo_cred_check_label_update_execve_t @see mpo_vnode_check_exec_t Update the label of a newly created credential (new) from the existing subject credential (old). This call occurs when a process executes the passed vnode and one of the loaded policy modules has returned success from the mpo_cred_check_label_update_execve entry point. Access has already been checked via the mpo_vnode_check_exec entry point, this entry point is only used to update any policy state. The supplied vnode and vnodelabel correspond with the file actually being executed; in the case that the file is interpreted (for example, a script), the label of the original exec-time vnode has been preserved in scriptvnodelabel. The final label, execlabel, corresponds to a label supplied by a user space application through the use of the mac_execve system call. If non-NULL, the value pointed to by disjointp will be set to 0 to indicate that the old and new credentials are not disjoint, or 1 to indicate that they are. The vnode lock is held during this operation. No changes should be made to the old credential structure. @return 0 on success, Otherwise, return non-zero if update results in termination of child. / typedef int mpo_cred_label_update_execve_t( kauth_cred_t old_cred, kauth_cred_t new_cred, struct proc p, struct vnode vp, off_t offset, struct vnode scriptvp, struct label vnodelabel, struct label scriptvnodelabel, struct label execlabel, u_int csflags, void macpolicyattr, size_t macpolicyattrlen, int disjointp ); /** @brief Update a credential label @param cred The existing credential @param newlabel A new label to apply to the credential @see mpo_cred_check_label_update_t @see mac_set_proc Update the label on a user credential, using the supplied new label. This is called as a result of a process relabel operation. Access control was already confirmed by mpo_cred_check_label_update. / typedef void mpo_cred_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct label newlabel ); /** @brief Create a new devfs device @param dev Major and minor numbers of special file @param de "inode" of new device file @param label Destination label @param fullpath Path relative to mount (e.g. /dev) of new device file This entry point labels a new devfs device. The label will likely be based on the path to the device, or the major and minor numbers. The policy should store an appropriate label into 'label'. / typedef void mpo_devfs_label_associate_device_t( dev_t dev, struct devnode de, struct label label, const char fullpath ); /** @brief Create a new devfs directory @param dirname Name of new directory @param dirnamelen Length of 'dirname' @param de "inode" of new directory @param label Destination label @param fullpath Path relative to mount (e.g. /dev) of new directory This entry point labels a new devfs directory. The label will likely be based on the path of the new directory. The policy should store an appropriate label into 'label'. The devfs root directory is labelled in this way. / typedef void mpo_devfs_label_associate_directory_t( const char dirname, int dirnamelen, struct devnode de, struct label label, const char fullpath ); /* @brief Copy a devfs label @param src Source devfs label @param dest Destination devfs label Copy the label information from src to dest. The devfs file system often duplicates (splits) existing device nodes rather than creating new ones. / typedef void mpo_devfs_label_copy_t( struct label src, struct label dest ); /* @brief Destroy devfs label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a devfs entry label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_devfs_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize devfs label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated devfs entry. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_devfs_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Update a devfs label after relabelling its vnode @param mp Devfs mount point @param de Affected devfs directory entry @param delabel Label of devfs directory entry @param vp Vnode associated with de @param vnodelabel New label of vnode Update a devfs label when its vnode is manually relabelled, for example with setfmac(1). Typically, this will simply copy the vnode label into the devfs label. / typedef void mpo_devfs_label_update_t( struct mount mp, struct devnode de, struct label delabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vnodelabel ); /** @brief Access control for sending an exception to an exception action @param crashlabel The crashing process's label @param action Exception action @param exclabel Policy label for exception action Determine whether the the exception message caused by the victim process can be sent to the exception action. @return Return 0 if the message can be sent, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_exc_action_check_exception_send_t( struct label crashlabel, struct exception_action action, struct label exclabel ); /** @brief Create an exception action label @param action Exception action to label @param exclabel Policy label to be filled in for exception action Set the label on an exception action. / typedef void mpo_exc_action_label_associate_t( struct exception_action action, struct label exclabel ); /* @brief Copy an exception action label @param src Source exception action label @param dest Destination exception action label Copy the label information from src to dest. Exception actions are often inherited, e.g. from parent to child. In that case, the labels are copied instead of created fresh. / typedef void mpo_exc_action_label_copy_t( struct label src, struct label dest ); /* @brief Destroy exception action label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy the label on an exception action. In this entry point, a policy module should free any internal storage associated with label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_exc_action_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize exception action label @param label New label to initialize Initialize a label for an exception action. / typedef int mpo_exc_action_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Update the label on an exception action @param p Process to update the label from @param exclabel Policy label to be updated for exception action Update the credentials of an exception action with the given task. / typedef void mpo_exc_action_label_update_t( struct proc p, struct label exclabel ); /* @brief Access control for changing the offset of a file descriptor @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can change the offset of the file represented by fg. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_change_offset_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control for creating a file descriptor @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can allocate a new file descriptor. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_create_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control for duplicating a file descriptor @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg @param newfd New file descriptor number Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can duplicate the fileglob structure represented by fg and as file descriptor number newfd. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_dup_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label, int newfd ); /* @brief Access control check for fcntl @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg @param cmd Control operation to be performed; see fcntl(2) @param arg fcnt arguments; see fcntl(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the file control operation indicated by cmd. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_fcntl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label, int cmd, user_long_t arg ); /* @brief Access control check for mac_get_fd @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param elements Element buffer @param len Length of buffer Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to get an externalized version of the label on the object indicated by fd. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_get_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, char elements, int len ); /* @brief Access control for getting the offset of a file descriptor @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get the offset of the file represented by fg. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_get_offset_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control for inheriting a file descriptor @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can inherit the fileglob structure represented by fg. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_inherit_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for file ioctl @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg @param cmd The ioctl command; see ioctl(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the ioctl operation indicated by cmd. @warning Since ioctl data is opaque from the standpoint of the MAC framework, policies must exercise extreme care when implementing access control checks. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_ioctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label, unsigned int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check for file locking @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg @param op The lock operation (F_GETLK, F_SETLK, F_UNLK) @param fl The flock structure Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the lock operation indicated by op and fl on the file represented by fg. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_lock_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label, int op, struct flock fl ); /** @brief Check with library validation if a macho slice is allowed to be combined into a proc. @param p Subject process @param fg Fileglob structure @param slice_offset offset of the code slice @param error_message error message returned to user-space in case of error (userspace pointer) @param error_message_size error message size Its a little odd that the MAC/kext writes into userspace since this implies there is only one MAC module that implements this, however the alterantive is to allocate memory in xnu, on the hope that the MAC module will use it, or allocated in the MAC module and then free it in xnu. Either of these are very appeling, so lets go with the slightly more hacky way. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_library_validation_t( struct proc p, struct fileglob fg, off_t slice_offset, user_long_t error_message, size_t error_message_size ); /* @brief Access control check for mapping a file @param cred Subject credential @param fg fileglob representing file to map @param label Policy label associated with vp @param prot mmap protections; see mmap(2) @param flags Type of mapped object; see mmap(2) @param maxprot Maximum rights Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to map the file represented by fg with the protections specified in prot. The maxprot field holds the maximum permissions on the new mapping, a combination of VM_PROT_READ, VM_PROT_WRITE, and VM_PROT_EXECUTE. To avoid overriding prior access control checks, a policy should only remove flags from maxprot. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_file_check_mmap_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label, int prot, int flags, uint64_t file_pos, int maxprot ); /** @brief Downgrade the mmap protections @param cred Subject credential @param fg file to map @param label Policy label associated with vp @param prot mmap protections to be downgraded Downgrade the mmap protections based on the subject and object labels. / typedef void mpo_file_check_mmap_downgrade_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label, int prot ); /** @brief Access control for receiving a file descriptor @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can receive the fileglob structure represented by fg. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_receive_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for mac_set_fd @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param elements Elements buffer @param len Length of elements buffer Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the mac_set_fd operation. The mac_set_fd operation is used to associate a MAC label with a file. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_file_check_set_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, char elements, int len ); /* @brief Create file label @param cred Subject credential @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg / typedef void mpo_file_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct fileglob fg, struct label label ); /* @brief Destroy file label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy the label on a file descriptor. In this entry point, a policy module should free any internal storage associated with label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_file_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize file label @param label New label to initialize / typedef void mpo_file_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for relabeling network interfaces @param cred Subject credential @param ifp network interface being relabeled @param ifnetlabel Current label of the network interfaces @param newlabel New label to apply to the network interfaces @see mpo_ifnet_label_update_t Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can relabel the network interface represented by ifp to the supplied new label (newlabel). @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_ifnet_check_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct ifnet ifp, struct label ifnetlabel, struct label newlabel ); /** @brief Access control check for relabeling network interfaces @param ifp Network interface mbuf will be transmitted through @param ifnetlabel Label of the network interfaces @param m The mbuf to be transmitted @param mbuflabel Label of the mbuf to be transmitted @param family Address Family, AF_* @param type Type of socket, SOCK_{STREAM,DGRAM,RAW} Determine whether the mbuf with label mbuflabel may be transmitted through the network interface represented by ifp that has the label ifnetlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_ifnet_check_transmit_t( struct ifnet ifp, struct label ifnetlabel, struct mbuf m, struct label mbuflabel, int family, int type ); /* @brief Create a network interface label @param ifp Network interface labeled @param ifnetlabel Label for the network interface Set the label of a newly created network interface, most likely using the information in the supplied network interface struct. / typedef void mpo_ifnet_label_associate_t( struct ifnet ifp, struct label ifnetlabel ); /* @brief Copy an ifnet label @param src Source ifnet label @param dest Destination ifnet label Copy the label information from src to dest. / typedef void mpo_ifnet_label_copy_t( struct label src, struct label dest ); /* @brief Destroy ifnet label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy the label on an ifnet label. In this entry point, a policy module should free any internal storage associated with label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_ifnet_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Externalize an ifnet label @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of the label Produce an external representation of the label on an interface. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will display this externalized version. @return 0 on success, return non-zero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_ifnet_label_externalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Initialize ifnet label @param label New label to initialize / typedef void mpo_ifnet_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Internalize an interface label @param label Label to be internalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which the label should be internalized @param element_data Text data to be internalized Produce an interface label from an external representation. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will forward text version to the kernel for processing by individual policy modules. The policy's internalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return 0 on success, Otherwise, return non-zero if an error occurs while internalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_ifnet_label_internalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, char element_data ); /** @brief Recycle up a network interface label @param label The label to be recycled Recycle a network interface label. Darwin caches the struct ifnet of detached ifnets in a "free pool". Before ifnets are returned to the "free pool", policies can cleanup or overwrite any information present in the label. / typedef void mpo_ifnet_label_recycle_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Update a network interface label @param cred Subject credential @param ifp The network interface to be relabeled @param ifnetlabel The current label of the network interface @param newlabel A new label to apply to the network interface @see mpo_ifnet_check_label_update_t Update the label on a network interface, using the supplied new label. / typedef void mpo_ifnet_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct ifnet ifp, struct label ifnetlabel, struct label newlabel ); /** @brief Access control check for delivering a packet to a socket @param inp inpcb the socket is associated with @param inplabel Label of the inpcb @param m The mbuf being received @param mbuflabel Label of the mbuf being received @param family Address family, AF_* @param type Type of socket, SOCK_{STREAM,DGRAM,RAW} Determine whether the mbuf with label mbuflabel may be received by the socket associated with inpcb that has the label inplabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_inpcb_check_deliver_t( struct inpcb inp, struct label inplabel, struct mbuf m, struct label mbuflabel, int family, int type ); /* @brief Create an inpcb label @param so Socket containing the inpcb to be labeled @param solabel Label of the socket @param inp inpcb to be labeled @param inplabel Label for the inpcb Set the label of a newly created inpcb, most likely using the information in the socket and/or socket label. / typedef void mpo_inpcb_label_associate_t( struct socket so, struct label solabel, struct inpcb inp, struct label inplabel ); /* @brief Destroy inpcb label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy the label on an inpcb label. In this entry point, a policy module should free any internal storage associated with label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_inpcb_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize inpcb label @param label New label to initialize @param flag M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT / typedef int mpo_inpcb_label_init_t( struct label label, int flag ); /** @brief Recycle up an inpcb label @param label The label to be recycled Recycle an inpcb label. Darwin allocates the inpcb as part of the socket structure in some cases. For this case we must recycle rather than destroy the inpcb as it will be reused later. / typedef void mpo_inpcb_label_recycle_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Update an inpcb label from a socket label @param so Socket containing the inpcb to be relabeled @param solabel New label of the socket @param inp inpcb to be labeled @param inplabel Label for the inpcb Set the label of a newly created inpcb due to a change in the underlying socket label. / typedef void mpo_inpcb_label_update_t( struct socket so, struct label solabel, struct inpcb inp, struct label inplabel ); /* @brief Device hardware access control @param devtype Type of device connected This is the MAC Framework device access control, which is called by the I/O Kit when a new device is connected to the system to determine whether that device should be trusted. A list of properties associated with the device is passed as an XML-formatted string. The routine should examine these properties to determine the trustworthiness of the device. A return value of EPERM forces the device to be claimed by a special device driver that will prevent its operation. @warning This is an experimental interface and may change in the future. @return Return EPERM to indicate that the device is untrusted and should not be allowed to operate. Return zero to indicate that the device is trusted and should be allowed to operate normally. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_device_t( char devtype, struct mac_module_data mdata ); /* @brief Access control check for opening an I/O Kit device @param cred Subject credential @param user_client User client instance @param user_client_type User client type Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can open an I/O Kit device at the passed path of the passed user client class and type. @return Return 0 if access is granted, or an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_open_t( kauth_cred_t cred, io_object_t user_client, unsigned int user_client_type ); /* @brief Access control check for setting I/O Kit device properties @param cred Subject credential @param entry Target device @param properties Property list Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set properties on an I/O Kit device. @return Return 0 if access is granted, or an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_set_properties_t( kauth_cred_t cred, io_object_t entry, io_object_t properties ); /* @brief Indicate desire to filter I/O Kit devices properties @param cred Subject credential @param entry Target device @see mpo_iokit_check_get_property_t Indicate whether this policy may restrict the subject credential from reading properties of the target device. If a policy returns success from this entry point, the mpo_iokit_check_get_property entry point will later be called for each property that the subject credential tries to read from the target device. This entry point is primarilly to optimize bulk property reads by skipping calls to the mpo_iokit_check_get_property entry point for credentials / devices no MAC policy is interested in. @warning Even if a policy returns 0, it should behave correctly in the presence of an invocation of mpo_iokit_check_get_property, as that call may happen as a result of another policy requesting a transition. @return Non-zero if a transition is required, 0 otherwise. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_filter_properties_t( kauth_cred_t cred, io_object_t entry ); /* @brief Access control check for getting I/O Kit device properties @param cred Subject credential @param entry Target device @param name Property name Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get properties on an I/O Kit device. @return Return 0 if access is granted, or an appropriate value for errno. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_get_property_t( kauth_cred_t cred, io_object_t entry, const char name ); /** @brief Access control check for software HID control @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can control the HID (Human Interface Device) subsystem, such as to post synthetic keypresses, pointer movement and clicks. @return Return 0 if access is granted, or an appropriate value for errno. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_hid_control_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Create an IP reassembly queue label @param fragment First received IP fragment @param fragmentlabel Policy label for fragment @param ipq IP reassembly queue to be labeled @param ipqlabel Policy label to be filled in for ipq Set the label on a newly created IP reassembly queue from the mbuf header of the first received fragment. / typedef void mpo_ipq_label_associate_t( struct mbuf fragment, struct label fragmentlabel, struct ipq ipq, struct label ipqlabel ); /* @brief Compare an mbuf header label to an ipq label @param fragment IP datagram fragment @param fragmentlabel Policy label for fragment @param ipq IP fragment reassembly queue @param ipqlabel Policy label for ipq Compare the label of the mbuf header containing an IP datagram (fragment) fragment with the label of the passed IP fragment reassembly queue (ipq). Return (1) for a successful match, or (0) for no match. This call is made when the IP stack attempts to find an existing fragment reassembly queue for a newly received fragment; if this fails, a new fragment reassembly queue may be instantiated for the fragment. Policies may use this entry point to prevent the reassembly of otherwise matching IP fragments if policy does not permit them to be reassembled based on the label or other information. / typedef int mpo_ipq_label_compare_t( struct mbuf fragment, struct label fragmentlabel, struct ipq ipq, struct label ipqlabel ); /* @brief Destroy IP reassembly queue label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy the label on an IP fragment queue. In this entry point, a policy module should free any internal storage associated with label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_ipq_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize IP reassembly queue label @param label New label to initialize @param flag M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT Initialize the label on a newly instantiated IP fragment reassembly queue. The flag field may be one of M_WAITOK and M_NOWAIT, and should be employed to avoid performing a sleeping malloc(9) during this initialization call. IP fragment reassembly queue allocation frequently occurs in performance sensitive environments, and the implementation should be careful to avoid sleeping or long-lived operations. This entry point is permitted to fail resulting in the failure to allocate the IP fragment reassembly queue. / typedef int mpo_ipq_label_init_t( struct label label, int flag ); /** @brief Update the label on an IP fragment reassembly queue @param fragment IP fragment @param fragmentlabel Policy label for fragment @param ipq IP fragment reassembly queue @param ipqlabel Policy label to be updated for ipq Update the label on an IP fragment reassembly queue (ipq) based on the acceptance of the passed IP fragment mbuf header (fragment). / typedef void mpo_ipq_label_update_t( struct mbuf fragment, struct label fragmentlabel, struct ipq ipq, struct label ipqlabel ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new mbuf @param bpf_d BPF descriptor @param b_label Policy label for bpf_d @param m Object; mbuf @param m_label Policy label to fill in for m Set the label on the mbuf header of a newly created datagram generated using the passed BPF descriptor. This call is made when a write is performed to the BPF device associated with the passed BPF descriptor. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_bpfdesc_t( struct bpf_d bpf_d, struct label b_label, struct mbuf m, struct label m_label ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new mbuf @param ifp Interface descriptor @param i_label Existing label of ifp @param m Object; mbuf @param m_label Policy label to fill in for m Label an mbuf based on the interface from which it was received. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_ifnet_t( struct ifnet ifp, struct label i_label, struct mbuf m, struct label m_label ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new mbuf @param inp inpcb structure @param i_label Existing label of inp @param m Object; mbuf @param m_label Policy label to fill in for m Label an mbuf based on the inpcb from which it was derived. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_inpcb_t( struct inpcb inp, struct label i_label, struct mbuf m, struct label m_label ); /* @brief Set the label on a newly reassembled IP datagram @param ipq IP fragment reassembly queue @param ipqlabel Policy label for ipq @param mbuf IP datagram to be labeled @param mbuflabel Policy label to be filled in for mbuf Set the label on a newly reassembled IP datagram (mbuf) from the IP fragment reassembly queue (ipq) from which it was generated. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_ipq_t( struct ipq ipq, struct label ipqlabel, struct mbuf mbuf, struct label mbuflabel ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new mbuf @param ifp Subject; network interface @param i_label Existing label of ifp @param m Object; mbuf @param m_label Policy label to fill in for m Set the label on the mbuf header of a newly created datagram generated for the purposes of a link layer response for the passed interface. This call may be made in a number of situations, including for ARP or ND6 responses in the IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_linklayer_t( struct ifnet ifp, struct label i_label, struct mbuf m, struct label m_label ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new mbuf @param oldmbuf mbuf headerder for existing datagram for existing datagram @param oldmbuflabel Policy label for oldmbuf @param ifp Network interface @param ifplabel Policy label for ifp @param newmbuf mbuf header to be labeled for new datagram @param newmbuflabel Policy label for newmbuf Set the label on the mbuf header of a newly created datagram generated from the existing passed datagram when it is processed by the passed multicast encapsulation interface. This call is made when an mbuf is to be delivered using the virtual interface. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_multicast_encap_t( struct mbuf oldmbuf, struct label oldmbuflabel, struct ifnet ifp, struct label ifplabel, struct mbuf newmbuf, struct label newmbuflabel ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new mbuf @param oldmbuf Received datagram @param oldmbuflabel Policy label for oldmbuf @param newmbuf Newly created datagram @param newmbuflabel Policy label for newmbuf Set the label on the mbuf header of a newly created datagram generated by the IP stack in response to an existing received datagram (oldmbuf). This call may be made in a number of situations, including when responding to ICMP request datagrams. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_netlayer_t( struct mbuf oldmbuf, struct label oldmbuflabel, struct mbuf newmbuf, struct label newmbuflabel ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new mbuf @param so Socket to label @param so_label Policy label for socket @param m Object; mbuf @param m_label Policy label to fill in for m An mbuf structure is used to store network traffic in transit. When an application sends data to a socket or a pipe, it is wrapped in an mbuf first. This function sets the label on a newly created mbuf header based on the socket sending the data. The contents of the label should be suitable for performing an access check on the receiving side of the communication. Only labeled MBUFs will be presented to the policy via this entrypoint. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_associate_socket_t( socket_t so, struct label so_label, struct mbuf m, struct label m_label ); /** @brief Copy a mbuf label @param src Source label @param dest Destination label Copy the mbuf label information in src into dest. Only called when both source and destination mbufs have labels. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_copy_t( struct label src, struct label dest ); /* @brief Destroy mbuf label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a mbuf label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_mbuf_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize mbuf label @param label New label to initialize @param flag Malloc flags Initialize the label for a newly instantiated mbuf. @warning Since it is possible for the flags to be set to M_NOWAIT, the malloc operation may fail. @return On success, 0, otherwise, an appropriate errno return value. / typedef int mpo_mbuf_label_init_t( struct label label, int flag ); /** @brief Access control check for fsctl @param cred Subject credential @param mp The mount point @param label Label associated with the mount point @param cmd Filesystem-dependent request code; see fsctl(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the volume operation indicated by com. @warning The fsctl() system call is directly analogous to ioctl(); since the associated data is opaque from the standpoint of the MAC framework and since these operations can affect many aspects of system operation, policies must exercise extreme care when implementing access control checks. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_fsctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label label, unsigned int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check for the retrieval of file system attributes @param cred Subject credential @param mp The mount structure of the file system @param vfa The attributes requested This entry point determines whether given subject can get information about the given file system. This check happens during statfs() syscalls, but is also used by other parts within the kernel such as the audit system. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. @note Policies may change the contents of vfa to alter the list of file system attributes returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_getattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mp_label, struct vfs_attr vfa ); /** @brief Access control check for mount point relabeling @param cred Subject credential @param mp Object file system mount point @param mntlabel Policy label for fle system mount point Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can relabel the mount point. This call is made when a file system mount is updated. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for mounting a file system @param cred Subject credential @param vp Vnode that is to be the mount point @param vlabel Label associated with the vnode @param cnp Component name for vp @param vfc_name Filesystem type name Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the mount operation on the target vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_mount_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct componentname cnp, const char vfc_name ); /* @brief Access control check for fs_snapshot_create @param cred Subject credential @mp Filesystem mount point to create snapshot of @name Name of snapshot to create Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can create a snapshot of the filesystem at the given mount point. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_snapshot_create_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, const char name ); /* @brief Access control check for fs_snapshot_delete @param cred Subject credential @mp Filesystem mount point to delete snapshot of @name Name of snapshot to delete Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can delete the named snapshot from the filesystem at the given mount point. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_snapshot_delete_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, const char name ); /* @brief Access control check for fs_snapshot_revert @param cred Subject credential @mp Filesystem mount point to revert to snapshot @name Name of snapshot to revert to Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can revert the filesystem at the given mount point to the named snapshot. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_snapshot_revert_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, const char name ); /* @brief Access control check remounting a filesystem @param cred Subject credential @param mp The mount point @param mlabel Label currently associated with the mount point Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the remount operation on the target vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_remount_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for the settting of file system attributes @param cred Subject credential @param mp The mount structure of the file system @param vfa The attributes requested This entry point determines whether given subject can set information about the given file system, for example the volume name. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_setattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mp_label, struct vfs_attr vfa ); /** @brief Access control check for file system statistics @param cred Subject credential @param mp Object file system mount @param mntlabel Policy label for mp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can see the results of a statfs performed on the file system. This call may be made in a number of situations, including during invocations of statfs(2) and related calls, as well as to determine what file systems to exclude from listings of file systems, such as when getfsstat(2) is invoked. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_stat_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for unmounting a filesystem @param cred Subject credential @param mp The mount point @param mlabel Label associated with the mount point Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the unmount operation on the target vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_mount_check_umount_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mlabel ); /* @brief Create mount labels @param cred Subject credential @param mp Mount point of file system being mounted @param mntlabel Label to associate with the new mount point @see mpo_mount_label_init_t Fill out the labels on the mount point being created by the supplied user credential. This call is made when file systems are first mounted. / typedef void mpo_mount_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel ); /* @brief Destroy mount label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a file system mount label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_mount_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Externalize a mount point label @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of the label Produce an external representation of the mount point label. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will display this externalized version. The policy's externalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return 0 on success, return non-zero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_mount_label_externalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Initialize mount point label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated mount structure. This label is typically used to store a default label in the case that the file system has been mounted singlelabel. Since some file systems do not support persistent labels (extended attributes) or are read-only (such as CD-ROMs), it is often necessary to store a default label separately from the label of the mount point itself. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_mount_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Internalize a mount point label @param label Label to be internalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which the label should be internalized @param element_data Text data to be internalized Produce a mount point file system label from an external representation. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will forward text version to the kernel for processing by individual policy modules. The policy's internalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return 0 on success, Otherwise, return non-zero if an error occurs while internalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_mount_label_internalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, char element_data ); /** @brief Set the label on an IPv4 datagram fragment @param datagram Datagram being fragmented @param datagramlabel Policy label for datagram @param fragment New fragment @param fragmentlabel Policy label for fragment Called when an IPv4 datagram is fragmented into several smaller datagrams. Policies implementing mbuf labels will typically copy the label from the source datagram to the new fragment. / typedef void mpo_netinet_fragment_t( struct mbuf datagram, struct label datagramlabel, struct mbuf fragment, struct label fragmentlabel ); /* @brief Set the label on an ICMP reply @param m mbuf containing the ICMP reply @param mlabel Policy label for m A policy may wish to update the label of an mbuf that refers to an ICMP packet being sent in response to an IP packet. This may be called in response to a bad packet or an ICMP request. / typedef void mpo_netinet_icmp_reply_t( struct mbuf m, struct label mlabel ); /* @brief Set the label on a TCP reply @param m mbuf containing the TCP reply @param mlabel Policy label for m Called for outgoing TCP packets not associated with an actual socket. / typedef void mpo_netinet_tcp_reply_t( struct mbuf m, struct label mlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for pipe ioctl @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe Object to be accessed @param pipelabel The label on the pipe @param cmd The ioctl command; see ioctl(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the ioctl operation indicated by cmd. @warning Since ioctl data is opaque from the standpoint of the MAC framework, policies must exercise extreme care when implementing access control checks. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_pipe_check_ioctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel, unsigned int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check for pipe kqfilter @param cred Subject credential @param kn Object knote @param cpipe Object to be accessed @param pipelabel Policy label for the pipe Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can receive the knote on the passed pipe. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_pipe_check_kqfilter_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct knote kn, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel ); /** @brief Access control check for pipe relabel @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe Object to be accessed @param pipelabel The current label on the pipe @param newlabel The new label to be used Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a relabel operation on the passed pipe. The cred object holds the credentials of the subject performing the operation. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_pipe_check_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel, struct label newlabel ); /** @brief Access control check for pipe read @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe Object to be accessed @param pipelabel The label on the pipe Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a read operation on the passed pipe. The cred object holds the credentials of the subject performing the operation. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_pipe_check_read_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel ); /* @brief Access control check for pipe select @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe Object to be accessed @param pipelabel The label on the pipe @param which The operation selected on: FREAD or FWRITE Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a select operation on the passed pipe. The cred object holds the credentials of the subject performing the operation. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_pipe_check_select_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel, int which ); /* @brief Access control check for pipe stat @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe Object to be accessed @param pipelabel The label on the pipe Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a stat operation on the passed pipe. The cred object holds the credentials of the subject performing the operation. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_pipe_check_stat_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel ); /* @brief Access control check for pipe write @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe Object to be accessed @param pipelabel The label on the pipe Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a write operation on the passed pipe. The cred object holds the credentials of the subject performing the operation. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_pipe_check_write_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel ); /* @brief Create a pipe label @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe object to be labeled @param pipelabel Label for the pipe object Create a label for the pipe object being created by the supplied user credential. This call is made when the pipe is being created XXXPIPE(for one or both sides of the pipe?). / typedef void mpo_pipe_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel ); /* @brief Copy a pipe label @param src Source pipe label @param dest Destination pipe label Copy the pipe label associated with src to dest. XXXPIPE Describe when this is used: most likely during pipe creation to copy from rpipe to wpipe. / typedef void mpo_pipe_label_copy_t( struct label src, struct label dest ); /* @brief Destroy pipe label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a pipe label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_pipe_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Externalize a pipe label @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of the label Produce an external representation of the label on a pipe. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will display this externalized version. The policy's externalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return 0 on success, return non-zero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_pipe_label_externalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Initialize pipe label @param label New label to initialize Initialize label storage for use with a newly instantiated pipe object. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_pipe_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Internalize a pipe label @param label Label to be internalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which the label should be internalized @param element_data Text data to be internalized Produce a pipe label from an external representation. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will forward text version to the kernel for processing by individual policy modules. The policy's internalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return 0 on success, Otherwise, return non-zero if an error occurs while internalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_pipe_label_internalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, char element_data ); /** @brief Update a pipe label @param cred Subject credential @param cpipe Object to be labeled @param oldlabel Existing pipe label @param newlabel New label to replace existing label @see mpo_pipe_check_label_update_t The subject identified by the credential has previously requested and was authorized to relabel the pipe; this entry point allows policies to perform the actual relabel operation. Policies should update oldlabel using the label stored in the newlabel parameter. / typedef void mpo_pipe_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label oldlabel, struct label newlabel ); /** @brief Policy unload event @param mpc MAC policy configuration This is the MAC Framework policy unload event. This entry point will only be called if the module's policy configuration allows unload (if the MPC_LOADTIME_FLAG_UNLOADOK is set). Most security policies won't want to be unloaded; they should set their flags to prevent this entry point from being called. @warning During this call, the mac policy list mutex is held, so sleep operations cannot be performed, and calls out to other kernel subsystems must be made with caution. @see MPC_LOADTIME_FLAG_UNLOADOK / typedef void mpo_policy_destroy_t( struct mac_policy_conf mpc ); /** @brief Policy initialization event @param mpc MAC policy configuration @see mac_policy_register @see mpo_policy_initbsd_t This is the MAC Framework policy initialization event. This entry point is called during mac_policy_register, when the policy module is first registered with the MAC Framework. This is often done very early in the boot process, after the kernel Mach subsystem has been initialized, but prior to the BSD subsystem being initialized. Since the kernel BSD services are not yet available, it is possible that some initialization must occur later, possibly in the mpo_policy_initbsd_t policy entry point, such as registering BSD system controls (sysctls). Policy modules loaded at boot time will be registered and initialized before labeled Mach objects are created. @warning During this call, the mac policy list mutex is held, so sleep operations cannot be performed, and calls out to other kernel subsystems must be made with caution. / typedef void mpo_policy_init_t( struct mac_policy_conf mpc ); /** @brief Policy BSD initialization event @param mpc MAC policy configuration @see mpo_policy_init_t This entry point is called after the kernel BSD subsystem has been initialized. By this point, the module should already be loaded, registered, and initialized. Since policy modules are initialized before kernel BSD services are available, this second initialization phase is necessary. At this point, BSD services (memory management, synchronization primitives, vfs, etc.) are available, but the first process has not yet been created. Mach-related objects and tasks will already be fully initialized and may be in use--policies requiring ubiquitous labeling may also want to implement mpo_policy_init_t. @warning During this call, the mac policy list mutex is held, so sleep operations cannot be performed, and calls out to other kernel subsystems must be made with caution. / typedef void mpo_policy_initbsd_t( struct mac_policy_conf mpc ); /** @brief Policy extension service @param p Calling process @param call Policy-specific syscall number @param arg Pointer to syscall arguments This entry point provides a policy-multiplexed system call so that policies may provide additional services to user processes without registering specific system calls. The policy name provided during registration is used to demux calls from userland, and the arguments will be forwarded to this entry point. When implementing new services, security modules should be sure to invoke appropriate access control checks from the MAC framework as needed. For example, if a policy implements an augmented signal functionality, it should call the necessary signal access control checks to invoke the MAC framework and other registered policies. @warning Since the format and contents of the policy-specific arguments are unknown to the MAC Framework, modules must perform the required copyin() of the syscall data on their own. No policy mediation is performed, so policies must perform any necessary access control checks themselves. If multiple policies are loaded, they will currently be unable to mediate calls to other policies. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_policy_syscall_t( struct proc p, int call, user_addr_t arg ); /** @brief Access control check for POSIX semaphore create @param cred Subject credential @param name String name of the semaphore Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can create a POSIX semaphore specified by name. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixsem_check_create_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char name ); /** @brief Access control check for POSIX semaphore open @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to semaphore information structure @param semlabel Label associated with the semaphore Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can open the named POSIX semaphore with label semlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixsem_check_open_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pseminfo ps, struct label semlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for POSIX semaphore post @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to semaphore information structure @param semlabel Label associated with the semaphore Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can unlock the named POSIX semaphore with label semlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixsem_check_post_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pseminfo ps, struct label semlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for POSIX semaphore unlink @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to semaphore information structure @param semlabel Label associated with the semaphore @param name String name of the semaphore Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can remove the named POSIX semaphore with label semlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixsem_check_unlink_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pseminfo ps, struct label semlabel, const char name ); /** @brief Access control check for POSIX semaphore wait @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to semaphore information structure @param semlabel Label associated with the semaphore Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can lock the named POSIX semaphore with label semlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixsem_check_wait_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pseminfo ps, struct label semlabel ); /* @brief Create a POSIX semaphore label @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to semaphore information structure @param semlabel Label to associate with the new semaphore @param name String name of the semaphore Label a new POSIX semaphore. The label was previously initialized and associated with the semaphore. At this time, an appropriate initial label value should be assigned to the object and stored in semalabel. / typedef void mpo_posixsem_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pseminfo ps, struct label semlabel, const char name ); /** @brief Destroy POSIX semaphore label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a POSIX semaphore label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_posixsem_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize POSIX semaphore label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated POSIX semaphore. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_posixsem_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for POSIX shared memory region create @param cred Subject credential @param name String name of the shared memory region Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can create the POSIX shared memory region referenced by name. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixshm_check_create_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char name ); /** @brief Access control check for mapping POSIX shared memory @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to shared memory information structure @param shmlabel Label associated with the shared memory region @param prot mmap protections; see mmap(2) @param flags shmat flags; see shmat(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can map the POSIX shared memory segment associated with shmlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixshm_check_mmap_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pshminfo ps, struct label shmlabel, int prot, int flags ); /* @brief Access control check for POSIX shared memory region open @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to shared memory information structure @param shmlabel Label associated with the shared memory region @param fflags shm_open(2) open flags ('fflags' encoded) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can open the POSIX shared memory region. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixshm_check_open_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pshminfo ps, struct label shmlabel, int fflags ); /* @brief Access control check for POSIX shared memory stat @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to shared memory information structure @param shmlabel Label associated with the shared memory region Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can obtain status for the POSIX shared memory segment associated with shmlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixshm_check_stat_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pshminfo ps, struct label shmlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for POSIX shared memory truncate @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to shared memory information structure @param shmlabel Label associated with the shared memory region @param len Length to truncate or extend shared memory segment Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can truncate or extend (to len) the POSIX shared memory segment associated with shmlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixshm_check_truncate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pshminfo ps, struct label shmlabel, off_t len ); /* @brief Access control check for POSIX shared memory unlink @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to shared memory information structure @param shmlabel Label associated with the shared memory region @param name String name of the shared memory region Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can delete the POSIX shared memory segment associated with shmlabel. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_posixshm_check_unlink_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pshminfo ps, struct label shmlabel, const char name ); /** @brief Create a POSIX shared memory region label @param cred Subject credential @param ps Pointer to shared memory information structure @param shmlabel Label to associate with the new shared memory region @param name String name of the shared memory region Label a new POSIX shared memory region. The label was previously initialized and associated with the shared memory region. At this time, an appropriate initial label value should be assigned to the object and stored in shmlabel. / typedef void mpo_posixshm_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct pshminfo ps, struct label shmlabel, const char name ); /** @brief Destroy POSIX shared memory label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a POSIX shared memory region label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_posixshm_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize POSIX Shared Memory region label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for newly a instantiated POSIX Shared Memory region. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_posixshm_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for privileged operations @param cred Subject credential @param priv Requested privilege (see sys/priv.h) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a privileged operation. Privileged operations are allowed if the cred is the superuser or any policy returns zero for mpo_priv_grant, unless any policy returns nonzero for mpo_priv_check. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise EPERM should be returned. / typedef int mpo_priv_check_t( kauth_cred_t cred, int priv ); /* @brief Grant regular users the ability to perform privileged operations @param cred Subject credential @param priv Requested privilege (see sys/priv.h) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to perform a privileged operation that in the absense of any MAC policy it would not be able to perform. Privileged operations are allowed if the cred is the superuser or any policy returns zero for mpo_priv_grant, unless any policy returns nonzero for mpo_priv_check. Unlike other MAC hooks which can only reduce the privilege of a credential, this hook raises the privilege of a credential when it returns 0. Extreme care must be taken when implementing this hook to avoid undermining the security of the system. @return Return 0 if additional privilege is granted, otherwise EPERM should be returned. / typedef int mpo_priv_grant_t( kauth_cred_t cred, int priv ); /* @brief Access control check for debugging process @param cred Subject credential @param proc Object process Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can debug the passed process. This call may be made in a number of situations, including use of the ptrace(2) and ktrace(2) APIs, as well as for some types of procfs operations. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch, EPERM for lack of privilege, or ESRCH to hide visibility of the target. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_debug_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc proc ); /** @brief Access control over fork @param cred Subject credential @param proc Subject process trying to fork Determine whether the subject identified is allowed to fork. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_fork_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc proc ); /** @brief Access control check for setting host special ports. @param cred Subject credential @param id The host special port to set @param port The new value to set for the special port @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_set_host_special_port_t( kauth_cred_t cred, int id, struct ipc_port port ); /** @brief Access control check for setting host exception ports. @param cred Subject credential @param exception Exception port to set @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_set_host_exception_port_t( kauth_cred_t cred, unsigned int exception ); /* @brief Access control over pid_suspend and pid_resume @param cred Subject credential @param proc Subject process trying to run pid_suspend or pid_resume @param sr Call is suspend (0) or resume (1) Determine whether the subject identified is allowed to suspend or resume other processes. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_suspend_resume_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc proc, int sr ); /** @brief Access control check for retrieving audit information @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get audit information such as the audit user ID, the preselection mask, the terminal ID and the audit session ID, using the getaudit() system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_getaudit_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for retrieving audit user ID @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get the user identity being used by the auditing system, using the getauid() system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_getauid_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for retrieving Login Context ID @param p0 Calling process @param p Effected process @param pid syscall PID argument Determine if getlcid(2) system call is permitted. Information returned by this system call is similar to that returned via process listings etc. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_getlcid_t( struct proc p0, struct proc p, pid_t pid ); /* @brief Access control check for retrieving ledger information @param cred Subject credential @param target Object process @param op ledger operation Determine if ledger(2) system call is permitted. Information returned by this system call is similar to that returned via process listings etc. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_ledger_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc target, int op ); /** @brief Access control check for escaping default CPU usage monitor parameters. @param cred Subject credential Determine if a credential has permission to program CPU usage monitor parameters that are less restrictive than the global system-wide defaults. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_cpumon_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for retrieving process information. @param cred Subject credential @param target Target process (may be null, may be zombie) Determine if a credential has permission to access process information as defined by call number and flavor on target process @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_proc_info_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc target, int callnum, int flavor ); /** @brief Access control check for retrieving code signing information. @param cred Subject credential @param target Target process @param op Code signing operation being performed Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to get code signing information about the target process. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_get_cs_info_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc target, unsigned int op ); /** @brief Access control check for setting code signing information. @param cred Subject credential @param target Target process @param op Code signing operation being performed. Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to set code signing information about the target process. @return Return 0 if permission is granted, otherwise an appropriate value of errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_set_cs_info_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc target, unsigned int op ); /** @brief Access control check for mmap MAP_ANON @param proc User process requesting the memory @param cred Subject credential @param u_addr Start address of the memory range @param u_size Length address of the memory range @param prot mmap protections; see mmap(2) @param flags Type of mapped object; see mmap(2) @param maxprot Maximum rights Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to obtain anonymous memory using the specified flags and protections on the new mapping. MAP_ANON will always be present in the flags. Certain combinations of flags with a non-NULL addr may cause a mapping to be rejected before this hook is called. The maxprot field holds the maximum permissions on the new mapping, a combination of VM_PROT_READ, VM_PROT_WRITE and VM_PROT_EXECUTE. To avoid overriding prior access control checks, a policy should only remove flags from maxprot. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_map_anon_t( struct proc proc, kauth_cred_t cred, user_addr_t u_addr, user_size_t u_size, int prot, int flags, int maxprot ); /* @brief Access control check for setting memory protections @param cred Subject credential @param proc User process requesting the change @param addr Start address of the memory range @param size Length address of the memory range @param prot Memory protections, see mmap(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to set the specified memory protections on memory mapped in the process proc. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_mprotect_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc proc, user_addr_t addr, user_size_t size, int prot ); /** @brief Access control check for changing scheduling parameters @param cred Subject credential @param proc Object process Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can change the scheduling parameters of the passed process. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch, EPERM for lack of privilege, or ESRCH to limit visibility. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_sched_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc proc ); /** @brief Access control check for setting audit information @param cred Subject credential @param ai Audit information Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set audit information such as the the preselection mask, the terminal ID and the audit session ID, using the setaudit() system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_setaudit_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct auditinfo_addr ai ); /** @brief Access control check for setting audit user ID @param cred Subject credential @param auid Audit user ID Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set the user identity used by the auditing system, using the setauid() system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_setauid_t( kauth_cred_t cred, uid_t auid ); /* @brief Access control check for setting the Login Context @param p0 Calling process @param p Effected process @param pid syscall PID argument @param lcid syscall LCID argument Determine if setlcid(2) system call is permitted. See xnu/bsd/kern/kern_prot.c:setlcid() implementation for example of decoding syscall arguments to determine action desired by caller. Five distinct actions are possible: CREATE JOIN LEAVE ADOPT ORPHAN @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_setlcid_t( struct proc p0, struct proc p, pid_t pid, pid_t lcid ); /* @brief Access control check for delivering signal @param cred Subject credential @param proc Object process @param signum Signal number; see kill(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can deliver the passed signal to the passed process. @warning Programs typically expect to be able to send and receive signals as part or their normal process lifecycle; caution should be exercised when implementing access controls over signal events. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch, EPERM for lack of privilege, or ESRCH to limit visibility. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_signal_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc proc, int signum ); /** @brief Access control check for wait @param cred Subject credential @param proc Object process Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can wait for process termination. @warning Caution should be exercised when implementing access controls for wait, since programs often wait for child processes to exit. Failure to be notified of a child process terminating may cause the parent process to hang, or may produce zombie processes. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_wait_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc proc ); /** @brief Destroy process label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a process label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_proc_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize process label @param label New label to initialize @see mpo_cred_label_init_t Initialize the label for a newly instantiated BSD process structure. Normally, security policies will store the process label in the user credential rather than here in the process structure. However, there are some floating label policies that may need to temporarily store a label in the process structure until it is safe to update the user credential label. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_proc_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for socket accept @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can accept() a new connection on the socket from the host specified by addr. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_accept_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel ); /** @brief Access control check for a pending socket accept @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket @param addr Address of the listening socket (coming soon) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can accept() a pending connection on the socket from the host specified by addr. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_accepted_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel, struct sockaddr addr ); /* @brief Access control check for socket bind @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket @param addr Name to assign to the socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can bind() the name (addr) to the socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_bind_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel, struct sockaddr addr ); /* @brief Access control check for socket connect @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket @param addr Name to assign to the socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can connect() the passed socket to the remote host specified by addr. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_connect_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel, struct sockaddr addr ); /* @brief Access control check for socket() system call. @param cred Subject credential @param domain communication domain @param type socket type @param protocol socket protocol Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can make the socket() call. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_create_t( kauth_cred_t cred, int domain, int type, int protocol ); /* @brief Access control check for delivering data to a user's receieve queue @param so The socket data is being delivered to @param so_label The label of so @param m The mbuf whose data will be deposited into the receive queue @param m_label The label of the sender of the data. A socket has a queue for receiving incoming data. When a packet arrives on the wire, it eventually gets deposited into this queue, which the owner of the socket drains when they read from the socket's file descriptor. This function determines whether the socket can receive data from the sender specified by m_label. @warning There is an outstanding design issue surrounding the placement of this function. The check must be placed either before or after the TCP sequence and ACK counters are updated. Placing the check before the counters are updated causes the incoming packet to be resent by the remote if the check rejects it. Placing the check after the counters are updated results in a completely silent drop. As far as each TCP stack is concerned the packet was received, however, the data will not be in the socket's receive queue. Another consideration is that the current design requires using the "failed label" occasionally. In that case, on rejection, we want the remote TCP to resend the data. Because of this, we chose to place this check before the counters are updated, so rejected packets will be resent by the remote host. If a policy keeps rejecting the same packet, eventually the connection will be dropped. Policies have several options if this design causes problems. For example, one options is to sanitize the mbuf such that it is acceptable, then accept it. That may require negotiation between policies as the Framework will not know to re-check the packet. The policy must handle NULL MBUF labels. This will likely be the case for non-local TCP sockets for example. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_deliver_t( socket_t so, struct label so_label, struct mbuf m, struct label m_label ); /** @brief Access control check for socket kqfilter @param cred Subject credential @param kn Object knote @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can receive the knote on the passed socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_kqfilter_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct knote kn, socket_t so, struct label socklabel ); /* @brief Access control check for socket relabel @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param so_label The current label of so @param newlabel The label to be assigned to so Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can change the label on the socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label so_label, struct label newlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for socket listen @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can listen() on the passed socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_listen_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel ); /** @brief Access control check for socket receive @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can receive data from the socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_receive_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel ); /** @brief Access control check for socket receive @param cred Subject credential @param sock Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket @param saddr Name of the remote socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can receive data from the remote host specified by addr. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_received_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct socket sock, struct label socklabel, struct sockaddr saddr ); /** @brief Access control check for socket select @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket @param which The operation selected on: FREAD or FWRITE Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can use the socket in a call to select(). @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_select_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel, int which ); /** @brief Access control check for socket send @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for socket @param addr Address being sent to Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can send data to the socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_send_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel, struct sockaddr addr ); /* @brief Access control check for retrieving socket status @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for so Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can execute the stat() system call on the given socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_stat_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel ); /** @brief Access control check for setting socket options @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for so @param sopt The options being set Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can execute the setsockopt system call on the given socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_setsockopt_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel, struct sockopt sopt ); /* @brief Access control check for getting socket options @param cred Subject credential @param so Object socket @param socklabel Policy label for so @param sopt The options to get Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can execute the getsockopt system call on the given socket. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_socket_check_getsockopt_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label socklabel, struct sockopt sopt ); /* @brief Label a socket @param oldsock Listening socket @param oldlabel Policy label associated with oldsock @param newsock New socket @param newlabel Policy label associated with newsock A new socket is created when a connection is accept(2)ed. This function labels the new socket based on the existing listen(2)ing socket. / typedef void mpo_socket_label_associate_accept_t( socket_t oldsock, struct label oldlabel, socket_t newsock, struct label newlabel ); /* @brief Assign a label to a new socket @param cred Credential of the owning process @param so The socket being labeled @param solabel The label @warning cred can be NULL Set the label on a newly created socket from the passed subject credential. This call is made when a socket is created. The credentials may be null if the socket is being created by the kernel. / typedef void mpo_socket_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label solabel ); /** @brief Copy a socket label @param src Source label @param dest Destination label Copy the socket label information in src into dest. / typedef void mpo_socket_label_copy_t( struct label src, struct label dest ); /* @brief Destroy socket label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a socket label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_socket_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Externalize a socket label @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of label Produce an externalized socket label based on the label structure passed. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with userland applications and read by the user. If element_name does not match a namespace managed by the policy, simply return 0. Only return nonzero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_socket_label_externalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Initialize socket label @param label New label to initialize @param waitok Malloc flags Initialize the label of a newly instantiated socket. The waitok field may be one of M_WAITOK and M_NOWAIT, and should be employed to avoid performing a sleeping malloc(9) during this initialization call. It it not always safe to sleep during this entry point. @warning Since it is possible for the waitok flags to be set to M_NOWAIT, the malloc operation may fail. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_socket_label_init_t( struct label label, int waitok ); /** @brief Internalize a socket label @param label Label to be filled in @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which the label should be internalized @param element_data Text data to be internalized Produce an internal socket label structure based on externalized label data in text format. The policy's internalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_socket_label_internalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, char element_data ); /** @brief Relabel socket @param cred Subject credential @param so Object; socket @param so_label Current label of the socket @param newlabel The label to be assigned to so The subject identified by the credential has previously requested and was authorized to relabel the socket; this entry point allows policies to perform the actual label update operation. @warning XXX This entry point will likely change in future versions. / typedef void mpo_socket_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label so_label, struct label newlabel ); /* @brief Set the peer label on a socket from mbuf @param m Mbuf chain received on socket so @param m_label Label for m @param so Current label for the socket @param so_label Policy label to be filled out for the socket Set the peer label of a socket based on the label of the sender of the mbuf. This is called for every TCP/IP packet received. The first call for a given socket operates on a newly initialized label, and subsequent calls operate on existing label data. @warning Because this can affect performance significantly, it has different sematics than other 'set' operations. Typically, 'set' operations operate on newly initialzed labels and policies do not need to worry about clobbering existing values. In this case, it is too inefficient to initialize and destroy a label every time data is received for the socket. Instead, it is up to the policies to determine how to replace the label data. Most policies should be able to replace the data inline. / typedef void mpo_socketpeer_label_associate_mbuf_t( struct mbuf m, struct label m_label, socket_t so, struct label so_label ); /** @brief Set the peer label on a socket from socket @param source Local socket @param sourcelabel Policy label for source @param target Peer socket @param targetlabel Policy label to fill in for target Set the peer label on a stream UNIX domain socket from the passed remote socket endpoint. This call will be made when the socket pair is connected, and will be made for both endpoints. Note that this call is only made on connection; it is currently not updated during communication. / typedef void mpo_socketpeer_label_associate_socket_t( socket_t source, struct label sourcelabel, socket_t target, struct label targetlabel ); /* @brief Destroy socket peer label @param label The peer label to be destroyed Destroy a socket peer label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_socketpeer_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Externalize a socket peer label @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of label Produce an externalized socket peer label based on the label structure passed. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with userland applications and read by the user. If element_name does not match a namespace managed by the policy, simply return 0. Only return nonzero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_socketpeer_label_externalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Initialize socket peer label @param label New label to initialize @param waitok Malloc flags Initialize the peer label of a newly instantiated socket. The waitok field may be one of M_WAITOK and M_NOWAIT, and should be employed to avoid performing a sleeping malloc(9) during this initialization call. It it not always safe to sleep during this entry point. @warning Since it is possible for the waitok flags to be set to M_NOWAIT, the malloc operation may fail. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_socketpeer_label_init_t( struct label label, int waitok ); /** @brief Access control check for enabling accounting @param cred Subject credential @param vp Accounting file @param vlabel Label associated with vp Determine whether the subject should be allowed to enable accounting, based on its label and the label of the accounting log file. See acct(5) for more information. As accounting is disabled by passing NULL to the acct(2) system call, the policy should be prepared for both 'vp' and 'vlabel' to be NULL. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_acct_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for audit @param cred Subject credential @param record Audit record @param length Audit record length Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can submit an audit record for inclusion in the audit log via the audit() system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_audit_t( kauth_cred_t cred, void record, int length ); /** @brief Access control check for controlling audit @param cred Subject credential @param vp Audit file @param vl Label associated with vp Determine whether the subject should be allowed to enable auditing using the auditctl() system call, based on its label and the label of the proposed audit file. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_auditctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vl ); /* @brief Access control check for manipulating auditing @param cred Subject credential @param cmd Audit control command Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the audit subsystem control operation cmd via the auditon() system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_auditon_t( kauth_cred_t cred, int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check for using CHUD facilities @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform performance-related tasks using the CHUD system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_chud_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for obtaining the host control port @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can obtain the host control port. @return Return 0 if access is granted, or non-zero otherwise. / typedef int mpo_system_check_host_priv_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for obtaining system information @param cred Subject credential @param info_type A description of the information requested Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to obtain information about the system. This is a generic hook that can be used in a variety of situations where information is being returned that might be considered sensitive. Rather than adding a new MAC hook for every such interface, this hook can be called with a string identifying the type of information requested. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_info_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char info_type ); /** @brief Access control check for calling NFS services @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to call nfssrv(2). @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_nfsd_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for reboot @param cred Subject credential @param howto howto parameter from reboot(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to reboot the system in the specified manner. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_reboot_t( kauth_cred_t cred, int howto ); /* @brief Access control check for setting system clock @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to set the system clock. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_settime_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for removing swap devices @param cred Subject credential @param vp Swap device @param label Label associated with vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to remove vp as a swap device. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_swapoff_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for adding swap devices @param cred Subject credential @param vp Swap device @param label Label associated with vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to add vp as a swap device. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_swapon_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for sysctl @param cred Subject credential @param namestring String representation of sysctl name. @param name Integer name; see sysctl(3) @param namelen Length of name array of integers; see sysctl(3) @param old 0 or address where to store old value; see sysctl(3) @param oldlen Length of old buffer; see sysctl(3) @param newvalue 0 or address of new value; see sysctl(3) @param newlen Length of new buffer; see sysctl(3) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to make the specified sysctl(3) transaction. The sysctl(3) call specifies that if the old value is not desired, oldp and oldlenp should be set to NULL. Likewise, if a new value is not to be set, newp should be set to NULL and newlen set to 0. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_sysctlbyname_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char namestring, int name, u_int namelen, user_addr_t old, / NULLOK / size_t oldlen, user_addr_t newvalue, / NULLOK / size_t newlen ); /* @brief Access control check for kas_info @param cred Subject credential @param selector Category of information to return. See kas_info.h Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform introspection of the kernel address space layout for debugging/performance analysis. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_system_check_kas_info_t( kauth_cred_t cred, int selector ); /* @brief Create a System V message label @param cred Subject credential @param msqptr The message queue the message will be placed in @param msqlabel The label of the message queue @param msgptr The message @param msglabel The label of the message Label the message as its placed in the message queue. / typedef void mpo_sysvmsg_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msqid_kernel msqptr, struct label msqlabel, struct msg msgptr, struct label msglabel ); /* @brief Destroy System V message label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a System V message label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_sysvmsg_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize System V message label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated System V message. / typedef void mpo_sysvmsg_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Clean up a System V message label @param label The label to be destroyed Clean up a System V message label. Darwin pre-allocates messages at system boot time and re-uses them rather than allocating new ones. Before messages are returned to the "free pool", policies can cleanup or overwrite any information present in the label. / typedef void mpo_sysvmsg_label_recycle_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for System V message enqueuing @param cred Subject credential @param msgptr The message @param msglabel The message's label @param msqptr The message queue @param msqlabel The message queue's label Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can add the given message to the given message queue. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvmsq_check_enqueue_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msg msgptr, struct label msglabel, struct msqid_kernel msqptr, struct label msqlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for System V message reception @param cred The credential of the intended recipient @param msgptr The message @param msglabel The message's label Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can receive the given message. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvmsq_check_msgrcv_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msg msgptr, struct label msglabel ); /* @brief Access control check for System V message queue removal @param cred The credential of the caller @param msgptr The message @param msglabel The message's label System V message queues are removed using the msgctl() system call. The system will iterate over each messsage in the queue, calling this function for each, to determine whether the caller has the appropriate credentials. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvmsq_check_msgrmid_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msg msgptr, struct label msglabel ); /* @brief Access control check for msgctl() @param cred The credential of the caller @param msqptr The message queue @param msqlabel The message queue's label This access check is performed to validate calls to msgctl(). @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msqid_kernel msqptr, struct label msqlabel, int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check to get a System V message queue @param cred The credential of the caller @param msqptr The message queue requested @param msqlabel The message queue's label On a call to msgget(), if the queue requested already exists, and it is a public queue, this check will be performed before the queue's ID is returned to the user. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqget_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msqid_kernel msqptr, struct label msqlabel ); /* @brief Access control check to receive a System V message from the given queue @param cred The credential of the caller @param msqptr The message queue to receive from @param msqlabel The message queue's label On a call to msgrcv(), this check is performed to determine whether the caller has receive rights on the given queue. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqrcv_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msqid_kernel msqptr, struct label msqlabel ); /* @brief Access control check to send a System V message to the given queue @param cred The credential of the caller @param msqptr The message queue to send to @param msqlabel The message queue's label On a call to msgsnd(), this check is performed to determine whether the caller has send rights on the given queue. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqsnd_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msqid_kernel msqptr, struct label msqlabel ); /* @brief Create a System V message queue label @param cred Subject credential @param msqptr The message queue @param msqlabel The label of the message queue / typedef void mpo_sysvmsq_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct msqid_kernel msqptr, struct label msqlabel ); /* @brief Destroy System V message queue label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a System V message queue label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_sysvmsq_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize System V message queue label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated System V message queue. / typedef void mpo_sysvmsq_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Clean up a System V message queue label @param label The label to be destroyed Clean up a System V message queue label. Darwin pre-allocates message queues at system boot time and re-uses them rather than allocating new ones. Before message queues are returned to the "free pool", policies can cleanup or overwrite any information present in the label. / typedef void mpo_sysvmsq_label_recycle_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for System V semaphore control operation @param cred Subject credential @param semakptr Pointer to semaphore identifier @param semaklabel Label associated with semaphore @param cmd Control operation to be performed; see semctl(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the operation indicated by cmd on the System V semaphore semakptr. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvsem_check_semctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct semid_kernel semakptr, struct label semaklabel, int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check for obtaining a System V semaphore @param cred Subject credential @param semakptr Pointer to semaphore identifier @param semaklabel Label to associate with the semaphore Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can obtain a System V semaphore. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvsem_check_semget_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct semid_kernel semakptr, struct label semaklabel ); /* @brief Access control check for System V semaphore operations @param cred Subject credential @param semakptr Pointer to semaphore identifier @param semaklabel Label associated with the semaphore @param accesstype Flags to indicate access (read and/or write) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the operations on the System V semaphore indicated by semakptr. The accesstype flags hold the maximum set of permissions from the sem_op array passed to the semop system call. It may contain SEM_R for read-only operations or SEM_A for read/write operations. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvsem_check_semop_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct semid_kernel semakptr, struct label semaklabel, size_t accesstype ); /* @brief Create a System V semaphore label @param cred Subject credential @param semakptr The semaphore being created @param semalabel Label to associate with the new semaphore Label a new System V semaphore. The label was previously initialized and associated with the semaphore. At this time, an appropriate initial label value should be assigned to the object and stored in semalabel. / typedef void mpo_sysvsem_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct semid_kernel semakptr, struct label semalabel ); /* @brief Destroy System V semaphore label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a System V semaphore label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_sysvsem_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize System V semaphore label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated System V semaphore. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_sysvsem_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Clean up a System V semaphore label @param label The label to be cleaned Clean up a System V semaphore label. Darwin pre-allocates semaphores at system boot time and re-uses them rather than allocating new ones. Before semaphores are returned to the "free pool", policies can cleanup or overwrite any information present in the label. / typedef void mpo_sysvsem_label_recycle_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for mapping System V shared memory @param cred Subject credential @param shmsegptr Pointer to shared memory segment identifier @param shmseglabel Label associated with the shared memory segment @param shmflg shmat flags; see shmat(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can map the System V shared memory segment associated with shmsegptr. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvshm_check_shmat_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct shmid_kernel shmsegptr, struct label shmseglabel, int shmflg ); /* @brief Access control check for System V shared memory control operation @param cred Subject credential @param shmsegptr Pointer to shared memory segment identifier @param shmseglabel Label associated with the shared memory segment @param cmd Control operation to be performed; see shmctl(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the operation indicated by cmd on the System V shared memory segment shmsegptr. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvshm_check_shmctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct shmid_kernel shmsegptr, struct label shmseglabel, int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check for unmapping System V shared memory @param cred Subject credential @param shmsegptr Pointer to shared memory segment identifier @param shmseglabel Label associated with the shared memory segment Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can unmap the System V shared memory segment associated with shmsegptr. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvshm_check_shmdt_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct shmid_kernel shmsegptr, struct label shmseglabel ); /* @brief Access control check obtaining System V shared memory identifier @param cred Subject credential @param shmsegptr Pointer to shared memory segment identifier @param shmseglabel Label associated with the shared memory segment @param shmflg shmget flags; see shmget(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get the System V shared memory segment address. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_sysvshm_check_shmget_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct shmid_kernel shmsegptr, struct label shmseglabel, int shmflg ); /* @brief Create a System V shared memory region label @param cred Subject credential @param shmsegptr The shared memory region being created @param shmlabel Label to associate with the new shared memory region Label a new System V shared memory region. The label was previously initialized and associated with the shared memory region. At this time, an appropriate initial label value should be assigned to the object and stored in shmlabel. / typedef void mpo_sysvshm_label_associate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct shmid_kernel shmsegptr, struct label shmlabel ); /* @brief Destroy System V shared memory label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a System V shared memory region label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_sysvshm_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Initialize System V Shared Memory region label @param label New label to initialize Initialize the label for a newly instantiated System V Shared Memory region. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_sysvshm_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Clean up a System V Share Memory Region label @param shmlabel The label to be cleaned Clean up a System V Shared Memory Region label. Darwin pre-allocates these objects at system boot time and re-uses them rather than allocating new ones. Before the memory regions are returned to the "free pool", policies can cleanup or overwrite any information present in the label. / typedef void mpo_sysvshm_label_recycle_t( struct label shmlabel ); /** @brief Access control check for getting a process's task name @param cred Subject credential @param p Object process Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get the passed process's task name port. This call is used by the task_name_for_pid(2) API. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch, EPERM for lack of privilege, or ESRCH to hide visibility of the target. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_get_task_name_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc p ); /** @brief Access control check for getting a process's task port @param cred Subject credential @param p Object process Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get the passed process's task control port. This call is used by the task_for_pid(2) API. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch, EPERM for lack of privilege, or ESRCH to hide visibility of the target. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_get_task_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc p ); /** @brief Access control check for exposing a process's task port @param cred Subject credential @param p Object process Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can expose the passed process's task control port. This call is used by the accessor APIs like processor_set_tasks() and processor_set_threads(). @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch, EPERM for lack of privilege, or ESRCH to hide visibility of the target. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_expose_task_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct proc p ); /** @brief Check whether task's IPC may inherit across process exec @param p current process instance @param cur_vp vnode pointer to current instance @param cur_offset offset of binary of currently executing image @param img_vp vnode pointer to to be exec'ed image @param img_offset offset into file which is selected for execution @param scriptvp vnode pointer of script file if any. @return Return 0 if access is granted. EPERM if parent does not have any entitlements. EACCESS if mismatch in entitlements / typedef int mpo_proc_check_inherit_ipc_ports_t( struct proc p, struct vnode cur_vp, off_t cur_offset, struct vnode img_vp, off_t img_offset, struct vnode scriptvp ); /* @brief Privilege check for a process to run invalid @param p Object process Determine whether the process may execute even though the system determined that it is untrusted (eg unidentified / modified code). @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_proc_check_run_cs_invalid_t( struct proc p ); /** @brief Perform MAC-related events when a thread returns to user space @param thread Mach (not BSD) thread that is returning This entry point permits policy modules to perform MAC-related events when a thread returns to user space, via a system call return or trap return. / typedef void mpo_thread_userret_t( struct thread thread ); /** @brief Check vnode access @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Label for vp @param acc_mode access(2) flags Determine how invocations of access(2) and related calls by the subject identified by the credential should return when performed on the passed vnode using the passed access flags. This should generally be implemented using the same semantics used in mpo_vnode_check_open. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_access_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, int acc_mode ); /* @brief Access control check for changing working directory @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Object; vnode to chdir(2) into @param dlabel Policy label for dvp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can change the process working directory to the passed vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_chdir_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for changing root directory @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label associated with dvp @param cnp Component name for dvp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to chroot(2) into the specified directory (dvp). @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_chroot_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Access control check for creating clone @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Vnode of directory to create the clone in @param dlabel Policy label associated with dvp @param vp Vnode of the file to clone from @param label Policy label associated with vp @param cnp Component name for the clone being created Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to create a clone of the vnode vp with the name specified by cnp. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_clone_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Access control check for creating vnode @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label for dvp @param cnp Component name for dvp @param vap vnode attributes for vap Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can create a vnode with the passed parent directory, passed name information, and passed attribute information. This call may be made in a number of situations, including as a result of calls to open(2) with O_CREAT, mknod(2), mkfifo(2), and others. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_create_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct componentname cnp, struct vnode_attr vap ); /* @brief Access control check for deleting extended attribute @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param vlabel Label associated with vp @param name Extended attribute name Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can delete the extended attribute from the passed vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_deleteextattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, const char name ); /** @brief Access control check for exchanging file data @param cred Subject credential @param v1 vnode 1 to swap @param vl1 Policy label for v1 @param v2 vnode 2 to swap @param vl2 Policy label for v2 Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can swap the data in the two supplied vnodes. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_exchangedata_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode v1, struct label vl1, struct vnode v2, struct label vl2 ); /* @brief Access control check for executing the vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode to execute @param scriptvp Script being executed by interpreter, if any. @param vnodelabel Label corresponding to vp @param scriptlabel Script vnode label @param execlabel Userspace provided execution label @param cnp Component name for file being executed @param macpolicyattr MAC policy-specific spawn attribute data. @param macpolicyattrlen Length of policy-specific spawn attribute data. Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can execute the passed vnode. Determination of execute privilege is made separately from decisions about any process label transitioning event. The final label, execlabel, corresponds to a label supplied by a user space application through the use of the mac_execve system call. This label will be NULL if the user application uses the the vendor execve(2) call instead of the MAC Framework mac_execve() call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_exec_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct vnode scriptvp, struct label vnodelabel, struct label scriptlabel, struct label execlabel, /* NULLOK / struct componentname cnp, u_int csflags, void macpolicyattr, size_t macpolicyattrlen ); /** @brief Access control check for fsgetpath @param cred Subject credential @param vp Vnode for which a path will be returned @param label Label associated with the vnode Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get the path of the given vnode with fsgetpath. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_fsgetpath_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for retrieving file attributes @param active_cred Subject credential @param file_cred Credential associated with the struct fileproc @param vp Object vnode @param vlabel Policy label for vp @param va Vnode attributes to retrieve Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can get information about the passed vnode. The active_cred hold the credentials of the subject performing the operation, and file_cred holds the credentials of the subject that originally opened the file. This check happens during stat(), lstat(), fstat(), and getattrlist() syscalls. See <sys/vnode.h> for definitions of the attributes. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. @note Policies may change the contents of va to alter the list of file attributes returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_getattr_t( kauth_cred_t active_cred, kauth_cred_t file_cred, / NULLOK / struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct vnode_attr va ); /** @brief Access control check for retrieving file attributes @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param vlabel Policy label for vp @param alist List of attributes to retrieve Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can read various attributes of the specified vnode, or the filesystem or volume on which that vnode resides. See <sys/attr.h> for definitions of the attributes. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. Access control covers all attributes requested with this call; the security policy is not permitted to change the set of attributes requested. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_getattrlist_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct attrlist alist ); /** @brief Access control check for retrieving an extended attribute @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param name Extended attribute name @param uio I/O structure pointer Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can retrieve the extended attribute from the passed vnode. The uio parameter will be NULL when the getxattr(2) call has been made with a NULL data value; this is done to request the size of the data only. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_getextattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, / NULLOK / const char name, struct uio uio / NULLOK / ); /* @brief Access control check for ioctl @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param cmd Device-dependent request code; see ioctl(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform the ioctl operation indicated by com. @warning Since ioctl data is opaque from the standpoint of the MAC framework, and since ioctls can affect many aspects of system operation, policies must exercise extreme care when implementing access control checks. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_ioctl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, unsigned int cmd ); /* @brief Access control check for vnode kqfilter @param active_cred Subject credential @param kn Object knote @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can receive the knote on the passed vnode. @return Return 0 if access if granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_kqfilter_t( kauth_cred_t active_cred, kauth_cred_t file_cred, / NULLOK / struct knote kn, struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /** @brief Access control check for relabel @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param vnodelabel Existing policy label for vp @param newlabel Policy label update to later be applied to vp @see mpo_relable_vnode_t Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can relabel the passed vnode to the passed label update. If all policies permit the label change, the actual relabel entry point (mpo_vnode_label_update) will follow. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_label_update_t( struct ucred cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vnodelabel, struct label newlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for creating link @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label associated with dvp @param vp Link destination vnode @param label Policy label associated with vp @param cnp Component name for the link being created Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to create a link to the vnode vp with the name specified by cnp. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_link_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Access control check for listing extended attributes @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param vlabel Policy label associated with vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can retrieve a list of named extended attributes from a vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_listextattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /* @brief Access control check for lookup @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Object vnode @param dlabel Policy label for dvp @param cnp Component name being looked up Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a lookup in the passed directory vnode for the passed name (cnp). @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_lookup_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Access control check for open @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label associated with vp @param acc_mode open(2) access mode Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform an open operation on the passed vnode with the passed access mode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_open_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, int acc_mode ); /* @brief Access control check for read @param active_cred Subject credential @param file_cred Credential associated with the struct fileproc @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a read operation on the passed vnode. The active_cred hold the credentials of the subject performing the operation, and file_cred holds the credentials of the subject that originally opened the file. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_read_t( kauth_cred_t active_cred, / SUBJECT / kauth_cred_t file_cred, / NULLOK / struct vnode vp, /* OBJECT / struct label label /* LABEL / ); /* @brief Access control check for read directory @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Object directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label for dvp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a readdir operation on the passed directory vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_readdir_t( kauth_cred_t cred, / SUBJECT / struct vnode dvp, /* OBJECT / struct label dlabel /* LABEL / ); /* @brief Access control check for read link @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a readlink operation on the passed symlink vnode. This call can be made in a number of situations, including an explicit readlink call by the user process, or as a result of an implicit readlink during a name lookup by the process. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_readlink_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for rename @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label associated with dvp @param vp vnode to be renamed @param label Policy label associated with vp @param cnp Component name for vp @param tdvp Destination directory vnode @param tdlabel Policy label associated with tdvp @param tvp Overwritten vnode @param tlabel Policy label associated with tvp @param tcnp Destination component name Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to rename the vnode vp to something else. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_rename_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct componentname cnp, struct vnode tdvp, struct label tdlabel, struct vnode tvp, struct label tlabel, struct componentname tcnp ); /* @brief Access control check for rename from @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label associated with dvp @param vp vnode to be renamed @param label Policy label associated with vp @param cnp Component name for vp @see mpo_vnode_check_rename_t @see mpo_vnode_check_rename_to_t Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to rename the vnode vp to something else. Due to VFS locking constraints (to make sure proper vnode locks are held during this entry point), the vnode relabel checks had to be split into two parts: relabel_from and relabel to. This hook is deprecated, mpo_vnode_check_rename_t should be used instead. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_rename_from_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Access control check for rename to @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label associated with dvp @param vp Overwritten vnode @param label Policy label associated with vp @param samedir Boolean; 1 if the source and destination directories are the same @param cnp Destination component name @see mpo_vnode_check_rename_t @see mpo_vnode_check_rename_from_t Determine whether the subject identified by the credential should be allowed to rename to the vnode vp, into the directory dvp, or to the name represented by cnp. If there is no existing file to overwrite, vp and label will be NULL. Due to VFS locking constraints (to make sure proper vnode locks are held during this entry point), the vnode relabel checks had to be split into two parts: relabel_from and relabel to. This hook is deprecated, mpo_vnode_check_rename_t should be used instead. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_rename_to_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, /* NULLOK / struct label label, /* NULLOK / int samedir, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Access control check for revoke @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can revoke access to the passed vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_revoke_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for searchfs @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param vlabel Policy label for vp @param alist List of attributes used as search criteria Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can search the vnode using the searchfs system call. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_searchfs_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct attrlist alist ); /** @brief Access control check for select @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param which The operation selected on: FREAD or FWRITE Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can select the vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_select_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, int which ); /* @brief Access control check for setting ACL @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object node @param label Policy label for vp @param acl ACL structure pointer Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set an ACL on the specified vnode. The ACL pointer will be NULL when removing an ACL. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_setacl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct kauth_acl acl ); /** @brief Access control check for setting file attributes @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param vlabel Policy label for vp @param alist List of attributes to set Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set various attributes of the specified vnode, or the filesystem or volume on which that vnode resides. See <sys/attr.h> for definitions of the attributes. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. Access control covers all attributes requested with this call. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_setattrlist_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct attrlist alist ); /** @brief Access control check for setting extended attribute @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param name Extended attribute name @param uio I/O structure pointer Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set the extended attribute of passed name and passed namespace on the passed vnode. Policies implementing security labels backed into extended attributes may want to provide additional protections for those attributes. Additionally, policies should avoid making decisions based on the data referenced from uio, as there is a potential race condition between this check and the actual operation. The uio may also be NULL if a delete operation is being performed. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_setextattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, const char name, struct uio uio ); /* @brief Access control check for setting flags @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param flags File flags; see chflags(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set the passed flags on the passed vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_setflags_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, u_long flags ); /* @brief Access control check for setting mode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param mode File mode; see chmod(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set the passed mode on the passed vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_setmode_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, mode_t mode ); /* @brief Access control check for setting uid and gid @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param uid User ID @param gid Group ID Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set the passed uid and passed gid as file uid and file gid on the passed vnode. The IDs may be set to (-1) to request no update. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_setowner_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, uid_t uid, gid_t gid ); /* @brief Access control check for setting timestamps @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param atime Access time; see utimes(2) @param mtime Modification time; see utimes(2) Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can set the passed access timestamps on the passed vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_setutimes_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct timespec atime, struct timespec mtime ); /* @brief Access control check after determining the code directory hash @param vp vnode vnode to combine into proc @param label label associated with the vnode @param cs_blob the code signature to check @param cs_flags update code signing flags if needed @param flags operational flag to mpo_vnode_check_signature @param fatal_failure_desc description of fatal failure @param fatal_failure_desc_len failure description len, failure is fatal if non-0 @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_signature_t( struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct cs_blob cs_blob, unsigned int cs_flags, int flags, char fatal_failure_desc, size_t fatal_failure_desc_len ); /** @brief Access control check for stat @param active_cred Subject credential @param file_cred Credential associated with the struct fileproc @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can stat the passed vnode. See stat(2) for more information. The active_cred hold the credentials of the subject performing the operation, and file_cred holds the credentials of the subject that originally opened the file. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_stat_t( struct ucred active_cred, struct ucred file_cred, / NULLOK / struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for truncate/ftruncate @param active_cred Subject credential @param file_cred Credential associated with the struct fileproc @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a truncate operation on the passed vnode. The active_cred hold the credentials of the subject performing the operation, and file_cred holds the credentials of the subject that originally opened the file. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_truncate_t( kauth_cred_t active_cred, kauth_cred_t file_cred, / NULLOK / struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for binding UNIX domain socket @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label for dvp @param cnp Component name for dvp @param vap vnode attributes for vap Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a bind operation on a UNIX domain socket with the passed parent directory, passed name information, and passed attribute information. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_uipc_bind_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct componentname cnp, struct vnode_attr vap ); /* @brief Access control check for connecting UNIX domain socket @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label associated with vp @param so Socket Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a connect operation on the passed UNIX domain socket vnode. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_uipc_connect_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, socket_t so ); /* @brief Access control check for deleting vnode @param cred Subject credential @param dvp Parent directory vnode @param dlabel Policy label for dvp @param vp Object vnode to delete @param label Policy label for vp @param cnp Component name for vp @see mpo_check_rename_to_t Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can delete a vnode from the passed parent directory and passed name information. This call may be made in a number of situations, including as a results of calls to unlink(2) and rmdir(2). Policies implementing this entry point should also implement mpo_check_rename_to to authorize deletion of objects as a result of being the target of a rename. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_unlink_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Access control check for write @param active_cred Subject credential @param file_cred Credential associated with the struct fileproc @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can perform a write operation on the passed vnode. The active_cred hold the credentials of the subject performing the operation, and file_cred holds the credentials of the subject that originally opened the file. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EACCES for label mismatch or EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_vnode_check_write_t( kauth_cred_t active_cred, kauth_cred_t file_cred, / NULLOK / struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Associate a vnode with a devfs entry @param mp Devfs mount point @param mntlabel Devfs mount point label @param de Devfs directory entry @param delabel Label associated with de @param vp vnode associated with de @param vlabel Label associated with vp Fill in the label (vlabel) for a newly created devfs vnode. The label is typically derived from the label on the devfs directory entry or the label on the filesystem, supplied as parameters. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_associate_devfs_t( struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel, struct devnode de, struct label delabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /* @brief Associate a label with a vnode @param mp File system mount point @param mntlabel File system mount point label @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp Attempt to retrieve label information for the vnode, vp, from the file system extended attribute store. The label should be stored in the supplied vlabel parameter. If a policy cannot retrieve an extended attribute, sometimes it is acceptible to fallback to using the mntlabel. If the policy requires vnodes to have a valid label elsewhere it MUST NOT return other than temporary errors, and must always provide a valid label of some sort. Returning an error will cause vnode labeling to be retried at a later access. Failure to handle policy centric errors internally (corrupt labels etc.) will result in inaccessible files. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. / typedef int mpo_vnode_label_associate_extattr_t( struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /* @brief Associate a file label with a vnode @param cred User credential @param mp Fdesc mount point @param mntlabel Fdesc mount point label @param fg Fileglob structure @param label Policy label for fg @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp Associate label information for the vnode, vp, with the label of the open file descriptor described by fg. The label should be stored in the supplied vlabel parameter. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_associate_file_t( struct ucred cred, struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel, struct fileglob fg, struct label label, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /** @brief Associate a pipe label with a vnode @param cred User credential for the process that opened the pipe @param cpipe Pipe structure @param pipelabel Label associated with pipe @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp Associate label information for the vnode, vp, with the label of the pipe described by the pipe structure cpipe. The label should be stored in the supplied vlabel parameter. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_associate_pipe_t( struct ucred cred, struct pipe cpipe, struct label pipelabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /** @brief Associate a POSIX semaphore label with a vnode @param cred User credential for the process that create psem @param psem POSIX semaphore structure @param psemlabel Label associated with psem @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp Associate label information for the vnode, vp, with the label of the POSIX semaphore described by psem. The label should be stored in the supplied vlabel parameter. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_associate_posixsem_t( struct ucred cred, struct pseminfo psem, struct label psemlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /** @brief Associate a POSIX shared memory label with a vnode @param cred User credential for the process that created pshm @param pshm POSIX shared memory structure @param pshmlabel Label associated with pshm @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp Associate label information for the vnode, vp, with the label of the POSIX shared memory region described by pshm. The label should be stored in the supplied vlabel parameter. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_associate_posixshm_t( struct ucred cred, struct pshminfo pshm, struct label pshmlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /** @brief Associate a label with a vnode @param mp File system mount point @param mntlabel File system mount point label @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp On non-multilabel file systems, set the label for a vnode. The label will most likely be based on the file system label. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_associate_singlelabel_t( struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /* @brief Associate a socket label with a vnode @param cred User credential for the process that opened the socket @param so Socket structure @param solabel Label associated with so @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp Associate label information for the vnode, vp, with the label of the open socket described by the socket structure so. The label should be stored in the supplied vlabel parameter. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_associate_socket_t( kauth_cred_t cred, socket_t so, struct label solabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel ); /** @brief Copy a vnode label @param src Source vnode label @param dest Destination vnode label Copy the vnode label information from src to dest. On Darwin, this is currently only necessary when executing interpreted scripts, but will later be used if vnode label externalization cannot be an atomic operation. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_copy_t( struct label src, struct label dest ); /* @brief Destroy vnode label @param label The label to be destroyed Destroy a vnode label. Since the object is going out of scope, policy modules should free any internal storage associated with the label so that it may be destroyed. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_destroy_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Externalize a vnode label for auditing @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of the label Produce an external representation of the label on a vnode suitable for inclusion in an audit record. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that will be added to the audit record as part of a text token. Policy-agnostic user space tools will display this externalized version. @return 0 on success, return non-zero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_vnode_label_externalize_audit_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Externalize a vnode label @param label Label to be externalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which labels should be externalized @param sb String buffer to be filled with a text representation of the label Produce an external representation of the label on a vnode. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will display this externalized version. @return 0 on success, return non-zero if an error occurs while externalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_vnode_label_externalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, struct sbuf sb ); /** @brief Initialize vnode label @param label New label to initialize Initialize label storage for use with a newly instantiated vnode, or for temporary storage associated with the copying in or out of a vnode label. While it is necessary to allocate space for a kernel-resident vnode label, it is not yet necessary to link this vnode with persistent label storage facilities, such as extended attributes. Sleeping is permitted. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_init_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Internalize a vnode label @param label Label to be internalized @param element_name Name of the label namespace for which the label should be internalized @param element_data Text data to be internalized Produce a vnode label from an external representation. An externalized label consists of a text representation of the label contents that can be used with user applications. Policy-agnostic user space tools will forward text version to the kernel for processing by individual policy modules. The policy's internalize entry points will be called only if the policy has registered interest in the label namespace. @return 0 on success, Otherwise, return non-zero if an error occurs while internalizing the label data. / typedef int mpo_vnode_label_internalize_t( struct label label, char element_name, char element_data ); /** @brief Clean up a vnode label @param label The label to be cleaned for re-use Clean up a vnode label. Darwin (Tiger, 8.x) allocates vnodes on demand, but typically never frees them. Before vnodes are placed back on free lists for re-use, policies can cleanup or overwrite any information present in the label. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_recycle_t( struct label label ); /** @brief Write a label to a extended attribute @param cred Subject credential @param vp The vnode for which the label is being stored @param vlabel Label associated with vp @param intlabel The new label to store Store a new label in the extended attribute corresponding to the supplied vnode. The policy has already authorized the operation; this call must be implemented in order to perform the actual operation. @return In the event of an error, an appropriate value for errno should be returned, otherwise return 0 upon success. @warning XXX After examining the extended attribute implementation on Apple's future release, this entry point may be changed. / typedef int mpo_vnode_label_store_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct label intlabel ); /** @brief Update vnode label from extended attributes @param mp File system mount point @param mntlabel Mount point label @param vp Vnode to label @param vlabel Label associated with vp @param name Name of the xattr @see mpo_vnode_check_setextattr_t When an extended attribute is updated via the Vendor attribute management functions, the MAC vnode label might also require an update. Policies should first determine if 'name' matches their xattr label name. If it does, the kernel is has either replaced or removed the named extended attribute that was previously associated with the vnode. Normally labels should only be modified via MAC Framework label management calls, but sometimes the user space components will directly modify extended attributes. For example, 'cp', 'tar', etc. manage extended attributes in userspace, not the kernel. This entry point is called after the label update has occurred, so it cannot return a failure. However, the operation is preceded by the mpo_vnode_check_setextattr() access control check. If the vnode label needs to be updated the policy should return a non-zero value. The vnode label will be marked for re-association by the framework. / typedef int mpo_vnode_label_update_extattr_t( struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, const char name ); /** @brief Update a vnode label @param cred Subject credential @param vp The vnode to relabel @param vnodelabel Existing vnode label @param label New label to replace existing label @see mpo_vnode_check_label_update_t The subject identified by the credential has previously requested and was authorized to relabel the vnode; this entry point allows policies to perform the actual relabel operation. Policies should update vnodelabel using the label stored in the label parameter. / typedef void mpo_vnode_label_update_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label vnodelabel, struct label label ); /** @brief Find deatched signatures for a shared library @param p file trying to find the signature @param vp The vnode to relabel @param offset offset in the macho that the signature is requested for (for fat binaries) @param label Existing vnode label / typedef int mpo_vnode_find_sigs_t( struct proc p, struct vnode vp, off_t offset, struct label label ); /** @brief Create a new vnode, backed by extended attributes @param cred User credential for the creating process @param mp File system mount point @param mntlabel File system mount point label @param dvp Parent directory vnode @param dlabel Parent directory vnode label @param vp Newly created vnode @param vlabel Label to associate with the new vnode @param cnp Component name for vp Write out the label for the newly created vnode, most likely storing the results in a file system extended attribute. Most policies will derive the new vnode label using information from a combination of the subject (user) credential, the file system label, the parent directory label, and potentially the path name component. @return If the operation succeeds, store the new label in vlabel and return 0. Otherwise, return an appropriate errno value. / typedef int mpo_vnode_notify_create_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct mount mp, struct label mntlabel, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Inform MAC policies that a vnode has been opened @param cred User credential for the creating process @param vp vnode opened @param label Policy label for the vp @param acc_mode open(2) access mode used Inform Mac policies that a vnode have been successfully opened (passing all MAC polices and DAC). / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_open_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, int acc_mode ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that a vnode has been renamed @param cred User credential for the renaming process @param vp Vnode that's being renamed @param label Policy label for vp @param dvp Parent directory for the destination @param dlabel Policy label for dvp @param cnp Component name for the destination Inform MAC policies that a vnode has been renamed. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_rename_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Inform MAC policies that a vnode has been linked @param cred User credential for the renaming process @param dvp Parent directory for the destination @param dlabel Policy label for dvp @param vp Vnode that's being linked @param vlabel Policy label for vp @param cnp Component name for the destination Inform MAC policies that a vnode has been linked. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_link_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode dvp, struct label dlabel, struct vnode vp, struct label vlabel, struct componentname cnp ); /** @brief Inform MAC policies that an extended attribute has been removed from a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object node @param label Policy label for vp @param name Extended attribute name Inform MAC policies that an extended attribute has been removed from a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_deleteextattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, const char name ); /** @brief Inform MAC policies that an ACL has been set on a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object node @param label Policy label for vp @param acl ACL structure pointer Inform MAC policies that an ACL has been set on a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_setacl_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct kauth_acl acl ); /** @brief Inform MAC policies that an attributes have been set on a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param alist List of attributes to set Inform MAC policies that an attributes have been set on a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_setattrlist_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct attrlist alist ); /** @brief Inform MAC policies that an extended attribute has been set on a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param name Extended attribute name @param uio I/O structure pointer Inform MAC policies that an extended attribute has been set on a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_setextattr_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, const char name, struct uio uio ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that flags have been set on a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param flags File flags; see chflags(2) Inform MAC policies that flags have been set on a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_setflags_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, u_long flags ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that a new mode has been set on a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param mode File mode; see chmod(2) Inform MAC policies that a new mode has been set on a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_setmode_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, mode_t mode ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that new uid/gid have been set on a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param uid User ID @param gid Group ID Inform MAC policies that new uid/gid have been set on a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_setowner_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, uid_t uid, gid_t gid ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that new timestamps have been set on a vnode @param cred Subject credential @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp @param atime Access time; see utimes(2) @param mtime Modification time; see utimes(2) Inform MAC policies that new timestamps have been set on a vnode. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_setutimes_t( kauth_cred_t cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label, struct timespec atime, struct timespec mtime ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that a vnode has been truncated @param cred Subject credential @param file_cred Credential associated with the struct fileproc @param vp Object vnode @param label Policy label for vp Inform MAC policies that a vnode has been truncated. / typedef void mpo_vnode_notify_truncate_t( kauth_cred_t cred, kauth_cred_t file_cred, struct vnode vp, struct label label ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that a pty slave has been granted @param p Responsible process @param tp tty data structure @param dev Major and minor numbers of device @param label Policy label for tp Inform MAC policies that a pty slave has been granted. / typedef void mpo_pty_notify_grant_t( proc_t p, struct tty tp, dev_t dev, struct label label ); /* @brief Inform MAC policies that a pty master has been closed @param p Responsible process @param tp tty data structure @param dev Major and minor numbers of device @param label Policy label for tp Inform MAC policies that a pty master has been closed. / typedef void mpo_pty_notify_close_t( proc_t p, struct tty tp, dev_t dev, struct label label ); /* @brief Access control check for kext loading @param cred Subject credential @param identifier Kext identifier Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can load the specified kext. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_kext_check_load_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char identifier ); /** @brief Access control check for kext unloading @param cred Subject credential @param identifier Kext identifier Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can unload the specified kext. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_kext_check_unload_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char identifier ); /** @brief Access control check for querying information about loaded kexts @param cred Subject credential Determine whether the subject identified by the credential can query information about loaded kexts. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_kext_check_query_t( kauth_cred_t cred ); /* @brief Access control check for getting NVRAM variables. @param cred Subject credential @param name NVRAM variable to get Determine whether the subject identifier by the credential can get the value of the named NVRAM variable. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_nvram_get_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char name ); /** @brief Access control check for setting NVRAM variables. @param cred Subject credential @param name NVRAM variable to set @param value The new value for the NVRAM variable Determine whether the subject identifier by the credential can set the value of the named NVRAM variable. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_nvram_set_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char name, io_object_t value ); /** @brief Access control check for deleting NVRAM variables. @param cred Subject credential @param name NVRAM variable to delete Determine whether the subject identifier by the credential can delete the named NVRAM variable. @return Return 0 if access is granted, otherwise an appropriate value for errno should be returned. Suggested failure: EPERM for lack of privilege. / typedef int mpo_iokit_check_nvram_delete_t( kauth_cred_t cred, const char name ); /* * Placeholder for future events that may need mac hooks. / typedef void mpo_reserved_hook_t(void); / * Policy module operations. * * Please note that this should be kept in sync with the check assumptions * policy in bsd/kern/policy_check.c (policy_ops struct). / #define MAC_POLICY_OPS_VERSION 47 / inc when new reserved slots are taken / struct mac_policy_ops { mpo_audit_check_postselect_t mpo_audit_check_postselect; mpo_audit_check_preselect_t mpo_audit_check_preselect; mpo_bpfdesc_label_associate_t mpo_bpfdesc_label_associate; mpo_bpfdesc_label_destroy_t mpo_bpfdesc_label_destroy; mpo_bpfdesc_label_init_t mpo_bpfdesc_label_init; mpo_bpfdesc_check_receive_t mpo_bpfdesc_check_receive; mpo_cred_check_label_update_execve_t mpo_cred_check_label_update_execve; mpo_cred_check_label_update_t mpo_cred_check_label_update; mpo_cred_check_visible_t mpo_cred_check_visible; mpo_cred_label_associate_fork_t mpo_cred_label_associate_fork; mpo_cred_label_associate_kernel_t mpo_cred_label_associate_kernel; mpo_cred_label_associate_t mpo_cred_label_associate; mpo_cred_label_associate_user_t mpo_cred_label_associate_user; mpo_cred_label_destroy_t mpo_cred_label_destroy; mpo_cred_label_externalize_audit_t mpo_cred_label_externalize_audit; mpo_cred_label_externalize_t mpo_cred_label_externalize; mpo_cred_label_init_t mpo_cred_label_init; mpo_cred_label_internalize_t mpo_cred_label_internalize; mpo_cred_label_update_execve_t mpo_cred_label_update_execve; mpo_cred_label_update_t mpo_cred_label_update; mpo_devfs_label_associate_device_t mpo_devfs_label_associate_device; mpo_devfs_label_associate_directory_t mpo_devfs_label_associate_directory; mpo_devfs_label_copy_t mpo_devfs_label_copy; mpo_devfs_label_destroy_t mpo_devfs_label_destroy; mpo_devfs_label_init_t mpo_devfs_label_init; mpo_devfs_label_update_t mpo_devfs_label_update; mpo_file_check_change_offset_t mpo_file_check_change_offset; mpo_file_check_create_t mpo_file_check_create; mpo_file_check_dup_t mpo_file_check_dup; mpo_file_check_fcntl_t mpo_file_check_fcntl; mpo_file_check_get_offset_t mpo_file_check_get_offset; mpo_file_check_get_t mpo_file_check_get; mpo_file_check_inherit_t mpo_file_check_inherit; mpo_file_check_ioctl_t mpo_file_check_ioctl; mpo_file_check_lock_t mpo_file_check_lock; mpo_file_check_mmap_downgrade_t mpo_file_check_mmap_downgrade; mpo_file_check_mmap_t mpo_file_check_mmap; mpo_file_check_receive_t mpo_file_check_receive; mpo_file_check_set_t mpo_file_check_set; mpo_file_label_init_t mpo_file_label_init; mpo_file_label_destroy_t mpo_file_label_destroy; mpo_file_label_associate_t mpo_file_label_associate; mpo_ifnet_check_label_update_t mpo_ifnet_check_label_update; mpo_ifnet_check_transmit_t mpo_ifnet_check_transmit; mpo_ifnet_label_associate_t mpo_ifnet_label_associate; mpo_ifnet_label_copy_t mpo_ifnet_label_copy; mpo_ifnet_label_destroy_t mpo_ifnet_label_destroy; mpo_ifnet_label_externalize_t mpo_ifnet_label_externalize; mpo_ifnet_label_init_t mpo_ifnet_label_init; mpo_ifnet_label_internalize_t mpo_ifnet_label_internalize; mpo_ifnet_label_update_t mpo_ifnet_label_update; mpo_ifnet_label_recycle_t mpo_ifnet_label_recycle; mpo_inpcb_check_deliver_t mpo_inpcb_check_deliver; mpo_inpcb_label_associate_t mpo_inpcb_label_associate; mpo_inpcb_label_destroy_t mpo_inpcb_label_destroy; mpo_inpcb_label_init_t mpo_inpcb_label_init; mpo_inpcb_label_recycle_t mpo_inpcb_label_recycle; mpo_inpcb_label_update_t mpo_inpcb_label_update; mpo_iokit_check_device_t mpo_iokit_check_device; mpo_ipq_label_associate_t mpo_ipq_label_associate; mpo_ipq_label_compare_t mpo_ipq_label_compare; mpo_ipq_label_destroy_t mpo_ipq_label_destroy; mpo_ipq_label_init_t mpo_ipq_label_init; mpo_ipq_label_update_t mpo_ipq_label_update; mpo_file_check_library_validation_t mpo_file_check_library_validation; mpo_vnode_notify_setacl_t mpo_vnode_notify_setacl; mpo_vnode_notify_setattrlist_t mpo_vnode_notify_setattrlist; mpo_vnode_notify_setextattr_t mpo_vnode_notify_setextattr; mpo_vnode_notify_setflags_t mpo_vnode_notify_setflags; mpo_vnode_notify_setmode_t mpo_vnode_notify_setmode; mpo_vnode_notify_setowner_t mpo_vnode_notify_setowner; mpo_vnode_notify_setutimes_t mpo_vnode_notify_setutimes; mpo_vnode_notify_truncate_t mpo_vnode_notify_truncate; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_bpfdesc_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_bpfdesc; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_ifnet_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_ifnet; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_inpcb_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_inpcb; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_ipq_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_ipq; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_linklayer_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_linklayer; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_multicast_encap_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_multicast_encap; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_netlayer_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_netlayer; mpo_mbuf_label_associate_socket_t mpo_mbuf_label_associate_socket; mpo_mbuf_label_copy_t mpo_mbuf_label_copy; mpo_mbuf_label_destroy_t mpo_mbuf_label_destroy; mpo_mbuf_label_init_t mpo_mbuf_label_init; mpo_mount_check_fsctl_t mpo_mount_check_fsctl; mpo_mount_check_getattr_t mpo_mount_check_getattr; mpo_mount_check_label_update_t mpo_mount_check_label_update; mpo_mount_check_mount_t mpo_mount_check_mount; mpo_mount_check_remount_t mpo_mount_check_remount; mpo_mount_check_setattr_t mpo_mount_check_setattr; mpo_mount_check_stat_t mpo_mount_check_stat; mpo_mount_check_umount_t mpo_mount_check_umount; mpo_mount_label_associate_t mpo_mount_label_associate; mpo_mount_label_destroy_t mpo_mount_label_destroy; mpo_mount_label_externalize_t mpo_mount_label_externalize; mpo_mount_label_init_t mpo_mount_label_init; mpo_mount_label_internalize_t mpo_mount_label_internalize; mpo_netinet_fragment_t mpo_netinet_fragment; mpo_netinet_icmp_reply_t mpo_netinet_icmp_reply; mpo_netinet_tcp_reply_t mpo_netinet_tcp_reply; mpo_pipe_check_ioctl_t mpo_pipe_check_ioctl; mpo_pipe_check_kqfilter_t mpo_pipe_check_kqfilter; mpo_pipe_check_label_update_t mpo_pipe_check_label_update; mpo_pipe_check_read_t mpo_pipe_check_read; mpo_pipe_check_select_t mpo_pipe_check_select; mpo_pipe_check_stat_t mpo_pipe_check_stat; mpo_pipe_check_write_t mpo_pipe_check_write; mpo_pipe_label_associate_t mpo_pipe_label_associate; mpo_pipe_label_copy_t mpo_pipe_label_copy; mpo_pipe_label_destroy_t mpo_pipe_label_destroy; mpo_pipe_label_externalize_t mpo_pipe_label_externalize; mpo_pipe_label_init_t mpo_pipe_label_init; mpo_pipe_label_internalize_t mpo_pipe_label_internalize; mpo_pipe_label_update_t mpo_pipe_label_update; mpo_policy_destroy_t mpo_policy_destroy; mpo_policy_init_t mpo_policy_init; mpo_policy_initbsd_t mpo_policy_initbsd; mpo_policy_syscall_t mpo_policy_syscall; mpo_system_check_sysctlbyname_t mpo_system_check_sysctlbyname; mpo_proc_check_inherit_ipc_ports_t mpo_proc_check_inherit_ipc_ports; mpo_vnode_check_rename_t mpo_vnode_check_rename; mpo_kext_check_query_t mpo_kext_check_query; mpo_iokit_check_nvram_get_t mpo_iokit_check_nvram_get; mpo_iokit_check_nvram_set_t mpo_iokit_check_nvram_set; mpo_iokit_check_nvram_delete_t mpo_iokit_check_nvram_delete; mpo_proc_check_expose_task_t mpo_proc_check_expose_task; mpo_proc_check_set_host_special_port_t mpo_proc_check_set_host_special_port; mpo_proc_check_set_host_exception_port_t mpo_proc_check_set_host_exception_port; mpo_exc_action_check_exception_send_t mpo_exc_action_check_exception_send; mpo_exc_action_label_associate_t mpo_exc_action_label_associate; mpo_exc_action_label_copy_t mpo_exc_action_label_copy; mpo_exc_action_label_destroy_t mpo_exc_action_label_destroy; mpo_exc_action_label_init_t mpo_exc_action_label_init; mpo_exc_action_label_update_t mpo_exc_action_label_update; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved1; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved2; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved3; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved4; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved5; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved6; mpo_posixsem_check_create_t mpo_posixsem_check_create; mpo_posixsem_check_open_t mpo_posixsem_check_open; mpo_posixsem_check_post_t mpo_posixsem_check_post; mpo_posixsem_check_unlink_t mpo_posixsem_check_unlink; mpo_posixsem_check_wait_t mpo_posixsem_check_wait; mpo_posixsem_label_associate_t mpo_posixsem_label_associate; mpo_posixsem_label_destroy_t mpo_posixsem_label_destroy; mpo_posixsem_label_init_t mpo_posixsem_label_init; mpo_posixshm_check_create_t mpo_posixshm_check_create; mpo_posixshm_check_mmap_t mpo_posixshm_check_mmap; mpo_posixshm_check_open_t mpo_posixshm_check_open; mpo_posixshm_check_stat_t mpo_posixshm_check_stat; mpo_posixshm_check_truncate_t mpo_posixshm_check_truncate; mpo_posixshm_check_unlink_t mpo_posixshm_check_unlink; mpo_posixshm_label_associate_t mpo_posixshm_label_associate; mpo_posixshm_label_destroy_t mpo_posixshm_label_destroy; mpo_posixshm_label_init_t mpo_posixshm_label_init; mpo_proc_check_debug_t mpo_proc_check_debug; mpo_proc_check_fork_t mpo_proc_check_fork; mpo_proc_check_get_task_name_t mpo_proc_check_get_task_name; mpo_proc_check_get_task_t mpo_proc_check_get_task; mpo_proc_check_getaudit_t mpo_proc_check_getaudit; mpo_proc_check_getauid_t mpo_proc_check_getauid; mpo_proc_check_getlcid_t mpo_proc_check_getlcid; mpo_proc_check_mprotect_t mpo_proc_check_mprotect; mpo_proc_check_sched_t mpo_proc_check_sched; mpo_proc_check_setaudit_t mpo_proc_check_setaudit; mpo_proc_check_setauid_t mpo_proc_check_setauid; mpo_proc_check_setlcid_t mpo_proc_check_setlcid; mpo_proc_check_signal_t mpo_proc_check_signal; mpo_proc_check_wait_t mpo_proc_check_wait; mpo_proc_label_destroy_t mpo_proc_label_destroy; mpo_proc_label_init_t mpo_proc_label_init; mpo_socket_check_accept_t mpo_socket_check_accept; mpo_socket_check_accepted_t mpo_socket_check_accepted; mpo_socket_check_bind_t mpo_socket_check_bind; mpo_socket_check_connect_t mpo_socket_check_connect; mpo_socket_check_create_t mpo_socket_check_create; mpo_socket_check_deliver_t mpo_socket_check_deliver; mpo_socket_check_kqfilter_t mpo_socket_check_kqfilter; mpo_socket_check_label_update_t mpo_socket_check_label_update; mpo_socket_check_listen_t mpo_socket_check_listen; mpo_socket_check_receive_t mpo_socket_check_receive; mpo_socket_check_received_t mpo_socket_check_received; mpo_socket_check_select_t mpo_socket_check_select; mpo_socket_check_send_t mpo_socket_check_send; mpo_socket_check_stat_t mpo_socket_check_stat; mpo_socket_check_setsockopt_t mpo_socket_check_setsockopt; mpo_socket_check_getsockopt_t mpo_socket_check_getsockopt; mpo_socket_label_associate_accept_t mpo_socket_label_associate_accept; mpo_socket_label_associate_t mpo_socket_label_associate; mpo_socket_label_copy_t mpo_socket_label_copy; mpo_socket_label_destroy_t mpo_socket_label_destroy; mpo_socket_label_externalize_t mpo_socket_label_externalize; mpo_socket_label_init_t mpo_socket_label_init; mpo_socket_label_internalize_t mpo_socket_label_internalize; mpo_socket_label_update_t mpo_socket_label_update; mpo_socketpeer_label_associate_mbuf_t mpo_socketpeer_label_associate_mbuf; mpo_socketpeer_label_associate_socket_t mpo_socketpeer_label_associate_socket; mpo_socketpeer_label_destroy_t mpo_socketpeer_label_destroy; mpo_socketpeer_label_externalize_t mpo_socketpeer_label_externalize; mpo_socketpeer_label_init_t mpo_socketpeer_label_init; mpo_system_check_acct_t mpo_system_check_acct; mpo_system_check_audit_t mpo_system_check_audit; mpo_system_check_auditctl_t mpo_system_check_auditctl; mpo_system_check_auditon_t mpo_system_check_auditon; mpo_system_check_host_priv_t mpo_system_check_host_priv; mpo_system_check_nfsd_t mpo_system_check_nfsd; mpo_system_check_reboot_t mpo_system_check_reboot; mpo_system_check_settime_t mpo_system_check_settime; mpo_system_check_swapoff_t mpo_system_check_swapoff; mpo_system_check_swapon_t mpo_system_check_swapon; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved7; mpo_sysvmsg_label_associate_t mpo_sysvmsg_label_associate; mpo_sysvmsg_label_destroy_t mpo_sysvmsg_label_destroy; mpo_sysvmsg_label_init_t mpo_sysvmsg_label_init; mpo_sysvmsg_label_recycle_t mpo_sysvmsg_label_recycle; mpo_sysvmsq_check_enqueue_t mpo_sysvmsq_check_enqueue; mpo_sysvmsq_check_msgrcv_t mpo_sysvmsq_check_msgrcv; mpo_sysvmsq_check_msgrmid_t mpo_sysvmsq_check_msgrmid; mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqctl_t mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqctl; mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqget_t mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqget; mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqrcv_t mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqrcv; mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqsnd_t mpo_sysvmsq_check_msqsnd; mpo_sysvmsq_label_associate_t mpo_sysvmsq_label_associate; mpo_sysvmsq_label_destroy_t mpo_sysvmsq_label_destroy; mpo_sysvmsq_label_init_t mpo_sysvmsq_label_init; mpo_sysvmsq_label_recycle_t mpo_sysvmsq_label_recycle; mpo_sysvsem_check_semctl_t mpo_sysvsem_check_semctl; mpo_sysvsem_check_semget_t mpo_sysvsem_check_semget; mpo_sysvsem_check_semop_t mpo_sysvsem_check_semop; mpo_sysvsem_label_associate_t mpo_sysvsem_label_associate; mpo_sysvsem_label_destroy_t mpo_sysvsem_label_destroy; mpo_sysvsem_label_init_t mpo_sysvsem_label_init; mpo_sysvsem_label_recycle_t mpo_sysvsem_label_recycle; mpo_sysvshm_check_shmat_t mpo_sysvshm_check_shmat; mpo_sysvshm_check_shmctl_t mpo_sysvshm_check_shmctl; mpo_sysvshm_check_shmdt_t mpo_sysvshm_check_shmdt; mpo_sysvshm_check_shmget_t mpo_sysvshm_check_shmget; mpo_sysvshm_label_associate_t mpo_sysvshm_label_associate; mpo_sysvshm_label_destroy_t mpo_sysvshm_label_destroy; mpo_sysvshm_label_init_t mpo_sysvshm_label_init; mpo_sysvshm_label_recycle_t mpo_sysvshm_label_recycle; mpo_reserved_hook_t mpo_reserved8; mpo_mount_check_snapshot_revert_t mpo_mount_check_snapshot_revert; mpo_vnode_check_getattr_t mpo_vnode_check_getattr; mpo_mount_check_snapshot_create_t mpo_mount_check_snapshot_create; mpo_mount_check_snapshot_delete_t mpo_mount_check_snapshot_delete; mpo_vnode_check_clone_t mpo_vnode_check_clone; mpo_proc_check_get_cs_info_t mpo_proc_check_get_cs_info; mpo_proc_check_set_cs_info_t mpo_proc_check_set_cs_info; mpo_iokit_check_hid_control_t mpo_iokit_check_hid_control; mpo_vnode_check_access_t mpo_vnode_check_access; mpo_vnode_check_chdir_t mpo_vnode_check_chdir; mpo_vnode_check_chroot_t mpo_vnode_check_chroot; mpo_vnode_check_create_t mpo_vnode_check_create; mpo_vnode_check_deleteextattr_t mpo_vnode_check_deleteextattr; mpo_vnode_check_exchangedata_t mpo_vnode_check_exchangedata; mpo_vnode_check_exec_t mpo_vnode_check_exec; mpo_vnode_check_getattrlist_t mpo_vnode_check_getattrlist; mpo_vnode_check_getextattr_t mpo_vnode_check_getextattr; mpo_vnode_check_ioctl_t mpo_vnode_check_ioctl; mpo_vnode_check_kqfilter_t mpo_vnode_check_kqfilter; mpo_vnode_check_label_update_t mpo_vnode_check_label_update; mpo_vnode_check_link_t mpo_vnode_check_link; mpo_vnode_check_listextattr_t mpo_vnode_check_listextattr; mpo_vnode_check_lookup_t mpo_vnode_check_lookup; mpo_vnode_check_open_t mpo_vnode_check_open; mpo_vnode_check_read_t mpo_vnode_check_read; mpo_vnode_check_readdir_t mpo_vnode_check_readdir; mpo_vnode_check_readlink_t mpo_vnode_check_readlink; mpo_vnode_check_rename_from_t mpo_vnode_check_rename_from; mpo_vnode_check_rename_to_t mpo_vnode_check_rename_to; mpo_vnode_check_revoke_t mpo_vnode_check_revoke; mpo_vnode_check_select_t mpo_vnode_check_select; mpo_vnode_check_setattrlist_t mpo_vnode_check_setattrlist; mpo_vnode_check_setextattr_t mpo_vnode_check_setextattr; mpo_vnode_check_setflags_t mpo_vnode_check_setflags; mpo_vnode_check_setmode_t mpo_vnode_check_setmode; mpo_vnode_check_setowner_t mpo_vnode_check_setowner; mpo_vnode_check_setutimes_t mpo_vnode_check_setutimes; mpo_vnode_check_stat_t mpo_vnode_check_stat; mpo_vnode_check_truncate_t mpo_vnode_check_truncate; mpo_vnode_check_unlink_t mpo_vnode_check_unlink; mpo_vnode_check_write_t mpo_vnode_check_write; mpo_vnode_label_associate_devfs_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_devfs; mpo_vnode_label_associate_extattr_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_extattr; mpo_vnode_label_associate_file_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_file; mpo_vnode_label_associate_pipe_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_pipe; mpo_vnode_label_associate_posixsem_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_posixsem; mpo_vnode_label_associate_posixshm_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_posixshm; mpo_vnode_label_associate_singlelabel_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_singlelabel; mpo_vnode_label_associate_socket_t mpo_vnode_label_associate_socket; mpo_vnode_label_copy_t mpo_vnode_label_copy; mpo_vnode_label_destroy_t mpo_vnode_label_destroy; mpo_vnode_label_externalize_audit_t mpo_vnode_label_externalize_audit; mpo_vnode_label_externalize_t mpo_vnode_label_externalize; mpo_vnode_label_init_t mpo_vnode_label_init; mpo_vnode_label_internalize_t mpo_vnode_label_internalize; mpo_vnode_label_recycle_t mpo_vnode_label_recycle; mpo_vnode_label_store_t mpo_vnode_label_store; mpo_vnode_label_update_extattr_t mpo_vnode_label_update_extattr; mpo_vnode_label_update_t mpo_vnode_label_update; mpo_vnode_notify_create_t mpo_vnode_notify_create; mpo_vnode_check_signature_t mpo_vnode_check_signature; mpo_vnode_check_uipc_bind_t mpo_vnode_check_uipc_bind; mpo_vnode_check_uipc_connect_t mpo_vnode_check_uipc_connect; mpo_proc_check_run_cs_invalid_t mpo_proc_check_run_cs_invalid; mpo_proc_check_suspend_resume_t mpo_proc_check_suspend_resume; mpo_thread_userret_t mpo_thread_userret; mpo_iokit_check_set_properties_t mpo_iokit_check_set_properties; mpo_system_check_chud_t mpo_system_check_chud; mpo_vnode_check_searchfs_t mpo_vnode_check_searchfs; mpo_priv_check_t mpo_priv_check; mpo_priv_grant_t mpo_priv_grant; mpo_proc_check_map_anon_t mpo_proc_check_map_anon; mpo_vnode_check_fsgetpath_t mpo_vnode_check_fsgetpath; mpo_iokit_check_open_t mpo_iokit_check_open; mpo_proc_check_ledger_t mpo_proc_check_ledger; mpo_vnode_notify_rename_t mpo_vnode_notify_rename; mpo_vnode_check_setacl_t mpo_vnode_check_setacl; mpo_vnode_notify_deleteextattr_t mpo_vnode_notify_deleteextattr; mpo_system_check_kas_info_t mpo_system_check_kas_info; mpo_proc_check_cpumon_t mpo_proc_check_cpumon; mpo_vnode_notify_open_t mpo_vnode_notify_open; mpo_system_check_info_t mpo_system_check_info; mpo_pty_notify_grant_t mpo_pty_notify_grant; mpo_pty_notify_close_t mpo_pty_notify_close; mpo_vnode_find_sigs_t mpo_vnode_find_sigs; mpo_kext_check_load_t mpo_kext_check_load; mpo_kext_check_unload_t mpo_kext_check_unload; mpo_proc_check_proc_info_t mpo_proc_check_proc_info; mpo_vnode_notify_link_t mpo_vnode_notify_link; mpo_iokit_check_filter_properties_t mpo_iokit_check_filter_properties; mpo_iokit_check_get_property_t mpo_iokit_check_get_property; }; /** @brief MAC policy handle type The MAC handle is used to uniquely identify a loaded policy within the MAC Framework. A variable of this type is set by mac_policy_register(). / typedef unsigned int mac_policy_handle_t; #define mpc_t struct mac_policy_conf /** @brief Mac policy configuration This structure specifies the configuration information for a MAC policy module. A policy module developer must supply a short unique policy name, a more descriptive full name, a list of label namespaces and count, a pointer to the registered enty point operations, any load time flags, and optionally, a pointer to a label slot identifier. The Framework will update the runtime flags (mpc_runtime_flags) to indicate that the module has been registered. If the label slot identifier (mpc_field_off) is NULL, the Framework will not provide label storage for the policy. Otherwise, the Framework will store the label location (slot) in this field. The mpc_list field is used by the Framework and should not be modified by policies. / / XXX - reorder these for better aligment on 64bit platforms / struct mac_policy_conf { const char mpc_name; /** policy name / const char mpc_fullname; /** full name / char const const mpc_labelnames; /* managed label namespaces / unsigned int mpc_labelname_count; /* number of managed label namespaces / struct mac_policy_ops mpc_ops; /** operation vector / int mpc_loadtime_flags; /* load time flags / int mpc_field_off; /** label slot / int mpc_runtime_flags; /* run time flags / mpc_t mpc_list; /* List reference / void mpc_data; /** module data / }; /* @brief MAC policy module registration routine This function is called to register a policy with the MAC framework. A policy module will typically call this from the Darwin KEXT registration routine. / int mac_policy_register(struct mac_policy_conf mpc, mac_policy_handle_t handlep, void xd); /** @brief MAC policy module de-registration routine This function is called to de-register a policy with theD MAC framework. A policy module will typically call this from the Darwin KEXT de-registration routine. / int mac_policy_unregister(mac_policy_handle_t handle); / * Framework entry points for the policies to add audit data. / int mac_audit_text(char text, mac_policy_handle_t handle); /* * Calls to assist with use of Apple XATTRs within policy modules. / int mac_vnop_setxattr(struct vnode , const char , char , size_t); int mac_vnop_getxattr(struct vnode , const char , char , size_t, size_t ); int mac_vnop_removexattr(struct vnode , const char ); /** @brief Set an extended attribute on a vnode-based fileglob. @param fg fileglob representing file to attach the extended attribute @param name extended attribute name @param buf buffer of data to use as the extended attribute value @param len size of buffer Sets the value of an extended attribute on a file. Caller must hold an iocount on the vnode represented by the fileglob. / int mac_file_setxattr(struct fileglob fg, const char name, char buf, size_t len); /** @brief Get an extended attribute from a vnode-based fileglob. @param fg fileglob representing file to read the extended attribute @param name extended attribute name @param buf buffer of data to hold the extended attribute value @param len size of buffer @param attrlen size of full extended attribute value Gets the value of an extended attribute on a file. Caller must hold an iocount on the vnode represented by the fileglob. / int mac_file_getxattr(struct fileglob fg, const char name, char buf, size_t len, size_t attrlen); /* @brief Remove an extended attribute from a vnode-based fileglob. @param fg fileglob representing file to remove the extended attribute @param name extended attribute name Removes the named extended attribute from the file. Caller must hold an iocount on the vnode represented by the fileglob. / int mac_file_removexattr(struct fileglob fg, const char name); / * Arbitrary limit on how much data will be logged by the audit * entry points above. / #define MAC_AUDIT_DATA_LIMIT 1024 / * Values returned by mac_audit_{pre,post}select. To combine the responses * of the security policies into a single decision, * mac_audit_{pre,post}select() choose the greatest value returned. / #define MAC_AUDIT_DEFAULT 0 / use system behavior / #define MAC_AUDIT_NO 1 / force not auditing this event / #define MAC_AUDIT_YES 2 / force auditing this event / // \defgroup mpc_loadtime_flags Flags for the mpc_loadtime_flags field /* @name Flags for the mpc_loadtime_flags field @see mac_policy_conf This is the complete list of flags that are supported by the mpc_loadtime_flags field of the mac_policy_conf structure. These flags specify the load time behavior of MAC Framework policy modules. / /@{/ /* @brief Flag to indicate registration preference This flag indicates that the policy module must be loaded and initialized early in the boot process. If the flag is specified, attempts to register the module following boot will be rejected. The flag may be used by policies that require pervasive labeling of all system objects, and cannot handle objects that have not been properly initialized by the policy. / #define MPC_LOADTIME_FLAG_NOTLATE 0x00000001 /* @brief Flag to indicate unload preference This flag indicates that the policy module may be unloaded. If this flag is not set, then the policy framework will reject requests to unload the module. This flag might be used by modules that allocate label state and are unable to free that state at runtime, or for modules that simply do not want to permit unload operations. / #define MPC_LOADTIME_FLAG_UNLOADOK 0x00000002 /* @brief Unsupported XXX This flag is not yet supported. / #define MPC_LOADTIME_FLAG_LABELMBUFS 0x00000004 /* @brief Flag to indicate a base policy This flag indicates that the policy module is a base policy. Only one module can declare itself as base, otherwise the boot process will be halted. / #define MPC_LOADTIME_BASE_POLICY 0x00000008 /@}/ /* @brief Policy registration flag @see mac_policy_conf This flag indicates that the policy module has been successfully registered with the TrustedBSD MAC Framework. The Framework will set this flag in the mpc_runtime_flags field of the policy's mac_policy_conf structure after registering the policy. / #define MPC_RUNTIME_FLAG_REGISTERED 0x00000001 / * Depends on POLICY_VER / #ifndef POLICY_VER #define POLICY_VER 1.0 #endif #define MAC_POLICY_SET(handle, mpops, mpname, mpfullname, lnames, lcount, slot, lflags, rflags) \ static struct mac_policy_conf mpname##_mac_policy_conf = { \ .mpc_name = #mpname, \ .mpc_fullname = mpfullname, \ .mpc_labelnames = lnames, \ .mpc_labelname_count = lcount, \ .mpc_ops = mpops, \ .mpc_loadtime_flags = lflags, \ .mpc_field_off = slot, \ .mpc_runtime_flags = rflags \ }; \ \ static kern_return_t \ kmod_start(kmod_info_t ki, void xd) \ { \ return mac_policy_register(&mpname##_mac_policy_conf, \ &handle, xd); \ } \ \ static kern_return_t \ kmod_stop(kmod_info_t ki, void xd) \ { \ return mac_policy_unregister(handle); \ } \ \ extern kern_return_t _start(kmod_info_t ki, void data); \ extern kern_return_t _stop(kmod_info_t ki, void data); \ \ KMOD_EXPLICIT_DECL(security.mpname, POLICY_VER, _start, _stop) \ kmod_start_func_t _realmain = kmod_start; \ kmod_stop_func_t _antimain = kmod_stop; \ int _kext_apple_cc = __APPLE_CC__ #define LABEL_TO_SLOT(l, s) (l)->l_perpolicy[s] / * Policy interface to map a struct label pointer to per-policy data. * Typically, policies wrap this in their own accessor macro that casts an * intptr_t to a policy-specific data type. / intptr_t mac_label_get(struct label l, int slot); void mac_label_set(struct label l, int slot, intptr_t v); #define mac_get_mpc(h) (mac_policy_list.entries[h].mpc) /* @name Flags for MAC allocator interfaces These flags are passed to the Darwin kernel allocator routines to indicate whether the allocation is permitted to block or not. Caution should be taken; some operations are not permitted to sleep, and some types of locks cannot be held when sleeping. / /@{/ /* @brief Allocation operations may block If memory is not immediately available, the allocation routine will block (typically sleeping) until memory is available. @warning Inappropriate use of this flag may cause kernel panics. / #define MAC_WAITOK 0 /* @brief Allocation operations may not block Rather than blocking, the allocator may return an error if memory is not immediately available. This type of allocation will not sleep, preserving locking semantics. / #define MAC_NOWAIT 1 /@}/ #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #endif / !_SECURITY_MAC_POLICY_H_ */ ```
Josey Jewell (born December 25, 1994) is an American football linebacker for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa. Early years Jewell attended Decorah High School in Decorah, Iowa, where he played high school football as a linebacker and running back. Jewell helped his team appear in back-to-back 3A State Title Games, defeating Sioux City Bishop Heelan by a score of 49–21 in the 2012 game. His senior year, he finished the season with 1314 rushing yards, 21 rushing touchdowns, and 81 total tackles. Josey Jewell was rated as a two-star prospect by 247Sports with a composite score of .7783. He committed to the University of Iowa to play college football. College career After redshirting his first year at Iowa in 2013, Jewell played in 11 games and made four starts in 2014. He finished the season with 51 tackles and one sack. As a sophomore in 2015, he started all 14 games and led the team with 126 tackles, three sacks, and four interceptions. As a junior in 2016, Jewell started all 13 games and again led the team with 124 tackles with 1.5 sacks. He was second-team All-Big Ten for the second straight season, and a finalist for the Butkus Award. As a senior in 2017, Jewell was named a unanimous All-American. He also won the Jack Lambert Award, was a finalist for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, and was named the Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year after leading the Big Ten with 125 tackles. Statistics Professional career The Denver Broncos selected Jewell in the fourth round (106th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. Jewell was the 14th linebacker drafted in 2018. On May 10, 2018, the Denver Broncos signed Jewell to a four-year, $3.17 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $713,982. He entered training camp and competed for a role as a backup inside linebacker against Zaire Anderson, Joseph Jones, Jerrol Garcia-Williams, and Keishawn Bierria. In his second career NFL regular season game versus the Oakland Raiders, Jewell recorded two combined tackles. In Week 4 of the 2020 season against the New York Jets on Thursday Night Football, Jewell recorded a team high ten tackles and sacked Sam Darnold twice during the 37–28 win. On September 21, 2021, Jewell was placed on injured reserve with a pectoral injury. On March 15, 2022, Jewell signed a two-year contract extension with the Broncos. On December 11, 2022, Jewell recorded two interceptions and nine tackles in the 34-28 loss. References External links Iowa Hawkeyes bio Denver Broncos bio 1994 births Living people People from Decorah, Iowa Players of American football from Iowa American football linebackers Iowa Hawkeyes football players All-American college football players Denver Broncos players
Under Construction, Part II is the third and final studio album released by hip hop duo Timbaland & Magoo. It was released by Blackground and Universal on November 18, 2003, in the United States. The group's third album and Timbaland's fourth overall LP, as he issued Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment, a solo album, in 1998, Under Construction Part II is nominally a sequel to Missy Elliott's fourth studio album Under Construction, which was also chiefly produced by Timbaland. The album was dedicated to R&B singer and regular Timbaland collaborator Aaliyah, who had died on August 25, 2001. Elliott appears on the album's lead single, "Cop That Shit. Many other guest stars, from Brandy to Sebastian, Bubba Sparxxx, Wyclef Jean and Beenie Man, also appear on the album. Three singles were released from Under Construction, Part II: "Cop That Shit", "Indian Flute", and the promotional single "Naughty Eye". In August 2021, Blackground rebranded as Blackground 2.0, with Barry Hankerson remaining as founder. Blackground 2.0 signed a distribution deal with Empire Distribution, which will re-release the label's catalogue onto digital download sites and streaming services. Under Construction, Part II was rereleased on August 27, 2021. This was the last album by Magoo before his death in August 2023. Critical reception AllMusic editor John Bush found that "there aren't quite enough guest features or catchy hooks to make this a must-purchase for most rap fans, but Timbaland always has a few tricks up his sleeve." He remarked that "aside from Missy and Bubba Sparxxx, Timba's actually the best rapper on display, much improved from his previous solo shots or his infrequent rhymes on other artists' records. Magoo is still an unimaginative, pint-sized Snoop Dogg." Ben Sisario from Blender felt that "for the most part, the grooves ride low and easy, like a next-generation G-funk transplanted to the Virginia coastline: Call it V-funk [...] But Timbaland can't rest that easy, and just beneath the languid surface is effortlessly brilliant innovation in every direction." Robert Christgau wrote: "Good thing the two rappers have less personality combined than any of their 10-cameo-artists-in-16-tracks, because personality would distract from the beats, which with Timbo means what it says – no mainstream DJ relies so heavily on rhythm instruments per se. His sweetener of choice is chants." In a negative review, Rolling Stones Jon Caramanica called Under Construction, Part II the "duo's third and weakest collaborative album." He remarked that "Tim's normally dazzling beats dodder along harmlessly, proof that he's looking over his shoulder when he should be hunching over his studio equipment." Track listing Sample credits "Cop That Shit" contains re-sung elements from "I Know You Got Soul," written by E. Barrier and W. Griffin, and "Paper Thin," as written by L. Moorer and F. Byrd. "Indian Flute" contains an uncredited sample of "Curura" by Toto la Momposina. "Hold On" contains an uncredited sample of "Breaking Glass" by Geri Halliwell. Charts References 2003 albums Magoo (rapper) albums Timbaland albums Albums produced by Timbaland Sequel albums Universal Records albums
West Branch Dyberry Creek is a tributary of Dyberry Creek in Wayne County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The most famous or recognizable feature of the creek is Tanners Falls, a large and swift moving waterfall. Fishing The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission stocks West Branch Dyberry Creek with trout. The creek is slower than that of the Dyberry Creek's east branch, and it consists of large, deep pools and is quite wide. All types of fishing are permitted on the creek with spinner fishing being the most popular, followed by fly fishing. Two hot-spots for trout fishing are the pools before and following the waterfall. See also List of rivers of Pennsylvania References Rivers of Wayne County, Pennsylvania Rivers of Pennsylvania Tributaries of the Delaware River
Ménétréols-sous-Vatan (, literally Ménétréols under Vatan) is a commune in the Indre department in central France. Population See also Communes of the Indre department References Communes of Indre
A voter database is a database containing information on voters for the purpose of assisting a political party or an individual politician, in their Get out the vote (GOTV) efforts and other areas of the campaign. In most countries, the election agency makes the electoral roll available to all campaigns soon after the election campaign has begun. Campaigns can then merge this information with the other data they have collected on voters over the years to create their database. Often basic information such as phone numbers and postal codes are not included on the voters list, and the campaign will have to procure this data as well. Uses The voter database is central to many parts of a campaign: Fundraising: The database can determine who should receive fundraising direct mail or telephone calls. These letters and calls can be tailored to reflect the issues and concerns of each potential donor. Past donor history, support for related advocacy groups, magazine subscriptions, and consumer behaviour can all be used to find likely donors and maximize the returns of any fundraising efforts. Recruitment: As with fundraising, databases, especially those with detailed past election behaviour, are essential to recruiting volunteers and also finding locations for lawn signs. Issue tracking: A campaign can track how certain issues are perceived across geographic and demographic lines and can show how to adjust the campaign's message for different audiences. By databasing all incoming telephone calls and e-mails as well as entering petitions and supporter lists from advocacy groups and NGOs (Non-Government Organizations) one can closely track how issues are followed by the electorate. Get out the vote: One of the most important parts of a modern campaign is the campaign to ensure one's own supporters go to the polls on election day, and databases are central to this. A successful voter identification campaign requires connecting with a significant portion of the electorate and recording how they are going to vote in a database. On election day this information needs to be given out with accurate contact information for each voter so that they can be pulled to the polls. Voter information Personal data frequently included in a voter database: Name Physical address Mailing address Phone number Party membership or affiliation Voting history (including federal, sub-national, primary, municipal, or special election voting history) Absentee or military voter designations Source of voter registration, e.g. DMV/MVA, Public Assistance Office, etc. Ethnicity or emerges race hypothesis Gender Birth date or age range Data that may be added from commercial sources: "Extreme voters" status (voters who vote very frequently) Homeownership Hunting or fishing license holders Boat owners Concealed Weapon Permit Holders Occupation such as physical therapist, teacher, etc. Charitable or political contributions Magazine subscription status Voter database management software The use of voter databases has been established in political campaigns at all levels from local to national elections: In the United States The United States does not have a federal election agency, and thus has no official national voter list. In 2002, the United States Congress passed the Help America Vote Act (HAVA). HAVA required that each state compile an official state voter database by January 2006. Most states complied with HAVA by gathering the voter files available from each individual county. States decided what information to include, what restrictions to place on the use of their voter database, and how much the database would cost. In the United States, several companies have merged state voter information with commercially obtained data to create comprehensive voter databases that include a plethora of personal details on each voter. These companies often provide United States Voter Files to statutorily permitted or otherwise non-restricted users. In the 2004 presidential election in the United States, the Republican Party used the Voter Vault platform and the Democratic Party used DataMart. Currently, the Republicans use rVotes Data Center and the Democrats use Votebuilder from the Voter Activation Network (VAN). There are non-partisan firms that offer registered voter data in the United States, too: NationBuilder, Aristotle, eMerges and Labels and Lists. In 2015, a database of 191 million U.S. voters was exposed on the internet and included names, addresses, birth dates, party affiliations, phone numbers and emails of voters in all 50 U.S. states and Washington. In the United Kingdom Since the beginning of 2015 the British Conservative Party has used an online database called Votesource which is a centrally held database that local activists administer. The database merges both the membership database and the electoral roll and the centralised nature of it means the party can build demographic models based on Mosaic in to it to identify voters who are more likely to support the party at an election. The system is not without criticism and faced particular problems during the 2015 General Election and the primary to select the Conservative candidate for 2016 London Mayoral Election. A similar system with a similar Mosaic-based demographic model was used by Britain Stronger in Europe during the 2016 EU referendum. From 2009 to the end of 2014 the Conservative Party used a system called MERLIN (Managing Elector Relationships through Local Information Networks) which was a national database accessible by every local Conservative Association in the country. This was commissioned in 2005, and went live in 2008. From the mid-1990s to 2009 the Conservative Party used a programme called BlueChip which was a programme held on individual Conservative Association computers. BlueChip was not a nationally centralised database and it relied entirely on local activists maintaining it and updating it. For the 2005 General Election the party incorporated a national model called Voter Vault into the BlueChip system for the first time to direct canvassers towards voters based on demographics. Britain's Labour Party has used a variety of voter databases through the past two decades. Its most recent incarnation is the Labour Contact Creator system, an online tool accessible from anywhere with an internet connection. Party members and activists are provided with a username and password and voter contact details, preferences, interests, past voting behaviour, and demographic/socio-economic information are available. The system allows voters to be selected on the basis of a MOSAIC grouping, which attempts to determine the sort of interests and activities a voter or a household might display. Maps of where key voters live and information can be cross-referenced so users can find where target voters live, how often they are contacted, how they prefer to be contacted, and what responses have been provided upon making contact. The Contact Creator system is also linked with the Labour Party's other new media tools, Print Creator and Email Creator. Print Creator allows key voters identified through Contact Creator to be targeted with direct mails and leaflets about Labour Party activity. Email Creator allows the user to collect a list of email addresses on the Contact Creator system, e-mail thousands of voters, and monitor the response rate from targets. The Labour Party also operates 'Membersnet', which allows party members to update their registration details, inform other members and Party HQ of rival campaign activities, create events and invite others to attend, email members, create blogs, and share best practice campaign material. The Labour Party introduced a new system to Membersnet and Contact Creator in 2013, focusing on a new user-friendly interface, which allows Party Members anywhere in the UK to contact target voters and identify their voting preferences. They will then be able to enter the information gained directly into the Contact Creator system. In late 2011 Liberal Democrats began to adopt the use of a variant of NGP VAN's Voter Activation Network (VAN) software named "Connect".. In 2016 Vote Leave built a bespoke database called VICS (Voting Intention Collection System) which was an online database that local activists used for canvassing and Get Out the Vote operations. The VICS system was the first of its kind to incorporate a geographic street-based reactive demographic model which directed activists towards streets likely to support leaving the European Union. As canvass returns were entered into VICS the model reacted to adjust which streets were priorities so it became more accurate based on actual canvass returns rather than relying solely on demographic modelling. The VICS system was widely credited with the success of Vote Leave's campaign. In Canada In Canada, the Conservative Party of Canada developed their in-house software C-VOTE database, which replaced their previous system Constituent Information Management System (CIMS). After major flaws arose in 2013 over C-VOTE (including not being able to identify undecided Voters), the Conservative Party switched back to CIMS for the 2015 election. CIMS was originally developed by the same company which produced Trackright, which the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, used to manage voter information prior to the 2011 election, before switching to CIMS as well. It is similar to the Voter Vault software. The New Democratic Party uses their own custom database system called Populus. Previously the NDP used a system called NDP Vote. The Liberal Party has recently introduced "Liberalist" based on the US's Democrats' Voter Activation Network (VAN) Previously the Liberals used a system called ManagElect. Availability The availability of voter files sometimes creates a need for voter list management software as opposed to, for example, using Excel spreadsheets. Political campaigns generally have three options: Write-their-own software: A political campaign may choose to build their own database management system to handle their voter registration files. This may be accomplished in a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel. This method can be time-consuming and require a certain level of technology know-how, but may be the only option for certain campaigns. Desktop-based software: A variety of companies provide voter list management software for a desktop or laptop computer. Generally, this type of software is distributed on a per-computer basis and can therefore be expensive for larger campaigns. However, desktop-based software is easier to use than create-your-own and can provide many integrated, helpful solutions for political campaigns such as walking list generation, computer-based phone banking, and more. Internet-based software: Many companies provide online voter list management software. Internet-based software has many of the same benefits of desktop-based software, and has the additional advantage of being accessible from any computer (Windows, Mac, or Linux) with an Internet connection. Internet-based software helps campaigns eliminate the need for large campaign offices with central computer and phone banks. References External links Official site of the Liberalist voting database of the Canadian Liberal party. Official site of the Constituent Information Management System of the Conservative Party of Canada. Elections
Eugène Koffi Kouamé (7 February 1988 – 10 July 2017) was an Ivorian professional football player. Kouamé died on 10 July 2017 at the age of 29 after having suffered a heart attack following a game. References External links Career profile at sportbox.ru 1988 births 2017 deaths Boluspor footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Russia Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey FC SKA-Khabarovsk players Ivorian men's footballers Ivorian expatriate men's footballers Footballers from Abidjan Men's association football forwards Association football players who died while playing Accidental deaths in Ivory Coast
Iuani is a settlement in Kenya's Eastern Province. References Populated places in Eastern Province (Kenya)
Sir Arthur Wellesley Torrens (18 August 1809 – 24 August 1855) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. He reached the rank of major-general. Early life He was the second son of Major-general Sir Henry Torrens and his wife, Sarah, daughter of Robert Patton, governor of St. Helena, born on 18 August 1809; he was a godson of the Duke of Wellington. In 1819 he was appointed a page of honour to the Prince Regent. Torrens passed through the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and obtained a commission as ensign in the Grenadier Guards, becoming lieutenant on 14 April 1825. He was appointed adjutant of the second battalion with the temporary rank of captain on 11 June 1829. He was promoted captain on 12 June 1830. He continued to serve as adjutant of his battalion until 1838, when he was appointed brigade-major at Quebec on the staff of Major-general Sir James Macdonell, commanding a brigade in Canada. He took part in the operations against the Lower Canada Rebellion at the close of that year. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 11 September 1840, when he returned to England. Royal Welch Fusiliers Torrens exchanged into the 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, and obtained its command on 15 October 1841. On the expansion of the army in April 1842 a second battalion was given to the regiment. The depot was moved from Carlisle to Chichester, where, with two new companies, it was organised for foreign service under Torrens, who embarked with it at Portsmouth for Canada on 13 May, arriving at Montreal on 30 June. In September 1843 Torrens went, in command of the first battalion, from Quebec to the West Indies, arriving at Barbados in October 1843. The battalion was moved from one island to another, but for two years and a half Torrens commanded the troops in Saint Lucia and administered the civil government of the island. The sanitary measures adopted by Torrens for the preservation of the health of the troops were considered exemplary, and correspondence on the subject was published in November 1847 by order of the Duke of Wellington, as commander-in-chief. Torrens declined the offer of the lieutenant-governorship of Saint Lucia as a permanent appointment. He sailed with his battalion from Barbados in March 1847, arriving at Halifax, Nova Scotia in the following month. The battalion returned to England in September 1848, and was stationed at Winchester, where, on 12 July 1849, Prince Albert presented it with new colours. In April 1850 Torrens moved with the battalion to Plymouth, and the following year relinquished the command. On 1 January 1853 he was appointed an assistant quartermaster-general at the Horse Guards, and became a member of a commission researching the military of France, Austria, and Prussia. Crimean War In the Crimean War, Torrens was nominated a brigadier-general to command an infantry brigade. He joined the 4th Infantry Division under Sir George Cathcart at Varna, just before its embarkation. He was at the head of his brigade both at the Battle of Alma and at the Battle of Balaklava, where he was engaged in support of the cavalry and lost some men in recapturing two redoubts. On the morning of 5 November 1854, at the Battle of Inkermann, under the direction of Cathcart, he attacked the left flank of the Russian forces, his horse falling under him, pierced by five bullets, and was praised by Cathcart just before his mortal wound. He was struck by a bullet that passed through his body, injured a lung, splintered a rib, and was found lodged in his greatcoat. Torrens was invalided home. He received the Crimea medal and clasp, the thanks of Parliament, was promoted to be a major-general for distinguished service in the field on 12 December 1854, and was made a knight commander of the Bath, military division. Death On 2 April 1855 Torrens was appointed deputy quartermaster-general at headquarters, and on 25 June the same year was sent as a major-general on the staff to Paris as British military commissioner; but his health broke down, and he died in Paris on 24 August 1855. He was buried in the cemetery of Père-Lachaise. Works Torrens published Notes on French Infantry and Memoranda on the Review of the Army in Paris at the Feast of Eagles in May 1852 (London, 1852). Family Torrens married in 1832 Maria Jane, youngest daughter of General Sir John Murray, 8th Baronet. After his death she erected a monument to him in St Paul's Cathedral. Notes External links Attribution 1809 births 1855 deaths British Army major generals British colonial governors and administrators in the Americas Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
This article contains opinion polling by U.S. state for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries. As of May 2012, both Ron Paul and Mitt Romney have led polls in multiple states. They have both also reached at least 20 percent in polls in multiple states. Before announcing that they would not run, Mike Huckabee and Sarah Palin were also leading polls in multiple states with numbers above 20 percent. Michele Bachmann, Herman Cain, Rick Perry, and Rick Santorum were also able to lead polls in multiple states earlier in the race, but Cain suspended his campaign on December 3 after multiple allegations of sexual impropriety, Bachmann dropped out on January 4, one day after her poor showing in the Iowa caucuses, in which she came in sixth place and received just 5 percent of the vote, Perry dropped out on January 19 after finishing fifth in Iowa with just over 10 percent of the vote, finishing sixth in New Hampshire with less than 1 percent of the vote and with "lagging" poll numbers ahead of the South Carolina primary, and Santorum suspended his campaign on April 10. Newt Gingrich announced he would drop out of the race after a poor showing in the northeast on April 24. Haley Barbour of Mississippi, Jeb Bush of Florida, Chris Christie of New Jersey, Jim DeMint of South Carolina, Bobby Jindal of Louisiana, Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota, Paul Ryan of Wisconsin and John Thune of South Dakota all succeeded in leading polls in their home states at some point in 2011, although only Pawlenty actually launched a campaign. Pawlenty exited the race on August 14, one day after finishing third in Iowa's Ames Straw Poll, citing a lack of campaign funds. Polling for completed primaries California (June 5) Winner Mitt Romney Primary date June 5, 2012 Delegates 172 Montana (June 5) Winner Mitt Romney Primary date June 5, 2012 Delegates 26 New Jersey (June 5) Winner Mitt Romney Primary date June 5, 2012 Delegates 50 New Mexico (June 5) Winner Mitt Romney Primary date June 5, 2012 Delegates 23 South Dakota (June 5) Winner Mitt Romney Primary date June 5, 2012 Delegates 28 Utah (June 26) Winner Mitt Romney Primary date June 26, 2012 Delegates 40 See also Results of the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries Straw polls for the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012 Nationwide opinion polling for the Republican Party 2012 presidential primaries References Opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election
The 2018–19 Bundesliga was the 77th season of the Bundesliga, Germany's highest field hockey league. It began on 25 August 2019 and it concluded with the championship final on 19 May 2019 in Krefeld. Uhlenhorst Mülheim were the defending champions, and won their 18th Bundesliga title by defeating Mannheimer HC 5–4 in the final. Teams Twelve teams competed in the league – the top ten teams from the previous season and the two teams promoted from the 2. Bundesliga. The promoted teams were Hamburger Polo Club and Blau-Weiss Berlin, who replaced TSV Mannheim and Münchner SC. Number of teams by state Regular season League table Results Play-offs The championship play-offs were held at the Gerd-Wellen-Hockeystadion in Krefeld on 18 and 19 May 2019. Semi-finals Final Statistics Top goalscorers References External links Official website Flashscore page Feldhockey Bundesliga (Men's field hockey) Germany Feldhockey-Bundesliga 2017–18 Feldhockey-Bundesliga 2017–18
Dumbrell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: George Dumbrell (1906–1990), English footballer Paul Dumbrell (born 1982), Australian business executive and racing driver Scott Dumbrell (born 1961), Australian archer William Dumbrell (1926–2016), Australian biblical scholar
Autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features syndrome is a rare, relatively benign, hereditary epileptic disorder that is characterized by seizures, seizure-associated hearing alterations and receptive aphasia. Unlike other genetic disorders, this one does not affect intellect. Signs & symptoms Symptoms of this disorder usually begin appearing in adolescence-early adulthood. People with this disorder have peculiar symptoms before and during seizures, these include: Buzzing Ringing Humming Voices Music Changes in the intensity/volume of sound Some people have receptive aphasia before temporarily losing consciousness to a seizure Less commonly, visual hallucinations, smell abnormalities, and/or vertigo occur before and during seizures. People with this disorder typically have triggers that trigger their seizures. But for other people, they don't have a known trigger. Fortunately for people with ADPEAF, seizures don't usually occur in a regular basis. Partial seizures can also occur, during these kind of seizures, a person doesn't lose consciousness. These seizures may evolve into a full seizure (due to spreading through the entire brain instead of a part of it), when this happens, they are called secondary generalized seizures Causes This disorder is caused by mutations in either the LGI1 gene or the RELN gene. These mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Although some people with ADPEAF have been found to have mutations in other genes. Etimology This condition was discovered in 1995, Ottman et al. described a family with recurrent seizures and auditory symptoms. There are only 20 families across the world that are affected with the disorder. References Autosomal dominant disorders Genetic diseases and disorders
Josh Blue (born November 27, 1978) is an American comedian. He was voted the Last Comic Standing on NBC's reality show Last Comic Standing during its fourth season, which aired May–August 2006. Blue has cerebral palsy, and much of his self-deprecating humor is centered on this. Early life Blue was born in Cameroon where his father, Walter Blue, was a professor of Romance languages at Hamline University teaching during a mission. Blue grew up in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and graduated from Como Park Senior High School in 1997. He began his career as a comedian while seeking a creative writing degree at The Evergreen State College. During college, he went back to Africa to volunteer as an intern at Parc de Hahn, a zoo in Senegal. At one point for a joke on a busy weekend, Josh locked himself in an empty animal exhibit for eight hours. A bewildered crowd threw him bananas and peanuts anyway, to which Josh quips, "that was the best day I ate in Senegal!" Career Blue got his start in comedy doing open mic sets while attending The Evergreen State College. Audiences reacted enthusiastically to his self-deprecating humor, and Blue started making a name for himself on the comedy circuit. In 2002, he won the prestigious Comedy Works New Faces contest. He has appeared several times on Comedy Central's Mind of Mencia. Blue won $10,000 for finishing in first place at 2004 Las Vegas Comedy Festival's 2004 Royal Flush Comedy Competition. After winning the 2006 season of NBC's reality show Last Comic Standing, he was the first comedian to do stand-up on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. His other television credits include Live with Regis and Kelly, Comics Unleashed, plus numerous appearances on Fox, CBS, ABC, and MSNBC. He appeared in the 2009 low-budget horror film Feast III: The Happy Finish. Josh was voted the 13th best comedian by viewers in Comedy Central's Stand-up Comedy Showdown 2010. Blue appeared in Boulder band Rose Hill Drive's music video "The Psychoanalyst". Blue was voted the 11th best comedian by viewers in Comedy Central's Stand-up Comedy Showdown 2011. He appeared in Ron White's Las Vegas Salute to the Troops 2013 as part of the opening act. Blue also appeared in the sports based comedy 108 Stitches in 2014. In 2021, Blue auditioned for season sixteen of America's Got Talent, where he got four yeses from the judges and was able to advance through the live rounds. Blue placed third in the season, behind aerialist Aidan Bryant and magician Dustin Tavella. In 2023, Blue appeared on America's Got Talent: All-Stars. In his round of the preliminaries, he placed third behind former winners Brandon Leake and Kodi Lee. Personal life Blue currently resides in Denver, Colorado, with his two children: a son, Simon, and a daughter, Saika. He also creates and sells sculptures and paintings. Blue has cerebral palsy, specifically classified as spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and many of his jokes center on living with his disability, how he deals with it, and how other people view him. Blue appeared on Last Comic Standing to "make people aware of the fact that people with disabilities can make an impact." He coined the term "palsy punch" during his final set of the final round of the show, when he said that the palsy punch is effective in a fight because "first of all, they don't know where the punch is coming from, and second of all, neither do I." One of Blue's competitors said he has "an unreasonable amount of likability" while another of his competitors said "he is just a good guy". Blue also joked that signing an autograph takes 45 minutes and that to write down his phone number he has to find a "big ol' stack of paper." Blue has competed in Paralympic seven-a-side soccer; he was a part of the United States national team roster during the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. Works Comedy specials Discography See also Steady Eddy – (born Christopher Widdows 1968), Australian comedian with cerebral palsy Lee Ridley – (born 1980), British comedian with cerebral palsy Geri Jewell – (born 1956), American stand-up comedian and actress References External links Official website USA Paralympic bio (Accessed June 21, 2006) Hicks, L. Wayne. "Just Joshin'". Denver Business Journal, September 30 – October 5, 2005, issue. (Accessed June 21, 2006) 1978 births Living people 7-a-side footballers at the 2004 Summer Paralympics American people with disabilities American stand-up comedians Last Comic Standing winners America's Got Talent contestants Paralympic 7-a-side soccer players for the United States People from Denver People from Saint Paul, Minnesota People with cerebral palsy Evergreen State College alumni 21st-century American comedians
The Rubottom oxidation is a useful, high-yielding chemical reaction between silyl enol ethers and peroxyacids to give the corresponding α-hydroxy carbonyl product. The mechanism of the reaction was proposed in its original disclosure by A.G. Brook with further evidence later supplied by George M. Rubottom. After a Prilezhaev-type oxidation of the silyl enol ether with the peroxyacid to form the siloxy oxirane intermediate, acid-catalyzed ring-opening yields an oxocarbenium ion. This intermediate then participates in a 1,4-silyl migration (Brook rearrangement) to give an α-siloxy carbonyl derivative that can be readily converted to the α-hydroxy carbonyl compound in the presence of acid, base, or a fluoride source. Reaction mechanism History In 1974, three independent groups reported on the reaction now known as the Rubottom oxidation: A.G Brook, A. Hassner, and G.M. Rubottom. Considerable precedent for the reaction already existed. For instance, it was known as early as the 1930s that highly enolizable β-dicarbonyl compounds would react with peroxyacids, although it was not until the 1950s and 60s α-hydroxy β-dicarbonyl compounds were in fact the product. Considerable work by A.G Brook, during the 1950s on the mechanisms of organosilicon migrations, which are now known as Brook Rearrangements. In 1974, C.H. Heathcock described the ozonolysis of silyl enol ethers to give a carboxylic acid product via oxidative cleavage where silyl migrations were observed as side reactions and exclusively in the case of a bicyclic system. General features The original implementations of the Rubottom oxidation featured the peroxyacid meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) as the oxidant in dichloromethane (DCM), in the case of Hassner and Brook, and hexanes for Rubottom. While the reaction has been tweaked and modified since 1974, mCPBA is still commonly used as the oxidant with slightly more variation in the solvent choice. DCM remains the most common solvent followed by various hydrocarbon solvents including pentane and toluene. Notably, the reaction proceeds at relatively low temperatures and heating beyond room temperature is not necessary. Low temperatures allow the standard Rubottom oxidation conditions to be amenable with a variety of sensitive functionalities making it ideal for complex molecule synthesis (See synthetic examples below). Silyl enol ether substrates can be prepared regioselectively from ketones or aldehydes by employing thermodynamic or kinetic control to the enolization prior to trapping with the desired organosilicon source (usually a chloride or triflate e.g. TBSCl or TBSOTf). As illustrated by the synthetic examples below, silyl enol ethers can be isolated prior to exposure to the reaction conditions, or the crude material can be immediately subjected to oxidation without isolation. Both acyclic and cyclic silyl enol ether derivatives can be prepared in this way and subsequently be used as substrates in the Rubottom oxidation. Below are some representative Rubottom oxidation products synthesized in the seminal papers. In 1978, Rubottom showed that siloxy 1,3 dienes, derived from acyclic or cyclic enones could also serve as substrates for the Rubottom oxidation to forge α-hydroxy enones after treatment with triethyl ammonium fluoride. These substrates give a single regioisomer under the reaction conditions due to the electron-rich nature of the silyl enol pi-bond (See synthesis of Periplanone B below). Modifications and improvements The Rubottom oxidation has remained largely unchanged since its initial disclosure, but one of the major drawbacks of standard conditions is the acidic environment, which can lead to unwanted side reactions and degradation. A simple sodium bicarbonate buffer system is commonly employed to alleviate this issue, which is especially problematic in bicyclic and other complex molecule syntheses (see synthetic examples). The introduction of chiral oxidants has also allowed for the synthesis of enantiopure α-hydroxy carbonyl derivatives from their corresponding silyl enol ethers. The first example of an enantioselective Rubottom oxidation was published by F.A. Davis in 1987 and showcased the Davis chiral oxaziridine methodology (Davis oxidation) to give good yields but modest enantiomeric excesses. In 1992, K.B. Sharpless showed that the asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions developed in his group could be harnessed to give either (R)- or (S)- α-hydroxy ketones from the corresponding silyl enol ethers depending on which Chinchona alkaloid-derived chiral ligands were employed. The groups of Y. Shi and W. Adam published another enantioselective variant of the Rubottom oxidation in 1998 using the Shi chiral ketone in the presence of oxone in a buffered system to furnish α-hydroxy ketones in high yield and high enantiomeric excess. The Adam group also published another paper in 1998 utilizing manganese(III)-(Salen)complexes in the presence of NaOCl (bleach) as the oxidant and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide as an additive in a phosphate buffered system. This methodology also gave high yields and enentioselectivities for silyl enol ethers as well as silyl ketene acetals derived from esters. Along with chiral oxidants, variants of mCPBA have been examined. Stankovic and Espenson published a variation of the Rubottom oxidation where methyltrioxorhenium is used as a catalytic oxidant in the presence of stoichiometric hydrogen peroxide. This methodology gives acyclic and cyclic α-hydroxy ketones in high yield with a cheap, commercially available oxidant. An inherent problem with mCPBA is its inability to oxidize silyl ketene acetals. In order to synthesize α-hydroxy esters, different oxidants are needed such as NaOCl (see above), lead(IV) acetate, or a hypofluorous acid-acetonitrile (HOF-ACN) complex. The Rubottom group found that lead(IV) acetate in DCM or benzene gave good yields of acyclic and cyclic α-hydroxy esters after treatment of the crude reaction mixture with triethylammonium fluoride. Later, the highly electrophilic HOF-ACN complex was used by S. Rozen to oxidize a variety of electron rich silyl enol ethers, silyl ketene acetals, and bis(silyl acetals), derived from carboxylic acids, in good yields at or below room temperature. Applications in synthesis The following examples represent only a small portion of syntheses that highlight the use of the Rubottom oxidation to install an important α-hydroxy functionality. Some of the major features of the following syntheses include the use of buffered conditions to protect sensitive substrates and the diastereoselective installation of the α-hydroxy group due to substrate controlled facial bias. For more examples see refs The Rubottom oxidation was used in the synthesis of periplanone B, a sex pheromone excreted by the female American cockroach. The synthesis employed an anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement coupled to a Rubottom oxidation. After heating in the presence of potassium hydride (KH) and 18-crown-6 (18-C-6) to effect the anionic oxy-Cope, the enolate intermediate was trapped with trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl). The silyl enol ether intermediate could then be treated with mCPBA under Rubottom oxidation conditions to give the desired α-hydroxy carbonyl compound that could then be carried on to (±)-periplanone B and its diastereomers to prove its structure. Brevisamide, a proposed biosynthetic precursor for a polyether marine toxin, was synthesized by Ghosh and Li, one step of which is a Rubottom oxidation of the cyclic silyl enol ether under buffered conditions. Chiral chromium catalyst B was developed the Jacobsen group and confers high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivity. The stereocenters conveniently set in the Diels-Alder reaction direct the oxidation to the less hindered face, giving a single diastereomer, which could then be carried on in 14 more steps to Brevisamide. Wang and coworkers developed a robust, kilogram-scale synthesis of the potent derivative 2S-hydroxymutilin from pleuromutilin, an antibiotic produced by various species of basidiomycetes. Basic hydrolysis to remove the hydroxyl ester moiety of pleuromutilin yielded mutilin. Subsequent treatment with lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and TMSCl gave the TMS-protected silyl enol ether, which was immediately subjected to an acetic acid- (HOAc) pyridine- (Py) buffered Rubottom oxidation before acidic hydrolysis to afford 2S-hydroxymutilin. This highly optimized sequence features two important aspects. First, the authors originally generated the silyl enol ether using triethylamine, which gave a mixture of the desired kinetic product, (shown below) the undesired thermodynamic product, and hydrolysis back to mutilin. The authors blamed the formation of the acidic triethylammonium (pKa = 10.6) byproduct for the undesired side products and remedied this by using the LiHMDS to exclusively form the desired kinetic product with no acid-catalyzed side reactions due to the significantly lower acidity of the protonated product (pKa = 26). Second, while oxidation occurred from the desired convex face of the silyl enol ether, the authors saw a significant number of overoxidation products that they attributed to the stability of the oxocarbenium ion intermediate under sodium bicarbonate buffered conditions. They hypothesized that the increased lifetime of the intermediate species would allow for over oxidation to occur. After a significant amount of optimization, it was found that an HOAc/Py buffer trapped the oxocarbenium intermediate and prevented overoxidation to exclusively give 2S-hydroxymutilin after hydrolysis of the silyl protecting groups. Ovalicin, fumagillin, and their derivatives exhibit strong anti-angiogenesis properties and have seen numerous total syntheses since their isolation. Corey and Dittami reported the first total synthesis of racemic ovalicin in 1985 followed by two asymmetric syntheses reported in 1994 by Samadi and Corey which featured a chiral pool strategy from L-quebrachitol and an asymmetric dihydroxylation, respectively. In 2010, Yadav and coworkers reported a route that intercepted the Samadi route from the chiral pool starting material D-ribose. A standard Rubottom oxidation gives a single stereoisomer due to substrate control and represents the key stereogenic step in the route to the Samadi ketone. Once synthesized, the Samadi ketone could be elaborated to (−)-ovalicin through known steps. Velutinol A was first synthesized by Isaka and coworkers. The authors show that the high regioselectivity of this reaction is directed by the hydroxyl group syn to the ring-fusion proton. Reactions where the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group is inverted saw lower regioselectivity, and removal of the hydroxyl group gave the exclusive formation of the other regioisomer. It is likely that the close proximity of the hydroxyl group in the syn isomer acidifies the ring-fusion proton through hydrogen-bonding interactions, thus facilitating regioselective deprotonation by triethylamine. The silyl enol ether was then treated with excess mCPBA to facilitate a “double” Rubottom oxidation to give the exo product with both hydroxyl groups on the outside of the fused ring system. This dihydroxy product was then transformed into Velutinol A in three additional steps. The Clive group utilized the Rubottom oxidation in the synthesis of an advanced intermediate for their degradation studies of the cholesterol-lowering fungal metabolite mevinolin. This interesting sequence features the addition of excess n-butyllithium (BuLi) in the presence of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) for full conversion of the bicyclic ketone derivative to the corresponding silyl enol ether. Without BuLi the authors report a maximum yield of only 72%. Subsequent buffered Rubottom oxidation conditions with sodium bicarbonate in ethyl acetate afforded the α-hydroxy ketone as a single diastereomer. The Falk group synthesized various derivatives of phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol to aid in the study of the various phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) cell signaling pathways. Their route to the collection of substrate analogs exploits a substrate-controlled stereoselective Rubottom oxidation using dimethyl dioxirane(DMDO) as the oxidant and catalytic camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) to aid in hydrolysis. For protecting groups see ref Problems and shortcomings While the Rubottom oxidation generally gives good yields and is highly scalable (see 2S-hydroxymutilin synthesis), there are still some problems with the reaction. As mentioned above, the acidic reaction conditions are not tolerated by many complex substrates, but this can be abrogated with the use of buffer systems. Poor atom economy is also a major issue with the reaction because it requires stoichiometric oxidant, which generates large amounts of waste. Peroxides can also be dangerous to work with. mCPBA is known to detonate from shock or sparks. α-Hydroxylation of related compounds Although silyl enol ethers of aldehydes and ketones are the traditional substrates for the Rubottom oxidation, as mentioned above, silyl ketene acetals and bis (silyl acetals) can be oxidized to their α-hydroxy ester or carboxylic acid derivatives using lead(IV) acetate or hypofluorous acid-acetonitrile (HOF–ACN). However, these α-hydroxylations do not proceed via silyl enol ether intermediates and are therefore not technically Rubottom oxidations. Various oxidants can be used to oxidize many of these carbonyl derivatives after they are converted to their respective enolate or related anion. Some common oxidants are peroxy acids, molecular oxygen, and hypervalent iodine reagents. References Bibliography Kürti, L.; Czakó, B. (2005) Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis, Elsevier, . Li, J.J. (2009) Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications, 4th Edition, Springer, External links Organic Chemistry Portal Myers' Handouts Organic oxidation reactions Name reactions
The Cromerian Stage or Cromerian Complex, also called the Cromerian (), is a stage in the Pleistocene glacial history of north-western Europe, mostly occurring more than half a million years ago. It is named after the East Anglian town of Cromer in Great Britain where interglacial deposits that accumulated during part of this stage were first discovered. The stratotype for this interglacial is the Cromer Forest Bed situated at the bottom of the coastal cliff near West Runton. The Cromerian stage preceded the Anglian and Elsterian glacials and show an absence of glacial deposits in western Europe, which led to the historical terms Cromerian interglacial and the Cromerian warm period (). It is now known that the Cromerian consisted of multiple glacial and interglacial periods. Chronology The core of the Cromerian is the first half of the Middle Pleistocene stage (Ionian) approximately 800-500 ka ago, just before the Anglian glaciation. In terms of Marine isotope stages (MIS) this corresponds to MIS 19 to MIS 13. Some authors instead put the start at MIS 22, corresponding to a start 900 ka ago, which includes the last 100 ka of the Calabrian stage, after the Beestonian Stage. Some sources today correlate the Elster glaciation to MIS 10 instead of MIS 12, while keeping the Cromerian running up to the start of the Elsterian. The result is an end to the Cromerian stage in continental Europe at the end of MIS 11 (400 ka ago), and that the continental Cromerian continues beyond its end in Britain and Ireland and runs in parallel to the Anglian and Hoxnian Stages (MIS 12-11). In the Alpine region the corresponding stage is called Günz. The Cromerian had been equated to the Aftonian in North America. However, the Aftonian, along with the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth), Kansan, and Nebraskan, have been abandoned by North American Quaternary geologists and merged into the Pre-Illinoian. At this time, the Cromerian is correlated with the period of time, which includes the Pre-Illinoian C, Pre-Illinoian D, and Pre-Illinoian E glaciations of North America. Proposals for structuring the Cromerian complex have become quite confusing. Great potential for a full breakdown has been provided by the extensive, continental series at Gorleben. Glacial cycles Based on a lack of glacial evidence in Western Europe for the Middle Pleistocene (Ionian) before the Anglian glaciation, the Cromerian was originally thought to be a period without major glaciations. However, there is evidence for ice-rafting of material across the North Sea from this period. Investigations in the 1950s of oxygene isotopes in deep sea core samples revealed five glacial cycles during MIS 22 - MIS 13. The Mid-Pleistocene Transition to the 100,000 year glacial cycle became established during the Cromerian. Four of the glaciations (MIS 22, MIS 20, MIS 18, MIS 14) were moderate, probably involving low-land glaciation in Scandinavia, but not spreading to England and northern Germany. One of the glaciations, Marine Isotope Stage 16 (MIS 16), is globally as strong as the most recent glaciations, MIS 6 (main Saale) and MIS 2 (Weichsel/Devensian). There is plenty of evidence in Russia for a major glaciation during this stage, which is called the Don Glaciation and believed to correspond to MIS 16. It is not clear why western Europe seems so unaffected by this major glacial. Fossils In 1990 the West Runton Mammoth skeleton was found, the best example of the species Mammuthus trogontherii to be unearthed so far. A significant fossil site, with animal remains dating about 600,000 years ago, is the Mosbach Sands in Germany, named after an abandoned village near Wiesbaden, Germany. See also Timeline of glaciation Quaternary Cromer Forest Bed References Sources www.Stratigraphy.org www.zum.de Quaternary geochronology Ice ages Pleistocene Interglacials
Sheykhvanlu-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Sheykhvānlū-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Sheykhvānlū-ye Bālā) is a village in Shahrestaneh Rural District, Now Khandan District, Dargaz County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 7 families. References Populated places in Dargaz County
Conrado San Martín Prieto (20 February 1921 – 24 April 2019) was a Spanish actor with a long and prolific career. He made his film debut in 1941 and was particularly popular during the 1950s. Life Conrado San Martín left behind a career as an amateur boxer to take small roles in the theater in the company of Cayetano Luca de Tena and to act as an extra in some films.<ref name = "Torres 419">Torres, Diccionario del cine Español, p. 419</ref> He made his film debut with Oro vil (1941) a film directed by Eduardo García Maroto. During the 1940s, San Martín became an actor in secondary roles and was very much in demand in some of the most important Spanish films of that period: El fantasma y Doña Juanita (1944) directed by Rafael Gil, Los últimos de Filipinas (1945) directed by Antonio Román; A los pies de usted de Garcia Viñolas (1945); La princesa de los Ursinos (1947), by Luis Lucia and La Lola se va a los puertos (1947) and Locura de amor (1948), both films directed by Juan de Orduña. These roles led the Catalan production company Emisora films to give him an exclusive contract and he starred in the comedies: Siempre vuelve de madrugada (1948) (He always come back at dawn): Despertó su corazón Awoke his heart (1949) and Mi adorado Juan My beloved Juan (1949) a film directed by Jerónimo Mihura. San Martín also took roles in the thriller Apartado de correos 1001 (1950); Mail box 1001, a film directed by Julio Salvador which was a great hit with audiences; and Relato policíaco (1954) by Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi. The success of some of these productions gave him the starring role in Amenaza (1950); Threat a film directed by Antonio Román; La patrulla, (1954) a film directed by Pedro Lazaga with Carmen Sánchez and Arturo Fernández; Pasión en el mar (1956) and o ...Y eligió el infierno (1957). He created his own production company, Laurus films, producing the melodramas: Lo que nunca muere (1954) and Sin la sonrisa de Dios (1955). As his career consolidated, he began to work in international co-productions like: Le legioni di Cleopatra (1959) by Vittorio Cottafavi, The Colossus of Rhodes (1960), the first film directed by Sergio Leone, King of Kings (1961), in the paper of Pompey, La Muerte silba un blues (1962), directed by Jesús Franco; the Spaghetti Western All'ombra di una colt (In the Shadow of a Colt) (1966) directed by Giovanni Grimaldi; Los largos días de la venganza (1967) directed by Florestano Vancini; Simón Bolívar (1969) a film directed by Alessandro Blasetti. The failure of his production company eventually made him retire from the big screen in the early 1970s. He came back to take on important secondary roles a decade later in films like: Asesinato en el comité central (Murder in the Central Committee) (1983); A la pálida luz de la Luna (1985), a film directed by José María González Sinde; Extramuros (1985), a film directed by Miguel Picazo; Dragon Rapide (1986) by Jaime Camino; Boom Boom (1989) by Rosa Vergés; Riders of the Dawn (1990) by Vicente Aranda and A solas contigo (1990), a film directed by Eduardo Campoy. He also made some appearances on television roles but in his last years he was retired from the industry. He died on 24 April 2019. Selected filmography Last Stand in the Philippines (1945) The Princess of the Ursines (1947) Lola Leaves for the Ports (1947) Guest of Darkness (1948) In a Corner of Spain (1949) They Always Return at Dawn (1949) My Beloved Juan (1950) Doubt (1951) Nothing Less Than an Archangel (1960) The Red Rose (1960) Revolt of the Mercenaries (1961) King of Kings (1961) as Pompey The Avenger of Venice (1964) Target Goldseven (1966) Maestros (2000) Vampyres (2005) Notes References Torres, Augusto, Diccionario del cine Español'', Espasa Calpe, 1994. External links 1921 births 2019 deaths Spanish male film actors People from the Province of Ávila Spanish film producers Male Spaghetti Western actors
Roxton (officially Le Canton de Roxton) is a township municipality (municipalité de canton) in the Acton Regional County Municipality, in the province of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 1,093. Roxton entirely surrounds the village of Roxton Falls. Roxton and Roxton Falls are legally distinct municipalities (with separate elected officials), but the administration of both is physically located in the village of Roxton Falls. Roxton has only a few hundred fewer people than Roxton Falls, but is spread out over a much greater geographic area. Demographics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Roxton had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. Population trend: Mother tongue language (2006) See also List of township municipalities in Quebec References External links Regional County Municipality of Acton Official Site - Roxton Canton (Roxton Township) Official Site - Roxton Falls Township municipalities in Quebec Incorporated places in Acton Regional County Municipality
The Golden Mile is a name given to Belgrave Road in Leicester, England. The origin of the name is often mistakenly attributed to the plethora of shops selling Indian gold jewelry. In actual fact, the name originates from the late 1960s and early 1970s when a rapid succession of yellow-amber traffic lights began to appear along Belgrave Road. The Golden Mile is renowned for its authentic Indian restaurants, sari shops and jewellers and has been described as "the closest that Britain comes to an Indian bazaar.” This area of the city is also famous for its seasonal lights which combine to celebrate winter festivals including Diwali and Christmas. The Diwali celebrations in Leicester are focused on this area and are the largest outside India. Filming of Jadoo took place on the Golden Mile. References External links Visit Leicester - Golden Mile Story of Leicester - The Golden Mile Leicester’s Golden Mile Golden Mile - Leicester Mercury Trip Advisor - The Golden Mile The Golden Mile - Lonely Planet A delicious stroll along The Golden Mile - Great Food Club Saris and jewellery to spices and dining on the Golden Mile - Visit England Roads in Leicester Areas of Leicester Tourist attractions in Leicestershire Culture in Leicestershire
National Democratic Party is right wing political party in Bangladesh. Salahuddin Kader Chowdhury was elected member of 5th parliament of Bangladesh. Khandaker Golam Mortuza was the chairman till 2018 of the National Democratic Party. Now K M Abu Taher is the Chairman and Abdullah-Al-Harun (Sohel) is Secretary General of the National Democratic Party (NDP). History Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury led the National Democratic Party in the early 1990s and worked against the Bangladesh Awami League against the Bangladesh Nationalist Party government. The National Democratic Party joined the National Democratic Front, an alliance of 10 nationalist party, in September 2014. The Party had quit the Bangladesh Nationalist Party led Grand Alliance in October 2014. Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury was elected to Parliament on a National Democratic Party nomination from Chittagong-6 in 1991. National Democratic Party left the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in 2022 and create a 12 party alliance. References Nationalist parties in Asia Political parties in Bangladesh Organisations based in Dhaka
Monte Vista Elementary School is a public elementary school in the Nob Hill neighborhood of Albuquerque, New Mexico, whose campus is listed in the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places. It is notable as one of the city's best examples of Mediterranean Revival architecture and as the historical focal point of the surrounding neighborhood. It is a part of Albuquerque Public Schools. History In the 1920s and 30s Albuquerque was undergoing rapid development along Central Avenue in the area then known as the East Mesa, the high ground just east of the present alignment of Interstate 25. One of the new developments was the Monte Vista Addition, which was laid out in 1926 leaving room for a future elementary school at the intersection of two diagonal boulevards, Monte Vista and Campus. Albuquerque Public Schools originally planned to build a ten-classroom school, but scaled the plans back to eight classrooms to cut costs. The school was budgeted at $77,500 and was designed by local architect T. Charles Gaastra, who also designed the nearby Hendren Building some years later. Monte Vista opened to the public on February 1, 1931, and has remained in use for its original purpose ever since. A 1947 addition extended the wings at the rear of the building, adding more classrooms to keep up with increasing enrollment. A separate cafeteria building was added in 1965. In 1981, the school was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places. Architecture The historic main building at Monte Vista was designed by local architect T. Charles Gaastra in the Mediterranean Revival style. The plan is complex but carefully aligned with respect to the wedge-shaped corner of Monte Vista and Campus Boulevards. The school has four classroom wings projecting from a central block punctuated by an arched front entrance, elaborately ornamented with molded terra cotta, and a square tower with a domed cupola. Shallowly pitched tile roofs and tan stuccoed walls complete the Mediterranean appearance. The rear of the building, including the 1947 additions, has two stories, while the front has one. The windows used are generally 6-over-6 sashes. References External links Monte Vista Elementary School School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico Schools in Albuquerque, New Mexico Public elementary schools in New Mexico School buildings completed in 1931 New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties National Register of Historic Places in Albuquerque, New Mexico
Mazatlania fulgurata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails. Description The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 23 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico. References Rosenberg, G.; Moretzsohn, F.; García, E. F. (2009). Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 579–699 in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. External links Columbellidae Gastropods described in 1846
Isaïe Schwartz (15 January 1876, in Traenheim – 1952, in Paris) was the Great Rabbi of France at the beginning of World War II. References Chief rabbis of France Alsatian Jews Clergy from Bas-Rhin 1876 births 1952 deaths 20th-century French rabbis
Gustav Adolf Leopold von Rauch (27 February 1787 – 26 November 1860) was a major general in the Prussian Army. Life He was born in Konigsberg, the eighth of twelve children born to major general Bonaventura von Rauch and his wife Johanna, née Bandel (1752–1828). His brothers included Gustav (future Minister for War, general of the infantry and honorary citizen of Berlin) and Friedrich Wilhelm (future military attache in St Petersburg, adjutant general to Frederick William IV of Prussia and lieutenant general). Leopold's sister Rosalie Gräfin von Hohenau, née von Rauch († 1879) married Prince Albert of Prussia (brother to King Frederick William IV and Emperor William I). From 1799 to 1803 he trained as an army cadet in Stolp and Berlin. His first posting was as an ensign in Number 36 von Puttkammer Infantry Regiment, then based in Brandenburg an der Havel. He fought against France in the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806 and 1807. After Prussia surrendered he came off the active list but remained a half-pay second lieutenant. In 1809 he was assigned to the Number 8 Lifeguard Infantry Regiment, newly raised in Berlin. Two years later he was promoted to adjutant and became the commander of the Normal Infantry Battalion, then attached to the Foot Guards Regiment in Potsdam. In 1813 he was promoted to first lieutenant and then staff captain. Whilst Prussia harried Napoleon's retreat from Russia in 1812 and 1813, he served as adjutant of the Guards Reserve Brigade, chief of the general staff of II Army Corps and adjutant to 1st Guards Brigade, winning the Iron Cross 2nd class. In the Battle of Kulm in 1813 he was so badly wounded that he was taken off active service and remained in adjutant posts for the rest of his career. One of these posts was on the staff of Duke Charles of Mecklenburg, commander of the Guards Brigade and brother of King Frederick William III's queen consort Luise. Charles wrote of Rauch: "Equally active and capable. He has an excellent attitude in all his manners and is highly recommended." Rauch was made a major in 1819. He was transferred to the 2nd Foot Guards Regiment from 1822 to 1833 as court-major (Platzmajor) in Potsdam. In 1833 he was put in charge of the Allgemeine Kriegsschule in Berlin, which trained staff and general staff officers and later became the Prussian Staff College. He was made a lieutenant colonel in 1834, just before being made the Prussian commissioner for the Kalisch Review, a joint operation between Prussia and the Russian Empire in the Congress of Poland in 1835. At the end of the review he was awarded the Order of St Anna 2nd class. He was made colonel in 1836 and major general in 1842 before retiring in 1848. He died in Trzblitz twelve years after his retirement. Marriage and issue On 20 February 1827 he married in Prague. His new wife was Amélie von Levetzow, from the Teschow-Koppelow family (6 February 1805, Leipzig – 1 October 1831, Potsdam). Her parents were Joachim Otto Ulrich von Levetzow (chamberlain and court-marshal in Mecklenburg-Schwerin and lord of the manors of Hohen-Mistorf and Teschow) and his first wife Amalie von Levetzow (née von Brösigke). The couple divorced and Amalie went on to marry Friedrich Carl Ulrich von Levetzow (killed in 1815 at the battle of Waterloo) and then Franz Graf von Klebelsberg-Thumburg, former president of the Vienna Hofkammer. Amélie had two sisters – the elder was Ulrike von Levetzow (who inspired Goethe to write his Marienbad Elegy) and the younger was Bertha (who bought the estate at Netluk (Pnětluky) to live near her mother and Ulrike). Goethe had contact with all three sisters and took part in Amélie's marriage. The couple had two sons, Franz (13 March 1828, Potsdam – 8 August 1911, Netluk/Pnětluky) and Adalbert (20 August 1829, Potsdam – 18 February 1907, Ramholz). Both sons kept in close touch with their mother's sister Ulrike and after her death in 1899 ensured her correspondence with Goethe was kept intact and made available to the public. Franz grew up with Ulrike after his mother's early death and stayed there until he was 18 and remained in correspondence with her long afterwards. He served in the Prussian and Austrian armies and established a collection of minerals and archaeological objects, which in 1912 passed to the city museum in Ústí nad Labem. He married Aminka Zülich von Zülborn (1833–1893) and had one son with her, Joseph von Rauch (1862–1911). Adalbert inherited the Trziblitz (Třebívlice) estate from Ulrike, which was acquired from him by the city of Brüx in 1901. He rose to first lieutenant in the Prussian Army and later retired as a colonel in the Austrian Army. References Bibliography (in German) J. Schott: Die Familie v. Rauch in der Preußischen Armee, In: Militär-Wochenblatt Nr. 79, 1893, S. 1981. Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum, Bd. 6, Hamburg 1934, S. 39 f. Gothaische Adeliges Taschenbuch Bände B 1928 (ältere Genealogie) bis 1939, 471. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Bände B VII. (1965), S. 337 f. Adolf Kirschner: Erinnerungen an Goethes Ulrike und an die Familie von Levetzow-Rauch. Aussig (Ústí nad Labem), 1904 Beiträge zur Heimatkunde des Aussig-Karbitzer Bezirkes. Herausgegeben in Aussig, 1929, S. 119–124. Klaus Hansel: Die Ehrenstiftsdamen vom Kloster Heiligengrabe, in: Der HEROLD Heft 11/1992, S. 303–309. Dagmar von Gersdorff: Goethes späte Liebe. Die Geschichte der Ulrike von Levetzow. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 1265, 2005, S. 100–109. Trebivlicko 99 – Osudova Laska J.W.Goetha a Ulriky von Levetzow v Trebivlicich. External links http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/138757852.html#indexcontent Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 1787 births 1860 deaths Military personnel from Königsberg Leopold Major generals of Prussia
Chain Lake is a large pond or small lake in Mackinac County near St. Ignace in the U.S. state of Michigan at an elevation of . The lake is served by Interstate 75, which provides a rest area and lake overlook for southbound drivers at mile 346. The lake is also served by the North Country Trail, running in concurrence with the St. Ignace-Trout Lake Trail. This trail uses the right-of-way abandoned by a spur line of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway, a logging-era railroad that helped remove most of the old-growth timber from around the lake. Second-growth woodland surrounding the small sheet of water is owned by the private sector and by Hiawatha National Forest. The lake is noted for rock bass, bullhead, sunfish, sucker, largemouth bass, perch, and northern pike. In winter seasons with suitable weather conditions it can be used to play pond hockey. It may be named for being part of a "chain" of streams and lakes that offered alternative canoe passage from St. Ignace westward. Although the eastern tip of the lake is less than 1 mile from Lake Huron, it drains down the Moran River and through Freschette Lake into West Moran Bay in Lake Michigan. References Lakes of Michigan Bodies of water of Mackinac County, Michigan
Dmitry Georgievich Saltsman (; born on 1 November 1974) is a retired Tajikistani footballer. Career statistics Club International Statistics accurate as of match played 1 December 1998 International goals Scores and results list Tajikistan's goal tally first. References External links 1974 births Living people Tajikistani men's footballers Tajikistan men's international footballers Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games Men's association football midfielders Asian Games competitors for Tajikistan Soviet men's footballers FC Khatlon players FC Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg players FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players Tajikistani expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Russia FC Cherepovets players
```ruby class Xmrig < Formula desc "Monero (XMR) CPU miner" homepage "path_to_url" url "path_to_url" sha256 your_sha256_hash license "GPL-3.0-or-later" head "path_to_url", branch: "dev" livecheck do url :stable strategy :github_latest end bottle do sha256 cellar: :any, arm64_sonoma: your_sha256_hash sha256 cellar: :any, arm64_ventura: your_sha256_hash sha256 cellar: :any, arm64_monterey: your_sha256_hash sha256 cellar: :any, sonoma: your_sha256_hash sha256 cellar: :any, ventura: your_sha256_hash sha256 cellar: :any, monterey: your_sha256_hash sha256 cellar: :any_skip_relocation, x86_64_linux: your_sha256_hash end depends_on "cmake" => :build depends_on "hwloc" depends_on "libuv" depends_on "openssl@3" def install # Use shared OpenSSL on macOS. In cmake/OpenSSL.cmake: # elseif (APPLE) # set(OPENSSL_USE_STATIC_LIBS TRUE) # endif() inreplace "cmake/OpenSSL.cmake", "OPENSSL_USE_STATIC_LIBS TRUE", "OPENSSL_USE_STATIC_LIBS FALSE" # Allow using shared libuv. In cmake/FindUV.cmake: # find_library(UV_LIBRARY NAMES libuv.a uv libuv ...) inreplace "cmake/FindUV.cmake", "libuv.a", "" system "cmake", "-S", ".", "-B", "build", std_cmake_args system "cmake", "--build", "build" bin.install "build/xmrig" pkgshare.install "src/config.json" end test do require "pty" assert_match version.to_s, shell_output("#{bin}/xmrig -V") test_server = "donotexist.localhost:65535" output = "" args = %W[ --no-color --max-cpu-usage=1 --print-time=1 --threads=1 --retries=1 --url=#{test_server} ] PTY.spawn(bin/"xmrig", args) do \|r, _w, pid\| sleep 5 Process.kill("SIGINT", pid) begin r.each_line { \|line\| output += line } rescue Errno::EIO # GNU/Linux raises EIO when read is done on closed pty end end assert_match(/POOL #1\s+#{Regexp.escape(test_server)} algo auto/, output) if OS.mac? assert_match "#{test_server} DNS error: \"unknown node or service\"", output else assert_match "#{test_server} 127.0.0.1 connect error: \"connection refused\"", output end end end ```
War Angel LP is a mixtape by American rapper 50 Cent. It was released on June 16, 2009, via his community website Thisis50.com as a free download. Background On June 11, 2009, it was announced that 50 Cent was to digitally release new material over his community website. The rapper stated his new project entitled War Angel LP, would be more like a "street album" than a mixtape. 50 Cent also claimed that it will be the "best" underground project to date. When speaking on the title, 50 Cent stated: Production and guests Dr. Dre, one of 50 Cent's mentors, produced the single "Ok, Ya Right", which was originally released several weeks prior as "Ok, You're Right". Robin Thicke, who previously contributed to 50 Cent's album Curtis, is featured on the track "Cocaine". The track "Better Come On Your A Game" also features a background vocal sample from Alan Titchmarsh, British gardening celebrity, discussing the numerous benefits of potted water features. Videos A video for "I'll Do Anything" was released on June 23, 2009, with G-Unit members Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo making guest appearances. Another video, for "Ok, You're Right" was released on July 1, 2009. Track listing References 50 Cent albums 2009 mixtape albums Albums produced by Dr. Dre 2009 compilation albums Albums produced by Frank Dukes G-Unit Records mixtape albums
Mmadinare is a village that is located in the Central District of Botswana, 15 kilometers from Selibe Phikwe. The village is slowly growing into a town, with a population estimate of about 13 000 (estimates from the 2004 census) people of different tribes including Bangwato, Batalaote, Babirwa, and others. Mmadinare is located in the center of hills; like other villages in Southern Africa it was started during wars and hills were used as a form of protection from enemies, as they were able to see them from a distance. Geography Motloutse River passes on the northern part of the village called, which supplies the Letsibogo Dam with water, on its way to Shashe River down further east. The river is partly depleted as a result of sand mining by the copper mine in Selibe Phikwe, which gets sand from the river to wash their copper ores. The area also has a high potential for tourism and wildlife resources, as there are many animals in the surrounding areas especially elephants which destroy people's crops and properties. Sometimes lives are lost in the process. History The village was founded around 1900 by the Batalaote when they gave up the settlement of Palapye. Batalaote settled and lived near the Makome hill and occupied the Kelele and Seboo wards. Those from South Africa settled and stayed near Maretemagolo hill and formed Manga and Matabi wards. The royal families of Kelele and Seboo were burnished out of Mmadinare in 1908 by the colonial administration. They latter settled in Senyawe according to village elders and historians. Culture and sports The people of Mmadinare prefer a very quiet life and low profile lifestyle and like their customs and traditions like eating traditional food (mabele) while at the same time trying to develop into a small town without losing its past as it gets a major influence from the neighbor town of Selibe Phikwe. There is an annual 10 km race that takes place in the village held on Christmas Day and is one of the main attraction of visitors to the village especially in December. Mmadinare usually organise seasonal football tournaments sponsored by different organisations. Infrastructure The village contains a police station, a senior secondary school and the Letsibogo Dam. The village has two junior secondary schools (Makome and Merementsi). Mmadinare has six primary schools which are St Peters, Mmadinare School, Phethu-mphoeng, Tapalakoma, Kelele and Letsibogo, and a few preschools. Mmadinare Primary Hospital is a government-run district hospital located in Mmadinare. References Villages in Botswana
The Wasteland (Persian: دشت خاموش‎, romanized: Dashte khamoush) is a 2020 Iranian drama film directed and written by Ahmad Bahrami. the film premiered on September 3, 2020, at the 77th Venice International Film Festival, where it won the Orizzonti Award.‌Prize 2021 of the international jury at the Festival Nouvelles Images Persanes in Vitré (France) Synopsis A remote brick manufacture factory produces bricks in an ancient way. Many families with different ethnicities work in the factory and the boss seems to hold the key to solving their problems. Forty-year-old Lotfollah (Ali Bagheri), who has been born on-site, is the factory supervisor and acts as go-between for the workers and the boss. Boss (Farrokh Nemati) has Lotfollah gather all the workers in front of his office. He wants to talk to them about the shutdown of the factory. All matters now to Lotfollah is to keep Sarvar (Mahdie Nassaj) unharmed, the woman he has been in love with for a long time. Cast Ali Bagheri as Lotfollah Farrokh Nemati as Lotfollah's Boss Mahdie Nassaj as Sarvar Sepehr Sepi as Pianist Touraj Alvand Majid Farhang Naser Alaghemandan Narges Amini Mohsen Yeganeh Razie Irani Shaghayegh Aghazadeh Mahtab Khosh Manesh Ahoura Bahrami Parsa Sobhani Arsha Sobhani Barsa Bahrami Mina Sarghare Reception Awards and nominations References External links Iranian black-and-white films Iranian drama films 2020 drama films 2020 films 2020s Persian-language films
```javascript function MakeEventWithType(Type) { return {}; } let Synthetic = {}; let Clipboard = {}; let Composition = {}; let Keyboard = {}; let Focus = {}; let Form = {}; let Mouse = {}; let Pointer = {}; let Selection = {}; let Touch = {}; let UI = {}; let Wheel = {}; let Media = {}; let Image = {}; let Animation = {}; let Transition = {}; export { MakeEventWithType, Synthetic, Clipboard, Composition, Keyboard, Focus, Form, Mouse, Pointer, Selection, Touch, UI, Wheel, Media, Image, Animation, Transition, } /* No side effect */ ```
Snow Capers is a 1948 short documentary film about winter sports in the Rocky Mountains directed by Arthur Cohen. It was nominated for an Oscar for Short Subjects, Two-Reel in the 21st Annual Academy Awards. References External links 1948 films American black-and-white films Documentary films about winter sports 1948 documentary films Black-and-white documentary films American short documentary films 1940s short documentary films 1948 short films Rocky Mountains 1940s English-language films 1940s American films
This is a list of FM and OIRT FM Band radio stations based in Belarus. By law, FM radiostations have to rotate music made in Belarus 75% of broadcasting time. Mostly FM stations broadcast in Russian. National State Radio The National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus is the state television and radio broadcasting service in Belarus. First Channel (FM and UKV) Channel "Culture" (FM and UKV) Radius-FM (FM in Belarus and 72,11 UKV in Minsk) Radio "Stolitsa" (FM and UKV) Regional stations: Radio Brest (FM and UKV) Radio Vitebsk (FM and UKV) Gomel FM (FM and UKV) Radio Grodno (FM and UKV) Radio Mogilev (FM and UKV) Local stations: Homiel plus (Homiel - 103.7 FM) Gorod FM (Brest - 97.7 FM) International station: Radio Station "Belarus" (Internet, satellite and FM (Brest - 106.2 FM, Svislach - 104.4 FM, Hrodna - 95.7 FM, Heraneny - 99.0 FM, Miadel - 102.0 FM, Braslau - 106.6 FM)) Other state radio stations ONT state broadcasting: Center FM MIR state broadcasting: Radio MIR - Belarus Energy FM (Miensk - 100.4 FM and Braslau - 97.4 FM, planned Horadnia 88.9 FM and Mahilou 93.8 FM) Radio Minsk (Government of Minsk city) Minskaya volna (Government of Minsk region) (FM-network in Minsk region) Compass FM (Miensk - 102.5 FM) (Ministry of Defence) Alpha Radio (State newspaper "Soviet Belarus" (SB)) Radio Unistar (Belarus state university and MediaInvest GmbH) Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus: Novoe Radio Narodnoe radio Belarusian Republican Youth Union: Pilot FM Dushevnoe radio "Russian Radio" Holding (Ministry of Information of Belarus - 34%): Russian Radio Belarus (Miensk - 98.9 FM, Babruisk - 98.0 FM, Mahilou - 98.6 FM) Radio ROKS Belarus ″Trio Media″ holding (affiliated with the state): Radio Humor FM - Belarus Autoradio Radio Relax ″Vladimir Grevtsov Agency″: Legendy FM Europa Plus network: Europa Plus Belarus (Miensk - 92.8 FM & FM-network in Vitsebsk region) Retro FM Belarus (Miensk 96.9 FM and Polatsk - 104.7 FM) Local radio stations Pravda radio (FM-network in Homiel region) Radio 107,4 FM (Homiel - 107.4 FM, Zhlobyn - 107.6 FM) Radio Ranak (Svetlogorsk - 88.4 FM) Nelly - info (Mozyr - 102.7 FM) Maladechna FM (Maladechna - 89.2 FM) Radio Delta (Vitsebsk - 89.5 FM) Radio Naftan (Navapolacak - 98.1 FM) Radio Skif (Vorsha - 99.9 FM, Babruisk - 91.4 FM) Zefir FM (Babruisk - 95.4 FM) Baranovichi FM (Baranavichy - 100.0 FM) Svoyo radio (Pinsk - 106.1 FM) MFM (Hrodna - 105.0 FM) Lider FM (Lida - 94.3 FM) Tvoe radio (Lida - 100.6 FM) Independent radio stations Radio Svaboda - satellite (HotBird 13) and Internet station. Premiere one-hour radio program airs every evening. Radio Racyja - 98.1 FM & 99.2 FM and Internet station. Music programs also retranslation in Euroradio on week-end Euroradio - Satellite (Astra 4A) and Internet station, also retranslation on weekdays in Radio Racyja and Radio Znad Wilii (Vilnius 103.8 FM), and every day in Perec FM (Dubrovytsia 107.5 FM) Radyjo Ŭnet (Радыё Ўнэт) - morning and night Belarusian programms in polish station Radio Wnet (FM-network in Poland), broadcasts on weekdays. Night programs retranslation on weekdays in Radio Znad Wilii, weekly half-hour programm retranslation on Thursdays at 20:15 in Latvijas radio 4 (FM-network in Latvia) Polish radio Belarusian service - 1386 AM every morning, satellite (HotBird 13) and Internet, also retranslation in Radio Znad Wilii and Radio Poland DAB+ (DAB+ network in Poland, daily half-hour program at 15:30 in DAB+ schedule) Radio Maria Belarus - Internet station Vatican Radio Belarusian Service - shortwave, satellite and Internet station, also retranslation in Radio Racyja and Radio Maria Belarus Trans World Radio Belarus - 1035 AM, 621 AM and Internet station Radio Plato - internet-radio music station See also Media of Belarus References Media in Belarus Belarus
Apostol Muzac (born 6 July 1987 in Bucharest, Romania) is a Romanian football player. Career While playing for Steaua II București, Apostol was loaned out to Unirea Urziceni. He made his Liga I debut on 11 September 2010, in a match against Steaua București. External links RETROSPECTIVĂ: Mânjii Ligii a II-a 1987 births Living people Footballers from Bucharest Romanian men's footballers Men's association football midfielders FCSB II players FC Unirea Urziceni players CS Concordia Chiajna players FC Universitatea Cluj players AFC Săgeata Năvodari players ASC Daco-Getica București players FC Delta Tulcea players Liga I players Liga II players
Very Necessary is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group Salt-N-Pepa, released on October 12, 1993, by Next Plateau Records and London Records. As the group's last album to feature writing and production from their manager and primary producer Hurby Azor, it spawned four singles, including "Shoop" (their first top-five single on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number four), "Whatta Man" (featuring En Vogue, their second-highest-peaking single at number three), and "None of Your Business", which would earn the group their first Grammy Award, in the category Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. Very Necessary peaked at number four on the Billboard 200, and has been certified five-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of over five million copies in the United States. Track listing Notes signifies a co-producer signifies a remixer signifies an additional producer On international editions of the album, "I've Got AIDS (PSA)" is retitled "PSA We Talk". Samples "Whatta Man" contains a sample of "What a Man" by Linda Lyndell. "Shoop" contains samples from "I'm Blue" by the Sweet Inspirations and "Super Sporm" by Captain Sky. "Heaven or Hell" contains portions of "Heaven and Hell Is on Earth" by 20th Century Steel Band and "Think About It" by Odell Brown & the Organ-izers. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Notes References 1993 albums Albums produced by Hurby Azor London Records albums Next Plateau Entertainment albums Pop-rap albums Salt-N-Pepa albums
```kotlin package com.reactnativenavigation.utils import com.reactnativenavigation.BaseTest import com.reactnativenavigation.views.stack.topbar.titlebar.DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX import com.reactnativenavigation.views.stack.topbar.titlebar.resolveLeftButtonsBounds import com.reactnativenavigation.views.stack.topbar.titlebar.resolveRightButtonsBounds import com.reactnativenavigation.views.stack.topbar.titlebar.resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit import org.junit.Test import kotlin.test.assertEquals class TitleAndButtonsMeasurer : BaseTest() { private val parentWidth = 1080 @Test fun `left buttons should be at parent start`() { val barWidth = 200 val isRTL = false val (left, right) = resolveLeftButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(0, left) assertEquals(barWidth, right) } @Test fun `left buttons should not exceed parent width`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val isRTL = false val (left, right) = resolveLeftButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(0, left) assertEquals(parentWidth, right) } @Test fun `RTL - left buttons should be at parent end`() { val barWidth = 200 val isRTL = true val (left, right) = resolveLeftButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth - barWidth, left) assertEquals(parentWidth, right) } @Test fun `RTL - left buttons should not exceed parent left`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val isRTL = true val (left, right) = resolveLeftButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(0, left) assertEquals(parentWidth, right) } @Test fun `right buttons should be at parent end`() { val barWidth = 200 val isRTL = false val (left, right) = resolveRightButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth - barWidth, left) assertEquals(parentWidth, right) } @Test fun `right buttons should not exceed parent start`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val isRTL = false val (left, right) = resolveRightButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(0, left) assertEquals(parentWidth, right) } @Test fun `RTL - right buttons should be at parent start`() { val barWidth = 200 val isRTL = true val (left, right) = resolveRightButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(0, left) assertEquals(barWidth, right) } @Test fun `RTL - right buttons should not exceed parent end`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val isRTL = true val (left, right) = resolveRightButtonsBounds(parentWidth, barWidth, isRTL) assertEquals(0, left) assertEquals(parentWidth, right) } @Test fun `No Buttons - Aligned start - Title should be at default left margin bar width and right margin`() { val barWidth = 200 val leftButtons = 0 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX + barWidth + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `RTL - No Buttons - Aligned start - Title should be at the end with default margins`() { val barWidth = 200 val leftButtons = 0 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = true val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX - barWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `RTL - No Buttons - Aligned start - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val leftButtons = 0 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = true val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `No Buttons - Aligned start - Title should not exceed parent boundaries`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val leftButtons = 0 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `No Buttons - Aligned center - Title should not exceed parent boundaries`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val leftButtons = 0 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(0, left) assertEquals(parentWidth, right) } @Test fun `No Buttons - Aligned center - Title should have no margin and in center`() { val barWidth = 200 val leftButtons = 0 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 - barWidth / 2, left) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 + barWidth / 2, right) } @Test fun `RTL - No Buttons - Aligned center - Title should have no effect`() { val barWidth = 200 val leftButtons = 0 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = true val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 - barWidth / 2, left) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 + barWidth / 2, right) } @Test fun `Left Buttons - Aligned start - Title should be after left buttons with default margins`() { val barWidth = 200 val leftButtons = 100 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(leftButtons + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(leftButtons + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX + barWidth + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `Left Buttons - Aligned start - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val leftButtons = 100 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(leftButtons + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `RTL - Left Buttons - Aligned start - Title should be after left (right) buttons with default margins`() { val barWidth = 200 val leftButtons = 100 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = true val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX - leftButtons - barWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX - leftButtons, right) } @Test fun `RTL - Left Buttons - Aligned start - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val barWidth = parentWidth + 1 val leftButtons = 100 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = true val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - leftButtons - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `Left Buttons - Aligned center - Title should be at center`() { val barWidth = 200 val leftButtons = 100 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 - barWidth / 2, left) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 + barWidth / 2, right) } @Test fun `Left Buttons - Aligned center - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val parentWidth = 1000 val barWidth = 500 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = false val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) val expectedOverlap = leftButtons - (parentWidth / 2 - barWidth / 2) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 - barWidth / 2 + expectedOverlap, left) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 + barWidth / 2 - expectedOverlap, right) } @Test fun `RTL - Left Buttons - Aligned center - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val parentWidth = 1000 val barWidth = 500 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 0 val isRTL = true val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) val expectedOverlap = leftButtons - (parentWidth / 2 - barWidth / 2) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 - barWidth / 2 + expectedOverlap, left) assertEquals(parentWidth / 2 + barWidth / 2 - expectedOverlap, right) } @Test fun `Left + Right Buttons - Aligned center - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val parentWidth = 1000 val barWidth = 500 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 350 val isRTL = false val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(leftButtons, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - rightButtons, right) } @Test fun `RTL - Left + Right Buttons - Aligned center - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val parentWidth = 1000 val barWidth = 500 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 350 val isRTL = true val center = true val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(rightButtons, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - leftButtons, right) } @Test fun `Left + Right Buttons - Aligned start - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val parentWidth = 1000 val barWidth = 500 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 350 val isRTL = false val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(leftButtons + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - rightButtons - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `Left + Right Buttons - Aligned start - Title should'nt take amount of needed width only between buttons only`() { val barWidth = 100 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 350 val isRTL = false val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(leftButtons + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(leftButtons + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX + barWidth + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `RTL - Left + Right Buttons - Aligned start - Title should not exceed boundaries`() { val parentWidth = 1000 val barWidth = 500 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 350 val isRTL = true val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(rightButtons + DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - leftButtons - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } @Test fun `RTL - Left + Right Buttons - Aligned start - Title should take amount of needed width only`() { val parentWidth = 1000 val barWidth = 100 val leftButtons = 300 val rightButtons = 100 val isRTL = true val center = false val (left, right) = resolveHorizontalTitleBoundsLimit(parentWidth, barWidth, leftButtons, rightButtons, center, isRTL) assertEquals(parentWidth - leftButtons - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX - barWidth - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, left) assertEquals(parentWidth - leftButtons - DEFAULT_LEFT_MARGIN_PX, right) } } ```
Big Beaver is a borough in northern Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,852 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The area was originally incorporated as Big Beaver Township in 1802, and was reincorporated as a borough in 1958. Geography Big Beaver is located at (40.822723, −80.369682). It is located 34.1 miles miles from Pittsburgh as the crow flies and 44 miles by road. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which is land and (1.00%) is water. Big Beaver Borough is drained by tributaries of the Beaver River in the east and North Fork Little Beaver Creek in the west. Beaver River tributaries include Stockman Run, Clarks Run, and Wallace Run. Surrounding neighborhoods Big Beaver borders nine municipalities, including New Beaver in Lawrence County to the north, Koppel to the northeast, North Sewickley Township to the east, Beaver Falls to the southeast, West Mayfield to the south-southeast, Chippewa Township to the south, and Darlington Township and New Galilee to the west. The borough of Homewood is situated entirely within Big Beaver to the southeast. Demographics As of the 2000 census, there were 2,186 people, 869 households, and 635 families residing in the borough. The population density was . There were 905 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the borough was 98.17% White, 0.69% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population. There were 869 households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.90. In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $37,297, and the median income for a family was $43,523. Males had a median income of $34,688 versus $23,945 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $17,228. About 7.0% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over. Education Children in Big Beaver are served by the Big Beaver Falls Area School District. The current schools serving Big Beaver are: Big Beaver Elementary School – grades K–5 Beaver Falls Middle School – grades 6–8 Beaver Falls High School – grades 9–12 Transportation The Pennsylvania Turnpike passes east-west through the borough. It leads west to Youngstown, Ohio, and east to Pittsburgh and Harrisburg.It has two interchanges within the town limits: Exit 10 (I-376 and PA 351) and Exit 13 (PA 18). Both PA 18 and I-376 follow north-south routing (though I-376 is signed east-west) leading north to New Castle and Erie. PA 18 leads south to Washington, whereas I-376 runs south (east) to Pittsburgh. PA 168, PA 351, and PA 551 also pass through the borough. PA 168 passes north-south through the western areas of the borough. PA 351 passes east-west right through the center of the borough and collects an interchange via Shenango Road to I-376 and I-76. PA 551 terminates at PA 18 just south of the borough limits before passing through the southern edge of the borough. Recreation A small portion of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 148 is located along the northern border of Big Beaver. References Populated places established in 1802 Pittsburgh metropolitan area Boroughs in Beaver County, Pennsylvania 1858 establishments in Pennsylvania
```c /your_sha256_hash--------- * background_jobs.c * Background jobs run as a background worker, spawned from the * maintenance daemon. Jobs have tasks, tasks can depend on other * tasks before execution. * * This file contains the code for two separate background workers to * achieve the goal of running background tasks asynchronously from the * main database workload. This first background worker is the * Background Tasks Queue Monitor. This background worker keeps track of * tasks recorded in pg_dist_background_task and ensures execution based * on a statemachine. When a task needs to be executed it starts a * Background Task Executor that executes the sql statement defined in the * task. The output of the Executor is shared with the Monitor via a * shared memory queue. * * To make sure there is only ever exactly one monitor running per database * it takes an exclusive lock on the CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_MONITOR * operation. This lock is consulted from the maintenance daemon to only * spawn a new monitor when the lock is not held. * * your_sha256_hash--------- / #include "postgres.h" #include "libpq-fe.h" #include "pgstat.h" #include "safe_mem_lib.h" #include "access/xact.h" #include "commands/dbcommands.h" #include "common/hashfn.h" #include "libpq/pqformat.h" #include "libpq/pqmq.h" #include "libpq/pqsignal.h" #include "parser/analyze.h" #include "storage/dsm.h" #include "storage/ipc.h" #include "storage/procarray.h" #include "storage/shm_mq.h" #include "storage/shm_toc.h" #include "tcop/pquery.h" #include "tcop/tcopprot.h" #include "tcop/utility.h" #include "utils/fmgrprotos.h" #include "utils/hsearch.h" #include "utils/memutils.h" #include "utils/portal.h" #include "utils/ps_status.h" #include "utils/resowner.h" #include "utils/snapmgr.h" #include "utils/timeout.h" #include "distributed/background_jobs.h" #include "distributed/citus_safe_lib.h" #include "distributed/hash_helpers.h" #include "distributed/listutils.h" #include "distributed/maintenanced.h" #include "distributed/metadata_cache.h" #include "distributed/metadata_utility.h" #include "distributed/resource_lock.h" #include "distributed/shard_cleaner.h" #include "distributed/shard_rebalancer.h" /* Table-of-contents constants for our dynamic shared memory segment. / #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_MAGIC 0x51028081 #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_DATABASE 0 #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_USERNAME 1 #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_COMMAND 2 #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_QUEUE 3 #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_TASK_ID 4 #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_JOB_ID 5 #define CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_NKEYS 6 static BackgroundWorkerHandle StartCitusBackgroundTaskExecutor(char database, char user, char command, int64 taskId, int64 jobId, dsm_segment pSegment); static void ExecuteSqlString(const char sql); static shm_mq_result ConsumeTaskWorkerOutput(shm_mq_handle responseq, StringInfo message, bool hadError); static void UpdateDependingTasks(BackgroundTask task); static int64 CalculateBackoffDelay(int retryCount); static bool NewExecutorExceedsCitusLimit( QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext); static bool NewExecutorExceedsPgMaxWorkers(BackgroundWorkerHandle handle, QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext); static bool AssignRunnableTaskToNewExecutor(BackgroundTask runnableTask, QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext); static void AssignRunnableTasks( QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext); static List GetRunningTaskEntries(HTAB currentExecutors); static shm_mq_result ReadFromExecutorQueue( BackgroundExecutorHashEntry backgroundExecutorHashEntry, bool hadError); static void CheckAndResetLastWorkerAllocationFailure( QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext); static TaskExecutionStatus TaskConcurrentCancelCheck( TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext); static TaskExecutionStatus ConsumeExecutorQueue( TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext); static void TaskHadError(TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext); static void TaskEnded(TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext); static void TerminateAllTaskExecutors(HTAB currentExecutors); static HTAB GetRunningUniqueJobIds(HTAB currentExecutors); static void CancelAllTaskExecutors(HTAB currentExecutors); static bool MonitorGotTerminationOrCancellationRequest(); static void QueueMonitorSigTermHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS); static void QueueMonitorSigIntHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS); static void QueueMonitorSigHupHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS); static void DecrementParallelTaskCountForNodesInvolved(BackgroundTask task); / flags set by signal handlers / static volatile sig_atomic_t GotSigterm = false; static volatile sig_atomic_t GotSigint = false; static volatile sig_atomic_t GotSighup = false; / keeping track of parallel background tasks per node / HTAB ParallelTasksPerNode = NULL; int MaxBackgroundTaskExecutorsPerNode = 1; PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(citus_job_cancel); PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(citus_job_wait); PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(citus_task_wait); /* * pg_catalog.citus_job_cancel(jobid bigint) void * cancels a scheduled/running job * * When cancelling a job there are two phases. * 1. scan all associated tasks and transition all tasks that are not already in their * terminal state to cancelled. Except if the task is currently running. * 2. for all running tasks we send a cancelation signal to the backend running the * query. The background executor/monitor will transition this task to cancelled. * * We apply the same policy checks as pg_cancel_backend to check if a user can cancel a * job. / Datum citus_job_cancel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { CheckCitusVersion(ERROR); EnsureCoordinator(); int64 jobid = PG_GETARG_INT64(0); / Cancel all tasks that were scheduled before / List pids = CancelTasksForJob(jobid); /* send cancellation to any running backends / int pid = 0; foreach_int(pid, pids) { Datum pidDatum = Int32GetDatum(pid); Datum signalSuccessDatum = DirectFunctionCall1(pg_cancel_backend, pidDatum); bool signalSuccess = DatumGetBool(signalSuccessDatum); if (!signalSuccess) { ereport(WARNING, (errmsg("could not send signal to process %d: %m", pid))); } } UpdateBackgroundJob(jobid); PG_RETURN_VOID(); } / * pg_catalog.citus_job_wait(jobid bigint, * desired_status citus_job_status DEFAULT NULL) boolean * waits till a job reaches a desired status, or can't reach the status anymore because * it reached a (different) terminal state. When no desired_status is given it will * assume any terminal state as its desired status. The function returns if the * desired_state was reached. * * The current implementation is a polling implementation with an interval of 1 second. * Ideally we would have some synchronization between the background tasks queue monitor * and any backend calling this function to receive a signal when the job changes state. / Datum citus_job_wait(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { CheckCitusVersion(ERROR); EnsureCoordinator(); int64 jobid = PG_GETARG_INT64(0); / parse the optional desired_status argument / bool hasDesiredStatus = !PG_ARGISNULL(1); BackgroundJobStatus desiredStatus = { 0 }; if (hasDesiredStatus) { desiredStatus = BackgroundJobStatusByOid(PG_GETARG_OID(1)); } citus_job_wait_internal(jobid, hasDesiredStatus ? &desiredStatus : NULL); PG_RETURN_VOID(); } / * pg_catalog.citus_task_wait(taskid bigint, * desired_status citus_task_status DEFAULT NULL) boolean * waits till a task reaches a desired status, or can't reach the status anymore because * it reached a (different) terminal state. When no desired_status is given it will * assume any terminal state as its desired status. The function returns if the * desired_state was reached. * * The current implementation is a polling implementation with an interval of 0.1 seconds. * Ideally we would have some synchronization between the background tasks queue monitor * and any backend calling this function to receive a signal when the task changes state. / Datum citus_task_wait(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { CheckCitusVersion(ERROR); EnsureCoordinator(); int64 taskid = PG_GETARG_INT64(0); / parse the optional desired_status argument / bool hasDesiredStatus = !PG_ARGISNULL(1); BackgroundTaskStatus desiredStatus = { 0 }; if (hasDesiredStatus) { desiredStatus = BackgroundTaskStatusByOid(PG_GETARG_OID(1)); } citus_task_wait_internal(taskid, hasDesiredStatus ? &desiredStatus : NULL); PG_RETURN_VOID(); } / * citus_job_wait_internal implements the waiting on a job for reuse in other areas where * we want to wait on jobs. eg the background rebalancer. * * When a desiredStatus is provided it will provide an error when a different state is * reached and the state cannot ever reach the desired state anymore. / void citus_job_wait_internal(int64 jobid, BackgroundJobStatus desiredStatus) { /* * Since we are wait polling we will actually allocate memory on every poll. To make * sure we don't put unneeded pressure on the memory we create a context that we clear * every iteration. / MemoryContext waitContext = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext, "JobsWaitContext", ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE); MemoryContext oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(waitContext); while (true) { MemoryContextReset(waitContext); BackgroundJob job = GetBackgroundJobByJobId(jobid); if (!job) { ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("no job found for job with jobid: %ld", jobid))); } if (desiredStatus && job->state == desiredStatus) { / job has reached its desired status, done waiting / break; } if (IsBackgroundJobStatusTerminal(job->state)) { if (desiredStatus) { / * We have reached a terminal state, which is not the desired state we * were waiting for, otherwise we would have escaped earlier. Since it is * a terminal state we know that we can never reach the desired state. / Oid reachedStatusOid = BackgroundJobStatusOid(job->state); Datum reachedStatusNameDatum = DirectFunctionCall1(enum_out, reachedStatusOid); char reachedStatusName = DatumGetCString(reachedStatusNameDatum); Oid desiredStatusOid = BackgroundJobStatusOid(desiredStatus); Datum desiredStatusNameDatum = DirectFunctionCall1(enum_out, desiredStatusOid); char desiredStatusName = DatumGetCString(desiredStatusNameDatum); ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("Job reached terminal state \"%s\" instead of desired " "state \"%s\"", reachedStatusName, desiredStatusName))); } /* job has reached its terminal state, done waiting / break; } / sleep for a while, before rechecking the job status / CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS(); const long delay_ms = 1000; (void) WaitLatch(MyLatch, WL_LATCH_SET \| WL_TIMEOUT \| WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH, delay_ms, WAIT_EVENT_PG_SLEEP); ResetLatch(MyLatch); } MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext); MemoryContextDelete(waitContext); } / * citus_task_wait_internal implements the waiting on a task for reuse in other areas where * we want to wait on tasks. * * When a desiredStatus is provided it will provide an error when a different state is * reached and the state cannot ever reach the desired state anymore. / void citus_task_wait_internal(int64 taskid, BackgroundTaskStatus desiredStatus) { /* * Since we are wait polling we will actually allocate memory on every poll. To make * sure we don't put unneeded pressure on the memory we create a context that we clear * every iteration. / MemoryContext waitContext = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext, "TasksWaitContext", ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE); MemoryContext oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(waitContext); while (true) { MemoryContextReset(waitContext); BackgroundTask task = GetBackgroundTaskByTaskId(taskid); if (!task) { ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("no task found with taskid: %ld", taskid))); } if (desiredStatus && task->status == desiredStatus) { / task has reached its desired status, done waiting / break; } if (IsBackgroundTaskStatusTerminal(task->status)) { if (desiredStatus) { / * We have reached a terminal state, which is not the desired state we * were waiting for, otherwise we would have escaped earlier. Since it is * a terminal state we know that we can never reach the desired state. / Oid reachedStatusOid = BackgroundTaskStatusOid(task->status); Datum reachedStatusNameDatum = DirectFunctionCall1(enum_out, reachedStatusOid); char reachedStatusName = DatumGetCString(reachedStatusNameDatum); Oid desiredStatusOid = BackgroundTaskStatusOid(desiredStatus); Datum desiredStatusNameDatum = DirectFunctionCall1(enum_out, desiredStatusOid); char desiredStatusName = DatumGetCString(desiredStatusNameDatum); ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("Task reached terminal state \"%s\" instead of desired " "state \"%s\"", reachedStatusName, desiredStatusName))); } /* task has reached its terminal state, done waiting / break; } / sleep for a while, before rechecking the task status / CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS(); const long delay_ms = 100; (void) WaitLatch(MyLatch, WL_LATCH_SET \| WL_TIMEOUT \| WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH, delay_ms, WAIT_EVENT_PG_SLEEP); ResetLatch(MyLatch); } MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext); MemoryContextDelete(waitContext); } / * StartCitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitor spawns a new background worker connected to the * current database and owner. This background worker consumes the tasks that are ready * for execution. / BackgroundWorkerHandle StartCitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitor(Oid database, Oid extensionOwner) { BackgroundWorker worker = { 0 }; BackgroundWorkerHandle handle = NULL; / Configure a worker. / memset(&worker, 0, sizeof(worker)); SafeSnprintf(worker.bgw_name, BGW_MAXLEN, "Citus Background Task Queue Monitor: %u/%u", database, extensionOwner); worker.bgw_flags = BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS \| BGWORKER_BACKEND_DATABASE_CONNECTION; worker.bgw_start_time = BgWorkerStart_ConsistentState; / don't restart, we manage restarts from maintenance daemon / worker.bgw_restart_time = BGW_NEVER_RESTART; strcpy_s(worker.bgw_library_name, sizeof(worker.bgw_library_name), "citus"); strcpy_s(worker.bgw_function_name, sizeof(worker.bgw_library_name), "CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorMain"); worker.bgw_main_arg = ObjectIdGetDatum(MyDatabaseId); memcpy_s(worker.bgw_extra, sizeof(worker.bgw_extra), &extensionOwner, sizeof(Oid)); worker.bgw_notify_pid = MyProcPid; if (!RegisterDynamicBackgroundWorker(&worker, &handle)) { return NULL; } pid_t pid; WaitForBackgroundWorkerStartup(handle, &pid); return handle; } / * context for any log/error messages emitted from the background task queue monitor. / typedef struct CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorErrorCallbackContext { const char database; } CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorCallbackContext; /* * CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorErrorCallback is a callback handler that gets called for * any ereport to add extra context to the message. / static void CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorErrorCallback(void arg) { CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorCallbackContext context = (CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorCallbackContext ) arg; errcontext("Citus Background Task Queue Monitor: %s", context->database); } /* * NewExecutorExceedsCitusLimit returns true if currently we reached Citus' max worker count. / static bool NewExecutorExceedsCitusLimit(QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext) { if (queueMonitorExecutionContext->currentExecutorCount >= MaxBackgroundTaskExecutors) { /* * we hit to Citus' maximum task executor count. Warn for the first failure * after a successful worker allocation happened, that is, we do not warn if * we repeatedly come here without a successful worker allocation. / if (queueMonitorExecutionContext->backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime == 0) { ereport(WARNING, (errmsg("unable to start background worker for " "background task execution"), errdetail( "Already reached the maximum number of task " "executors: %ld/%d", queueMonitorExecutionContext->currentExecutorCount, MaxBackgroundTaskExecutors))); queueMonitorExecutionContext->backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime = GetCurrentTimestamp(); } return true; } return false; } / * NewExecutorExceedsPgMaxWorkers returns true if currently we reached Postgres' max worker count. / static bool NewExecutorExceedsPgMaxWorkers(BackgroundWorkerHandle handle, QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext) { if (handle == NULL) { / * we are unable to start a background worker for the task execution. * Probably we are out of background workers. Warn for the first failure * after a successful worker allocation happened, that is, we do not warn if * we repeatedly come here without a successful worker allocation. / if (queueMonitorExecutionContext->backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime == 0) { ereport(WARNING, (errmsg("unable to start background worker for " "background task execution"), errdetail( "Current number of task " "executors: %ld/%d", queueMonitorExecutionContext->currentExecutorCount, MaxBackgroundTaskExecutors))); queueMonitorExecutionContext->backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime = GetCurrentTimestamp(); } return true; } return false; } / * AssignRunnableTaskToNewExecutor tries to assign given runnable task to a new task executor. * It reports the assignment status as return value. / static bool AssignRunnableTaskToNewExecutor(BackgroundTask runnableTask, QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext) { Assert(runnableTask && runnableTask->status == BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_RUNNABLE); if (NewExecutorExceedsCitusLimit(queueMonitorExecutionContext)) { / escape if we hit citus executor limit / return false; } char databaseName = get_database_name(MyDatabaseId); char userName = GetUserNameFromId(runnableTask->owner, false); / try to create new executor and make it alive during queue monitor lifetime / MemoryContext oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(queueMonitorExecutionContext->ctx); dsm_segment seg = NULL; BackgroundWorkerHandle handle = StartCitusBackgroundTaskExecutor(databaseName, userName, runnableTask->command, runnableTask->taskid, runnableTask->jobid, &seg); MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext); if (NewExecutorExceedsPgMaxWorkers(handle, queueMonitorExecutionContext)) { / escape if we hit pg worker limit / return false; } / assign the allocated executor to the runnable task and increment total executor count / bool handleEntryFound = false; BackgroundExecutorHashEntry handleEntry = hash_search( queueMonitorExecutionContext->currentExecutors, &runnableTask->taskid, HASH_ENTER, &handleEntryFound); Assert(!handleEntryFound); handleEntry->handle = handle; handleEntry->seg = seg; handleEntry->jobid = runnableTask->jobid; /* reset worker allocation timestamp and log time elapsed since the last failure / CheckAndResetLastWorkerAllocationFailure(queueMonitorExecutionContext); / make message alive during queue monitor lifetime / oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(queueMonitorExecutionContext->ctx); handleEntry->message = makeStringInfo(); MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext); / set runnable task's status as running / runnableTask->status = BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_RUNNING; UpdateBackgroundTask(runnableTask); UpdateBackgroundJob(runnableTask->jobid); queueMonitorExecutionContext->currentExecutorCount++; ereport(LOG, (errmsg("task jobid/taskid started: %ld/%ld", runnableTask->jobid, runnableTask->taskid))); return true; } / * AssignRunnableTasks tries to assign all runnable tasks to a new task executor. * If an assignment fails, it stops in case we hit some limitation. We do not load * all the runnable tasks in memory at once as it can load memory much + we have * limited worker to which we can assign task. / static void AssignRunnableTasks(QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext) { BackgroundTask runnableTask = NULL; bool taskAssigned = false; do { / fetch a runnable task from catalog / runnableTask = GetRunnableBackgroundTask(); if (runnableTask) { taskAssigned = AssignRunnableTaskToNewExecutor(runnableTask, queueMonitorExecutionContext); } else { taskAssigned = false; } } while (taskAssigned); } / * GetRunningTaskEntries returns list of BackgroundExecutorHashEntry from given hash table / static List GetRunningTaskEntries(HTAB currentExecutors) { List runningTaskEntries = NIL; HASH_SEQ_STATUS status; BackgroundExecutorHashEntry backgroundExecutorHashEntry; foreach_htab(backgroundExecutorHashEntry, &status, currentExecutors) { runningTaskEntries = lappend(runningTaskEntries, backgroundExecutorHashEntry); } return runningTaskEntries; } / * CheckAndResetLastWorkerAllocationFailure checks the last time background worker allocation * is failed. If it is set, we print how long we have waited to successfully allocate the worker. * It also resets the failure timestamp. / static void CheckAndResetLastWorkerAllocationFailure( QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext) { if (queueMonitorExecutionContext->backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime > 0) { /* * we had a delay in starting the background worker for task execution. Report * the actual delay and reset the time. This allows a subsequent task to * report again if it can't start a background worker directly. / long secs = 0; int microsecs = 0; TimestampDifference( queueMonitorExecutionContext-> backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime, GetCurrentTimestamp(), &secs, &microsecs); ereport(LOG, (errmsg( "able to start a background worker with %ld seconds " "delay", secs))); queueMonitorExecutionContext->backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime = 0; } } / * TaskConcurrentCancelCheck checks if concurrent task cancellation or removal happened by * taking Exclusive lock. It mutates task's pid and status. Returns execution status for the * task. / static TaskExecutionStatus TaskConcurrentCancelCheck(TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext) { /* * here we take exclusive lock on pg_dist_background_task table to prevent a * concurrent modification. A separate process could have cancelled or removed * the task by now, they would not see the pid and status update, so it is our * responsibility to stop the backend and update the pid and status. * * The lock will release on transaction commit. / LockRelationOid(DistBackgroundTaskRelationId(), ExclusiveLock); BackgroundExecutorHashEntry handleEntry = taskExecutionContext->handleEntry; BackgroundTask task = GetBackgroundTaskByTaskId(handleEntry->taskid); taskExecutionContext->task = task; if (!task \|\| task->status == BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_CANCELLING) { / * being in that step means that a concurrent cancel or removal happened. we should * mark task status as cancelled. We also want to reflect cancel message by consuming * task executor queue. / bool hadError = false; ReadFromExecutorQueue(handleEntry, &hadError); ereport(LOG, (errmsg( "task jobid/taskid is cancelled: %ld/%ld", task->jobid, task->taskid))); task->status = BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_CANCELLED; return TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_CANCELLED; } else { / * now that we have verified the task has not been cancelled and still exist we * update it to reflect the new state. If task is already in running status, * the operation is idempotent. But for runnable tasks, we make their status * as running. / pid_t pid = 0; GetBackgroundWorkerPid(handleEntry->handle, &pid); task->status = BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_RUNNING; SET_NULLABLE_FIELD(task, pid, pid); / Update task status to indicate it is running / UpdateBackgroundTask(task); UpdateBackgroundJob(task->jobid); return TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_RUNNING; } } / * ConsumeExecutorQueue consumes executor's shared memory queue and returns execution status * for the task. / static TaskExecutionStatus ConsumeExecutorQueue(TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext) { BackgroundExecutorHashEntry handleEntry = taskExecutionContext->handleEntry; BackgroundTask task = taskExecutionContext->task; /* * we consume task executor response queue. * possible response codes can lead us different steps below. / bool hadError = false; shm_mq_result mq_res = ReadFromExecutorQueue(handleEntry, &hadError); if (hadError) { ereport(LOG, (errmsg("task jobid/taskid failed: %ld/%ld", task->jobid, task->taskid))); return TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_ERROR; } else if (mq_res == SHM_MQ_DETACHED) { ereport(LOG, (errmsg("task jobid/taskid succeeded: %ld/%ld", task->jobid, task->taskid))); / update task status as done. / task->status = BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_DONE; return TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_SUCCESS; } else { / still running the task / Assert(mq_res == SHM_MQ_WOULD_BLOCK); return TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_WOULDBLOCK; } } / * TaskHadError updates retry count of a failed task inside taskExecutionContext. * If maximum retry count is reached, task status is marked as failed. Otherwise, backoff * delay is calculated, notBefore time is updated and the task is marked as runnable. / static void TaskHadError(TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext) { BackgroundTask task = taskExecutionContext->task; / * when we had an error in response queue, we need to decide if we want to retry (keep the * runnable state), or move to error state / if (!task->retry_count) { SET_NULLABLE_FIELD(task, retry_count, 1); } else { (task->retry_count)++; } /* * based on the retry count we either transition the task to its error * state, or we calculate a new backoff time for future execution. / int64 delayMs = CalculateBackoffDelay((task->retry_count)); if (delayMs < 0) { task->status = BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_ERROR; UNSET_NULLABLE_FIELD(task, not_before); } else { TimestampTz notBefore = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds( GetCurrentTimestamp(), delayMs); SET_NULLABLE_FIELD(task, not_before, notBefore); task->status = BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_RUNNABLE; } TaskEnded(taskExecutionContext); } /* * TaskEnded updates task inside taskExecutionContext. It also updates depending * tasks and the job to which task belongs. At the end, it also updates executor map and * count inside queueMonitorExecutionContext after terminating the executor. / static void TaskEnded(TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext) { QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext = taskExecutionContext->queueMonitorExecutionContext; HTAB currentExecutors = queueMonitorExecutionContext->currentExecutors; BackgroundExecutorHashEntry handleEntry = taskExecutionContext->handleEntry; BackgroundTask task = taskExecutionContext->task; /* * we update task and job fields. We also update depending jobs. * At the end, do cleanup. / UNSET_NULLABLE_FIELD(task, pid); task->message = handleEntry->message->data; UpdateBackgroundTask(task); UpdateDependingTasks(task); UpdateBackgroundJob(task->jobid); DecrementParallelTaskCountForNodesInvolved(task); / we are sure that at least one task did not block on current iteration / queueMonitorExecutionContext->allTasksWouldBlock = false; hash_search(currentExecutors, &task->taskid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL); WaitForBackgroundWorkerShutdown(handleEntry->handle); queueMonitorExecutionContext->currentExecutorCount--; } / * IncrementParallelTaskCountForNodesInvolved * Checks whether we have reached the limit of parallel tasks per node * per each of the nodes involved with the task * If at least one limit is reached, it returns false. * If limits aren't reached, it increments the parallel task count * for each of the nodes involved with the task, and returns true. / bool IncrementParallelTaskCountForNodesInvolved(BackgroundTask task) { if (task->nodesInvolved) { int node; /* first check whether we have reached the limit for any of the nodes / foreach_int(node, task->nodesInvolved) { bool found; ParallelTasksPerNodeEntry hashEntry = hash_search( ParallelTasksPerNode, &(node), HASH_ENTER, &found); if (!found) { hashEntry->counter = 0; } else if (hashEntry->counter >= MaxBackgroundTaskExecutorsPerNode) { /* at least one node's limit is reached / return false; } } / then, increment the parallel task count per each node / foreach_int(node, task->nodesInvolved) { ParallelTasksPerNodeEntry hashEntry = hash_search( ParallelTasksPerNode, &(node), HASH_FIND, NULL); Assert(hashEntry); hashEntry->counter += 1; } } return true; } /* * DecrementParallelTaskCountForNodesInvolved * Decrements the parallel task count for each of the nodes involved * with the task. * We call this function after the task has gone through Running state * and then has ended. / static void DecrementParallelTaskCountForNodesInvolved(BackgroundTask task) { if (task->nodesInvolved) { int node; foreach_int(node, task->nodesInvolved) { ParallelTasksPerNodeEntry hashEntry = hash_search(ParallelTasksPerNode, &(node), HASH_FIND, NULL); hashEntry->counter -= 1; } } } / * QueueMonitorSigHupHandler handles SIGHUP to update monitor related config params. / static void QueueMonitorSigHupHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS) { int saved_errno = errno; GotSighup = true; if (MyProc) { SetLatch(&MyProc->procLatch); } errno = saved_errno; } / * MonitorGotTerminationOrCancellationRequest returns true if monitor had SIGTERM or SIGINT signals / static bool MonitorGotTerminationOrCancellationRequest() { return GotSigterm \|\| GotSigint; } / * QueueMonitorSigTermHandler handles SIGTERM by setting a flag to inform the monitor process * so that it can terminate active task executors properly. It also sets the latch to awake the * monitor if it waits on it. / static void QueueMonitorSigTermHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS) { int saved_errno = errno; GotSigterm = true; if (MyProc) { SetLatch(&MyProc->procLatch); } errno = saved_errno; } / * QueueMonitorSigIntHandler handles SIGINT by setting a flag to inform the monitor process * so that it can terminate active task executors properly. It also sets the latch to awake the * monitor if it waits on it. / static void QueueMonitorSigIntHandler(SIGNAL_ARGS) { int saved_errno = errno; GotSigint = true; if (MyProc) { SetLatch(&MyProc->procLatch); } errno = saved_errno; } / * TerminateAllTaskExecutors terminates task executors given in the hash map. / static void TerminateAllTaskExecutors(HTAB currentExecutors) { HASH_SEQ_STATUS status; BackgroundExecutorHashEntry backgroundExecutorHashEntry; foreach_htab(backgroundExecutorHashEntry, &status, currentExecutors) { TerminateBackgroundWorker(backgroundExecutorHashEntry->handle); } } / * GetRunningUniqueJobIds returns unique job ids from currentExecutors / static HTAB GetRunningUniqueJobIds(HTAB currentExecutors) { / create a set to store unique job ids for currently executing tasks / HTAB uniqueJobIds = CreateSimpleHashSetWithSize(int64, MAX_BG_TASK_EXECUTORS); HASH_SEQ_STATUS status; BackgroundExecutorHashEntry backgroundExecutorHashEntry; foreach_htab(backgroundExecutorHashEntry, &status, currentExecutors) { hash_search(uniqueJobIds, &backgroundExecutorHashEntry->jobid, HASH_ENTER, NULL); } return uniqueJobIds; } / * CancelAllTaskExecutors cancels task executors given in the hash map. / static void CancelAllTaskExecutors(HTAB currentExecutors) { StartTransactionCommand(); PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot()); /* get unique job id set for running tasks in currentExecutors / HTAB uniqueJobIds = GetRunningUniqueJobIds(currentExecutors); HASH_SEQ_STATUS status; int64 uniqueJobId; foreach_htab(uniqueJobId, &status, uniqueJobIds) { ereport(DEBUG1, (errmsg("cancelling job: %ld", uniqueJobId))); Datum jobidDatum = Int64GetDatum(uniqueJobId); DirectFunctionCall1(citus_job_cancel, jobidDatum); } PopActiveSnapshot(); CommitTransactionCommand(); } / * CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorMain is the main entry point for the background worker * running the background tasks queue monitor. * * It's mainloop reads a runnable task from pg_dist_background_task and progressing the * tasks and jobs state machines associated with the task. When no new task can be found * it will exit(0) and lets the maintenance daemon poll for new tasks. * * The main loop is implemented as asynchronous loop stepping through the task * and update its state before going to the next. Loop assigns runnable tasks to new task * executors as much as possible. If the max task executor limit is hit, the tasks will be * waiting in runnable status until currently running tasks finish. Each parallel worker * executes one task at a time without blocking each other by using nonblocking api. / void CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorMain(Datum arg) { / handle SIGTERM to properly terminate active task executors / pqsignal(SIGTERM, QueueMonitorSigTermHandler); / handle SIGINT to properly cancel active task executors / pqsignal(SIGINT, QueueMonitorSigIntHandler); / handle SIGHUP to update MaxBackgroundTaskExecutors and MaxBackgroundTaskExecutorsPerNode / pqsignal(SIGHUP, QueueMonitorSigHupHandler); / ready to handle signals / BackgroundWorkerUnblockSignals(); Oid databaseOid = DatumGetObjectId(arg); / extension owner is passed via bgw_extra / Oid extensionOwner = InvalidOid; memcpy_s(&extensionOwner, sizeof(extensionOwner), MyBgworkerEntry->bgw_extra, sizeof(Oid)); / connect to database, after that we can actually access catalogs / BackgroundWorkerInitializeConnectionByOid(databaseOid, extensionOwner, 0); / * save old context until monitor loop exits, we use backgroundTaskContext for * all allocations. / MemoryContext firstContext = CurrentMemoryContext; MemoryContext backgroundTaskContext = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext, "BackgroundTaskContext", ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES); StartTransactionCommand(); PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot()); const char databasename = get_database_name(MyDatabaseId); /* make databasename alive during queue monitor lifetime / MemoryContext oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(backgroundTaskContext); databasename = pstrdup(databasename); MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext); / setup error context to indicate the errors came from a running background task / ErrorContextCallback errorCallback = { 0 }; struct CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorErrorCallbackContext context = { .database = databasename, }; errorCallback.callback = CitusBackgroundTaskQueueMonitorErrorCallback; errorCallback.arg = (void ) &context; errorCallback.previous = error_context_stack; error_context_stack = &errorCallback; PopActiveSnapshot(); CommitTransactionCommand(); /* * There should be exactly one background task monitor running, running multiple would * cause conflicts on processing the tasks in the catalog table as well as violate * parallelism guarantees. To make sure there is at most, exactly one backend running * we take a session lock on the CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_MONITOR operation. / LOCKTAG tag = { 0 }; SET_LOCKTAG_CITUS_OPERATION(tag, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_MONITOR); const bool sessionLock = true; const bool dontWait = true; LockAcquireResult locked = LockAcquire(&tag, AccessExclusiveLock, sessionLock, dontWait); if (locked == LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL) { ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("background task queue monitor already running for " "database"))); } / make worker recognizable in pg_stat_activity / pgstat_report_appname("citus background task queue monitor"); ereport(DEBUG1, (errmsg("started citus background task queue monitor"))); / * First we find all jobs that are running, we need to check if they are still running * if not reset their state back to scheduled. / StartTransactionCommand(); PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot()); ResetRunningBackgroundTasks(); PopActiveSnapshot(); CommitTransactionCommand(); / create a map to store parallel task executors. Persist it in monitor memory context / oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(backgroundTaskContext); HTAB currentExecutors = CreateSimpleHashWithNameAndSize(int64, BackgroundExecutorHashEntry, "Background Executor Hash", MAX_BG_TASK_EXECUTORS); MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext); /* * monitor execution context that is useful during the monitor loop. * we store current executor count, last background failure timestamp, * currently executed task context and also a memory context to persist * some allocations throughout the loop. / QueueMonitorExecutionContext queueMonitorExecutionContext = { .currentExecutorCount = 0, .backgroundWorkerFailedStartTime = 0, .allTasksWouldBlock = true, .currentExecutors = currentExecutors, .ctx = backgroundTaskContext }; / flag to prevent duplicate termination and cancellation of task executors / bool terminateExecutorsStarted = false; bool cancelExecutorsStarted = false; / loop exits if there is no running or runnable tasks left / bool hasAnyTask = true; while (hasAnyTask) { / handle signals / CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS(); / invalidate cache for new data in catalog / InvalidateMetadataSystemCache(); / * if the flag is set, we should terminate all task executor workers to prevent duplicate * runs of the same task on the next start of the monitor, which is dangerous for non-idempotent * tasks. We do not break the loop here as we want to reflect tasks' messages. Hence, we wait until * all tasks finish and also do not allow new runnable tasks to start running. After all current tasks * finish, we can exit the loop safely. / if (GotSigterm && !terminateExecutorsStarted) { ereport(LOG, (errmsg("handling termination signal"))); terminateExecutorsStarted = true; TerminateAllTaskExecutors(queueMonitorExecutionContext.currentExecutors); } if (GotSigint && !cancelExecutorsStarted) { ereport(LOG, (errmsg("handling cancellation signal"))); cancelExecutorsStarted = true; CancelAllTaskExecutors(queueMonitorExecutionContext.currentExecutors); } if (GotSighup) { GotSighup = false; / update max_background_task_executors and max_background_task_executors_per_node if changed / ProcessConfigFile(PGC_SIGHUP); } if (ParallelTasksPerNode == NULL) { ParallelTasksPerNode = CreateSimpleHash(int32, ParallelTasksPerNodeEntry); } / assign runnable tasks, if any, to new task executors in a transaction if we do not have SIGTERM or SIGINT / if (!MonitorGotTerminationOrCancellationRequest()) { StartTransactionCommand(); PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot()); AssignRunnableTasks(&queueMonitorExecutionContext); PopActiveSnapshot(); CommitTransactionCommand(); } / get running task entries from hash table / List runningTaskEntries = GetRunningTaskEntries( queueMonitorExecutionContext.currentExecutors); hasAnyTask = list_length(runningTaskEntries) > 0; /* useful to sleep if all tasks ewouldblock on current iteration / queueMonitorExecutionContext.allTasksWouldBlock = true; / monitor executors inside transaction / StartTransactionCommand(); PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot()); / iterate over all handle entries and monitor each task's output / BackgroundExecutorHashEntry handleEntry = NULL; foreach_ptr(handleEntry, runningTaskEntries) { /* create task execution context and assign it to queueMonitorExecutionContext / TaskExecutionContext taskExecutionContext = { .queueMonitorExecutionContext = &queueMonitorExecutionContext, .handleEntry = handleEntry, .task = NULL }; / check if concurrent cancellation occurred / TaskExecutionStatus taskExecutionStatus = TaskConcurrentCancelCheck( &taskExecutionContext); / * check task status. If it is cancelled, we do not need to consume queue * as we already consumed the queue. / if (taskExecutionStatus == TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_CANCELLED) { TaskEnded(&taskExecutionContext); continue; } taskExecutionStatus = ConsumeExecutorQueue(&taskExecutionContext); if (taskExecutionStatus == TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_ERROR) { TaskHadError(&taskExecutionContext); } else if (taskExecutionStatus == TASK_EXECUTION_STATUS_SUCCESS) { TaskEnded(&taskExecutionContext); } } PopActiveSnapshot(); CommitTransactionCommand(); if (queueMonitorExecutionContext.allTasksWouldBlock) { / * sleep to lower cpu consumption if all tasks responded with EWOULD_BLOCK on the last iteration. * That will also let those tasks to progress to generate some output probably. / const long delay_ms = 1000; (void) WaitLatch(MyLatch, WL_LATCH_SET \| WL_TIMEOUT \| WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH, delay_ms, WAIT_EVENT_PG_SLEEP); ResetLatch(MyLatch); } } MemoryContextSwitchTo(firstContext); MemoryContextDelete(backgroundTaskContext); proc_exit(0); } / * ReadFromExecutorQueue reads from task executor's response queue into the message. * It also sets hadError flag if an error response is encountered in the queue. / static shm_mq_result ReadFromExecutorQueue(BackgroundExecutorHashEntry backgroundExecutorHashEntry, bool hadError) { dsm_segment seg = backgroundExecutorHashEntry->seg; shm_toc toc = shm_toc_attach(CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_MAGIC, dsm_segment_address(seg)); shm_mq mq = shm_toc_lookup(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_QUEUE, false); shm_mq_handle responseq = shm_mq_attach(mq, seg, NULL); / * Consume background executor's queue and get a response code. / StringInfo message = backgroundExecutorHashEntry->message; shm_mq_result mq_res = ConsumeTaskWorkerOutput(responseq, message, hadError); return mq_res; } / * CalculateBackoffDelay calculates the time to backoff between retries. * * Per try we increase the delay as follows: * retry 1: 5 sec * retry 2: 20 sec * retry 3-32 (30 tries in total): 1 min * * returns -1 when retrying should stop. * * In the future we would like a callback on the job_type that could * distinguish the retry count and delay + potential jitter on a * job_type basis. For now we only assume this to be used by the * rebalancer and settled on the retry scheme above. / static int64 CalculateBackoffDelay(int retryCount) { if (retryCount == 1) { return 5 1000; } else if (retryCount == 2) { return 20 * 1000; } else if (retryCount <= 32) { return 60 * 1000; } return -1; } #if PG_VERSION_NUM < PG_VERSION_15 static const char * error_severity(int elevel) { const char prefix; switch (elevel) { case DEBUG1: case DEBUG2: case DEBUG3: case DEBUG4: case DEBUG5: { prefix = gettext_noop("DEBUG"); break; } case LOG: case LOG_SERVER_ONLY: { prefix = gettext_noop("LOG"); break; } case INFO: { prefix = gettext_noop("INFO"); break; } case NOTICE: { prefix = gettext_noop("NOTICE"); break; } case WARNING: { prefix = gettext_noop("WARNING"); break; } case WARNING_CLIENT_ONLY: { prefix = gettext_noop("WARNING"); break; } case ERROR: { prefix = gettext_noop("ERROR"); break; } case FATAL: { prefix = gettext_noop("FATAL"); break; } case PANIC: { prefix = gettext_noop("PANIC"); break; } default: { prefix = "???"; break; } } return prefix; } #endif / * bgw_generate_returned_message - * generates the message to be inserted into the job_run_details table * first part is comming from error_severity (elog.c) / static void bgw_generate_returned_message(StringInfoData display_msg, ErrorData edata) { const char prefix = error_severity(edata.elevel); appendStringInfo(display_msg, "%s: %s", prefix, edata.message); if (edata.detail != NULL) { appendStringInfo(display_msg, "\nDETAIL: %s", edata.detail); } if (edata.hint != NULL) { appendStringInfo(display_msg, "\nHINT: %s", edata.hint); } if (edata.context != NULL) { appendStringInfo(display_msg, "\nCONTEXT: %s", edata.context); } } / * UpdateDependingTasks updates all depending tasks, based on the type of terminal state * the current task reached. / static void UpdateDependingTasks(BackgroundTask task) { switch (task->status) { case BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_DONE: { UnblockDependingBackgroundTasks(task); break; } case BACKGROUND_TASK_STATUS_ERROR: { /* when we error this task, we need to unschedule all dependant tasks / UnscheduleDependentTasks(task); break; } default: { / nothing to do for other states / break; } } } / * ConsumeTaskWorkerOutput consumes the output of an executor and sets the message as * the last message read from the queue. It also sets hadError as true if executor had * error. / static shm_mq_result ConsumeTaskWorkerOutput(shm_mq_handle responseq, StringInfo message, bool hadError) { shm_mq_result res; / * Message-parsing routines operate on a null-terminated StringInfo, * so we must construct one. / StringInfoData msg = { 0 }; initStringInfo(&msg); for (;;) { resetStringInfo(&msg); / * non-blocking receive to not block other bg workers / Size nbytes = 0; void data = NULL; const bool noWait = true; res = shm_mq_receive(responseq, &nbytes, &data, noWait); if (res != SHM_MQ_SUCCESS) { break; } appendBinaryStringInfo(&msg, data, nbytes); /* * msgtype seems to be documented on * path_to_url * * Here we mostly handle the same message types as supported in pg_cron as the * executor is highly influenced by the implementation there. / char msgtype = pq_getmsgbyte(&msg); switch (msgtype) { case 'E': / ErrorResponse / { if (hadError) { hadError = true; } } /* FALLTHROUGH / case 'N': / NoticeResponse / { ErrorData edata = { 0 }; StringInfoData display_msg = { 0 }; pq_parse_errornotice(&msg, &edata); initStringInfo(&display_msg); bgw_generate_returned_message(&display_msg, edata); / we keep only the last message / resetStringInfo(message); appendStringInfoString(message, display_msg.data); appendStringInfoChar(message, '\n'); pfree(display_msg.data); break; } case 'C': / CommandComplete / { const char tag = pq_getmsgstring(&msg); char nonconst_tag = pstrdup(tag); / append the nonconst_tag to the task's message / appendStringInfoString(message, nonconst_tag); appendStringInfoChar(message, '\n'); pfree(nonconst_tag); break; } case 'A': case 'D': case 'G': case 'H': case 'T': case 'W': case 'Z': { break; } default: { elog(WARNING, "unknown message type: %c (%zu bytes)", msg.data[0], nbytes); break; } } } pfree(msg.data); return res; } / * StoreArgumentsInDSM creates a dynamic shared memory segment to pass the query and its * environment to the executor. / static dsm_segment StoreArgumentsInDSM(char database, char username, char command, int64 taskId, int64 jobId) { / * Create the shared memory that we will pass to the background * worker process. We use DSM_CREATE_NULL_IF_MAXSEGMENTS so that we * do not ERROR here. This way, we can mark the job as failed and * keep the launcher process running normally. / shm_toc_estimator e = { 0 }; shm_toc_initialize_estimator(&e); shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&e, strlen(database) + 1); shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&e, strlen(username) + 1); shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&e, strlen(command) + 1); #define QUEUE_SIZE ((Size) 65536) shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&e, QUEUE_SIZE); shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&e, sizeof(int64)); shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&e, sizeof(int64)); shm_toc_estimate_keys(&e, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_NKEYS); Size segsize = shm_toc_estimate(&e); dsm_segment seg = dsm_create(segsize, DSM_CREATE_NULL_IF_MAXSEGMENTS); if (seg == NULL) { ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("max number of DSM segments may has been reached"))); return NULL; } shm_toc toc = shm_toc_create(CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_MAGIC, dsm_segment_address(seg), segsize); Size size = strlen(database) + 1; char databaseTarget = shm_toc_allocate(toc, size); strcpy_s(databaseTarget, size, database); shm_toc_insert(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_DATABASE, databaseTarget); size = strlen(username) + 1; char usernameTarget = shm_toc_allocate(toc, size); strcpy_s(usernameTarget, size, username); shm_toc_insert(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_USERNAME, usernameTarget); size = strlen(command) + 1; char commandTarget = shm_toc_allocate(toc, size); strcpy_s(commandTarget, size, command); shm_toc_insert(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_COMMAND, commandTarget); shm_mq mq = shm_mq_create(shm_toc_allocate(toc, QUEUE_SIZE), QUEUE_SIZE); shm_toc_insert(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_QUEUE, mq); shm_mq_set_receiver(mq, MyProc); int64 taskIdTarget = shm_toc_allocate(toc, sizeof(int64)); taskIdTarget = taskId; shm_toc_insert(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_TASK_ID, taskIdTarget); int64 jobIdTarget = shm_toc_allocate(toc, sizeof(int64)); jobIdTarget = jobId; shm_toc_insert(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_JOB_ID, jobIdTarget); shm_mq_attach(mq, seg, NULL); / * when we have CurrentResourceOwner != NULL, segment will be released upon CurrentResourceOwner release, * but we may consume the queue in segment even after CurrentResourceOwner released. 'dsm_pin_mapping' helps * persisting the segment until the session ends or the segment is detached explicitly by 'dsm_detach'. / dsm_pin_mapping(seg); return seg; } / * StartCitusBackgroundTaskExecutor start a new background worker for the execution of a * background task. Callers interested in the shared memory segment that is created * between the background worker and the current backend can pass in a segOut to get a * pointer to the dynamic shared memory. / static BackgroundWorkerHandle StartCitusBackgroundTaskExecutor(char database, char user, char command, int64 taskId, int64 jobId, dsm_segment pSegment) { dsm_segment seg = StoreArgumentsInDSM(database, user, command, taskId, jobId); /* Configure a worker. / BackgroundWorker worker = { 0 }; memset(&worker, 0, sizeof(worker)); SafeSnprintf(worker.bgw_name, BGW_MAXLEN, "Citus Background Task Queue Executor: %s/%s for (%ld/%ld)", database, user, jobId, taskId); worker.bgw_flags = BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS \| BGWORKER_BACKEND_DATABASE_CONNECTION; worker.bgw_start_time = BgWorkerStart_ConsistentState; / don't restart, we manage restarts from maintenance daemon / worker.bgw_restart_time = BGW_NEVER_RESTART; strcpy_s(worker.bgw_library_name, sizeof(worker.bgw_library_name), "citus"); strcpy_s(worker.bgw_function_name, sizeof(worker.bgw_library_name), "CitusBackgroundTaskExecutor"); worker.bgw_main_arg = UInt32GetDatum(dsm_segment_handle(seg)); worker.bgw_notify_pid = MyProcPid; BackgroundWorkerHandle handle = NULL; if (!RegisterDynamicBackgroundWorker(&worker, &handle)) { dsm_detach(seg); return NULL; } pid_t pid = { 0 }; WaitForBackgroundWorkerStartup(handle, &pid); if (pSegment) { pSegment = seg; } return handle; } / * context for any log/error messages emitted from the background task executor. / typedef struct CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallbackContext { const char database; const char username; int64 taskId; int64 jobId; } CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallbackContext; / * CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallback is a callback handler that gets called for any * ereport to add extra context to the message. / static void CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallback(void arg) { CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallbackContext context = (CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallbackContext ) arg; errcontext("Citus Background Task Queue Executor: %s/%s for (%ld/%ld)", context->database, context->username, context->jobId, context->taskId); } /* * CitusBackgroundTaskExecutor is the main function of the background tasks queue * executor. This backend attaches to a shared memory segment as identified by the * main_arg of the background worker. * * This is mostly based on the background worker logic in pg_cron / void CitusBackgroundTaskExecutor(Datum main_arg) { / handles SIGTERM similar to backends / pqsignal(SIGTERM, die); BackgroundWorkerUnblockSignals(); / Set up a dynamic shared memory segment. / dsm_segment seg = dsm_attach(DatumGetInt32(main_arg)); if (seg == NULL) { ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE), errmsg("unable to map dynamic shared memory segment"))); } shm_toc toc = shm_toc_attach(CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_MAGIC, dsm_segment_address(seg)); if (toc == NULL) { ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE), errmsg("bad magic number in dynamic shared memory segment"))); } char database = shm_toc_lookup(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_DATABASE, false); char username = shm_toc_lookup(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_USERNAME, false); char command = shm_toc_lookup(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_COMMAND, false); int64 taskId = shm_toc_lookup(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_TASK_ID, false); int64 jobId = shm_toc_lookup(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_JOB_ID, false); shm_mq mq = shm_toc_lookup(toc, CITUS_BACKGROUND_TASK_KEY_QUEUE, false); shm_mq_set_sender(mq, MyProc); shm_mq_handle responseq = shm_mq_attach(mq, seg, NULL); pq_redirect_to_shm_mq(seg, responseq); /* setup error context to indicate the errors came from a running background task / ErrorContextCallback errorCallback = { 0 }; CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallbackContext context = { .database = database, .username = username, .taskId = taskId, .jobId = jobId, }; errorCallback.callback = CitusBackgroundJobExecutorErrorCallback; errorCallback.arg = (void ) &context; errorCallback.previous = error_context_stack; error_context_stack = &errorCallback; BackgroundWorkerInitializeConnection(database, username, 0); /* make sure we are the only backend running for this task / LOCKTAG locktag = { 0 }; SET_LOCKTAG_BACKGROUND_TASK(locktag, taskId); const bool sessionLock = true; const bool dontWait = true; LockAcquireResult locked = LockAcquire(&locktag, AccessExclusiveLock, sessionLock, dontWait); if (locked == LOCKACQUIRE_NOT_AVAIL) { ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("unable to acquire background task lock for taskId: %ld", taskId), errdetail("this indicates that an other backend is already " "executing this task"))); } / Execute the query. / StartTransactionCommand(); ExecuteSqlString(command); CommitTransactionCommand(); / Signal that we are done. / ReadyForQuery(DestRemote); dsm_detach(seg); proc_exit(0); } / * Execute given SQL string without SPI or a libpq session. / static void ExecuteSqlString(const char sql) { /* * Parse the SQL string into a list of raw parse trees. * * Because we allow statements that perform internal transaction control, * we can't do this in TopTransactionContext; the parse trees might get * blown away before we're done executing them. / MemoryContext parsecontext = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext, "query parse/plan", ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE); MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(parsecontext); List raw_parsetree_list = pg_parse_query(sql); int commands_remaining = list_length(raw_parsetree_list); bool isTopLevel = commands_remaining == 1; MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext); /* * Do parse analysis, rule rewrite, planning, and execution for each raw * parsetree. We must fully execute each query before beginning parse * analysis on the next one, since there may be interdependencies. / RawStmt parsetree = NULL; foreach_ptr(parsetree, raw_parsetree_list) { /* * We don't allow transaction-control commands like COMMIT and ABORT * here. The entire SQL statement is executed as a single transaction * which commits if no errors are encountered. / if (IsA(parsetree, TransactionStmt)) { ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED), errmsg( "transaction control statements are not allowed in background job"))); } / * Get the command name for use in status display (it also becomes the * default completion tag, down inside PortalRun). Set ps_status and * do any special start-of-SQL-command processing needed by the * destination. / CommandTag commandTag = CreateCommandTag(parsetree->stmt); set_ps_display(GetCommandTagName(commandTag)); BeginCommand(commandTag, DestNone); / Set up a snapshot if parse analysis/planning will need one. / bool snapshot_set = false; if (analyze_requires_snapshot(parsetree)) { PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot()); snapshot_set = true; } / * OK to analyze, rewrite, and plan this query. * * As with parsing, we need to make sure this data outlives the * transaction, because of the possibility that the statement might * perform internal transaction control. / oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(parsecontext); #if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 150000 List querytree_list = pg_analyze_and_rewrite_fixedparams(parsetree, sql, NULL, 0, NULL); #else List querytree_list = pg_analyze_and_rewrite(parsetree, sql, NULL, 0, NULL); #endif List plantree_list = pg_plan_queries(querytree_list, sql, 0, NULL); /* Done with the snapshot used for parsing/planning / if (snapshot_set) { PopActiveSnapshot(); } / If we got a cancel signal in analysis or planning, quit / CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS(); / * Execute the query using the unnamed portal. / Portal portal = CreatePortal("", true, true); / Don't display the portal in pg_cursors / portal->visible = false; PortalDefineQuery(portal, NULL, sql, commandTag, plantree_list, NULL); PortalStart(portal, NULL, 0, InvalidSnapshot); int16 format[] = { 1 }; PortalSetResultFormat(portal, lengthof(format), format); / binary format / commands_remaining--; DestReceiver receiver = CreateDestReceiver(DestNone); /* * Only once the portal and destreceiver have been established can * we return to the transaction context. All that stuff needs to * survive an internal commit inside PortalRun! / MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext); / Here's where we actually execute the command. / QueryCompletion qc = { 0 }; (void) PortalRun(portal, FETCH_ALL, isTopLevel, true, receiver, receiver, &qc); / Clean up the receiver. / (receiver->rDestroy)(receiver); /* * Send a CommandComplete message even if we suppressed the query * results. The user backend will report these in the absence of * any true query results. / EndCommand(&qc, DestRemote, false); / Clean up the portal. / PortalDrop(portal, false); } / Be sure to advance the command counter after the last script command */ CommandCounterIncrement(); } ```
International Steels Limited () is a Pakistani company which manufactures steel products. It is based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded in 2007. Its plant is located at Landhi and produces cold rolled steel sheets. References Steel companies of Pakistan Manufacturing companies established in 2007 Manufacturing companies based in Karachi Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange Pakistani companies established in 2007
The Autodromo dell'Umbria is a long automobile and motorcycle circuit placed in Magione, Umbria (Italy). The circuit was created in the early 1970s by the will of a group of friends. It is featured in the video game “Assetto Corsa”. History The construction of the long and technically challenging venue began in the spring of 1972 by a few motorsport enthusiasts (Lorenzo Rondini, Giulio Capolsini, Umberto Mannocchi, Paolo Bietoloni, Gianni Moretti, Francesco Terradura and Giuseppe Tarpani). It held its inaugural race on April 7, 1973, and hosted motorcycle races and races of the Italian F3 Championship. Lap records As of July 2016, the fastest official race lap records at the Autodromo dell'Umbria are listed as: References External links Autodromo di Magione Sports venues in Italy Motorsport venues in Italy
Medford is unincorporated community in Anderson County in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Medford is located along U.S. Route 25W, south of Rocky Top and north of Clinton. Medford does not have a post office and uses the ZIP code for Rocky Top, 37769. The Medford area had a population of 1,602 in 2010. History In 1904, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad came through the area and established a station named "Medford" after a family who lived near the station. In 1928, U.S. Route 25W was built through the community, which increased the population of Medford. The community had a school from around 1900 until 1989, when the school was sold and the students were transferred to Lake City Elementary School in Rocky Top. References Unincorporated communities in Anderson County, Tennessee
Campbell Cemetery is a historic cemetery in rural southwestern Randolph County, Arkansas, southeast of Imboden near the Spring River. It is a small family cemetery, and is notable not only for one of its earliest burials, that of James Campbell (b. 1780), the first judge and county sheriff of Lawrence County, the second county established in what is now the state of Arkansas, and an early settler of Randolph County, but also as the final resting place of country and western music singing star Glen Travis Campbell. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Randolph County, Arkansas References External links Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas 1835 establishments in Arkansas Territory Buildings and structures in Randolph County, Arkansas National Register of Historic Places in Randolph County, Arkansas Cemeteries established in the 1830s
Marinobacter zhejiangensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, halophilic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from sediments from the East China Sea. References External links Type strain of Marinobacter zhejiangensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Alteromonadales Bacteria described in 2008 Halophiles
Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus was a politician of Ancient Rome, of patrician rank, of the 2nd century BC. He was curule aedile in 187 BC, when he exhibited the Great Games, praetor in 185 BC, and consul in 180 BC. In his consulship he conducted the war against the Ligurians. He was censor in 174 BC with Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. Their censorship was a severe one; they expelled nine members from the senate, and degraded many of equestrian rank. They enacted, however, many public works. He was elected in his censorship one of the decemviri sacrorum in the place of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. In 175 BC he was sent into northern Greece to inquire into the truth of the representations of the Dardanians and Thessalians about the Bastarnae and Perseus of Macedon. In 171 BC he was sent as one of the ambassadors to Crete; and after the conquest of Macedonia in 168 BC he was one of the ten commissioners appointed to settle the affairs of the country with Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus. Livy not infrequently calls him "Luscus", from which it would seem that he was blind in one eye. Family He was probably a brother of Spurius Postumius Albinus Paullulus and Lucius Postumius Albinus, and father of Aulus Postumius Albinus. See also Postumia gens References 2nd-century BC Roman consuls Aulus, Luscus Roman aediles Ancient Roman censors Third Macedonian War
Molezon (; ) is a commune in the Lozère département in southern France. See also Communes of the Lozère department References Communes of Lozère
Lu Chen () is a Chinese-born American neuroscientist, who is a Professor of Neurosurgery, and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, and is a member of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute. She was previously an Associate Professor of Neurobiology and a member of the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley. Life She was born and raised in China. She graduated from the University of Southern California with a PhD in Neurobiology in 1998. She studied with Richard F. Thompson. Her husband is Thomas C. Südhof, a Nobel laureate in physiology and medicine and a professor at Stanford University. Her former husband, Shaowen Bao, is a professor of neuroscience. Research The long-term goal of Chen's research is to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie synapse function during behavior in the developing and mature brain, and how synapse function is altered during mental retardation. Chen discovered an important role of retinoic acid in synaptic scaling. Awards 2005 MacArthur Fellows Program 2004 Beckman Young Investigators Award References University of Southern California alumni University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty American neuroscientists Chinese expatriates in the United States MacArthur Fellows Living people 1972 births
BĪŽAN-NAMA () is a Persian epic poem of ca. 1,900 couplets relating the adventures of the legendary hero Bīžan son of Giv. Zabiollah Safa, an Iranian literary scholars notes that a large number verses of thies epic were taken from the Bīžan and Manīža in Ferdowsī’s Šāh-nāma. Jalal Matini after closely postulated that the epic is mainly a copy of Ferdowsī’s story with some verses added by the author and some of Ferdowsi’s omitted. References Persian mythology Persian poems Epic poems in Persian
A walking stick or walking cane is a device used primarily to aid walking, provide postural stability or support, or assist in maintaining a good posture. Some designs also serve as a fashion accessory, or are used for self-defense. Walking sticks come in many shapes and sizes and some have become collector's items. People with disabilities may use some kinds of walking sticks as a crutch but a walking cane is not designed for full weight support and is instead designed to help with balance. The walking stick has also historically been known to be used as a self defensive weapon and may conceal a knife or sword – as in a swordstick or swordcane. Hikers use walking sticks, also known as trekking poles, pilgrim's staffs, hiking poles, or hiking sticks, for a wide variety of purposes: as a support when going uphill or as a brake when going downhill; as a balance point when crossing streams, swamps, or other rough terrain; to feel for obstacles in the path; to test mud and water for depth; to enhance the cadence of striding, and as a defence against animals. An alpenstock, from its origins in mountaineering in the Alps, is equipped with a steel point and may carry a hook or ice axe on top. More ornate sticks may be adorned with small trinkets or medallions depicting visited territory. Wooden walking-sticks are used for outdoor sports, healthy upper-body exercise, and even club, department, and family memorials. They can be individually handcrafted from a number of woods and may be personalised with wood carving or metal engraving plaques. A collector of walking sticks is termed a rabologist. Origin Around the 17th or 18th century, a walking stick became an essential part of the European gentleman's wardrobe. The fashion may have originated with Louis XIV, who favored a walking stick, possibly because he wore high heels. As a curator of the Detroit Institute of Arts wrote about elaborate walking sticks in their collection: There was almost no limit to the sums which people were then willing to spend upon them. Louis XIV had a stick whose eagle knob was set with twenty-four diamonds. The Regent of France, one of the outstanding rakes of the century, had a huge and famous diamond called "the Regent" set as the head of a walking stick. People of fashion spent as much as forty thousand francs a year on walking sticks. Voltaire, who considered that he lived a life free from fashionable nonsense, owned eighty sticks. Rousseau, a poor man and the apostle of the simple life, owned forty. Count Brühl, creator of the famous Brühl Terrace at Dresden, owned three hundred canes, each with a snuff-box to match, one for each of his three hundred suits. The fashion spread across the Atlantic to America. Benjamin Franklin had received as a gift a gold-headed walking stick from a French lady admirer when he was ambassador to France. Franklin wrote a codicil to his Will in 1789 bequeathing it to George Washington. It is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Accessories The most common accessory, before or after purchase or manufacture, is a hand strap, to prevent loss of the stick should the hand release its grip. These are often threaded through a hole drilled into the stick rather than tied around. A clip-on frame or similar device can be used to stand a stick against the top of a table. In cold climates, a metallic cleat may be added to the foot of the cane. This dramatically increases traction on ice. The device is usually designed so it can be easily flipped to the side to prevent damage to indoor flooring. Different handles are available to match grips of varying sizes. Rubber ferrules give extra traction on most surfaces. Nordic walking poles are extremely popular in Europe. Walking with two poles in the correct length radically reduces the stress to the knees, hips and back. These special poles come with straps resembling a fingerless glove, durable metal tips for off-road and removable rubber tips for pavement and other hard surfaces. Religious use Various staffs of office derived from walking sticks or staffs are used by both western and eastern Christian churches. In Islam the walking stick ('Asa) is considered a sunnah and Muslims are encouraged to carry one. The imam traditionally delivers the Khutbah while leaning on a stick. Types Ashplant a British or Irish walking stick made from the ash tree. In the Royal Tank Regiment, officers carry an ashplant walking stick in reference to World War I when they were used to test the ground's firmness and suitability for tanks. Blackthorn an Irish walking stick, or shillelagh, made from the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). Shooting stick It can fold out into a single-legged seat. Supplejack Made from a tropical American vine, also serves as a cane. Penang lawyer Made from Licuala. After the bark was removed with only a piece of glass, the stick was straightened by fire and polished. The fictional Dr. Mortimer owned one of these in The Hound of the Baskervilles. So did Fitzroy Simpson, the main suspect in "The Adventure of Silver Blaze" (1892), whose lead weighted stick was initially assumed to be the murder weapon. Makila (or makhila) Basque walking stick or staff, usually made from medlar wood. It often features a gold or silver foot and handle, which may conceal a steel blade. The Makila's elaborate engravings are actually carved into the living wood, then allowed to heal before harvesting. Kebbie a rough Scottish walking stick, similar to an Irish shillelagh, with a hooked head. Whangee Asian, made of bamboo, also a riding crop. Such a stick was owned by Charlie Chaplin's character The Tramp. Malacca Malay stick made of rattan palms. Pike Staff Pointed at the end for slippery surfaces. Scout staff Tall stick traditionally carried by Boy Scouts, which has a number of uses Waddy Australian Aboriginal walking stick or war club, about one metre in length, sometimes with a stone head affixed with string and beeswax. Ziegenhainer Knotty German stick, made from European cornel, also used as a melee weapon by a duellist's second. The spiral groove caused by a parasitic vine was often imitated by its maker if not present. American "walking canes" In North America, a walking cane is a walking stick with a curved top much like a shepherd's staff, but shorter. Thus, although they are called "canes", they are usually made of more modern material other than cane, such as wood, metal or carbon fiber. In modern times, walking sticks are usually only seen with formal attire. Retractable canes that reveal such properties as hidden compartments, pool sticks, or blades are popular among collectors. Handles have been made from many substances, both natural and manmade. Carved and decorated canes have turned the functional into the fantastic. The idea of a fancy cane as a fashion accessory to go with top hat and tails has been popularized in many song-and-dance acts, especially by Fred Astaire in several of his films and songs such as Top Hat, White Tie and Tails and Puttin' On the Ritz, where he exhorts "Come, let's mix where Rockefellers walk with sticks or umbrellas in their mitts." He danced with a cane frequently. Some canes, known as "tippling canes" or "tipplers", have hollowed-out compartments near the top where flasks or vials of alcohol could be hidden and sprung out on demand. When used as a mobility or stability aid, canes are generally used in the hand opposite the injury or weakness. This may appear counter-intuitive, but this allows the cane to be used for stability in a way that lets the user shift much of their weight onto the cane and away from their weaker side as they walk. Personal preference, or a need to hold the cane in their dominant hand, means some cane users choose to hold the cane on their injured side. In the U.S. Congress in 1856, Charles Sumner of Massachusetts criticized Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Andrew Butler of South Carolina for the Kansas–Nebraska Act. When a relative of Andrew Butler, Preston Brooks, heard of it, he felt that Sumner's behavior demanded retaliation, and beat him senseless on the floor of the Senate with a gutta-percha walking cane. Although this event is commonly known as "the caning of Senator Charles Sumner", it was not a caning in the normal (especially British) sense of formal corporal punishment with a much more flexible and usually thinner rattan. See also Cane gun Cane holder Canne de combat Crutch Nordic walking Pace stick Shillelagh (club) Swordstick Umbrella stand References External links Walking-Stick Papers (Robert Cortes Holliday, 1918) – Project Gutenberg ebook Walking Stick & Cane History Published with permission Self-Defence with a Walking Stick (Pearson's Magazine, January 1901) Fashion accessories Tools Stick

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