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Ongiara may refer to:
Ongiara an album by the band the Great Lake Swimmers
Ongiara (1964), a passenger/vehicle ferry operated by the City of Toronto
Ongiara (1885), a steam ferry that served most of her life on the Niagara River |
KETU (1120 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Catoosa, Oklahoma, and serving the Tulsa metropolitan area. The station broadcasts a Spanish adult contemporary radio format and is owned by Antonio Perez, through licensee Radio Las Americas Arkansas, LLC.
KETU is a daytimer station. It is powered at 10,000 watts by day and 7,000 watts during critical hours. Because 1120 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for KMOX in St. Louis, KETU must go off the air at night to avoid interference. The station uses a directional antenna with a two-tower array. The transmitter is on East 106 Street at North 14th Avenue in Sperry. Programming is heard around the clock on 250-watt FM translator K250BN at 97.9 MHz in Tulsa.
History
The station signed on the air on . Its original call sign was KEOR licensed to Atoka, Oklahoma, and operated for many years on the frequency 1110 kHz. Then, as now, KEOR was a daytimer. It had a power of 5,000 watts but had to go off the air at sunset. It broadcast a country music format and was an affiliate of the ABC Entertainment Network.
KEOR flipped to Top 40 hits in the 1970s. In 1984, KEOR changed to Southern Gospel, after brokering the station to Sonshine Ministries. In the 1990s, Sonshine broker weekday programming to Christian talk and teaching ministries, while Saturday mornings were brokered to Ed and Jolene Bullard, who used their time to play Classic Country and Bluegrass music. KEOR would be sold to Edward J. and Leticia Vega in 2012.
In 2008, the Raftt Corporation, the station's owner, got permission from the Federal Communications Commission to move 100 miles north, into the more lucrative Tulsa radio market. The city of license was switched to Catoosa, a suburb of Tulsa, and the frequency relocated to 1120 kHz, one notch up the dial. Meanwhile, in the early 2000s, some Catholic organizations around the U.S. were looking for radio stations to broadcast Catholic programming, in response to the increasing number of stations proclaiming an Evangelical Christian message.
In January 2009, The Raftt Corporation reached an agreement to sell this station to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa for $880,000. The deal was approved by the FCC on March 17, 2009. However the transaction was subsequently cancelled. Raftt later sold the station to Edward J. and Leticia Vega's La Zeta 95.7 Inc. The sale was consummated on November 21, 2012, and the station switched its call sign to KETU. La Zeta put a Spanish-language format on KETU.
Effective September 22, 2020, La Zeta 95.7 swapped KETU and $10,000 to Radio Las Americas Arkansas, LLC in exchange for KLTK, a Regional Mexican station in Centerton, Arkansas.
Translators
References
External links
http://ladiferentetulsa.com/
ETU
Radio stations established in 1968
ETU
1968 establishments in Oklahoma |
Say It with Music (Swedish: Säg det i toner) is a 1929 Swedish musical film directed by Edvin Adolphson and Julius Jaenzon and starring Håkan Westergren, Elisabeth Frisk and Stina Berg. It was shot at the Råsunda Studios in Stockholm with a soundtrack added in a Berlin studio that had been converted to sound. The film's sets were designed by art director Vilhelm Bryde. It came during the switch from silent to sound film and lacks any dialogue. It was one of three Swedish films released that year that including some element of sound, and came at a time when film production was in crisis with no films released during the first nine months of 1929. It is also known by the alternative title The Dream Waltz.
Cast
Håkan Westergren as Olof Svensson
Stina Berg as Mrs. Svensson
Elisabeth Frisk as Lisa Lindahl
Tore Svennberg as Mr. Lindahl
Jenny Hasselqvist as Mrs. Lindahl
Margit Manstad as Ingrid Mårtenson
Edvin Adolphson as Mrs. Lindahl's lover
Erik Malmberg as Man
Axel Nilsson as Man
Björn Berglund as Nutte
Helga Brofeldt as Woman at restaurant
Ossian Brofeldt as Husband at restaurant
Knut Frankman as Docker
Karl Gerhard as Self
Eric Gustafson as Man who borrows matches
Justus Hagman as Cashier
Sture Lagerwall as Olof's friend
Herman Lantz as Docker at accident
Thyra Leijman-Uppström as Maid
Otto Malmberg as Servant
Nils Ohlin as Man at music publishing company
Aina Rosén as Clerk at music publishing company
Stina Ståhle as Clerk at music publishing company
Åke Uppström as Olof's friend
Astrid Wedberg as Lindahl's Maid
Karl Wehle as The great composer
Kurt Welin as Student
References
Bibliography
Gustafsson, Tommy. Masculinity in the Golden Age of Swedish Cinema: A Cultural Analysis of 1920s Films. McFarland, 2014.
External links
1929 films
Swedish musical films
1929 musical films
1920s Swedish-language films
Swedish black-and-white films
Films directed by Edvin Adolphson
1920s Swedish films |
Suita Station (吹田駅) is the name of two train stations in Suita, Osaka, Japan:
Suita Station (JR West)
Suita Station (Hankyu) |
Mako shark may refer to:
Shortfin mako shark - a common species of the genus Isurus
Longfin mako shark - a rarer species of the genus Isurus
Corvette Mako Shark (concept car), a concept car made by Chevrolet |
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction(s), sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history generally repeat themselves in cycles. Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there cannot be any social progress. In the early theory of Sima Qian and the more recent theories of long-term ("secular") political-demographic cycles as well as in the Varnic theory of P.R. Sarkar, an explicit accounting is made of social progress.
Historical forerunners
Interpretation of history as repeating cycles of Dark and Golden Ages was a common belief among ancient cultures. Kyklos (Ancient Greek: κύκλος , "cycle") is a term used by some classical Greek authors to describe what they considered as the cycle of governments in a society. It was roughly based on the history of Greek city-states in the same period. The concept of the kyklos is first elaborated by Plato, Aristotle, and most extensively Polybius. They all came up with their own interpretation of the cycle, and possible solutions to break the cycle, since they thought the cycle to be harmful. Later writers such as Cicero and Machiavelli commented on the kyklos. The more limited cyclical view of history defined as repeating cycles of events was put forward in the academic world in the 19th century in historiosophy (a branch of historiography) and is a concept that falls under the category of sociology. However, Polybius, Ibn Khaldun (see Asabiyyah), and Giambattista Vico can be seen as precursors of this analysis. The Saeculum was identified in Roman times. In recent times, P. R. Sarkar in his Social Cycle Theory has used this idea to elaborate his interpretation of history.
Plato
Plato describes his cycle of governments in his work Republic, Book VIII and IX. He distinguishes five forms of government: aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny, and writes that governments devolve respectively in this order from aristocracy into tyranny. Plato's cycle of governments is linked with his anthropology of the rulers that come with each form of government. This philosophy is intertwined with the way the cycle of governments plays out. An aristocracy is ruled by aristocratic people whose rule is guided by their rationality. The decline of aristrocracy into timocracy happens when people who are less qualified to rule come to power. Their rule and decision-making is guided by honor. Timocracy devolves into oligarchy as soon as those rulers act in pursuit of wealth; oligarchy devolves into democracy when the rulers act on behalf of freedom; and lastly, democracy devolves into tyranny if rulers mainly seek power. Plato believes that having a philosopher king, and thus having an aristocratic form of government is the most desirable.
Aristotle
Aristotle writes about the cycle of governments in his Politics. He believes the cycle begins with monarchy and ends in anarchy, and that it does not start anew. He also refers to democracy as the degenerate form of rule by the many and calls the virtuous form politeia, which is often translated as constitutional democracy. The transitions would often be accompanied by violence and turmoil, and a good part of the cycle would be spent with the degenerate forms of government. Aristotle gave a number of options as to how the cycle could be halted or slowed:
Even the most minor changes to basic laws and constitutions must be opposed because over time the small changes will add up to a complete transformation
In aristocracies and democracies the tenure of rulers must be kept very short to prevent them from becoming despots
External threats, real or imagined, preserve internal peace
The three basic systems of government can be blended into one, taking the best elements of each
If any one individual gains too much power, be it political, monetary, or military, he should be banished from the polis
Judges and magistrates must never accept money to make decisions
The middle class must be large
Most important to Aristotle in preserving a constitution is education: if all the citizens are aware of law, history, and the constitution they will endeavour to maintain a good government
Polybius
According to Polybius, who has the most fully developed version of the kyklos, it rotates through the three basic forms of government: democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy, and the three degenerate forms of each of these governments: ochlocracy, oligarchy, and tyranny. Originally society is in ochlocracy but the strongest figure emerges and sets up a monarchy. The monarch's descendants, who lack virtue because of their family's power, become despots and the monarchy degenerates into a tyranny. Because of the excesses of the ruler the tyranny is overthrown by the leading citizens of the state who set up an aristocracy. They too quickly forget about virtue and the state becomes an oligarchy. These oligarchs are overthrown by the people who set up a democracy. Democracy soon becomes corrupt and degenerates into ochlocracy, beginning the cycle anew. Polybius's concept of the cycle of governments is called anacyclosis. Polybius, in contrast to Aristotle, focuses on the idea of mixed government: the idea that the ideal government is one that blends elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. Aristotle mentions this notion but pays little attention to it. Polybius saw the Roman Republic as the embodiment of this mixed constitution, and this would explain why the Roman Republic was so powerful and why it would remain stable for a longer amount of time. Polybius' description of the anacyclosis can be found in Book VI of his Histories.
Cicero
Cicero describes anacyclosis in his philosophical work De re publica. His version of the anacyclosis is heavily inspired by Polybius' writings. Cicero argues, contrary to Polybius, that the Roman state can prevail and will not succumb to the harmful cycle despite its mixed government, as long as the Roman Republic will return to its ancient virtues (mos maiorum).
Machiavelli
Machiavelli, writing during the Renaissance, appears to have adopted Polybius' version of the cycle. Machiavelli's adoption of anacyclosis can be seen in Book I, Chapter II of his Discourses on Livy. Although Machiavelli adopts the idea of the circular structure in which types of governments alternate, he does not accept Polybius' idea that the cycle naturally devolves through the exact same pattern of governments.
19th and 20th century theories
Thomas Carlyle conceived of history as though it were a phoenix, growing and dying in stages akin to the seasons. He saw the French Revolution as the ashes or winter of European civilisation, and that it would necessarily build out of the rubble. Russian philosopher Nikolai Danilewski in Rossiia i Evropa (1869), differentiated between various smaller civilizations (Egyptian, Chinese, Persian, Greek, Roman, German, and Slav, among others). He wrote that each civilization has a life cycle, and by the end of the 19th century the Roman-German civilization was in decline, while the Slav civilization was approaching its Golden Age. A similar theory was put forward by Oswald Spengler who in his Der Untergang des Abendlandes (1918) also argued that the Western civilization had entered its final phase of development and its decline was inevitable.
The first social cycle theory in sociology was created by Italian sociologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto in his (1916). He centered his theory on the concept of an elite social class, which he divided into cunning 'foxes' and violent 'lions'. In his view of society, the power constantly passes from the 'foxes' to the 'lions' and vice versa.
Sociological cycle theory was also developed by Pitirim A. Sorokin in his Social and Cultural Dynamics (1937, 1943). He classified societies according to their 'cultural mentality', which can be ideational (reality is spiritual), sensate (reality is material), or idealistic (a synthesis of the two). He interpreted the contemporary West as a sensate civilization dedicated to technological progress and prophesied its fall into decadence and the emergence of a new ideational or idealistic era.
Alexandre Deulofeu developed a mathematical model of social cycles that he claimed fit historical facts. He argued that civilizations and empires go through cycles in his book Mathematics of History (in Catalan, published in 1951). He claims that each civilization passes through a minimum of three 1700-year cycles. As part of civilizations, empires have an average lifespan of 550 years. He also stated that by knowing the nature of these cycles, it could be possible to modify the cycles in such a way that change could be peaceful instead of leading to war. Deulofeu believed he had found the origin of Romanesque art, during the 9th century, in an area between Empordà and Roussillon, which he argued was the cradle of the second cycle of western European civilization.
Literary expressions
Much of post-apocalyptic fiction depicts various kinds of cyclical history, with depictions of civilization collapsing and being slowly built up again to collapse again and so on.
An early example is Anatole France's 1908 satirical novel Penguin Island () which traces the history of Penguinia—a thinly disguised analogue of France—from medieval times to the modern times and into a future of a monstrous super-city—which eventually collapses. This is followed by a renewed Feudalism and agrarian society, and a gradual building up of increasingly advanced civilization—culminating with a new monstrous super-city which would eventually collapse again, and so on.
A later example is Walter M. Miller Jr.'s A Canticle for Leibowitz, which begins in the aftermath of a devastating nuclear war, with the Catholic Church seeking to preserve a remnant of old texts (as it did in the historical Early Middle Ages), and ends with a new civilization, built up over two thousand years, once again destroying itself in a nuclear war—and a new group of Catholic clergy yet again setting out to preserve a remnant of civilized knowledge.
In the future depicted in October the First Is Too Late, a 1966 science fiction novel by astrophysicist Fred Hoyle, the protagonists fly over where they expected to see the United States, but see no sign of urban civilization. At first assuming they were in the pre-1750 past, they later find it was a future time. Humanity is doomed to go through repeated cycles of industrialization, overpopulation, collapse—followed by rebuilding, and then again industrialization, overpopulation and collapse and so on, over and over again. In the far future, a civilization which is aware of this history no longer wants progress.
Contemporary theories
One of the most important recent findings in the study of the long-term dynamic social processes was the discovery of the political-demographic cycles as a basic feature of the dynamics of complex agrarian systems.
The presence of political-demographic cycles in the pre-modern history of Europe and China, and in chiefdom level societies worldwide has been known for quite a long time, and already in the 1980s more or less developed mathematical models of demographic cycles started to be produced (first of all for Chinese "dynastic cycles") (Usher 1989). At the moment there are a considerable number of such models (Chu and Lee 1994; Nefedov 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004; S. Malkov, Kovalev, and A. Malkov 2000; S. Malkov and A. Malkov 2000; Malkov and Sergeev 2002, 2004a, 2004b; Malkov et al. 2002; Malkov 2002, 2003, 2004; Turchin 2003, 2005a; Korotayev et al. 2006).
Long cycle theory
George Modelski, who presented his ideas in the book Long Cycles in World Politics (1987), is the chief architect of long cycle theory. Long cycle theory describes the connection between war cycles, economic supremacy, and the political aspects of world leadership.
Long cycles, or long waves, offer perspectives on global politics by permitting "the careful exploration of the ways in which world wars have recurred, and lead states such as Britain and the United States have succeeded each other in an orderly manner." Not to be confused with Simon Kuznets' idea of long-cycles, or long-swings, long cycles of global politics are patterns of past world politics.
The long cycle, according to Dr. Dan Cox, is a period of time lasting approximately 70 to 100 years. At the end of that period, "the title of most powerful nation in the world switches hands." Modelski divides the long cycle into four phases. When periods of global war, which could last as much as one-fourth of the total long cycle, are factored in, the cycle can last from 87 to 122 years.
Many traditional theories of international relations, including the other approaches to hegemony, believe that the baseline nature of the international system is anarchy. Modelski's long cycle theory, however, states that war and other destabilizing events are a natural product of the long cycle and larger global system cycle. They are part of the living processes of the global polity and social order. Wars are "systemic decisions" that "punctuate the movement of the system at regular intervals." Because "world politics is not a random process of hit or miss, win or lose, depending on the luck of the draw or the brute strength of the contestants", anarchy does not play a role; long cycles have provided, for the last five centuries, a means for the successive selection and operation of numerous world leaders.
Modelski used to believe that long cycles were a product of the modern period. He suggests that the five long cycles, which have taken place since about 1500, are each a part of a larger global system cycle, or the modern world system.
Under the terms of long cycle theory, five hegemonic long cycles have taken place, each strongly correlating to economic Kondratieff Waves (or K-Waves). The first hegemon would have been Portugal during the 16th century, then the Netherlands during the 17th century. Next, Great Britain served twice, first during the 18th century, then during the 19th century. The United States has been serving as hegemon since the end of World War II.
In 1988, Joshua S Goldstein advanced the concept of the political midlife crisis in his book on "Long Cycle Theory", Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age, which offers four examples of the process:
The British Empire and the Crimean War (1853–1856): A century after Britain's successful launch of the Industrial Revolution, and following the subsequent British railway boom of 1815–1853, Britain, in the Crimean War, attacked the Russian Empire, which was perceived as a threat to British India and to eastern Mediterranean trade routes to India. The Crimean War highlighted the poor state of the British Army, which were then addressed, and Britain concentrated on colonial expansion and took no further part in European wars until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
The German Empire and World War I (1914–1918): Under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Germany had been unified between 1864 and 1871, and then had seen 40 years' rapid industrial, military, and colonial expansion. In 1914 the Schlieffen Plan for conquering France in eight weeks was to have been followed by the subjugation of the Russian Empire, leaving Germany the master of Mitteleuropa (Central Europe). In the event, France, Britain, Russia, and the United States fought Germany to a standstill, to defeat, and to a humiliating peace settlement at Versailles (1919) and the establishment of Germany's unstable Weimar Republic (1919–1933), in a prelude to World War II.
The Soviet Union and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): The Soviet Union had industrialised rapidly under Joseph Stalin and, following World War II, had become a rival nuclear superpower to the United States. In 1962 Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, intent on securing strategic parity with the United States, covertly, with the support of Fidel Castro, shipped nuclear missiles to Castro's Cuba, 70 miles from the US state of Florida. US President John F. Kennedy blockaded (the term "quarantined" being used because a blockade is an act of war), the island of Cuba and negotiated the Soviet missiles' removal from Cuba (in exchange for the subsequent removal of US missiles from Turkey).
The United States and the Vietnam War (1955–1975): During World War II and the ensuing postwar period, the United States had greatly expanded its military capacities and industries. After France, supported financially by the US, had been defeated in Vietnam in 1954 and that country had been temporarily split into North and South Vietnam under the 1954 Geneva Accords; and when war had broken out between the North and South following South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem's refusal to permit all-Vietnam elections in 1956 as stipulated in the Geneva Accords, the ideologically anti-communist United States supported South Vietnam with materiel in a Cold War proxy war and by degrees allowed itself to be drawn into South Vietnam's losing struggle against communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong acting in South Vietnam. Ultimately, following the defeat of South Vietnam and the United States, the US's governing belief that South Vietnam's defeat would result in all of remaining Mainland Southeast Asia "going communist" (as proclaimed by the US's "domino theory"), proved erroneous.
Kondratiev waves
In economics, Kondratiev waves (also called supercycles, great surges, long waves, K-waves or the long economic cycle) are hypothesized cycle-like phenomena in the modern world economy. It is stated that the period of a wave ranges from forty to sixty years, the cycles consist of alternating intervals of high sectoral growth and intervals of relatively slow growth. They are estimated to be roughly between 10.3²x 10 and 10.3² megahertz.
Such theories are dismissed by most economists on the basis of econometric analysis which has found that recessions are essentially random events, and the probability of a recession does not show any kind of pattern across time. Despite frequent use of the term business cycles to refer to changes in an economy around its trend line, the phrase is considered a misnomer. It is widely agreed that fluctuations in economic activity do not exhibit any kind of predictable repetition over time, and the appearance of cycles is a result of pareidolia.
Secular cycles theory
Recently the most important contributions to the development of the mathematical models of long-term ("secular") sociodemographic cycles have been made by Sergey Nefedov, Peter Turchin, Andrey Korotayev, and Sergey Malkov. What is important is that on the basis of their models Nefedov, Turchin and Malkov have managed to demonstrate that sociodemographic cycles were a basic feature of complex agrarian systems (and not a specifically Chinese or European phenomenon).
The basic logic of these models is as follows:
After the population reaches the ceiling of the carrying capacity of land, its growth rate declines toward near-zero values.
The system experiences significant stress with decline in the living standards of the common population, increasing the severity of famines, growing rebellions etc.
As has been shown by Nefedov, most complex agrarian systems had considerable reserves for stability, however, within 50–150 years these reserves were usually exhausted and the system experienced a demographic collapse (a Malthusian catastrophe), when increasingly severe famines, epidemics, increasing internal warfare and other disasters led to a considerable decline of population.
As a result of this collapse, free resources became available, per capita production and consumption considerably increased, the population growth resumed and a new sociodemographic cycle started.
It has become possible to model these dynamics mathematically in a rather effective way. Note that the modern theories of political-demographic cycles do not deny the presence of trend dynamics and attempt at the study of the interaction between cyclical and trend components of historical dynamics.
The models have two main phases, each with two subphases.
Integrative phase
Expansion (growth)
Stagflation (compression)
Disintegrative phase
Crisis phase (state breakdown)
Depression / intercycle
An intercycle is where a functioning state collapses and takes some time to rebuild.
Disintegrative phases typically do not have continuous disorder, but instead periods of strife alternating with relatively peaceful periods. This alternation typically has a period of about two human generation times (40 – 60 years), and Turchin calls it a "fathers and sons" cycle.
Fourth Turning theory
The Strauss–Howe generational theory, also known as the Fourth Turning theory or simply the Fourth Turning, which was created by authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, describes a theorized recurring generation cycle in American history. According to the theory, historical events are associated with recurring generational personas (archetypes). Each generational persona unleashes a new era (called a turning) in which a new social, political, and economic climate exists. Turnings tend to last around 20–22 years. They are part of a larger cyclical "saeculum" (a long human life, which usually spans between 80 and 90 years, although some saecula have lasted longer). The theory states that after every saeculum, a crisis recurs in American history, which is followed by a recovery (high). During this recovery, institutions and communitarian values are strong. Ultimately, succeeding generational archetypes attack and weaken institutions in the name of autonomy and individualism, which ultimately creates a tumultuous political environment that ripens conditions for another crisis.
Schlesinger liberal-conservative cycles of United States history
The Cyclical theory (United States history) is a theory of US history developed by Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. It states that US history alternates between two kinds of phases:
Liberal, increasing democracy, public purpose, human rights, concern with the wrongs of the many
Conservative, containing democracy, private interest, property rights, concern with the rights of the few
Each kind of phase generates the other. Liberal phases generate conservative phases from activism burnout, and conservative phases generate liberal phases from accumulation of unsolved problems.
Huntington's creedal-passion episodes of United States history
Historian Samuel P. Huntington has proposed that American history has had several bursts of "creedal passion" roughly every 60 years. These are efforts to bring American government closer to the "American creed" of being "egalitarian, participatory, open, noncoercive, and responsive to the demands of individuals and groups."
United States Party Systems
The United States has had six party systems over its history. Each one is a characteristic platform and set of constituencies of each of the two major parties. A new party system emerges from a burst of reform, and in some cases, the disintegration of a party in the previous system (1st: Federalist, 2nd: Whig).
Skowronek United States Regimes and Presidency Types
Political scientist Stephen Skowronek has proposed that American history has gone through several regimes, with four main types of presidencies. Each regime has a dominant party and an opposition party. The President involved in starting it is a "reconstructive" one, and that President's successors in the dominant party are "articulating" ones. However, opposition-party Presidents are often elected, "preemptive" ones. A regime ends with having a President or two from its dominant party, a "disjunctive" President.
Klingberg cycles of United States foreign policy
Frank Klingberg has proposed a cyclic theory of US foreign policy. It states that the US alternates between extroverted phases, phases involving military adventures, challenging other nations, and annexing territory, and introverted phases, phases with the absence of these activities.
See also
Cyclic model (cosmology)
Historic recurrence
List of cycles
Revolutionary wave
Societal collapse
State collapse
References
Further reading
Chu, C. Y. C., and R. D. Lee. (1994) Famine, Revolt, and the Dynastic Cycle: Population Dynamics in Historic China. Journal of Population Economics 7: 351–78.
Alexandre Deulofeu (1967) La Matemàtica de la Història (Mathematics of History), Figueres, Editorial Emporitana, 1967.
Fischer, David Hackett (1996). The Great Wave: Price Revolutions and the Rhythm of History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. for 1999 paperback reprint.
Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah, Macrohistory and Macrohistorians: Perspectives on Individual, Social, and Civilizational Change, Praeger Publishers, 1997, .
Sohail Inayatullah, Understanding P. R. Sarkar: The Indian Episteme, Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge, Brill Academic Publishers, 2002, .
Korotayev A., Malkov A., & Khaltourina D. (2006) Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends. Moscow: URSS. . Chapter 4.
Korotayev, A. & Khaltourina D. (2006) Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa. Moscow: URSS.
Nefedov, S. A. (2003) A Theory of Demographic Cycles and the Social Evolution of Ancient and Medieval Oriental Societies. Oriens 3: 5–22.
Nefedov, S. A. (2004) A Model of Demographic Cycles in Traditional Societies: The Case of Ancient China. Social Evolution & History 3(1): 69–80.
Postan, M. M. (1973) Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1967) Human Society-2, Ananda Marga Publications, Anandanagar, P.O. Baglata, Dist. Purulia, West Bengal, India.
Tainter, Joseph, The Collapse of Complex Civilizations.
Turchin, P. (2003) Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Turchin, P. (2005) Dynamical Feedbacks between Population Growth and Sociopolitical Instability in Agrarian States. Structure & Dynamics 1 Dynamical Feedbacks between Population Growth and Sociopolitical Instability in Agrarian States.
Turchin, P., et al., eds. (2007) History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies. Moscow: KomKniga.
Trends and Cycles, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2014.
Usher, D. (1989) The Dynastic Cycle and the Stationary State. The American Economic Review 79: 1031–44.
Weiss, Volkmar. (2007). The population cycle drives human history - from a eugenic phase into a dysgenic phase and eventual collapse. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 32: 327-358. volkmar-weiss.de - (2020). IQ Means Inequality: The Population Cycle that Drives Human History. KDP. .
External links
Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends
Complex historical dynamics of crisis: the case of Byzantium (with an extensive discussion of the concept of secular cycles from the point of view of medieval studies)
Cyclical theories
Sociological theories |
The 1836 United States presidential election in Maine took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.
Maine voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won the state by a margin of 20.71%.
Van Buren would be the final Democratic presidential candidate until Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 to carry Somerset County.
Results
See also
United States presidential elections in Maine
References
Maine
1836
1836 Maine elections |
Kalinin () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Shakinskoye Rural Settlement, Kumylzhensky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.
Geography
Kalinin is located in forest steppe, on Khopyorsko-Buzulukskaya Plain, on the bank of the Srednyaya Yelan River, 47 km west of Kumylzhenskaya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Krasnopolov is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kumylzhensky District |
The 1988 NCAA basketball tournaments were the 64th year of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines)' basketball tournaments. The San Sebastian Stags won both rounds of elimination, becoming outright champions of the seniors' division; the San Beda Red Cubs also won both rounds in the juniors' division, with the JRU Light Bombers coming in second.
Seniors' tournament
Elimination round
Format:
Tournament divided into two halves: winners of the two halves dispute the championship in a best-of-3 finals series unless:
A team wins both rounds. In that case, the winning team automatically wins the championship.
A third team has a better cumulative record than both finalists. In that case, the third team has to win in a playoff against the team that won the second round to face the team that won in the first round in a best-of-3 finals series.
First round team standings
Second round team standings
Cumulative standings
San Sebastian won both pennants, and were named automatic champions without need for the finals.
In a rematch of the 1987 first round finale, San Sebastian prevailed over Letran 77–73 preventing a comeback from the Knights which cut the 38–58 SSC lead to a 2-point 71–73 deficit. Paul Alvarez tipped on a miss from a fellow Stag, but Letran's Robert Ruiz split his two free-throws to keep pace with SSC, 72–75. Marlon Bolabola put up a free-throw, then Melchor Teves grabbed the rebound, that led to Crizalde Bade converting two free-throws for SSC off a Jerry Ruiz foul.to put San Sebastian up for good 77–73.
In the penultimate second-round game for both teams, San Sebastian defeated Letran 85–84 as Eugene Quilban prevented Jerry Ruiz from catching the ball in a pick-and-roll attempt with 2.7 seconds left. With the Perpetual Altas needing to win to force a three-way tie for first, the Altas succumbed to a 14–4 SSC run with 5:20 to go in the second half to turn a 77–70 SSC lead to a 90–74 rout. The Stags held on to a 108–94 victory, clinching the second round pennant. With San Sebastian winning both halves of the elimination round, San Sebastian were named outright champions, their third league championship.
Juniors' tournament
Elimination round
Format:
Tournament divided into two halves: winners of the two halves dispute the championship in a best-of-3 finals series unless:
A team wins both rounds. In that case, the winning team automatically wins the championship.
A third team has a better cumulative record than both finalists. In that case, the third team has to win in a playoff against the team that won the second round to face the team that won in the first round in a best-of-3 finals series.
First round team standings
Season host is boldfaced.
Second round team standings
Season host is boldfaced.
Cumulative standings
Season host is boldfaced.
The San Beda Red Cubs won the first round pennant after a ten-point victory over the JRU Light Bombers, after trailing at halftime 33–39. Needing to win to force a playoff for the second round pennant, the Light Bombers fell short to the Red Cubs at the final game of the second round when John Henry Reyes split his free-throw at the final seconds of the game, giving San Beda a 1-point 92–91 victory.
See also
UAAP Season 51 men's basketball tournament
References
64
1988 in Philippine basketball |
"There Will Be Time" is a song by English rock band Mumford & Sons and Baaba Maal. It was released as the lead single from their extended play, Johannesburg, on 16 April 2016. The song peaked at number 100 on the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
2016 singles
2016 songs
Mumford & Sons songs |
```objective-c
/*
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
* THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
* OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
* ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
* OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
*/
#ifndef SMU_V13_0_0_PPSMC_H
#define SMU_V13_0_0_PPSMC_H
#define PPSMC_VERSION 0x1
#define DEBUGSMC_VERSION 0x1
// SMU Response Codes:
#define PPSMC_Result_OK 0x1
#define PPSMC_Result_Failed 0xFF
#define PPSMC_Result_UnknownCmd 0xFE
#define PPSMC_Result_CmdRejectedPrereq 0xFD
#define PPSMC_Result_CmdRejectedBusy 0xFC
// Message Definitions:
// BASIC
#define PPSMC_MSG_TestMessage 0x1
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetSmuVersion 0x2
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetDriverIfVersion 0x3
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetAllowedFeaturesMaskLow 0x4
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetAllowedFeaturesMaskHigh 0x5
#define PPSMC_MSG_EnableAllSmuFeatures 0x6
#define PPSMC_MSG_DisableAllSmuFeatures 0x7
#define PPSMC_MSG_EnableSmuFeaturesLow 0x8
#define PPSMC_MSG_EnableSmuFeaturesHigh 0x9
#define PPSMC_MSG_DisableSmuFeaturesLow 0xA
#define PPSMC_MSG_DisableSmuFeaturesHigh 0xB
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetRunningSmuFeaturesLow 0xC
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetRunningSmuFeaturesHigh 0xD
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetDriverDramAddrHigh 0xE
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetDriverDramAddrLow 0xF
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetToolsDramAddrHigh 0x10
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetToolsDramAddrLow 0x11
#define PPSMC_MSG_TransferTableSmu2Dram 0x12
#define PPSMC_MSG_TransferTableDram2Smu 0x13
#define PPSMC_MSG_UseDefaultPPTable 0x14
//BACO/BAMACO/BOMACO
#define PPSMC_MSG_EnterBaco 0x15
#define PPSMC_MSG_ExitBaco 0x16
#define PPSMC_MSG_ArmD3 0x17
#define PPSMC_MSG_BacoAudioD3PME 0x18
//DPM
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetSoftMinByFreq 0x19
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetSoftMaxByFreq 0x1A
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetHardMinByFreq 0x1B
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetHardMaxByFreq 0x1C
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetMinDpmFreq 0x1D
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetMaxDpmFreq 0x1E
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetDpmFreqByIndex 0x1F
#define PPSMC_MSG_OverridePcieParameters 0x20
//DramLog Set DramAddr
#define PPSMC_MSG_DramLogSetDramAddrHigh 0x21
#define PPSMC_MSG_DramLogSetDramAddrLow 0x22
#define PPSMC_MSG_DramLogSetDramSize 0x23
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetWorkloadMask 0x24
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetVoltageByDpm 0x25
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetVideoFps 0x26
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetDcModeMaxDpmFreq 0x27
//Power Gating
#define PPSMC_MSG_AllowGfxOff 0x28
#define PPSMC_MSG_DisallowGfxOff 0x29
#define PPSMC_MSG_PowerUpVcn 0x2A
#define PPSMC_MSG_PowerDownVcn 0x2B
#define PPSMC_MSG_PowerUpJpeg 0x2C
#define PPSMC_MSG_PowerDownJpeg 0x2D
//Resets
#define PPSMC_MSG_PrepareMp1ForUnload 0x2E
#define PPSMC_MSG_Mode1Reset 0x2F
#define PPSMC_MSG_Mode2Reset 0x4F
//Set SystemVirtual DramAddrHigh
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetSystemVirtualDramAddrHigh 0x30
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetSystemVirtualDramAddrLow 0x31
//ACDC Power Source
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetPptLimit 0x32
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetPptLimit 0x33
#define PPSMC_MSG_ReenableAcDcInterrupt 0x34
#define PPSMC_MSG_NotifyPowerSource 0x35
//BTC
#define PPSMC_MSG_RunDcBtc 0x36
//Debug
#define PPSMC_MSG_GetDebugData 0x37
//Others
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetTemperatureInputSelect 0x38
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetFwDstatesMask 0x39
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetThrottlerMask 0x3A
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetExternalClientDfCstateAllow 0x3B
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetMGpuFanBoostLimitRpm 0x3C
//STB to dram log
#define PPSMC_MSG_DumpSTBtoDram 0x3D
#define PPSMC_MSG_STBtoDramLogSetDramAddrHigh 0x3E
#define PPSMC_MSG_STBtoDramLogSetDramAddrLow 0x3F
#define PPSMC_MSG_STBtoDramLogSetDramSize 0x40
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetGpoAllow 0x41
#define PPSMC_MSG_AllowGfxDcs 0x42
#define PPSMC_MSG_DisallowGfxDcs 0x43
#define PPSMC_MSG_EnableAudioStutterWA 0x44
#define PPSMC_MSG_PowerUpUmsch 0x45
#define PPSMC_MSG_PowerDownUmsch 0x46
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetDcsArch 0x47
#define PPSMC_MSG_TriggerVFFLR 0x48
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetNumBadMemoryPagesRetired 0x49
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetBadMemoryPagesRetiredFlagsPerChannel 0x4A
#define PPSMC_MSG_SetPriorityDeltaGain 0x4B
#define PPSMC_MSG_AllowIHHostInterrupt 0x4C
#define PPSMC_MSG_DALNotPresent 0x4E
#define PPSMC_Message_Count 0x4F
//Debug Dump Message
#define DEBUGSMC_MSG_TestMessage 0x1
#define DEBUGSMC_MSG_GetDebugData 0x2
#define DEBUGSMC_MSG_DebugDumpExit 0x3
#define DEBUGSMC_Message_Count 0x4
#endif
``` |
Eugene McDuff (September 17, 1926 – January 23, 2001), known professionally as "Brother" Jack McDuff or "Captain" Jack McDuff, was an American jazz organist and organ trio bandleader who was most prominent during the hard bop and soul jazz era of the 1960s, often performing with an organ trio. He is also credited with giving guitarist George Benson his first break.
Career
Born Eugene McDuffy in Champaign, Illinois, McDuff began playing bass, appearing in Joe Farrell's group. Encouraged by Willis Jackson in whose band he also played bass in the late 1950s, McDuff moved to the organ and began to attract the attention of Prestige while still with Jackson's group. McDuff soon became a bandleader, leading groups featuring a young George Benson on guitar, Red Holloway on tenor saxophone and Joe Dukes on drums.
McDuff recorded many classic albums on Prestige, including his debut solo Brother Jack in 1960; The Honeydripper (1961), with tenor saxophonist Jimmy Forrest and guitarist Grant Green; Brother Jack Meets The Boss (1962), featuring Gene Ammons; Screamin’ (1962), with alto saxophonist Leo Wright and guitarist Kenny Burrell; and Brother Jack McDuff Live! (1963), featuring Holloway and Benson, which includes his biggest hit, "Rock Candy".
After his tenure at Prestige, McDuff joined the Atlantic label for a brief period, and in the 1970s he recorded for Blue Note. To Seek a New Home (1970) was recorded in England with a line-up featuring blues shouter Jimmy Witherspoon and some of Britain's top jazz musicians of the day, including Terry Smith on guitar and Dick Morrissey on tenor saxophone.
Decreasing interest in jazz and blues during the late 1970s and 1980s meant that many jazz musicians went through a lean time. But in 1988, with The Re-Entry, recorded for the Muse label, McDuff once again began a successful period of recordings, initially for Muse, then on the Concord Jazz label in 1991. George Benson appeared on his 1992 Color Me Blue album.
Despite health problems, McDuff continued working and recording throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and he toured Japan with Atsuko Hashimoto in 2000. "Capt'n" Jack McDuff, as he later became known, died of heart failure at the age of 74 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. His first wife, the former Dink Dixon, died in the early 1980s. McDuff leaves his second wife Kathy and her two children.
Discography
As leader
Prestige Records
Brother Jack (Prestige, 1960) -with Bill Jennings [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66714) in 2011]
Tough 'Duff (Prestige, 1960) -with Jimmy Forrest, Lem Winchester [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66714) in 2011]
The Honeydripper (Prestige, 1961) -with Jimmy Forrest, Grant Green [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66717) in 2013]
Goodnight, It's Time to Go (Prestige, 1961) -with Harold Vick, Grant Green [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66717) in 2013]
On With It! (Prestige, 1961 [rel. 1971]) -with Harold Vick
Brother Jack Meets the Boss [also released as Mellow Gravy] (Prestige, 1962) -with Gene Ammons [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66721) in 2015]
Stitt Meets Brother Jack [also released as 'Nuther Fu'ther] (Prestige, 1962) -with Sonny Stitt [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66718) in 2013]
Screamin' (Prestige, 1962) -with Leo Wright, Kenny Burrell
Somethin' Slick! (Prestige, 1963) -with Kenny Burrell
Crash! (Prestige 1963) -with Kenny Burrell
Brother Jack McDuff Live! (Prestige, 1963) -with Red Holloway, George Benson
Brother Jack at the Jazz Workshop Live! (Prestige, 1963) -with Red Holloway, Harold Vick, George Benson
Prelude (Prestige, 1963) -with Benny Golson's big soul band
Cookin' Together (Prestige, 1964) -with Red Holloway, George Benson, Joe Dukes
The Dynamic Jack McDuff (Prestige, 1964) -with Benny Golson's big soul band
The Concert McDuff (Prestige, 1964) -with Red Holloway, George Benson
Silk and Soul (Prestige, 1965) -with Red Holloway, George Benson
Hot Barbeque (Prestige, 1965) -with Red Holloway, George Benson
Walk On By (Prestige, 1966) -with Red Holloway, Harold Ousley, Pat Martino
Hallelujah Time! (Prestige, rec. 1963/1964/1966 [rel. 1967])
The Midnight Sun (Prestige, rec. 1963/1964/1965/1966 [rel. 1968])
Soul Circle (Prestige, rec. 1964/1965/1966 [rel. 1968])
I Got a Woman (Prestige, rec. 1964/1965/1966 [rel. 1969])
Steppin' Out (Prestige, rec. 1961/1963/1964/1965/1966 [rel. 1969])
Atlantic Records
A Change Is Gonna Come (Atlantic, 1966) [note: reissued on Collectables in 1999]
Tobacco Road (Atlantic, 1966) [note: reissued on Collectables in 2000]
Do It Now! (Atlantic, 1967) [note: reissued on Collectables in 2000]
Double Barrelled Soul (Atlantic, 1967) -with David "Fathead" Newman [note: reissued on Collectables in 1999]
Cadet/GRT Records
The Natural Thing (Cadet/GRT, 1968)
Getting Our Thing Together (Cadet/GRT, 1968) -with Richard Evans
Gin and Orange (Cadet/GRT, 1969) [note: reissued on Dusty Groove in 2007]
The Heatin' System (Cadet/GRT, 1971)
Check This Out [live] (Cadet/GRT, 1972)
The Fourth Dimension (Cadet/GRT, 1974)
Magnetic Feel (Cadet/GRT, 1975)
Sophisticated Funk (Chess/All Platinum ACH-19004, 1976)
Blue Note Records
Down Home Style (Blue Note, 1969)
Moon Rappin' (Blue Note, 1969)
To Seek a New Home (Blue Note 1970)
Who Knows What Tomorrow's Gonna Bring? (Blue Note, 1970) [note: reissued on Water Records in 2005]
Other labels
Kisses (Sugar Hill SH-247, 1981)
Having A Good Time (Sugar Hill SH-264, 1982)
Live It Up (Sugar Hill/Chess/MCA SH-9202, 1984)
Lift Every Voice And Sing (JAM [Jazz America Marketing] 016, 1984)
The Re-Entry (Muse MR-5361, 1988) -with Cecil Bridgewater, Houston Person [note: reissued on 32 Jazz in 1997; reissued again on Savoy Jazz in 2003]
Another Real Good 'Un (Muse MR-5374, 1990) -with Cecil Bridgewater, Houston Person [note: reissued on 32 Jazz in 1999; reissued on Savoy Jazz in 2003]
Jack-Pot (Red [Italy] 123267, 1991 [rel. 1997])
Live At Parnell's (Soul Bank Music, 2022 [rec. 1982])
Concord Jazz Records
Color Me Blue (Concord Jazz, 1992) -with George Benson
Write On, Capt'n (Concord Jazz, 1993)
The Heatin' System (Concord Jazz, 1994)
It's About Time (Concord Jazz, 1995) -with Joey DeFrancesco
That's The Way I Feel About It (Concord Jazz, 1996) -with Chris Potter
(Down Home) Blues (Concord Jazz, 1997) -with Gene Harris
Bringin' It Home (Concord Jazz, 1998) -with Red Holloway, George Benson
Brotherly Love (Concord Jazz, 2001) -with Red Holloway, Pat Martino
LP/CD compilations
Brother Jack McDuff's Greatest Hits (Prestige 7481, 1967)
Brother Jack McDuff Plays For Beautiful People (Prestige 7596, 1968)
The Best Of Brother Jack McDuff Live! (Prestige 7703, 1969)
The Best Of Brother Jack McDuff & The Big Soul Band (Prestige 7771, 1970) -with Benny Golson
Rock Candy (Prestige 24013, 1972) [2LP]
George Benson/Jack McDuff (Prestige 24072, 1977 [2LP]; CD finally released in 2007) (compilation of The New Boss Guitar Of George Benson + Hot Barbeque)
Crash! Jack McDuff Featuring Kenny Burrell (Prestige, 1994) (compilation of Somethin' Slick! + Crash!)
Brother Red: Red Holloway With Jack McDuff, George Benson, Joe Dukes (Prestige, 1994) (compilation of Cookin' Together + 3 tracks from The Dynamic Jack McDuff, and "Redwood City"...originally released on the various artists' compilation The Soul Jazz Giants [Prestige 7791] in 1971)
Live! (Prestige, 1994) (compilation of Brother Jack McDuff Live! + Brother Jack At The Jazz Workshop Live!)
Legends Of Acid Jazz: Jack McDuff (Prestige, 1997) (compilation drawn from six different McDuff albums; all material recorded July 1964)
Legends Of Acid Jazz: Jack McDuff – Brother Jack (Prestige, 1999) (compilation of Brother Jack + Goodnight, It's Time To Go)
Silken Soul (Prestige, 2000) (compilation drawn from seven different McDuff albums)
The Soulful Drums (Prestige, 2001) (compilation of The Soulful Drums Of Joe Dukes + Hot Barbeque)
The Concert McDuff (Prestige, 2002) (compilation of The Concert McDuff + one track from Hallelujah Time!, two tracks from The Midnight Sun, and one track from I Got A Woman)
The Last Goodun (Prestige, 2002) (compilation drawn from seven different McDuff albums; material on first seven tracks [the On With It! session] recorded December 1961)
Funk Pie (Recall [UK], 2002) [2CD] (compilation of Concord material)
The Best Of The Concord Years (Concord Jazz, 2003)
Prelude: Jack McDuff Big Band (Prestige, 2003) (compilation of Prelude + 11 bonus tracks featuring McDuff's "large" groups, drawn from five different albums)
Willis Jackson With Jack McDuff – Together Again! (Prestige, 2003) (compilation of Together Again! + Together Again, Again)
The Prestige Years (Prestige, 2004) (compilation drawn from ten different McDuff albums)
Jack McDuff: Eight Classic Albums (Real Gone Jazz [EU], 2013) [4CD] (compilation of Brother Jack; Tough 'Duff; The Honeydripper; Goodnight, It's Time To Go; Kirk's Work; Brother Jack Meets The Boss; Screamin'''; Stitt Meets Brother Jack)
Brother Jack McDuff: The Classic Albums 1960–1963 (Enlightenment [EU], 2020) [4CD] (compilation of The Honeydripper; Goodnight, It's Time To Go; Screamin; Somethin' Slick!; Crash!; Brother Jack McDuff Live!; Brother Jack At The Jazz Workshop Live!; Prelude)
As sideman
With Gene Ammons
Twisting the Jug (Prestige, 1961) -with Joe Newman [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66721) in 2015]
Soul Summit (Prestige, 1962) -with Sonny Stitt [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66721) in 2015]
Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1961-1962 [rel. 1963]) -with Etta Jones
With George Benson
The New Boss Guitar of George Benson (Prestige, 1964) -with Red Holloway, Joe Dukes
With Joshua Breakstone
Remembering Grant Green (Evidence, 1993 [rel. 1996])
With Kenny Burrell
Bluesin' Around (Columbia, 1962 [rel. 1983])
With Hank Crawford
Double Cross (Atlantic, 1968)
With King Curtis
Old Gold (Tru-Sound, 1961)
With Lou Donaldson
A Man With a Horn (Blue Note, 1961 [rel. 1999])
With Joe Dukes
The Soulful Drums of Joe Dukes (Prestige, 1964) -with Red Holloway, George Benson
With Grant Green
Grantstand (Blue Note, 1961) -with Yusef Lateef
With Al Grey
Me 'N' Jack (Pullen Music, 1996) -with Jerry Weldon
With Roy Hargrove
The Vibe (Novus, 1992)
With Gene Harris
Alley Cats [live] (Concord, 1998 [rel. 1999])
With Willis Jackson
"Good To The Bone" b/w "Making It" (Fire, 1959) -with Bill Jennings
Please Mr. Jackson [also released as Cool Grits] (Prestige, 1959) -with Bill Jennings
Cool "Gator" [also released as Keep On A Blowin' ] (Prestige, 1960) -with Bill Jennings
Blue Gator (Prestige, 1960) -with Bill Jennings
Cookin' Sherry (Prestige, rec. 1959/1960 [rel. 1961]) -with Bill Jennings
Together Again! (Prestige, rec. 1959/1960 [rel. 1965]) -with Bill Jennings
Together Again, Again (Prestige, rec. 1959/1960/1961 [rel. 1966]) -with Bill Jennings
The Best of Willis Jackson With Brother Jack McDuff (Prestige 7702, 1969)
With Etta James and Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Blues in the Night Volume One: The Early Show (Fantasy, 1986) -with Red Holloway, Shuggie Otis
The Late Show: Blues in the Night Volume 2 (Fantasy, 1987) -with Red Holloway, Shuggie Otis
With Bill Jennings
Enough Said! (Prestige, 1959)
Glide On (Prestige, 1960)
With Roland Kirk
Kirk's Work (Prestige, 1961)
With Carmen McRae
Fine and Mellow: Live at Birdland West (Concord, 1987) -with Red Holloway, Phil Upchurch
With Mike Pachelli
Meeting Point (Fullblast, 1999)
With Houston PersonThe Real Thing [live] (Eastbound, 1973) 2LP
With Betty Roché
Singin' & Swingin' (Prestige, 1960) -with Jimmy Forrest, Bill Jennings
With Shakey JakeGood Times (Bluesville, 1960)
With Dave Specter
Left Turn On Blue (Delmark, 1995) -with Lynwood Slim
With Sonny Stitt
Soul Shack (Prestige, 1963) [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66718) in 2013]
The Best of Sonny Stitt With Brother Jack McDuff (Prestige 7701, 1969)
The Best of Sonny Stitt With Brother Jack McDuff/For Lovers (Prestige 7769, 1970)
With Winston Walls
Boss of the B3 (Schoolkids, 1993)
With Joe Williams
Nothin' but the Blues (Delos, 1983) -with Red Holloway, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Phil Upchurch
With Jimmy Witherspoon
The Blues Is Now (Verve, 1967) -with Melvin Sparks
With Kankawa
Organ Meeting (What'sNew Records, 2001) [Rec. Live in Tokyo, 2000]
References
External links
Jack McDuff discography at Jazzlists
Obituary at The Guardian''
Extended biography of Jack McDuff
Soul-jazz organists
Hard bop organists
Jazz-funk organists
American jazz organists
American male organists
1926 births
2001 deaths
Cadet Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Transatlantic Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
MCA Records artists
Blue Note Records artists
Muse Records artists
Red Records artists
20th-century American keyboardists
Musicians from Champaign, Illinois
20th-century organists
Jazz musicians from Illinois
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians |
Torrens Park is a mainly residential large inner-southern suburb of Adelaide, incorporating some of the foothills and adjacent to the original "Mitcham Village". It was named after Sir Robert Richard Torrens, the instigator of the Torrens title system of land registration and transfer, who built a large home in the area which he named Torrens Park.
The suburb is in the City of Mitcham local government area, the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Waite and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Boothby.
History
The name was formally submitted for approval in 1945. Torrens Park is named after Sir Robert Richard Torrens, the third Premier of South Australia and instigator of the Torrens title land title system. Torrens built a large home which he called "Torrens Park" near Mitcham in 1853–4. In 1865 Torrens sold the house to his partner in the Moonta Mines (later founder of the University of Adelaide), Walter Watson Hughes, who enlarged it and later sold it to businessman and philanthropist Robert Barr Smith. It is now part of Scotch College. Although the original gates have recently been removed, the original gatehouse to the Estate is still visible at the corner of Belair Road and Ayr Avenue.
Torrens Park Post Office opened on 24 August 1953 and closed in 1972.
Part of today's suburb was laid out in 1917 from the estate of Tom Elder Barr-Smith; various parts of the suburb were originally known as "Glenburnie", Blytheswoodville, Panchito Park, Blythwood Estate and West Mitcham.
Geography
In comparison with most Adelaide suburbs, Torrens Park is quite large. The north end of the suburb is reasonably flat, but as one travels south (towards the foothills) the terrain rises and becomes hilly. Brown Hill Creek runs through the suburb from the south-east to the north-west. Due to the foothills, the rainfall in the City of Mitcham is 25–50 per cent higher than the rainfall on the Adelaide Plains.
Torrens Park is also the location of the Mitcham Square Shopping Centre.
Politics
Traditionally, the area has been part of a "blue ribbon Liberal" seat; however, elections in 2022 saw both state and federal seats fall to the opposing Labor Party.
Schools
The only school actually located in the suburb is Scotch College.
Nearby Primary Schools:
Clapham
Mitcham
Colonel Light Gardens
Nearby High Schools:
Unley High School
Urrbrae Agricultural High School
Pasadena High School
Mitcham Girls High School
Mercedes College
Public transport
Public transport to Torrens Park is available through the Belair railway line, to the Mitcham (North-West), Torrens Park (West) and Lynton (South-West) stations. Buses are also available to and from the City along Belair Road.
Route 192 terminates on Kays Road; Routes 194 and 196 pass through the suburb en route to Blackwood Station. Route 171 travels along Princes Road serving the northern side of the suburb and then via Fullarton Road to the city.
See also
List of Adelaide suburbs
Notes
Suburbs of Adelaide
Torrens family |
Fuliya Devi Saday () is a Nepalese politician. She is a member of Provincial Assembly of Madhesh Province from CPN (Maoist Centre). Saday is a resident of Kalyanpur, Siraha.
References
Living people
1978 births
Madhesi people
21st-century Nepalese women politicians
21st-century Nepalese politicians
Members of the Provincial Assembly of Madhesh Province
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) politicians |
Rocks in the Head is the eighth solo studio album by the English rock singer Roger Daltrey. It was released in 1992 on Atlantic Records, and recorded at The Hit Factory.
Roger Daltrey's co-written songs
Roger Daltrey is credited (along with Gerard McMahon) for co-writing seven of the eleven tracks, including "Times Changed", "You Can't Call It Love", "Love Is", "Blues Man's Road", "Days of Light", "Everything a Heart Could Ever Want", and "Unforgettable Opera".
The notes credit "Musical Direction and Production" to Gerard McMahon, who also performs as a primary backup musician.
Cover photography and design were by Graham Hughes.
Song overview
"Everything a Heart Could Ever Want (Willow)" was written about Daltrey's daughter. Daltrey’s son, Jamie, sings backing vocals on the song.
"Days of Light" peaked at No. 6 on the US rock charts.
Track listing
Personnel
Roger Daltrey – guitar, harmonica, vocals
Emily Burridge – cello
Ricky Byrd – guitar, backing vocals
Jamie Daltrey – backing vocals
Mark Egan – bass
Gregg Gerson – drums
Don Henze – backing vocals
Pim Jones – guitar, acoustic guitar, slide guitar, soloist, wah wah guitar
David Katz – bass, keyboards, violin
Robert Lamm – piano
Jay Leonhart – upright bass
Jody Linscott – percussion
Gerard McMahon – guitar, keyboards, musical director, backing vocals
Billy Nicholls – backing vocals
Thommy Price – drums
Dave Ruffy – drums
Jenny Ruffy – backing vocals
Shaun Solomon – bass
Pat Sommers – backing vocals
John Van Eps – keyboards, programming, Synclavier
Vinnie Zumm – flamenco guitar, soloist
Charts
References
External links
Album review/credit listing
1992 albums
Roger Daltrey albums
Atlantic Records albums |
Andin. Armenian Journey Chronicles is an epic documentary directed by Ruben Giney. The film centers on historical links between Armenians travelling to India, China and other countries on the Silk Road.
Production
Because of a very small number of researchers proficient in the Armenian language, most of relevant study materials produced during the Soviet period have never been published in Europe. This is the exact reason why the film's creators set a goal of revealing all known facts that affected World History. In pursuit of unique archival materials, manuscripts, personal journals and diaries from the libraries of Paris, London, Mexico and Lisbon were filmed.
The documentary is designed for both ordinary viewers and experts specializing in the history of the Silk Road and the Spice trade.
Crew
The film was directed by Ruben Giney who had prior experience participating in several archaeological expeditions to the Tarim Basin.
During three years of filming, Andin's crew has visited 72 cities in 11 countries on 4 continents. This resulted in a total number of 7 camera operators having worked on the film.
In August 2012, one of the crew members died in Calcutta amidst the outbreak of dengue fever.
At a later stage, Luis Argüelles, a Mexican composer who had previously worked on Aquí y allá, a Cannes winning film, joined the team. He spent more than a year practicing duduk, Armenia's national instrument, before he wrote the music for the film.
Achievements
For the first time, the ruins of the ancient Armenian trading city of Dvin were demonstrated in the film, combined with a 3D model of the city.
The director gained permission to film inside Areni-1, a unique cave where the world's oldest known Areni-1 shoe and a Copper Age Areni-1 winery were found in 2007.
Historical deliveries
A number of important discoveries were made during filming in different countries:
Pantusov's Stone that was considered lost since 1894 was found,
Underwater footage (by Dave Rust) of legendary pirate William Kidd’s ship was shot at the site of its discovery off coast of Santo Domingo in 2007,
Footage of the original manuscript by historian Hethum Patmich (Hayton of Corycus) describing the journey of the Armenian king Hethum I to the borders of China in 1254. It is remarkable that Marco Polo was only one year old then,
Attempts were made to find the legendary monastery on the shores of Issyk Kul where according to the Catalan Atlas relics of St. Matthew the Apostle are kept,
Footage of a document confirming the presence of Armenian merchants in the New World at the early stage of the colonial period was for the first time shot at the National Archives of Mexico.
The Ancient city of Dvin has been recreated in 3D.
Release
The film debuted at the Golden Apricot film festival in Yerevan in July 2014 where it received the award of the Union of Cinematographers of Armenia for Best Documentary Film.
On 9 September 2014 the film was separately shown in Yerevan at a public screening attended by Galust Sahakyan, Chairman of the National Assembly of Armenia, and representatives of Chinese Embassy in Armenia.
In November 2014, the film premiered in North America at the Pomegranate Film Festival, where it received the Jury Honorable Mention and Audience Choice Documentary Film awards.
A month later the film's creators were invited to participate at the First International Silk Road Film Festival in China, Fuzhou City.
Reception
Andin appeared on several critics' lists of the best films of 2014, including:
Best Ten of 2014 by Alex Deleon No. 6.
Awards and nominations
See also
Mongol invasions of Georgia
Armenians in China
Odoric of Pordenone
References
External links
2014 films
Silk Road
Historiography of Armenia
Documentary films about historical events
British documentary films
English-language Armenian films
2014 documentary films
Armenian documentary films
Archaeology of Armenia
2014 directorial debut films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
English-language documentary films |
Tapirus oliverasi is likely an invalid extinct species of tapir from South America.
T. oliverasi was described based on dentary remains from the Early Pleistocene deposits at the Libertad Formation in Uruguay that were of larger size than that of T. terrestris but smaller than T. rioplatensis. However, the validity of species has been questioned and it is considered dubious.
References
Prehistoric tapirs
Pleistocene mammals of South America |
The Cat in the Hat (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat) is a 2003 2.5D platform game for PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Advance. The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions were developed by Magenta Software. The Windows and Game Boy Advance versions were developed by Digital Eclipse. All versions of the game were published by Vivendi Universal Games. It is based on the 2003 film of the same name, which was released shortly after the game. A version for the GameCube was planned, but was never released. The Windows version is compatible with Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. It is not compatible with Windows 95 or earlier versions of Windows or Windows 8 and later versions of Windows.
Plot
On a stormy day, Conrad (Chase Chavarria) and Sally (Andrea Bowen) are confined inside their house while their mother is gone. The Cat in the Hat (Chris Edgerly) arrives to bring them cheer, but their next-door neighbor, Larry Quinn (Fred Tatasciore), steals the Crab Lock that seals the Cat's magical crate, causing magic to flood the house and unleash chaos that threatens the world. The Cat makes his way through different stages—household objects or rooms which have been corrupted by the magic—with the guidance of the family's fish (Nolan North), recaptures the magic, and chases Larry Quinn, who is after the magic in a quest to become immensely powerful. After cleaning the house of magic and besting Larry Quinn, the Crab Lock reattaches to the crate, sealing away the magic.
The plot of the Game Boy Advance version is largely the same, with the exception that Conrad removes the lock, as Larry Quinn is not present.
Gameplay
PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Windows
The main objective of the game is to explore worlds and chase Quinn out of them while gathering the scattered magic. There are ten levels and three boss fights (two in the PC version), though there is also a bonus level which can be unlocked by completing the bonus stages in each level. To traverse these levels, the cat can jump, glide with his umbrella, zipline, slam the ground with his umbrella and collect enemies and explosive goo in bubbles for use as projectiles, among other maneuvers.
The hub world in this game is Conrad and Sally's House. However, when the player starts a new game, they will only have access to the Living Room, as Conrad and Sally will prevent the Cat from going upstairs and into the Kitchen and Garage, respectively. As the player clears the levels, Conrad and Sally will allow the Cat access to those areas.
There are ten levels and three boss fights (two in the PC version). There is also a bonus level which can be unlocked by completing the bonus stages in each level. In each level, the Cat must make it to the end to chase out Quinn while collecting the scattered magic. To traverse these levels, the cat can jump, glide with his umbrella, zipline, slam the ground with his umbrella and collect enemies and explosive goo in bubbles for use as projectiles, among other maneuvers.
The game utilizes a health meter which is a cake consisting of four slices and a cherry on top, with each slice and the cherry representing a hit point. If the Cat collides with an enemy or obstacle, a slice or the cherry is removed from the health meter. When all slices and the cherry are gone, the Cat loses a life. If the Cat loses all of their lives, the game ends. If this happens, the player can restart the current level from the beginning or return to the title screen and restart from their last save point.
The game has a variety of collectibles. Each level contains small clusters of magic whose value varies by color; if every cluster is collected within a stage, the stage's appearance in the hub world returns to normal. Collecting all of the magic in the game will allow the player to view the game's true ending where the crate is sealed. In addition to the magic, there are slices of cake that restore the Cat's health and clapperboards that unlock clips from the movie for viewing in the menu when collected. Each stage contains 4 keys which are stolen by Thing One and Thing Two. Collecting all 4 keys unlocks the bonus door at the end of the level. The bonus door at the end of each stage leads to a short segment of gameplay where the player must outrun hazards such as rolling objects, rising liquids, and laser beams to collect some additional magic and a bonus crystal at the end. The bonus stages are inaccessible in the PC version of the game due to the hardware limitations of the computers at the time the game was released. When the player opens the bonus doors in this version, they just simply get the magic and gems instead. When a player collects a gem in a level, it will be inserted in one of the slots on the edge of the mirror near the Grandfather Clock level in the hub world. When all the gems are collected, a bonus stage called Mystical Mirror is unlocked.
Each level in the game has checkpoints, which are either tunnels or checkpoint cameras. If the Cat passes one of these and then loses a life, he will restart from the last one he passed.
In the game's boss fights, the Cat fights Quinn's machine, which is powered by the Crab Lock, and must fire bubbles full of enemies into the machine's exhaust pipe to damage it. After the Cat damages the pipe enough times, he will obtain a portion of the Crab Lock needed to seal his crate. In the Xbox and PS2 versions of the game, the Cat must hit the piece of the Crab Lock with explosive goo to obtain it. If the player revisits one of these stages after completing it, Thing One and Thing Two will pilot the machine instead of Quinn.
Game Boy Advance
In addition to platforming stages, the Game Boy Advance version contains four stages where the player scuba dives to obtain pieces of the Crab Lock. There's also a bonus stage where the Cat drives his cleaning machine to catch Thing One and Thing Two. Collectibles include icons related to the theme of the stage as well as enemies that have been defeated.
Reception
The Cat in the Hat received mixed reviews, except for the PC and Game Boy Advance versions, which received unfavorable reviews.
Windows
GameZone gave the Windows version an overall score of 8/10, praising the gameplay as fun and easy, the graphics as "bright and vivid", and the soundtrack as "catchy", saying the presentation "captures the essence of Seuss" better than the movie. However, they criticized levels as "tend[ing] to be very similar to each other", the backgrounds as "pixelated", and the content as ordinary.
Computer and Video Games gave the game a 3.0/10 and called it "a shameless cash-in", "just trash", "a big pile of sh...", and "fit for the litter tray".
PC Gamer UK gave it a 9%, calling it "steaming effluent" and the worst platform game they played. They criticized the Cat's performance as "annoying", cited bugs they experienced with the game such as collision issues, complained of poor level design, and called the graphics "drab" and outdated.
Game Boy Advance
GameSpot gave the Game Boy Advance version a 3.8/10, calling games like it "the reason why licensed games have such a bad reputation". They said the game "isn't any fun to play", calling the gameplay boring and unimaginative. They praised the graphics as "pleasing to the eye", but called the sound design lackluster. They concluded that Vivendi "missed a great opportunity" and called it "just a generic punch-and-run".
See also
List of video games based on films
Notes
References
External links
Official website (defunct)
Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat (PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox) at MobyGames
Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat (Original Video Game Soundtrack) by Keith Leary
Game manual for PlayStation 2 version
Official trailer
2003 video games
Adaptations of works by Dr. Seuss
Game Boy Advance games
Platformers
PlayStation 2 games
Video games about cats
Video games based on films
Video games based on adaptations
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Xbox games
Cancelled GameCube games
Video games with 2.5D graphics
The Cat in the Hat
Single-player video games
Digital Eclipse games
Magenta Software games |
Euabalong West is a small town on the Broken Hill Railway Line that was founded to serve the residents of nearby Euabalong, which was a crossing point for the Lachlan River founded in the 1870s. The town has approximately 70 people, and its main industries are cropping, grazing, and railway-related employment.
Euabalong West railway station opened in 1919 and is served by the weekly Indian Pacific train between Sydney and Perth. NSW TrainLink's weekly Outback Xplorer also serves the town.
The town was the scene of a major freight derailment in January 2007, when a freight train carrying chemicals derailed and spilled wreckage over a 1.5 km zone, blocking all rail traffic between Adelaide and Sydney.
Gallery
References
External links
Towns in New South Wales
Towns in the Central West (New South Wales)
Cobar Shire |
Phymaraphiniidae is a family of sea sponges.
Genera
Exsuperantia Özdikmen, 2009
Kaliapsis Bowerbank, 1869
Lepidothenea de Laubenfels, 1936
References
Tetractinellida |
```javascript
'use strict';
const fs = require('fs');
const path = require('path');
const ejs = require('ejs');
const logs = require('../logs');
const _buildPageCode = (weptAppletConfiguration, page) => {
logs.info(` ${page}.html`);
const targetFile = path.resolve(weptAppletConfiguration.compiledPath, `${page}.html`);
const targetDir = path.dirname(targetFile);
if (!fs.existsSync(targetDir)) fs.mkdirSync(targetDir, {recursive: true});
fs.writeFileSync(targetFile, weptAppletConfiguration.getPageHtml(page), {encoding: 'utf8'});
};
const _buildTemplate = (weptAppletConfiguration) => {
const targetFile = path.resolve(weptAppletConfiguration.compiledPath, `view.html`);
const targetDir = path.dirname(targetFile);
if (!fs.existsSync(targetDir)) fs.mkdirSync(targetDir, {recursive: true});
const data = {
__wxConfig: weptAppletConfiguration.getWxConfigAsScript(),
__devtoolsConfig: weptAppletConfiguration.getPageDevtoolsConfigAsScript(),
baseUrl: "/" || '',
wxmlCode: weptAppletConfiguration.getWxmlCode(false),
};
const template = fs.readFileSync(path.resolve(__dirname, '..', '..', 'template', 'view.html'), {encoding: 'utf8'});
fs.writeFileSync(targetFile, ejs.render(template, data), {encoding: 'utf8'});
};
const viewPage = (weptAppletConfiguration) => {
logs.info(`==========`);
_buildTemplate(weptAppletConfiguration);
weptAppletConfiguration.wxConfig.pages.forEach(page => {
_buildPageCode(weptAppletConfiguration, page);
});
logs.success(`=====`);
};
module.exports = viewPage;
``` |
Arij Lans Bovenberg (born June 15, 1958) is a Dutch economist, and Professor of Economics at the Tilburg University and Erasmus University, known mainly due to his contribution to the Dutch debate on population ageing, pension reforms and public finances. Lans Bovenberg was awarded the Spinoza Prize in 2003.
Biography
Bovenberg was born and raised in Oosterbeek in the Netherlands. Between 1976 and 1981 he studied econometrics at the Erasmus University. Teun Kloek supervised his MSc thesis (doctoraalscriptie) From 1981 to 1984 he studied at the University of California, Berkeley. He obtained his PhD in economics there at the end of 1984 for the dissertation entitled Capital Accumulation and Capital Immobility: Q-theory in a Dynamic General Equilibrium Framework.
After graduation he lived in the US, working at the International Monetary Fund. In 1990 he returned to the Netherlands and after a brief period at the Ministry of Economic Affairs he became a professor of economics at the Tilburg University and Erasmus University. Between 1995 and 1998 Bovenberg was deputy director at the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. Since April 2004 he has been scientific director of research institute Netspar, which he has founded.
Bovenberg is an independent member of the Dutch government's Social-Economic Council's committee for Social-Economic Policy and Life-Course Policy. In 2003 he won the Spinoza prize, which allowed him to start the Netspar research institute. Also thanks to these activities he was declared to be one of the 100 most influential Dutchmen by HP/De Tijd magazine in 2007. In 2008 Bovenberg got an honorary doctorate by the University of Ghent, Belgium for his scientific contributions. In 2009 he was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Bovenberg was elected member of Academia Europaea in 2010.
Work
The early work of Bovenberg focussed on tax competition in open economies. Later he contributed on optimal taxes and environmental economics. Most recently he focussed on population ageing and pension economics.
Population ageing and pension
In the area of population ageing and pension Bovenberg advocates more flexible employment contracts, which would allow employees to combine work with care duties and lifelong learning. To keep older workers in the labor force, he suggests to offer them more vacation and shorter working hours.
He is the architect of the Dutch Life Course Saving Scheme, which allows workers to save parts of their income to finance longer period of leave.
Labour Participation
In 2008 Bovenberg was a member of the Commission Labour Participation, led by P. Bakker. The commission advised the Dutch government on how to increase labor force participation in the Netherlands to 80%.
Christian Democratic Appeal
Bovenberg believes that people have to be given incentives to make full use of their capacities and that people also have duties, not only rights. He argues that also disadvantaged social groups should be expected to participate to work. He is often considered to be a Christian Democratic Appeal ideologist, but he himself states that his view (partly) differs from those of the party in some areas. Together with other Dutch economists like Johan Graafland and Eric van Damme, he thinks about the connection between Christian thinking and economics.
Personal
Lans Bovenberg is married and father of two children. He was originally a member of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands. When he lived in the United States, he was touched by the faith and the practical living of evangelic Christians. When he returned to the Netherlands he became a Pentecostal.
He is a member of the charismatic Evangelic Church Jefta in Breda, which is a part of the Pentecostal denomination Rafael Nederland. Twice a year he preaches in his church. He plans to study theology and become a part-time preacher around 2013.
References
External links
Education, publications and activities, Tilburg University
Balancing work and family life during the life course(a policy paper)
Bovenberg's Letter to God (in Dutch)
1958 births
Living people
Converts to Pentecostal denominations
Dutch economists
Environmental economists
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Renkum
Spinoza Prize winners
Academic staff of Tilburg University
United Pentecostal and Evangelical Churches members
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni |
"East St Louis Toodle-Oo" (also "Toodle-O" and "Todolo") is a composition written by Duke Ellington and Bubber Miley and recorded several times by Ellington for various labels from 1926–1930 under various titles. This song was the first charting single for Duke Ellington in 1927 and was one of the main examples of his early "jungle music". This composition (which entered the public domain on January 1, 2023) was covered by Steely Dan on their 1974 album Pretzel Logic.
Recording history
Ellington first recorded "Toodle-Oo" in November 1926 for Vocalion Records, which was released as Vo (1064). He recorded the composition twice more in early 1927 for Brunswick Records; the first version was not released at the time, but the second was released as Br (3480). He recorded his hit version in March 1927 for Columbia Records, under the name "the Washingtonians". Along with recording "Toodle-Oo", two other compositions were recorded at the same session, "Hop Head" and "Down in Our Alley Blues", the former of which would be released as the B-side of Columbia 953-D.
November 29, 1926 E-4110 Vocalion 1064
February 3, 1927 E-21636 E-21637 E-21538 Brunswick rejected
March 14, 1927 E-21872 Brunswick 3480, Brunswick 6801, Brunswick 80000, Vocalion 1064 (some later pressings)
March 22, 1927 W 143705-3 Columbia 953-D
December 19, 1927 41245-1 Victor 21703
December 19, 1927 41245-2 Victor 21703, Bluebird B-6430, Montgomery Ward M-4889
January 19, 1928 W 400032-A OKeh 8638 (as "Harlem Twist", by Lonnie Johnson's Harlem Footwarmers, which features Johnson on guitar)
March ?, 1928 2944-A and B Cameo 8182, Lincoln 2837, Romeo 612 (as The Washingtonians), and 108079-1 Pathe 36781, Perfect 14962 (as The Whoopee Makers) (identical to one of the takes of 2944)
April 3, 1930 150167-3 Diva 6046-G, Velvet Tone 7072-V (as Mills' Ten Black Berries)
February 9, 1932 71812-2 and 3 Victor L-16007 (33 1/3 10" long playing transcription, first part of a 3-song medley)
March 5, 1937 M-180-1 Master MA-101, Brunswick m7989 (as "The New East St. Louis Toodle-O")
February 7, 1956 Bethlehem Be BCP-60
Music
"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" features a growling plunger-muted trumpet part played by co-composer Bubber Miley, one of the first jazz trumpeters to utilize the style. This style was carried on by later Ellington trumpeters Cootie Williams (1937 recording), and Ray Nance (1956 recording).
For Steely Dan's 1974 cover of the song, Walter Becker played the melody through a talk box to imitate Miley's trumpet style, while Jeff "Skunk" Baxter used a pedal steel guitar for the trombone part.
Other notable recordings
Dave Grusin – Homage to Duke (1993)
References
Compositions by Duke Ellington
Steely Dan songs
Jazz compositions in C minor
Vocalion Records singles
Brunswick Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Okeh Records singles |
Paul Allan David (May 24, 1935 – January 23, 2023) was an American academic economist, noted for his work on the economics of scientific progress and technical change. He was also well-known for his work in American economic history and in demographic economics.
Early life and education
David was born into a Jewish family in New York on May 24, 1935. His father was a history professor at Columbia University. He enrolled at Harvard University specializing in chemistry. However, he switched to studying economics under economist Alexander Gerschenkron. He graduated from Harvard in 1956.
He attended the University of Cambridge for two years, before returning to Harvard. It is noted that he started his dissertation on the economic history of Chicago. However, he did not turn it in. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1973.
Career
David started his academic career at Stanford University in 1961. There he focused on studying economic change and innovation.
David was a president of the Economic History Association, a fellow of the Econometric Society, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a fellow of the British Academy, a fellow of the Oxford Internet Institute and All Souls College, Oxford, a member of the American Philosophical Society, a professor emeritus and senior fellow of Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research, and professorial fellow at the UNU-MERIT.
Notable works
David's work focused on the history of technological change and its economic impact. He wrote several papers and books on this topic, including "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY" (1985), "The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox" (1990), and Path Dependence, Its Critics and the Quest for Historical Economics (1997). He also made important contributions to our understanding of the economics of intellectual property, the history of telecommunications, and the economics of innovation. His studies also covered disparate topics including nuclear power plants, migration, slavery, birth control, and government interventions in the economy.
In 2006, Edward Elgar published a festschrift called New Frontiers in the Economics of Innovation and New Technology: Essays in Honour of Paul A. David.
Personal life and death
David was married to Sheila Ryan Johansson-David, a historian. The couple had two children. An earlier marriage to Janet M. Williamson in 1958 had ended in a divorce. He had two children from this earlier marriage.
David died on January 23, 2023, at age 87.
Academic honors
Fellow of the International Econometrics Society (1975)
Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at the University of Cambridge
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1979)
Vice-president and president of the Economic History Association (1988–1989)
Marshall Lecturer at the University of Cambridge
President of the Economic History Association
Publications
Reinterpreting Economic Growth: Parables and Realities, with Moses Abramovitz, American Economic Review, 1973
"Clio and the Economics of QWERTY", American Economic Review, 1985
Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth (1975)
The Economic Future in Historical Perspective (2003)
See also
QWERTY—About which David wrote
References
External links
Biography at SIEPR
LinkedIn profile
In Memoriam by Luc Soete
1935 births
2023 deaths
American economists
Innovation economists
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Stanford University Department of Economics faculty
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
Harvard University alumni
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Presidents of the Economic History Association
Academics from New York City |
Toby Dye is an English filmmaker based in London.He started his career as a documentary filmmaker and was awarded the prestigious Grierson Award in 2010 for his documentary film “Bodysnatchers of New York”. Along with this, other notable work includes music videos for Massive Attack and UNKLE, ‘Phobos’ for Ridley Scott and starring Michael Fassbender and Katherine Waterson, his internationally exhibited film/art installation ‘The Corridor’ and commercials for brands such as Heineken, Ford and American Express
Early life
Dye grew up in the rural Peak District of Derbyshire, England. From age 16 he worked as a projectionist at his local art house cinema, which fuelled a passion in film. His career began in documentaries, principally working for the UK's Channel 4, on the TV series ‘True Stories’ and ‘Cutting Edge’, before he branched out into music videos and commercials after signing with Ridley Scott's production company, RSA Films.
Filmography
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English filmmakers |
The 2014 Northern Cape provincial election was held on 7 May 2014 to elect all 30 members of the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature. As with all South African provincial elections, it was held concurrent with the 2014 South African general election. The ruling ANC gained a seat, and the opposition Democratic Alliance gained three seats. The Economic Freedom Fighters, founded less than a year earlier, won two seats.
Results
References
Further reading
2014 elections in South Africa |
WKOC-LP (103.1 FM) was a low power FM radio station formerly licensed to serve Ider, Alabama, United States. Owned by Ider Educational Broadcasting, it aired a Christian radio format. It received a portion of its programming as part of the Three Angels Broadcasting Network.
History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on June 18, 2003. It was assigned the call letters WKOC-LP by the FCC on September 17, 2004, and received its license to cover from the FCC on July 19, 2005. On December 2, 2011, the station's license was cancelled and its call sign deleted from the FCC's database per the licensee's request.
References
External links
KOC-LP
KOC-LP
DeKalb County, Alabama
Three Angels Broadcasting Network radio stations
Radio stations disestablished in 2011
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Defunct religious radio stations in the United States
KOC-LP
Radio stations established in 2003
2003 establishments in Alabama
2011 disestablishments in Alabama |
Sidney Alvin Locks, Jr. (February 5, 1949 – May 29, 2020) was an American politician and Baptist minister.
Locks was born in Opelousas, Louisiana and graduated from J.S. Cook High School in 1967. He graduated from Wiley College, in Marshall, Texas, with a degree in religion and philosophy in 1971 and from Morehouse School of Religion in 1974. He served as a Baptist minister in several places including Sandy Grove Missionary Baptist Church in Lumberton, North Carolina. Locks served on the Lumberton School School Board and was a Democrat. Locks served in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1982 to 1990 from Lumberton, North Carolina. Locks died in Greenville, North Carolina.
Notes
1949 births
2020 deaths
People from Lumberton, North Carolina
People from Opelousas, Louisiana
Wiley College alumni
Interdenominational Theological Center alumni
Baptist ministers from the United States
School board members in North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives |
```go
package drivers // import "github.com/docker/docker/volume/drivers"
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
"net/http/httptest"
"net/url"
"strings"
"testing"
"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/plugins"
"github.com/docker/go-connections/tlsconfig"
)
func TestVolumeRequestError(t *testing.T) {
mux := http.NewServeMux()
server := httptest.NewServer(mux)
defer server.Close()
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.Create", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"Err": "Cannot create volume"}`)
})
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.Remove", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"Err": "Cannot remove volume"}`)
})
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.Mount", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"Err": "Cannot mount volume"}`)
})
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.Unmount", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"Err": "Cannot unmount volume"}`)
})
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.Path", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"Err": "Unknown volume"}`)
})
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.List", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"Err": "Cannot list volumes"}`)
})
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.Get", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"Err": "Cannot get volume"}`)
})
mux.HandleFunc("/VolumeDriver.Capabilities", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/vnd.docker.plugins.v1+json")
http.Error(w, "error", 500)
})
u, _ := url.Parse(server.URL)
client, err := plugins.NewClient("tcp://"+u.Host, &tlsconfig.Options{InsecureSkipVerify: true})
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
driver := volumeDriverProxy{client}
if err = driver.Create("volume", nil); err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, was nil")
}
if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Cannot create volume") {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v\n", err)
}
_, err = driver.Mount("volume", "123")
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, was nil")
}
if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Cannot mount volume") {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v\n", err)
}
err = driver.Unmount("volume", "123")
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, was nil")
}
if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Cannot unmount volume") {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v\n", err)
}
err = driver.Remove("volume")
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, was nil")
}
if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Cannot remove volume") {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v\n", err)
}
_, err = driver.Path("volume")
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, was nil")
}
if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Unknown volume") {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v\n", err)
}
_, err = driver.List()
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, was nil")
}
if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Cannot list volumes") {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v\n", err)
}
_, err = driver.Get("volume")
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("Expected error, was nil")
}
if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Cannot get volume") {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v\n", err)
}
_, err = driver.Capabilities()
if err == nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
``` |
Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Lomovitsky (; born 27 January 1998) is a Russian football player who plays for FC Rubin Kazan. He is a winger who can play on the right or left side.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for FC Spartak-2 Moscow on 8 July 2017 in a game against FC Sibir Novosibirsk.
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for FC Spartak Moscow on 28 July 2018 in a game against FC Orenburg.
On 26 July 2019, he joined FC Arsenal Tula on loan for the 2019–20 season.
On 12 August 2020, he moved on loan to FC Khimki for the 2020–21 season. On 1 October 2020, he was recalled from the Khimki loan and re-joined FC Arsenal Tula on another loan.
On 29 December 2021, he signed a 4.5-year contract with FC Rubin Kazan. On 14 July 2022, Lomovitsky returned on loan to FC Khimki.
International
He was included in the Russia national under-17 football team for the 2015 UEFA European Under-17 Championship and 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup.
Career statistics
References
External links
Profile by Russian Football National League
1998 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Spartak-2 Moscow players
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC Arsenal Tula players
FC Khimki players
FC Rubin Kazan players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players |
Fatima Airport is an airport serving the mission village of Fatima in the Beni Department of Bolivia. The runway extends northeast from the mission, within a bend of the small Chimanes River, which shortly feeds into the Rapulo River. There are no roads into Fatima.
The Fatima Mission tends to the needs of the Tsimane, an isolated tribe of Bolivian Amerindians in the eastern Andes foothills.
See also
Transport in Bolivia
List of airports in Bolivia
References
External links
OpenStreetMap - Fatima
OurAirports - Fatima
FallingRain - Fatima Airport
HERE/Nokia - Fatima
Airports in Beni Department |
Soyer is a 2017 Polish drama and comedy film directed by Łukasz Barczyk.
Plot
The film is set in Łódź, Poland. The film's chief protagonist is a youngster named Soyer. His nickname derives from soya beans, the only food he permits himself to consume for his own well-being and that of other creatures. Soyer is described as either a "fool" or "a modern-day saint". His family treated him for mental disorders, although Soyer never considered himself ill-minded. Soyer considered himself Moses. After his mother went to the hospital, his care-taking became the responsibility of his sister, Małgośka and her husband, Janek Bryl, an ambitious banker. Soyer considered the couple's life to be overwhelmingly focused on the material world, whom he sets out to save them from, even against their own will.
Cast
Cezary Kołacz as Janek Bryl
Maciej Musiałowski as Konrad Sadko "Soyer"
Marianna Zydek as Małgośka
Diana Krupa as the waitress
Kamil Wodka as the head waiter
References
2017 films
Polish comedy-drama films
2010s Polish-language films
2017 comedy-drama films |
Broad Brush (April 16, 1983 – May 15, 2009) was an American thoroughbred racehorse foaled in Maryland. He was by the Hall of Fame stallion Ack Ack out of the Hoist The Flag mare Hay Patcher.
Bred and owned by Robert E. Meyerhoff and trained by Richard W. Small, Broad Brush won a number of stakes races at age two before being prepped for the 1986 Kentucky Derby.
Three-year-old season
At age three, Broad Brush won a number of stakes races, including the Inner Harbor Stakes at Pimlico Race Course, the grade two Jim Beam Stakes at Turfway Park, the grade one Wood Memorial Stakes at Aqueduct Racetrack, the grade three Federico Tesio Stakes (also called the "Preakness Trial") at Pimlico, the grade two Pennsylvania Derby at Philadelphia Park, the grade two Ohio Derby at Thistledown, and the grade two Meadowlands Cup. The Pennsylvania Derby win was notable for Broad Brush bolting to the outside rail on the final turn, seemingly costing him the race as several competitors passed him. Jockey Angel Cordero, Jr gathered the colt and directed him along the outside rail to pass his rivals late in the stretch for the win.
Broad Brush also placed third in two of the most coveted races in the country in the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, showing in both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. He finished a close third behind Ferdinand two lengths back and Bold Arrangement (by a head) in the grade one Kentucky Derby in 1986 in a field of 16 colts. Broad Brush also was third as the local Maryland favorite in the $1,000,000 grade one Preakness Stakes behind eventual Eclipse Award winner Snow Chief and Derby champ Ferdinand. Snow Chief was named the American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse in large part due to his Preakness win.
Four-year-old season
At age four, Broad Brush won some of the most prestigious races in the handicap division, including the $1,000,000 grade one Santa Anita Handicap and the grade one Suburban Handicap at Belmont Park. He placed second in the Massachusetts Handicap and Grade I San Fernando Stakes, and he was third in the Grade I Metropolitan Handicap, Grade I Strub Stakes, and Grade I Whitney Handicap.
Retirement
After his retirement in April 1988, Broad Brush became a very successful sire, being awarded Leading sire in North America for 1994. He was one of the leading draws for Gainesway Farm's Kentucky breeding operation and was ranked in the top 10 leading sires for four straight years. His progeny include the stakes-winning Concern, Include, Farda Amiga, Hesanoldsalt, Nobo True, Best Of Luck, the Japanese champion mare Broad Appeal, Justenuffheart (dam of the champion filly Dreaming of Anna) and Arlucea (dam of 2012 Breeders' Cup Classic winner Fort Larned). Broad Brush was pensioned in 2004 and was euthanized on May 15, 2009.
Pedigree
Broad Brush is inbred 3x3 to Turn-to, meaning this stallion appears twice in the third generation of his pedigree.
References
Pedigree & Racing Stats
1983 racehorse births
2009 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Maryland
Racehorses trained in the United States
American Grade 1 Stakes winners
United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires
Thoroughbred family 21-a
Chefs-de-Race |
Anthony Sichi (born 21 June 1986) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Honours
Istres
Championnat National: 2008–09
External links
Player card - Foot-National.com
1986 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
French men's footballers
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
FC Istres players
AS Beauvais Oise players
US Orléans players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
AS Cannes players
FC Martigues players
AS Béziers (2007) players
SO Romorantin players |
, ("System for IDs and names of places") or SIMC, is a Polish government scheme to create unique identifiers for places. It is part of the (TERYT, or "National Register of Territorial Divisions of the Country"). The system is managed by the ("Central Statistical Office").
SIMC is a registry of names of places and their constituent parts, including the following information:
The official name of the village
ID of the village
the type locality
parent village commune, district and province
SIMC ID with check digit
SIMC IDs and place names are updated on a regular basis after changes of official names of places and changes in the basic territorial divisions of the state. SIMC IDs are unique and permanent.
References
External links
Description of the structure SIMC
1998 establishments in Poland
Identifiers |
On 22 August 2023, in the Allai valley near the city of Battagram, situated in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, a cable car, used by local residents, primarily students, for daily commuting to school, became the centre of a rescue operation after one of its cables snapped, leaving six children and two adults stranded approximately 274 meters (900 feet) above the ground. All individuals were later rescued that day.
Background
The cable car was a chair lift, similar to many others used in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It was a vital mode of transportation for residents of the region. It drastically reduced the travel time between a village and the local school from a two-hour road journey to a four-minute ride on the cable car.
The cable car was built by a local resident with permission from the city administration. Such makeshift arrangements are common in mountainous regions of Pakistan. While this particular cable car had no previous issues, there have been widespread issues regarding makeshift cable cars in Pakistan, which have led to injury and deaths.
Incident
The incident unfolded at around 07:00 local time (02:00 GMT) when one or more of the cables supporting the chair-lift gave way, causing it to hang precariously by only one cable. This situation left the passengers in a state of distress and dire need of rescue.
Among the stranded passengers was a 16-year-old boy with a heart condition who had lost consciousness for several hours. His condition added an urgency to the rescue efforts.
Rescue efforts
The rescue efforts faced several challenges. Strong winds in the region and concerns about the helicopter's rotor blades potentially destabilising the chair-lift complicated the mission. Local residents who spotted the stranded cable car used loudspeakers to alert authorities, prompting the initiation of the rescue mission. Anxious crowds gathered on both sides of the valley to watch the unfolding rescue operation, including supplies being given. Parents of the trapped children anxiously waited at the site.
After a risk assessment, the plan was to airlift the individuals. Residents used loudspeakers to alert authorities, but helicopters only arrived to rescue the stranded individuals 2 hours after they were trapped. Up to four military helicopters were used after initial attempts to fix the faults were unsuccessful. Other rescue methods, such as ground rescue and sending a man tied on a charpai through the cable, were deployed in continued efforts to ensure the safety of those stranded in the cable car. Later that day, Pakistan's caretaker prime minister Anwaar ul Haq Kakar posted on X (formerly Twitter) that all the children were rescued, and it was reported that all eight people were rescued in the operation.
References
Battagram District
Cable car disasters
Transport in Pakistan
August 2023 events in Pakistan
2023 disasters in Pakistan
Transport disasters in Pakistan
History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
Harivarman IV or Prince Thäng (?–1081), Sanskrit name Vishnumürti, was the ruling king of Champa from 1074 to 1080. His father was a noble belonging to the Coconut clan (northern tribes), and his mother was a member of the Areca clan (southern tribes).
Rise to power
Rudravarman III (r. 1062–1074) was tyrant king. He estranged the Nha Trang elites, agitating a chaotic civil war between the Phan Rang and the Nha Trang aristocrats in 1069. Champa then transitioned into a turbulent period of chaos caused by the reign of Rudravarman. The war had left Champa completely devastated.
From the north, two brothers Prince Thäng and Prince Pang, who descended from the Coconut clan (narikelavamsa, northern tribes) and the Areca clan (kramukavamsa, southern tribes) triumphantly defeated all enemies and warlord factions, and reunified Champa.
Reign
Prince Thäng was crowned king Harivarman of Champa at Chiem Son (near Tra Kieu) in 1074, declaring himself protector of Champa, establishing a new dynasty. He set about rebuilding the kingdom: he constructed a capital, restoring the citadel of Tralauṅ Svon and streamlined state welfare and happiness.
Reform and building
Harivarman was described as having ‘originalish mind’ and ‘want to make Champa as a great power again’ like, therefore he restored the ancient city of Simhapura (former capital of Champa from 400 to 750 AD), rebuiding many religious foundations in My Son, including the temple of Bhadresvara. He donated the local deities foreign war prisoners and trophies after his military victories. He reformed the fiscal system, strengthening Champa's might and prosperity, honestly surpassed the pre-civil war period.
Diplomacy
Harivarman defeated a Vietnamese raid led by Chancellor Ly Thuong Kiet in 1074. He refused to cooperate with the Song dynasty and the Khmer Empire in a joint-campaign against Dai Viet in 1076, instead he made peace with the Dai Viet.
Subsequently, Harshavarman III of the Khmer Empire sent Prince Nandavarmadeva as the commander leading a Khmer army to attack northern Champa, sacking cities and temples, and looting many in My Son. Harivarman routed the invaders at the Battle of Somesvara, and Prince Nandavarmadeva was captured alive as a war prisoner. In 1080, Cham army under Harivarman and his younger brother, Prince Pang, later known as Paramabodhisattva (r. 1081–1086), launched a counter invasion of Cambodia, where they plundered the city of Sambhupura (Sambor) on the Mekong River.
Matrilinealism
In his textual epitaph, Harivarman praises indigenous Cham traditions of matrilinealism while the text was written in Sanskrit, which, very conflicted with Indian traditions, through he was a very religious man.
Retirement and succession
Harivarman stepped down in 1080 and chose his nine-year-old son Prince Väk as heir, crowned as Jaya Indravarman II (r. 1080–81, 1086–1113). He then entered esoteric religious life, and died in 1081. The deceased king's funeral took place on a pyre according to the tradition of Sati, with his first-queen and second-rank queen. The inexperienced young Jaya Indravarman II, "did not know how to govern the kingdom properly and did everything contrary to the rules of the government", was deposed by his uncle and chief regent, Prince Pang.
References
Bibliography
Kings of Champa
11th-century Vietnamese monarchs
1081 deaths |
Cover Story is an American documentary television program broadcast by Game Show Network (GSN). The program premiered on January 14, 2018, airing episodes Sunday evenings for three weeks before disappearing from GSN's schedule. In March, the network announced that the series would return following what was considered a "successful debut." It returned on June 10, 2018.
Episodes
References
Notes
External links
2010s American reality television series
2018 American television series debuts
English-language television shows
Game Show Network original programming
2018 American television series endings |
Lucis Creator Optime is a 5th-century Latin Christian hymn variously attributed to St Gregory the Great or Saint Ambrose. It takes its title from its incipit.
In modern usage, it is commonly known in English translation as "O Blest Creator of the Light", and may be sung to a number of different settings.
History
The authorship of Lucis Creator Optime is uncertain; the hymn has been attributed to St Gregory the Great or Saint Ambrose. Historian Franz Mone identified it in 8th-century manuscripts from Darmstadt and Trier and considered it to be an early 5th-century work, while other scholars have dated it as a much later work.
The hymn is found in 11th-century English hymnaries held at the British Museum and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and in an 11th C Spanish breviary.
Lucis Creator Optime was sung as the first hymn for Sunday Vespers in monasteries.
In the Roman Breviary, Lucis Creator Optime is set for Vespers on Sundays after Epiphany and Sundays after Pentecost. In the Liturgy of the Hours the hymn is set for Sunday evening Vespers for the first and third weeks in Ordinary time.
Text and translations
Latin text
English translation by John Henry Newman
Father of Lights, by whom each day
Is kindled out of night,
Who, when the heavens were made, didst lay
Their rudiments in light;
Thou, who didst bind and blend in one
The glistening morn and evening pale,
Hear Thou our plaint, when light is gone,
And lawlessness and strife prevail.
Hear, lest the whelming weight of crime
Wreck us with life in view;
Lest thoughts and schemes of sense and time
Earn us a sinner's due.
So may we knock at Heaven's door,
And strive the immortal prize to win,
Continually and evermore
Guarded without and pure within.
Grant this, O Father, Only Son,
And Spirit, God of grace,
To whom all worship shall be done
In every time and place.
English translation by John Mason Neale
O Blest Creator of the light,
Who mak'st the day with radiance bright,
and o'er the forming world didst call
the light from chaos first of all;
Whose wisdom joined in meet array
the morn and eve, and named them Day:
night comes with all its darkling fears;
regard Thy people's prayers and tears.
Lest, sunk in sin, and whelmed with strife,
they lose the gift of endless life;
while thinking but the thoughts of time,
they weave new chains of woe and crime.
But grant them grace that they may strain
the heavenly gate and prize to gain:
each harmful lure aside to cast,
and purge away each error past.
O Father, that we ask be done,
through Jesus Christ, Thine only Son;
Who, with the Holy Ghost and Thee,
doth live and reign eternally. Amen.
Lucis Creator Optime makes reference to the first part of the Genesis creation narrative described in : "And God said, Let there be light: and there was light." In the daily pattern of Vespers in the Roman Breviary, Lucis Creator Optime is the first in a sequence of hymns which allude to the seven days of the Biblical creation. As with much traditional evening hymnody in Christian worship, the text makes reference to the creation of life by God, and allusions to the sun's rays and contrasting shadows are metaphors for the concepts of divine grace and original sin.
A translation of the hymn was published in 1706 in The Primer Or Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary in English "O august Creator of the light, who didst bring forth the light of day". It was later reprinted by Orby Shipley in his Arnius Sanctus and has been attributed to the poet John Dryden. The hymn has since been translated for use in modern worship by numerous authors. John Henry Newman rendered it as "Father of Lights, by Whom Each Day" in Tracts for the Times (1836). Edward Caswall translated it as "O blest Creator of the light, Who dost the dawn from darkness bring", published in his Lyra Catholica (1849). John Mason Neale's version, "O blest Creator of the light, Who mak’st the day with radiance bright" followed in 1852.
Musical settings
Lucis Creator Optime appears in several modern hymnals. In the Church of England an adapted version of Caswall's translation by J. Chandler was included in William Henry Monk's 1861 hymnbook, Hymns Ancient and Modern.
In 1906 Percy Dearmer published an adapted text based on Neale's translation in The English Hymnal, and the hymn was retained in the successor volume, The New English Hymnal (1986).
The hymn metre 8.8.8.8 may be sung to the original plainchant melody, or to the hymn tune Lucis Creator, a traditional 16th-century melody originating from Angers. The hymn has also been set to a tune named Bromley, composed by Jeremiah Clarke around 1700. The manuscript for Clarke's tune was later discovered in the Foundling Hospital in London.
A number of choral settings of the hymn have been written by notable composers, including settings by Tomás Luis de Victoria, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and a setting by Knut Nystedt for soloists, chorus and orchestra. Marcel Dupré composed an organ piece based on the plainchant.
References
External links
Christian hymns in Latin
5th-century Christian texts
Liturgy of the Hours |
Onychoprion, the "brown-backed terns", is a genus of seabirds in the family Laridae. The genus name is from Ancient Greek , "claw" or "nail", and , "saw".
Species
Although the genus was first described in 1832 by Johann Georg Wagler the four species in the genus were until 2005 retained in the larger genus Sterna, the genus that holds most terns.
Three of the four species are tropical, and one has a sub-polar breeding range. The sooty tern has a pan-tropical distribution; the bridled tern also breeds across the Tropical Atlantic and Indian Ocean but in the central Pacific it is replaced by the spectacled tern. The Aleutian tern breeds around Alaska and Siberia but winters in the tropics around South East Asia.
Manutara is the Rapa Nui language name for spectacled and sooty terns. Both arrive at Easter Island and hatch their eggs on the island called Motu Nui, an event that was used for an annual rite called Tangata manu.
References
Bird genera
Terns |
The discography of Del Amitri, a Scottish pop rock band formed in 1983, includes seven studio albums, one live album, three compilation albums and 24 singles. Five of their studio albums reached the top 10 in the UK Albums Chart. Their first album, which is a self-title album released in May 1985 did not enter the UK Albums Chart at all, and their final studio album Fatal Mistakes, released in May 2021, peaked at number 5. The band's most successful studio album was their third Change Everything, which reached second place in the UK Albums Chart. Also the band's compilation album, Hatful of Rain: The Best of Del Amitri, got to fifth place in the UK Albums Chart. The band broke up in 2002. They played a reunion gig at The Hydro Glasgow on 24 January 2014. A live album, Into the Mirror, recorded on the reunion tour in January and February 2014 was released on 20 October 2014.
The band reunited in 2020 and recorded their seventh studio album, Fatal Mistakes, which was released in May 2021.
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
References
Discographies of British artists |
MIRL may refer to:
Membrane Inhibitor of Reactive Lysis, CD59, a cell surface glycoprotein that inhibits complement-mediated lysis.
Medium Intensity Runway Lights |
Jake Paul vs. Anderson Silva was a cruiserweight professional crossover boxing match contested between American YouTuber Jake Paul and Brazilian mixed martial artist Anderson Silva. The bout took place at the Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona on October 29, 2022. Paul won via unanimous decision. The fight sold 200,000-300,000 PPV buys.
Background
It was announced on September 6, 2022, that undefeated 25-year old Jake Paul would face mixed martial artist, boxer and former UFC Middleweight Champion 47-year old Anderson Silva on October 29 in Glendale, Arizona.
Press conferences
Three press conferences were held in the following cities:
12 September 2022 – 6121 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, California
13 September 2022 – 9400 W Maryland Ave, Glendale, Arizona
27 October 2022 – Glendale, Arizona
During the conferences, Paul spoke about growing up as one of "Silva’s fans" and watching the Brazilian "dominate" the sport.
Fight card
Result
The fight, in front of a 14,000 strong crowd on the night of October 29, 2022, lasted all the designated eight rounds. Paul was awarded the win by a unanimous decision, which moved him to a record of 6 wins and no defeats. In the final round, he knocked down Silva.
Pay-per-view numbers
The bout priced at $59.99 sold around an estimated 200-300,000 pay-per-view buys. Paul revealed in an episode of his brother's podcast Impaulsive that his suspicion behind the low sales performance was due to an incident involving Silva claiming within an interview that he was knocked out during a sparring session within his camp before the upcoming fight, thus creating a lack of interest in the bout.
References
External links
Boxing matches
2022 in boxing
2022 in sports in Arizona
Boxing in Arizona
Boxing on Showtime
Events in Glendale, Arizona
Pay-per-view boxing matches
Crossover boxing events
October 2022 sports events in the United States
Sports competitions in Maricopa County, Arizona |
Food 4 Thot is an LGBT podcast hosted by Tommy Pico, Denne Michele Norris, Joseph Osmundson, and Fran Tirado. The podcast is described as, "A multiracial mix of queer writers talk about sex, relationships, race, identity, what we like to read, and who we like to read."
Background
The four hosts met at Tin House Summer Writer's Workshop in 2016. In an interview with The Stranger, the hosts said, "The podcast’s conception stemmed from a discussion about how literary and intellectual spaces rarely allowed for conversations about things typically considered—well, not so intellectual. We loved talking about queer theory, identity politics, and Ta-Nehisi Coates, but also Mariah Carey’s Vine account, nail polish, and our absolutely filthiest hook-up stories. In a world where those conversations were so often separated, where could one get both?" The New York Times described the podcast as "boisterous, intellectual and sometimes profane".
Alexander Chee, Melissa Febos, Steven Canals, Alok Vaid-Menon, Bowen Yang, Jenna Wortham, and Ashley C. Ford have all appeared as guests on the podcast.
Food 4 Thot's second season was produced in partnership with the dating app, Grindr, and was available to stream on the app In July 2019, they joined the iHeartRadio podcast network.
Hosts
Tommy Pico is the author of four books of poetry and is a National Book Award and Whiting Award winner.
Joseph Osmundson has a PhD from The Rockefeller University in Molecular Biophysics and is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Biology at New York University. He has written two books and has a third that was released in Summer 2022.
Denne Michele Norris is a writer and former figure skater. In 2021 she was announced as the new Editor-in-Chief of Electric Literature. She is the first Black, out trans woman to helm a major literary publication.
Fran Tirado is the former Deputy Editor of Out magazine and former Executive Editor of Hello Mr.
Reception
Food 4 Thot has been featured on Time's list of "The 50 Best Podcasts to Listen to Right Now", writing "Sex positivity is a major theme of each episode, a topic still all-too-rare in the podcasting world." The podcast has also been recommended by The Advocate, Out, Oprah Magazine, InStyle, Vice, Vulture, and Dazed.
See also
List of LGBT podcasts
References
LGBT-related podcasts
LGBT-related mass media in the United States
2017 podcast debuts |
The National Health Council (NHC) is a nonprofit association of health organizations.
Its members are national health-related organizations, including leading patient advocacy groups such as the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the American Diabetes Association, and the Alzheimer's Association.
Other members include professional and membership associations, nonprofit organizations with an interest in health, and major health insurance, pharmaceutical, medical device, and biotechnology companies. Pharmaceutical company members include Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, and others. The organization represents the more than 133 million people with chronic diseases and disabilities and their family caregivers.
Founded in the 1920s, the organization is headquartered in Washington, DC. Its activities include strengthening the work of patient advocacy organizations, developing public awareness and advocacy programs, supporting health research, and influencing the health care reform debate.
Among the many federal and private entities it is involved in, the NHC is represented on the NCATS Cures Acceleration Network (CAN) Review Board, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute's Advisory Panel on Patient Engagement, Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research Participation (CISCRP) Board of Advisors, International Alliance of Patients' Organizations Governing Board, Community Health Charities Board of Directors, and the Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance Board of Directors.
Activities
The National Health Council represents the patient voice on various issues, such as the creation of patient-focused usability criteria in research and advancing the development of new treatments and cures through passage of the MODDERN Cures Act.
The NHC played a key role in lobbying for health care reform legislation in 2009 and 2010. For example the NHC sent numerous letters to members of Congress advocating for "Congress to enact meaningful health care reform legislation that meets the 5 Principles to Put Patients First". The Principles, as outlined on the NHC's website are to "Cover Everyone, Curb Costs Responsibly, Abolish Exclusions of Pre-existing Conditions, Eliminate Lifetime Caps, and Ensure Access to Long-term and End-of-life Care."
In December 2008, the NHC and other organizations worked to set the selection criteria for the Obama Administration's Food and Drug Administration commissioner.
Membership
The National Health Council's membership is broken down into five categories, consisting of voluntary health agencies, professional and membership associations, nonprofit organizations with an interest in health, business and industry, and associate members. The Council was in decline post the era of LBJ Great Society funding. Assistant Executive Vice President James Rathlesberger aided the rebuilding of governance integrity and voluntary health agency membership growth. Today, notable members include the Biotechnology Innovation Organization and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, as well as pharmaceutical companies such as Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co., Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, and UCB.
References
External links
Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Medical associations based in the United States
Organizations established in the 1920s
1920s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Health and disability rights organizations in the United States |
Petra Klosová (born 16 April 1986) is a Czech swimmer who specialized in freestyle and backstroke events. She is a two-time Olympian and a multiple-time national champion and record holder for the freestyle and backstroke events (50, 100, and 200 m).
Olympic participation
Klosová made her first Czech team, as an eighteen-year-old, at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she competed in the women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay, along with her fellow swimmers Jana Myšková, Sandra Kazíková, and Ilona Hlaváčková. Swimming the second leg, Klosová recorded a split of 56.49 seconds, and the Czech team went to finish heat one in seventh place, and thirteenth overall, for a total time of 3:46.83.
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Klosová competed as an individual swimmer in the 100 m backstroke. Leading up to her second Games, she cleared a FINA B-cut of 1:02.98 at the Missouri Grand Prix in Columbia, Missouri. She challenged seven other swimmers in the third heat, including 14-year-old Sarah Sjöström of Sweden, and three-time Olympian Sherry Tsai of Hong Kong. She raced to sixth place by six tenths of a second (0.6) behind Mexico's Fernanda González, with a time of 1:02.76. Klosová failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed thirty-ninth overall in the preliminaries.
Club swimming
Klosová was also a member of the SMU Mustangs swimming and diving team, and a graduate of international studies at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. She was a member of the Kopřivnice swimming team, but changed clubs to swim with Nový Jičín in 2011. She retired from competitive swimming in May 2012.
References
External links
Player Bio – SMU Mustangs
NBC 2008 Olympics profile
1986 births
Living people
Czech female swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the Czech Republic
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Czech female freestyle swimmers
Female backstroke swimmers
SMU Mustangs women's swimmers
Sportspeople from Nový Jičín |
Sexual stimulation is any stimulus (including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances and maintains sexual arousal, and may lead to orgasm. Although sexual arousal may arise without physical stimulation, achieving orgasm usually requires it.
The term sexual stimulation implies stimulation of the genitals, but may also include stimulation of other areas of the body, stimulation of the senses (such as sight or hearing) and mental stimulation (e.g., reading or fantasizing). Sufficient stimulation of the penis or clitoris usually results in an orgasm. Stimulation can be by self (e.g., masturbation) or by a sexual partner (sexual intercourse or other sexual activity), by use of objects or tools, or by some combination of these methods.
Some people practice orgasm control, whereby a person or their partner controls the level of stimulation to prolong the experience leading up to orgasm.
Physical sexual stimulation
Physical sexual stimulation consists of touching the genitals or other erogenous zones.
Genital
Masturbation, erotic massage, and manual sex are types of physical stimulation involving the genitals. Arousal is triggered through sensitive nerves in these body parts, which cause the release of pleasure-causing chemicals (endorphins) that act as mental rewards to pursue such stimulation. A person may also become aroused by simply touching another person, though the bulbocavernosus reflex itself is triggered by stimulation of the glans penis or clitoris.
One study found that women benefit more from pleasurable sex with a committed partner, while gender did not impact the relationship with masturbation.
The purpose of sex toys is to provide pleasure and stimulation through an alternative route than just using people's bodies. They can be used by someone on their own, with partnered sex, or group sex. They can be exciting and provide new types of stimulation that the body cannot produce, such as vibrations.
Sex toys have been used as a source of sexual stimulation for thousands of years. There have been dildos found from the Palaeolithic era, made of Siltstone and polished to a high gloss. Dildos were also made of camel dung and coated with resin. Historians are uncertain whether these have been used for religious rituals or for personal pleasure. It is known that dildos were used for fertility rituals, however. The ancient Greeks created their dildos from a carved penis covered in leather or animal intestines to create a more natural feel. The Romans created double-ended dildos for use with a partner. Ancient Chinese dildos were made of bronze or other metals and some were hollow allowing them to be filled with liquid to simulate an ejaculation. These were used because wealthy Chinese men would often have too many wives to please. In Persia, it was thought that the blood of the hymen was unclean, and should be avoided by husbands. On the night before a lady's wedding, a local holy-man would come and break her hymen with a large stone dildo, a ritual also used to confirm the virginity of the bride.
Non-genital
There are many areas through which a person can be sexually stimulated, other than the genitals. The nipples, thighs, lips, and neck can all provide sexual stimulation when touched.
Nipples
One study administered a questionnaire about sexual activity to 301 participants and found that 81.5% of women reported that stimulating their nipples caused or enhanced sexual arousal and that 59.1% of them asked to have their nipples stimulated during sex. Furthermore, 51.7% of men reported that nipple stimulation caused sexual arousal, and 39% said that it enhanced their existing arousal. Research using brain-scanning technology found that stimulating nipples in women resulted in the activation of the genital area of the sensory cortex. The research suggests the sensations are genital orgasms caused by nipple stimulation, and may also be directly linked to "the genital area of the brain". In women, one study indicated that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix. Nipple stimulation may trigger uterine contractions, which then produce a sensation in the genital area of the brain.
Thighs
In 2012, the California Institute of Technology measured brain responses in heterosexual males as they were having their inner thighs touched whilst being MRI scanned. They were either watching a video of a woman touching their thigh or a man touching their thigh. They reported more sexual pleasure when they thought it was the woman touching them than the man, and this was reflected in their MRI scans with greater arousal of their somatosensory cortex. It can be therefore concluded that the thighs are an area that can cause sexual stimulation when touched.
Lips
Lips contain a huge number of nerve endings and are considered to be an erogenous zone. Women report experiencing more pleasure from the stimulation of their lips than men do (see below for sex differences in stimulation). In addition to stimulation of the lips by touching, men can be visually stimulated by looking at a woman's lips. It has also been reported that men prefer women with fuller lips because they are an indicator of youth.
Neck
A sample of 800 participants rated 41 different body parts on their erogenous intensity on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the most arousing). Females reported neck stimulation as being more arousing than men did.
Sex differences in erogenous zones
This table shows the sex differences in erogenous zones and includes the top ten most arousing areas for both sexes. Each body part was rated out of ten for how arousing it is when touched. Apart from body parts exclusive to one gender such as the penis or clitoris, many of the erogenous zones are similar and contain many nerve endings.
Internal stimulation
The excitation-transfer theory states that existing arousal in the body can be transformed into another type of arousal. For example, sometimes people can be sexually stimulated from residual arousal arising from something such as exercise, being transformed into another type of arousal such as sexual arousal. In one study participants performed some physical exercise and at different stages of recovery had to watch an erotic film and rate how aroused it made them feel. They found that participants who were still experiencing excitatory residues from the exercise rated the film as more arousing than those who had fully recovered from the exercise. This suggests that the remaining arousal from the exercise was being transformed into sexual arousal without any external stimulation.
Alternative routes
The human sexual response is a dynamic combination of cognitive, emotional, and physiological processes. Whilst the most common forms of sexual stimulation discussed are fantasy or physical stimulation of the genitals and other erogenous areas, sexual arousal may also be mediated through alternative routes such as visual, olfactory and auditory means.
Visual
Perhaps the most researched non-tactile form of sexual stimulation is visual sexual stimulation. An apparent example is the act of voyeurisma practice where an individual covertly watches another undress or engage in sexual behaviour. Although seen socio-historically as an unacceptable form of 'sexual deviation', it highlights the human tendency to find sexual stimulation through purely visual routes. The multibillion-dollar porn industry is another example. A common presumption is that men respond more strongly to visual sexual stimuli ("male gaze") than do women. This is perhaps best exemplified by the Kinsey hypothesis that men are more prone to sexual arousal from visual stimulation than are women. Nonetheless, both sexes can be sexually aroused through visual stimulation. In one study, visual stimulation was tested by means of an erotic video. Although significantly higher in the male group, sexual arousal was the main emotional reaction reported by both sexes. Their physiological responses to the video also showed characteristics of sexual arousal, such as increased urinary excretions of adrenaline. A subsequent study investigating male arousal showed that men were able to achieve rigid erections through visual stimulation of an erotic film alone.
Studies that use visual stimulation as a means for sexual stimulation find that sexual arousal is predominantly correlated with an activation in limbic and paralimbic cortex and in subcortical structures, along with a deactivation in several parts of the temporal cortex. These same areas are activated during physical sexual stimulation, highlighting how powerful visual stimulation can be as a means of sexual arousal.
Olfactory
Olfactory information is critical to human sexual behavior. One study investigating olfactory sexual stimulation found that heterosexual men experience sexual arousal in response to a female perfume. Individuals rated odourant stimulation and perceived sexual arousal. They also had functional MRI scans taken during the experiment. The results showed that olfactory stimulation with women's perfume produces activation of specific brain areas associated with sexual arousal in men. Another study found that homosexual men displayed similar hypothalamic activation to that of heterosexual women when smelling a testosterone derivate present in male sweat, suggesting that sexual orientation plays a role in how humans experience olfactory sexual stimulation.
Evolutionary analysis of sex differences in reproductive strategies can help explain the importance of smell in sexual arousal due to its link to immunological profile and offspring viability. This is because olfactory cues may be able to trigger an incest avoidance mechanism by reflecting parts of an individual's genetic equipment. In one study, males rated visual and olfactory information as being equally important for selecting a lover, while females considered olfactory information to be the single most important variable in mate choice. Additionally, when considering sexual activity, females singled out body odour from all other sensory experiences as most able to negatively affect desire.
Auditory
Auditory stimulants may also serve to intensify sexual arousal and the experience of pleasure. Making sounds during sexual arousal and sexual activity is widespread among primates and humans. These include sighs, moans, strong expirations and inspirations, increased breathing rate and occasionally, at orgasm, screams of ecstasy. Many of these sounds are highly exciting to people, and act as strong reinforcers of sexual arousal, creating a powerful positive feedback effect. Thus, copulatory vocalisations are likely to serve mutual sexual stimulation for mating partners.
Even when not coupled with "touching", sounds can be highly sexually arousing. Commercial erotic material (mainly produced for the male market) uses such sounds extensively. As early as the 1920s and 30s, several genres of singers turned to "low moans" for erotic effect. Vaudeville Jazz singers often incorporated sex sounds into the narrative of the lyrics. Even contemporary music such as Prince's "Orgasm" or Marvin Gaye's "You Sure Love to Ball" includes sounds of the female orgasm. Research has shown music to be an auditory sexual stimulant. In one mood induction study, exposure to certain music resulted in significantly greater penile tumescence and subjective sexual arousal for men. In a similar experiment, women did not show significant physiological responses to certain types of music but did report higher levels of sexual arousal. Further studies have looked at the connection between auditory stimulation and the experience of sexual pleasure. Whilst the highest levels of physiological and subjective arousal were found for visual stimuli, spoken-text was found to elicit sexual arousal in men, implicating sounds as a means of sexual stimulation. Phone sex is one type of arousal inducer that makes use of this effect.
Mental stimulation
Sexual arousal includes feelings, attractions and desires, as well as physiological changes. These can be elicited not only by physical but also mental stimulations, such as fantasy, erotic literature, dreams, role-play, and imagination.
Fantasy
Sexual fantasy is a form of mental sexual stimulation which many people engage in. It is where a person imagines a sexual experience while they are awake. Fantasy has less social or safety limits than in real life situations. It gives people more freedom to experiment or think of things they could not necessarily try in real life and can be anything from imagining your spouse naked, to imagining a sexual experience with a mythical creature. Common sexual fantasies include imagining activities with a loved partner, reliving past experiences and experiences with multiple partners of the opposite gender. It is also common to have fantasies about things you would not do in real life and about taboo or illegal activities, such as forcing another, or being forced by another to have sex, intercourse with a stranger and sex with a boy or girl or older partner.
It is useful for research because it makes differences between male and female heterosexual preferences clearer than studies of behaviour. Many sexual fantasies are shared between men and women, possibly because of cultural influence. However, there are still gender differences that have been found. Men are more likely than women to imagine being in a dominant or active role, whereas women are more likely to imagine themselves as passive participants. Women's fantasies have significantly more affection and commitment, whereas men are more likely to fantasise using visual imagery and explicit detail. One explanation of this difference comes from the evolutionary perspective. Women have a higher minimum parental investment than males (they have 9 months of gestation prior birth and are then the main care givers, whereas men only have to provide sperm to ensure their genes are passed on) and are therefore more likely to want commitment from their partner in order to gain resources to improve their offspring's chance of survival.
Fantasies can have benefits, such as increasing arousal more than other forms of sexual stimuli (such as an erotic story) and increasing sexual desire. Individuals who disclose their sexual fantasies to their partners also have a higher sexual satisfaction. However, whether people are willing to open up to their partner generally depends on the content of such fantasies. A more negative effect of sexual fantasy is that it has been linked with sexual crimes, and indeed sexual offenders often report that they have had fantasies related to their offense. However, such fantasies are also common among those who have not been involved in such criminal acts and non-offenders do not use their fantasies to guide their behaviour. Therefore, fantasy alone cannot be used as a sign that someone will become an offender.
Dreams
Nocturnal emission orgasms or "wet dreams" or "erotic dreams" are when people ejaculate or orgasm during sleep. These occur during REM (rapid eye movement) phases of sleep, which is the main stage when humans dream. This implies that erotic dreams alone are enough to stimulate men, but erections accompany all REM phases. According to self-report data, as many as 22% of young women may also experience orgasm during sleep, with such dreams being more common in college students in higher school years than younger students. The orgasms experienced were positively correlated with high emotionality, including sexual excitement, but also anxiety.
Sexual role-play
Sexual role-play is when people act out characters or scenarios which may sexually stimulate each other. This can include fantasies (discussed above) and fetishes, such as BDSM (bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, sadism and masochism) or age-play. It has been described by some as an adult form of L.A.R.P (live action role-play). Role-play can also be carried out online, by typing stories to each other or pretending to be a character, and is therefore a form of mental stimulation you can engage in with another person without them being physically present. Many adolescents find online role-play pleasurable and arousing.
Role-play can also include sexual fanfiction, where characters from well-known stories, that were not sexually or romantically together in the original story, are written into sexual scenes. Slash fiction is a type of fan fiction where the characters of the same sex (originally male-male) engage in romantic or sexual activities. Slash fiction allows people the freedom to share stimulating things that can be counter-cultural.
See also
Ejaculation
Neuroanatomy of intimacy
Stimulation of the clitoral hood
References
Further reading
Sexology
Human sexuality |
```go
package autopilotrpc
import (
"github.com/btcsuite/btclog"
"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/build"
)
// log is a logger that is initialized with no output filters. This means the
// package will not perform any logging by default until the caller requests
// it.
var log btclog.Logger
// The default amount of logging is none.
func init() {
UseLogger(build.NewSubLogger("ARPC", nil))
}
// DisableLog disables all library log output. Logging output is disabled by
// by default until UseLogger is called.
func DisableLog() {
UseLogger(btclog.Disabled)
}
// UseLogger uses a specified Logger to output package logging info. This
// should be used in preference to SetLogWriter if the caller is also using
// btclog.
func UseLogger(logger btclog.Logger) {
log = logger
}
``` |
Jenő Balogh (14 May 1864 - 15 February 1953) was a Hungarian politician and jurist, who served as Minister of Justice between 1913 and 1917. After the fall of the second István Tisza cabinet (1917) he retired from the politics. He also served as General Secretary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1920 to 1935.
References
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
1864 births
1953 deaths
People from Veszprém County
National Party of Work politicians
Justice ministers of Hungary
Members of the Diet of Hungary
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
People from Austria-Hungary |
Cladocroce pansinii is a species of sponge discovered in 2023 in Vietnam. The species is "rather common in Hạ Long Bay". Samples of the same species may have been collected in Hawaii around 2020.
References
Further reading
Animals described in 2023
Chalinidae |
Transportation in New York City has ranged from strong Dutch authority in the 17th century, expansionism during the industrial era in the 19th century and half of the 20th century, to cronyism during the Robert Moses era. The shape of New York City's transportation system changed as the city did, and the result is an expansive modern-day system of industrial-era infrastructure. New York City, being the most populous city in the United States, has a transportation system which includes one of the largest subway systems in the world; the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel; and an aerial tramway.
Early days
Portions of Broadway were once a part of a primary route of the Lenape people in Pre-Dutch New York. In the 18th century, the principal highway to distant places was the Eastern Post Road. It ran through the East Side, and exited out of what was the northernmost point of Manhattan, in present-day Marble Hill. Bloomingdale Road, later called Western Boulevard and now Broadway, was important for the West Side. According to Homberger, present-day Lafayette Street, Park Row, and St. Nicholas Avenue also follow former Lenape routes. According to Burrow, et al., the Dutch had decided that that Lenape trail which ran the length of Manhattan, or present-day Broadway, would be called the Heere Wegh. The first paved street in New York was authorized by Petrus Stuyvesant (Peter Stuyvesant) in 1658, to be constructed by the inhabitants of Brouwer Street (present-day Stone Street).
Lenape trail routes were not only in Manhattan. Jamaica Avenue, which connects the present-day boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, also runs along a former trail through Jamaica Pass.
The early Dutch city of Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam) took full advantage of the rivers which surrounded the city, foreshadowing the empire that New York's shipping industry would establish two centuries later. According to the Castello Plan, multiple canals and waterways were built, including a very early canal on the present-day Broad Street, which was called the Heere Gracht. According to Burrows, et al., a municipal pier was built on what is now Moore Street, on the East River. The first regional ground transportation that was built out of Nieuw Amsterdam was a "wagon-road" that linked to Nieuw Haarlem (Harlem). It was built in 1658 to encourage development of that town, by order of Petrus Stuyvesant, who saw that Nieuw Haarlem could provide an important measure of defense for Nieuw Amsterdam.
In 1661 the Communipaw ferry was founded and began a long history of trans-Hudson ferry and ultimately rail and road transportation.
19th century
The Province of New-York greatly improved the old Indian trails that had served the colony's earlier masters. Country roads suitable for wagons included the King's Highway in Kings County, two Jamaica Roads through Jamaica Pass, and Boston Post Road.
As new streets were laid out beyond Wall Street, the grid became more regular. The river areas being more useful, their streets were first, with streets parallel and perpendicular to their particular river. Later 18th-century streets in the middle of the island were even more regular, with city blocks longer in the approximately north–south direction than east/west. By the early 19th century, inland urban growth had reached approximately the line of the modern Houston Street, and farther in Greenwich Village. Due to expanding world trade, growth was accelerating, and a commission created a more comprehensive street plan for the remainder of the island.
New York adopted a visionary proposal to develop Manhattan north of 14th Street with a regular street grid, according to the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. This would fundamentally alter the city aesthetically, economically, and geographically. The economic logic underlying the plan – which called for twelve numbered avenues running approximately north and south, and 155 orthogonal cross streets – was that the grid's regularity would provide an efficient means to develop new real estate property and would promote commerce.
Into the midd-19th century, most streets remained unpaved, but tracks allowed smooth public transport by horse cars which were eventually electrified as trolleys. The 1854 Jennings streetcar case abolished racial discrimination in public transit.
Water transport
Water transport grew rapidly in the new century, due in part to technical development under Robert Fulton's steamboat monopoly. Steamboats provided rapid, reliable connections from New York Harbor to other Hudson River and coastal ports, and later local steam ferries allowed commuters to live far from their workplaces. The first steam ferry service in the world began in 1812 between Paulus Hook and Manhattan and reduced the journey time to a then-remarkable 14 minutes.
The completion in 1825 of the upstate Erie Canal, spanning the Hudson River and Lake Erie, made New York the most important connection between Europe and the American interior. The Gowanus Canal and other works were built to handle the increased traffic, all suitable existing shorelines having already been lined with docks. The Morris Canal and Delaware and Raritan Canal were parts of the extensive system of new infrastructure serving the city with coal and other commodities. The Canal Age, however, gave way to a railway age.
New York's ports continued to grow rapidly during and after the Second Industrial Revolution, making the city America's mouth, sucking in manufactured goods and immigrants and spewing forth grains and other raw materials to the developed countries. By the mid-19th century, thanks in part to the introduction of oceanic steamships, more passengers and products came through the Port of New York than all other harbors in the country combined. Conversion to steam brought a large fleet of distinctive New York tugboats.
Streetcars found steam power impractical, and more often progressed directly from horse power to electricity. Suburban electrification involved true trolley cars, but the required overhead wires were forbidden in New York (Manhattan). Traffic congestion and the high cost of conduit current collection impeded streetcar development there.
New York's waterways, so useful in establishing its commerce and power, became obstacles to railroads. Freight cars had to be carried across the harbor by car floats, contributing to harbor traffic already made heavy when many of the great new ocean steamships of the day must be served by lightering due to insufficient dock slips large enough to accommodate them despite the expensive Chelsea Piers.
The Harlem River being not so difficult, three railroads with service to the north agreed to build a common Grand Central Terminal. Disagreement among New Jersey railroad companies foiled efforts to organize a great new rail bridge across the Hudson, so the Pennsylvania Railroad, with its newly acquired Long Island Rail Road subsidiary, built the New York Tunnel Extension for its new Pennsylvania Station, New York. Passengers of the other companies changed to the Pennsylvania, or continued to cross the Hudson by ferries and the Hudson Tubes.
The Gowanus Canal being too small to handle late 19th-century barges, Newtown Creek was similarly canalized, serving among other customers the newly translocated gas works of the newly amalgamated Brooklyn Union Gas company on the Whale Creek tributary. Refineries and chemical factories followed in later decades, intensifying the conversion of Greenpoint, Bushwick, Maspeth and other outlying villages into industrial suburbs, later amalgamated into the City of Greater New York. Greenpoint remained a center of the fuel trade beyond the 20th century.
Workaday purposes were not the only ones pursued on the waters. Mark Twain's Innocents Abroad recounts one of the first cruise ship voyages out of Brooklyn in the 1860s for rich people, while the 1904 General Slocum disaster points out the late 19th- and early 20th-century habit of organizing day excursions for humbler folk. Some trips went to amusement parks or other attractions, and some merely to a dock with a footpath to a meadow for dancing, picnicking and other pleasures made more pleasurable by absence from the hectic, noisy city. Day-trippers visited the Great Falls of the Passaic River and other tourist attractions by railroad and sometimes by organized bicycle tours. Hudson River Day Line was the last company doing regularly scheduled day trips from West 42nd Street; they went out of business in the 1970s.
Brooklyn Bridge
Designed by John Roebling, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first link between Manhattan and the land mass of Long Island. It was notable for size, magnificence and commercial importance. The main span of 1,596' 6" was the longest span of any bridge in the world when it was completed in 1883, a period of time that firmly established the concept of municipal consolidation among the outlying cities and suburbs into what eventually became the City of Greater New York.
The Brooklyn Bridge was opened for use on May 24, 1883. The opening ceremony was attended by several thousand people and many ships were present in the East Bay for the occasion. President Chester A. Arthur and Mayor Franklin Edson crossed the bridge to celebratory cannon fire and were greeted by Brooklyn Mayor Seth Low when they reached the Brooklyn-side tower. Arthur shook hands with Washington Roebling at the latter's home, after the ceremony. Roebling was unable to attend the ceremony (and in fact rarely visited the site again), but held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the bridge opening. Further festivity included the performance of a band, gunfire from ships, and a fireworks display.
On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed what was then the only land passage between Manhattan and Brooklyn. Emily Warren Roebling was the first to cross the bridge. The bridge's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches (. The bridge cost to build (in 1883 dollars) and an estimated number of 27 people died during its construction.
Other East River bridges, which would be built soon after, included the Williamsburg Bridge (1903), the Queensboro Bridge (1909), and Manhattan Bridge (1909).
Rails
Steam railroads, started in places less generously endowed with waterways, soon reached New York and became a tool of the rivalry among port cities. New York with its New York Central Railroad came out on top, ensuring the city's continued dominance of the international trade of the interior of the United States. As the West and East sides of Manhattan became more populated, local railroads were elevated or depressed to escape road traffic, and the intercity railroads abandoned their Downtown Manhattan stations on Chambers Street and elsewhere. Soot and an occasional shower of flaming embers from overhead steam locomotives eventually came to be regarded as a nuisance, and the railroads were converted to electric operation. A competitive network of plank roads and surface and elevated railroads sprang up to connect and urbanize Long Island, especially the western parts.
New York was not the first to develop rapid transit in the United States, but soon caught up. Elevated trains, after a modest introduction on 9th Avenue, spread in the 1880s. Originally, elevated railways covered much of Manhattan and western Brooklyn.
The first elevated Manhattan (New York County) line was constructed in 1867-70 by Charles Harvey and his West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway company along Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue (although operations began with cable cars). Later more lines were built on Second, Third and Sixth Avenues. None of these structures remain today, but these lines later shared trackage with subway trains as part of the IRT system.
In Brooklyn (Kings County), elevated railroads were also built by several companies, over Lexington, Myrtle, Third and Fifth Avenues, Fulton Street and Broadway. These also later shared trackage with subway trains, and even operated into the subway, as part of the BRT and BMT. Most of these structures have been dismantled, but some remain in original form, mostly rebuilt and upgraded. These lines were linked to Manhattan by various ferries and later the tracks along the Brooklyn Bridge (which originally had their own line, and were later integrated into the BRT/BMT).
In 1898, New York, Kings and Richmond Counties, and parts of Queens and Westchester Counties and their constituent cities, towns, villages and hamlets were consolidated into the City of Greater New York. During this era the expanded City of New York resolved that it wanted the core of future rapid transit to be underground subways, but realized that no private company was willing to put up the enormous capital required to build beneath the streets.
The City decided to issue rapid transit bonds outside of its regular bonded debt limit and build the subways itself, and contracted with the IRT (which by that time ran the elevated lines in Manhattan) to equip and operate the subways, sharing the profits with the city and guaranteeing a fixed five-cent fare later confirmed in the Dual Contracts.
20th century
The first bike lane in the United States having been established by the City of Brooklyn in 1894, Cycling in New York City grew rapidly early in the 20th century. However, ever more advanced technology soon brought faster vehicles to the fore.
Air transport
Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia promoted an airport in Brooklyn and two larger ones in Queens – one named after him, and one named after late President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. The Queens airports grew and prospered in later decades, but the Floyd Bennett Field eventually was closed to regular passenger service.
Automotive transport
John D. Hertz started the Yellow Cab Company in 1915, which operated hireable vehicles in a number of cities including New York. Hertz painted his cabs yellow after he had read a study that identified yellow as being the most visible color from a long distance.
In the late 1910s, Mayor John Francis Hylan authorized a system of "emergency bus lines" managed by the Department of Plant and Structures. These were eventually ruled illegal by the courts, and those that continued to operate obtained franchises from the city.
The increased use of private automobiles greatly affected all transportation projects built more or less after 1930. In 1927, the Holland Tunnel, built under the Hudson River, was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel in the world. The Lincoln and Holland tunnels were built instead of bridges to allow free passage of large passenger and cargo ships in the port, which were still critical for New York City's industry through the early- to mid-20th century. Other 20th-century bridges and tunnels crossed the East River, and the George Washington Bridge was higher up the Hudson.
In 1967, New York City ordered all "medallion taxis" be painted yellow.
Water transport
Early in the 20th century the Department of Dock and Ferries built a series of piers south of 23rd Street to handle the ever-growing traffic of oceanic passenger steamships, which was later called Chelsea Piers.
Hudson River crossings were in the charge of the Port of New York Authority, which also took control of freight piers and built an Inland Freight Terminal in Lower Manhattan. The Port Authority oversaw the transition of the ocean cargo industry from North River break bulk operations to containerization ports, mostly on Newark Bay, built a Downtown truck terminal on Greenwich Street and Midtown bus terminal, and took over the financially ailing Hudson Tubes that carried commuters from Hudson and Essex Counties in New Jersey to Manhattan. Plans for a Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel to replace the declining car float operations of the railroads did not come to fruition; instead, most land freight traffic converted to trucks. The Port Authority also took over and expanded the major airports owned by the Cities of New York and Newark, New Jersey.
During World War II, the New York Port of Embarkation handled about 44% of all personnel and 34% of all cargo shipped out to war.
Subways
Rapid transit expanded more quickly under the Dual Contracts of 1913. The majority of the present-day subway system was either built or improved under these contracts, which built new lines and added tracks and connections to existing lines. The Astoria Line and Flushing Line were built at this time. Under the terms of Contracts 3 and 4, the city would build new subway and elevated lines, and rehabilitate and expand certain existing elevated lines, and lease them to the private companies for operation. The cost would be borne more-or-less equally by the city and the companies.
Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia presided over the construction of the Independent Subway System started by his predecessors. The city, bolstered by political claims that the private companies were reaping profits at taxpayer expense, determined that it would build, equip and operate a new system itself, with private investment and without sharing the profits with private entities. This led to the building of the Independent City-Owned Subway (ICOS), sometimes called the Independent Subway System (ISS), the Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad, or simply The Eighth Avenue Subway after the location of its premier Manhattan mainline. After the city acquired the BMT and IRT in 1940, the Independent lines were dubbed the IND to follow the three-letter initialisms of the other systems. The original IND system, consisting of the Eighth Avenue mainline and the 6th Avenue, Concourse, Culver, and Queens Boulevard branch lines, was entirely underground in the four boroughs that it served, with the exception of the Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue stations on the Culver Viaduct over the Gowanus Canal in Gowanus, Brooklyn.
Construction of new subways came to a virtual standstill between the 1950s and the 2000s, with proposed expansions being first deferred and then scaled back.
The originally planned IND system was built to the completion of its original plans after World War II ended, but the system then entered an era of deferred maintenance in which infrastructure was allowed to deteriorate. In 1951 a half-billion dollar bond issue was passed to build the Second Avenue Subway, but money from this issue was used for other priorities and the building of short connector lines, namely a ramp extending the IND Culver Line over the ex-BMT Culver Line at Ditmas and McDonald Avenues in Brooklyn (1954), allowing IND subway service to operate to Coney Island for the first time, the 60th Street Tunnel Connection (1955), linking the BMT Broadway Line to the IND Queens Boulevard Line, and the Chrystie Street Connection (1967), linking the BMT line via the Manhattan Bridge to the IND Sixth Avenue Line.
Soon after, the city entered a fiscal crisis. Construction (and even maintenance of existing lines) was deferred, and graffiti and crime were at all-time highs. Meanwhile, trains always broke down and were poorly maintained and often late, while ridership declined by the millions each year. Closures of elevated lines continued. These closures included the entire IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan (1955) and the Bronx (1973), as well as the BMT Lexington Avenue Line (1950), much of the remainder of the BMT Fulton Street Line (1956), the downtown Brooklyn part of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line (1969) and the BMT Culver Shuttle (1975), all in Brooklyn. Only a few parts of the massive, 1968-era Program for Action were ever opened: the Archer Avenue Lines and 63rd Street Lines were the only parts of the subway to open under the Program, having been inaugurated in the late 1980s.
Robert Moses era
Mayor La Guardia appointed a dynamic young Robert Moses as Commissioner of Parks who, in the West Side Improvement, separated the freight service of the West Side Line from street life, to the benefit of parks. Later, Moses extended parkways beyond previous limits. After 1950 the federal government's priority shifted to freeways, and Moses applied his usual vigor to that kind of construction.
A catalyst for expressways and suburbs, but a nemesis for environmentalists and politicians alike, Robert Moses was a critical figure in reshaping the very surface of New York, adapting it to the changed methods of transportation after 1930. Beyond designing a series of limited-access parkways in four boroughs, which were originally designed to connect New York City to its more rural suburbs, Moses also conceived and established numerous public institutions, large-scale parks, and more. With one exception, Moses had conceptualized and planned every single highway, parkway, expressway, tunnel or other major road in and around New York City; that exception being the East River Drive. All 416 miles of parkway were also designed by Moses. Between 1931 and 1968, seven bridges were built between Manhattan and the surrounding land, including the Triborough Bridge, and the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connecting Brooklyn and Staten Island, was the longest suspension bridge in the world when it was completed in 1964. In addition, Moses was critical in designing several tunnels around the city; these included the Queens Midtown Tunnel, which was the largest non-Federal project in 1940, and the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel in 1950.
Late 20th century
In the 1960s the State took over two financially ailing suburban commuter railroads and merged them, along with the subways and various Moses-era agencies, into what was later named the MTA. In the 1970s, the modern New York Passenger Ship Terminal replaced the Chelsea Piers that were rendered obsolete by new, larger passenger liners.
21st century
Since the early 2000s, many proposals for expanding or improving the New York City transit system have been in various stages of discussion, planning, or initial funding. As part of PlaNYC 2030, a long-term plan to manage New York City's environmental sustainability, Mayor Michael Bloomberg released several proposals to increase mass transit usage and improve overall transportation infrastructure.
The two major airports in the city are being improved. LaGuardia Airport started a renovation in the spring of 2016, with the entire redevelopment scheduled to be completed by 2024. Terminals are being demolished, and others located so that they are connected to the main building via bridges over the taxiways. John F. Kennedy International Airport is also undergoing a redevelopment, one of the largest airport reconstruction projects in the world. In recent years, Terminals 1, 4, 5, and 8 have been reconstructed. In January 2007, the Port Authority approved plans for the $78.5 million purchase of a lease of Stewart Airport in Newburgh, New York with plans to use it to add capacity.
The subway has also received several major expansions. The Fulton Center, a $1.4 billion project near the World Trade Center that improved access to and connections between PATH and subway routes around the Fulton Street station, began construction in 2005, and it opened in November 2014. The adjacent World Trade Center Transportation Hub for the PATH, began construction in late 2005 and opened on March 4, 2016, at a cost of $3.74 billion. The 7 Subway Extension extended the from Times Square to the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center/Hudson Yards area at the 34th Street station. Tunnel construction began in 2008, and service began on September 13, 2015. Finally, the Second Avenue Subway, a new north–south line, was proposed to run from the 125th Street station in Harlem to Hanover Square in lower Manhattan. The first phase, from Lexington Avenue–63rd Street to 96th Street, opened on January 1, 2017.
There have also been efforts to rebuild and improve commuter rail. The Moynihan Station project would expand Penn Station into the James Farley Post Office building across the street; the first phase, consisting of the west end concourse, opened in June 2017. Ground for the second phase was broken in August 2017, and Moynihan Train Hall opened in January 2021. East Side Access project, opened in January 2023, routes some Long Island Rail Road trains to Grand Central Madison instead of Penn Station. The Gateway Project, set for completion by 2026, will add a second pair of railroad tracks under the Hudson River, connecting an expanded Penn Station to NJ Transit and Amtrak lines. This project is a successor to a similar one called Access to the Region's Core, which was canceled in October 2010 by New Jersey Governor Chris Christie. One unfulfilled proposal was the Lower Manhattan–Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project, which would have created a new LIRR line from John F. Kennedy International Airport to Lower Manhattan by way of Jamaica Station, but was halted indefinitely in 2008.
Although New York City does not have light rail, a few proposals exist. The most viable of the planned light rail routes is the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, a streetcar route proposed for the western shore of Long Island, which was officially endorsed by the city in 2016 and is planned for completion after 2024. There are plans to convert 42nd Street into a light rail transit mall that would be closed to all vehicles except emergency vehicles. The idea was previously planned in the early 1990s, and was approved by the City Council in 1994, but stalled due to lack of funds, and is opposed by the city government because it was parallel to the Flushing/42nd Street subway line (). Staten Island light rail proposals for the North and West Shores have found political support from Senator Charles Schumer and local political and business leaders, but remain unfunded. Brooklyn Historic Railway Association is also planning light rail in Red Hook, Brooklyn.
Bloomberg's other proposals included the implementation of bus rapid transit, the reopening of closed LIRR and Metro-North stations, new ferry routes, better access for cyclists, pedestrians and intermodal transfers, and a congestion pricing zone for Manhattan south of 86th Street. The bus rapid transit system, Select Bus Service, started operating in 2008. The city's cycling network was expanded and Citi Bike, a citywide bike share, was opened in 2013. NYC Ferry, a citywide ferry system, began running its first routes in May 2017. Penn Station Access, which would reopen several Metro-North stations in Manhattan and the Bronx, was given consideration in the MTA's 2015–2019 Capital Program, but cannot be implemented until after East Side Access is completed.
Although Bloomberg's congestion pricing plan was initially shot down in 2008, Governor Andrew Cuomo gave the idea renewed consideration in 2017. Cuomo appointed an advisory panel, which in January 2018 released recommendations for a congestion pricing plan.
The Regional Plan Association released its fourth Regional Plan in November 2017, twenty-one years after its previous Regional Plan had been published. One of the components of the fourth plan was four lists of suggestions on how to improve the city's transit system. The first list entailed improving regional transport by constructing a new bus station under the Javits Center; digging extra railroad tunnels under the East and Hudson Rivers; renovating and expanding Penn Station; and combining the Metro-North, LIRR, and NJ Transit railroads. The second list, relating to the subway system, included constructing eight subway lines; renovating subway stations to include such amenities as elevators and platform screen doors; and the automation of the New York City Subway. The third list covered vehicle transport, and suggested expanding light rail and bus rapid transit; converting streets to be more pedestrian-friendly; adding more ridesharing company service; improving highway capacity; and demolishing or covering highways that negatively affect nearby neighborhoods. The fourth list dealt with national and international transit, and detailed modernizing JFK and Newark Airports; expanding seaports and freight railroads, and
making the Northeast Corridor into a fast, reliable railroad route. The RPA has historically published many proposals that have been implemented, unlike other regional planning associations, whose plans are typically ignored.
References |
Gunther Hartmann (born 7 December 1966 in Leutkirch) is a German immunologist and clinical pharmacologist. Since 2007 he has been the Director of the Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology at the University Hospital of the University of Bonn.
Career
In 1986, Hartmann graduated from Salvator College Catholic High School in Bad Wurzach and then began his medical studies at the Medical School of the University of Ulm. He earned his medical degree there in 1994 from the Department of Clinical Genetics and then became a clinical fellow at the Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1998, he joined the lab of Arthur Krieg at the University of Iowa as a postdoctoral researcher. Then in 2001, he completed his habilitation degree in Clinical Pharmacology at LMU Munich.
Hartmann's group has long been interested in understanding how the innate immune system recognizes foreign nucleic acids, to protect against threats from viruses and pathogens. This work began when he was a postdoc in Munich. In the Krieg lab in Iowa, he characterized the CpG motif in DNA that is detected by human Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and then back in Munich he studied the immunobiological consequences of TLR9 activation. First in Munich and then in Bonn, his group went on to study RNA recognition by TLR7, specifically the TLR7-mediated detection of short interfering RNAs (siRNA). Along these lines, the Hartmann group has studied RIG-I as a sensor for cytosolic RNA, and identified blunt-ended double-stranded RNA with a 5´-triphosphate as the RIG-I ligand. In addition, the group has also studied the recognition of cytosolic double-stranded DNA by the cGAS/STING pathway.
In 2005, Hartmann was made head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology at the University Hospital Bonn (UKB), and in 2007, he was appointed Professor and Director of the Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology including the Central Laboratory at the UKB. Since 2009, he has been a member of the expert committee on Cancer Therapy Trials at the German Cancer Aid organization.
He is the founding and current spokesperson for the ImmunoSensation Cluster of Excellence, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) starting in November 2012 and renewed in 2019. He has served as president of the international Oligonucleotide Therapeutic Society (2011–12). In 2012, Hartmann was awarded the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize by the DFG in recognition of his work on the detection of nucleic acids by the immune system. In 2016, he was appointed Vice Dean of Research for the Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn. Beginning in 2018, he is serving as the spokesperson for the Collaborative Research Center/Transregio grant “Nucleic Acid Immunity”, funded by the DFG. In addition, Hartmann was one of the founders of a spin-off company (Rigontec GmbH) developing 5'-triphosphate RNAs to target RIG-I, which was acquired by Merck & Co. in 2017.
Honors
2000: "Young Master" of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology
2000: Paul Martini Prize
2004: Georg Heberer Award of the Chiles Foundation in Portland
2004: Ludwig Heilmeyer Award
2004: Biofuture Award of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research
2007: Wilhelm Vaillant Prize for Medical Research
2009: GoBio Prize of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research
2011: Dr. Friedrich Sasse Medal in gold of the Berlin Medical Society
2012: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
2013: Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
References
External links
Gunther Hartmann's CV (PDF)
List of publications (PDF; 142 kB)
Homepage of the Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology at the University of Bonn
1966 births
Living people
People from Leutkirch im Allgäu
German pharmacologists
Clinical pharmacologists
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
20th-century German physicians
21st-century German physicians |
In crystalline materials, Umklapp scattering (also U-process or Umklapp process) is a scattering process that results in a wave vector (usually written k) which falls outside the first Brillouin zone. If a material is periodic, it has a Brillouin zone, and any point outside the first Brillouin zone can also be expressed as a point inside the zone. So, the wave vector is then mathematically transformed to a point inside the first Brillouin zone. This transformation allows for scattering processes which would otherwise violate the conservation of momentum: two wave vectors pointing to the right can combine to create a wave vector that points to the left. This non-conservation is why crystal momentum is not a true momentum.
Examples include electron-lattice potential scattering or an anharmonic phonon-phonon (or electron-phonon) scattering process, reflecting an electronic state or creating a phonon with a momentum k-vector outside the first Brillouin zone. Umklapp scattering is one process limiting the thermal conductivity in crystalline materials, the others being phonon scattering on crystal defects and at the surface of the sample.
The left panel of Figure 1 schematically shows the possible scattering processes of two incoming phonons with wave-vectors (k-vectors) k1 and k2 (red) creating one outgoing phonon with a wave vector k3 (blue). As long as the sum of k1 and k2 stay inside the first Brillouin zone (grey squares), k3 is the sum of the former two, thus conserving phonon momentum. This process is called normal scattering (N-process).
With increasing phonon momentum and thus larger wave vectors k1 and k2, their sum might point outside the first Brillouin zone (k'3). As shown in the right panel of Figure 1, k-vectors outside the first Brillouin zone are physically equivalent to vectors inside it and can be mathematically transformed into each other by the addition of a reciprocal lattice vector G. These processes are called Umklapp scattering and change the total phonon momentum.
Umklapp scattering is the dominant process for electrical resistivity at low temperatures for low defect crystals (as opposed to phonon-electron scattering, which dominates at high temperatures, and high-defect lattices which lead to scattering at any temperature.)
Umklapp scattering is the dominant process for thermal resistivity at high temperatures for low defect crystals. The thermal conductivity for an insulating crystal where the U-processes are dominant has 1/T dependence.
History
The name derives from the German word umklappen (to turn over). Rudolf Peierls, in his autobiography Bird of Passage states he was the originator of this phrase and coined it during his 1929 crystal lattice studies under the tutelage of Wolfgang Pauli. Peierls wrote, "…I used the German term Umklapp (flip-over) and this rather ugly word has remained in use…".
The term Umklapp appears in the 1920 paper of Wilhelm Lenz's seed paper of the Ising model.
See also
Sampling theorem
References
Scattering |
Hevesaranyos is a village in Heves County, Hungary.
References
Populated places in Heves County |
4045 Lowengrub, provisional designation , is a dark Alauda asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1953, by astronomers during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American mathematician Morton Lowengrub, dean at Indiana University and one of the fathers of the WIYN Observatory.
Orbit and classification
Lowengrub is a member of the Alauda family (), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702 Alauda.
It orbits the Sun in the outermost main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,121 days; semi-major axis of 3.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as at Uccle Observatory in November 1948, almost five years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe.
Physical characteristics
Lowengrub is an assumed C-type asteroid.
Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Lowengrub was reported in 1996 and obtained from
photometric observations by group of French astronomers in the early 1990s. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.764 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.40 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lowengrub measures between 29.61 and 37.07 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.062.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 32.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.17.
Naming
This minor planet was named after American mathematician Morton Lowengrub, dean, professor and administrator at Indiana University. The naming took place on the occasion of the completion of the WIYN Observatory with its 3.5-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Lowengrub was instrumental for the planning and construction of the WIYN and was a charter member of the WIYN Board of Governors
Lowengrub has authored several books on mathematics including "Crack problems in the classical theory of elasticity" (1969) together with Scottish mathematician Ian Sneddon. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 May 1995 ().
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
004045
004045
Named minor planets
19530909 |
```yaml
sample:
name: SM351LT Magnetoresistive Sensor Example
tests:
sample.sensor.sm351lt:
harness: sensor
tags:
- samples
- sensor
depends_on:
- gpio
- sm351lt
``` |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
// Code generated by lister-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package v1alpha1
// ImageReviewListerExpansion allows custom methods to be added to
// ImageReviewLister.
type ImageReviewListerExpansion interface{}
``` |
Kuokkel mining field (Swedish:Kuokelgruvan) is an abandoned open pit mine in the vicinity of Kopparåsen railway station on the Iron Ore Line in Kiruna municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden. The mine field was once used to mine Chalcocite (Cu2S), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), and Sphalerite ((Zn, Fe)S).
History
On the information plate found on the path to the mine field, the following information is given:
The above-mentioned accident has hit the brothers named "Jansson" in one of the mines which seems to have led to their death.
Gallery
References
Norrbotten County
Former mines in Sweden |
Tann is a town in the district of Fulda, in Hesse, Germany. It is situated in the Rhön Mountains, 27 km northeast of Fulda. It is an accredited Spa town at the Ulster River.
Mayors
Karl Hilgen (SPD) till 1983
Wolfgang Schwake (CDU) till 1989
Dieter Herchenhan] (SPD) till 2001
Markus Meysner (CDU) till 2013
Mario Dänner (independent) since 2013
Buildings
Sons and daughters of the town
Johann Ludwig Klüber (1762-1837), state lawyer and writer
Personalities who have worked on the spot
Johann Michael Bach (musician at Wuppertal) (1745-1820), a member of the musical Bach family. Worked in Tann as a church musician (1786 to ca. 1795)
Sebastian Kehl (born 1980, Fulda), grew up in the district Lahrbach, professional football player (Borussia Dortmund
References
Fulda (district)
Rhön Mountains
Towns in Hesse |
The Polapare River () is a river of Sumba Barat Daya Regency in the island of Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The length of the river is 18 km. Offshore of the river mouth are the islands of Baholokmonegoro and Barenggemonokodi; Malondobara Island is 1¼ km to the west.
Geography
The river flows along the southwestern area of Sumba with predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system). The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 28 °C, and the coldest is March, at 23 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2377 mm The wettest month is January, with an average of 444 mm rainfall, and the driest is August, with 15 mm rainfall.
Uses
The Polapare River is developed to be a microhydro energy source.
See also
List of drainage basins of Indonesia
List of rivers of Indonesia
List of rivers of Lesser Sunda Islands
References
Rivers of Sumba
Drainage basins of Sumba |
The discography of British singer Sting. Born Gordon Sumner in 1951, he was a member of the jazz group Last Exit, who released a cassette album in 1975. With The Police (1977-1986, occasional reunions thereafter), Sting sold over 100 million records and singles. As a solo performer, he has released 15 albums between 1985 and 2021, most of which have sold millions of copies worldwide.
Albums
Studio albums
Collaboration albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
As featured artist
Other appearances
Notes
References
External links
Official discography of Sting
Rock music discographies
Discographies of British artists
Folk music discographies
Pop music discographies
Discography |
The CECRI (Centre d'Etude des Crises et Conflits Internationaux) is a research centre at University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium.
Its central aim is to provide analyses and to conduct academic research on contemporary international crises and conflicts.
It currently hosts 19 research members, plus associates, and the current head is Prof. Amine Ait-Chaalal.
Research
Research at CECRI is organized around three topics:
Memory and conflict resolution
International management of the conflicts in the 21st century
Powers on the international scene: geopolitics and foreign policy
These research programmes are launched for a renewable period of five years. They guide the priorities of the CECRI's activity at every level (publication, networks, teaching...).
Teaching
As a part of the School of political and social sciences of the faculté des Sciences Politiques, Economiques, Sociales et de Communication of the Université Catholique de Louvain, CECRI plays a role in the formation of the students in international relations.
Master in political sciences: international relations
Diplomacy and conflict resolution
Humanitarian action (NOHA master)
Certificate in international relations and conflict analysis (e-learning)
Doctoral school and CECRI's seminars
Preparation for the Belgian diplomatic competitive examination
Partnerships and international networks
The CECRI is involved in the networks on international relations.
CISMOC (Centre interdisciplinaire d'étude de l'Islam dans le monde contemporain)
CERMAC (Centre d'étude et de recherche sur le monde arabe contemporain)
Inbev - Baillet Latour chairs dedicated to the study of Russia and China
NOHA (Network on Humanitarian Action)
ROP (Francophone Research network on peace operations)
External links
CECRI website
Research institutes in Belgium
Political research institutes
Université catholique de Louvain |
The list of shipwrecks in March 1852 includes ships sunk, foundered, wrecked, grounded, or otherwise lost during March 1852.
1 March
2 March
3 March
4 March
5 March
6 March
7 March
8 March
9 March
10 March
11 March
12 March
13 March
14 March
15 March
16 March
17 March
18 March
19 March
20 March
21 March
22 March
23 March
24 March
25 March
26 March
27 March
28 March
29 March
30 March
31 March
Unknown date
References
1852-03 |
Brussels Sound Revolution was a Belgian new beat band who had a novelty song hit in their home country with the 45 tours single Qui...? (1989), which featured samples of the speech Belgian former Prime Minister Paul Vanden Boeynants gave after he had been kidnapped by the gang of Patrick Haemers that year.
History
Brussels Sound Revolution was a project by Paul Denoy, the former bass player of the bands Marine, Snowy Red and La Muerte, and producer Jacky Maurer. The group released one single, Qui...? based on the kidnapping of Paul Vanden Boeynants on January 14, 1989. After a month, on February 13, the kidnappers, Patrick Haemers, Philippe Lacroix, Kapllan Murat, Marc Van Dam and Denise Tyack were arrested and Vanden Boeynants was freed without severe harm. He organized a press conference in which he explained what happened during his kidnapping, mentioning that he was angry when his trademark pipe had been stolen, leading to the question: Qui m'a enlevé ma pipe? (Who has taken my pipe?). Denoy and Maurer felt it would be funny to sample parts of Vanden Boeynants' speech and make a song about it in the style of the internationally popular new beat genre. They named their group Brussels Sound Revolution, which shared the same initials as the Brigade Spéciales de Recherche, the police corps who arrested the criminals. The song was called Qui...?, after the recurring refrain. It became a hit in Belgium, received its own music video and sold over 50.000 copies. Vanden Boeynants let the song be, but still asked publicity rights through his lawyer.
Brussels Sound Revolution also recorded a song called C'est Moi, which sampled parts of Patrick Haemers' press conference speech, but this was not a success.
Discography
Pump Up The Twist (1989) (A remix of various twist songs, such as The Twist, Surfin' Bird and Be-Bop-A-Lula).
Qui...? (1989)
La Danse des Canards/ De Vogeltjesdans (1990) (A remix of the Chicken Dance)
See also
Qui...?
Sources
External links
https://www.discogs.com/artist/133192-Brussels-Sound-Revolution
Belgian electronic music groups
Belgian dance music groups
Belgian new beat music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1990 |
The Miraculous Medal (), also known as the Medal of Our Lady of Graces, is a devotional medal, the design of which was originated by Catherine Labouré following her apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal of Paris, France. It was made by goldsmith Adrien Vachette.
According to the teaching of the Catholic Church, the use of sacramentals such as this medal prepares people to receive grace and disposes them to cooperate with it.
Background
Catherine Labouré stated that on 18 July 1830, the eve of the feast of Saint Vincent de Paul, she woke up after hearing the voice of a child calling her to the chapel, where she heard the Virgin Mary say to her, "God wishes to charge you with a mission. You will be contradicted, but do not fear; you will have the grace to do what is necessary. Tell your spiritual director all that passes within you. Times are evil in France and in the world."
On 27 November 1830, Catherine reported that the Blessed Mother returned during evening meditations. She displayed herself inside an oval frame, standing upon a globe. She wore many rings set with gems that shone rays of light over the globe. Around the margin of the frame appeared the words ("O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee").
As Catherine watched, the frame seemed to rotate, showing a circle of twelve stars, a large letter M surmounted by a cross, and the stylized Sacred Heart of Jesus crowned with thorns and Immaculate Heart of Mary pierced with a sword. Asked why some of the gems did not shed light, Mary reportedly replied, "Those are the graces for which people forget to ask." Sister Catherine then heard the Virgin Mary ask her to take these images to her father confessor, telling him that they should be put on medallions, and saying "All who wear them will receive great graces."
Sister Catherine did so, and after two years of investigation and observation of Catherine's ordinary daily behavior, the priest took the information to his archbishop without revealing Catherine's identity. The request was approved and medallions were designed and produced through goldsmith Adrien Vachette.
The chapel in which Saint Catherine experienced her visions is located at the mother house of the Daughters of Charity in Rue du Bac, Paris. The incorrupt bodies of Saint Catherine Labouré and Saint Louise de Marillac, a co-founder of the Congregation of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, are interred in the chapel, which continues to receive daily visits from Catholic pilgrims today.
Pope John Paul II used a slight variation of the reverse image as his coat of arms, the Marian Cross, a plain cross with an M underneath the right-hand bar (which signified the Blessed Virgin at the foot of the Cross when Jesus was being crucified).
Properties of the medal
Front side:
Mary stands on the earth, crushing a serpent beneath her feet. Describing the original vision, Catherine said the Blessed Mother appeared radiant as a sunrise, "in all her perfect beauty".
Rays shine forth from Mary's hands. She told Catherine these "symbolize the graces I shed upon those who ask for them."
Words from the vision, originally in French, form an oval frame around the image: "O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee."
Reverse side:
A cross-and-bar surmount a large, bold "M".
Twelve stars mark the perimeter.
Two hearts are depicted underneath the "M", the left encircled with a crown of thorns, the right pierced by a sword. From each, a flame emanates from the top.
Symbolism
The elements of the design encapsulate major Catholic dogmas concerning Mariology that have been declared official doctrine by the Catholic Church.
Front side:
Mother – Her open arms, the "recourse" believers have in her.
Immaculate – The words, "conceived without sin".
Assumed into Heaven – She stands on the globe, Queen of Heaven and Earth.
Mediatrix – Rays from her hands symbolizing "graces".
Protectrix – Crushes the serpent underfoot to proclaim that Satan and all his followers are helpless before her. (Genesis 3:15).
Reverse side:
The large letter "M" – Mary as Mother, Mediatrix.
Cross and bar – Jesus' Cross of Redemption for mankind. The interlacing of the M and the Cross shows Mary’s close involvement with Jesus, and points to her role as Mediatrix.
12 stars – the Twelve Apostles and the vision of Saint John the Apostle in Revelation 12:1: "And a great sign appeared in heaven: A woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars."
Left Heart – The Sacred Heart of Jesus, Who died for the sins of mankind.
Right Heart – The Immaculate Heart of Mary, who intercedes for sinners.
Flames above both hearts – The burning love both Jesus and Mary have for all people.
See also
Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary
Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal
Marian Cross
Stabat Mater (art)
Saint Benedict Medal
Green Scapular
Fivefold Scapular
Notes
References
Aladel, Jean Marie: The miraculous medal : its origin, history, circulation, results 1880
Marta Ajmar and Catherine Sheffield, The Miraculous Medal. An Immaculate Conception or Not, The Medal 24 (1994), pp. 37–51.
Alma Power-Waters, 2000, St. Catherine Labouré and the Miraculous Medal, Ignatius Press,
Saint Catherine Labouré of the Miraculous Medal, by Joseph I Dirvin, CM, TAN Books and Publishers, Inc, 1958/84.
Association of the Miraculous Medal
Rene Laurentin, Catherine Laboure: Visionary of the Miraculous Medal, Pauline books and Media, Boston, 2006, .
External links
Chapel of the Miraculous Medal – the site of the visitations and the resting place of Saint Catherine
Blessing and Investiture with Miraculous Medal EWTN
Devotional medals
Marian devotions
Marian apparitions
Catholic devotions
1830 establishments in France
1830 in Christianity |
```java
/*
* one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed
* with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*/
package io.camunda.optimize.dto.optimize.importing;
import io.camunda.optimize.dto.optimize.OptimizeDto;
import java.time.OffsetDateTime;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.experimental.Accessors;
@Accessors(chain = true)
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Data
public class DecisionInstanceDto implements OptimizeDto {
private String decisionInstanceId;
private String processDefinitionId;
private String processDefinitionKey;
private String decisionDefinitionId;
private String decisionDefinitionKey;
private String decisionDefinitionVersion;
private OffsetDateTime evaluationDateTime;
private String processInstanceId;
private String rootProcessInstanceId;
private String activityId;
private Double collectResultValue;
private String rootDecisionInstanceId;
private List<InputInstanceDto> inputs = new ArrayList<>();
private List<OutputInstanceDto> outputs = new ArrayList<>();
private Set<String> matchedRules = new HashSet<>();
private String engine;
private String tenantId;
public static final class Fields {
public static final String decisionInstanceId = "decisionInstanceId";
public static final String processDefinitionId = "processDefinitionId";
public static final String processDefinitionKey = "processDefinitionKey";
public static final String decisionDefinitionId = "decisionDefinitionId";
public static final String decisionDefinitionKey = "decisionDefinitionKey";
public static final String decisionDefinitionVersion = "decisionDefinitionVersion";
public static final String evaluationDateTime = "evaluationDateTime";
public static final String processInstanceId = "processInstanceId";
public static final String rootProcessInstanceId = "rootProcessInstanceId";
public static final String activityId = "activityId";
public static final String collectResultValue = "collectResultValue";
public static final String rootDecisionInstanceId = "rootDecisionInstanceId";
public static final String inputs = "inputs";
public static final String outputs = "outputs";
public static final String matchedRules = "matchedRules";
public static final String engine = "engine";
public static final String tenantId = "tenantId";
}
}
``` |
Chase (stylized as Cha$e) is a reality competition show. It aired on Sci Fi in the United States around the same time as Estate of Panic. It is based on the successful Japanese show () which began airing on Fuji Television in June 2004. It was a mid-season replacement for the show Battlestar Galactica.
Hunters
The hunters (who resemble stereotypical Men in Black) in the game are meant to capture the contestants, thus removing them from the game. They are:
Former ECW wrestler Ricky Ortiz was a guest hunter on episode three, which aired November 25, 2008. Ortiz managed to get at least one capture.
Not all of the Hunters get to hunt; one Hunter is selected in some episodes to be a "Spotter", whose job is to drive around the game board in a special vehicle and locate the contestants for the other Hunters, relaying the contestants' position to the others, though they themselves are forbidden from making any captures. The Hunters are forced to ignore the camera crews, and are only allowed to break chase when they see a Runner. The Hunters do not communicate with any of the contestants, except for guest hunter Ortiz who mocked the contestants in his episode.
General format
10 contestants are released onto a playing field (called a "game board" in the context of the show). They are set a series of challenges, called "missions," for which they may earn "utilities" (see below). All the while, they must avoid being tagged by the show's resident hunters, more of whom are introduced onto the board as the game progresses; if tagged by the hunter, the contestant is "captured" and eliminated from the game, without winning any money.
Contestants earn money by finding "money flags" around the game board, each of which is worth bonus money. Each flag is worth $1,000, and there are 25 flags, thus a total of $25,000 available to be found. However, only the one who reaches the "exit point," or finish line, is able to keep the bonus money that he or she has found.
During the game, additional twists may be introduced by the host, such as making it easier for hunters to find contestants for a period of time for failing a mission, offering an opportunity to accept a guaranteed sum of money in exchange for leaving the game, or declaring a certain area of the game board off-limits.
The missions given to contestants at various parts of the game allow the participants to acquire defensive devices to negate the attacks of a hunter(s). Once the host initiates the mission, the contestants have a certain amount of time to locate the area the item is stationed/hidden, and solve the puzzle in order to unlock/obtain it.
The game lasts a total of 60 minutes. Towards the end of that time, the host will reveal the location of an exit point. The first contestant to reach the exit point wins $25,000 in addition to any money flags collected; the others win nothing, unless they accepted a buy-out. If nobody finds the exit point within the 60 minutes, nobody wins.
The host states that the contestants earn money for the amount of time they survive; a close look at the chart on the back of the players' maps shows that the first 10 minutes are worth $100 each, increasing by that much with each 10 minutes, and jumping to $1,000 for each of the final 10 minutes. However, the format of the game renders this game mechanic moot, since only the first player that reaches the exit point wins this money, and after 60 minutes this accumulation comes out to exactly $25,000.
Utilities
The utilities for the show help the contestants avoid being captured by hunters. Each contestant may use each utility one time only. They include:
Runner Pack: This is given to the contestant at the start of the game. It has multiple functions, and stays with the contestant the entire game.
Cell Phone: All contestants are issued a cell phone at the start of the game. This cell phone seems to be an iPhone. This is used to keep the contestants in contact with host Trey Farley and given information on missions as well. As noted in the "Studio Backlot" episode, it can also be used to keep in contact with the other contestants. During certain points in the game the blue button on the phone will supply a direct link to Trey and first one who calls and gets through has the option to drop out for an amount of money. As noted in the "Botanical Gardens" episode, there is also a camera in the phone.
Deflector: This utility forces the hunter it is used on to turn 180 degrees and walk away.
Freeze Ray: The freeze ray forces one hunter to remain in place for one minute.
Invisibility Glasses: When used, these glasses force all hunters to ignore the contestant for two minutes. If, due to a hunter's forward momentum, the hunter tags the player while the glasses are active, that capture is nullified. In addition, once removed, the glasses are deactivated, regardless of remaining invisibility time.
Sonic Stunner: This forces all hunters within earshot at the time of its use to freeze in place for two minutes. As noted in the "Botanical Gardens" episode, once used, it can be used on any hunters the contestant encounters within the following 30 seconds.
Episodes
See also
Manswers another show executive produced by Michael Schelp
References
External links
Syfy original programming
2000s American reality television series
2008 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
Television shows set in Los Angeles
American television series based on Japanese television series
ja:Run for money 逃走中#Cha$e |
Time of Your Life is a Canadian television youth variety show which aired on CBC Television from 1963 to 1965.
Premise
Various types of performances and films were featured in Time of Your Life. Guests included actress Susan Conway and musician Harry Somers who led monthly concert episodes during the debut season. The program's musical director was Paul Hoffert (Lighthouse). Time of Your Life also provided opportunities for emerging television writers.
Scheduling
The first two seasons were broadcast for an hour on Sundays at 2:00 p.m. (Eastern), from 6 January to 30 June 1963, then 5 January to 28 June 1964. The final runs of the program were half-hour episodes on Sundays at 5:30 p.m. from 4 October 1964 to 31 January 1965, then finally from 4 April to 27 June 1965.
References
External links
1963 Canadian television series debuts
1965 Canadian television series endings
CBC Television original programming |
Farah Weheliye Addo (, ), also known as Sindiko (born 1935 or 1940, died November 19, 2008), was a prominent Somali sports administrator.
Biography
Addo hailed from the Harti Abgaal clan. He spent many years in a leadership role in international sports. A former referee, he would later become chairman of the Somali Football Association, the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations, and of the Somali Olympic Committee. Farah was also a former first vice-president of the African Football Confederation (CAF) and an Honorary Member of the organisation.
Addo died on Wednesday November 19, 2008 in Egypt, at the age of 73.
References
2008 deaths
Year of birth uncertain |
Vanadium(III) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula VI3. This paramagnetic solid is generated by the reaction of vanadium powder with iodine at around 500 °C. The black hygroscopic crystals dissolve in water to give green solutions, characteristic of V(III) ions.
The purification of vanadium metal by the chemical transport reaction involving the reversible formation of vanadium(III) iodides in the presence of iodine and its subsequent decomposition to yield pure metal:
2 V + 3 I2 ⇌ 2 VI3
VI3 crystallizes in the motif adopted by bismuth(III) iodide: the iodides are hexagonal-closest packed and the vanadium centers occupy one third of the octahedral holes.
When solid samples are heated, the gas contains VI4, which is probably the volatile vanadium component in the vapor transport method. Thermal decomposition of the triiodide leaves a residue of vanadium(II) iodide:
2 VI3 → VI2 + VI4 ΔH = 36.6 kcal/mol; ΔS = 38.7 e.u.
References
Iodides
Metal halides
Vanadium(III) compounds |
USA-205, also known as Space Tracking and Surveillance System-Advanced Technology Risk Reduction (STSS-ATRR), and previously as Block 2010 Spacecraft Risk Reduction is a satellite formerly operated by the United States Missile Defense Agency. It was launched to demonstrate new technology for missile detection early warning systems (MDEWS). The technology demonstrated on STSS-ATRR was used in the development of the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS) part of the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS).
It was launched on a Delta II 7920-10C launch vehicle from Space Launch Complex 2W (SLC-2W) at the Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in California, at 20:24:25 UTC on 5 May 2009 into a Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). The launch was conducted by United Launch Alliance.
Operational and administrative control of the Space Tracking and Surveillance System-Advanced Technology Risk Reduction (STSS-ATRR) satellite was transferred to Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), effective 31 January 2011. In addition to successfully demonstrating required on orbit system performance parameters for a prototype sensor technology, STSS-ATRR conducted Space Situational Awareness and related operations on an as-capable basis.
References
Spacecraft launched in 2009
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
USA satellites
Early warning satellites |
Kian Gwan () was the largest multinational trading company in Southeast Asia in the early decades of the twentieth century, and was founded in 1863 in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). It survives today as a diversified group in Thailand. and in Indonesia, being nationalized in 1961, as PT Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia (Persero).
History
Founded in 1863 by the self-made businessman Oei Tjie Sien, Kian Gwan began life as a small trading concern in Semarang, capital of Central Java, then in the Dutch East Indies. Oei's son and heir, the tycoon Oei Tiong Ham, took over the management of the company in 1893, and promptly incorporated it as Handel Maatschappij Kian Gwan.
Oei's strategy was gradually to build up dominance in the highly lucrative opium market towards the end of the nineteenth century. This feat was all the more remarkable given the virtual control of the opium monopoly by more established, older concerns with close ties to the 'Cabang Atas', or the old Chinese upper class of colonial Indonesia. The bankruptcy of one of the older concerns in 1889 prompted the colonial government to host an auction to select new opium farmers.
This auction has gone down as one of the most competitive in history, described by the poet Boen Sing Hoo in his Boekoe Sair Binatang ("On Animals", published in 1895) as a real "peperangan diantara raja-raja" ("battle of kings"). It gave the young Oei and Kian Gwan an opportunity to establish themselves as a significant player. Boen's poem describes how the parvenu Oei, whom he calls Anak Sapi (the "Young Ox"), outbid the established Batavia partnership led by Kapitein Loa Tiang Hoei (Boen's Boeaja Emas or "Gold Crocodile") and Kapitein Oey Hok Tjiang.
Having gained control over the opium market of central Java, Kian Gwan went on to corner the sugar market. The company gradually integrated its plantations, mills, shipping lines, banks and complementary enterprises. A fleet of merchant ships was registered in Singapore (as Heap Eng Moh Steamship Co.). One of the employees in Singapore was Lee Hoon Leong, grandfather of the first Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew. This fully integrated chain, as James R. Rush points out, differed from the earlier opium empires and older Chinese concerns, for Oei's main competitors were not other Chinese, but the large European trading companies. Oei's company was also groundbreaking in employing professional personnel, instead of relying completely on family members in the old Chinese way. Only ownership of Kian Gwan rested with the family.
Fate
Oei Tiong Ham died in Singapore in 1924. In his will, he named nine children as heirs, one of whom was Oei Tjong Hauw, whom he appointed to lead Kian-gwan Kongsi. Under Tjong Hauw, OTHC continue to expand, opening a rubber processing plant in Sumatra and an alcohol distillery in Shanghai. Tjong Hauw also led the company to Japan and Indonesia - in this period many assets such as factories were destroyed during World War II. Tjong Hauw died suddenly in 1950.
After Tjong Hauw died, Oei Tjong Tjay led OTHC. He was the youngest son of Oei Tiong Ham and Oei Ing Swie, son of Oei Tjong Hauw. Tjong Tjay, who was 27 at the time, found it difficult to adapt to the business climate in Indonesia, since he was raised abroad and lacked fluency in Indonesian language. Indonesia's uncertain political conditions at the time also made it difficult to expand OTHC; many considered OTHC to be pro-Dutch due to its close relation with the Dutch during the independence war. Notwithstanding, in this period OTHC established many joint venture with local and governmental figures, such as pharmaceutical company, Phapros which was established in 1954. Tjong chose to support the PSI and PNI party, but it the choice would become problematic when PSI figures were arrested and exiled abroad.
Dispute with the Indonesian government, which begins with the prosecution against Bank Indonesia in Amsterdam on OTHC disbursement breakdown in the bank, worsened relations toward the government. In July 1961, the Indonesian government decided to seize the entire assets of OTHC in Indonesia, and in 1964 the state-owned company Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia (RNI) was formed to manage these assets. This incident led to the end of OTHC in Indonesia, although Kian Gwan branches abroad survive under the sons of Oei Tiong Ham. One of the largest overseas branches is Kian Gwan Thailand, led by Oei Tjong Bo (the elder brother of Oei Tjong Tjay) that continues to this day in the field of property and electronic tools distributor.
References
Companies established in 1863
Family of Majoor Oei Tiong Ham
Trading companies established in the 19th century |
Édouard Eugène Onésime Boucheron (10 February 1904 — 2 June 1996) was a French racing cyclist. A professional from 1926 to 1937, he participated in six-day racing.
Road cycling record
1926
Champion de France des aspirants
Limoges-Saint-Léonard-Limoges
3rd place in the Tour de Corrèze
1927
1st place in the Circuit boussaquin
2nd place in the Paris-Épernay race
Track cycling record
1928
Six Days of Paris (with Alessandro Tonani)
Prix du Salon (with Alessandro Tonani)
2nd place in the Six Days of Milan
1929
3rd place in the Six Days of Saint-Étienne
3rd place in the Prix Hourlier-Comès
1930
Prix Dupré-Lapize (with Armand Blanchonnet)
1931
3rd place in the Six Days of Paris
1932
3rd place in the Prix du Salon
1934
3rd place in the Prix Hourlier-Comès
1936
2nd place in the Six Days of Saint-Étienne
1937
3rd place in the Six Days of Saint-Étienne
References
External links
Onesime BOUCHERON at CycleBase
Edouard Eugene Onesime Boucheron at le site du cyclisme (in French)
1904 births
1996 deaths
French male cyclists
French track cyclists
Sportspeople from Loiret |
The manga and anime series Highschool of the Dead features a diverse range of characters designed by Shōji Satō with their storyline written by Daisuke Satō. The series revolves around a pandemic that turns humans into zombies, euphemistically referred to by the main characters as , and the story follows a group of students at Fujimi High School: Takashi Komuro, Rei Miyamoto, Saeko Busujima, Saya Takagi, and Kohta Hirano. Shizuka Marikawa, the high school's nurse, and Alice Maresato, a young girl, join the students as they fight their way to safety through the deadly streets of Japan during a worldwide catastrophic event known as the "Outbreak".
Creation and conception
Daisuke Sato, who has previously worked on various military genre games and manga, which include Imperial Guards, wrote the story which uses the perspective of Japanese high school students and refers to classic zombie apocalypse movies such as Dawn of the Dead. Character design was done by manga artist Shōji Satō whose previous work was mostly self-published titles in the adult genre, and this was his first major non-hentai title.
Masayoshi Tanaka, who also did Ano Hana, Toradora and later Waiting in the Summer, served as the Chief Animation Director and Character Designer for the anime adaptation. Series Director Tetsurō Araki, who previously directed Death Note and Black Lagoon, mentioned in a 2010 Dragon Age interview, that he wanted to fill in the anime with many jiggling breast scenes, and that he was aiming for something he would have bought himself in middle school. Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network agrees with the intent: "turns out this show has decided that the one thing the zombie genre was missing were anime boobs." The anime also had a character break the fourth wall: when asked why she is so ditzy, she responds that she was designed that way. Director Steven Foster, in his English dub adaptation, changed Takashi Komuro's character to use more profanity, as well as adding modern references to people such as Sarah Palin.
Main characters
Takashi Komuro
is a 17-year-old second-year student of Fujimi High School and the male protagonist and viewpoint character of the series. He and Rei are childhood friends and also in the same class. When they were children, Rei and Takashi made a promise to get married someday, but because of his indecisiveness, Rei started dating his friend, Hisashi. At the beginning of the series, when he notices the zombies attack the teachers at the front gate he rushes to Rei's side. When Hisashi turns into a zombie, Takashi kills Hisashi with a blow to the head, causing Rei to accuse Takashi of jealousy. Takashi proceeds to leave, admitting to her accusation in his thoughts, but Rei holds him back and apologizes; he responds with a hug.
Although he is not a model student and had to repeat a grade, Takashi shows his resolve to protect his friends and is appointed the leader of the group by his peers. After fighting their way out of school with a baseball bat, Takashi recovers a Smith & Wesson Model 37 pistol from a dead cop, and later uses an Ithaca M37 riot shotgun. When the group visits a police station, he upgrades to a Benelli M4 Super 90 combat shotgun. Although he does not officially have a license, Takashi rides a motorcycle and also drives an Argo ATV.
Rei Miyamoto
is Takashi Komuro's classmate with orange-brown hair and reddish brown eyes. Before the events of the series, Rei made a pinky promise to marry Takashi, but because of his indecisiveness, Rei started dating Hisashi. Rei is upset that Takashi kills Hisashi after he becomes a zombie, but when Takashi proceeds to leave her, she quickly retracts her words and pulls him back. In chapter 12, Rei tells Takashi that girls like guys that are cute and caring. When Takashi replies that he is not either of those she says that's why she likes him and does not want him to be with any other girls. Rei despises Mr. Shido, mainly because Shido held her back a year at school and caused trouble for her father.
At the start of the series, Rei fights with a sharpened broomstick. After visiting Rika's apartment, she upgrades to a Springfield M1A1 Super Match rifle with a bayonet attached.
Character designer Shōji Satō featured Rei and Saeko in cross-over illustrations for his other manga Triage X and the video game Lollipop Chainsaw, where their high school uniforms are available as downloadable content costumes for main character Juliet Starling.
Saeko Busujima
is a third-year student at Fujimi High School with dark violet hair and bright blue eyes. As the president of the school's kendo club Saeko carries a bokken (wooden sword). Saeko is introduced as a calm and collected girl with pride in her skills; she kills an infected student out of mercy. Her father is abroad somewhere for a martial arts tournament.
Saeko confides in Takashi that she was once almost sexually assaulted, but was able to fight back with her bokken and ended up breaking several of the attacker's bones before the police came. Although Takashi says it was self-defense, Saeko counters saying that it is her "raw nature" to take pleasure in inflicting pain and, in that way, she is no different than one of the zombies. She struggles with this part of her character and even considers giving up to "them", until Takashi helps restore her confidence.
Saeko initially uses her bokken to fight, but upgrades to a katana when they stop at a shinto temple and then again at the Takagi estate. After the group visit a police station, Saeko starts carrying a Beretta 92 Vertec handgun on her thigh as a secondary weapon.
Saeko was featured along with Rei in some cross-over illustrations for Triage X and Lollipop Chainsaw, the latter of which features her purple high school uniform as a downloadable content costume.
Saya Takagi
is a second-year student at Fujimi High School with pink hair styled in twin tails. She is the daughter of an influential uyoku dantai (right-wing) politician. A self-proclaimed genius, Saya uses her knowledge and deductive capabilities to help the group escape from harm, being among the first to conclude that "they" were attracted to only sound. Despite coming from a prestigious family, she despised her parents, who she thought had given up on finding her, but reconciles with them during the raid on the family estate.
She detests that her family servants and related people only call her by her last name and never look her in the eyes when speaking to her. The exceptions to this are Kohta, whom she has a strange friendship with, and Takashi, who is her childhood friend. Saya watches over Alice like a guardian and insists Alice say her name using the "-sama" honorific. She scolds anyone who would attempt to tarnish Alice's innocence to any degree.
She uses an electric drill in early chapters of the series, then acquires a Luger P08 pistol. In Chapter 28, Kohta gives her an MP5 in exchange for her Luger.
Kohta Hirano
is a 16-year-old second-year student at Fujimi High School who appears to be just a wimpy overweight guy with glasses, but is actually a gun enthusiast. He credits this to a visit to America, where he trained with a former Delta Force member for a month.
In the beginning of the story, Saya finds Kohta cringing in the hallway as students run about in a panic. They hide in a classroom where Hirano is able to put together a nail gun rifle powered by gas cartridges. Kohta has an unrequited crush on Saya. Kohta provides long-range cover when Takashi rescues Alice Maresato from approaching zombies after Alice's father is killed. At Saya's mansion, Kohta is confronted by some of Takagi's followers who demand that he surrender his weapons, but Kohta refuses saying this is the one thing he was good at and that he wants to protect Saya. The rest of the group, including Saya, support him.
At the shopping mall, Kohta develops feelings for the police officer trainee, Asami Nakaoka, after helping her subdue an angry mall survivor. He spends some quality time with her, and convinces her to join the group. Unfortunately, the friendship is short-lived when Asami becomes trapped while attempting to save a boy in the parking lot. She shouts for Kohta to make it so that she will not become a zombie and cause pain to others around her. Kohta kills her and later finds himself in shock, but he is set straight by Shizuka, who uses a psychology trick of ordering him around like a sergeant.
Kohta uses a variety of firearms; he favors the AR-10 (illegally modified to resemble an SR-25), which he uses to take out targets from a distance. During the raid on the police station, Kohta finds a Suppressed MP5 SFK, but gives it to Saya in exchange for her mom's Luger P08 pistol.
He is based on Kouta Hirano, creator of the Hellsing manga. Hirano himself is aware of the related character, writing in one afterword of Hellsing that "Now if you’ll excuse me, I have to go kill zombies at my high school."
Shizuka Marikawa
is a nurse at Fujimi High School. At the beginning of the story, Marikawa is nearly killed by a student-turned-zombie but is saved by Saeko Busujima. She has a rather ditsy personality, and her large boobs and butt size is often used as a comical element in the story. She is close friends with Rika Minami, who works as a sniper on the prefectural police Special Assault Team, and she even house-sits for her. The group uses Rika's apartment to rest after they escape the high school. Although she is the oldest of the group at age 27, she is emotionally fragile and does not know what will become of her life. She reveals to Takashi Komuro that she is just a temporary school nurse, and that she is still taking classes and training. Despite this, Marikawa has put her knowledge to good use, and even brings Kohta Hirano to his senses after he had mercy-killed Asami Nakaoka. As the only adult in the group, she drives the bus out of the school, and then Rika's military-grade Humvee.
Alice Maresato
is a seven-year-old girl whom Kohta and Takashi rescue from the zombie horde after her father-(a newspaper reporter) is killed by members of a household who would not allow them shelter. She has a generally positive attitude, as Takashi and Saeko comment how she has "done well" in coping with the loss. In some of the chapters, she and Zeke scout the area for the group. In the English dub of the anime, she goes by the name Arisu. According to a bonus chapter, she is the next door neighbor of Takashi's friend, Imamuru.
Other characters
Hisashi Igo
is a second year Fujimi High School student and Rei Miyamoto's classmate and boyfriend; he and Takashi are friends. He refers to the zombies as "them" since they are not quite like the ones seen in movies, and that becomes the name for any zombies the main group encounters in the series. On the way out of class, he is bitten by an infected teacher. After rising as one of "them", Takashi delivers a fatal blow to his head.
Koichi Shido
is the teacher of Class 3A. Rei Miyamoto is disgusted by him and Saeko Busujima says his name with a scowl, which hints of his villainous character, which is affirmed when he leaves behind a student who sprained his ankle and even kicks him back towards a group of pursuing zombies, and says there is no point in keeping weaklings alive. Kohta Hirano affirms that Shido used to allow bullies to beat Kohta up as he watched with glee.
Saya and Saeko comment that Shido's actions are like that of a recruiter for a religious cult. Shido permits the main group to leave the bus except for Shizuka, but Kohta expresses his disapproval of Shido's actions and grazes Shido's face with a nail gun shot. Later on, Shido watches over an orgy among his followers. He finds this behavior acceptable during the group's "free time". Shido declares his followers "angels that will help usher in a new age", but when Yamada disagrees and shows concern for his own family, Shido convinces his followers to eject the "weak link" for the sake of the New World, and they callously throw the teen off the bus and leave him to be eaten by "them".
Koichi Shido is the son of Ichiro Shido, a politician. In the manga, when Koichi's mother dies, he becomes a teacher at Tokonosu where his father is a director, but his father reveals he has an illegitimate son, and forces him to work in the shady family business. One of the dealings involves stopping Rei’s father from investigating the Shido family’s funding; Shido arranges for Rei to be held back a year. When Rei threatens to kill Shido with her bayonet, Shido dares her to do it, but she cannot, as he is not worth the trouble. Soichiro orders Shido and his student followers to leave, and he complies, but a high-altitude nuclear explosion causes both the bus and nearby forklift with a concrete barrier to stall and they collide. He recovers consciousness in time to see the undead horde that advances through the gap in the barrier.
Shido reappears at the entrance to Shintoko Third Elementary School, which is a gathering point for some of the survivors.
Rika Minami
is the chief of first squadron in the prefecture police, and an expert sniper in the Special Assault Team, who, along with the Special Security Team, are deployed to clear the nearby airport of any zombie stragglers and to rescue any survivors. She is friends with Shizuka Marikawa, and lets her house-sit when she goes on assignments. At the airport mission, her partner sacrifices himself by using jet fuel in a tanker to immolate the zombies. She manages to get in contact with Shizuka, who informs her that they "stayed over and borrowed her weapons and things," before the communication is cut by an EMP surge. She is last seen as she returns to the city to find Marikawa.
Zeke
, known in the English anime dub as Zero, is a mixed-breed puppy that joins the group when Takashi rescues Alice. He is named after the Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter plane, which was also nicknamed Zeke by the Allied forces during World War II.
Soichiro Takagi
is Saya's father. He is the leader of a right-wing nationalist group in the Tokonosu district. He showed his leadership to the survivors when he rallies them to kill the zombies in order to save Japanese society from collapsing, and publicly kills his zombified subordinate.
Soichiro seems to be a sword expert: he prefers to use the sword instead of his wife's Luger P08 pistol and has trained with Saeko Busujima's father. Later he entrusts Saeko with a katana made with military-grade steel at an industrial weapons factory. When the zombies breach the estate, he and his troops fight them off. He tells Takashi Komuro to go save Rei's parents, and entrusts Kouta Hirano with protecting Saya. While the Takagis and the rest of the estate survivors fight against the horde, Soichiro comments that they are proud of their daughter and the friends she has made.
Yuriko Takagi
is Saya's mother. She worked in New York City as a Wall Street stock broker until she met and married Soichiro Takagi. The Takagi family fortune rose significantly due to her business connections. When the zombies breach the estate, she gives Saya her Luger P08 pistol, and then proceeds to assist her husband in fighting the horde.
Miku Yuuki
is a second-year Fujimi High student, who schoolmate Morita says is one of the sexiest girls in school. She sides with Koichi Shido when he takes over the bus, and participates in their debauchery. When Yamada questions Shido, Yuuki suggests they kick him off the bus. She also helps Shido enter the Takagi estate by flirting with one of the guards, but is forced to leave after Shido is expelled from the estate. She later appears alongside Shido at the entrance to Shintoko Third Elementary School.
Asami Nakaoka
is a young traffic enforcer for Tokonosu Higashi Police Station; she guards a group of survivors at a nearby mall. She refers to herself in the third-person. Asami's authority quickly wanes amongst the survivors until Kohta Hirano and Takashi Komuro arrive and build up her confidence by giving her a Smith & Wesson Model 37 pistol (the standard-issue firearm for Japanese police officers). She develops a liking for Kohta after he subdues a guy named Shimada who wanted to sexually assault Shizuka Marikawa. Asami later accompanies Takashi to help obtain blood plasma for a sick survivor and is forced to mercy kill one of the mall survivors, Tamaru, when he gets bitten by "them". Asami's superior officer is Matsushima, who leaves for the police station before Takashi and the group arrive. Asami is shocked to find Matsushima who is walking as a zombie. She dejectedly runs to the mall's rooftop but is encouraged by Kohta to go with him and his friends.
When the zombies invade the mall, Asami uses some firecrackers to divert their attention. Shortly after breaking out of the mall with the group, she attempts to save a frightened student trapped on top of a truck in the parking lot. She and Shimada distract the zombies long enough for the student to escape, however Asami herself becomes trapped without any more bullets. Asami shouts that she hates Kohta, although Takashi immediately recognizes and tells Kohta that she is just yelling to attract the zombies so that they can escape. She shouts out one final request for Kohta not to allow her to become a zombie, and Kohta sadly aims his rifle at her head as she salutes goodbye.
Tadashi Miyamoto
is Rei's father and a police officer who first appears in chapter 30. Previously, only his voice was heard on Rei's cellphone in a bad one-way connection. Prior to the outbreak, Miyamoto has been investigating fraud and corruption relating to Koichi Shido's family. When he learned that his daughter Rei was held back a year because of his actions he apologized to Rei but continued his investigation with the goal of arresting the Shidos. Tadashi leaves a message on the whiteboard at the police station for all surviving police to head towards Shintoko Third Elementary School for a scheduled evacuation by the SDF.
Kiriko Miyamoto
is Rei's mother and one of the neighborhood survivors. When she goes out for supplies the neighbors shut her out. Happily, she meets Rei and the group and they head to Shintoko Third Elementary School to join the other survivors. Kiriko has worked as a police officer and was nicknamed Precinct Kiriko for her ferocity. She uses her husband's spear with some apparent expertise.
Reception
Deb Aoki found the manga characters to be interesting with distinct personalities and conflicts, but the fanservice to be utterly ridiculous and distracting. Chris Zimmerman of Comicbookbin.com criticizes the "one-note characters that have undergone little development" in the manga.
Nicoletta Browne of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews found the characters utterly dull and vapid; she wrote that there was "no hope for characters who must be stripped naked to become remotely interesting." Theron Martin of Anime News Network found the character dynamics interesting to watch especially between Kohta Hirano and Saya Takagi, and the "solid give-and-take relationship" between Takashi Komuro and Rei Miyamoto, although Shizuka Marikawa as a busty airhead was disappointing. Marcus Speer of Japanator.com listed Saeko Busujima as an honorable mention in his yearly list for best female characters, and praised her delivery of the phrase .
Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network wrote that the English dub voices were all just fine except for Monica Rial's "nigh-unlistenable high-pitched bimbo voice", and also wrote that Takashi changed from a "soft-spoken, straightforward fellow to a kid who just found out he can drop F-bombs without mom getting angry". Bertschy also criticizes the character design of the girls in the show as "ridiculously-endowed heroines" with "cartoon bombshell bodies" that are "tiresome and feels like it was written by a 13-year old."
Merchandise
The characters of Highschool of the Dead are featured on various merchandise from wall-scroll posters and figurines (some of which have removable clothing) to keychains, wallets, cell phone charms, and T-shirts.
Notes
References
Highschool of the Dead manga
Entire series
Sato, Daisuke, 学園黙示録 HIGHSCHOOL OF THE DEAD (in Japanese). 7 vols. Kadokawa Shoten 2007–present.
Highschool of the Dead (in English). 7 vols. Yen Press 2011–present.
Individual volumes
Highschool of the Dead |
Zvuki Mu is the debut and only internationally released album by the Russian band Zvuki Mu, released in 1989 and produced by Brian Eno.
The album was released in Russia in 1998 with a bonus track. This Russian reissue was rereissued in 2013 on vinyl.
Reception
Spin wrote, "They approach rock music the way a group of aliens might, stumbling over artifacts in a time capsules.".
Track list
The Source of Infection
Crazy Queen
Forgotten Sex
Zero Minus One
Leave Me Alone
Krym
Gadopiatnika
Paper Flowers
Traffic Policeman
Zima (Winter)
Zima (Dance Remix) – bonus track only on Russian CD and vinyl editions.
References
External links
Zvuki Mu at Discogs (list of versions)
1989 albums
Zvuki Mu albums |
Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale; ; 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur; that kingdom being the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned the Chhatrapati of his realm at Raigad Fort.
Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golkonda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil administration with well-structured administrative institutions. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions; and he promoted the use of the Marathi and Sanskrit languages, replacing Persian at court and in his administration. Praised for his chivalrous treatment of women, Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces.
Opinions about Shivaji have varied according to observer and across time; but nearly two centuries after his death he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the Indian independence movement, as many Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus.
Early life
Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri, near the city of Junnar, which is now in Pune district. Scholars disagree on his date of birth; the Government of Maharashtra lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth (Shivaji Jayanti). Shivaji was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai Devi.
Shivaji belonged to a Maratha family of the Bhonsle clan. Shivaji's father, Shahaji Bhonsle, was a Maratha general who served the Deccan Sultanates. His mother was Jijabai, the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed, a Mughal-aligned sardar claiming descent from a Yadav royal family of Devagiri. His paternal grandfather Maloji (1552–1597) was an influential general of Ahmadnagar Sultanate, and was awarded the epithet of "Raja". He was given deshmukhi rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence ().
At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and Golkonda. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshah of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his jagir (fiefdom) at Pune and his small army.
Conflict with Bijapur sultanate
Background and context
In 1636, the Adil Shahi sultanate of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south. The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the Mughal empire. It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the Maratha uplands of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of jagir land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.
Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.
In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained Poona as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in Bangalore by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed Dadoji Kondadeo as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona. Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged the Bijapuri government.
Independent generalship
In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the Torna Fort, taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the illness of Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah, and seized the large treasure he found there. In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including Purandar, Kondhana, and Chakan. He also brought areas east of Pune around Supa, Baramati, and Indapur under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named Rajgad. That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade. After this, Shivaji turned west to the Konkan and took possession of the important town of Kalyan. The Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under the orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.
Shahaji was released in 1649, after the capture of Jinji secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed Chandrarao More, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near the present-day hill station of Mahabaleshwar. The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others—including Sawant of Sawantwadi, Ghorpade of Mudhol, Nimbalkar of Phaltan, Shirke, Mane, and Mohite—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with Deshmukhi rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force. Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude to his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities. He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.
Combat with Afzal Khan
The Bijapur sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young Ali Adil Shah II as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji. In 1657, the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent Afzal Khan, a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple, a holy site for Shivaji's family, and the Vithoba temple at Pandharpur, a major pilgrimage site for Hindus.
Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to Pratapgad fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender. The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.
The two met in a hut in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him, wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand. What transpired is not known with historical certainty, mainly Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed that the two wound up in a physical struggle that proved fatal for Khan. Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji disemboweled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.
In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan, and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner. After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food, and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.
Siege of Panhala
Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji and his army marched towards the Konkan coast and Kolhapur, seizing Panhala fort, and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them, under Rustam Zaman and Fazl Khan, in 1659. In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at Rajapur, and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663.
After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad; Shivaji would retake Panhala in 1673.
Battle of Pavan Khind
Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh, along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.
In the ensuing Battle of Pavan Khind, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad, signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660. Ghod Khind (khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there.
Conflict with the Mughals
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb, the son of the Mughal Emperor and viceroy of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan. Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near Ahmednagar. This was followed by raids in Junnar, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun in cash and 200 horses. Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne, following the illness of the emperor Shah Jahan.
Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat
At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan, with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of Chakan, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls. He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal.
On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp. He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers. In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed. The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to Bengal.
In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji sacked the port city of Surat, a wealthy Mughal trading centre. On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a naval raid on Portuguese-held Basrur in present-day Karnataka, and gained a large plunder.
Treaty of Purandar
The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the Rajput general Jai Singh I with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji. Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.
In the Treaty of Purandar, signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold hun to the Mughals. Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a mansabdar.
Arrest in Agra and escape
In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's planned to send Shivaji to Kandahar, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle. Shivaji took offence, stormed out, and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.
Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision.
Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces. Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance. On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the large baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.
Peace with the Mughals
After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals. Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general Prataprao Gujar, to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam. Sambhaji was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection. Aurangzeb also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying Adil Shahi dynasty; the weakened Sultan Ali Adil Shah II sued for peace and granted the rights of sardeshmukhi and chauthai to Shivaji.
Reconquest
The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji. Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service. The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier. In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and in a span of four months recovered a major portion of the territories that had been surrendered to them.
Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from Mawara-un-Nahr, who was returning from Mecca. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat; this force was defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik.
In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.
Battles of Umrani and Nesari
In 1674, Prataprao Gujar, the sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces), was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.
Shivaji sent a letter to Prataprao, expressing his displeasure and refusing him an audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by this rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind, and was killed in combat. Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, Rajaram, to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by Hambirrao Mohite, as the new sarnaubat. Raigad Fort was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar, as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom.
Coronation
Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or the son of a Bijapuri jagirdar, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals. Such a title would also provide the Hindu Marathas with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.
The preparation for a proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversies delayed the coronation by almost a year. One controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the kshatriya (warrior) varna in Hindu society. Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the vaishya (farmer) varna. They noted that Shivaji had never had a sacred thread ceremony, and did not wear the thread, such as a kshatriya would. Shivaji summoned Gaga Bhatt, a pandit of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the Sisodias, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank. To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya. However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically of Sisodial ancestry, may be seen as being anything from tenuous, at best, to purely inventive.
On 28 May, Shivaji did penance for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread. On the insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji into a modified form of the life of the twice-born, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime. He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and several other articles, such fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along with a lakh of hun, were distributed among the Brahmins. But even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children. He could be cleansed of these sins for a price of Rs. 8,000, which Shivaji paid. The total expenditure for feeding the assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million Rupees.
On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of the Maratha Empire (Hindavi Swaraj) in a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort. In the Hindu calendar it was the 13th day (trayodashi) of the first fortnight of the month of Jyeshtha in the year 1596. Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers—Yamuna, Indus, Ganges, Godavari, Narmada, Krishna, and Kaveri—over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before his mother, Jijabai, and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies. Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era") and Chhatrapati ("sovereign"). He also took the title of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector of the Hindu faith) and Kshatriya Kulavantas: Kshatriya being the varna of Hinduism and meaning the 'head of the , or race'.
Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by being a less controversial ceremony.
Conquest of southern India
Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding Khandesh (October), capturing Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675), Karwar (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July). In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the Siddis of Janjira, but failed to dislodge them. Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676.
In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders. His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding. Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and Gingee; the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son Rajaram I.
Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions on the Mysore plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from his Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shahji's memorial (samadhi).
Death and succession
The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to Panhala in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.
Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50, on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti. The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux, after being sick for 12 days. In a contemporary work in Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax. However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of Sabhasad Bakhar, a biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death. Putalabai, the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed sati by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter. There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife Soyarabai had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son Rajaram on the throne.
After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of Raigad Fort after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July. Rajaram, his mother Soyarabai and wife Janki Bai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of conspiracy that October.
Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath
In 1681, soon after Shivaji's death, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South, to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Adil Shahi of Bijapur, and Qutb Shahi of Golconda. He was successful in obliterating the Adil Shahi and Qutb Shahi dynasties, but could not subdue the Marathas. Better known as the Mughal–Maratha Wars, this campaign nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire, but ended in a strategic defeat and had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb spent 27 years in Deccan, but ultimately failed to achieve his objective of conquering the Marathas, while, draining the Mughal Treasury, and almost irreparably damaging the strength and morale of the Mughal army. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually over a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, plague, and famine. The conflict ended in a defeat for the Mughals in 1707.
This period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, Rajaram, and then Rajaram's widow Tarabai. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas.
Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji, was kept prisoner by Aurangzeb during the 27-year conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle with his aunt Tarabai over the succession, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed Balaji Vishwanath, and later his descendants, as Peshwas (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa Bajirao I and grandson Peshwa Balaji Bajirao.
In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior, and Bhonsales of Nagpur, thus creating the Maratha Confederacy.
Legacy
Shivaji's greatest legacy was laying the foundation for the Maratha Empire, which played a significant role in undermining the military and economic strength and prestige of the Mughal Empire.
Soon after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Marathas started to capture Mughal dominions. By 1734, Marathas were firmly established in Malwa. By 1737 Marathas had carried out raids as far as Bundelkhand, Rajputana, the Doab, and defeated an imperial army outside walls of Delhi. Facing defeat and starvation of his army in 1738, the Nizam of Hyderabad, acting on the authority of the Mughal emperor, recognised Marathas as rulers of Malwa and sovereign of all territories between Narmada and Chambal. Stewart Gordon writes regarding the northward march of Marathas:
In the 1750s, the "frontier" extended north to Delhi. In this period, the Mughal government directly controlled little territory further than fifty miles from the capital. Even this was fiercely fought over. Jats and Rohillas disputed for the territory; factions fought for the throne, and the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Abdali, periodically descended on the capital.
...
For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the Mughal throne.- (Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 Part 4 pp. 138 - 139)
At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from modern-day Maharashtra, in the south, to the Sutlej river, in the north, and to Orissa, in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat to Ahmed Shah Durrani of the Afghan Empire, which is considered a big setback for the Marathas. However, the Marathas soon recovered. Ten years after Panipat, Marathas regained influence in North India during the rule of Madhav Rao II.
In the first half of the 19th century, the British East India Company was increasing its strength in India. Charles Metcalfe, a British official and later acting governor-general, said in 1806:
The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.
Governance
Ashta Pradhan Mandal
The Council of Eight Ministers, or Ashta Pradhan Mandal, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji. It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows:
Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.
Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit
At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a systematic tool of description and understanding. Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and Arabic terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to the production of the Rājavyavahārakośa, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.
Religious policy
Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. While encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments. When Aurangzeb imposed the Jizya tax on non-Muslims on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote an admonishing letter to Aurangzeb criticising his tax policy. He wrote:
Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet Kavi Bhushan stated:
However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India argues that the roots of modern communalism (the antagonism between Hindu and Muslim "communities") first appeared in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680). During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a Capuchin friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."
Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant of different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations, even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with certain other Hindu powers fighting the Mughals, such as the Rajputs. His own army had Muslim leaders from early on. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His naval admiral, Darya Sarang, was a Muslim.
Ramdas
Shivaji was a contemporary of Samarth Ramdas. Historian Stewart Gordon concludes about their relationship:
Seal
Seals were a means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from the beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal. The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."
Shivaji's mode of warfare
Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of Maratha and Kunbi castes. Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals, which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji mastered guerilla tactics which became known as Ganimi Kawa in the Marathi language. His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy. Shivaji refused to confront the enemy in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies into difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them. Shivaji did not adhere to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies, as required by circumstances, such as sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes, and psychological warfare.
Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb and his generals, because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.
Military
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced by Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) and supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.
Hill forts
Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. Ramchandra Amatya, one of Shivaji's ministers, describes the achievement of Shivaji by saying that his empire was created from forts. Shivaji captured important Adilshahi forts at Murambdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana (Sinhagad), and Purandar. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations. In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts, numbering 111 according to some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18." The historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death. Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balances.
Navy
Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty galivats from the Portuguese shipyards of Bassein. Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, although contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160.
With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates"), as well as Muslim mercenaries. Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.
Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them. He built his first marine fort at Sindhudurg, which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy. The navy itself was a coastal navy, focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended for the high seas.
Depictions and interpretations of Shivaji
Shivaji was well known for his strong religious convictions, warrior code of ethics, and exemplary character.
Contemporaneous view
Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers. Contemporary English writers compared him with Alexander, Hannibal, and Julius Caesar. The French traveller Francois Bernier wrote in his Travels in Mughal India:
I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the Capuchin missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.
Mughal depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as (). His chivalrous treatment of enemies and women has been praised by Mughal authors, including Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes:
His chivalry to women and strict enforcement of morality in his camp was a wonder in that age and has extorted the admiration of hostile critics like Khafi Khan.
Early depictions
The earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in the bakhars that depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu king who overthrew Muslim dominion. The current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important for understanding how Shivaji was viewed in his time, they must be correlated with other sources to decide historical truth. Sabhasad Bakhar and 91 Kalami Bakhar are considered the most reliable of all bakhars by scholars.
Nineteenth century
James Grant Duff, a British administrator, published his 3-volume work on History of Marathas in 1863. This work is mostly a chronological sequence of events and more of a political history with little to no insight about other aspects of Maharashtra's history.
In the mid–19th century, Marathi social reformer Jyotirao Phule wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and Dalits. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.
In 1895, the Indian nationalist leader Lokmanya Tilak organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji. He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government. Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero. These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits...?"
One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was M. G. Ranade, whose Rise of the Maratha Power (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."
In 1919, Sarkar published the seminal Shivaji and His Times, hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since James Grant Duff's 1826 A History of the Mahrattas. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji. Likewise, although supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of Afzal Khan as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the Hindu raja Chandrao More and his clan.
In 1937, Dennis Kincaid, a British civil servant in India, published The Grand Rebel. This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal army.
During the independence movement
As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. Jawaharlal Nehru had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, Congress leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist.
At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Mumbai, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.
Post independence
In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the Marathi people.
Political parties
In 1966, the Shiv Sena () political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi-speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power of locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda, and icons of the party.
Shivaji is seen as a hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha-caste-dominated Indian National Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party.
Controversies related to Shivaji's depiction
In the late 20th century, Babasaheb Purandare became one of the most significant authors in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the Shiv-Shahir (). However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overstating the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji, and his Maharashtra Bhushan award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.
In 1993, the Illustrated Weekly published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice", and Shiv Sena called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found that the Illustrated Weekly had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.
In 2003, the American academic James W. Laine published his book Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India to, what Ananya Vajpeyi terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas". As a result of this publication, the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, in Pune, where Laine had done research, was attacked by the Sambhaji Brigade. Laine was even threatened with arrest, and the book was banned in Maharashtra in January 2004. The ban was lifted by the Bombay High Court in 2007, and in July 2010 the Supreme Court of India upheld the lifting of the ban. This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.
Commemorations
Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra, as well as in different places across India.
The headquarters in Mumbai of the Western Railway zone, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in 1996. The busiest airport in Mumbai is named Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport. In 2022, the Indian prime minister unveiled the new ensign of the Indian Navy, which was inspired by the seal of Shivaji.
Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's INS Shivaji station and numerous postage stamps. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building replica forts with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of Diwali, in memory of Shivaji.
A proposal to build a giant memorial called Shiv Smarak was approved in 2016; the memorial is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be tall, which will make it the world's tallest statue when completed. As of August 2021, the project has been stalled since January 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Only the bathymetry survey has been completed, while the geotechnical survey was underway. Consequently, the state public works department proposed extending the completion date by a year, from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.
Sources
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
1630 births
1680 deaths
17th-century Indian monarchs
Marathi people
Indian warriors
Indian Hindus
Hindu nationalists
Hindu monarchs
Maratha emperors
Infectious disease deaths in India
Age controversies
Founding monarchs
Legendary Indian people |
Melchior Broederlam (born Ypres, perhaps 1350; died Ypres?, after 1409) was one of the earliest Early Netherlandish painters to whom surviving works can be confidently attributed. He worked mostly for Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and is documented from 1381 to 1409. Although only a single large pair of panel paintings can confidently be attributed to him, no history of Western painting can neglect his contribution.
Life
His early career included a lengthy stay in Italy, where he adopted a sense of space and use of modelling influenced by Trecento painting. From 1381 he was court painter to Louis de Mâle, Duke of Brabant, and from Louis's death in 1384 worked for his son-in-law and successor, Philip the Bold, although he remained based in Ypres, doing much work, mostly decorative, at Philip's now vanished chateau at Hesdin, which was full of elaborate mechanical devices, of what we might today call a fairground nature, which needed painting. Like many court artists, including Jan van Eyck, he was appointed valet de chambre to the Duke (in 1387), and in 1391 promoted to court painter. He continued to work for Philip's successor John the Fearless, but last appears in the Ducal accounts in 1409.
Dijon panels
Probably his only surviving paintings (as opposed to painted carvings) are the two outsides of the wings for a well-documented carved altarpiece by Jacques de Baerze commissioned by Philip for the charterhouse of Champmol near Dijon, which Broederlam completed in 1399, also gilding and painting the wood carvings inside. This is now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, as is another altarpiece from the same commission, for which he gilded and painted the carved figures; he had apparently also painted outside panels for this, but they are lost. Guild rules usually mandated that carving and painting were performed by members of different guilds.
Broederlam's use of oil paint had a strong impact on the painters of the following generation, including Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck. Both panels include two scenes, with an extensive landscape, and look into pavilion-like buildings in a manner derived from Italy. Although the perspective is far from fully developed, light and shadow are used to create a sense of depth in a very advanced fashion, and the realistic depiction of Saint Joseph was to become characteristic of Netherlandish painting. Although the skies are painted in gold in the Dijon panels, a flying hawk in one shows they are intended as real space. The buildings in the Annunciation combine Romanesque and Gothic areas, probably intended to contrast the Old and New Testaments, in a visual metaphor that was to become characteristic of Eyckian painting. The panels contain much of the contemporary International Gothic but also "announce a new world of naturalism and disguised symbolism that will be further refined in the works of his successors in the Netherlands."
Possible other works
Some other works have been attributed to him or his workshop, but without being generally accepted. In particular six scenes (two panels are painted on both sides) from an altarpiece from Champmol, now equally divided between Antwerp and Baltimore, have often been attributed to him, although iconographic and stylistic details suggest a Mosan origin.
Notes
References
Anne Hagopian van Buren, "Broederlam, Melchior," Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press [accessed 14 April 2008]
Snyder, James; Northern Renaissance Art, 1985, Harry N. Abrams,
Vaughan, Richard; Philip the Bold, The Formation of the Burgundian State, Boydell Press, 2002,
External links
1350s births
1410s deaths
Gothic painters
Early Netherlandish painters
Court painters
Artists from Ypres |
The canton of La Piège au Razès is an administrative division of the Aude department, southern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Bram.
It consists of the following communes:
Alaigne
Baraigne
Belflou
Bellegarde-du-Razès
Belpech
Belvèze-du-Razès
Bram
Brézilhac
Brugairolles
Cahuzac
Cailhau
Cailhavel
Cambieure
La Cassaigne
Cazalrenoux
La Courtète
Cumiès
Donazac
Escueillens-et-Saint-Just-de-Bélengard
Fajac-la-Relenque
Fanjeaux
Fenouillet-du-Razès
Ferran
Fonters-du-Razès
La Force
Gaja-la-Selve
Generville
Gourvieille
Gramazie
Hounoux
Lafage
Lasserre-de-Prouille
Laurabuc
Laurac
Lauraguel
Lignairolles
La Louvière-Lauragais
Malviès
Marquein
Mayreville
Mazerolles-du-Razès
Mézerville
Mireval-Lauragais
Molandier
Molleville
Montauriol
Montgradail
Monthaut
Orsans
Payra-sur-l'Hers
Pech-Luna
Pécharic-et-le-Py
Pexiora
Peyrefitte-sur-l'Hers
Plaigne
Plavilla
Pomy
Ribouisse
Routier
Saint-Amans
Sainte-Camelle
Saint-Gaudéric
Saint-Julien-de-Briola
Saint-Michel-de-Lanès
Saint-Sernin
Salles-sur-l'Hers
Seignalens
Villarzel-du-Razès
Villasavary
Villautou
Villepinte
Villesiscle
References
Cantons of Aude |
47001–47100
|-id=002
| 47002 Harlingten || || Caisey Harlingten (born 1947), Chilean amateur astronomer ||
|-id=005
| 47005 Chengmaolan || || Maolan Cheng (1905–1978), Chinese first director of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences ||
|-id=038
| 47038 Majoni || || Vittore Majoni (1936–2002), Italian electrical engineer, secondary education teacher, and amateur astronomer, charter member of the "Associazione Astronomica Cortina" (), and director of the Helmut Ullrich Astronomical Observatory (Col Drusciè Observatory) ||
|-id=044
| 47044 Mcpainter || || John D. McClusky (1914–1994), American painter and founder of the Fredericksburg Art Guild from Fredericksburg, Texas, near the discovery site ||
|-id=045
| 47045 Seandaniel || || Sean Daniel Cooney (born 2002) is the son of the discoverer Walter R. Cooney Jr. and enjoys star parties with his family ||
|-id=077
| 47077 Yuji || || Yuji Nakamura (born 1956), Japanese amateur astronomer and chemical engineer, discoverer of comet and re-discoverer of comet 122P/de Vico ||
|-id=086
| 47086 Shinseiko || || Shinseiko, Kanagawa prefecture, youngest natural lake of Japan, formed as a result of the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 ||
|}
47101–47200
|-id=144
| 47144 Faulkes || 1999 PY || Dill Faulkes (born 1944), British cosmologist and software tycoon, founder of the Dill Faulkes Educational Trust and the Faulkes Telescope Project ||
|-id=162
| 47162 Chicomendez || || Chico Mendes (1944–1988), Brazilian seringueiro who fought against environmental pollution of the Amazon forest, recipient of the 1987 Global 500 prize from the United Nations Environment Programme ||
|-id=164
| 47164 Ticino || || Ticino, a canton of Switzerland, where the Gnosca Observatory (the discovery site) is located ||
|-id=171
| 47171 Lempo || || Lempo is the ancient Finnish devil who, with the help of his two demon cohorts, Hiisi and Paha, brought down the hero Väinämöinen. Within the trans-Neptunian triple system, the satellite (47171) Lempo I was discovered on 2001 Dec. 8 by C. A. Trujillo and M. E. Brown using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and is named Paha. The primary was identified as a binary by S. D. Benecchi et al. through re-analysis of the HST data originally obtained by Trujillo and Brown. Lempo refers to the larger component of the central binary and Hiisi to the smaller component. ||
|}
47201–47300
|-id=219
| 47219 Heatherkoehler || || Heather Koehler (born 1975) is an aerospace engineer at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. She took the lead in developing NASA's first generation of directional meteoroid models, used in the placement of shielding on many crewed and robotic spacecraft. ||
|-id=293
| 47293 Masamitsu || 1999 WO || Masamitsu Nakamura (born 1965), Japanese amateur astronomer and medical technologist, co-discoverer of comet C/1994 N1 (Nakamura-Nishimura-Machholz) ||
|-id=294
| 47294 Blanský les || || Blanský les (Blanský Forest), a Czech Protected Landscape Area in south Bohemia, dominated by Kleť Mountain ||
|}
47301–47400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
47401–47500
|-id=466
| 47466 Mayatoyoshima || || Maya Toyoshima (born 1991) is a Japanese vocalist and original member of the musical group "Kalafina". ||
|-id=494
| 47494 Gerhardangl || || Gerhard Dangl (born 1959), an Austrian amateur astronomer and teacher ||
|}
47501–47600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
47601–47700
|-id=619
| 47619 Johnpursch || || John Pursch (born 1958) is a long-time computing systems manager of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Department of Planetary Sciences. He has provided critical support for numerous planetary scientists, students and spacecraft missions. He is also known for his award-winning poetry. ||
|-id=620
| 47620 Joeplassmann || || Joe Plassmann (born 1965) is the systems manager for the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Planetary Image Research Laboratory, and manages the ground data processing system for NASA's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. ||
|-id=627
| 47627 Kendomanik || 2000 CX || Ken Domanik (born 1957) is a geologist, experimental petrologist and long-time manager of the Michael J. Drake Electron Microprobe Laboratory at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Renowned for his analytical expertise, he provides invaluable support for numerous scientists and students worldwide. ||
|-id=649
| 47649 Susanbrew || || Susan Brew (born 1951) served as the Program Manager for the University of Arizona and Arizona NASA Space Grant Consortium since the program's inception in 1988. Susan directly supported over 1 \, 300 STEM leaders, mentors and affiliates and her work has positively impacted the lives of countless others. ||
|}
47701–47800
|-id=707
| 47707 Jamieson || || Harry D. Jamieson (born 1945) was one of the leading lights of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers in the 1960–2000 period, alternately serving as a Lunar Recorder, board member, Membership Secretary and then Director (1998–2000). During this time he organized their Lunar Dome program. ||
|-id=708
| 47708 Jimhamilton || || Jim Hamilton (1947–2021), an American amateur astronomer who lived in Caballo, New Mexico. ||
|-id=775
| 47775 Johnanderson || || John William Anderson (born 1953), American engineer at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona. He analyzed and digitized images of the Surveyor program and worked at the university's TV station. ||
|}
47801–47900
|-id=835
| 47835 Stevecoe || || Steve Coe (born 1949), an American amateur astronomer with the Saguaro Astronomical Society, in Phoenix, Arizona, and author of several book on observational astronomy ||
|-id=843
| 47843 Maxson || || Paul Maxson (born 1951), an American astrophotographer and coordinator at the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO), an international scientific and educational organization. In 2014 he received the Walter Haas Observer's Award from the ALPO for his high quality images. ||
|-id=851
| 47851 Budine || || Phillip Budine (born 1937) has been an avid lunar and planetary observer for decades. He has served in the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO), including being Recorder for the Jupiter Section. In 1992 he received the ALPO's Walter Haas Observer's Award for his years of excellent observational work. ||
|-id=891
| 47891 García-Migani || || Esteban García-Migani (born 1983) is a member of the Planetary Science Group of the Universidad Nacional de San Juan (Argentina). He specializes in the study of physical and dynamical properties of comets and active asteroids. ||
|}
47901–48000
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
References
047001-048000 |
New Trinity Baroque is an ensemble and orchestra with an associated chamber choir, specialised in baroque music played on period instruments. It was founded in 1998 in London but is now based in Atlanta, United States. It is led by harpsichordist and conductor Predrag Gosta.
The orchestra has worked with guest artists such as Florian Deuter, Marijana Mijanovic, John Holloway, Evelyn Tubb, Marion Verbruggen, Leif Aruhn-Solén, Ingrid Matthews, and Michael Fields. They have published several CDs, and have appeared at several international festivals, including the Boston Early Music Festival, Piccolo Spoleto Festival (in Charleston, South Carolina), the Belgrade Early Music Festival in Serbia, Korkyra Baroque Festival in Croatia and Vammala Early Music Festival (Sastamala Gregoriana) in Finland.
Discography
External links
New Trinity Baroque's home page
Edition Lilac CD label
New Trinity Baroque's recordings at CD BABY
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from Atlanta
American orchestras
Orchestras based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Baroque musicians |
Gauchy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Aisne department
References
Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Jasione montana is a low-growing plant in the family Campanulaceae found in rocky places and upland regions of Europe and western Asia. Common names include sheep's-bit, blue bonnets, blue buttons, blue daisy and iron flower. Due to the similarity of the common name of "sheep's-bit" with that of devil's-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis), it is sometimes called "sheep's-bit scabious" or "sheep scabious", but it is not closely related to the scabious genus (Scabiosa).
Distribution and habitat
This plant is found in the north temperate zone of Europe, west Asia and north Africa. It is a plant growing on heaths and moors in rocky or sandy districts, coastal cliffs, quarries and natural escarpments where the soil is thin. It prefers acid soils and is absent from limestone regions. It is often found on coastal cliffs in association with thrift and kidney vetch and blooms from May to September.
Description
Sheep's bit scabious is a low biennial or occasionally annual plant growing up to about one foot tall with suberect stems that branch near the base. The leaves are linear, lanceolate, narrow at the base, sinuate, stiffly hairy and forming a rosette. The small violet-blue flowers are in small heads. The bracts are smooth or hairy and the petals have narrow lobes. There are 5 oblong anthers which unite at the base forming a tube, a feature that differentiates this plant from true scabiouses.
The individual florets open successively. The anthers ripen first and later the styles elongate and the two-lobed stigmas are displayed. This make self-pollination less likely. There are nectaries in the upper part of the ovaries and many insects visit the flowers. Some fifty species of bees and wasps, thirty species of fly, thirty species of butterflies and moths and several beetles have been recorded as visiting the flowers, and therefore this plant is characterized by a generalized pollination syndrome.
The flowers are visible under ultraviolet light and it is believed that this makes them attractive to pollinating insects. They do not show a traditional bull's-eye pattern to guide the insect but the ultraviolet reflectance of the petals is very high.
References
External links
Jasione montana
Jasione montana
montana
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
Versus () is a 2016 Russian sports-drama film directed by Nurbek Egen. It was released on November 3, 2016 (in Russia).
Plot
When MMA fighter Victor gets into a car accident, the bandit Shark threatens to kill his beloved girl if he does not agree to throw a fight in the ring.
Filming
The movie was filmed partly in Saint Petersburg. For filming Birzhevoy Bridge was blocked, which connects the Vasilyevsky Island with the Petrograd side.
Cast
Aleksey Chadov as Victor Stroev aka Russian Hammer
Oksana Akinshina as Vera
Anton Shagin as Shark
Sergey Chirkov as Alik
Melvin Manhoef as Manuel Rivera aka Typhoon
Marketing
Movie trailer was released online September 7, 2016.
Facts
All the scenes of fights with Aleksey Chadov were filmed without stunt doubles.
References
External links
2010s sports drama films
Russian sports drama films
Russian boxing films
2016 drama films
2016 films |
Through the Waves () is a 2018 South Korea morning soap opera starring Ah Young, Park Jung-wook, Jay Kim, Jang Jae-ho, Seo Ha, Noh Haeng-ha, Kim Jung-heon, and Jung Yoon-hye. It aired on KBS2 from February 12, 2018 to August 31, 2018.
It is the 44th and the final TV Novel series (13th in 2010s) of KBS. It is also the lowest-rated TV Novel series, averaging only 7.4% and hitting a peak of 10.4%, according to AGB Nielsen's nationwide ratings.
Plot
This is a family drama which tells the story of a family of five women who lost their property and became separated after the war.
Cast
Main
Ah Young as Oh Bok-shil/Oh Se-ra, the only daughter in the Oh household who becomes a singer named Oh Se-ra in order to look for her missing father.
Jo Ye-rin as young Oh Bok-shil
Park Jung-wook as Han Kyung-ho, Bok-shil's childhood friend and Daeguk Construction employee who realizes his feelings for her.
Park Ha-joon as young Han Kyung-ho
Jay Kim as Cha Sang-pil, the chief executive officer of Lucky Entertainment and an orphan who becomes insecure of his position in the Hwang household that adopted him.
Jang Jae-ho as Oh Jung-hoon, the eldest of the Oh brood who shoulders the burden of being the man of the household and fails in his dreams of becoming a lawyer.
Kwon Mi-reu as young Oh Jung-hoon
Seo Ha as Uhm Soon-young, Jung-hoon's girlfriend of four years whom he had to abandon to marry a rich woman.
Noh Haeng-ha as Hwang Mi-jin, the daughter of construction magnate Hwang Chang-shik whom Jung-hoon marries to get a better chance in life.
Lee Yoo-joo as young Hwang Mi-jin
Kim Jung-heon as Oh Jung-tae, the second son of the Oh family who could not go to school and could only live a poor and violent life.
Lee Hyun-bin as young Oh Jung-tae
Jung Yoon-hye as Kim Choon-ja, the Oh siblings' childhood friend and neighbor who insistently clings onto her longtime crush, Jung-tae.
Supporting
Oh Family
Lee Kyung-jin as Lee Ok-boon, the mother of the Oh siblings who lost her husband during the war and was forced to make difficult decisions to survive.
Ban Hyo-jung as Hong Ki-jun, the grandmother of the Oh siblings who lives with the guilt of losing her son's riches during the war and plunging their family into poverty.
Lee Si-hoo as Oh Jung-woo, the youngest of the Oh siblings whose leg becomes lame in a childhood accident.
Jung Hyun-joon as young Oh Jung-woo
Sohyun-dong Neighbors
Kyun Oh-hyun as Han Cheon-sam, Kyung-ho's father who works as a musician for the Golden Carriage Cabaret.
Lee Kyung-sil as Yang Mal-soon, Kyung-ho's mother who is a seamstress and holds a tight leash on the household.
Jung Sung-ho as Kim Sang-man, Choon-ja's father who works for the government and helps the Oh family settle into the poor Seoul neighborhood of Sohyun-dong.
Daeguk Construction
Sunwoo Jae-duk as Hwang Chang-sik, the Chairman of Daeguk Construction whose wealth was secretly built on the stolen riches of the Oh family.
Sung Hyun-ah as Cheon Geum-geum, Chang-shik's nosy and haughty wife.
Golden Carriage Cabaret
Lee Joo-hyun as Cho Dong-chul, chief executive officer of Golden Carriage Cabaret who runs a gang of thugs and does dirty work for Hwang Chang-shik.
Park Seon-young as Gu Mi-shim, Soon-young's aunt who initially opposes her relationship with Jung-hoon.
Song Young-jae as Johnny Kim, Han Cheon-sam's musical partner who influences his gambling addiction.
Nam Tae-woo as Park Yong-chil, Dong-chul's lackey.
Lucky Entertainment
Kim Min-seon as Oh Hae-rin, the daughter of a rich ally of Hwang Chang-shik and Bok-shil's fellow singer trainee who has a crush on Kyung-ho.
Seo Jae-won as Heo Jin-gyu, Sang-pil's employee.
Extended
Kim Kwang-tae as
Lee Jin-mok
Jo Hee
Kang Jae-eun
Lee Yoon-sang
Goo Jung-rim
Lee Ye-rin
Original soundtrack
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Ratings
In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings.
NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date.
Notes
References
External links
Korean Broadcasting System television dramas
Korean-language television shows
2018 South Korean television series debuts
2018 South Korean television series endings |
The Williamson Art Gallery and Museum is an art gallery and museum situated in Birkenhead, Merseyside, England and houses Wirral's art collection.
History
The art gallery and museum opened on 1 December 1928, the single-storey building is Neo-Georgian in style, and was deliberately designed to blend in with the local surroundings. Financial support for its establishment was primarily provided by John Williamson, a Director of the Cunard Steamship Co. Ltd. and his son Patrick Williamson. Local support for the establishment of the museum also came from members and families of the nearby Birkenhead Art Club (founded 1908) who helped contributed artworks and funding to the building.
Collections and events
Its collection includes Victorian oil paintings, English watercolours, Liverpool porcelain, and the UK's largest public collection of Della Robbia pottery. It also has a large collection of ship models, focusing on Cammell Laird shipbuilders, the Mersey Ferries, and the vessels that used the River Mersey. This includes items from ships such as the bell of the RMS Mauretania.
The gallery also hosts regular exhibitions that can include work by nationally and internationally renowned artists. There are regular musical concerts and the gallery is also a venue for art and crafts workshops.
Paintings in the gallery include:
The muslin dress by Philip Wilson Steer.
Seagulls by Albert Joseph Moore.
See also
Listed buildings in Claughton, Merseyside
Birkenhead Priory
References
External links
Williamson Art Gallery and Museum - official site
Art museums established in 1928
Buildings and structures in Birkenhead
Culture in Merseyside
Art museums and galleries in Merseyside
Museums in Merseyside
1928 establishments in England
Art galleries established in 1928 |
```yaml
apiVersion: release-notes/v2
kind: feature
area: networking
issue:
- path_to_url
releaseNotes:
- |
**Added** support for backpressure on XDS pushes to avoid overloading Envoy during periods of high configuration
churn. This is disabled by default and can be enabled by setting the PILOT_ENABLE_FLOW_CONTROL environment variable in Istiod.
``` |
"Guys Like Me" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church. It was released in January 2007 as the third single from his 2006 debut album Sinners Like Me. The song peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100. Church wrote this song with Deric Ruttan.
Content
The narrator describes the ways in which his lifestyle appears incompatible with that of his partner. He hypothesizes that even though she has lots of other men interested in her, it is an act of God's will that motivates her to choose someone like himself.
Music video
The music video premiered in 2007 and was directed by Scott Speer.
Chart performance
"Guys Like Me" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs for the week of February 3, 2007.
Certifications
References
2006 songs
2007 singles
Eric Church songs
Capitol Records Nashville singles
Music videos directed by Scott Speer
Song recordings produced by Jay Joyce
Songs written by Deric Ruttan
Songs written by Eric Church |
Deele College, formerly Raphoe Vocational School, is a mixed non-denominational secondary school in Raphoe, County Donegal, Ireland. The population of the school is roughly about 600 students and 50 teachers.
History
In 1958, the provision of another school in Raphoe in addition to the existing Royal School was recommended. This would eventually become Raphoe Vocational School, which opened on 29 March 1965 (by the Minister for Local Government at the time, Neil Blaney, T.D.) on two acres and on which the school stands today, albeit with a further seven acres added to it on which the school building was extended in 1985.
The school was later renamed Deele College, being renamed after the Burn Dale, which is also known as the Burn Deele or the River Deele, a 'burn' which flows about two miles to the south of Raphoe. The Burn Dale flows on through Ballindrait, and enters the River Foyle about a mile north-north-east of Lifford Bridge.
One of the highlights for Deele College in recent years came in November 2002, when Her Excellency Mary McAleese, President of Ireland, visited the school. Other such visitors to the school have included Nobel Prize–winning politician John Hume and former head of Coca-Cola and television personality Sir Gerry Robinson . Students who have attended the school have gone on to many in third level institutions all across the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom in recent years.
Facilities
The school contains first class sporting facilities with a gym, three pitches (one of which is astroturfed). Prefabricated Accommodation was erected at the school in 2008. A school library was constructed in 2009 and a new staff room is to be completed in 2010
Due to increasing number of students attending Deele College, provision has been approved for a new extension to the school, costing approximately €3 million. The new extension will consist of 2 new floors added to the school, linked via a corridor connecting to the old school building. New science facilities, art room and computer labs are just a few of the many facilities that will be provided. In January 2013, the design plans were complete and approved by the Department of Education and Skills. The extension also provides a fitness suite for the adjoining sports hall. The extension was officially opened in May 2016 by Joe McHugh, T.D..
References
External links
Raphoe
Secondary schools in County Donegal
1965 establishments in Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1965 |
Ciclone has been borne by at least two ships of the Italian Navy and may refer to:
, previously the Norwegian whaler Alpha purchased by Italy in 1917 and renamed. She was discarded in 1920.
, a launched in 1942 and sunk in 1943.
Italian Navy ship names |
```go
// Unless explicitly stated otherwise all files in this repository are licensed
// This product includes software developed at Datadog (path_to_url
// Package collectorimpl provides the implementation of the collector component.
package collectorimpl
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"sync"
"time"
"go.uber.org/atomic"
"go.uber.org/fx"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/cmd/agent/common"
api "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/api/api/def"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/collector/collector"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/collector/collector/collectorimpl/internal/middleware"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/core/config"
log "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/core/log/def"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/core/status"
metadata "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/metadata/runner/runnerimpl"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/aggregator/sender"
pkgCollector "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/collector"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/collector/check"
checkid "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/collector/check/id"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/collector/runner"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/collector/runner/expvars"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/collector/scheduler"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/serializer"
collectorStatus "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/status/collector"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/util/fxutil"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/util/optional"
)
const (
stopped uint32 = iota
started
)
type dependencies struct {
fx.In
Lc fx.Lifecycle
Config config.Component
Log log.Component
SenderManager sender.SenderManager
MetricSerializer optional.Option[serializer.MetricSerializer]
}
type collectorImpl struct {
log log.Component
config config.Component
senderManager sender.SenderManager
metricSerializer optional.Option[serializer.MetricSerializer]
checkInstances int64
// state is 'started' or 'stopped'
state *atomic.Uint32
scheduler *scheduler.Scheduler
runner *runner.Runner
checks map[checkid.ID]*middleware.CheckWrapper
eventReceivers []collector.EventReceiver
cancelCheckTimeout time.Duration
m sync.RWMutex
createdAt time.Time
}
type provides struct {
fx.Out
Comp collector.Component
StatusProvider status.InformationProvider
MetadataProvider metadata.Provider
APIGetPyStatus api.AgentEndpointProvider
}
// Module defines the fx options for this component.
func Module() fxutil.Module {
return fxutil.Component(
fx.Provide(newProvides),
fx.Provide(func(c collector.Component) optional.Option[collector.Component] {
return optional.NewOption[collector.Component](c)
}),
)
}
func newProvides(deps dependencies) provides {
c := newCollector(deps)
var agentCheckMetadata metadata.Provider
if _, isSet := deps.MetricSerializer.Get(); isSet {
agentCheckMetadata = metadata.NewProvider(c.collectMetadata)
}
return provides{
Comp: c,
StatusProvider: status.NewInformationProvider(collectorStatus.Provider{}),
MetadataProvider: agentCheckMetadata,
APIGetPyStatus: api.NewAgentEndpointProvider(getPythonStatus, "/py/status", "GET"),
}
}
func newCollector(deps dependencies) *collectorImpl {
c := &collectorImpl{
log: deps.Log,
config: deps.Config,
senderManager: deps.SenderManager,
metricSerializer: deps.MetricSerializer,
checks: make(map[checkid.ID]*middleware.CheckWrapper),
state: atomic.NewUint32(stopped),
checkInstances: int64(0),
cancelCheckTimeout: deps.Config.GetDuration("check_cancel_timeout"),
createdAt: time.Now(),
}
pkgCollector.InitPython(common.GetPythonPaths()...)
deps.Lc.Append(fx.Hook{
OnStart: c.start,
OnStop: c.stop,
})
return c
}
// AddEventReceiver adds a callback to the collector to be called each time a check is added or removed.
func (c *collectorImpl) AddEventReceiver(cb collector.EventReceiver) {
c.m.Lock()
defer c.m.Unlock()
c.eventReceivers = append(c.eventReceivers, cb)
}
func (c *collectorImpl) notify(cid checkid.ID, e collector.EventType) {
for _, cb := range c.eventReceivers {
cb(cid, e)
}
}
// start begins the collector's operation. The scheduler will not run any checks until this has been called.
func (c *collectorImpl) start(_ context.Context) error {
c.m.Lock()
defer c.m.Unlock()
run := runner.NewRunner(c.senderManager)
sched := scheduler.NewScheduler(run.GetChan())
// let the runner some visibility into the scheduler
run.SetScheduler(sched)
sched.Run()
c.scheduler = sched
c.runner = run
c.state.Store(started)
c.log.Debug("Collector up and running!")
return nil
}
// stop halts any component involved in running a Check
func (c *collectorImpl) stop(_ context.Context) error {
c.m.Lock()
defer c.m.Unlock()
if c.scheduler != nil {
c.scheduler.Stop() //nolint:errcheck
c.scheduler = nil
}
if c.runner != nil {
c.runner.Stop()
c.runner = nil
}
c.state.Store(stopped)
return nil
}
// RunCheck sends a Check in the execution queue
func (c *collectorImpl) RunCheck(inner check.Check) (checkid.ID, error) {
c.m.Lock()
defer c.m.Unlock()
ch := middleware.NewCheckWrapper(inner, c.senderManager)
var emptyID checkid.ID
if c.state.Load() != started {
return emptyID, fmt.Errorf("the collector is not running")
}
if _, found := c.checks[ch.ID()]; found {
return emptyID, fmt.Errorf("a check with ID %s is already running", ch.ID())
}
if err := c.scheduler.Enter(ch); err != nil {
return emptyID, fmt.Errorf("unable to schedule the check: %s", err)
}
// Track the total number of checks running in order to have an appropriate number of workers
c.checkInstances++
if ch.Interval() == 0 {
// Adding a temporary runner for long running check in case the
// number of runners is lower than the number of long running
// checks.
c.log.Infof("Adding an extra runner for the '%s' long running check", ch)
c.runner.AddWorker()
} else {
c.runner.UpdateNumWorkers(c.checkInstances)
}
c.checks[ch.ID()] = ch
c.notify(ch.ID(), collector.CheckRun)
return ch.ID(), nil
}
// StopCheck halts a check and remove the instance
func (c *collectorImpl) StopCheck(id checkid.ID) error {
if !c.started() {
return fmt.Errorf("the collector is not running")
}
ch, found := c.get(id)
if !found {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot find a check with ID %s", id)
}
// unschedule the instance
if err := c.scheduler.Cancel(id); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("an error occurred while canceling the check schedule: %s", err)
}
// delete check from checks map even if we encounter an error
defer c.delete(id)
// remove the check from the stats map
defer expvars.RemoveCheckStats(id)
stats, found := expvars.CheckStats(id)
if found {
stats.SetStateCancelling()
}
if err := c.runner.StopCheck(id); err != nil {
// still attempt to cancel the check before returning the error
_ = c.cancelCheck(ch, c.cancelCheckTimeout)
return fmt.Errorf("an error occurred while stopping the check: %s", err)
}
if err := c.cancelCheck(ch, c.cancelCheckTimeout); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("an error occurred while calling check.Cancel(): %s", err)
}
return nil
}
// cancelCheck calls Cancel on the passed check, with a timeout
func (c *collectorImpl) cancelCheck(ch check.Check, timeout time.Duration) error {
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
ch.Cancel()
close(done)
}()
select {
case <-done:
return nil
case <-time.After(timeout):
return fmt.Errorf("timeout while calling check.Cancel() on check ID %s, timeout: %s", ch.ID(), timeout)
}
}
func (c *collectorImpl) get(id checkid.ID) (check.Check, bool) {
c.m.RLock()
defer c.m.RUnlock()
ch, found := c.checks[id]
return ch, found
}
// remove the check from the list
func (c *collectorImpl) delete(id checkid.ID) {
c.m.Lock()
defer c.m.Unlock()
delete(c.checks, id)
c.notify(id, collector.CheckStop)
}
// lightweight shortcut to see if the collector has started
func (c *collectorImpl) started() bool {
return c.state.Load() == started
}
// MapOverChecks call the callback with the list of checks locked.
func (c *collectorImpl) MapOverChecks(cb func([]check.Info)) {
c.m.RLock()
defer c.m.RUnlock()
cInfo := make([]check.Info, 0, len(c.checks))
for _, c := range c.checks {
cInfo = append(cInfo, c)
}
cb(cInfo)
}
// GetChecks copies checks
func (c *collectorImpl) GetChecks() []check.Check {
c.m.RLock()
defer c.m.RUnlock()
chks := make([]check.Check, 0, len(c.checks))
for _, chck := range c.checks {
chks = append(chks, chck)
}
return chks
}
// GetAllInstanceIDs returns the ID's of all instances of a check
func (c *collectorImpl) GetAllInstanceIDs(checkName string) []checkid.ID {
c.m.RLock()
defer c.m.RUnlock()
instances := []checkid.ID{}
for id, check := range c.checks {
if check.String() == checkName {
instances = append(instances, id)
}
}
return instances
}
// ReloadAllCheckInstances completely restarts a check with a new configuration and returns a list of killed check IDs
func (c *collectorImpl) ReloadAllCheckInstances(name string, newInstances []check.Check) ([]checkid.ID, error) {
if !c.started() {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("The collector is not running")
}
// Stop all the old instances
killed := c.GetAllInstanceIDs(name)
for _, id := range killed {
e := c.StopCheck(id)
if e != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error stopping check %s: %s", id, e)
}
}
// Start the new instances
for _, check := range newInstances {
id, e := c.RunCheck(check)
if e != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error adding check %s: %s", id, e)
}
}
return killed, nil
}
``` |
Mom Chao Vodhyakara Varavarn (, 1900–1981) was a Thai prince and architect. He was among the first Thai architects to be educated in Europe, graduating from the University of Cambridge, and was an influential figure in the formation of the modern fields of architecture and architecture education in Thailand. He produced works both for the government and privately during the pre- and post-World War II periods, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Architecture at Chulalongkorn University from 1954 to 1964.
Notes
References
Further reading
Vodhyakara Varavarn
Vodhyakara Varavarn
Vodhyakara Varavarn
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
1900 births
1981 deaths
19th-century Chakri dynasty
20th-century Chakri dynasty |
Rusiecki (masculine), Rusiecka (feminine) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bolesław Rusiecki (1824–1913), Polish-Lithuanian painter and art collector
Jarosław Rusiecki (born 1961), Polish politician
Kanuty Rusiecki (1800–1860), Polish-Lithuanian painter
Salomea Rusiecka, maiden name of Salomea Halpir (1718 – after 1763)
See also
Rusiec (disambiguation)
Polish-language surnames |
NetLingo is an online dictionary that defines various internet and technology-related terms, acronyms, and slang.
NetLingo was founded in 1995 by Erin Jansen. NetLingo is a resource to stay updated on the latest digital language trends.
References
Online dictionaries |
Inside the Mind of Bill Cosby (1972) is the 14th album of stand up comedy by Bill Cosby. Recorded at the Circle Star Theater, it is the fifteenth such album he released, but only the fourth on Uni Records (when that label folded, the album was distributed by its parent company, MCA). The album is available on compact disc, but to date the other Uni albums have not been so released.
Unlike many of his previous albums, on which his youth provided the source of his routines, Cosby's material here centers mostly on contemporary incidents with his family, notably the tracks "Bedroom Slippers" (involving back-yard play by his youngest daughter and their dogs) and "Froofie The Dog" (involving his oldest daughter wanting to watch the television while Bill himself is watching Gunsmoke). His youth is explored in the album's closing track, "Slow Class."
Track listing
The Invention of Basketball – 4:22 - a satirical exploration of Dr. James Naismith
Survival – 3:15
Ennis' Toilet – 1:41
Bill's Marriage – 2:08
Bedroom Slippers – 6:48
Froofie the Dog – 5:28
The Lower Tract – 2:23
Sulphur Fumes – 0:56
Football – 2:30
Slow Class – 8:23 - mentions his Fat Albert character
References
1972 live albums
Bill Cosby live albums
Stand-up comedy albums
MCA Records live albums |
The Turboletae or Turboleti (Greek: Torboletoi or Torboletes) were an obscure pre-Roman people from ancient Spain, which lived in the northwest Teruel province since the early 3rd Century BC.
Origins
Their ethnical and linguistical affiliation is difficult to determine, though it seems that they were of part-Celtic, part-Illyrian ancestry, being confused by some ancient authors with either the Iberian Turdetani of Baetica or the Turduli.
Culture
Their capital was the town of Turda, Turba, Turbola or Turbula, whose precise location is unknown, with some archeologists tentatively placing it at the Iron Age site of Alto Chácon (Muela de San Juan), in the vicinity of modern Teruel. No other pre-Roman sites connected with this people have been identified though recent archeological surveys at some Iron Age settlements in the Teruel region show that they were culturally affiliated with the Celtiberians. It has also been attributed to them the celtiberian inscription of Peñalva de Villastar.
History
A warlike people whose tribal name later became a byword for unruly behaviour, the Turboletae were a constant source of trouble to most of their neighbours. Not only they harassed the Celtiberian Belli and Titii, but also raided the southeastern Iberian peoples throughout most of the 3rd century BC, in particularly the Edetanian city-state of Saguntum. As allies of Carthage the Turboletae actively participated in the incident that triggered the Second Punic War, the siege of Saguntum in 219-218 BC, where they assisted the Carthaginian troops in the final assault and looting of the city, slaughtering a great deal of its inhabitants. The backlash came in 212 BC when the Romans and their Edetani allies invaded Turboletania, seized the capital Turba and razed it to the ground, selling his residents to slavery.
In 205 BC the exhausted Turboletae sued for peace, on which the Roman Senate forced them to pay a huge compensation to the surviving citizens of Saguntum. However, the resentment fuelled by the heavy tribute imposed, coupled with the destruction of their capital city in the previous years may account for the Tuboletae revolt of 196 BC, under the apparent leadership of two generals named Budares and Baesadines. After being crushed by Quintus Minucius Thermus, Praetor of Hispania Citerior in a pitched battle near the ruins of Turba, the remaining Turboletae population appears to have been either obliterated or simply reduced to subject status and their devastated lands divided among the Bastetani and Edetani, resulting in their total disappearance from the historical record.
See also
Celtiberians
Celtiberian script
Illyrians
Lobetani
Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
Notes
References
Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
B. Dexter Hoyos, Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars, Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte Book 50, De Gruyter 2012 (1st edition). –
Francisco Burillo Motoza, Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
John Drogo Montagu, Battles of the Greek and Roman worlds – A Chnological Compendium of 667 Battles to 31 BC, from the Historians of the Ancient World, Greenhill Books, London (2000)
Further reading
Daniel Varga, The Roman Wars in Spain: The Military Confrontation with Guerrilla Warfare, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2015)
Ludwig Heinrich Dyck, The Roman Barbarian Wars: The Era of Roman Conquest, Author Solutions (2011) , 1426981821
Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula
Ancient peoples of Spain |
Proteuxoa adelopa is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in New South Wales and Victoria.
External links
Australian Faunal Directory
Proteuxoa
Moths of Australia
Moths described in 1909 |
Ninekirks is the local name for St Ninian's church, Brougham, Cumbria. Dedicated to Saint Ninian, it was formerly the Anglican parish church for Brougham, a parish which is now combined with Clifton, a neighbouring village. It is preserved as a redundant church for its architectural interest, and presents a mainly seventeenth-century appearance. It has been known as Ninekirks since at least 1583.
Importance
The building is Grade I listed.
It is one of very few churches to be built during the Commonwealth of England and has been altered very little. (Three other churches of this age are: Church of the Holy Trinity, Berwick-on-Tweed; St Matthias Old Church, London Borough of Tower Hamlets; and Staunton Harold, Leicestershire.)
History
The Romans built a fort at Brougham called Brocavum, situated near the confluence of the River Eamont and the River Eden.
The Ninekirks site has been continuously occupied since at least Roman times.
Roman occupation of the site is demonstrated by the Ninekirks Hoard of barbarous radiate coins. As a Christian site, the area was associated with St.Ninian from a very early date but "not everyone is convinced entirely by the arguments of Canon Bouch and others for Ninian". There are caves nearby on the north bank of the Eamont at a site called Isis Parlis and possible evidence of occupation of these is used to support arguments in favour of early hermit use.
The centre of population moved near Brougham Hall sometime between 1230 and 1284. The Hall had a chapel from the 14th century, and the church fell into disuse.
In 1659 the church was reconstructed by Lady Anne Clifford, the then owner of Brougham Castle, the work being completed the following year.
Ninekirks tended to be used when the chapel at Brougham Hall was unavailable. For example, from 1764 until the 1840s Ninekirks was used for weddings because Brougham Chapel was in need of repair work. Ninekirks was itself repaired in the 1840s. The porch was added in 1841 and tombs within the church were excavated in 1846 when the church was being repaired. According to Brougham (1847) these included those of Udard (or Odard) de Broham (died c.1185) and Gilbert de Broham (died c.1230). Despite the repair work, the church was poorly maintained when George Shaw visited in 1847.
The church had a brief golden age in the early 1950s when the Rector was Canon Bouch. His publications in the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society (in 1947, 1950 and 1955 (twice)) demonstrate his interest. It was made redundant in 1977 and is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.
Hatchments
The church contains three hatchments:
Elizabeth Richmond (died 1729) and Peter Brougham (died 1732)
Eleanora Syme (died 1839) who married Henry Brougham (died 1810), father of the 1st Baron
Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (died 1868) and Mary Anne Eden (died 1865)
Archaeology
The church and its area have been the subject of at least four archaeological investigations:
Excavations took place inside the church during the repairs in the 1840s (Brougham, 1847) when some ancient tombs were investigated.
Excavations at Isis Parlis in 1913 aiming to find out how the caves had formed and how they had been used.
The coin hoard was discovered in 1914
Crop marks were observed in a 1968 aerial photograph consistent with a small monastic site.
See also
Brougham Castle
Grade I listed churches in Cumbria
Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria
Listed buildings in Brougham, Cumbria
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Northern England
References
History of Westmorland
Church of England church buildings in Cumbria
Ninekirks
17th-century Church of England church buildings
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust
Eden District |
The Fogarty Mansion is a historic home in Key West, Florida, United States. It is located at 227 Duval Street and is denoted by Key West Historic Marker 18.
History
Construction
The home was first built in 1875 by Charles Curry. This original structure was destroyed in the 1886 fire in Key West, and was rebuilt as the current structure in 1887. Charles Curry was the son of William Curry, and the home is typical of the mansions built by Curry children, such as the Southernmost Mansion built by Florida Curry.
Namesake
After Charles’ death, the house was purchased for his daughter Corinne by her husband Dr. Joseph Norman Fogarty as a wedding present in 1900.
Dr. Fogarty, for whom the house is now known, was mayor of Key West when the Overseas Railroad linked the island to the Florida mainland for the first time in 1912. He held office for six years. He was a prominent and wealthy member of the Key West community who used his property to host a number of important events. In January 1912, he held a large reception for Henry Flagler to celebrate the completion of Flagler’s Overseas Railroad. In December of that year, he held a reception for William Howard Taft, who stopped in Key West on his way to inspect the Panama Canal. Grover Cleveland was also entertained at the Fogarty house.
Current Usage
After the Fogartys passed, the house fell into disrepair. In 1971, it was purchased by John and Dolly Dedek, who turned it into the Fogarty House 1875 Restaurant.
Today, the house is the site of Fogarty’s Restaurant and Flying Monkeys Saloon. The Flying Monkeys Saloon is the site of an original piece by late Key West artist Captain Outrageous.
References
Buildings and structures in Key West, Florida
Tourist attractions in Key West, Florida
Landmarks in Key West, Florida
History of Key West, Florida |
The is an archaeological site in the Shiozaki area of the city of Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan containing a Jōmon period shell midden. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1970.
Overview
During the early to middle Jōmon period (approximately 4000 to 2500 BC), sea levels were five to six meters higher than at present, and the ambient temperature was also 2 deg C higher. During this period, the coastal regions of Japan were inhabited by the Jōmon people in small settlements. The middens associated with such settlements contain bone, botanical material, mollusc shells, sherds, lithics, and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with the now-vanished inhabitants, and these features, provide a useful source into the diets and habits of Jōmon society. Most of these middens are found along the Pacific coast of Japan.
This shell midden is located at the tip of a plateau with a height of about 15 meters that protrudes like a peninsula in the alluvial plain formed by the Naka River and the Hinuma River. From 1936 it was excavated and Jōmon pottery, stone tools, and bone implements were discovered along with clam shells from both fresh water and seawater clams. These artifacts have been dated to the early Jōmon period. The Ōkushi Shell Midden has been known since ancient times, and per legend described in the Nara period "Hitachi no Kuni fudoki" was the home of a giant who reached out to the sea from this mound, picking and eating clams. This is the oldest record of a shell mound in ancient literature. In 1970, 1703 square meters of the eastern slope, which was well preserved, was designated as a national historic site.
Currently, the area is maintained as the , with a number of reconstructed pit dwellings a small museum showing a cross-section of the midden and a 15-meter-high giant statue of the giant in the legend. The park can be reached by the Ibaraki Kōtsu bus from Mito Station.
Gallery
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Ibaraki)
References
External links
Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education
Mito City official site
Ibaraki Tourist Information
Jōmon-period shell middens
Mito, Ibaraki
History of Ibaraki Prefecture
Historic Sites of Japan |
De Grote Donorshow (The Great Donor Show) was a reality television program which was broadcast in the Netherlands on Friday, June 1, 2007, by BNN. The program involved a supposedly terminally ill 37-year-old woman donating a kidney to one of twenty-five people requiring a kidney transplantation. After a first selection, three people remained. Viewers were able to send advice on whom they thought she should choose to give her kidney to via text messages. The profit made by the text messages was given to the Dutch Kidney Foundation. The program, due to its controversial nature, had received heavy international criticism in the run-up to the broadcast. In the end, it was revealed during the course of the show that the "terminally ill" woman was, in reality, an actress, although the three candidates were, in fact, real kidney patients; they were aware that Lisa was an actress, and participated because they were supportive of BNN's cause to give awareness to the limited number of organ donors in the Netherlands.
In a press statement after the show, Paul Römer, the director of the program's creator Endemol, stated that the show was necessary in order to get the shortage of donors back on the political agenda.
Background
Bart de Graaff, the BNN founder who died in May 2002 (almost exactly 5 years before the broadcast of the show), obtained a donor kidney in 1997. De Graaff had renal failure stemming from a car accident in his youth. The studio from which the show was aired contained photos of him, as seen in the adjacent picture. It has been claimed that De Graaff was BNN's source of inspiration for the show, both by the show's host, Lodiers, as well as in the post-broadcast press release.
Criticism and reactions
Prior to the airing of the show
Joop Atsma, a member of the House of Representatives for the Christian Democratic Appeal, had attempted to censor the show. Dutch culture minister Ronald Plasterk, citing Dutch law, refused to prohibit the television program, although he found the program to be unethical due to its competitive element. Before the show aired, the Dutch Kidney Foundation told a reporter "they welcomed all the attention the show had brought on the subject" but also stated that "their way of doing it is not ours, and it will bring no practical solution". In a press statement, the foundation also stated that they had asked BNN to cease using their logo in The Great Donor Show's logo (note the icon of a kidney instead of an "o" in the logo, as seen at the top right of the page), for which BNN had never asked permission. The Dutch prime minister, Jan Peter Balkenende, had expressed his concerns for what he believed would damage the reputation of the Netherlands.
Laurens Drillich, the chairman of BNN at the time, defended the program and argued that the network deliberately wants to shock people and draw attention to the shortage of organ donors. "We very much agree that it's bad taste but we also believe that reality is even worse taste. I mean, it's going very, very bad with organ donorship in the Netherlands. We as a broadcaster, BNN, had someone who started our TV station who needed kidneys and was on a waiting list and died eventually at the age of 35. That happened five years ago and in the last five years the situation has only gotten worse in the Netherlands."
After the airing of the show
In a press statement after the show, the director of Endemol, Paul Römer, stated "Let there be no misunderstanding, I would never make a program such as 'The Great Donor Show' for real. I do understand the massive outrage very well. But I also hope for people to understand why we did this. It was necessary to get the shortage of donors back on the political agenda. I call up everybody to get very angry about that, and to fill in a donor form."
Minister of Education, Culture, and Science Ronald Plasterk told the press he now thought that "the show had been a fantastic idea, and a great stunt". Joop Atsma, MP for the Christian Democrats, who had previously attempted to prohibit the show, has called it a "tasteless show", and claimed that he feels it didn't contribute to the solving of the problem.
A few hours after the show BNN had already received SMS messages from over 12,000 viewers who told the network that they would fill in a donor form. The day after, 30,000 donor forms were requested, and two days after the show the official Dutch TV news broadcast "NOS News" announced that 50,000 people had requested a donor form to be sent to them. In July, a month after the show aired, 7,300 new donors were registered by the Dutch donor registration.
Laurens Drillich, BNN's chairman, told the press "It was very hard to keep this a secret, and to tell this lie time after time, but I did it because of the good cause."
In 2020, thirteen years later, all three participants in the show, Vincent Moolenaar, Charlotte Trieschnigg, and Esther-Clair Sasabone, were still alive.
Dutch TV moment of the year 2007
On January 12, 2008, the scene during which Patrick Lodiers revealed that the show was a hoax with the purpose of drawing attention to the Dutch donor shortage problem was voted as the best Dutch TV moment of the year 2007. During a brief speech, the chairman of BNN, Laurens Drillich, said the following: "The show was aired in June, today is January. Dutch politicians promised to put donor shortage on their agenda. We're still waiting for a reaction."
Awards
The show won a 2008 International Emmy for non-scripted entertainment.
References
External links
BNN.NL: De Grote Donorshow
Full Broadcast from the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting
2007 Dutch television series debuts
Medical ethics
Performance hoaxes
Television series by Endemol
Dutch reality television series
2007 hoaxes
Hoaxes
Television controversies in the Netherlands
International Emmy Award for Best Non-Scripted Entertainment winners
NPO 3 original programming |
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