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The Fort Morgan Micropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Census Bureau defined Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the Fort Morgan area of the State of Colorado. The Fort Morgan Micropolitan Statistical Area is defined as Morgan County, Colorado. The Micropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 27,171 at the 2000 Census. A July 1, 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 27,850.
The Fort Morgan Micropolitan Statistical Area includes the City of Fort Morgan, the City of Brush, the Town of Hillrose, the Town of Log Lane Village, the Town of Wiggins, and the unincorporated areas of Morgan County.
See also
Morgan County, Colorado
List of statistical areas in Colorado
List of United States combined statistical areas
List of United States metropolitan statistical areas
List of United States micropolitan statistical areas
List of United States primary statistical areas
Census statistical areas adjacent to the Fort Morgan Micropolitan Statistical Area:
Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area
Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area
Greeley Metropolitan Statistical Area
Sterling Micropolitan Statistical Area
References
Micropolitan areas of Colorado |
Feofilatovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Tarnogskoye Rural Settlement, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 18 as of 2002.
Geography
Feofilatovskaya is located 15 km northwest of Tarnogsky Gorodok (the district's administrative centre) by road. Matveyevskaya is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Tarnogsky District |
Zhangzhou (151) is a Type 052C destroyer of the People's Liberation Army Navy. She was commissioned on 26 December 2013.
Development and design
The Type 052C appears to share the same basic hull design as the Type 052B destroyer, which in turn is based on the Type 051B destroyer. Stealth features are incorporated. They uses predominantly Chinese systems derived from earlier foreign technology; the preceding Type 052 and Type 052B destroyers used a mixture of Russian and Chinese systems.
The Type 052C propulsion is in the combined diesel or gas (CODOG) arrangement, with two Ukrainian DA80 gas turbines and two MTU 20V 956TB92 diesel engines. The DA80s had blade problems and may have contributed to the last two Type 052Cs sitting pierside at the shipyard for two years without being accepted by the PLAN.
A Kamov Ka-28 or Harbin Z-9 helicopter may operate from the rear hangar and flight deck. The Ka-28 is equipped with a search radar and dipping sonar and can also employ sonobuoys, torpedoes, depth charges, or mines. The Z-9 is a variant of the Airbus Helicopters AS365 Dauphin. The naval variant of the Z-9, the Z-9C, is equipped with the KLC-1 search radar, dipping sonar, and is typically armed with a single, lightweight torpedo. Either helicopter significantly improves the anti-submarine capabilities of the Type 052C.
The main gun is a PJ-87. The gun suffered from jamming and may have influenced the decision to adopt a different weapon for the Type 052D destroyer. The weapon has a rate of fire of 25 rounds per minute. Close-in defence is provided by two seven-barrel Type 730 CIWS, one mounted forward of the bridge and one atop the hangar. Each gun has a maximum rate of fire of 4200 rounds per minute.
Construction and career
Zhangzhou was launched on 25 June 2011 at the Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai. Commissioned on 26 December 2013.
On May 18, 2014, Zhengzhou, Yantai and Liuzhou, as the first surface ship formation command ship, participated in the Maritime Cooperation 2014 Sino-Russian maritime joint military exercise of the Varyag, Admiral Panteleev and Admiral Nevelsky and other Russian ships at Wusongkou in Shanghai. From May 20th to 26th, the two sides conducted exercises such as ship anchorage defense, joint sea assault and joint anti-submarine. On July 11, 2014, Shanghai held a Navigation Day theme publicity and commemorative event. Zhengzhou and rescue ship Donghai Jiu berthed at the Shanghai Port International Passenger Transport Center Wharf, open to the public to visit. On September 14, 2014, a maritime formation consisting of Zhengzhou and combat support ships, local law enforcement ships, helicopters, and submarines set off for a certain sea area in the East China Sea to carry out the Poseidon 2014 maritime combat support exercise. The exercise supported nine actual combat subjects, including protection of maritime law enforcement forces' rights protection and law enforcement operations, joint military-land search and rescue, opening of maritime emergency channels, and rescue of disabled submarines. On December 12, 2014, Zhengzhou, Taizhou, Zhoushan, Yiyang, Qiandaohu and a Type 815 spy ship. The ships crossed the Miyako Strait into the Western Pacific.
On December 25, 2016, according to a report by the Japanese Integrated Staff and Supervision Department, the Liaoning carrier formation, which is undergoing open sea training, was composed of eight warships. In addition to the aircraft carrier Liaoning, it also includes Zhengzhou, Haikou, Changsha, and a Type 054A guided missile frigate. Yantai, Linyi, Type 054A guided missile frigate Zhuzhou and Type 903A integrated supply ship Gaoyouhu.
On 22 May 2022, the Zhengzhou conducted drills in the East China Sea as a part of the Liaoning Carrier Group; and they were sighted near Miyako Island by the JMSDF.
Gallery
References
2011 ships
Ships built in China
Type 052C destroyers |
The Institute of International Relations Prague (IIR) () is a public research institution that produces basic and applied scientific research in the field of international relations. Dr. Mats Braun is the director of the IIR. The founder of the IIR is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (MFA). The activities of the IIR are financed from the government budget for science, research, and innovation of the Czech Republic, on the basis of horizontal cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, from domestic and international projects, and by sales of its publications. The IIR carries out independent research in the public interest.
History
Before 1989
The first suggestion for the foundation of an institution that would engage in research of international relations and work under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs appeared very soon after the end of WW2. However, the communist revolution of 1948 stopped any plans for such an institution. Therefore, not such institution was founded until 1957 when the IIR predecessor the Institute for International Politics and Economy was established. The Institute had a seat in one of the Petschke villas in the Prague district Bubeneč and it was later moved to the Lobkowitz Palace in Malá Strana (another Prague district) where it resided until 1970.
The Institute for International Politics and Economy (Ústav pro mezinárodní politiku ekonomii-ÚMPE) became a significant research institution with a great reputation abroad in a very short time. Its high number of foreign connections, a good overview of the international situation and knowledge of the then current scientific research became very problematic for some of the institute's employees at the end of the 1960s. During the Prague Spring some of the employees of the Institute became an active part of the reforming processes which resulted in the cancellation of the ÚMPE and the dismissal of some of its employees at the beginning of the normalization process in 1970. Some of them later emigrated.
As a replacement for the ÚMPE, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia founded the Institute of International Relations in 1970. The historical building the House of the White Horse which stands in Nerudova street in Malá Strana, became its seat. The IIR has had its seat there up until the present. The greater freedom of society in the second half of the 60s was reduced again by gradually increasing ideological pressure, control, and censorship. Despite this, the IIR still tried to stay in touch with other countries including western countries. At this time the IIR had the best equipped and supplied library in the field of international studies in Czechoslovakia however it was not accessible to public and even the scientists had to have special authorization to read many of the (mostly foreign) publications.
After 1989
The key changes in the operating of the IIR came after the events of 1989. For the IIR the Velvet Revolution meant not only vast personnel changes but also a journey to becoming a truly independent scientific institution. In the coming years the IIR mainly underwent radical de-ideologization and de-politicization, while there was also a great emphasis on active connections with other countries and making it so that the expertise of the IIR's employees would be as high as possible. Professor Otto Pick, who led the IIR in the years 1994–1998, played a key role in the process of this change.
On the edge of the millennium, the IIR was definitely already a confident, independent and highly professional institution that contributed to the development of international studies. Together with its newly set goals, the IIR continued in its support of the foreign policy of the newly created Czech Republic. For example, the Diplomatic Academy which was founded in 1997 and serves as a preparatory school for diplomatic workers of the Czech Republic, was part of the IIR for almost ten years. The Development Center was also created under the auspices of the IIR in 2001. This center closely cooperated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding questions of foreign development.
In 2007 under the law n. 341/2005 about public research institutions, the IIR was transformed into a public research institution and elements of autonomy were brought into its organization. Simultaneously with this institutional change the Diplomatic Academy was incorporated into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic in 2007 and the Development Center was transformed into the independent Czech Development Agency in 2008.
Current activities
Research
The activities of the IIR consist of its independent research and general popularization and educational activities. The IIR, therefore, creates a unique bond between the academic world, the public and the practice of international politics.
The key activity of the IIR is independent research in the field of international relations. The research must follow the priorities defined in the Conception of the Development of the IIR for the years 2018-2022 and it also follows the Conception of Research of the MoFA for the years 2017–2021.
The IIR implements two general kinds of research. The first one is elementary, academic research that has theoretical variety and methodological accuracy and whose ambition is visibility on both the domestic scene and abroad. The second one is practically oriented on applied research that utilizes broad knowledge that comes mostly from the IIR's own research and is based on advanced analytical and research methods. This research is mostly used by the MFA but sometimes it is also used by other public institutions.
The research activities of the IIR are run by the research department whose director is currently Professor Emil Aslan . The department is divided into six research centers:
The Center for European Security
Studies security questions concerning Europe from broad, interdisciplinary point of view; the studied issues range from conventional military threats to new topics such as hybrid threats.
The Center for European Integration
Investigates processes, institutions, and actors of European politics with a special emphasis on questions of European integration. It deals mostly with processes of integration and differentiation in the European Union as well as the Czech Republic as a part of the EU. Last but not least it examines politics of European states while putting emphasis on their international dimension.
The Center for Energy Policy
Investigates the internal dimension of the energy policy and security of the EU and selected regions. It also continuously monitors and analyzes the external dimension of the European Union's energy policies and security with regard to its present and potential future suppliers in the Middle East, Africa and selected countries in Asia, North America, and Latin America.
The Center for Global Political Economy
Studies the mutual entanglement of political and economic power in international relations, the understanding of which is crucial for strategic decision-making of both state and non-state actors in the contemporary globalized world. The research activity pertains to two related levels: international political economy and global justice.
The Center for International Law
Is focused mainly on analysis of the development of international law in connection with new phenomena and trends of the current world such as globalization, migration or the growing meaning of human rights. The emphasis is put especially on problematics of international organizations, international humanitarian law, international criminal law, international human rights law and usage of power in international relations.
The Center for EU-Asia Relations
Reflects on the convergence of the European and Asian continents in a world of progressing globalization. It focuses the whole Asian region except for the Middle East.
International cooperation
For the purpose of carrying out its research program the IIR internationally networked e.g. in the EU Nonproliferation and Disarmament Consortium, TEPSA (Trans European Policy Studies Association), EPIN (European Policy Institutes Network), the ECPR (European Consortium for Political Research) or EuroMeSCo (Euro-Mediterranean Study Commission). Its foreign partners therefore also include the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), the Korean Institute of Foreign Affairs and International Security (IFANS) and the Austrian Institut für Wissenschaften vom Menschen (IWM). To give an example of the international activities of the IIR we can mention its production of applied research with a regional (especially in projects of the International Visegrad Fund) and a European dimension (e.g. its participation on TEPSA projects for the European Parliament).
Educational and popularization activities
One of the elementary goals of the IIR is broadening of the public knowledge about international studies and cultivation and broadening of the horizons of the public debate about international politics in the Czech Republic. For this purpose, the IIR develops many activities, that should target the public as well as experts.
The IIR holds many public events such as panel discussions, lectures or big international conferences that usually focus on relevant international topics and questions that come up in the IIR's own research. The most important conferences are the Prague European Summit (PES), the International Symposium "Czech Foreign Policy" and the Czernin Security Forum which are all held annually. In putting together these conferences the IIR cooperates with important partners such as the MoFA, the Government Office of the Czech Republic, the NATO Public Diplomacy Division, EUROPEUM, PSSI or AMO.
IIR also participates in the education of the students of international studies. It operates as a joint partner in a consortium led by the Faculty of Social Sciences of Charles University, which implements the academic program European Politics and Society (Erasmus Mundus). Last but not least the IIR offers expert internships to Czech and foreign students and university graduates.
Research workers of the IIR regularly appear in Czech and foreign media. These appearances take the form of interviews or commentaries or analyses. These appearances enables them to publish the results of their own research and professionally narrate and comment on international events. Almost all of the outputs produced by the IIR are also published and made available to the broad public via many communication channels but mainly through social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube).
Publishing activities
The publishing activities of the IIR have a key meaning for its research as well as its popularization and educational activities. The IIR has its own publishing house that deals with the preparation, production, and sales of its periodical and non-periodical publications. The IIR publishes many publications mostly monographies, policy publications and two academic, peer-reviewed periodicals in printed as well as electronic form: the Czech Journal of International Relations and New Perspectives. It also publishes the popularizing magazine International Politics.
The Czech Journal of International Relations
The tradition of the CJIR goes back to 1966 when the first issue was published as a publication of the ÚMPE. The journal was originally intended as an academic quarterly. Its quality diminished after the normalization, but the fall of the communist regime brought about its radical reform. Gradually it went back to its original concept namely that of a strictly scientific periodical where Czech, as well as foreign experts, can publish the results of their research. Nowadays the CJIR is peer-reviewed journal that is run according to the regular standards of academic publishing (every admitted text must go through a double-blind, anonymous review procedure). The CJIR is a leading Czech platform for publishing of original results of independent research in the field of international relations.
New Perspectives
The IIR started to publish the journal New Perspectives in 1993. The main goal of this journal was to publish articles in the English language about Central Europe, as this condition would enable it to reach a broader audience. The journal was also valuable for the IIR's library during the post-Velvet Revolution era because it could be exchanged commodity with other research facilities for valuable foreign publications. Since 2002 the journal has its own review process and in 2015 it changed its name to New Perspectives. In the more than 25 years of its existence the journal became a respected, leading academic periodical that deals with interdisciplinary research of Central and East European politics.
International Politics
The on-line magazine International Politics comes from the long tradition of the printed periodical of the same name, whose first issue was published in 1956 by the Czechoslovakian Society for Spreading of Political and Scientific Knowledge (later known as Socialistic Academy). International Politics gained a favorable reputation mainly in the 60s, but its growth was stopped by the normalization and the issue from December 1969 was the last one for a very long time. International Politics was restored as monthly in 1990.
In this form, the journal was led by its editor in chief Dobroslav Matejka until 2000. Prof. Otto Pick was also in the editorial council. In 1991 the editorial office of International Politics was moved to the seat of the IIR and since 1993 the magazine has been published by IIR publishing house. Since 2013, however, it is published only as an electronic magazine.
The library
The library provides informational, librarian, rental, bibliographical and search services. It cooperates with a number of Czech but mainly with foreign professional libraries and informational institutions. At the end of 2016 it contained over 84 600 books and yearbooks and 419 journals. Full texts of many of the journals are available via paid databases (EBSCO, JSTOR, WoS). The library is a member of the European Information Network on International Relations and Area Studies (EINIRAS) and it also participates in the project Knihovny.cz.
Organization structure
Based on law no. 341/2005 about public research institutions, the IIR has three main organs: the director, the board and the supervisory board. Based on the organization order there is also a commission for working affairs, an ethical commission and several editorial boards. The IIR is led by the director. Currently, this function is held by doc. Mats Braun, Ph.D. As a statutory organ the director decides about every matter pertaining to the IIR, with the exception of the matters that are entrusted by law to the founder (the MoFA) or the other two main organs and ensures that the IIR's accountancy is properly carried out.
The IIR board nominates candidates for the position of director of the IIR, determines the directions of the IIR activities; approves the budget, internal regulations, and annual reports; discusses suggestions for the research targets, etc. Members of the board are elected by the IIR researchers from among their own ranks (internal members) and from those of specialists/members of other institutions, governmental bodies which conduct research and the beneficiaries of the IIR research outcomes (external members).
The supervisory board of the IIR supervises the activities and economy of the IIR. It has the right to suggest an appeal of the director to the founder of the IIR. It also has the right to express its opinion on the draft budget of the public research institution, on its way of management, on proposals of amendments to the institution's charter, on proposals of a division, integration or unification of the IIR, on research proposals, and on draft annual reports. Members of the supervisory board are appointed and recalled by the founder so that it reasonably represents the founder and, possibly, also the employees of the public research institution.
See also
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)
References
Bibliography
Petr Drulák, Petr Kratochvíl a kol. 2007. 50 let českého výzkumu mezinárodních vztahů: od ÚMPE k ÚMV. Praha: Nakladatelství ÚMV.
SCHELLE, Karel a Jaromír TAUCHEN, ed. Encyklopedie českých právních dějin. Plzeň: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství Aleš Čeněk, s.r.o. and Key Publishing, 2015-. .
External links
Think tanks based in the Czech Republic
International relations
Research institutes in the Czech Republic
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the Czech Republic
Political and economic think tanks based in Europe
Research institutes established in 1957
1957 establishments in Czechoslovakia |
Mae Suai (; ) is a district (amphoe) in the western part of Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the northeast clockwise): Mueang Chiang Rai, Mae Lao, Phan, Wiang Pa Pao, Phrao, Chai Prakan, Fang, and Mae Ai of Chiang Mai province.
The Khun Tan Range stretches from north to south along the west side of the district. The Suai River, a tributary of the Lao River, gives its name to the district.
History
The district was created in 1905, when the districts Mueang Wiang Pa Pao and Mueang Phong were merged. Originally spelled แม่ซ่วย, the current spelling was adopted before 1917.
Administration
Central administration
The district Mae Suai is subdivided into 7 subdistricts (Tambon), which are further subdivided into 131 administrative villages (Muban).
Local administration
There are 3 subdistrict municipalities (Thesaban Tambon) in the district:
Mae Suai (Thai: ) consisting of parts of the subdistrict Mae Suai.
Chedi Luang (Thai: ) consisting of parts of the subdistrict Chedi Luang.
Wiang Suai (Thai: ) consisting of parts of the subdistrict Mae Suai.
There are 6 subdistrict administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
Pa Daet (Thai: ) consisting of the complete subdistrict Pa Daet.
Mae Phrik (Thai: ) consisting of the complete subdistrict Mae Phrik.
Si Thoi (Thai: ) consisting of the complete subdistrict Si Thoi.
Tha Ko (Thai: ) consisting of the complete subdistrict Tha Ko.
Wawi (Thai: ) consisting of the complete subdistrict Wawi.
Chedi Luang (Thai: ) consisting of parts of the subdistrict Chedi Luang.
References
External links
amphoe.com
Mae Suai |
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How to unstage a staged file
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Jean-Jacques de Felice (May 15, 1928 - July 27, 2008, Paris), is a French lawyer, former vice-president of the Human Rights League of France from 1983 to 1996.
Biography
Jean-Jacques de Felice became known during the Algerian war, when he defended the National Liberation Front FLN militants. He pleaded for peasants of Larzac fighting against the extension of the military cam, for Kanak people and Tahitian separatists, for those homeless alongside Abbé Pierre, conscientious objectors, for foreigners who were in danger (he is a member of Gisti), Italian Red Brigade activists like Marina Petrella and Cesare Battisti. A criminal lawyer, he defended Lucien Léger, who was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1966, for the murder of a child. The longest sentence any of his client got. At the age of 41 he told Jean-Jacques de Felice. "There is a period of detention beyond which justice is turned into revenge.
With ideas close to historian Madeleine Reberioux, or the Hellenist Pierre Vidal-Naquet , Felice always spoke "in opposition to the established order”.
The causes Jean-Jacques de Félice chose to defend created an apparent paradox. As a lawyer he defended activists who resorted to violence (Red Brigades, Red Army Faction, or the Algerian independence activists), while he always claimed pacifism and non-violence, which explains his commitment alongside conscientious objectors. What he followed as a lawyer reflects a humanism illustrated by his involvement in movements such as the League of Human Rights.
Jean-Jacques de Félice had a Protestant culture and background. His father, Pierre de Félice, himself a lawyer, was a politician and secretary of state, member of parliament, senator of Loiret (republican left) under the Fourth Republic. His mother was very deeply Protestant and this was always in this memory. as Felice himself felt the same. De Felice owes Protestantism his first commitment to the Young Éclaireuses et éclaireurs unionistes de France, which made him aware of the problems of youths. which in the aftermath of the Second World War was important. These were his first time his defendants were of the deprived youths who wanted him to take more political commitment: defending young people, orchildren of Algerians especially those in shantytowns of Nanterre. it will naturally be necessary to defend their fathers who were FLN militants who will encourage them in their struggle.
For his beliefs Jean-Jacques de Félice was in favor of refusing to join the military service. He participated, in the city of Lyon, in debates and demonstrations of the Action Group and resistance to militarization. At the March of Peace of June 19, 1971, he took the lead and spoke for the crowd, and then marched along thousands of people from Lyon to the command post of the Mont Verdun nuclear strike force.
Achieves of Speeches of Jean-Jacques de Félice can be found in the contemporary international documentation library of France (La contemporaine).
References
1928 births
2008 deaths
People from Montmorency, Val-d'Oise
French human rights activists
20th-century French lawyers |
Hugo Eduardo Martínez Padilla (born 19 May 1971) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.
References
1971 births
Living people
Politicians from the State of Mexico
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for the State of Mexico |
Jina Kanchi Jain Math, Melsithamur, is a Jain Matha that is located near Gingee, Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India.
It is the primary religious center of the Tamil Jain community. It is headed by the primary religious head of this community, Bhattaraka Laxmisena Swami.
History
The Tiruvannamalai and Villupuram areas have been an important centre of Jainism since ancient times. Historically, there was a Jain Math at Kanchipuram but it was shifted to its current location here. Venkatappa Nayak (1570-1600) is said to have given permission during his reign to build this Sittamur Jain Temple. Later, in 1860 CE, a Jain official in the Madras Provincial Services, Sri Baliah, dismantled several stone-pieces including the great stone elephants from the Gingee Venkataramana Temple, to make edifices in the Sittamur Jain temple. Among them the
great stone elephants placed at the foot of
the Termutti (car-stand), are noteworthy.
Overview
There are two temples and one of them is dedicated to Parshvanatha. The other temple is dedicated to Malinatha and it was originally a boulder containing rock-cut images of Bahubali, Parsvanatha, Adinatha, Mahavira and Ambika yakshi. These images were carved in the 9th century CE.
Parshvanatha temple or Raja Gopuram is a seven storeyed tower with a total height of more than 70 feet. Images of tirthankaras are carved on temple walls. Main idol of Parsvanatha temple is a black colored 14 feet idol of Parsvanatha in Padmasan posture. The 52 feet manastambha in temple is a monolith.
Malinatha Temple is also known as Thiruvooram Palli or Kattam Palli. The carvings of Tirtankaras Bahubali, Parshvanatha, Adinath bagavan, Mahavira and Yakshi Dharma Devi belonging to the 7th century sculptured on a single rock here is a testimony to the workmanship of those days.
Other Temples
Gingee Jain Temple : Gingee Jain Temple is a very ancient and famous temple. This temple is dedicated to Adinatha.
Vilukkam Temple : This is a small temple dedicated to Adinatha.
Thayanur Temple : This temple is built more than 1000 years ago. This temple is dedicated to Mahaveer Swami.The other deities you can find in this temple are Yakshi Padmavati, Yakshi Dharmadevi, Brahma Devar and Navagraham mandap.
Kolianur Temple : The presiding deity in this temple is Adinath Bhagwan who is seated in a Padmasana posture. Stone carved idols of other deities in the temple include Padmavathi Yakshi and Navagraham.
Location
The Math is located 20 km off Tindivanam and 10 km east of Gingee.
Photo gallery
See also
Tamil Jain
List of Jain temples
Laxmisena
Arahanthgiri Jain Mutt
References
External links
Mel Sithamur Jain Math images
Blog on the Mel Sithamur Jain Math
Mel Sithamur Jain Temple images
Mel Sithamur Jain Math images
Rath Yatra celebrations during Mahavir Jayanti at the Mel Sithamur Jain Math
Viluppuram district
Jain temples in Tamil Nadu
Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu
9th-century Jain temples |
Minuscule 595 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 602 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 16th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It was labelled by Scrivener as 468.
Description
The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 155 paper leaves (size ) with one lacunae (Matthew 1:1-5:44). The text is written in one column per page, 26 lines per page.
It contains the lists of the (to John), Latin numbers of the at the margin, the Ammonian Sections (only in Mark), (not the Eusebian Canons), lectionary markings, incipits, Synaxarion, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, and ; (lessons) were added by a later hand.
Text
The Greek text of the codex Aland did not place in any Category. It was not examined by using the Claremont Profile Method.
It lacks Matthew 16:2b–3 (Signs of the times).
History
Formerly the manuscript was housed at the monastery St. Michael de Muriano Nr. 49 in Venice. The manuscript was described by Mittarelli (1708–1777), along with the codex 419.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener. It was examined by Dean Burgon.
The manuscript currently is housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I,56 (1324)), at Venice.
See also
List of New Testament minuscules
Biblical manuscript
Textual criticism
References
Further reading
Greek New Testament minuscules
16th-century biblical manuscripts |
Daniel Stephan (born 3 August 1973) is a retired German handball player.
Born in Rheinhausen, he was a member of the German national handball team from 1995, winning the 2004 European Men's Handball Championship. He retired in 2005, after an injury series not wanting to end, which had let him never take part at a World Men's Handball Championship. Stephan was the World Player of the Year 1998 and the German handball player of the years 1997 to 1999.
In the Bundesliga Stephan played for OSC Rheinhausen until 1994, when he changed to TBV Lemgo where he played until 2008. With Lemgo, he has won the National Cup of Germany in 1995, 1997 and 2002, the National Championship of Germany in 1997 and 2003, the EHF Cup in 2006 as well as the EHF Cup Winner's Cup in 1996.
References
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Duisburg
German male handball players
Olympic handball players for Germany
Handball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
21st-century German people |
Abdul Wahhab () is a male Muslim given name, and in modern usage, surname. It is built from the Arabic words ʻabd and al-Wahhāb, one of the names of God in the Qur'an, which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names. It means "servant of the all-giver".
The letter a of the al- is unstressed, and can be transliterated by almost any vowel, often by u. The last element may appear as Wahab, Wahhab, Vehhab, Ouahab, and others with the whole name subject to variable spacing and hyphenation.
It may refer to:
Abd al-Wahhab ibn Rustam (784-832), the founder of the Wahhabism Ibadi Movement, in Tiaret, in Algeria
Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab (973–1031), Iraqi Maliki scholar and jurist
ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ibn Aḥmad aš-Šaʿrānī, known as just Shaʿrānī (1492–1565), Egyptian Sufi teacher
Mohammed ibn abd al-Wahab al-Ghassani (died 1707), Moroccan diplomat and travel writer
Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab (1702-1792), Arab Hanbali scholar, founder of modern Wahhabism
Abdul Wahab, known as Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829), Sindhi Sufi poet
Abdulvehhab Ilhamija (1773–1821), Bosnian Dervish and writer
Kheireddine Abdul Wahab (1878–1944), Lebanese businessman
Bachir Abdelouahab (1897–1978), Algerian politician and medical doctor
Abdul Wahab Khan Tarzi (born 1903), Afghan civil servant
Mohammed Abdel Wahab (1902 –1991), Egyptian singer and composer
Abdul-Wahab Mirjan (1909–1964), Iraqi politician
Khaled Abdul-Wahab (1911–1997), Tunisian who helped Jews in World War II
Fatin Abdel Wahab (1913–1972), Egyptian film director
Abdolvahaab Shahidi (born 1914), Iranian singer and barbat player
Abd al-Wahhab Hawmad (1915-2002), Syrian politician
Afif Abdul Wahab (1915–2003), Lebanese doctor
Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf (1916-1959), Iraqi revolutionary
Abdul Wahab (journalist) (1916 – 1994), Bangladeshi journalist
Shah Abd al-Wahhab (1894—1982), Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and former principal of Darul Uloom Hathazari
Abdul Wahhab Pirji (1890–1976), Bangladeshi Islamic scholar
Muhammad Abdulwahhab (born 1923), Indian Muslim religious teacher
Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati (1926–1999), Iraqi poet
Abdel Wahab Elmessiri (1938–2008), Egyptian political philosopher
Abdul Wahab Adam (1938-2014), Ghanaian Muslim Scholar and Ameer of the Ahmadiyya movement, Ghana
Abdelwahab Abdallah (born 1940), Tunisian politician
Abdul Wahab Siddiqi (1942–1994), Pakistani religious scholar and Sufi Master
Abdulwahab Darawshe (born 1943), Arab-Israeli politician
Tuan Haji Anuar bin Haji Abd. Wahab (1945–2009), Malaysian silat expert
Abdelwahab Meddeb (born 1946), Tunisian-French poet and essayist
Mounes Abdul Wahab (born 1947), Lebanese blind civil rights activist, author and pioneer of disabled rights movement
AbdulWahab Raweh (born 1952), Yemeni politician
Mohamed Abdelwahab Abdelfattah (born 1962), Egyptian classical composer
Abdul-Wahab Abu Al-Hail (born 1976), Iraqi footballer
Musa Abed Al Wahab (born 1977), Saudi held in Guantanamo
AbdulWahab al-Awdi (born 1978), Yemeni poet
Mohamed Abdelwahab (1983–2006), Egyptian footballer
Abdul Wahab Khan (politician), speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Abdul Wahab Peevee (P. V. Abdul Wahab), Indian politician
Zamzani Abdul Wahab (Chef Zam), Malaysian chef
Abdul Wahab Dar, Pakistani cricketer
Abdul Wahab (educationist), Pakistani educationist
As a female name, it may refer to:
Sherine Abdel Wahhab (born 1980), Egyptian singer
See also
Aboab family
References
Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names
Iranian masculine given names |
Betty Ehrenborg, married name Posse af Säby (22 July 1818 – 22 July 1880), was a Swedish writer, psalm writer and pedagogue. She is regarded as the founder of the Swedish Sunday school.
Life
Katarina Elisabeth (nicknamed Betty) Ehrenborg was the daughter of the noble Parliamentary Ombudsman Casper Ehrenborg and the writer Anna Fredrica Carlqvist. She was raised at the family estate Råbäck at Kinnekulle. Her sister Maria Ulrika (Ulla) Ehrenborg was the wife of Bishop Ebbe Gustaf Bring.
In 1842, she and her mother moved to Uppsala to be near her brother, Richard, who studied at Uppsala University. In Uppsala, she attended several of the university lectures, though she was merely a member of the civil audience and not a student, and she became a part of the Uppsala intellectual life of the 1840s.
She worked as a governess in 1846–1848. She got to know Swedish Baptist pioneer brothers Gustaf Palmquist and Per Palmqvist in 1851. Ehrenborg traveled to England around that time, possibly with the brothers, and learned about the Sunday school programs there. While in England she stayed with Mathilda Foy, who introduced her to Carl Olof Rosenius' teachings. In 1852–1853, she studied at the British and Foreign school in London. She remained in contact with the Palmqvist brothers and they encouraged her to publish "". After returning to Sweden, she established a Sunday school in 1854 with 13 mostly free-church and Baptist students. She founded and managed a Sunday school on her brother's estate in 1855–1856. Her Sunday school moved to Bethlehem Church in 1873.
In 1854, she co-founded the Fruntimmersällskapet för fångars förbättring in Stockholm with Foy, writer Fredrika Bremer, deaconess Maria Cederschiöld, and Emilia Elmblad, founder of the Stockholm home for reformed prostitutes.
In 1863, she married Baron Johan August Posse.
She died in Södertälje in 1880.
Works
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" (Swedish-language lyrics, "Blinka lilla stjärna")
"Visan om solen, månen och planeterna" ("The song about the sun, moon and planets")
"Wir hatten gebauet ein stattliches Haus" (Swedish-language lyrics: "När juldagsmorgon glimmar")
References
Sources
K Elisabet (Betty) Posse, urn:sbl:7371, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (article by Oloph Bexell), retrieved 2015-09-04.
Further reading
1818 births
1880 deaths
19th-century Swedish women writers
19th-century Swedish writers
Swedish nobility
Swedish governesses |
The Cooperative Web or Co-Web refers to a browser-based platform that promises to replicate the power of face-to-face communications via web-touch without sacrificing the quality of human interactions. A Co-Web enabled
situational application exploits direct high-definition video mixed with web based telepresence to further increase conversational productivity. The objective of the Cooperative Web is to enrich collaborative web meetings with a browser metaphor that supports simultaneous interactions between meeting participants.
Overview
A convergence is occurring between various technologies associated with the notion of live web meetings. The phrase Web conferencing has been used to describe group discussions over the internet. These discussions are often implemented using Synchronous conferencing protocols and are commonly used for webinars, where one meeting participant lectures to other participants while presenting some information that is rendered to all participants by a common client application (web or fat client). The term telepresence refers to a set of technologies which allow a person to feel as if they were present, to give the appearance that they were present, or to have an effect, at a location other than their true location. Telepresence requires that the senses of the user, or users, are provided with such stimuli as to give the feeling of being in that other location. Additionally, users may be given the ability to affect the remote location. As the analysts at IDC describe, the goal is to create a sensory experience that communicates the full range of human interactions in a live meeting.
While many telepresence solutions have focused on the ambiance aspects of remote meeting environments and while most web conferencing solutions have focused on the integration of webinar and telephony features into collaboration software offerings/services, little has been done to simulate or reflect the asynchronous or simultaneous aspects of live meetings over the internet. Ideally what is required is a set of technologies that enrich communications with sensory elements that provide a just-like-being-there experience for live meetings. The sensory experience should include a range of sight, sound, and touch interactions. However, the current state of web conferencing and telepresence solutions focus mainly on the sight and sound aspects of a meeting and fall short on the interaction capabilities of participants. Moreover, web conferencing and telepresence solutions are typically not vendor neutral and tend to be pricey.
Users have the ability to incorporate webinar capabilities into an immersive or adaptive telepresence solution to extend meeting attendance. Yet this injection of telepresence Lite capabilities all along the telepresence solution spectrum still does not address support for simultaneous interactions with the material being presented in a meeting.
Orthogonal to this convergence in the technologies that support live web meetings, the web browser platform has evolved to a point whereby the mediation of user interactions amongst meeting attendees is possible. The common browser has raised the bar of expectation by users. Regardless of your browser of choice, your ability to access web applications simply and efficiently has become the norm. The overall browser experience has improved due in part by the broad adoption of web standards by browser providers and by the sheer economics and reach of the web browser platform. Essentially, the browser has evolved into the ubiquitous application container for the web.
Solution concepts
People meet, gather, huddle for business and personal endeavors. The majority of the discussions associated with these conferencing activities tend to be associated with decisions. Typically, the decision making process incorporates the analysis of one or more visualizations of data. The Cooperative Web pertains to a set of technologies and associated architectures that promise to empower decision agility with respect to information available for evaluation via web-based applications.
While cooperative web solutions can incorporate digital components (audio, video) to replicate the face-face meeting experience with the human sensory elements of sight and sound, the interactive sensory element is a differentiating factor. A core value proposition of this technology is that it provides all meeting participants with the ability to manipulate data and drive web centric applications that are used in the decision making process.
In consideration to IDC's call for the ability to develop a low-cost plug-and-play telepresence solution that can be easily adopted by medium-sized companies to extend the reach and promise of telepresence, the
Cooperative Web offers solution vendors and composite web application developers the ability to develop standards based web applications that can be used in collaborative communication-oriented meetings.
Sample solution scenarios characteristics
Webinar whereby Audio, Video and Co-Web enabled applications are combined
Traditional teleconference or phone conversations aided by a Co-Web enabled application (this would be useful when broadband limitations exists or when video cameras are not present)
Ad hoc just-in-time web conference
Video conferencing meeting whereby a remote mobile attendee is required
Solution scenarios
TeleMedicine: Remote health care or diagnosis
E-Learning or Distance Learning
Call Center Support
Financial Analyst Briefing
Conceptual architecture
The maturity of service-oriented-architectures has fueled an ecosystem of ajax-based gadgets (widgets) that encapsulate content services. These gadgets, standalone fragments of a web page, make up the information rich web palette that can be assembled, wired and shared in composite web applications.
Assume that the gadgets used in a given web page all publish the events associated with user-interactions to a predefined mediation server whereby all participants in a managed web meeting were notified of the interactions, then each instance of the gadgets in the web page (running in each meeting participants browser) would receive these remote interaction events as if they were locally triggered. The result would be that each meeting participant would broadcast his/her web page interactions and also subscribe to the results associated with interactions of other meeting participants.
Comparison with telepresence
The following attributes most common associated with Telepresence solutions are
Quality of Image
True Eye Contact
Life Size Image
Proximity of image
Sound quality
Full complement of content presentation capabilities
The reality is that many of top selling solutions focus more on the features associated with sight and sound and complementary ambiance aspects like high-end furniture. However, few focus on extending the telepresence experience with interactive presentation capabilities. Cooperative web enabled applications are complementary to the spectrum of telepresence solutions as they extend the scope of the browser-based platform to allow all meeting participants to share browser applications in a live online meeting.
As described by Gartner, the spectrum of Telepresence solutions can range from Lite to Adaptive to Immersive. Cooperative Web enabled applications can be leveraged along all points on the solution spectrum to help enrich the just-like-being-there aspects of the telepresence experience.
Typically, sophisticated technologies are required for a user to be given a convincing telepresence experience. However, one of the benefits of cooperative web solutions is the ubiquity of the technology dependencies. The cost of entry for adoption has been reduced to a common browser, a few JavaScript libraries and some browser plug-ins. The net result is that the cooperative web not only extends the reach of telepresence solutions, this technology also improves the overall experience of remote communications.
However, in its raw state, a co-web enabled application does not require a telepresence environment nor a hosted web conferencing solution. The minimum requirement is a mediation server and a co-web enabled application.
See also
Open Cooperative Web Framework, a Dojo Foundation Project
Mashups
Synchronous conferencing
Open Mashup Alliance
References
"Gartner MarketScope for Video Telepresence Solutions (G00156551)", Costello, Morrison, 2008.
"IDC Worldwide Telepresence 2008-2012 Forecast and Analysis", Freedman, Doyle, 2008.
An Architecture of Participation, O'Reilly, 2008.
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Shirky, 2008.
"IDC: What You Need to Know about Telepresence and HD Videoconferencing", Germanow, October 2007.
Computer-mediated communication |
SS Widget was a diesel tugboat that operated on the Arrow Lakes in British Columbia, Canada. She was built by Ivan Horie in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1948.
She was chartered by the Canadian Pacific Railway company to fill in until a replacement for SS Columbia (1920-1947), which had a damaged hull, could be acquired. Widget was only used from February 1, 1948 to late April of that year.
References
Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes
Ships built in Vancouver
Canadian Pacific Railway
1948 ships |
UAAP Season 43 men's basketball tournament is the 1980 season of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, which was hosted by the University of the Philippines. The opening of the 1980-1981 edition of the UAAP takes place on July 20, 1980 at the Loyola Center.
Participated by its seven schools, University of the Philippines, University of Santo Tomas, University of the East, Far Eastern University, Adamson University, National University and Ateneo de Manila University.
Men's basketball
The Far Eastern University (FEU) Tamaraws, bagged the title by scoring a rare and first sweep of the UAAP basketball series. The last team that FEU beat was the UST Glowing Goldies who ranked second in the team standings. Had UST won the last match, there would have been a twice to beat finals between the two teams in FEU's advantage. Since going into the final game, the power-leaping and hustling center of the Tamaraws, ex-US marine Anthony Williams, was good for 27 points per game.
References
43
1980 in Philippine basketball |
The Winston-Salem State Rams are the athletic teams that represent Winston-Salem State University, located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Rams compete as members of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association for all sports.
Winston-Salem State has been a continuous member of the CIAA since 1945, with the exception of a three-year hiatus between 2007 and 2010 when they competed provisionally at the Division I level with the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. Financial difficulties, however, prevented the Rams from beginning full membership and they returned to the CIAA and Division II.
Varsity teams
List of teams
Men's sports (4)
Basketball
Cross Country
Football
Golf
Women's sports (6)
Basketball
Cross country
Softball
Tennis
Track and field
Volleyball
National championships
Team
Individual sports
Men's basketball
In 1967, Winston-Salem State became the first Historically Black College to win an NCAA Basketball Championship. The Rams won the College Division Championship (now Division II) with a 31–1 record. They were led by high-scoring guard Earl Monroe, who averaged an amazing 41.5 points per game that season before being selected second overall in the 1967 NBA draft by the Baltimore Bullets (now the Washington Wizards).
Baseball
In August 2010, Winston-Salem State University reinstated their baseball program after a 37-year hiatus. Despite only being the first year of the program, the baseball team managed to win the CIAA Conference Championship and move on to the Atlantic Regional. The team again won the CIAA Conference Championship in 2012, 2013, and 2014, making that four consecutive conference championships in the first four years of the program. The team also achieved success in the 2013 season by earning the program's first ever national ranking of No. 23 in the country while also hosting the 2013 NCAA Atlantic Regional.
Football
Winston-Salem State played in the 2012 Division II National Championship football game on December 15, 2012. They lost, 35–7, to Valdosta State University, finishing the season, 14–1, the best of any historically black college/university. The team was led by head coach Connell Maynor and All-American quarterback Kameron Smith.
The current home of the Winston-Salem State football team is Bowman Gray Stadium, which is also home to the NASCARs "longest-running weekly race track", as the stadium is a dual-use complex for both sports.
References
External links |
The Libyan Navy () is the naval warfare branch of the Libyan Armed Forces. Established in November 1962, Libyan Navy has been headed by Admiral Mansour Bader, Chief of Staff of the Libyan Naval Force. Before the First Libyan Civil War it was a fairly typical small navy with a few missile frigates, corvettes and patrol boats to defend the coastline, but with a very limited self-defence capability.
The Navy has always been the smallest of Libya's military branches and has always been dependent on foreign sources for equipment, spare parts, and training. Most of the Gaddafi-era fleet was destroyed in 2011. Since the start of the Second Libyan Civil War, the Libyan Navy is aligned with the Government of National Accord (GNA), led by the Presidential Council in Tripoli, apart from coastal patrol vessels under the control of the Libyan National Army.
History
Its first warship was delivered in 1966. These were two s from the UK. Initially the effective force was limited to smaller vessels, but this changed after the rise of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi in 1969. From this time, Libya started to buy armaments from Europe and the Soviet Union. The Customs and Harbour police were amalgamated with the Navy in 1970, extending the Navy's mission to include anti-smuggling and customs duties. The total personnel of the Libyan Navy is about 8,000.
During the 2011 Libyan civil war several elements of the Libyan Navy were destroyed by NATO forces, including eight warships in the night before 20 May and one on 17 August. Two were also captured by the rebels at Benghazi.
The Navy began the process of purchasing new boats in May 2012, mainly fast patrol boats for surveillance and border protection purposes, including the MRTP-20 fast attack boat.
As of June 2012, the Libyan Navy has been headed by Commodore Hassan Ali Bushnak, Chief of Staff of the Libyan Naval Force. The British Royal Navy along with the Libyan Navy held joint exercises together at Dartmouth Naval College in the UK in June 2012.
Libyan Navy ships under the command of Rida Issa, loyal to the internationally recognized Government of National Accord, took part in the operation to liberate the city of Sirte from ISIL. The Libyan Navy assisted ground forces and blocked off sea escape routes for the militants. On 20 June 2016, the European Union states announced that the naval mission in the Mediterranean Sea, Operation Sophia, was extended until 2017, and helped train the Libyan Navy and coast guard.
In 2021, the navy (except for the Haftar's forces) will be under new leadership of the new Libyan President, Mohamed al-Menfi from the Government of National Unity.
Background
The Navy's primary mission is to defend the coast. A strengthening of the service was made in the 1970s; the Soviet Union sold six s, and though two of them were only averagely serviceable, they became the main threats to the United States Navy in the Mediterranean Sea. In the meantime, Libya bought four Russian s, that even in the export versions were well-armed and powerful ships. Another four s were acquired from Italy. These had Otomat long range missiles (in the Mk.I version without datalink for in-flight course correction) and modern artillery. They were less well-armed as anti-aircraft ships than the Nanuchkas but, with a displacement almost twice that of a typical fast attack craft, had anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities, with sonar and light torpedoes.
Actions
Libya's Navy first saw military action during an encounter with the United States Sixth Fleet in March 1986 in the Action in the Gulf of Sidra, when one missile boat and a corvette were destroyed, and other ships were damaged by A-6 Intruder aircraft. Unusually, some of these attacks were performed successfully, with cluster bombs like the Mk.20 Rockeye which were designed as an anti-tank weapon.
In July 1984, the roll-on/roll-off ferry Ghat is believed to have mined the Red Sea a few kilometres south of the Suez Canal. Approximately nineteen ships were damaged, including a Soviet container ship which was the first to be hit on 9 July. The Islamic Jihad Organisation took responsibility for the incident. However, Egypt's President Hosni Mubarak did not believe the claims and blamed Muammar Gaddafi and Libya. Other sources agreed after it was learnt that the ship took fifteen days to complete a voyage that normally would take eight days, the head of the Libyan minelaying division was on board, and that, when inspected by French officials in Marseilles the aft door was damaged. Due to concerns about the safety and potential lost revenue from the canal, Egypt asked for assistance in sweeping the mines in a complex operation that involved minehunters from the French, British, Italian, Dutch, and US navies. The British located a Soviet-made mine, which was most likely sold to Libya after 1981 and was laid to cause problems for Egypt.
Second Battle of Zawiya. Ships (1985)
Active ships
Former ships
Submarine
6 × Foxtrot-class submarine (1 left; not in commission)
Al-Badr
Al-Fatah
Al-Ahad
Al-Matrega
Al-Khyber
Al-Hunyan
Armament
10 × torpedo tubes (6 bow, 4 stern)
22 × torpedo
Origin:
In 1982 Libya received six Foxtrot-class submarines from the Soviet Union. However, since 1984, no submarine patrols are reported to have been conducted. In 1993 one submarine was reported sunk, and another one was abandoned in Lithuania due to international sanctions. Further reports circulated about one submarine being refitted in 2003, but they have since turned out to be false. In 2011, during the Libyan civil war, one submarine (along with a frigate and a corvette) was captured by the rebels at the Benghazi naval base.
Frigate
1 × Vosper Mk.7 frigate :(scrapped in 1990)
Armament
1 × 114 mm Mk.8 gun
2 × 40 mm/70 AA guns
2 × 35 mm/90 Oerlikon (this system was remounted on a truck during the Civil War)
2 × Seacat SSMs (Removed)
1 × quad Aspide SAM launcher
4 × single Otomat AShM launchers
1 × Limbo Mk.10 ASW mortar
2 × triple ASW torpedo tubes
Origin:
1 × (Type 1159)
213 Al Ghardabia: (struck by NATO in Tripoli Harbour 20 May 2011)
Armament:
4 × SS-N-2C Styx SSMs
2 × SA-N-4 SAMs
4 × 76mm guns
4 × 30mm guns
4 × 406mm torpedoes
1 × RBU-6000 A/S mortar
20 mines
Origin:
Corvette
4 × Assad-class corvette
Al Tadjier: (Destroyed by US Navy aircraft)
Al Tougour: (Scrapped in 1993)
Al Kalij: (Scrapped in 1993)
Al Hudud: ( Scrapped in 1993)
Armament
1 × Otobreda 76 mm gun
2 × 40 mm Breda Dardo guns
2 × 35mm Oerlikon cannon
4 × Albatros Selenia Aspide SAMs
6 × Otomat anti-ship missiles
6 × ASW torpedo tubes
Origin:
3 × Nanuchka-class corvette
Ain Zaara: (Destroyed in NATO airstrike, 19 May 2011)
Ain al Gazala: (Damaged 25 March 1986, Decommissioned and scrapped)
Ain Zaquit: (sunk by US Navy in 1986)
Tariq Ibn Ziyad: (Destroyed in Benghazi, 3 November 2014)
Armament
4 × SS-N-2C Styx SSMs
2 × SA-N-4 SAMs
2 × 57mm guns MFBPs
Origin:
Fast attack crafts
12 × Osa-class missile boat: (unknown fate)
Armament
4 × 30 mm guns
4 × P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 Styx) AShMs
Origin:
Some of Jaguar-class fast attack craft: (unknown fate)
Armament
16 × SS-12 missiles
2 × 40 mm guns
Origin:
9 × La Combattante II type fast attack craft (Beir Grassa class)
518 Sharara (ex-Beir Grassa): (Non-operational in 2011)
522 Shehab (ex-Beir Gzir): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
524 Wahag (ex-Beir Gitfa):(Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
526 Waheed (ex-Beir Glulud): (sunk on 24 March 1986 )
528 Shouaiai (ex-Beir Algandula): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
532 Shoula (ex-Beir Ktitat): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
536 Bark (ex-Beir Alkardmen): (Non-operational in 2011)
538 Rad (ex-Beir Alkur): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
542 Laheeb (ex-Beir Alkuesat): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
Armament
4 × (2×2) Otomat MkI SSMs
1 × Oto Melara 76mm gun
1 × Bofors twin 40mm
Origin:
Minesweepers
6 × Natya-class minesweeper (Type 266ME)
Armament
4 × 30mm guns
4 × 25mm guns
4 × 25mm guns
10 mines
Acoustic & Magnetic sweep
Origin:
2 × Ham-class minesweeper
Zuara: (sold to Malta in 1973)
Brak: (broken up in 1973)
Armament
1 × Bofors 40mm gun
1 × Oerlikon 20mm gun
Origin:
Oceanographic research ship
1× a former trawler converted in the 1970 called Nour: (Stricken in 2002)
Armament unknown
Origin: (possibly)
Landing ship
1 × Polnocny-class landing ship
Armament
4 × Strela 2(SA-N-5) surface-to-air missile system
2 × 30 mm AK-230 air defence gun
2 × 140 mm Ogon 18-barreled rocket launcher
Origin:
Naval infrastructure
Naval bases in the 2011 Libyan civil war
Khoms
Benghazi
Misrata
Tobruk
Tripoli
Derna
Sirte
Ship maintenance and repair facilities
Facilities at Tripoli with foreign technicians for repair of vessels of up to ; a 3,200-ton lift floating dock; floating docks at Benghazi and Tobruk.
See also
Libyan Coast Guard
References
Levie, Howard. Mine Warfare at Sea. Dordrecht, NL: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992.
War machines encliclopedy, Limited publishing, in Italian version Armi da guerra.
Annati Massimo, Al diavolo le mine!, RID magazine, Coop Riviera Ligure, Italy, June 2005.
External links
Libyan Navy
Military of Libya
Navies by country
1962 establishments in Libya
Military units and formations established in 1962
First Libyan Civil War |
Stylidium soboliferum, commonly known as Grampians triggerplant or bristly triggerplant, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Stylidium. It is endemic to the Grampians region in Victoria, Australia. The leaves are about long and are arranged in a small rosette. The flowers, which appear on long stems, have white to pale pink petals with a darker colour on the reverse side. Plants occur along drainage lines and in moist areas amongst rocks.
Stylidium soboliferum is listed as "Rare in Victoria" on the Department of Sustainability and Environment's Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria.
See also
List of Stylidium species
References
Carnivorous plants of Australia
Flora of Victoria (state)
soboliferum
Asterales of Australia
Grampians (region)
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller |
Balchladich () is a remote township in the Assynt district of Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.
References
Populated places in Sutherland |
Alexandrovka () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Aleksandrovsky Selsoviet, Suyetsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 502 as of 2013. There are 5 streets.
Geography
Alexandrovka is located 16 km southeast of Verkh-Suyetka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ukrainsky is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Suyetsky District |
Erin Manning may refer to:
Erin Manning (theorist) (born 1969), Canadian theorist |
Emirgan Mosque (), officially Emirgan Hamid-i Evvel Mosque () is an 18th-century Ottoman mosque located in the Emirgan neighborhood of the Sarıyer district in Istanbul, Turkey.
The mosque was built in 1781 by Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I (reigned 1774–1789) in memory of his early-died son Mehmed and the mother of his son Hümaşah Kadınefendi. The mosque is officially named after the sultan's name in Ottoman language. Originally, it was part of a complex consisting of a still-existing square fountain, and non-existent structures like a Turkish bath, a bakery and a mill. The complex was constructed on the place of a former coastal palace owned by Emirgüneoğlu Yusuf Pasha. The current mosque was rebuilt by Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839), the son of Abdul Hamid I.
The architectural style details and the decorations of the mosque comply with the architecture of Empire Period (1808–1876) of the Mahmud II era rather than with the Baroque Period (1757–1808) architecture of the Abdul Hamid I era. Apparently, no part of the mosque building is original except the inscription dating the first construction by Abdul Hamid I in 1871, which is kept on place as a sign of respect.
The square-plan mosque was built in a courtyard in ashlar masonry with a wooden roof. The big windows in two rows on each side bring natural lighting into the mosque. A cylindrical slim minaret with one balcony erected on a square base is situated south of the mosque. The Acanthus-type foliage ornaments and other decorations on the minaret, typical of 19th-century minarets, indicate that it underwent modifications. A two-story sultan's pavilion is attached to the mosque's eastern wall with a separate entrance. A bay window, supported by six columns, served as relaxation room for the sultan. According to a two-line poetic inscription written in Thuluth on top of the shadirvan situated at the northern corner of the mosque's courtyard, it was endowed by Rebgigül Hanım, the head of female servants in the house of Mümtaz Kadın, a spouse of Wali and Khedive of Ottoman Egypt Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha (r. 1805–1848).
Gallery
References
Ottoman mosques in Istanbul
Buildings and structures in Istanbul
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1781
Sarıyer
Bosphorus
18th-century mosques
1781 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
19th-century architecture |
Samuel James is an actor.
Samuel James may also refer to:
Samuel Wooster James, American scientist
See also
Sam James (disambiguation) |
Emily Ann Lloyd (born Emily Ann Morelli; March 27, 1984) is a retired American actress. She is best known for her role as Susan Lovell, the daughter of Jim Lovell, in Apollo 13.
Life and career
Lloyd was born in Glendale, California, the daughter of Melissa (née Rogers) and David Morelli. and the older sister of actor Eric Lloyd.
She made her debut in 1990 in the Arnold Schwarzenegger film Kindergarten Cop. For that role she won the Young Artist Award in 1991. After that she played the role of Elizabeth 'Betsy' Gibson Ewing in the television series Knots Landing. In 1997 she reprised her role as teenager in the miniseries Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac.
Filmography
References
External links
1984 births
American child actresses
American film actresses
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women |
Transgender is an overarching term to describe persons whose gender identity/expression differs from what is typically associated with the gender they were assigned at birth.
Since "transgender studies" was institutionalized as an academic discipline in the 1990s, it is difficult to apply transgender to Chinese culture in a historical context. There were no transgender groups or communities in Hong Kong until after the turn of the century. Today they are still known as a "sexual minority" in China.
Terminology
Because Chinese transgender studies are so unfocused, a wide variety of terms are used in relation to transgender in the varieties of Chinese.
Tongzhi (同志, pinyin tóngzhi) refers to all peoples with a non-normative sexuality or gender, including homosexual, bisexual, asexual, transgender, and queer peoples.
Bianxing (變性, biànxìng) is the most common way to say "change one's sex", though not necessarily through sexual reassignment surgery—bianxing may also include hormonal changes and lifestyle changes.
In Mandarin, the term kuaxingbie (跨性别, kùaxìngbié), literally "cutting across sex distinctions", has come into use as a literal translation of the English term "transgender", its use having proliferated from academic contexts.
Offensive terms for trans women include "niang niang qiang" (娘娘腔, meaning sissy boy) or "jia ya tou" (假丫头, meaning fake girl).
"Fanchuan" (反串, fǎnchùan) is the historical term for cross-dressing performing on stage, as in Beijing opera where males play women's parts, or in Taiwanese opera where females play men's parts.
In Hong Kong, there are specific derogatory terms used towards transgender people. The most common is jan-jiu (人妖) which translates to "human monster".
Bin tai, or biantai (變態) in Putonghua, in Hong Kong refers to a non-normative person, deviating from the reproductive heterosexual family and the normative body, gender, and sexuality expectations. It is also a derogatory term for cross-dressers, pedophiles, polygamists, homosexuals, masculine women, sissy boys, and transgender people.
Yan yiu, or renyao in Putonghua, translates into human ghost, human monster or freak. It is commonly used to target transgender people, but has historically been used for any kind of gender transgression.
The second form is naa-jing referring to men who are considered sissy or effeminate. However, the politically correct term for a transgender person in Hong Kong is kwaa-sing-bit (跨性別). The media in Hong Kong might use the negative term jan-jiu or bin-sing-jan, referring to a sex or gender changed person.
In the late 1990s, the performing group Red Top Arts (紅頂藝人, py Hǒngdǐng Yìrén) came to fame in Taipei, Taiwan as the island's first professional drag troupe. Since this time, "Red Top" and various homophones (紅鼎, 宏鼎, etc.) have come to be common combining-forms that indicates drag, cross-dressing, etc.
Terms for crossdressing are many and varied. 異裝癖 (py yìzhūangpǐ), literally "obsession with the opposite [sex's] attire", is commonly used. 扮裝 (py bànzhūang), literally "to put on attire", is commonly used to mean crossdressing. Related to this is an auxiliary term for drag queens: 扮裝皇后 (py bànzhūang húanghòu), or "crossdressing queen". There are several terms competing as translations of the English drag king, but none has reached currency yet. While research shows that China's younger population is much more accepting of transgender people, offensive terminology like "jan-jim" or "bin-sing-jan" is very common.
History of transgender people in China
In the mid 1930s, after the father of Yao Jinping (姚錦屏) went missing during the war with Japan, the 19-year-old reported having lost all feminine traits and become a man, was said to have an Adam's apple and flattened breasts, and left to find him. Du He, who wrote an account of the event, insisted Yao had become a man, while doctors asserted Yao was female. The story was widely reported in the press, and Yao has been compared to Lili Elbe, who underwent sex reassignment in the same decade.
Cross dressing in Peking Opera
Sinologists often look to theatrical arts when imaging China in a transgender frame because of the prominent presence of cross-gender behavior.
Peking Opera, also known as Beijing Opera, had male actors playing female dan characters. Men traditionally played women's roles due to women being excluded from performing in front of the public as a means of preventing carnal relations. Although, before 1978, male to female cross dressing was mostly for theatrical performances, used for comedic effect or to disguise a character in order to commit a crime or defeat enemies. Female to male characters were considered heroic in theatrical performances.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties of China, cross dressing occurred both onstage and in everyday life. Within theater, some who were intrigued by it would roleplay, organize their own troupes, write, and perform theatrical pieces.
Many of early modern China's stories reflected cross-dressing and living the life of a different gender for a short period of time, mainly featuring the cross-dressers as virtuous, like Mulan.
Li Yu, a writer and entrepreneur, featured the gendering of bodies to be dependent upon men's desires and operated by a system of gender dimorphism, assumed by social boundaries of the time. When Li Yu created an acting troupe, as many elite males did, he had a concubine that played a male role as he believed she was "suited to male" or considered her more of the masculine gender.
In modern-day Peking Opera and film, there are male to female cross dressers and vice versa for characters, especially with certain time periods.
Early sexual change
According to some scholars, female infants were forced to dress up as males ("cross-dressing"). They claim that this, in turn, affected those children into living transgender lives.
Laws regarding gender reassignment
Gender reassignment on official identification documents (Resident Identity Card and Hukou) is allowed in China only after the sex reassignment surgery. The following documents are required in order to apply for gender reassignment:
A formal written request from the applicant;
Household Registration Book (which may need to be retrieved from the applicant’s family) and Resident Identity Card;
A certificate of gender authentication issued by a domestic tertiary hospital, along with verification of the certificate from a notary public office or judicial accreditation body;
A notice of permission for gender alteration [of the document] from the human resources office of the institution, collective, school, enterprise, or other work units of the individual (if applicable).
In China, trans women are required to notify family, prove they have no criminal record, and undergo psychological intervention in order to be allowed a prescription for hormone medication. Familial disapproval had led many to seek alternative sources of their medication, including online sources.
Based on the Management Specification on Gender Reassignment Technology published by National Health Commission in 2022, the surgical patient has to be at least over 18 years old, have the desire of intending gender reassignment persistently for more than 5 years, be unmarried in order to take the sex reassignment surgery; plus, proof of familial consent is required prior to any surgical practice regardless of surgical types.
In 2009 the Chinese government made it illegal for minors to change their officially-listed gender, stating that sexual reassignment surgery, available to only those over the age of twenty, was required in order to apply for a revision of their identification card and residence registration.
In early 2014 the Shanxi province started allowing minors to apply for the change with the additional information of their guardian's identification card. This shift in policy allows post-surgery marriages to be recognized as heterosexual and therefore legal.
In November 2022, Chinese government began preparations to restrict internet purchases of estradiol and cyproterone, and a draft had been reviewed. The ban was put in place in December so that even those with prescriptions cannot buy these drugs online.
Transgender support in China
The Beijing LGBT Center (Beijing Tongzhi Zhongxin) is primarily composed of four organizations: Aizhixing AIDS Organization, Tongyu Lala Organization, Aibai Cultural and Education Center, and Les+. Tongyu Lala is an organization based in Beijing that combats discrimination against and is an advocate for social inclusion of lesbians, bisexual women, and transgender people. The group also helps organize LGBT groups in China.
There are a number of important events that focus on promoting LGBT rights and equality in China, including the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia, and Transphobia; the Beijing Queer Film Festival; and gay pride parades held in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou (see Hong Kong Pride Parade and Shanghai Pride).
Transgender people and Chinese culture
Religion
Confucianism, one of the dominant value systems in China, enforces and promotes traditional gender roles. Confucianism has a strong belief in maintaining males as the head of the household; thus, transgender people are considered to usurp said gender roles.
Buddhism views all bodily concerns as entrapment in the Samsara, equally including those concerns regarding LGBT+ identities and issues.
Maoism
The attitudes of younger generations that have been less exposed to Maoist ideologies are beginning to reflect more accepting attitudes towards members of the LGBTQ+ community.
Transgender culture
Youth
Transgender youth in China face many challenges. One study found that Chinese parents report 0.5% (1:200) of their 6 to 12-year boys and 0.6% (1:167) of girls often or always ‘state the wish to be the other gender’. 0.8% (1:125) of 18- to 24-year-old university students who are birth-assigned males (whose sex/gender as indicated on their ID card is male) report that the ‘sex/gender I feel in my heart’ is female, while another 0.4% indicating that their perceived gender was ‘other’. Among birth-assigned females, 2.9% (1:34) indicated they perceived their gender as male, while another 1.3% indicating ‘other’.
One transgender man recounts his childhood as one filled with confusion and peer bullying. In school he was mocked for being a tomboy and was regularly disciplined by teachers for displaying rowdy boy-like behavior. Some recommended to his parents that he be institutionalized.
These attitudes may be slowly changing and many Chinese youth are able to live happy and well-adjusted lives as members of the LGBT+ community in modern China. In July 2012 the BBC reported that the new open economy has led to more freedom of sexual expression in China.
In 2021, China's first clinic for transgender children and adolescents was set up at the Children's Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai to safely and healthily manage transgender minors' transition.
According to a survey conducted by Peking University, Chinese trans female students face strong discrimination in many areas of education. Sex segregation is found everywhere in Chinese schools and universities: student enrollment (for some special schools, universities and majors), appearance standards (hairstyles and uniforms included), private spaces (bathrooms, toilets and dormitories included), physical examinations, military trainings, conscription, PE classes, PE exams and physical health tests. Chinese students are required to attend all the activities according to their legal gender marker. Otherwise they will be punished. It is also difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees in China, even after sex reassignment surgery, which results in discrimination against well-educated trans women.
Literature
Literature and plays in the 17th century featured cross-dressing, like Ming dramatist Xu Wei who wrote Female Mulan Takes Her Father’s Place in the Army and The Female Top Candidate Rejects a Wife and Receives a Husband. Despite the female to male cross dressing, the woman would eventually return to her socially gendered roles of wearing women's clothes and would marry a man.
Social media and technology
Technological advancements help to promote greater awareness among youth of LGBT+ issues. Access to Western media such as trans-themed web sites and featuring of trans-identifying characters in Western movies are broadening the knowledge and sense of community that many trans youth seek.
Transgender people in media
Entertainers:
Jin Xing
Models:
Liu Shihan
Citizens:
The following Chinese films portray transgender characters:
Swordsman II (1992)
The East is Red (1993)
Whispers and Moans (2007)
Splendid Float (2004)
Drifting Flowers (2008)
In addition, in the 2019 documentary film, The Two Lives of Li Ermao, a trans migrant worker "transitions from male to female, then back to male," which some promoted as part of "Love Queer Cinema Week."
See also
Homosexuality in China
Intersex rights in China
LGBT culture in Shanghai
List of transgender-related topics
References
External links
The Center for the Study of Sexualities, at Taiwan's National Central University.
Chinese and Taiwanese gender-related information.
TransgenderASIA Research Centre, A website on transgender research, focusing on Asian transgender persons and culture.
A personal story from a transgender woman in China
Being LGBT in Asia: China Country Report
A transgender woman who start hormone at 12 start growing male characters after stopping female hormone in male prison for 7 months.
China 'failing trans people' as young attempt surgery on themselves – study The Guardian, 2019
LGBT in China
Transgender in Asia |
Menippe is a genus of true crabs. One of the best known species is the Florida stone crab. Most of the species of this genus are found in the Atlantic Ocean.
References
Eriphioidea
Taxa named by Wilhem de Haan
Decapod genera |
Chaudhry Muhammad Omar Jaffar is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from May 2013 to May 2018.
Early life and education
He was born on 13 August 1982 in Rahim Yar Khan to a landlord family. His father Chaudhry Jaffar Iqbal Gujjar is a former Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly and his mother Begum Ishrat Ashraf is a former member of the National Assembly of Pakistan. His sister Zaib Jaffar is also a politician and a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab.
He completed the General Certificate of Secondary Education in 1999 from St Lawrence College, Ramsgate and received a degree of Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Business Economics and Finance in 2008 from London Metropolitan University.
Political career
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) from Constituency PP-293 (Rahimyar Khan-IX) in 2013 Pakistani general election.
References
Living people
Punjabi people
People from Rahim Yar Khan District
Punjab MPAs 2013–2018
1982 births
Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)
People educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate
Alumni of London Metropolitan University |
The Jeneberang () (Historical Name : Garassi River) is a river of approximately 75 km in length in the south-western half of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The catchment has an area of 760 square kilometers.
Hydrology
The river rises near the 2833 meter high mountain Mount Bawakaraeng and runs through the districts of Gowa and Takalar up to the port city of Makassar, flowing into the Makassar Strait. Its final stretch physically separates the kelurahan of Barombong to the south from the rest of the city to the north. The river has flooded the city regularly, notably in 1976.
Approximately 40 km downstream is located is the 73 metre high Bili-Bili Dam, completed in 1999 with an internal volume of 380 million cubic meters.
On 26 March 2004 a landslide occurred in the upper reaches of the Jeneberang, killing 32 people. On 22 January 2019, the river overflowed due to heavy rain, causing a flood that killed dozens.
Geography
The river flows in the southwest area of Sulawesi with predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 25 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 28 °C, and the coldest is February, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2750 mm. The wettest month is January, with an average of 671 mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 10 mm rainfall.
See also
List of drainage basins of Indonesia
List of rivers of Indonesia
List of rivers of Sulawesi
References
External links
Wilayah Administrasi BBWS Pompengan Jeneberang
Geologi DAS Jeneberang
*
Rivers of South Sulawesi
Jeneberang basin |
Sarah Carmichael Harrell (pen name, Citizen; January 8, 1844 – 1929) was an American educator, social reformer, and writer. She served two years as superintendent of the department of scientific temperance in the public schools, and was the "first female teacher to receive pay equal with male teachers in southeast Indiana". Harrell was a member of the Indiana Board of World's Fair Managers in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition.
Early years and education
Sarah Carmichael was born in Brookville, Indiana, January 8, 1844. Noah Carmichael, her father, was born in Tennessee, and came to Franklin County, Indiana early in its history, being a pioneer merchant and stock dealer of the county seat. In Franklin County, he married Edith Stoops (born in Brookville). William Stoops (born in Kentucky), the father of Edith Stoops, became connected with the agricultural interests of Franklin County early in its history.
Harrell entered the primary class in Brookville College when eight years of age, and while still in the intermediate class, she left college to start teaching at her first school.
Career
Educator
In 1859, Harrell began to teach in the public schools of Indiana, and did so for twelve years, being the first woman teacher to receive equal wages with male teachers in southeast Indiana.
Because of her continued interest in education, she took a complete course with the Chautauqua Reading Circle and received about 25 seals for post-graduate work. During her husband's eight years' service in the Indiana General Assembly, she formed an extended acquaintance among prominent people of the state, and was frequently called upon to fill positions requiring ability and foresight. Besides these positions, she served as superintendent of scientific temperance instruction for Indiana, and prepared to secure the enactment of a law to regulate the study of temperance in the public schools.
In 1891, Harrell was appointed by Governor Alvin Peterson Hovey as a member of Indiana's Columbian Exposition board. She was made a member of the committee on education and woman's work, but gave most of her time and energy to the former. As secretary of the educational committee, she worked almost day and night for two years, preparing a literary and educational exhibit of the state. Her greatest work was the origination and carrying to a successful completion of the plan known as the "Penny School Collection Fund of Indiana", used in the educational exhibit in the Columbian Exposition.
As a member of Indiana's Board of World's Fair Managers, she immediately set to devise some means to create an interest among the teachers and school children of Indiana in the Columbian Exposition. The Penny Fund scheme was the result. She presented her plans to the Franklin County Teachers' Institute where it was endorsed, and action immediately taken to cooperate with her. With like assurance from teachers, school officers and others, the matter was taken before the Indiana Board of World's Fair Managers, where it was favorably considered, and Harrell was appointed to develop the plan, with instructions to consult with State Superintendent Hervey D. Vories, W. A. Bell, of the Indiana School Journal, and L. H. Jones, Superintendent of Indianapolis city schools. Accordingly, within a few weeks time, 18,000 circulars, "Indiana Schools in the World's Fair," were distributed to teachers, school officials and the press of the State. This circular suggested two "Exposition Days" to be given up to patriotic and historical exercises in all the schools of the State, at which time a collection of from the children, from teachers, from high school principals, and from the city and town school superintendents, school boards and township trustees would be taken.
Other pursuits
Under various pen names, Harrell wrote articles on floriculture, education, and letters of travel. She was a frequent contributor to floral and household magazines, and educational journals. However, she disclaimed any ambition in the way of authorship. A contemporaneous biographer said of her: "Over the signature of 'Citizen' at the age of sixteen, she (Mrs. Harrell) furnished a series of letters to the local press, showing up the management of the liquor traffic, the boldness of so-called moral and religious men who are its patrons. Her letters had such an awakening effect as to the evil influence of liquor that they created more agitation than had been stirred up for years." The circular letters of Harrell, which she sent out while preparing the exhibit of the state for the Columbian Exposition, brought favorable comments. She wrote articles on scientific temperance and education which were considered models of clear and comprehensive English.
Harrell was also an active worker in the church and took a keen interest in the welfare of young people. One of her public labors was the opening of a reading room in Brookville for the use of the boys of the town. Later, she was also instrumental in securing the Carnegie library for Brookville, and still later, became identified with charity work in the county.
Personal life
She married Samuel Sidney Harrell on December 18, 1871. They had two daughters, Hallie and Edna, the former being a graduate of DePauw University.
References
Attribution
Bibliography
External links
1844 births
1929 deaths
19th-century American writers
19th-century American women writers
People from Brookville, Indiana
Educators from Indiana
American temperance activists
American non-fiction writers
American women educators
Pseudonymous women writers
American women non-fiction writers
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century
19th-century pseudonymous writers
American garden writers
American women travel writers |
WBJC (91.5 MHz) is a non-commercial, public FM radio station licensed to Baltimore, Maryland. The station is owned by Baltimore City Community College and it airs a classical music radio format. WBJC holds periodic fundraisers on the air to pay for the station's expenses. The radio studios and offices are on Reisterstown Road in Baltimore.
WBJC has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, the maximum for most stations in Maryland.Radio-Locator.com/WBJC Its transmitter tower is off Reisterstown Road at Interstate 695 in Pikesville, Maryland, at ().
History
WBJC signed on in . It originally broadcast on 88.1 MHz with a 250 watt transmitter obtained from military surplus by Edward Arnold, chief engineer. It served as a workshop for his students of radio in the Department of Speech, Drama and Radio. The radio department was headed by Clarence DeHaven at the Baltimore Junior College, which shared the campus of the Baltimore high school known as Baltimore City College. WBJC's antenna had a gain of -3db so that the effective radiated power was only 125 watts. However the antenna was on the top of the school's tower, which enjoyed a great view of almost all of Baltimore and much of surrounding counties. The station operated a flexible schedule as it was largely dependent on student volunteers. Generally the station signed off at 5 PM, but sports events often extended the broadcast day and led to weekend operation.
In the summer of 1952, Dick Ballard broached the idea of making use of the facilities in the evening for broadcasts of good music. With James Winship Lewis, director of the Handel Choir and member of the faculty of the department of Speech, Drama and Radio of the college, he secured the support of a number of civic leaders. With Dean Katenkamp's support, arrangements were completed. The evening broadcasts began on the 15th of September, 1952, running from 7 to 11 PM seven days a week. The rather limited operating expenses were underwritten by the Department of Adult Education with the support of Thomas A. Van Sant and Wilmer V. Bell. All of the expenses of preparing and presenting the programs, including securing the records, were borne by members of the volunteer staff, assisted by friends of the station. The evening staff programs consisted of classical music with occasional dramatic plays, talks, poetry readings and interviews with Baltimore musicians. Thursday night was Opera Night.
The volunteer staff included Dick Ballard, Jim Lewis, Mary George, Yvonne Morin, Paul Hicks, Stephen Hubard and Clare Milton, soon grew and by the April, 1953 had organized and elected as officers Clare Milton, Maurice Rushworth, Jeannette Spotten, Mary George, Les Keller and Arthur Cunliffe. The staff published a monthly program guide. One year's subscription was $1.00.). Sixty-odd volunteers produced the evening programs during its first five years. The 1957, 5th Anniversary Issue of the program guide gave special mention to the contributions of Yvonne Morin, program director for almost four years and of the succeeding evening staff manager, Bill Stotz. Over the two decades that the Evening Staff broadcast, Clare Milton was a consistent contributor, programming and often announcing the Monday evening broadcast and serving as Program Manager or Station Manager for many years.
Many early FM radios often would not tune as low as 88.1 MHz, so Clarence DeHaven, who oversaw operation of the station, in addition to his teaching and administrative duties, asked the FCC to allow a change of WBJC's frequency to one which was adjacent to the frequencies used by commercial broadcasters. This coincided with the Junior College's move to its own campus on Reisterstown Road. For many years the station occupied a wood-frame house on the campus, with studios on the second floor. The "Evening Staff" volunteer program ended in the early-1970s.
Matt Edwards, a classical music commentator on New York's WQXR-FM and WNCN hosted "Masterpieces of Music Before 1750." In September, 1957 the guide described the program for the month as an "anthology of musical examples from Gregorian Chant to J. S. Bach [which] contains the pieces discussed in Carl Parrish and John F. Ohl's book of the same title published, by W. W. Norton & Company. The recordings were made by Danish soloists and ensembles including Finn Videro, Aksel Schiotz, Else Brems, Niels Brincker, the Schola Gregoriana of Copenhagen, the Copenhagen Boys' and Men's Choir, the Madrigal Choir of the Danish State Radio and the Chamber Orchestra and Chorus of the Danish State Radio, and were under the direction of Mogens Wöldike. Listening to these programs while perusing the book would be an excellent introduction to the history of music."
Current operations
WBJC's 50,000 watt signal reaches more than 180,000 listeners weekly across parts of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware and the northern suburbs of Washington, DC.
WBJC produces several popular programs hosted by Jonathan Palevsky. Past Masters showcases notable performances from the past. Face the Music has a panel of local musical experts listening and offering critiques of new recordings. Vocalise focuses on vocal music (the station usually does not play vocal music on a daily basis). WBJC Operafest presents classic opera recordings in their entirety. Toccata focuses on keyboard music. Music in Maryland features locally performed concerts. Late night/early morning broadcasts are provided by Classical 24.
WBJC's primary competition for classical music listeners is WETA 90.9 FM in Washington, D.C. Although WETA-FM is a Washington metropolitan area station, its service contour covers portions of the Baltimore metropolitan area.
References
External links
BJC
Classical music radio stations in the United States
BJC
Radio stations established in 1952
1952 establishments in Maryland |
Lophocolea is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Lophocoleaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Accepted species according to GBIF include;
Lophocolea aberrans Lindenb. & Gottsche
Lophocolea aequifolia Nees & Mont.
Lophocolea alata
Lophocolea alpina
Lophocolea angustistipula
Lophocolea anomala {{Au|]] Lophocolea anomoda Lophocolea apalachicola Lophocolea aperticaulis Lophocolea aphelophylla Lophocolea apophylla Lophocolea appalachiana Lophocolea arisancola Lophocolea armatistipula Lophocolea ascensionis Lophocolea asperrima Lophocolea atra Lophocolea attenuata Lophocolea aucklandica Lophocolea australis Lophocolea autoica Lophocolea azopardana Lophocolea baccarinii Lophocolea baldwinii Lophocolea bartlettii Lophocolea bewsii Lophocolea bicuspidata Lophocolea bidentata Lophocolea bifidistipula Lophocolea bispinosa Lophocolea blepharoptera Lophocolea boliviensis Lophocolea bootanensis Lophocolea boulyana Lophocolea bowiena Lophocolea brachydonta Lophocolea brookwoodiana Lophocolea caespitans Lophocolea cagnii Lophocolea calcarea Lophocolea caledonica Lophocolea canaliculata Lophocolea canelensis Lophocolea cavispina Lophocolea cellulosocrenulata Lophocolea cervicornis Lophocolea ciliifera Lophocolea coadunata Lophocolea columbica Lophocolea concreta Lophocolea convexula Lophocolea crossitexta Lophocolea decurrens Lophocolea deningeri Lophocolea dentiflora Lophocolea difformis Lophocolea discedens Lophocolea divaricata Lophocolea dusenii Lophocolea elata Lophocolea epiphylla Lophocolea erosa Lophocolea esterhuysenii Lophocolea excisifolia Lophocolea fertilis Lophocolea flavescens Lophocolea flavicans Lophocolea fleischeri Lophocolea floribunda Lophocolea foliicola Lophocolea formosana Lophocolea fragillima Lophocolea fragmentissima Lophocolea fragrans Lophocolea glaziovii Lophocolea gollanii Lophocolea granatensis Lophocolea granulosa Lophocolea griffithiana Lophocolea grossitexta Lophocolea hahnii Lophocolea hariotii Lophocolea haskarliana Lophocolea hattorii Lophocolea hawaica Lophocolea heterodonta Lophocolea heteromorpha Lophocolea heterophylla Lophocolea horikawana Lophocolea howeana Lophocolea humifusa Lophocolea humistrata Lophocolea innovata Lophocolea irrigata Lophocolea itoana Lophocolea japonica Lophocolea javanica Lophocolea koponenii Lophocolea kurzii Lophocolea laceristipula Lophocolea lamellicalyx Lophocolea latistipula Lophocolea lauterbachii Lophocolea laxissima Lophocolea lechleri Lophocolea ledermannii Lophocolea lenta Lophocolea leptantha Lophocolea liebmanniana Lophocolea lindmannii Lophocolea longiciliata Lophocolea longiflora Lophocolea longifolia Lophocolea longiseta Lophocolea longissima Lophocolea lorentiana Lophocolea lucida Lophocolea madagascariensis Lophocolea magna Lophocolea magniperianthia Lophocolea mediinfrons Lophocolea micronesica Lophocolea microstipula Lophocolea minor Lophocolea minutistipula Lophocolea mollis Lophocolea morobeana Lophocolea muenchiana Lophocolea muhavurensis Lophocolea multialata Lophocolea muricata Lophocolea nakajimae Lophocolea novae-zeelandiae Lophocolea obscura Lophocolea onraedtii Lophocolea orbigniana Lophocolea osculati Lophocolea ovistipula Lophocolea papulimarginata Lophocolea papulosa Lophocolea parca Lophocolea parva Lophocolea parvispinea Lophocolea parvistipula Lophocolea patulistipa Lophocolea perpusilla Lophocolea piacenzai Lophocolea pilistipula Lophocolea pinnatistipula Lophocolea platensis Lophocolea pseudoverrucosa Lophocolea purpurea Lophocolea pusilla Lophocolea pycnorhiza Lophocolea quadridens Lophocolea randii Lophocolea rara Lophocolea rectangularis Lophocolea rectangulata Lophocolea regularis Lophocolea rehmannii Lophocolea rupicola Lophocolea sabuletorum Lophocolea salacensis Lophocolea savesiana Lophocolea semiteres Lophocolea serrata Lophocolea siamensis Lophocolea sikkimensis Lophocolea silvestris Lophocolea steetziae Lophocolea stephanii Lophocolea striatella Lophocolea subbidentata Lophocolea subemarginata Lophocolea subintegra Lophocolea submuricata Lophocolea subporosa Lophocolea subscorpionifolia Lophocolea subulistipa Lophocolea subviridis Lophocolea sumatrana Lophocolea sylvatica Lophocolea tasmanica Lophocolea tenera Lophocolea tenerrima Lophocolea teptepensis Lophocolea terminalis Lophocolea textilis Lophocolea textiloidea Lophocolea trapezoides Lophocolea trichocoleoides Lophocolea tricuspidata Lophocolea tristaniana Lophocolea turgescens Lophocolea undulata Lophocolea villosa Lophocolea vinciguerreana Lophocolea wacei Lophocolea wambana Lophocolea wehmeri Lophocolea werthii Lophocolea widgrenii Lophocolea zuernii''
References
Jungermanniales
Jungermanniales genera |
The women's pole vault competition of the athletics events at the 2011 Pan American Games took place on the 24 of October at the Telmex Athletics Stadium. The defending Pan American Games champion is Fabiana Murer of Brazil.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
Qualification
Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) was able to enter up to two entrants providing they had met the minimum standard (3.50 meters) in the qualifying period (January 1, 2010 to September 14, 2011).
Schedule
Only a final was held. There was no qualification round.
Abbreviations
All distances shown are in meters:centimeters
Results
16 athletes from 11 countries competed.
Final
References
Athletics at the 2011 Pan American Games
2011
2011 in women's athletics |
Scarborough Junction (also known as Kennedy Park) is a small neighbourhood in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is bordered by Birchmount Road, Brimley Road, Eglinton Avenue, and St. Clair Avenue.
Scarbrough Junction has an approximated population of 20,000. The population consists of 1/4 Caucasian, 2/4 Asian (South and East) and 1/4 other (Black, Latino, etc.)
History
The first European settlement in the area was the town of Strangford established at what is today the intersection of Victoria Park and St. Clair in 1863. Another small town named Mortlake was established in 1865. The town's main building, the Halfway House Hotel, survives today at Black Creek Pioneer Village where it was moved in 1962. The small farming communities changed when the area became the meeting point of two major railways. The Grand Trunk Railway laid track through the area in 1856 and the Toronto and Nipissing Railway arrived in 1873. The business of the area changed from farming to supporting travellers and maintaining the railroads. The two towns, Strangford and Mortlake, merged into Scarborough Junction. By 1896 Scarborough Junction became the most populated of all the villages in the Township of Scarborough.
The post-World War II years saw Scarborough Junction become one of the first areas of Scarborough to be transformed into modern suburbs. Its major road and rail lines made for easy travel to the city, inspiring the epithet "Scarborough Junction." It is actually named for the junction of two early railways: The Grand Trunk and the Toronto-Nipissing.
Education
Two public school boards operate schools in Scarborough Junction, the separate Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB).
Both TCDSB, and TDSB operate public elementary schools in the neighbourhood. TCDSB operates two elementary schools, St. Joachim Catholic School, and St. Maria Goretti Catholic School. St. Maria Goretti is the largest Catholic elementary school in Toronto. It opened in 1955, and is named after Maria Goretti. It boasts a double gymnasium with a stage, closed circuit television in every classroom, an elevator and an assembly area named the "Ark'" which can be used for gatherings of up to 300 people.
TDSB several elementary schools in the neighbourhood. They include:
Corvette Junior Public School
Danforth Gardens Public School
General Brock Public School
J. G. Workman Public School
Norman Cook Junior Public School
Robert Service Senior Public School
Walter Perry Junior Public School
TDSB is the public school board to operate a secondary institution in Scarborough Junction, Scarborough Centre for Alternative Studies. The institution operates as an alternative and adult school. The institution formerly operated as Midland Avenue Collegiate Institute, a TDSB secondary school that featured modernist designs such as a circular cafeteria.. The secondary school operated from 1962 to 2000.
TCDSB does not operate a secondary school in the area, with TCDSB secondary school students residing in Scarborough Junction attending institutions in adjacent neighbourhoods. The French first language public secular school board, Conseil scolaire Viamonde, and it separate counterpart, Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir also offer schooling to applicable residents of Scarborough Junction, although they do not operate a school in the neighbourhood, with CSCM/CSV students attending schools situated in other neighbourhoods in Toronto.
References
Scarborough Historical Society - Scarborough Junction (Strangford & Mortlake)
External links
Neighbourhoods in Toronto
Scarborough, Toronto
Rail junctions in Ontario |
Sarah Chakko (13 February 1905 – 25 January 1954) was an Indian college professor and administrator, president of Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow, and the first woman to be elected to the presidency of the World Council of Churches. She was a member of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.
Early life and education
Chakko was born in Trichur, the second daughter (the fourth of ten children) of police superintendent Mazhuvancheriparambath Avaram Chakko in Kerala. She held degrees from Queen Mary's College Madras, and Presidency College. She studied history and taught the subject from 1925, at Bentinck High School of the London Missionary Society in Madras. In 1937, she graduated with a master's degree in education at the University of Chicago.
Career
Chakko traveled extensively to the United States, to Europe and to the Middle East. In 1936, Chakko visited the United States and gave talks at churches with her missionary colleague, Florence Salzer. 1937, she was a delegate to the World Student Christian Federation meeting in San Francisco.
In 1943, Chakko was appointed professor at the Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow; she later become president of the school. In addition to her teaching activity, she took part in the World Student Christian Federation and became its chairman for India, Burma, and Sri Lanka. In 1947, she was a vice president of the World YWCA.
She was involved in the work of the World Council of Churches (WCC). She spoke at the first assembly of the WCC in 1948, in Amsterdam. She was elected as one of the WCC's presidents in August 1951 after the resignation of T. C. Chao. She was the first woman in the presidency of the council, and the first (and for several decades the only) ecumenical functionary in the Syriac Orthodox Church. But by her work and other engagement, she was more closely related to other denominations, especially the Presbyterians and the Methodists.
Death
In January 1954, Chakko died suddenly from a heart attack, in a sporting accident at Lucknow, just before her 49th birthday. Congregations around the world marked her death with memorial services, noting that she wrote the 1954 service theme for the World Day of Prayer. She was remembered at the annual meeting of the World Council of Churches in Evanston, Illinois, later in 1954.
References
Biography
Presidency College, Chennai alumni
University of Chicago alumni
YWCA leaders
1905 births
1954 deaths
People of the World Council of Churches
Indian religious leaders
Indian Oriental Orthodox Christians
Syriac Orthodox Christians
University of Madras alumni |
John David Albert (May 24, 1810April 24, 1899) was an American mountain man.
Early life
John David Albert was born in Hagerstown, Washington County, Maryland, and was baptized in St. Johns Evangelical Lutheran Church. Albert was orphaned in 1812 around the age of two. His father died in the War of 1812, and his mother soon after, leaving Albert to live with a sister in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Frontiersman
After working on a Mississippi keelboat in 1833, Albert went west in 1834 with a group of approximately sixty hunters to trap. He soon became part of the Western department of the American Fur Company at Fort Laramie. In 1836, he was sent to the South Platte area, where the weather trapped him for the winter on the Cache la Poudre. In the spring, he went to Fort William, later known as Bent's Fort, on the Arkansas River. From March to October 1838 he was employed at Fort Jackson by Peter Sarpy and Henry Fraeb.
In 1847 he was employed at Simeon Turley's Mill and Distillery about north of Taos at Arroyo Hondo. He was one of eight to ten mountain men who defended the mill in a siege by approximately 500 Mexicans and Indians during the Taos Revolt. Seeing the approaching mob, Charles Autobees rode to Santa Fe to get help. The remaining mountain men held off the attack into the night, when Albert and Autobees' half brother Thomas Tate Tobin escaped separately on foot in the confusion of the fighting. Albert and Tobin were the only two men to escape Turley's Mill alive. In three days, Albert walked to the trading post at Pueblo, through winter conditions with no coat, having escaped only with his weapons and shooting bag. Tobin walked to Santa Fe.
John David Albert later settled in the Taos Valley, marrying Juliana León, the daughter of Miguel Antonio León.
He carried mail out of the Spanish Peaks post office at Cuchara station, trapped on the Purgatory and Cucharas rivers, and is credited with building the fort at La Plaza de la Leones.
He was a close friend of Jim Baker, and co-led the parade of Denver's Festival of Mountain and Plain with Baker in 1895.
Death
Albert survived three wives, all of whom were partially or fully Mexican and all of whom died while married to him, and fathered 21 children before his death in Montana. He is buried in the old Catholic Cemetery at Walsenburg, Colorado.
References
Online book review at Denver Post.
Fort Lewis College Center of Southwest Studies newspaper collection.
Denver Public Library, Western History/Genealogy Department newspaper collection.
Further reading
1810 births
1899 deaths
Mountain men
People from Walsenburg, Colorado
People from Hagerstown, Maryland
People from Taos County, New Mexico
American fur traders
American people of the Mexican–American War
Burials in Colorado
People of the Taos Revolt |
The ("Boricua Popular/People's Army"), also known as ("The Machete Wielders"), is a clandestine militant and insurgent organization based in Puerto Rico, with cells in the states and other nations. It campaigns for, and supports, the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.
During their first decade of existence, they had an average of two actions per year. The group claimed responsibility for the 1978 bombing of a small power station in the San Juan area, the 1979 retaliation attacks against the United States armed forces personnel, the 1981 Muñiz Air National Guard Base attack, and a 1983 Wells Fargo bank robbery.
Boricua Popular Army was led primarily by former FBI fugitive Filiberto Ojeda Ríos until he was assassinated by the FBI in 2005. Ojeda Rios' killing was termed "an illegal killing" by the Government of Puerto Rico's Comisión de Derechos Civiles (Civil Rights Commission) after a seven-year investigation and a 227-page report issued on 22 September 2011.
Ideology and operation
Political stance
The name Machetero was symbolically adopted from an impromptu band of Puerto Ricans who assembled to defend the island of Puerto Rico from the invading forces of the United States Army during the Spanish–American War, between July 26 and August 12, 1898. Macheteros de Puerto Rico were dispatched throughout the island, working in cooperation with other voluntary groups including the Guardias de la Paz in Yauco and Tiradores de Altura in San Juan. These voluntary units were involved in most of the battles in the Puerto Rican Campaign. Their last involvement was in the Battle of Asomante, where along with units led by Captain Hernaíz, defended Aibonito Pass from invading units. The allied offensive was effective, prompting a retreat order from the American side. However, the following morning the initial peace accords between the U.S. and Spain were made public. Subsequently, both Spanish and Puerto Rican soldiers and volunteers disengaged and Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States.
Hierarchy
As established in the EPB's "Organization of the EPB", the organization operates in a systemic and hierarchic structure. The entire organization is overseen by a central committee, which is generally focused on politics and policies. Beneath it lies a military commission, which in turn is divided by sub commissions specialized in finances, intelligence, transportation, provisions and general services and others as needed. Each commando receives additional salary, with specific exemptions being given to marriages, unemployed individuals and those with dependents. In December 1981, the EPB included benefits similar to those in the American military. The organization agreed to medical services and college education pending commission approval. New recruits may be covertly trained in rural farms or in foreign countries (Cuba being an example) and inconspicuous businesses may be used to provide cover to certain individuals. Training includes skills such as lock picking, handling firearms and explosives, forging documents, scuba diving, photography, concealment using makeup and forging license plates. An exercise regime is expected from commandoes afterwards. Meetings are kept to a minimum and only held when relevant.
Structure
The basic units are the "combat units", composed of five foot soldiers that are led by a leader with ties to the political branch. Their weapons and munitions are arbitrarily divided by type, such as short weapons and semi-automatic weapons. Rifles and shotguns are present in each unit to ensure balance. A car was also provided and used both for meetings and in incursions without attracting attention. Units in turn subscribe to specific 17-men cells, with three of the unit leaders forming the hierarchy along a pair of political and military leaders. These cells generally aim to have equipment that is comparable to the American military or law enforcement agencies. Additional support cells include trained medical personnel and are mostly in charge of logistics, maintenance, vehicles, equipment and media. Cells form 73-men formations in charge of a political member, which are assigned to specific districts and are generally independent of each other. The EPB usually plans in advance and establishes networks in places of interest, such as those in New York, Boston, Illinois, Texas and Connecticut used in the Wells Fargo heist of 1983.
Composition
For the most part, individuals affiliated with the EPB are expected to merge into general society and be as inconspicuous as possible, usually holding civilian jobs or studying, some receiving training within the United States military. In 2006, professor Michael González Cruz published his book a calculation that placed the active EPB members at approximately 5,700, with an additional unknown number of supporters, sympathizers, collaborators and informants throughout the U.S. and other countries. A report by The Economist estimated the number of active members to be around 1,100, excluding supporters.
Tactics
The group intentionally avoids any area where crime rates could result in frequent law enforcement interventions and commandos are instructed to be polite and are warned to stay away from illegal activities; association or deals with criminal organizations are prohibited. In keeping a discipline code, the organization also discourages the use of alcohol and prohibits the use of drugs. The EPB attempts to stay away from areas where other nationalist groups are based in order to avoid attention. They also settle away from military or police stations. Meetings are generally held in places with good reputation and in buildings that offer several access points, with heavy precautions being taken to reach their locations untailed. If different units are meeting, commandos are instructed to place hoods or masks and use codenames in order to protect their identities, both to accomplish plausible denial and to root out any law enforcement plant. Information is segregated between groups and only shared in limited detail, when necessary. Incriminating or detailed documents or any other evidence is to be destroyed once the potential of a law enforcement intervention is apparent. While involved in a particular mission, the EPB commandoes regularly assume a faux name, but they usually use this to acquire legitimate documents and select a nondescript address in which to receive mail in a fashion that prevents surveillance, such a P.O. Box or a decoy address where mail is delivered to the community in general. Even ammunitions were given codes such as for firearms or for explosives to conceal their nature. Armories were specifically retrofitted to preserve the condition and to prepare new ammunition as needed. Funds are managed strictly and reports are constant in order to keep a balanced budget.
History
Early actions
The EPB was founded by Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer and Orlando González Claudio on July 26, 1976, with the date being symbolically used as a reminder of the United States invasion during the Spanish–American War.
Their first communiqué was published on August 25, 1978, following an attack on two policemen that concluded with officer Julio Rodríguez Rivera dead in retaliation for the Cerro Maravilla murders. The federal government claimed the incident was an attempt to steal his police car. On October 2, 1978, the EPB and Volunteers infiltrated an armory and took 500 pounds of ammonium nitrate, dynamite cartridges, 988 blasting caps and 17,500 feet of primacord. In September 1979, the EPB revealed that it was working in conjunction with the Volunteers, FARP and FALN.
On October 17, 1979, the groups execute eight bombings against federal buildings.
On December 3, 1979, a bus carrying 18 American Navy sailors to Naval Security Group Activity Sabana Seca, was forced to stop by a delivery truck. Shortly afterwards, four men appeared from within another vehicle and opened fire, killing CTO1 John R. Ball and RM3 Emil E. White, as well as wounding nine others. On March 13, 1980, the EPB took responsibility for attacking an ROTC vehicle that was moving three soldiers to the UPR.
Pitirre II
In the morning of January 12, 1981, a group of eleven commandos, seven guards and four explosive specialists, set explosives at Muñiz Air National Guard Base, located on the northeastern corner of the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan. The ensuing explosion destroyed nine aircraft (several operational A-7 Corsair II light attack aircraft and a single F-104 Starfighter supersonic fighter-interceptor aircraft being retained for a static display) and two trucks and damaged two ships on loan from the U.S. Air Force, with the authors leaving a machete behind. The destruction of the military equipment ascended to $45–50 million USD.
The FBI responded by receiving permission for a full investigation, which allowed them to employ otherwise forbidden practices to track the group. The EPB in turn expressed pride that the attack represented the most damaging to take place in American soil since Pearl Harbor and expressed satisfaction that it would attract attention to their cause, with some members even considering it a parallel to the Gaspee Affair. The group also sent a video to the media where they explained the composition of the cell in charge of the attack without revealing any identities. The security at the base was criticized in media pieces. The attack later served as the basis for upgrading base security, emphasizing flight line security, at all Air National Guard installations on civilian airports in the United States to the same level as active duty U.S. Air Force installations.
On April 21, 1981, four EPB commandos were able to extract $348,000 from a Wells Fargo armored car, with the group later noting that it would be spent in their cause. In November 1981, the EPB detonated explosives in AEE substations in Santurce, a district of San Juan. When 350 families that occupied a makeshift village in Carolina, Puerto Rico, were removed by the police, the EPB warned the governor that they would retaliate. Afterwards, they made an offensive against the police that resulted in twelve injured and one dead policeman.
On May 16, 1982, EPB members fired rifles at four sailors of the U.S.S. Pensacola, killing one of them. The group later took responsibility for the attack and expressed that it was retaliation for a large-scale amphibious attack training named "Ocean Venture '82" held at Vieques and other military facilities in Puerto Rico. Four days later, On May 20, 1982, the FBI held the EPB responsible for the placement of four defective bombs at the Caribe Hilton Hotel, with the organization denying responsibility. On September 1, 1982, a group of commandos presumed by the FBI to be Macheteros and outfitted with suppressed weapons and wearing military gear and masks, intercepted a Wells Fargo truck in a route between San Juan and Naranjito, but were unable to acquire the cargo. On November 16, 1982, four commandos feigned a heist in a supermarket to redirect those present to its warehouse until their main target, a Wells Fargo truck, arrived.Supported by more armed commandos that arrived in a van, those inside the building gained control of the armored car keys and took $300,000 from it.
Águila Blanca
On September 12, 1983, in an operation entitled ("White Eagle", the nickname of José Maldonado Román) an EPB agent part of the Los Taínos cell named Víctor Manuel Gerena took over the Wells Fargo depot located in West Hartford, Connecticut stealing a total of seven million dollars.
In 1984, Carlos Rodríguez Rodríguez was convicted on bank fraud charges and became an FBI informant in exchange for a lower sentence. However, due to the EPB's policies of anonymity, most of the information was hampered by the use of codenames and useless for the investigation. During this time, there were internal issues between Segarra and group leaders Ojeda and Avelino González, with the first being considered inefficient by the others and general concern arising from his reputation as an unfaithful husband. On January 25, 1985, the EPB detonated a bomb in an empty United States Courthouse, later noting that it was a tribute to Juan Antonio Corretjer.
Strategically, the group experienced internal divisions between a faction that argued for more offensive and another that wanted to tread lightly in order to avoid justifying the classification of terrorism. While the pacifist faction carried damage control and held two toy giveaways for Three Kings Day in Puerto Rico, Ojeda was removed from the political branch on June 4, 1985, due to these conflicts, being only left in charge of his unit. Besides the boldness of the action, the EPB strategists were also unsatisfied when Ramírez failed to account for food expenses in his report.
Following the indictments against 19 members for the 1983 Wells Fargo heist, the EPB continued operations and on October 28, 1986, joined the FARP and the Volunteers in planting two explosives in a Navy recruit center and a National Guard Building as a warning not to use Puerto Rico as a training center for the Contras of Nicaragua and plans to introduce a logging industry at El Yunque.
Death of Ojeda Ríos
On September 23, 2005, the anniversary of ("The Cry of Lares") members of the FBI San Juan field office surrounded a modest home in the outskirts of the town of Hormigueros, Puerto Rico, where Ojeda Ríos was believed to be living in. The FBI claims that it was performing surveillance of the area because of reports that Ojeda Ríos had been seen in the home. In their press release, the FBI stated their surveillance team was detected, and proceeded to serve an arrest warrant against Ojeda Ríos. The FBI claims that as the agents approached the home, shots were fired from inside and outside the house wounding an FBI agent. The FBI alleges it then returned fire fatally wounding Ojeda Ríos.
A subsequent autopsy of Ojeda's body determined that he bled to death over the course of 15 to 30 minutes. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Civil Rights Commission started an investigation of the incident shortly after Ojeda Rios' death that lasted 7 years. The 227-page report issued on 22 September 2011 stated that Ojeda Rios's killing was "an illegal killing" by the FBI.
Change in guard; Comandante Guasábara
Following the confrontation that concluded in the death of its former leader, the command of the Boricua Popular Army was inherited by an anonymous figure known as "Comandante Guasábara", named after the Taíno word for "war". Under his leadership, the group appears to have shifted its focus towards intelligence. For example, the group has not recorded a single military action. Instead, Guasábara has generally used the media to publish classified information. Under Guasábara, the Macheteros took an emphasis on publishing pieces regarding the use of Culebra and Vieques as bombing targets for the U.S. Navy; what they perceive as a disproportionate number of military bases on the island (compared to states in the Union); the proportion of deaths within the ranks of the Independence and Nationalist leadership, including the alleged experimentation with radiation on Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos while he was incarcerated; the secret testing of Agent Orange on Puerto Rican soil; and cancer "experiments" administered by Cornelius P. Rhoads, in which he claimed to have killed Puerto Rican patients and injected cancer cells to others, while working as part of a medical investigation conducted in San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital for the Rockefeller Institute.
Opposition to the Fortuño administration (2009–2012)
The Boricua Popular Army took credit for denouncing what was called "paramilitary training" that private corporation Triangle Experience Group was carrying on in the mountains of the municipality of Utuado. The media later revealed that these exercises were being done illegally, in covert fashion and lacking the required permits.
Opposition to the García administration (2013–2017)
On March 9, 2015, Commander Guasábara issued a press release where it attacked the Value Added Tax proposal (better known by its Spanish acronyms "IVA") supported by the Garcia Padilla administration as part of its response to the Puerto Rican debt crisis.
Later that month, the EPB issued a statement where they expressed the belief that a joint drill organized by Garcia Padilla's administration in collaboration with the federal government was in fact a military exercise that was organized to advance the Obama administration's campaign against the socialist government of Venezuela. Known as Operación Respuesta Borinqueña (literally "Operation Puerto Rican Response") and held March 16–21, the training was officially described as a first response practice in an emergency involving tsunamis or a chemical attack. However, Commander Guasábara expressed that a reunion held in the Dominican Republic with the official purpose of coordinating the drill was in fact a reunion between military officials of that nation, Puerto Rico and the United States, which was planned the year before with the collaboration of Venezuelan opposition leaders Carlos M. Tamayo and Carlos Fernandez (collectively known as "Los Carlos"). The Macheteros claims that the representatives of the Puerto Rico national guard protested when the topic was discussed, but the training went ahead unchanged with the supervision of several American generals, including the heads of the USNORTHCOM and USSOUTHCOM. The statement concludes by noting that the EBP's Intelligence Division had been monitoring military exercises carried out by the United States armed forces in the municipalities of Utuado and Lares, also being aware of the presence of a military helicopter in the region.
On July 11, 2015, the EPB issued another statement, this time warning that "they will do what is necessary" according to the moment's circumstances and that "the people should not pay a debt that does not belong to the people". Thorough its spokesman, the group anticipated that "[in its] ineptitude and impotency" the government would exploit the crisis to privatize profits and socialize losses, citing the privatization of the turnpike system, Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, the Puerto Rico Telephone Company and the Teodoro Moscoso Bridge as previous examples of this tendency. The EBP expressed dissatisfaction in what they perceived as "an environment of indifference" within sectors of local society that "still expect magic solutions" from those responsible for the crisis, which serves as a hindrance to the militant action that they pursue. Commander Guasábara then offers an alliance that oversees previous differences. In asking the rhetoric question "What would you do for yourself, your children and your country?" the Macheteros urged the public to hold an investigation and "judge those responsible" for what they consider an "irresponsible and unnecessary debt [caused by] the corrupt administrations that we have tolerated for 50 years". The EPB concluded this press release by urging the public to "take the streets and manifest their anger in the way that they prefer", but not before stating that the time for marches was gone and that it is "time to take action".
Classification
Local arguments
Supporters of independence for Puerto Rico argue that the U.S. favored the establishment of the present Commonwealth status to create a perpetual consumer base for U.S. and foreign products and services. Foreign products and services are redirected to Puerto Rico and other "unincorporated" lands of the United States to satisfy a portion of foreign trade agreements, while allowing domestic products and services a greater "home" market share. Another argument by the independence movement is that the Macheteros are continuing the historical rebellion that Puerto Ricans such as Pedro Albizu Campos and the Nationalist Party have waged, against U.S. domination of the island. It is known, for example, that Los Macheteros deliberately chose September 12 for their Águila Blanca assault on the Wells Fargo depot, because September 12 was the birthday of Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos. Beginning in the 1960s, the FBI infiltrated Puerto Rico's free press and political circles in order to monitor and disrupt efforts related to independence movements like Los Macheteros. This operation was part of COINTELPRO. The EPB's rebuttal to being classified as a terrorist organization is that per the definition adopted in the 1979 Conference on International Terrorism that posits "deliberate, systematic murder, maiming and menacing of the innocent to inspire fear in order to earn political gains", they do not qualify as such since their targets are strictly the American military or law enforcement and that they have never targeted civilians.
Federal stance
The FBI classifies the EPB as a terrorist organization based on their definition of the term, "[the use of] force or violence [...] in furtherance of political or social objectives", without specification on the target. In 1982, the Senate Subcommittee on the Administration of Internal Security Act compiled a paper titled "The Cuban Connection to Puerto Rican Terrorism" where it claimed that Ojeda was an agent of the Cuban government and in which the FBI knowing where he operated. After the application of the Levi guidelines, only eight groups were classified as requiring full investigation. Of them, five were based in Puerto Rico and besides the EPB also included the FARP, FALN, COR and MLN. In 2001, then-FBI Director Louis J. Freeh reaffirmed the agency's historical stance that the group committed acts of terrorism. In the grand jury indictment against the EPB, the US said that part of the money stolen during the Fargo operation ended up with representatives of the Cuban government.
Other assessments
In his book Los Macheteros: The Wells Fargo Robbery and the Violent Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence, Spanish-American author Ronald Fernández argued that based on the descriptions of terrorism and revolutionary violence in books like Benjamin Netanyahu's Terrorism: How the West can Win or Albert Camus' The Rebel, the EPB would not be classified as a terrorist organization, since that would require them to target "anyone except soldiers" and the use of fear as a tactic. Whereas, the organization's target selection, namely the US military/federal government and the avoidance of civilians fits into the classification of a guerrilla or revolutionary group. The author does not condone violence, but uses Camus' argument on "necessary" rebel violence as inexcusable but still "historically necessary". To this end, Fernández identifies that from the EPB's point of view, the deaths at Sabana Seca were "terrible but necessary" despite personally disagreeing, while considering the destruction of military vehicles at Sabana Seca justified from a rebel's standpoint. Ultimately, the author concludes that such labeling could be of political convenience to the federal government, serving to "shift the blame for any attacks on U.S. policy or personnel from us to them".
Cultural impact
In art and film
An 80-minute fictional film about a Puerto Rican from New York City who declares himself a self styled machetero, titled MACHETERO, was released in 2008. Starring Not4Prophet (Ricanstruction, X-Vandals, Abrazos Army), as Pedro Taíno, and Isaach De Bankolé (Casino Royale, Ghostdog, Black Panther), as French journalist Jean Dumont, the film takes place in both New York City and Puerto Rico. Other actors include Kelvin Fernández (first starring role) and former political prisoner, Dylcia Pagán. The film was the winner of the 2008 South Africa International Film Festival, 2009 Swansea Film Festival, 2009 Heart of England Film Festival, 2009 International Film Festival Thailand, and the 2009 International Film Festival Ireland.
The first single published by band Calle 13 was "Querido FBI", which was extra-officially released before their debut album, a response to the events of September 23, 2005. It is a protest song, directly addressing the circumstances surrounding the death of Ojeda Ríos. A song was also released by the Hip Hop group, X-Vandals (Not4Prophet and DJ Johnny Juice) entitled Todos Somos Machetero in 2007.
Likewise, the event led to the creation of murals. Some were painted by student movements such as one at UPR Río Piedras, whereas others were painted by urban artists.
Other depictions
The polarizing nature of the organization have also been exploited in the local professional wrestling industry by wrestlers such as Israel "Joseph RPM" Rodríguez, who integrated the moniker of "El Machetero Mayor" (Spanish for "The Grandest Machetero") into his ring name and performed as such throughout Puerto Rico as a member of several independent promotions and the World Wrestling League.
Notable group members
See also
Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
Sandinista National Liberation Front
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
References
Bibliography
National liberation movements
Organized crime groups in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican independence movement
1976 establishments in Puerto Rico |
Air Bubble may refer to:
Air Bubble (band), Dutch band
Air bubble, in physics |
Ernestine Kawai Rengiil is a lawyer from Palau. She is the first woman lawyer in Palau and the first Palauan woman to serve as Attorney General. Rengiil has also represented her country in tennis.
Rengiil was admitted to the bar in Hawaii in 1987, and entered the Palau Bar Association in the same year. From 1992 to 1993, she served as Attorney General, under Ngiratkel Etpison. She served a second term under the administration of President Johnson Toribiong from 2009 to 2013. In February 2017 she was re-appointed to the same position.
Rengiil has represented Palau in tennis at the Micronesian Games and the Pacific Games. In 2002, she won a gold medal at the Micronesian Games. She has also coached the national team for the Pacific Oceania Tennis Junior Championships, including her daughter Ayana Rengiil, who won a gold medal.
See also
List of first women lawyers and judges in Oceania
References
Palauan lawyers
Women lawyers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Palauan female tennis players
Attorneys general |
Stéphane Thierry Zobo (born 2 August 2000) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Championnat National 2 club Les Herbiers.
Club career
Zobo made his professional debut for Toulouse in a 1–0 Coupe de France win over Niort on 20 January 2021. His Ligue 2 debut came on 24 July 2021, as he came on as a substitute in a 2–2 draw against Ajaccio. On 10 January 2022, his contract with Toulouse was terminated by mutual consent. He made a total of five appearances for the club.
On 11 January 2022, Zobo signed for Championnat National 2 side Béziers. He moved to fellow National 2 side Les Herbiers in the summer of 2022.
International career
In the 2019 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations, Zobo made a total of two appearances for the Cameroon U23 national team.
Personal life
Zobo's brother Stève Mvoué is also a footballer. They were teammates at Toulouse.
Honours
Toulouse
Ligue 2: 2021–22
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Footballers from Yaoundé
Cameroonian men's footballers
Cameroon men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Toulouse FC players
AS Béziers (2007) players
Les Herbiers VF players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
Cameroonian expatriate men's footballers
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate men's footballers in France |
Zhao Bilong (born 1 February 1960) is a Chinese water polo player. He competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Chinese male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for China
Water polo players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in water polo
Water polo players at the 1982 Asian Games
Water polo players at the 1986 Asian Games
Water polo players at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Chinese people |
Johannes Antonius "Jan" Lammers (born 2 June 1956) is a racing driver from the Netherlands whose most notable claim to fame is victory in the 1988 Le Mans 24 Hours for Silk Cut Jaguar/TWR, next to a four-season spell in Formula One in 1979-1982, driving for Shadow, ATS, Ensign and Theodore. This was followed by a comeback with March for two races in 1992, after a world-record time gap of ten years.
Later in life, Lammers became a team owner as well, first setting up his own Formula Opel Lotus team, Vitaal Racing, winning the EFDA Opel Lotus Euroseries with Peter Kox in 1989, then creating the Racing for Holland outfit that raced in sportscars in 2001-2007. Between 2005 and 2009, he was the seatholder of the Dutch A1 Grand Prix team. During his Racing for Holland days, Lammers combined racing and management duties to win the 2002 and 2003 FIA Sportscar Championship.
One of the most versatile drivers in modern motor racing history, Lammers started in touring cars, to become the youngest Dutch champion in history in 1973 while repeating the act in 1976. He also raced in the European Renault 5 Turbo Cup, taking the 1983 and 1984 European titles. As a single-seater driver, his steps towards Formula One include securing the title in the 1978 European Formula 3 Championship. He remains the only Dutch driver to have done so. At the zenith of his career in Group C sports-prototypes, Lammers lifted the crown in the 1992 Japanese Sportscar Championship.
Lammers has also raced in Formula Ford, Formula 2, IndyCar, International F3000, Japanese F3000, the BTCC, BPR Global GT, FIA GT, the European Le Mans Series, IMSA, the American Le Mans Series, Grand-Am and the Dakar rally. Guest appearances include the Grand Prix Masters for retired F1 drivers, the BMW M1 Procar Series, the Dutch Supercar Challenge, the Dubai 24 Hours, the Gulf 12 Hours, the VW Scirocco R-Cup and the local Tulpenrallye.
Today, Lammers is best known as the figurehead for the revived Dutch Grand Prix.
Early career
Touring cars
Born in Zandvoort, Lammers grew up washing cars at the nearby anti-skid school run by Dutch touring-car legend Rob Slotemaker. Encouraged by Slotemaker, the teenager nicknamed ‘Jantje’ (‘Little John’) started to show customers how to safely skid cars. Having recognised his talent, Slotemaker set him up in a Simca Rallye 2 for the 7,500-9,000 guilder Group 1 production class in the 1973 Dutch Touring Car Championship. At 16 years of age, young Lammers won his first-ever car race and takes the title at his first attempt, to become the youngest Dutch national champion in history.
Two more years in the Simca followed in a revised 8,000-10,000 guilder class, Lammers taking four more wins in 1974 but narrowly missing out on a title repeat. Wins elude him in 1975 but his name has already been made. In 1976, he switched to an Opel Dealer Team Holland-run Opel Kadett GT/E to take his second Dutch title.
Road to Formula One
Formula Ford
Dovetailing his 1976 touring-car campaign with a first season in Formula Ford, Lammers quickly realises his future is in single-seaters. Driving a Crosslé in the Benelux, German and European Championship, the touring-car boy wonder surprises everyone by grabbing pole position at his first race, winning at the Jyllandring and Mengen and shining in the soaking wet finale of the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch.
Formula 3
Stepping up with Hawke to Formula 3 in 1977 proves to be a false dawn, as the Hawke proves no match for the Marches and the Ralts. For 1978, he switches to the Racing Team Holland outfit run by Alan Docking, with fellow future Formula 1 driver Huub Rothengatter and later Indy 500 winner Arie Luyendijk as his team mates. This is an inspired move as it leads to Lammers winning the 1978 European Formula 3 Championship after a close battle with Swede Anders Olofsson, while beating highly touted rivals such as Alain Prost, Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell. Lammers takes wins at Zandvoort, Magny-Cours, Karlskoga and in the famous Lotteria race at Monza to lift the crown. At the time, leading British magazine Autosport predicts: "He just has to be a World Champion of the eighties."
Formula 2
Having received an offer from the works March Formula 2 team, Lammers decides to jump the category to go straight into Formula One with Shadow in 1979. He will make his single Formula 2 appearance in 1980, driving a March-BMW in his home race at Zandvoort, where he retires from third place.
Formula One
Lammers spends four seasons in Formula One, racing largely uncompetitive machinery and failing to score a World Championship point in any of his 41 appearances. His talent is universally recognised, though, and the Dutchman only narrowly misses out on the chance to join Ferrari in 1982 as a replacement of Gilles Villeneuve who was killed at Zolder earlier in the year. The drive goes to Patrick Tambay instead.
In 1979, Lammers and fellow rookie Elio de Angelis join Shadow, but the team led by American Don Nichols is in its death throes, and the pair fail to make an impact with a poor car, with de Angelis scoring the team's only points that year, being an excellent fourth place, at Watkins Glen. Lammers’ best result is a ninth place in the Canadian GP. Both are invited by Colin Chapman to test for Lotus, with De Angelis getting the job for 1980, as Lammers is unwilling to wait for Chapman’s decision. Instead, he decides to sign for the German-owned ATS team.
The underfunded outfit hands Lammers the old D3 car while team leader Marc Surer debuts with the new D4, but when Surer breaks his legs in an accident, Lammers gets his hands on the new D4. He immediately qualifies fourth on the grid at Long Beach but the car breaks on the opening lap of the race. This would remain the highpoint of his F1 career. Other notable ATS performances include battling Jody Scheckter’s Ferrari at Zolder, and retiring from a points-scoring position at Jarama. When Surer makes a return to ATS, Lammers is forced to jump ship to Ensign. In contrasting fortunes, his former teammate De Angelis has a fine season at Lotus while Lammers fails to qualify the cumbersome Ensign on several occasions.
For 1981, Lammers is invited for a test to become Nelson Piquet’s teammate at Brabham, but team principal Bernie Ecclestone chooses to go with Mexican pay driver Hector Rebaque. Instead, Lammers rejoins ATS and shines in the controversial non-championship South African GP at Kyalami where he fights De Angelis for second place until he is hit by brake problems. When Swede Slim Borgudd arrives with healthy funding from pop band ABBA, Lammers has to move over.
In 1982, Lammers switches to Theodore but the underfunded team fails to hand him the opportunity to shine. At Monaco, Lammers’ TY02 has to stay on nude rims for a day because the team doesn't get any tyres. Still seen as a natural talent, he is asked by Renault to replace the injured Prost at Detroit, only for the championship leader to recover in time. Lammers steps back into the Theodore but before the start of the first session he is approached by Ferrari to replace Gilles Villeneuve from Zandvoort on. In a twist of fate, the Theodore’s throttle sticks during the session and Lammers hits the wall to break his thumb. As a result, Patrick Tambay signs the Ferrari contract. At Zandvoort, instead of driving the Ferrari, Lammers takes part in his last Grand Prix before Tommy Byrne takes over the seat.
Late 1985, Lammers is given a test by Toleman at Estoril but with the team unable to get a tyre contract for 1986, plans for a Formula One return fall through. In 1989, another Formula One opportunity comes to nothing when Lammers is asked by Ken Tyrrell to replace Michele Alboreto, but the Dutchman decides to stick with TWR Jaguar, and Tyrrell signs up Jean Alesi instead.
Then in 1992, Lammers makes a surprise Formula One comeback when he steps in at March for the final two races of the season – a full ten years after his initial final Grand Prix, a record career gap in Formula One. Replacing Karl Wendlinger, Lammers laps sixth fastest in wet free practice at Suzuka, before retiring from the race with a broken gearbox. At Adelaide, he finishes 12th. Looking set to continue with March in 1993, his Formula One ambitions receive a blow when the team is denied an engine deal by Ilmor unless bills are paid. This leaves Lammers a spectator at Kyalami, after which the team folds.
Another Formula One option hits the rocks when Lammers is signed by the DAMS F3000 team for its debut season in 1996, having already tested their GD-01 car all through 1995. The project remains stillborn when DAMS fails to gather sufficient funding.
Sportscars
Fed up with driving inferior machines at the back of the Formula One grid, Lammers decides to switch to sportscar racing where he becomes a mainstay for the next three decades, both as a driver and a team owner. His time in Group C includes seasons with Richard Lloyd Racing’s private Porsche 956, the works Jaguar team and the works Toyota team, while in the days of LMP900 and LMP1, Lammers runs his own Racing for Holland team with the Japanese Dome S101 chassis. His final call at Le Mans comes in 2017 and 2018 when he races the Racing Team Nederland Dallara in LMP2, sharing with Rubens Barrichello and Jumbo Supermarkets CEO and team owner Frits van Eerd.
Prototypes
Having turned his back on Formula One, Lammers starts his World Sportscar Championship career in 1983 by joining top Porsche privateer Richard Lloyd Racing, taking several podium finishes with Thierry Boutsen, Keke Rosberg and Jonathan Palmer, while finishing sixth on his Le Mans debut. In 1984, he is paired with Palmer, and the Canon-liveried 956 takes victory over the works cars at Brands Hatch. The two add podiums at Monza, the Nürburgring, Sandown Park and Imola, and retire from Le Mans in a winning position.
A mid-season switch sees Lammers snapped up by Tom Walkinshaw at TWR Jaguar, and on his debut for the team at a very hot Shah Alam in Malaysia he brings home the Jag in second place. Meanwhile, he makes his IMSA GTP debut racing a March-Buick at Miami with Roberto Guerrero. In the 1986 Daytona 24 Hours, driving the BF Goodrich Porsche 962, he is heading for victory when his brakes fail, leading to a sizeable crash that he is lucky to escape from. Later in the season, when his promising IndyCar adventure collapses with the disappointing Eagle, Walkinshaw is quick to lure Lammers back to TWR. The Dutchman is immediately competitive with second at Spa and third at Jerez, before racing for Nissan at Watkins Glen in IMSA GTP.
In 1987, Lammers joins TWR Jaguar – now sponsored by Silk Cut – as a proper works driver, and is teamed with Grand Prix veteran John Watson. They win at Jarama, Monza and Fuji and take podiums at Silverstone, Brands Hatch and Spa. At Le Mans, third driver Win Percy crashes their car out of the race. Team orders mean that they finish second in the championship.
1988 would become Lammers’ most successful season in Group C racing. Now paired with ex-Lotus Formula One driver Johnny Dumfries, the two finish second at Spa and third at Brno, before being joined by Andy Wallace at the Le Mans 24 Hours. Lammers drives for 13 hours to be the anchor in a popular win for TWR Jaguar, the first for the marque since 1957. For this, he is congratulated by Queen Elizabeth II and rewarded with the title of Honorary Member of the BRDC. In IMSA, Lammers is part of the crew that wins the Daytona 24 Hours, after he is moved over from his retired car to join Martin Brundle, Raul Boesel and John Nielsen in the lead Jaguar entry, winning the race. With regular teammate Davy Jones, Lammers wins at Del Mar and ends up on the podium at West Palm Beach, Lime Rock, Mid-Ohio and Sears Point.
In 1989, the Jaguars were outclassed by the resurgent Mercedes effort, with Lammers only managing to score a second place at Jarama with Patrick Tambay. In the US, Lammers is more successful, winning in Portland and Del Mar, taking second in the Daytona 24 Hours, Lime Rock, Mid-Ohio and Road America and third at Sears Point and Topeka. The following year, Lammers wins the Daytona 24 Hours again, this time paired with Andy Wallace and Davy Jones, before taking third in the Sebring 12 Hours. In the WSC, however, Jaguar’s new turbo engine proves fast but unreliable, and together with Wallace, Lammers only picks up a pair of second places. Switching to the proven atmospheric V12 for Le Mans, Jaguar takes the double, but Lammers is in the second Jaguar across the line, having to recover from an earlier crash by teammate Franz Konrad.
Having opted for a switch to Toyota, Lammers decides to wait in the wings for the new programme to come alive in 1992. In the World Championship, mated with Geoff Lees, Lammers takes two podium finishes, second at Suzuka and third at Magny-Cours. In the Japanese Sports-Prototype Championship, however, two wins at Fuji and Mine add up to another title for the Dutchman. One more Toyota appearance follows in 1993, finishing sixth for the Japanese constructor in the Le Mans 24 Hours.
In 1995, Lammers returns to IMSA to compete at Daytona and Sebring in the Auto Toy Store Spice-Chevrolet SE90. With Andy Wallace, he wins the Sebring 12 Hours on the road but a timekeeping error declares the Fermín Velez/Andy Evans/Eric van de Poele Ferrari 333SP as the winner, while as a guest driver, Lammers joins Derek Warwick and Mario Andretti in a Courage-Porsche C36 to finish sixth in the 1996 Le Mans 24 Hours.
In 1999 and 2000, Lammers returns to prototype racing, as Konrad Motorsport moves up to the LMP class with a Ford-engined Lola B98/10, followed by a B2K/10, while in the US he joins J&P Motorsports to race a Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S. In the meantime, he progresses with setting up his own team for 2001. At Konrad, teaming up with countrymen Tom Coronel and Peter Kox serves as a prequel to that.
Lammers embarks on a new era of sportscar success in 2001 when he rekindles his ties with Japanese manufacturer Dome to race their Judd-engined S101, entering it in the new FIA Sportscar Championship and the Le Mans 24 Hours with young Dutch-born but Belgian-licensed Val Hillebrand as his teammate. For Le Mans, the Dutchman offers small segments of bodywork to small, private sponsors, giving the car the look of a driving chequered flag. A contribution of 2200 euros is enough to become a Racing for Holland sponsor. Lammers and Hillebrand dominate the final round of the championship before going into the new season as clear favourites, while placing themselves amongst the Audis at Le Mans. With three wins and five podiums Lammers and Hillebrand indeed take the 2002 title in the leading SR1 class, before doubling up in 2003, again with three wins and five podiums. Meanwhile in 2002, Lammers races the Crawford SSC2K at Daytona and joins Champion for Sebring to take third in their Audi R8.
When the FIA Sportscar Championship collapses after 2003, the Dome continues at Le Mans, where Lammers takes seventh in 2004 along with Elton Julian and countryman John Bosch, the trio copying the result in 2005. In the meantime, the Dutchman guests at Doran-Lista to take fourth in the 2004 Daytona 24 Hours and with Dyson Racing at Sebring and the Petit Le Mans, finishing third in the latter. In the 2005 Daytona 24 Hours, Lammers steps into the Howard-Boss Motorsports Crawford DP03 to claim another US podium with third. Rejoining them for 2006, their second cooperation gains no results.
With the start of the Le Mans Series in 2005, Racing for Holland signs up for assorted rounds in 2005, 2006 and 2007, but by now the Dome is outclassed by the more recent LMP1 designs. After he shuts down the team while continuing to pay off its debts well into the next decade, Lammers returns as a gun for hire in 2008. In an LMP2 season dominated by Jos Verstappen and the Van Merksteijn Porsche RS Spyder, Lammers teams up with the Swiss Horag-Lista team’s RS Spyder to finish the year fourth in class, along with teammate Didier Theys. At Le Mans in 2008, he joins Greg Pickett and Klaus Graf in the Charouz Racing System Lola-Judd B07/17, but the car fails to finish.
Having gone into semi-retirement from 2010, Lammers hooks up with Hope Racing to race the experimental SwissHyTech Hybrid-engined ORECA 01, and does one 2016 Le Mans Cup round in the Racing Team Holland Ligier-Nissan JSP3, but waits until 2017 for his final foray in top-level prototype racing, signing up for a three-year spell with Racing Team Nederland, the team funded by Dutch supermarket mogul Frits van Eerd. Racing their Dallara-Gibson P217 in the LMP2 class of the European Le Mans Series, Lammers and Van Eerd claim a seventh and eighth as their best results in a full 2017 ELMS season. In 2018 and 2019, Lammers acts as third driver to Van Eerd and Giedo van der Garde at Le Mans before closing the curtain on his active career.
GTs
On the back of the failed DAMS Formula One project, Lammers joins the Lotus Racing outfit for BPR Global GT in 1996. The GTI team is headed by countryman Toine Hezemans along with Ian Foley and George Howard-Chappell and runs a pair of Lotus Esprit V8s in the GT1 category. Teamed with Alex Portman, Perry McCarthy, Chris Goodwin, Andy Wallace, Fabien Giroix and Mike Hezemans, he claims pole at the Nürburgring and takes second at Silverstone, but apart from that the car proves very unreliable. In 1997, its Lotus Elise GT1 successor is outclassed by McLaren-BMW and Mercedes in the inaugural FIA GT Championship. After the Lotus takeover by Proton, the GT1 programme is quickly canned.
In 1998, Lammers races the Bitter GT1 for Team Hezemans before switching to GT2 with Roock Racing and Konrad Motorsport, while helping to develop Nissan’s new R390 GT1 car. At Le Mans, he joins Erik Comas and Andrea Montermini to finish sixth, as the Nissans get beaten by Porsche’s 911 GT1. Late in the season, Lammers returns to Konrad to share a 911 GT2 with Franz Konrad in the Petit Le Mans, followed by a win at Laguna Seca.
Following a five-year GT break, the Dutchman teams up with Prodrive to drive their Ferrari 550 Maranello in the 2003 Petit Le Mans, finishing fourth in the GTS class, and then in 2008, having closed down his own team, Lammers makes a few guest appearances in GT racing, driving the Spa 24 Hours in the Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT for the IPB-Spartak team. Meanwhile, he does a full season of ADAC GT sharing Reiter Engineering’s Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 with countryman Marius Ritskes, with three second places as his best results. Continuing in 2009 under the Racing Team Holland banner (not to be confused with Racing for Holland), the duo fails to score any more points. A one-off at Spa in the team’s GT4 Ford Mustang FR500C fails to materialise.
Another single GT4 appearance takes place in 2016 with a Ginetta G55 GT4 drive in the Paul Ricard 24 Hours for Team Africa Le Mans. His final two GT races come at his farewell weekend at Le Mans in 2019, sharing a Bentley Continental GT3 with Greg Mills for the same Team Africa Le Mans.
Other championships
IndyCar
In 1985, Lammers grabs the opportunity to make his IndyCar debut, taking a drive with the small AMI Racing team. His strong performance in their March-Cosworth 85C allows him to be snapped up by the Forsythe-Green team, racing their Lola-Cosworth T800 and T900 in the final three races of the season, The Dutchman immediately scores points for them with fifth at Laguna Seca. At Miami, Lammers challenges Danny Sullivan for victory before making a mistake towards the end. This leads to Dan Gurney’s All-American Racers signing Lammers as their lead driver for the 1986 season, but that year’s Eagle GC86 proves uncompetitive and Gurney withdraws the team ahead of the Indianapolis 500. Taking over the Machinists Union GC86 for three races later in the season leads to an eighth at Laguna Seca and ninth at Miami.
F3000
1986 is a season that proves Lammers’ ultimate versatility, as he races in IndyCars, the WSC and Formula 3 while also taking up on an offer from Eddie Jordan Racing to replace Russell Spence in the team’s March-Cosworth 86B. His single appearance at the Le Mans-Bugatti circuit results in an 11th-place finish.
In 1991, while waiting for Toyota’s new sportscar programme to come on song, Lammers is in Japan to help Dome with the development of the Mugen-engined F102, their new F3000 car. Rewarded with a one-off race outing at Suzuka, he takes third in his single appearance in the All-Nippon F3000 Championship.
More F3000 follows in 1993 after his Formula One deal with March fails to materialise. Accepting an offer to join the Italian Il Barone Rampante team to follow in the footsteps of Rubens Barrichello, Lammers takes fourth at Enna as his best result before the team is forced to close shop before the end of the season.
Two years later, Lammers is back in F3000 as he joins the Vortex team owned by Dutch transport magnate Henny Vollenberg. He wins the F3000 South African GP at Kyalami, beating Kenny Bräck and teammate Tarso Marques, and does three more European rounds before quitting the team when key staff decide to leave.
Macau GP
Making a surprise return to Formula 3, Lammers joins the Macau GP grid in 1985, racing a Ralt-Volkswagen RT30 for Intersport Racing. He embarrasses many of the regulars by qualifying and finishing third. In 1986, he repeats the trick with Murray Taylor Racing’s similar Ralt, again finishing third. Returning to Intersport in 1987, Lammers goes one better to take second place in their Ralt-Toyota RT31, storming up from 11th on the grid, while his final Macau appearance comes in 1988, again with Intersport. This time, he hauls his Ralt-Toyota RT32 up to sixth from 17th on the grid.
BTCC
After his less successful 1993 season, Lammers makes a surprise move to join the touring car trail during the BTCC’s burgeoning Super Touring era. Teaming with his old friends from TWR, he becomes teammate to Rickard Rydell in a pair of Volvo 850 SE cars. With its estate shape, the 850 SE is a crowd puller but it lacks ultimate pace and Lammers finishes no higher than fifth.
One-make series
BMW Procar
In 1980, during his time at ATS and Ensign, Lammers takes part in the second season of the BMW M1 Procar Series that is run on Grand Prix weekends, with several Grand Prix drivers such as Jones, Lauda, Pironi and Piquet being part of the show. Lammers wins the opening race at Donington Park, finishes second at Avus and the Norisring, starts from pole position at Monaco and is the title favourite until Hans-Joachim Stuck drives him off the track at Imola.
Renault 5 Turbo Cup
In his final Formula One season, Lammers becomes a regular in the European Renault 5 Turbo Cup, representing Renault Netherlands and taking home one win. He continues in the series in 1983 to take four wins and the championship, and repeats the trick in even more dominant fashion in 1984, lifting eight victories on his way to the title.
Grand Prix Masters
In 2005 and 2006, the Grand Prix Masters are set up as a one-make motor racing series featuring retired Formula One drivers. Lammers takes part in the sole event of 2005, finishing ninth at Kyalami, and also races in both 2006 events, taking seventh at Losail and retiring from the race at Silverstone.
VW Scirocco R-Cup
Having already retired as a full-time professional driver, Lammers guests in four races across three seasons (2010, 2011 and 2013) of the VW Scirocco R-Cup, with ninth in the 2013 Hockenheim round as his best result.
Other appearances
Rallies
As further proof of his versatility, Lammers adds the Dutch Tulpenrallye to his portfolio in 1979, driving for the Opel Dealer Team. Over two decades later, he is invited to join Frits van Eerd’s new Dakar Rally enterprise in 2010. In the first of five Dakar outings in the Ginaf X2222 4x4 truck, Lammers fails to finish, before returning in the Ginaf works team in 2011, finishing 19th, and three more years with his own Ginaf-supported team, with 25th place in 2013 as his best result. In 2012, Lammers revives the chequered Racing for Holland livery for a sponsorship concept similar to the one he explored in the previous decade.
Team principal
Next to his career as a professional racing driver, Lammers has acted as the team principal of his own team on three very different occasions.
Vitaal Racing
Between 1989 and 1991, Lammers runs his Opel Dealerteam Holland-supported Vitaal Racing outfit in Formula Opel Lotus. In his first year, he joins forces with Marlboro Challenge winner Peter Kox, and together they win the EFDA Opel Lotus Euroseries as well as the Benelux series. In 1990, Lammers takes on another Marlboro Challenge winner, as Marcel Albers is promoted from Formula Ford, resulting in sixth in the final European standings.
Racing for Holland
Setting up Racing for Holland at the start of the 21st century proves to be the birth of Lammers’ final period of sportscar success at the highest level. With their Dome-Judd S101, Racing for Holland takes two consecutive titles in the FIA Sportscar Championship in 2002 and 2003 and continues with the Dome until 2007. Lammers later revives the Racing for Holland moniker – and a similar sponsorship scheme – for three of his Dakar outings in the following decade.
A1GP
Not known as Racing for Holland as such, the team is the seatholder for the Netherlands in the A1 Grand Prix series that runs between 2005 and 2009. Lammers starts off with Jos Verstappen as his driver, who takes victory at Durban in the opening 2005-’06 season, while Jeroen Bleekemolen acts as the team’s reserve driver. Bleekemolen steps up into the leading role for in 2006-’07, winning the Beijing street race, as Renger van der Zande takes his place as a backup driver, himself taking part in three races. Bleekemolen continues in 2007-’08, now supported by Arie Luyendyk Jr. Ditching its cheap Avon-shod Lola-Zytek chassis for pukka Michelin-tyred Ferrari cars, the A1GP organisation hurry into bankruptcy in a final 2008-‘09 season in which Robert Doornbos and Jeroen Bleekemolen take turns at the wheel, each winning a sprint race on their way to fourth for the Netherlands in the final standings.
New responsibilities
Dutch GP
After his decision to go into full retirement after the 2019 season, Lammers quickly assumes another duty, as he steps in to become sporting director of the organisation founded to revive the Dutch GP at Zandvoort. Starting in 2020, Lammers is more than just an ambassador for the event, and after a Covid-induced postponement in 2020, the Dutch dream is finally realised in 2021, when the first Dutch GP since 1985 is staged.
Personal life
Lammers has two children from his marriage with Fardous Hashem. His daughter Sumaya is 27 years old, his son Rayan is 25.
Currently, Lammers is in a relationship since 2001 with Mariska Hoyinck. Together they have a son, René.
Lammers’ youngest son René Lammers is currently competing in karts. The 14-year-old is a frontrunner in the FIA European Karting Championship, having won both the WSK Super Masters Series and WSK Champions Cup in 2021 as well as the WSK Euro Series in 2020 in the 60 Mini category. Young Lammers is also a two-time winner of the Trofeo Andrea Margutti.
Racing record
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Complete World Sportscar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Footnotes
24 Hours of Le Mans results
24 Hours of Daytona
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PPG Indycar Series
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Indianapolis 500
Complete European Formula Two Championship results
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Complete International Formula 3000 results
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Complete Japanese Formula 3000 Championship results
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Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete FIA GT Championship results
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Complete European Le Mans Series results
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Complete Grand Prix Masters results
(key) Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap.
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
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Books
Klis, Hans van der (2007, 3rd ed.), Dwars door de Tarzanbocht: de dertien Nederlandse Formule 1-coureurs. Amsterdam, pp. 98–115, .
Koense, Mark (2020). Jan Lammers, De biografie van een leven met 300 km/h. Amgini Autosport Store, 2020, no ISBN.
References
External links
Jan Lammers on Twitter
Jan Lammers as a speaker
1956 births
Living people
People from Zandvoort
Dutch racing drivers
Dutch Formula One drivers
Shadow Formula One drivers
ATS Wheels Formula One drivers
Ensign Formula One drivers
Theodore Formula One drivers
March Formula One drivers
Champ Car drivers
Japanese Formula 3000 Championship drivers
A1 Grand Prix team owners
German Formula Three Championship drivers
FIA European Formula 3 Championship drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers
Grand Prix Masters drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
Dakar Rally drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
ADAC GT Masters drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
24H Series drivers
Sports car racing team owners
Sportspeople from North Holland
Jaguar in motorsport
IMSA GT Championship drivers
Japanese Sportscar Championship drivers
TOM'S drivers
Charouz Racing System drivers
Forsythe Racing drivers
Team LeMans drivers
Racing Team Nederland drivers
Nismo drivers
Jaguar Racing drivers
Morand Racing drivers
Target Racing drivers
Le Mans Cup drivers |
The 2016–17 SPFL Development League was the 19th season of the highest youth Scottish football league and the third season under the "Development League" format. It began in August 2016 and ended in May 2017.
Changes
The league remained at 17 teams. All twelve 2016–17 Scottish Premiership clubs participated in the league, with Dundee United, Dunfermline Athletic, Falkirk, Hibernian and St Mirren making up the numbers. Eligible players were those born in 1997 or later, but five players of any age were permitted in the matchday squad of 18.
League table
Matches
Teams played each other twice, once at home, once away.
The result of a match between Dunfermline and Motherwell on 21 February was annulled, and a 3–0 win awarded to Motherwell, because Dunfermline fielded a player who was under suspension from the Scottish Football Association.
Top scorers
References
External links
SPFL
Development
SPFL Development League |
Peter Henry Madsen (9 February 1900 – 12 November 1972) was a Danish field hockey player who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Helsingør and died in Copenhagen.
In 1928 he was a member of the Danish team which was eliminated in the first round of the Olympic tournament after two wins and two losses. He played one match as back.
External links
1900 births
1972 deaths
Danish male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Denmark
Field hockey players at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Helsingør |
This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns events through 1533.
Prehistory
Paleo-Amerindians, whose presence in Quebec can be traced back 10,000 years, preceded the Algonquian and Iroquoian aboriginal peoples, with whom the Europeans first made contact in the 16th century.
Some 8,500 years ago, the south of Quebec became habitable as it grew warmer. The first peoples began to immigrate on what is today the Province of Quebec. They were the ancestors of today's Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples.
15th century
1492 - For the Queen of Castile (later, Spain), Christopher Columbus crosses the Atlantic Ocean.
1497 - John Cabot reaches the island of Newfoundland, which he claims for England. Jacques Cartier is born on Dec. 31st 1491.
16th century
1524 - Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine in the service of the King Francis I of France explores the East coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland as well as parts of New York Harbor. The French would take narrow land ports of the Boroughs Queens and Brooklyn from the upper and lower parts of the harbor until 1609 when the British and the Dutch take control of it from the French.
1525 and after - Basque fishermen and whalers regularly sail in the St. Lawrence estuary and the Saguenay River.
References
See also
1400
1400
Quebec 1400
Quebec 1400
Quebec 1500
Quebec 1400
Quebec 1500
.1400 |
Source Book was the most common name for a family of US-American encyclopedias published from the 1910s through 1936.
Work began on the original project around 1910, when publisher H. N. Dixon commission editor William Francis Rocheleau to begin work on a new encyclopedia. Both of them had worked on the earlier Hill's Practical Reference Library, published in 1902 by Dixon and Hansen, Dixon as publisher and Rocheleau as "Revision editor".
Their new encyclopedia, Home and School Reference Work, was published in 1913 in 6 volumes under the imprint of the Dixon and Rucker Company. The work was considered poor by the standards of the time. The first five volumes contained encyclopedic material and the last was "Course of Study, Methods and Index". An expanded version was published in 1915 in 7 volumes, the last, again, being a study guide.
In 1922 the rights to the encyclopedia were sold to the Perpetual Encyclopedia Corporation who thoroughly revised the set and republished it in 1924 as the Source Book; an international encyclopedic authority written from the new world viewpoint. In this edition the first seven volumes were encyclopedic and the final three were study guides. The title was apparently chosen to capitalize on the success of the World Book Encyclopedia. Nevertheless, it was reportedly a "very poor work".
While publishing Source Book, the corporation also made contracts with numerous distributors and jobbers around the country and these entities sold the Source Book under a variety of names including Home and School Reference Work, American Reference Library, the North American Reference Work and others. This led to a cease and desist order from the Federal Trade Commission in 1929 (Docket#1371). Further cease and desist order would come in 1931 (Docket #1551) and 1932 (Docket #1371). In the first instance, the Co-operative Book Company was found to be selling the set as the American Reference Library until 1927, and then selling it as the Source Book. In the latter case the Perpetual Encyclopedia Corporation and others were taken to task for selling American Reference Library as a recent work, when in fact it was published as far back as 1913. Other labels apparently included the National Encyclopedia and Perpetual Loose-Leaf Encyclopedia Further editions under the Source Book title were copyrighted in 1930, 1932, 1935 and 1936.
References
External links
The home and school reference work Chicago : Home & school education Society, 1915
American reference library, encyclopedic Chicago : North American Pub. Co., 1924 (Includes Vols. 1, 3 and 5 and the Vol. 1925 supplement)
The Source book ; an international encyclopedic authority written from the new world viewpoint Chicago [etc.] : Perpetual encyclopedia corporation, [©1926] (Includes Vols. 1 and 2)
American encyclopedias
English-language encyclopedias
20th-century encyclopedias |
```turing
Some macros treat ':' as an argument delimiter but others do not. A consequence
of this is macro arguments which intentionally include a ':' character may look
like a sequence of multiple arguments but are treated as a single argument by
macros that don't split their argument on ':'. This tests that we maintain this
behaviour as we change the way that macros are implemented.
This test installs a binary whose name contains a ':' character and then checks
that we can look up the binary with the `bin` macro which does not split its
arguments on ':'.
$ cat > dune-project <<EOF
> (lang dune 3.0)
> (package (name foo))
> EOF
$ cat > foo.sh <<EOF
> #!/usr/bin/env sh
> echo foo
> EOF
$ chmod +x foo.sh
$ cat >dune <<EOF
> ; Use an install stanza to rename the script to "foo:bar"
> (install
> (section bin)
> (files (foo.sh as foo:bar)))
>
> ; Generate out.txt by running the script now named "foo:bar"
> (rule
> (target out.txt)
> (action
> (with-stdout-to %{target}
> (run %{bin:foo:bar}))))
> EOF
$ dune build out.txt
$ cat _build/default/out.txt
foo
``` |
Greg Russell and Ciaran Algar are a British folk music duo. Algar is a multi-instrumentalist who plays fiddle, guitar, banjo, and percussion. They won the BBC Radio 2 Young Folk Award in 2013, and in 2014 won the Horizon award in the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. They were nominated for the Best Duo award in 2015.
As well as working as the duo, Russell and Algar have been involved in other projects. Russell put together Shake the Chains, a project which brought together musicians including Nancy Kerr, Martin Simpson and Peggy Seeger to write and sing songs of togetherness, protest and community. Russell was also involved in a revival of Peter Bellamy's folk ballad opera The Transports. Algar is also a member of Sam Kelly and The Lost Boys. Russell joined The Band of Love, who released their debut album Folk Fever in 2018.
Albums
The Queen's Lover (2012)
The Call (2014)
The Silent Majority (2016)
Utopia and Wasteland (2018)
References
External links
Official website
Ciaran Algar
Greg Russell & Ciaran Algar on MusicBrainz
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English folk musical groups
English musical duos
Folk music duos |
Acer tenellum is an uncommon Asian species of maple. It is native to China (Hubei and Sichuan).
Acer tenellum is a small deciduous tree up to 7 meters tall with smooth gray bark. Leaves are non-compound, up to 6 cm wide and 6 cm across, thin, usually with 3 lobes but sometimes none.
References
External links
line drawing for Flora of China drawing 1 at bottom
tenellum
Plants described in 1889
Flora of Sichuan
Flora of Hubei |
Sir Roger Bradshaigh, 1st Baronet (14 January 1628 – 31 March 1684) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1679.
Bradshaigh was the third but oldest surviving son of James Bradshaigh of Haigh Hall, Wigan by Anne, daughter of Sir William Norris of Speke
In 1660, he was elected member of parliament (MP) for Lancashire in the Convention Parliament. and was knighted on 18 June 1660. In 1661 he was re-elected MP for Lancashire in the Cavalier Parliament and sat until 1679. He served as High Sheriff of Lancashire for 1679 and was created baronet on 17 November 1679.
Roger Bradshaigh developed coal and cannell pits under his Haigh Hall estate and the Great Haigh Sough, a tunnel to drain them, was driven under the estate between 1653 and 1670.
Bradshaigh died at the age of 57 on a visit to Chester and was buried at Wigan. He had married Elizabeth, the daughter of William Pennington of Muncaster, Cumberland. They had four sons (only one surviving him) and three daughters. Sir Roger Bradshaigh, 2nd Baronet (1699–1770) married Dorothy Bellingham who was a noted correspondent of Samuel Richardson.
References
1628 births
1684 deaths
English MPs 1660
High Sheriffs of Lancashire
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Lancashire
English MPs 1661–1679
Baronets in the Baronetage of England |
Rev. Robert Warren Stewart (; Pinyin: Shǐ Luòbó; Foochow Romanized: Sṳ̄ Lŏk-báik; 9 March 1850 – 1 August 1895) was an Irish missionary of the Church Missionary Society, London, stationed in Fuzhou, China.
Life
Robert Warren Stewart was born in March 1850 at Gortleitragh House, Dublin, son of James Robert Stewart, a wealthy land agent, and Martha Elinor Warren, daughter of the leading barrister Richard Benson Warren, and granddaughter of Sir Robert Warren, 1st Baronet, the head of a prominent landowning family from County Cork. George Francis Stewart, Governor of the Bank of Ireland, was his younger brother. He was educated at Marlborough College (in England) and at Trinity College, Dublin. After graduation, he studied law in London, but the spiritual crisis of his conversion occurred at Richmond, Surrey when he was just about to become a lawyer. He became a member of the Church Missionary Society in 1875, and after a year's training at Islington he was ordained at St. Paul's Cathedral on Trinity Sunday 1876, together with Rev. Llewellyn Lloyd. Shortly afterwards Robert Stewart married Louisa Katherine Smyly and the couple set out for China with Rev. Ll. Lloyd in September and arrived in Fuzhou on 14 November.
Mr. Stewart's first years in China were spent in training the native schoolmasters and catechists, and his wife was put in charge of a school to train native Biblewomen. Their educational work, however, was interrupted by the Wu-shih-shan Case of 1878, which resulted in the burning down of the Theological College and the expulsion of the English Mission from the city proper.
Stewart suffered severely from dysentery in China. In 1891 he went home for a furlough and was redeployed by the C.M.S. Committee to accompany Eugene Stock on his Australian tour, after which he visited India and returned to China via Canada fully restored in the autumn of 1893.
On 1 August 1895, he was brutally murdered in Kucheng Hwasang by a sect known as the Vegetarians during the Kucheng Massacre, together with his wife and two children and seven other missionaries connected with the Church Missionary Society or the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society.
References
Anglican missionaries in China
Christian missionaries in Fujian
19th-century Protestant martyrs
1850 births
1895 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of the Church Missionary Society College, Islington
Irish Anglican missionaries
British Anglican missionaries
British expatriates in China
Irish expatriates in China
Church Mission Society missionaries |
It Happened in Paris is a 1935 British romantic comedy film directed by Robert Wyler and Carol Reed, starring John Loder, Nancy Burne, and Esme Percy. The film marked Reed's directorial debut, and after working on this film with Wyler he was the sole director on his next film Midshipman Easy. The film is also notable for John Huston's contributions to the screenplay, and for the involvement of Reed, who is mentioned by some sources as having assisted and in others to have co-directed the film.
An American millionaire's son travels to France to study art, and falls in love in Paris.
Production
The film was made at Ealing Studios by the independent production company Wyndham Films. It is based on the play L'Arpete by Yves Mirande.
Plot
Paul, artistically-inclined son of an American millionaire, moves to Paris where he can find inspiration and study the masters. While there, he finds inspiration of a different sort in the form of the beautiful Jacqueline.
Cast
John Loder as Paul
Nancy Burne as Jacqueline
Edward H. Robins as Knight
Dorothy Boyd as Patricia
Esme Percy as Pommier
Minnie Rayner as Concierge
Lawrence Grossmith as Bernard
Bernard Ansell as Simon
Jean Gillie as Musette
Margaret Yarde as Marthe
Roy Emerton as Gendarme
Warren Jenkins as Raymond
Paul Sheridan as Baptiste
Kyrle Bellew as Ernestine
Arthur Burne as Minor Role
Eveline Chipman as Mrs. Carstairs
Greta Gynt as Minor Role
Bela Mila as Madame Renault
Dennis Val Norton as Roger
Nancy Pawley as Ernestine
Bill Shine as Albert
References
Bibliography
Evans, Peter William. Carol Reed. Manchester University Press, 2005.
Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927–1939. British Film Institute, 1986.
External links
1935 films
1935 romantic comedy films
British romantic comedy films
Films set in Paris
Films set in France
Ealing Studios films
British films based on plays
Films with screenplays by John Huston
British black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films
English-language romantic comedy films |
Guiwan station () is a Metro station of Shenzhen Metro Line 5. It opened on 28 September 2019.
Station layout
Exits
References
External links
Shenzhen Metro stations
Nanshan District, Shenzhen
Railway stations in China opened in 2019 |
The Transitional Legislative Council of Sudan ( al majlis al tashrieiu al aintiqaliu al sudaniu) is an interim legislative body that was planned to have been formed in Sudan as a stage of the 2019 plans for a Sudanese transition to democracy.
Background
Following a coup d'état in April 2019, both houses of the National Legislature of Sudan were dissolved and a Transitional Military Council was formed. In July 2019, the Transitional Military Council and the Forces of Freedom and Change coalition of civil society organisations agreed a constitutional declaration for a transition to an elected government in 2023. Under the terms of this agreement, a transitional government is to be appointed and a Transitional Legislative Council is to be formed.
Composition
Under the terms of the constitutional declaration, the Transitional Legislative Council is to be formed within three months of the declaration entering into force. The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) group will nominate two-thirds of the members of the council with the remaining third appointed by "other forces". The council is to have no more than 300 members of which a minimum of 40% should be women. Members of the National Congress Party are not permitted to be members of the council. Other criteria for membership are being a Sudanese national, at least 21 years old, not having been convicted of a criminal offence, possessing integrity and competence and being able to read and write.
Lebanese academic Gilbert Achcar credits the No to Oppression against Women Initiative and Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups for having been influential in obtaining the 40% quota for women.
In November 2019, the FFC stated that the distribution of seats would be proportional to the population distribution, "taking into account the representation of all communities in Sudan". Following the signing of a peace agreement signed on 31 August 2020 between the Transitional Government of Sudan and rebel factions in Darfur, South Kordofan and Blue Nile State, a quarter of seats on the council will be reserved for the members of those factions.
See also
Sudanese Revolution
References
Government of Sudan
Sudan
Sudan
Sudanese Revolution |
Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (bap. 1648 – 8 June 1701) was an English philanthropist who was the benefactor of Worcester College, Oxford and Bromsgrove School.
Biography
He was the eldest son of Sir William Cookes, 1st Baronet, of Norgrove Court, Worcestershire, and his second wife, Mercy, née Dinely. He began his studies at Pembroke College, Oxford in June 1667, going on to Lincoln's Inn in June 1669. Following the death of his father, he succeeded to the baronetcy in July 1672, His seat was Bentley Pauncefote at Tardebigge, Worcestershire.
Both of Cookes's marriages were without issue. He died on 8 June 1701 and was buried next to his first wife in Tardebigge church on 10 June.
Legacy
In 1693 Cookes endowed Bromsgrove School. In his will, he then left £10,000 in trust to endow a new college at the University of Oxford, or to add to an existing foundation there. Priority for acceptance should be for students from Bromsgrove School, Feckenham, and his relatives.
Negotiations had begun in Cookes's lifetime, with Thomas Tenison prompting him in 1698. With the prospect of endowment for an Oxford college, Benjamin Woodroffe, Principal of Gloucester Hall, had earlier gained a charter of incorporation and laid down statutes for the new college; but Cookes did not like its terms. James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde as Oxford's Chancellor made clear to Cookes in early 1700 that he favoured Balliol College as recipient; and Roger Mander the Vice-Chancellor moved to implement Ormonde's wish. John Baron, Balliol's Master, made representations for the endowment.
Both parties dealt directly with Cookes and preached sermons on charity in Feckenham church (Baron in 1699, Woodroffe in 1700), as well as producing printed arguments in 1702. The will was proved on 9 July 1701, but the interpretation and execution of his intentions regarding the gift to Oxford took time to settle. It was initially decided that Magdalen Hall should be the recipient, but on 31 October 1712 the Lord Keeper, Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt, decreed in the Court of Chancery that Cookes's wishes were that the money, now totalling £15,000, should go to Gloucester Hall. The trustees agreed to this on 16 November 1713 and Gloucester Hall was incorporated as Worcester College on 29 July 1714.
Cookes left a fee-simple estate of some £3000 per annum and, including the £10,000 earmarked for the Oxford college, a personal estate of £40,000. Norgrove Hall was left to his nephew Thomas Winford on condition that he adopted the additional surname of Cookes.
Family
On 28 August 1672 Cookes married Mary Windsor, the daughter of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth, and niece of George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax. She died on 3 January 1695, and on 6 December 1695 he married Lucy Whalley.
References
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
1648 births
1701 deaths
People from Redditch (district)
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
17th-century philanthropists
Founders of colleges of the University of Oxford
People associated with Worcester College, Oxford |
Drew Westervelt (born April 25, 1985 in Bel Air, Maryland) is a former lacrosse player in the National Lacrosse League and Major League Lacrosse.
College career
Westervelt attended the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where, as a senior, he was the nation's fifth-leading scorer.
Entrepreneurship
In April 2014, Westervelt launched a new company HEX Performance based in Baltimore, Maryland. The company produces "HEX" removes that sweaty smell leftover in performance synthetic fabrics. HEX is now being sold at Wegmans, Whole Foods Market, Harris Teeter, Shoprite, and Canadian Tire.
Professional career
MLL
Westervelt was selected by the Denver Outlaws fourth overall in the 2007 MLL Collegiate Draft.
In 2011 he was traded to the Chesapeake Bayhawks, then in 2016 to the New York Lizards.
NLL
He was acquired by the Philadelphia Wings in the third round (37th overall) in the 2007 National Lacrosse League entry draft. During the 2009 NLL season, he was named to the All-Star Game as an injury replacement.
On September 13, 2013, Westervelt was traded to the Colorado Mammoth for Ryan Hotaling and draft picks. He was not included in the published final roster for Colorado, so his status with that team is not known.
Statistics
MLL
NLL
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
References
1985 births
Living people
American lacrosse players
Colorado Mammoth players
Major League Lacrosse players
National Lacrosse League All-Stars
People from Bel Air, Maryland
Philadelphia Wings players
UMBC Retrievers men's lacrosse players |
Preobrazhenskoye () is a rural locality (a village) located in Dmitriyevo-Polyansky Selsoviet, Sharansky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 55 as of 2010. There is 1 street.
Geography
Preobrazhenskoye is located 5 km northwest of Sharan (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dmitriyeva Polyana is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Sharansky District |
The Black Bull (Spanish: El toro negro) is a 1959 Mexican film. It was written by Luis Alcoriza.
External links
1959 films
Mexican drama films
1950s Spanish-language films
1950s Mexican films |
An intense process of Germanisation was carried out by Nazi Germany in German-occupied Poland during World War II, with the ultimate goal of eliminating Polish culture and people. This included the mass-murder of Polish intellectuals and the kidnapping of Polish children.
Ideological background
"Adolf Hitler in Mein Kampf proclaimed, language-exclusive Germanisation does not equate to total Germanisation, an alien nation, which expresses its thought in non-German form, degrades the greatness and honour of the German nation. The implementation of Germanisation requires a change of character of the occupied nation via partial expulsion of the Polish populous and the assimilation of the rest, deemed upon their "racially worthy" elements."
The greatest fervour of Germanisation was implemented in those regions seized by the German Wehrmacht during World War II. Frequently in his public rallies, Adolf Hitler called for the displacement and liquidation of Poles inhabiting Poland. On November 25, 1939, at the NSDAP Office of Racial Policy, a codification was formed codifying Erhard Wetzel and Günther Hecht's memorandum entitled "The Question of the treatment of the population of the former Polish territories in accordance to racial politics" ("Die Frage der Behandlung der Bevölkerung der ehemaligen polnischen Gebiete nach rassepolitischen Gesichtspunkten"), which openly expressed:
"Those Poles suitable for Germanisation shall receive German surnames after having undergone the complete process of Germanisation, that will take two to three generations. The administrative, trade and common language shall be German, whilst administrators on former Polish soil may only be German. [...] Our pursuance is to Germanise as rapidly the Germanisable populous. [...] The decisively Polish elements must be expelled. [...] Poles may not take part in secondary, vocational schools, nor higher education. [...] Church service must not be undertaken in Polish. Any type of association, corporation and religious or church gatherings are forbiden, whilst Polish restaurants, cafés and cinemas shall be closed down, in addition, all Polish press and book publications must be abolished. [...] Those people who are incapable of being renationalised, must be subject to culture of the shallowest nature. [...] In that populous categorised for expulsion, racially-worthy children no greater than 8-10 years of age, should be selected and relocated to the Reich. [...] No contact is permitted with their Polish kin. [...] Otherwise, expel: all Poles, that settled on the terrain of the New Reich after October 1, 1918, all Polish intelligentsia, Polish activists, those so-called neutral Poles that fail to Germanise, all Jews [...] and all Polish-Jewish inhabitants. [...] There will be no Polish journalists, nor will there be any Polish book and newspaper publications."
"Divide and rule"
Germany used the ancient divide and rule strategy in Occupied Poland.
In accordance to the aforesaid strategy, Germanisation was sanctioned on the Polish population on a regional basis. The best known operation was named Goralenvolk. Heinrich Himmler, in his strictly secret memorandum, entitled Gedanken über die Behandlung Fremdvölkischer im Osten ("Thoughts on Treatment of Alien Races in the East", dated May 25, 1940, described the German tactic against Poland: "We have to divide Poland into as many ethnic groups, regions and divided groups as it is possible". Likewise, in his reflections, entitled: "A few thoughts on the treatment of aliens in the East" (Einige Gedanken über die Behandlung der Fremdenvölker im Osten), Himmler writes: "We have to aim to recognise and retain as many different nationalities, that is besides the Poles and Jews, also Ukrainians, Belarusians, Gorals, Lemkos and Kashubians. If one kind find other breakaway nationalitiesthose also. [...] What I am trying to state is, it is not in our interest to unite national groups and foment and gradually increase national identity and the development of national culture, on the contrary, to divide it into many parts and fractures. [...] Within [...] 4 to 5 years e.g. the term Kashubians must be unknown, for the Kashubian nation will be no more (this especially refers to Western Prussia). In the long term, we must also liquidate the Ukrainian, Goral and Lemko identity on our territory. What was said about those national offshoots similarly largely refers to the Poles."
Germanisation of placenames
On August 1, 1940, in Kraków, Hans Frank and Josef Bühler headed a conference concerning the Germanisation of Polish place names in the General Governate, it was decided that every central square would be renamed to "Adolf Hitler Platz" and those roads heading to which shall be called Reichsstrasse, Strasse der Wehrmacht as well as Strasse der Bewegung.
Nearly all settlement names in areas annexed by Nazi Germany and the General Governate were Germanised. For example, Łódź was renamed Litzmannstadt, in 1941, Rzeszów was changed into Reichshof whilst Zamość, whom the Germans believed to be a German settlement, was to be renamed Himmlerstadt, as to honour Heinrich Himmler. Street names were also Germanised, firstly by adding a second German name, and later removing the Polish counterpart. During the German occupation of Poland, all Germanised street names were written in the Gothic script. Nearly every main street was renamed "Hitlerstraße" in honour of Adolf Hitler. In Łódź, on September 7, 1939, the chief of the police ordered to remove all signboards that bore a Polish word, as well as the removal of products that carried a Polish-branded label.
Destruction of Polish culture and science
In October 31, 1939 Joseph Goebbels stated: "The Poles fundamentally should not have theatres, cinemas [...]. All schools and seminaries must be closed down in the General Governate [...]. Poles should be left with such educational institutions that will punish the hopelessness of their national status." Hans Frank commanded that all educational institutions above elementary must be liquidated. The teaching of history was forbidden.
The occupying authorities of the German General Governate brought into being operations that would inhibit the cultural development of the forcefully subordinated Polish population in the long-run. The main guidelines were formed by Dr. E. Weltz and Dr. G. Hecht's national politics programme from November 25, 1939, based on Adolf Hitler's statements made at the November 23, 1939, conference of the Ministry of Interior Affairs. The document concluded, inter alia:
"Universities and other higher education institutions, vocational schools, as well as secondary schools were always centres of Polish chauvinistic upbringing and therefore must be closed down. Only primary schools may be permitted, teaching only the most primitive of subjects: arithmetic, reading and writing. Education in fields of greater nationalist reals, like geography, history, history of literature and gymnastics, must be prohibited."
The Minister of Education, K. Szelągowski along with other higher administrators were sent to a concentration camp in Sachsenhausen. Thereupon, higher education institutions and secondary schools were liquidated. The General Superintendent Frank, on June 18, 1940, decided to resume the operation of primary and vocational schools with a limited educational level, limited to that of German technical schools. More drastic decisions in the sphere of education were proposed by Heinrich Himmler, who in a document from May 15, 1940, proposed to reduce the level of education in the General Governate to four-year primary schools, students would be taught numbers up to 500, writing of the surname and the enforcement of a tract that God's command against the Poles is total servitude, honesty, urgency and kindness towards the Germans.
Biological extermination
"Only a nation, whose underlying inclinations are destroyed, will allow itself to be thrown into slavery."
The Germanisation of the Polish populace included limitedly planned and systemised elimination of the Poles. During the German invasion of Poland, divisions of the Einsatzgruppen were placed within the Wehrmacht, in accordance to the Special Prosecution Book for Poland composed via interviews with the German minority in the Second Polish Republic, carried out the murder of the Polish intelligentsia during the Intelligenzaktion. After the defeat of the Polish military, the extermination of the Polish intellectual elite was realised via operations like Operation Tannenberg, AB-Aktion, that would deprive Poland its political, scientific, social, cultural and militaristic elite.
Comprehensively, the Intelligenzaktion led to the deaths of 100,000 Poles, of which around 50,000 were murdered via the so-called "direct action" (i.a. shooting), whilst the other 50,000 were sent to concentration camps, of which only an exiguous amount survived. Territory that was directly incorporated into Nazi Germany suffered the greatest, where 40,000 were murdered and 20,000 were send to concentration camps.
Expulsions
An extensive forced population transfer was conducted by Germany during World War II. The expulsions were part of a long-term plan, Generalplan Ost, that would turn the Polish nation into a primitive, cultureless kind, that would be denationalisable and be controlled with ease. Hans Frank, the General Superintendent of the General Governate, at a hearing on March 11, 1942, asserted: "...our aim [...] should be the complete clearance of the Vistulan Land [Weichselland] including Galicia. This will only be feasible with time, when the inhabiting nations are expelledthe Poles and Ukrainians. It is no doubt, that such changes will take decades, yet this is the only right path, all else is defective."
Kidnapping of children
Part of the Generalplan Ost (GPO) involved in taking children regarded as "Aryan-looking" from the rest of Europe and moving them to Nazi Germany for the purpose of Germanisation, or indoctrination into becoming culturally German. At more than 200,000 victims, occupied Poland had the largest proportion of children taken.
References
Germanization
Partitions of Poland
Military occupations of Poland
Nazi war crimes in Poland
Anti-Polish sentiment in Europe |
Ioan Totu (; May 14, 1931 – April 21, 1992) was a Romanian economist and communist politician who served as the Vice Prime Minister of Romania from 1982 to 1985 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1986 to 1989, during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu. He briefly served as President of the State Planning Committee in late 1989.
Life and political career
Born in Otetelișu, Vâlcea County, Totu attended the Commercial High School in Craiova from 1949 to 1950 and then studied at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, which he graduated in 1953. After being an assistant at the Nicolae Bălcescu Institute for Agricultural Sciences between 1953 and 1954, he became a lecturer at the Chair of Political Sciences and Secretary of the Union of Communist Youth Committee at the Institute for Mining. He was also a propagandist for the Communist Party Committee in Sector 1 of Bucharest and was accepted as a member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1955. In 1957 he moved to the University of Bucharest as a lecturer. After completing a course at the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy in 1958, he became inspector of the department for teaching social sciences at the Ministry of Education and later, in 1962, instructor of the Central Committee's Department of Education, before becoming Head of the Higher Education Section of the Central Committee of the PCR in 1967.
In the Great National Assembly, Totu represented Dragalina, Călărași County from 1980 to 1985, and Dumbrăveni, Sibiu County from 1985 to 1989.
Totu was a member of the Romanian Politburo. He also served as the head of the Romanian mission to East European Common Market (CEMA). He was generally known for his toughness, especially in his comments to the United States Department of State regarding the latter's criticism of the Romanian government for human rights abuse. As a member of Nicolae Ceaușescu's regime, he harshly criticized the U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz for seeking to "weaken the positions of socialism".
Totu was appointed Vice Prime Minister of Romania on November 3, 1982 and served in this post until March 28, 1985. On August 26, 1986 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania replacing a less experienced diplomat Ilie Văduva. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Totu re-established Romania's relations with Israel with the purpose to expand trade and economic relations, and to play an international role in the Middle East peace process. His term in office ended on November 2, 1989 and he was appointed the President of the State Planning Committee on November 4 which he held until December 22, 1989.
Imprisonment and death
Totu was arrested on January 10, 1990, days after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. He was tried along with 24 Romanian Politburo members by the Military Court of Romania and sentenced to five and a half years in a Bucharest prison. After conviction and imprisonment, Totu committed suicide by hanging in 1992.
See also
Romanian Communist Party
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Foreign relations of Romania
References
1931 births
1992 deaths
People from Bălcești
Romanian communists
Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
20th-century Romanian economists
Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Members of the Great National Assembly
Suicides in Romania |
Terebra gaiae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.
Description
Distribution
References
Terebridae
Gastropods described in 2008 |
Abiansemal is a district (kecamatan) in the Badung Regency of Bali, Indonesia. It covers an area of 69.01 km2, and had a population of 88,144 at the 2010 Census and 98,904 at the 2020 Census. The capital of the district is Abiansemal.
References
Districts of Bali
Badung Regency |
Sir Richard Douglas Lapthorne CBE (born 25 April 1943) is an English company director, best known for his role at Cable & Wireless Worldwide.
He was knighted in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to telecommunications.
References
1943 births
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
English businesspeople
Living people
Unilever people
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants |
Clohessy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
David Clohessy, once-Roman Catholic American activist
Paddy Clohessy (1908–1971), Irish sportsperson and Fianna Fáil politician
Peadar Clohessy (1934–2014), Irish Fianna Fáil and Progressive Democrats politician
Peter Clohessy (born 1966), former Irish rugby union footballer
Robert Clohessy (born 1958), American actor, played Sean Murphy on the HBO drama Oz
Seán Clohessy (born 1931), retired Irish sportsperson
Sean Clohessy (born 1986), English professional footballer for Conference side Salisbury City |
Boadilla del Monte () is a Spanish town and municipality located in the west of the Community of Madrid, inside its metropolitan area. It has the second highest level of income per capita in all of the country of Spain. In 2017, it had a population of 51,463.
Symbols
The escutcheon representing the municipality was approved by Real Decreto on October 6, 1977:
The textual description of the flag, approved with an agreement on February 22, 2007, is the following:
History
The placename could come from the Arabic "Boadil-la", showing a Saracen domain of the territory. Another option is that the name comes from "boa", word that in the 13th century meant "rush-like plant".
In the 15th century, the Catholic Monarchs gave Don. Andrés Cabrera and his wife, Doña Beatriz de Boadilla, the noble rank of Count and Countess of Chinchón, being Boadilla part of their territory. The "Señorío de Boadilla del Monte" had owners such as the Count of Toreno and the Marquess of Mirabal. Doña Josefa de Mirabal, 3rd Marchioness of Mirabal, had the permission of Castilla's Council to sell this señorío to the Infante Don Luis, who ordered Ventura Rodriguez, a neoclassic architect, to restyle the old Palace of the Two Towers.
In the middle of the 19th century, Boadilla added to its municipal limits the old municipality of Romanillos, with only 30 inhabitants.
The town –at that time little more than a village– was the scene of a fierce battle in December 1936 in which the International Brigades (including Winston Churchill's nephew, Esmond Romilly) fought to defend Madrid against Franco's insurgent army. The battle lasted three days, during which most of Romilly's British comrades were killed.
Geography
Location
The municipality is located at an altitude of 682 MSL, in a terrain crossed by creeks, as well as the Guadarrama river. In it we can find big areas of holm oaks and pine trees. Although it has a varied topography, the slope is smooth, generally S.W. oriented.
The municipality is located to the west of Madrid, and shares borders with Majadahonda to the north, Villaviciosa de Odón and Alcorcón to the south, Pozuelo de Alarcón to the east, and Villanueva de la Cañada and Brunete to the west.
Soil
Almost all municipality's terrain is lower Miocene soil, classified inside the "samartiense". It is composed of limestone, marl and gypsum.
Climate
Average annual temperature: 13,6 °C
Average annual precipitation: 500,5 m³ between March and December.
The main winds come from the S.W., and the climate is temperate: the average temperature in January (the coldest month) is 5 °C; and in July (the hottest month), it is 24,1 °C.
Hydrography
Rivers: Guadarrama, Aulencia.
Creeks: Calabozo, Las Pueblas, Valenoso, Prado Grande, Los Pastores, Los Mojuelos.
Flora
Holm oaks, pine trees, oaks, ash trees...
Demography
According to the INE's "Padrón Municipal para 2017", the municipality, with an area of 47,20km2, is home to 51.463 inhabitants, with a density of 1090,32 inhabitants per km2.
Urbanism
Apart from the historical town, between the 60s and the 70s residential areas started to develop independently, building single family houses with big plots.
This way, part of Boadilla's forest was bought to build the Montepríncipe and Monte de las Encinas residential complexes. At the same time, in the western part of the municipality, other complexes would develop: Las Lomas, Olivar de Mirabal, Parque Boadilla, Bonanza... Recently, in this area we can find Pino Centinela, Valdecabañas and Valdepastores.
Although this residential complexes were originally thought to be sold to high purchasing power families, the cheap price of land made them accessible to a big variety of people who came from Madrid, using it as a second home.
However, with Madrid's metropolitan area growing, this complexes ended up as luxury and exclusive residential areas, similar to near ones in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Majadahonda, Las Rozas or Villaviciosa de Odón. All them are known as "Histotic Residential Complexes".
In the 80s, Boadilla's historical town grew to the west, appearing what is now known as "Residencial de las Eras". With a higher density than the "Historic Residential Complexes", homes are mainly single family terraced houses organized around the Zoco de Boadilla mall.
Other information
The registered office of Santander Bank is based there.
Convent of las Madres Carmelitas
Gallery
References
Bibliografía
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at :es:Boadilla del Monte; see its history for attribution.
External links
Official website
Local magazine
City Information website on city
Local Press at Boadilla > Local Press
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid |
Chanac () is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.
See also
Communes of the Lozère department
References
Communes of Lozère |
Snåsa may refer to:
Places
Snåsa, a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway
Snåsa (village), a village in the municipality of Snåsa in Trøndelag county, Norway
Snåsa Church, a church built in 1200 in the municipality of Snåsa in Trøndelag county, Norway
Snåsa Station, a railway station in the municipality of Snåsa in Trøndelag county, Norway
Lake Snåsa, a lake in the municipalities of Snåsa and Steinkjer in Trøndelag county, Norway |
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 2002.
Major publications
Literary fiction
J. M. Coetzee – Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II
Bryce Courtenay – Matthew Flinders' Cat
Andrea Goldsmith – The Prosperous Thief
Sonya Hartnett – Of a Boy
Sarah Hay – Skins
Chloe Hooper – A Child's Book of True Crime
Kate Jennings – Moral Hazard
Gail Jones – Black Mirror
Thomas Keneally – An Angel in Australia
Colleen McCullough – The October Horse
Alex Miller – Journey to the Stone Country
Dorothy Porter – Wild Surmise
Eva Sallis – The City of Sealions
Children's and Young Adult fiction
J. C. Burke – White Lies
Isobelle Carmody – Darksong
Alison Croggon – The Gift
Mem Fox – The Magic Hat
Marieke Hardy – Short Cuts
Richard Harland – Ferren and the White Doctor
Lian Hearn – Across the Nightingale Floor
Maureen McCarthy – When You Wake and Find Me Gone
Meme McDonald and Boori Pryor – Njunjul the Sun
David Metzenthen – Wildlight: A Journey
Kirsty Murray – Walking Home with Marie-Claire
Gillian Rubinstein – The Whale's Child
Markus Zusak – The Messenger
Crime
Carmel Bird – Open for Inspection
Kirsty Brooks – Lady Luck
Jon Cleary – The Easy Sin
Jane Clifton – Half Past Dead
Peter Corris – Salt and Blood
Kerry Greenwood – Murder in Montparnasse
Gabrielle Lord – Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing
Barry Maitland – Babel
Shane Maloney – Something Fishy
Tara Moss – Split
Alex Palmer – Blood Redemption
Peter Temple – In The Evil Day
Romance
Lilian Darcy – For the Taking
Barbara Hannay
A Bride at Birralee
Their Doorstep Baby
Di Morrissey – Kimberley Sun
Valerie Parv
The Baron and the Bodyguard
The Marquis and the Mother-To-Be
Science Fiction and Fantasy
Damien Broderick – Transcension
Trudi Canavan – The Novice
Cecilia Dart-Thornton
The Battle of Evernight
The Lady of the Sorrows
Sara Douglass
The Crippled Angel
Hades' Daughter
Ian Irvine – Tetrarch
Fiona McIntosh
Destiny
Revenge
Sean McMullen – Voyage of the Shadowmoon
Juliet Marillier – Wolfskin
Sean Williams
Echoes of Earth with Shane Dix
The Sky Warden and the Sun
The Storm Weaver and the Sand
Drama
David Brown – Eating Ice Cream With Your Eyes Closed
Nick Enright
Country Music
A Man with Five Children
Michael Gow – The Fortunes of Richard Mahony
Michael Gurr – The Simple Truth
Daniel Keene – Half and Half
Jenny Kemp – Still Angela
Joanna Murray-Smith – Rapture
David Williamson – Soulmates
Poetry
M. T. C. Cronin – My Lover's Back : 79 Love Poems
Robert Gray – Afterimages
Jill Jones – Screens Jets Heaven: New and Selected Poems
Emma Lew – Anything the Landlord Touches
Kate Lilley – Versary
Les Murray
Collected Poems : 1961–2002
Poems the Size of Photographs
Non-fiction
Bruce Bennett, Australian Short Fiction: A History
Anna Funder – Stasiland
Mark McKenna – Looking for Blackfellas' Point : An Australian History of Place
Ashley Mallett – The Black Lords of Summer : The Story of the 1868 Aboriginal Tour of England and Beyond
John Marsden – The Boy You Brought Home : A Single Mother's Guide to Raising Boys
Biographies
Nick Bleszynski – Shoot Straight, You Bastards! : The Truth Behind the Killing of 'Breaker' Morant
Barry Dickins – Black and Whiteley : Barry Dickins in Search of Brett
Ann Galbally – Charles Conder : The Last Bohemian
Barry Hill – Broken Song : T. G. H. Strehlow and Aboriginal Possession
Thomas Keneally – American Scoundrel : The Life of the Notorious Civil War General Dan Sickles
Ross McMullin – Pompey Elliott
Brenda Niall – The Boyds : A Family Biography
Don Watson – Recollections of a Bleeding Heart : A Portrait of Paul Keating PM
Awards and honours
Note: these awards were presented in the year in question.
Lifetime achievement
Fiction
International
National
Children and Young Adult
National
Crime and Mystery
National
Science fiction
Non-Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Deaths
27 May – Ray Mathew, poet and novelist (born 1929)
6 June – Peter Cowan, short story writer and literary editor (born 1914)
25 August – Dorothy Hewett, poet (born 1923)
16 September – J. E. Macdonnell, novelist (born 1917)
2 October – R. A. Simpson, poet (born 1929)
8 December – Gary Catalano, poet and critic (born 1947)
Unknown date
Olive Pell, librarian and poet (born 1903)
See also
2002 in Australia
2002 in literature
2002 in poetry
List of years in literature
List of years in Australian literature
References
Note: all references relating to awards can, or should be, found on the relevant award's page.
Australian literature by year
Literature
21st-century Australian literature
2002 in literature |
The Rio Grande do Sul Revolt of 1924 was triggered by tenentist rebels from the Brazilian Army and civilian leaders from the Liberating Alliance on 28–29 October of that year. The civilians, continuing the 1923 Revolution, wanted to remove the governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Borges de Medeiros, while the military were against the president of Brazil, Artur Bernardes. After a series of defeats, in mid-November the last organized stronghold was in São Luiz Gonzaga. In the south, guerrilla warfare continued until the end of the year. From São Luiz Gonzaga, the remnants of the revolt headed out of the state, joining other rebels in the Paraná Campaign and forming the Miguel Costa-Prestes Column.
The "liberators" were the opposition to the hegemony of the Rio-Grandense Republican Party (PRR) in the state's politics. Their alliance with tenentism, a movement of national aspirations, was circumstantial. The tenentists' military authority, general Isidoro Dias Lopes, and the "civilian leader of the revolution", Joaquim Francisco de Assis Brasil, were not in Rio Grande do Sul. The operations were in charge of young officers trained in military science, like Juarez Távora, Siqueira Campos and Luís Carlos Prestes, and veteran leaders of Rio Grande do Sul's military tradition, such as Honório Lemes and Zeca Neto. Their enemies also combined regular units, the loyalists of the army and the Military Brigade, and irregulars, the "provisionals" (provisórios). Several PRR politicians, such as Osvaldo Aranha and Flores da Cunha, commanded government forces.
As in other conflicts in Rio Grande do Sul, cavalry was widely used and the temporary exile of rebels abroad was normal and commonplace. The initial uprisings were in Uruguaiana, São Borja, São Luiz Gonzaga and Santo Ângelo. Civilian and military governors were installed in the first three cities; their most controversial measures were the requisitions of goods and money. The rebels went on the offensive, but were unable to take Itaqui, whose loyalist garrison separated their territories. To the east, they were repelled when they tried to progress towards Ijuí and Alegrete and suffered a major defeat at Guaçu-Boi, on 9 November. In the south, the rebels continued a guerrilla campaign until their definitive expulsion to Uruguay; the last border incursion was in January 1925.
In the Missões region, the rebels concentrated in São Luiz Gonzaga, where captain Luís Carlos Prestes was designated commander in a letter from general Isidoro. The loyalists set up an "iron ring" of seven columns, in full numerical superiority, around the city. Prestes had to escape the siege to join the other rebels in Paraná, and in the process, the Prestes Column, as it would be known, began to take shape and employ its characteristic war of movement. The battle in Ramada, on 3 January, was the most violent in this phase. At the end of the month, the rebels entered Santa Catarina, and in April they joined the remnants of the revolt in São Paulo in Paraná. A community of exiles remained abroad, launching new revolts in 1925 and 1926. There is no consensus on the initial landmark of the Prestes Column (São Paulo, Santo Ângelo, São Luiz or Paraná). The memory of the revolt in Rio Grande do Sul today has its most notable public commemoration in Santo Ângelo.
Background
Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil's politics
The governments of Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul were respectively headed by Artur Bernardes and Borges de Medeiros in 1924. The relationship between the two, and their oppositions, was complex. In the 1922 presidential election, Medeiros supported the opposition Republican Reaction ticket against Bernardes' candidacy for the federal government. Conversely, the Rio Grande do Sul opposition supported Bernardes, who won the election. To prevent Bernardes' inauguration, army officers began the July 1922 uprisings. They were quickly suppressed, but they inaugurated a movement opposing Brazil's Old Republic, tenentism. New revolts continued to be organized in the barracks.
Bernardes' victory weakened the relationship between the federal government and the Rio-Grandense Republican Party (PRR), hegemonic in Rio Grande do Sul's politics. The dominant groups were ousted in the other states that supported the Republican Reaction (Bahia, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro), and the threat of federal intervention hovered in Rio Grande do Sul. Borges de Medeiros was re-elected for a fifth time at the end of 1922, but the opposition, led by Joaquim Francisco de Assis Brasil, contested the results and initiated a civil war in 1923. The "assististas" were outnumbered, but expected federal support. When it did not come, they were forced to negotiate peace. Meanwhile, in the middle of the civil war, general Isidoro Dias Lopes, future commander of the revolt in São Paulo, was in Rio Grande do Sul contacting opposition leaders.
The army, represented in the state by the 3rd Military Region, remained neutral during the conflict, but its command was unable to prevent the participation of some officers and sergeants in the conflict. The federal government helped negotiate the Pact of Pedras Altas, putting an end to the conflict and prohibiting re-election in future elections.
The tenentist-liberating alliance
In January 1924, the opposition from Rio Grande do Sul united in the Liberating Alliance to contest the parliamentary elections for federal deputy and senator. This ticket was a heterogeneous alliance of three groups, the members of the Federalist Party, the "democrats" and PRR dissidents. Their common cause was to revise the Constitution of Rio Grande do Sul and break the power monopoly of Borges de Medeiros, who they considered to be authoritarian. In the same period, conspiracies in the barracks intensified. The tenentists planned to raise a great "revolutionary arc", from Rio Grande do Sul to São Paulo. The participation of civilians from Rio Grande do Sul would be advantageous, but it was not certain; the Pact of Pedras Altas could keep them away from a new conflict.
However, many liberators were disappointed with the pact's terms, as it did not result in Borges' immediate departure from power. Discontent was even greater due to non-compliance with part of what was agreed by the state and federal governments. The liberators still suffered persecution, and several of their leaders were sent into exile. In this way, the state political crisis was not over. For the disaffected, siding with the army conspirators may have been seen as a continuation of the 1923 struggle. Since before the 1924 revolt in São Paulo, lieutenants and liberators had already maintained contact.
The resulting alliance was circumstantial. Both wanted to overthrow rulers — the lieutenants, Artur Bernardes, and the liberators, Borges de Medeiros. The lieutenants demanded the moralization of politics, the secret ballot and other issues of national scope, while the liberators were interested in agribusiness production, smuggling on Brazil's border and other local issues. This did not prevent Assis Brasil from exerting an ideological influence on lieutenant officers. Tenentist Juarez Távora highlighted the "alignment of goals regarding national aspirations between the rebels in São Paulo and the opposition from Rio Grande do Sul". Government supporters, on the other hand, presented the rebels as opportunists, "rioters who did not accept the political defeats they suffered".
The south in the plans for São Paulo
Rio Grande do Sul was of great interest as it had the largest concentration of army forces, a reflection of its position on the border with Argentina. The terrain was especially favorable to cavalry; there were three divisions of this branch and one of infantry. It would be up to a revolt in the south of the country to distract the army force based in Porto Alegre, preventing it from reinforcing the loyalists in São Paulo.
Emissaries from the center of the country, usually officers with false identities, came to weave the conspiracy. The most notable was captain Juarez Távora. The distance between the units was an obstacle. Messages could only be delivered in person, as the Post Office was monitored by loyalists. Santo Ângelo was 100 kilometers from São Luiz Gonzaga which, in turn, was 120 kilometers from São Borja. The messengers did not always arrive on time. Even abroad, the government monitored the conspiracy, bribing telegraph officials.
Repercussions of the São Paulo Revolt of 1924
The new tenentist uprising, which began in July 1924, had a smaller scope than expected, and at first was limited to the city São Paulo. The committed officers in Rio Grande do Sul awaited the order for a revolt, but were caught off guard by the events in São Paulo. There was no time to warn them, and the conspirators' focus was São Paulo. The conflict gave Borges de Medeiros the opportunity to reconcile with Artur Bernardes, contributing with battalions of the Military Brigade to the loyalist military effort. This institution was a true state army, battle hardened in the previous wars in Rio Grande do Sul's territory and guarantor of the PRR's power.
Within Rio Grande do Sul, the government reacted by persecuting the opposition press and former revolutionaries of 1923. In public, Liberating Alliance politicians declared their support for Artur Bernardes. Within the group, however, whether or not to align with the government was controversial. The liberators would have something to gain by approaching Artur Bernardes, but he was already reconciling with Borges de Medeiros, and thus, discontent with the state government became louder.
The alliance with the tenentists, until then considered unfeasible, was sealed in the following months; during the negotiations, the Alliance deputy João Batista Luzardo stood out. Assis Brasil, as leader of the liberators, accepted the position of "civilian leader of the revolution", even without participating in its planning. General Isidoro valued this membership, as Assis' political prestige would attract more support for the revolt. On the front line, the opposition forces would be represented by warlords such as Honório Lemes, Zeca Neto and Leonel Rocha. Rumors about this alliance soon circulated. The start date, scheduled for 7 September, was postponed due to government surveillance.
Coordination with Paraná
The uprising in São Paulo was unable to defend the state capital and withdrew to the interior, where the rebels reestablished themselves in western Paraná. On 5 October, civil and military liaison officers in Rio Grande do Sul met with generals João Francisco and Olinto Mesquita de Vasconcelos in Foz do Iguaçu. The emissaries argued for the viability of a new revolt in Rio Grande do Sul, and Juarez Távora, a member of the São Paulo column, was appointed to coordinate it. Antônio de Siqueira Campos, a veteran of the 1922 uprising exiled in Argentina, joined the preparations. Initiating a revolt in Rio Grande do Sul was necessary to distract the loyalists in Paraná. However, the decision was taken in the absence of the supreme commander, general Isidoro, who had not yet arrived in Foz do Iguaçu.
According to João Alberto Lins de Barros:
The federal government did not trust the army in Rio Grande do Sul, and left the units' arsenals empty. In Buenos Aires, Assis Brasil had been purchasing weapons since the beginning of October, smuggling them, inside fruit boxes, across the Argentine border in Paso de los Libres. The date was set for 29 October. On the 23rd, the press reported Honório Lemes' participation in an imminent military revolt. Members of the Liberating Alliance denied the rumors.
Overview
First uprisings
This panorama was very exaggerated. Only four army units had joined: the 2nd, 3rd and 5th Independent Cavalry Regiments (RCI's), respectively based in São Borja, São Luiz Gonzaga and Uruguaiana, the 1st Railway Battalion (BF), from Santo Ângelo, plus a section of the 3rd Horse Artillery Group, from Alegrete. Among civilians, Honório Lemos and Zeca Neto kept their promises.
In Santo Ângelo, the revolt began on the night of 28 October. Captain Luís Carlos Prestes and lieutenant Mário Portela Fagundes arrested the commander of the 1st Railway Battalion in his home and took over the unit based on a forged telegram from the commander of the Military Region that transferred command to Prestes. Thanks to his prestige among soldiers, support was almost total. Among the officers, only the medical captain and lieutenants José Machado Lopes and Hugo Carvalho did not want to join. The rebels surrounded the residence of the intendant of Santo Ângelo and presented a letter requesting his weapons and ammunition, thus obtaining around 50 rifles. Many civilians joined the uprising, as the Missões region was a stronghold of oppositionists and PRR dissidents.
The three cavalry regiments were in revolt in the early hours of 29 October. In São Luiz Gonzaga, the revolt was led by lieutenant João Pedro Gay, from the 3rd RCI. At around 2:00 at night, patrols occupied the city and surrounded the Hotel Central, where the commander was. The quartermaster's office and the telegraph post were occupied, establishing contact with the other revolts. The city was a PRR stronghold, under the influence of Pinheiro Machado, but according to João Alberto Lins de Barros, there was no local resistance. This can be attributed to the local Liberating Alliance, which received weapons and leadership positions, and to the reinforcements that later came from Santo Ângelo.
In Uruguaiana, Juarez Távora crossed the Argentine border the night before, meeting with opposition colonel Áfrico Serpa and other military personnel, including the inspector of the 5th RCI, Ambire Cavalcanti. Honório Lemes arrived the next day to take command of the uprising. The revolt was facilitated by the city being a stronghold of Batista Luzardo, receiving, from the beginning, the support of figures from the local elite.
A PRR dissident, Dinarte Rey Dornelles, actively participated in São Borja, welcoming Siqueira Campos when he arrived clandestinely from Argentina. With the collaboration of captain Ruy Zubaran and lieutenant Aníbal Benévolo, Siqueira entered the 2nd RCI barracks at 20:00 on the 28th, finding the soldiers in formation in the courtyard. When Aníbal Benévolo introduced the newcomer, ecstasy was widespread. At 2:00 troops were already heading to occupy the city center.
From Santana do Livramento, headquarters of the 7th RCI, numerous officers asked the rebels for help, as they had boarding orders, but wanted to join the revolt. In response, agents cut the telegraph line to Rosário do Sul on 1 November and transmitted to Livramento the news of the destruction of several sections of the railway, halting shipment. This rebel group went to Caverá, where much of the weapons had been hidden since 1923. Several groups of liberators, gathered on 6 November, were armed in the region, fighting some battles against the loyalists.
Administration of the occupied territory
The rebels appointed two "governors", one military officer and one civilian, in Uruguaiana, São Borja and São Luiz Gonzaga. The manifesto published in Uruguaiana clarified the functions of the military governor (Juarez Távora): the "organization of the city's policing and security service, the call up of reservists, organization of units and contingents, superintendence of the requisitions service, organization of martial courts and all measures of a military nature". The superintendent, vice-intendant, municipal councillors, police chief, district sub-intendents, police sub-delegates and the administrators of the public market and the slaughterhouse were removed from their positions.
In both Santo Ângelo and Uruguaiana, revolutionary manifestos promised to respect property, maintain public order and not disturb the population. In Uruguaiana, it specified that "policing in the city will be carried out by armed volunteers under the supervision of a police officer in order to guarantee everyone absolute peace of mind. Civilian courts will be able to continue to freely exercise its functions in the trial of common crimes". The police authorities, on the other hand, presented the rebels as agitators and subversives, perpetrators of looting, depredations and murders against the population.
The most controversial measures were the requisitions of goods and money for the war effort. In Uruguaiana, weapons stores had to hand over their stocks to the military government. Foodstuffs in warehouses, automobiles, and pack and saddle animals were listed and presented to the government by their owners. Merchants and individuals were "strictly obliged" to provide the goods required by the military government, which would be responsible for their subsequent restitution or compensation. Requisitions without authorization from the military governor were illegal.
The population did not always understand or accept the requests, and sometimes responded by hiding goods or resisting. The revolutionary command did not want to deliberately harm the population and tried to impose a regularized process, with limits, but considering the size of the troops, not all of them with firm discipline, excesses and violence occurred. The Police Headquarters considered the bureaucratic process as a "formal excuse" for "free looting". The witnesses in the police investigation were always declared supporters of legality. Still, even this inquiry recognized the revolutionary command's punishments for cases of insubordination and abuses.
The revolutionary army
Assis Brasil, as a civilian leader, remained in refuge in Uruguay, where the "Revolutionary Committee" was installed in the city of Rivera. In Rio Grande do Sul territory, the movement was led by alliance leaders and army officers. The culture shock was stark. Young officers, trained in military science at the Military School of Realengo, served alongside veteran warlords, some even illiterate, but well-versed in the local terrain and people. The warlords had their own style of fighting, and ignored the standards of technical warfare (such as a better security service and organized General Staff) demanded by army officers.
The warlords referred to themselves with officer ranks, and each group of irregulars was independent and only obeyed its leader, only recognizing the hierarchical superiority of Honório Lemes, the only one with the title of general. This created command difficulties. Prestes reported that it was necessary to talk for hours with each warlord, over chimarrão and churrasco, until convincing them of a measure through suggestion.
Honório Lemes ridiculed Juarez Távora for being a bad horse rider. War on horseback, still important in a time of incipient motorization, was well understood by the Rio Grande do Sul irregulars. Both sides appropriated all the horses they found on the way, increasing their mobility and denying the enemy mounts. The clothing was typically gaucho in style, distinguished by the red scarves and ribbons, symbols of the revolution. Many carried obsolete weapons: garruchas, shotguns and Comblain and Chassepot rifles. The Winchester rifle, more recent and widespread in rural areas, had less range and power. This diversity of weapons made remuniciation very difficult.
The columns remained in constant movement, cutting railway and telegraph connections. Battles were marked by cavalry charges, often ending in hand-to-hand combat, with spears and other melee weapons. As typical of gaucho wars, the 1924 revolt was bloody, with victories culminating in the beheadings of wounded men and prisoners. These executions were typically personal reckonings, carried out out of sight of commanders. Juarez Távora protested to Honório Lemes, who banned the practice. Another characteristic of the Rio Grande do Sul struggles, seen in 1924, was the temporary asylum abroad. The defeated men had their weapons taken from them, but lived in freedom and returned as soon as possible.
The course of the campaign was bad for the civilian leaders. Even so, Juarez Távora and João Alberto Lins de Barros praised the tactical sense of Honório Lemes, "the greatest expert on the roads, shortcuts, river crossings and wetlands in that entire region". Officials with formal training, and not just the warlords, were involved in several defeats.
Loyalist reaction
The largest military hub in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, was not threatened by the revolt. The loyalist reaction was immediate, led by Borges de Medeiros and general Eurico de Andrade Neves, commander of the 3rd Military Region. The American consul in Montevideo estimated the number of army personnel available to suppress the revolt at 15,000 men or more, but for him, federal troops were not used in the most serious combats, as they had sympathy for the enemy. João Alberto Lins de Barros also stated that the loyalist army lacked will. The American consulate reported to the State Department the call of 1,900 men from the Public Forces of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Bahia to Porto Alegre.
The Military Brigade was placed at the disposal of general Andrade Neves. Better equipped than the federal army at the time of the revolt, it was concentrated in Porto Alegre and in the Rio Grande do Sul's pampas, a stronghold of the Liberating Alliance. In addition to the regular troops and seven active Auxiliary Corps (ACs), 29 corps were mobilized. These small irregular units, known as "provisionals" (provisórios), were recruited from civilians and were consisted essentially of cavalry.
The federal government extended the state of emergency to Rio Grande do Sul and ordered the censorship of news about the revolt. The newspaper Correio do Povo, in protest against the appointment of a censor officer to its editorial staff, did not publish any news about the revolt from 6 to 27 November. Still, the newspaper referred to the uprising as "seditious" and "subversive", the same terms used in official government notes. O Paiz, a newspaper in Rio de Janeiro, only started reporting on the revolt on 12 November, always with a favorable stance to the government.
Rebel regions
By the end of 29 October, the rebels controlled the banks of the Uruguay River, with the exception of Itaqui. After a series of defeats, in mid-November the last organized stronghold was São Luiz Gonzaga. From there, the most important fighting took place in the northwest of the state. Meanwhile, the revolt continued in the south in the form of a guerrilla, and from mid-November until December it locked some loyalist troops. For historian Glauco Carneiro, in this period "civil leaders were engaged in an inconsequential fight". By early 1925, the revolt was close to an end, but it was not over.
Operations in the south
Alegrete
Alegrete's loyalists intended, on 29 October, to destroy the Capivari bridge, cutting off railway communications with Uruguaiana. The contingent sent to the task included provisional members of the Military Brigade, loyal to the government, and a section of the 2nd Horse Artillery Group, under João Alberto Lins de Barros, committed to the uprising. When the train encountered a group of rebels, João Alberto managed to disarm the provisionals and arrest their leader, lieutenant Larré. His support was complete, but the intended attack on Alegrete could only take place in the early hours of 30 October, as he had to wait for the arrival of Juarez Távora with reinforcements from Uruguaiana.
Alegrete would resist, as it was a PRR stronghold, under the influence of Osvaldo Aranha, and the base of the 2nd Cavalry Division, whose commander, General Firmino Borba, mobilized the remainder of the 2nd Horse Artillery Group and the 2nd Auxiliary Corps. Historian Glauco Carneiro cited a small number of attackers: 180, leaving 50 behind on the train, but reinforced by 20 from lieutenant João Alberto. Hélio Silva quantified 300 attackers and 500 defenders of the army, not counting the provisional members of the Military Brigade. The reinforcements requested by the general had not yet arrived; for military historian Virgílio Muxfeldt, the rebels' problem was not the enemy strength, but possibly their own inexperience and vacillation. Glauco Carneiro, on the other hand, emphasized the time the defenders had to prepare.
The rebels attacked in two wings, reaching the Alegrete's main street. Lieutenant João Alberto provided accurate artillery support with a cannon. After four hours of fighting, when ammunition ran out, loyalist resistance remained firm, and the command of the attackers ordered the left wing to retreat. Due to a misinterpretation of orders, the right wing thought there was a general retreat, and the attackers fled in disarray. João Alberto, covering the retreat, had to abandon his artillery piece when he was bypassed on the flanks by the loyalist cavalry, who slit the throats of the wounded left behind. With heavy casualties, the rebels crossed the Ibirocaí River and concentrated again in Uruguaiana.
Juarez Távora ordered another attack on 3 November, and was again defeated. The disaster was used by civilians to discredit the army soldiers warfare style. Soon after the defeat, Honório de Lemes arrived in Uruguaiana, taking command of the column. Juarez Távora remained his chief of staff. Together, they had around 800 liberators and 200 soldiers from the 5th RCI. Domingos Meirelles quantified 3 thousand combatants, of which only 200 were professional soldiers; Of the irregulars, only a thousand had modern weapons. Along with them came 5 thousand horses.
Guaçu-Boi
In Alegrete, General Borba was reinforced by a detachment from the army (elements of the 9th and 13th RCIs and an artillery battery) and another from the Military Brigade (1st Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Auxiliary Corps and Patriot Corps, constituting a state cavalry brigade), with which he advanced against Uruguaiana. The state brigade, under colonel Claudino Nunes Pereira, followed the railway. To its left, the army detachment, under colonel Estevão Taurino de Rezende, accompanied it along the highway. The rebels abandoned Uruguaiana on 5 November and headed towards Santana do Livramento, where they expected the 7th RCI to join. This unit, although small in strength, had a large stock of weapons and ammunition.
Honório Lemes' column would first pass through Quaraí, moving at night, along unknown roads and shortcuts, to surprise the enemy. According to João Alberto, however, there was no military professionalism in this movement: "instead of a covered march, avoiding demonstrations that could reveal us to the enemy, the general acted carelessly, without thinking about the opposing forces that were supposed to be distant". Several sources agree, attributing the failed security to the civilian component of the column. Muxfeldt, however, noted that the soldiers of the 5th RCI were the ones responsible for the security of the column. According to Juarez Távora, the order did not reach the regiment commander, and other sources claim that he deserted.
The vanguard of the state brigade was led by deputy Flores da Cunha, a veteran of 1923. The direction of the rebel column was noticed on 7 November. Loyalists also moved around carefree. But by chance, they marched faster, woke up earlier, and detected their enemy in advance. At midnight on the 8th, Flores da Cunha informed colonel Claudino of the enemy's approach, who left near Guaçu-Boi in the early hours of the 9th. The soldiers stopped to rest, and Honório Lemes informed Juarez Távora: "until now there was danger, but from now on we are safe". The loyalists, camped two to three kilometers away, attacked by surprise at 07:00. The loyalist victory was decisive, and would determine the course of the conflict:
The bulk of the rebels withdrew with Honório and Juarez towards Quaraí. João Alberto, Cordeiro de Farias and others remained in isolated groups, returning via Ibirocaí to Uruguaiana, which the loyalists were already occupying. Many rebels took temporary refuge in Argentina. Honório Lemes' column had perhaps only a fifth of its initial strength remaining.
Barro Vermelho
On the same day as the battle of Guaçu-Boi, captain Fernando Távora revolted the 3rd Engineering Battalion (BE), in Cachoeira. The unit's commander was arrested and 118 men left the barracks towards Passo de São Lourenço, on the Jacuí River. The Military Brigade estimated the number of rebels at 200, including civilian supporters. Small and isolated in the center of the state, the only option for this force was to join the liberators of Honório Lemes and Zeca Neto. They were pursued by part of the 3rd BE itself, part of the 11th AC and the 2nd Company of the 1st Infantry Battalion of the Military Brigade, coming from Santa Maria. On 10 November, the rebels were defeated at the Barro Vermelho farm. The remnants of that fight were unable to connect with Zeca Neto and dispersed towards Uruguay, via Aceguá.
Saicã
In Quaraí and Serra do Caverá, Honório Lemes' column was reinvigorated by hundreds of men mobilized by his comrades from 1923. From there, he continued to the weakly defended municipality of Rosário, where he would confiscate the army cavalry at the National Stud Farm of Saicã and the Horse Supply Post from São Simão.
The Stud Farm, defended by 90 men from the 12th RCI, was attacked on 13 November. The detachment commander received an ultimatum to surrender, signed by Juarez Távora: "general Honório Lemes da Silva, at the head of 1,200 men, has just completely besieged the forces under your command". 100 men from the 15th AC, from Rosário, came to his rescue, but were defeated in a trap. 80 men defending the bridge over the Santa Maria River were captured. On the 14th, the defenders of Saicã surrendered all their resources. Honório Lemes continued to Cacequi on the 16th, cutting telegraphic communications and invading the Supply Post, which had only 60 defenders.
The attack on Saicã prompted a note of protest from the Minister of War, marshal Setembrino de Carvalho, accusing Honório Lemes of breaking the Pact of Pedras Altas.
Cerro da Conceição
The column headed towards São Gabriel and stopped at the wetlants in Inhatium on 17 November. The loyalist persecution column was in the same municipality, commanded by lieutenant colonel Augusto Januário Corrêa and consisting of the 15th AC and the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the Military Brigade, coming from Santana do Livramento. To set up an ambush, Honório Lemes went back to Cerro do Caverá, a very familiar terrain, full of hills covered in forest and brooks.
The loyalist column moved with a squadron from the 15th AC in the vanguard. Its careless movement culminated in an ambush on 23 November, in the town of Cerro da Conceição. The rebels waited for the vanguard to pass and attacked the 2nd Cavalry Regiment. Despite his advantage of surprise, Honório Lemes was counterattacked and abandoned his positions. This combat was perhaps the most violent of the conflict, leaving dozens of people dead and injured. Honório lost old companions, and lieutenant colonel Corrêa had his leg amputated. Honório's column consumed a large part of its ammunition, making an attack on Livramento impossible. Juarez Távora, disenchanted with the outcome of the revolt, went to Uruguay, from where he would later return to Foz do Iguaçu.
The loyalist effort was reorganized on the 23rd. The new detachment, consisting of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment and 1st and 15th ACs, would be commanded by lieutenant colonel Emílio Lúcio Esteves. Initially he was busy repairing the railway line between Livramento and Rosário.
Camaquã River
After Cerro da Conceição, Honório Lemes passed through Rosário, where he sent a detachment to take goods and money on 26 June. The police investigation into the revolt also mentioned other "raids" in São Gabriel and São Vicente. His next objective was in Caçapava and Lavras, where he hoped to join the 3rd BE rebels, without knowing that they were defeated. His next attempt at connection was with Zeca Neto, who had crossed the border in Dom Pedrito, on an undefined date, with around 40 men and then took refuge along the Camaquã river, which he knew well.
In the pursuit of Honório Lemes, lieutenant colonel Júlio Rafael de Aragão Bozzano, commander of the 11th AC, a lawyer, journalist, and intendant of Santa Maria stood out. On 5 December, Honório finally joined forces with Zeca Neto on the banks of the Camaquã river, south of Caçapava, but was defeated in the region of Passo do Velhaco. The pursuit continued until the fighting at Passo das Carretas, on the 8th, and Passo do Camaquã, leaving the rebels no longer able to fight. The rebels passed through Candiota, on their way to Uruguay, on the 10th, and finally crossed the border between Passo da Mina and the Aceguá hills, on 13 December. This border region was defended by the 10th AC. According to an official note from the 3rd Military Region, the rebels hid their weapons in the woods and caves and entered Uruguay unarmed.
Galpões
Parallel to the conflict in Rio Grande do Sul, tenentists in the Brazilian Navy launched a revolt in the battleship São Paulo on 4 November. Without support from the rest of the navy, the ship headed south, hoping to join its fellow gaucho rebels. Unaware of the real situation in Rio Grande do Sul, on the 9th the ship intended to dock at the Port of Rio Grande, but the local authorities ignored all their messages. São Paulo's officers then decided to deliver the ship in Uruguay. To continue the fight, they tried to board an Argentine ship to Foz do Iguaçu, but at the request of the Brazilian authorities, they did not receive authorization.
Lieutenant Ademar Siqueira and some sailors went to Rivera, where they would wait for their companions in Montevideo. Without authorization from the lieutenants, they accepted the call from colonel Julio Barrios, who was organizing a new invasion of Rio Grande do Sul in Uruguay. The formed column had 200 liberators and 25 sailors.
The Uruguayan and Brazilian authorities noticed the formation of the column. A rebel picket was repelled at the border, near Santana do Livramento, on 26 November. Colonel Barrios again attacked this city on 10 December, and the following day, he was defeated by the Esteves detachment in the Galpões region. Short and violent, the battle ended with a chase into Uruguayan territory. The escape was much worse for the sailors, who were not used to riding. Sinhô Cunha's provisionals beheaded twelve prisoners, including eight sailors, creating an international incident and forcing Brazil to send its formal apology to Uruguay. Aldo Ribeiro, a historian of the Military Brigade, mentioned that some of the rebels' lines of fire, during the battle, were within Uruguayan territory.
The Uruguayan border remained under surveillance. A new revolutionary column, with around 300 men, entered the Quaraí river region, defeating a surveillance picket from the 2nd AC on 3 January. On the 5th, these rebels were defeated at the Sarandi pass and then at the Potreiro pass, returning to Uruguay.
Operations in the west
Ijuí
On 29 October, Luís Carlos Prestes, from Santo Ângelo, had Ijuí as his first target, where the railway connecting his city to the rest of the state passed. In the morning, around 40 rebels were repelled by military and civilians when they tried to attack the city, losing their commander, sergeant Teodósio Boelner, in combat. Due to this setback, the rebels only stayed in Santo Ângelo for three days. Prestes requisitioned the city's automobiles and withdrew all his troops to São Luiz Gonzaga, a city with no railway connection, and therefore easier to defend.
The government sent reinforcements such as the 7th Battalion of Caçadores (BC), from Porto Alegre, to the Missões region. Santo Ângelo was reoccupied by loyalists from Ijuí and Santa Rosa.
Itaqui
The 1st Horse Artillery Group (GACav), based in Itaqui, did not join the revolt, separating the rebels in São Luiz and São Borja from their companions in Uruguaiana. Consequently, the city was targeted from two directions, since 4 November. Loyalist resistance was organized by Osvaldo Aranha, a local PRR politician, and captain Carneiro Pinto, counting on a provisional body of the Military Brigade, made up of veterans from the previous year, and the 1st GACav. The attack was commanded by Siqueira Campos and Aníbal Benévolo.
Both sides called in reinforcements. The rebel reinforcements coming from the south were unable to help; in Uruguaiana they received no communication from their comrades, they feared a loyalist attack from Alegrete and were distracted by the call of some officers from the 7th RCI, from Livramento. To the north, Siqueira Campos received the 1st Company of the 1st BF, and Osvaldo Aranha, a civilian contingent from Santiago and the 7th Auxiliary Corps of the Military Brigade.
To block the loyalist reinforcements, Aníbal Benévolo went with 70 men to the Recreio railway station and the Padre ranch, where he was defeated and killed in combat on 12 November. Reinforcements continued to Itaqui, from where the loyalists began a counteroffensive, achieving a clear advantage on the 13th. Threatened with being surroundered, Siqueira Campos headed towards Uruguaiana, finding the passages over the Ibicuí River blocked. With 200 men, he escaped to Argentina, while the 1st BF company managed to retreat to São Borja.
The siege of São Luiz Gonzaga
The units that had attacked Itaqui and new supporters rushed to São Luiz Gonzaga. These forces, called "1st Brigade of the Center Division", was commanded by Luís Carlos Prestes, commissioned with the rank of colonel in a letter from Isidoro Dias Lopes. This message was delivered by colonel João Francisco, coming from Argentina, when Prestes was still in São Borja. The title was important to reinforce his authority with the liberators.
There, 1,500 soldiers and civilians resisted, with just 700 rifles. The others only had a revolver and ammunition on their belts. The troops were heterogeneous, poorly structured and lived without pay. The best armed unit was the 3rd RCI, with a rifle for each man, but Prestes trusted his 1st BF more, whose training he had handled personally, and whose soldiers trusted him. Isidoro had promised a shipment of weapons through Argentina, but a new emissary from Paraná warned that they would not arrive due to diplomatic pressure from the Brazilian government.
The defenders of São Luiz were distributed within a radius of 90 kilometers around the city, in positions on the bridge over the Piratini River, in the direction of Santiago, and on both banks of that river; in the passages of the Ijuí River and Passo do Guerreiro, in the direction of Ijuí; and at the crossings of the Ijuizinho river and Estrada do Cadeado, in the direction of Cruz Alta. Victorious in the south, the loyalists transferred some units from there to the Missões region. The government was preparing a siege of seven columns around São Luiz, in the directions of Santiago, São Borja, São Nicolau, Serro Azul, Santo Ângelo, Cruz Alta and Tupanciretã. This "iron ring" had up to 14 thousand men; in Prestes' estimate, there were more than 10 thousand.
At the end of November, the rebels were informed of the loyalist concentration in Tupanciretã, southeast of São Luiz, with a strategic position on the railway. Interested in seizing weapons and ammunition, Prestes led an attack on that city on 2 December. With 800 men, the attackers were outnumbered and outgunned by the loyalists, who had two army battalions, two auxiliary corps and could easily call in reinforcements. The seven hours of fighting ended with a retreat back to São Luiz.
Escaping the "iron ring"
The government wanted to win a decisive fight and expel the survivors to Argentina. On 30 December, the Buenos Aires newspaper La Nación speculated about the three remaining alternatives for the revolutionaries: "cross the Uruguay River [...], try to open the way to the north, [...], or else fight for the honor of arms, without plausible hope of victory [...]. In any of the three cases, this would inevitably mean the death of the revolution in the territory of Rio Grande do Sul". Since the previous month, Isidoro had already recommended the second option, calling on the rebels from Rio Grande do Sul to join him in Paraná.
The loyalists intended to tighten the siege on 30 December. The 1st Cavalry Regiment of the Military Brigade, the vanguard of the Tupanciretã detachment, had already been moving towards São Luiz since the 24th, fighting some skirmishes along the way. Prestes abandoned the city on the 27th and made his way north. Taking advantage of the lack of flank guards in loyalist detachments, he divided his force into smaller groups to sneak between enemy columns. It was necessary to avoid unnecessary expenditure of ammunition. Still, his column had to face strong contingents of provisionals on the way. It was divided into three mixed detachments of military and civilians: the 1st, commanded by lieutenant Portela Fagundes, was organized around the 1st BF. The 2nd, by lieutenant João Alberto, around the 2nd RCI, and the 3rd, by lieutenant Siqueira Campos, around the 3rd RCI.
When the loyalists occupied São Luiz Gonzaga, the city was empty. Passing through São Miguel, on 29 December the rebels crossed the Ijuizinho river, and the following day they encountered the 3rd squadron of the 11th AC in Passo da Cruz, near Ijuí. The rebels forced passage over the Conceição stream. The Military Brigade sent colonel Claudino Nunes Pereira with reinforcements, but on 1 January, Siqueira Campos' detachment forced a gap through which the entire column crossed the Ijuí River. João Alberto's detachment served as rearguard. The death in an ambush of lieutenant colonel Bozzano, commander of the 11th AC, undermined the official discourse that the revolt was almost pacified.
From Ijuí, the column continued towards Palmeira. In the same direction, lieutenant colonel Esteves had just taken over another loyalist detachment, with 1,600 men. On 3 January, the opponents clashed in Ramada, in one of the bloodiest battles of the conflict. The battle lasted from 8:00 in the morning until the late afternoon hours. The loyalists employed artillery, but its effect was more psychological than material. Their aim was to block the rebels or redirect them south. Prestes' column managed to get through, but paid a heavy cost: approximately 50 dead and 100 wounded.
The border with Santa Catarina
From Ramada, Prestes changed direction and took his column towards Campo Novo, where he defeated a group of loyalists on 5 January. From there, his column entered the trail on the way to the Military Colony of Alto Uruguai, heading towards the Santa Catarina border. The column escaped the siege, consolidating Prestes' image among the revolutionaries. The best route from Rio Grande do Sul to Paraná was via Passo Bormann, Chapecó and Xanxerê, but a patriotic battalion blocked this passage. The rebels followed another route to Porto Feliz, in the extreme west of Santa Catarina, crossing tributaries of the Uruguay River (Turvo, Guarita and Pardo).
Both sides faced poor conditions and a hostile environment. The region was sparsely populated, and heavy rain made the inhospitable trails muddy. There were no camp tents and food was consumed sparingly. The forest offered no pasture for horses. Accustomed to life on horseback, Rio Grande do Sul civilians were discouraged by the prospect of fighting on foot, making their way through the forests with machetes. Nor were they interested in fighting far from their homeland, as their political objective was at the state level. Consequently, the Rio Grande do Sul chiefs emigrated with hundreds of men, taking their weapons and animals with them and lowering the morale of the army officers.
The loyalist persecution was led by colonel Atalibio Rezende's Group of Detachments. One of these detachments was that of colonel Pereira, whose vanguard, the 6th AC, reached the rebels on 24 or 27 January, during the crossing of the Pardo River. The loyalists recorded having inflicted heavy casualties in a surprise attack, including killing lieutenant Portela, whose detachment covered the rear. João Alberto Lins de Barros added that Portela, as was customary, waited until the last of his men had passed. His death was "one of the losses he [Prestes] felt most". His companions who had already crossed the river could do little.
The march to Santa Catarina lasted until 28 January. On 1–2 February, the last elements of the rearguard left Porto Feliz, in Santa Catarina territory. The Military Brigade maintained a presence on the left bank of the Uruguay River, watching for a possible return of the rebels.
Link with the Paraná Campaign
Operations in Contestado
Until its junction with the remnants of the São Paulo Revolt, Prestes' column spent 45 days in the Contestado region, in western Paraná and Santa Catarina, where it operated as a guerrilla group. Desertion was still a problem, notably that of the 3rd Detachment commander, lieutenant Gay. On the other hand, a regional colonel, Fidêncio de Melo, joined the rebels, occupying the border town of Dionísio Cerqueira on 2 February. On the 7th, Prestes reached Barracão, in Paraná, a city neighboring Dionísio Cerqueira. The revolutionary territory in Paraná, under attack by general Cândido Rondon, was further north, beyond the Iguaçu River. Prestes would remain at this point for more than a month. He contacted Isidoro, reporting he had 800 men, of whom less than 50 were armed, and requesting weapons and ammunition. This request could not be granted, as Isidoro's logistical situation was also precarious. In Rio de Janeiro, O Paiz repeatedly trumpeted the rebels' defeat, but the loyalists never achieved a decisive victory.
Prestes wanted to relieve loyalist pressure in Paraná, while Rondon realized that his rear in Santa Catarina was poorly guarded. Consequently, the loyalist command created the Palmas Detachment and disembarked four Auxiliary Corps in Porto União that followed the São Paulo-Rio Grande Railway towards Paraná. These units, commanded by colonel Firmino Paim Filho, defeated a rebel offensive against Clevelândia, on 19 February. Colonel Claudino Nunes Pereira brought reinforcements from Rio Grande do Sul the following month. These two loyalist columns had a friendly fire incident in the village of Maria Preta, on the way to Barracão, on 24 March. At this time Prestes was already leaving Barracão, finally joining the São Paulo on 3 April, in the town of Benjamin, between Catanduvas and Foz do Iguaçu.
Formation of the Revolutionary Division
The junction of the Rio Grande do Sul rebels with the São Paulo ones occurred too late to avoid the latter's defeat in Catanduvas. The remnants retreated to the Paraná River. The revolutionaries who still wanted to fight organized themselves into a single formation, the 1st Revolutionary Division. Commanded by Miguel Costa from São Paulo, it was divided into two columns, one from São Paulo, under Juarez Távora, and the other from Rio Grande do Sul, under Prestes. This division spread throughout the interior of the country, continuing the tenentist struggle until 1927.
This division is referred to in historiography as the "Miguel Costa-Prestes Column", or, more commonly, as the "Prestes Column"; a minority current uses "Miguel Costa Column". Formally, Miguel Costa was the commander. Prestes was nothing more than chief of the General Staff, but exercised informal leadership. The name "Prestes Column" had existed since before April 1925, referring in isolation to the Rio Grande do Sul column on the part of its enemies.
There is no consensus on the time frame for this column. Its beginning, depending on the source, is located at the beginning of the 1924 revolt in São Paulo, at the beginning in Santo Ângelo, at the reorganization in São Luiz Gonzaga or at the junction with the São Paulo rebels, in Paraná. From the beginning, there was no idea of marching to Paraná, much less the war of movement characteristic of the column. It was not born from prior planning, but acquired its own characteristics as a reaction to its inferiority in numbers and weapons. Against conventional warfare, traditional in the army, Prestes defended a war of movement, which had already been used before in the interior of São Paulo and was also characteristic of the "gaucho style warfare". This procedure was put into practice after the escape from São Luiz Gonzaga.
Legacy
The conflict left a large number of liberating civilian and soldiers from the army, navy and Public Force of São Paulo in exile in Argentina and Uruguay. Coordinated by general Isidoro, they remained in contact with each other and planned new revolts in the barracks and border incursions. The first was in September 1925, with a border invasion by Honório Lemes; the committed military elements did not rise up, and the civilian commander surrendered to Osvaldo Aranha and Flores da Cunha. A broader uprising began in late 1926, the "Lightning Column". The new uprisings were both civil and military, initiating in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, and also including a border incursion into Santa Catarina. The rebels were again defeated. The issue of rebel exiles led the Brazilian government to sign an agreement with Uruguay, in force from 1927, for the latter to intern the officers responsible for the revolts in places far from the border.
The alliance with tenentism gave prestige and national projection to the Rio Grande do Sul opposition, at the cost of new dissent within their ranks and the distancing of political leaders from their local bases. This was only remedied when the opposition reconciled with Getúlio Vargas, a PRR politician from São Borja, supporting his presidential candidacy in 1930. Ironically, Vargas, whose family had been loyalists in previous years, joined forces with the tenentists to rise to power in the 1930 Revolution.
In São Luiz Gonzaga, the revolt left a balance of social and economic losses. However, there was not the bloodshed expected by the community, which honored this fact with a grotto for Our Lady of Lourdes, inaugurated in 1926. The conflict had little influence on the historical memory and cultural heritage of the Missões region until the 1980s, when it was rescued. Santo Ângelo was the city that most remembered the Prestes Column and used the story to promote tourism. The old railway station building, deactivated in 1969, became the Prestes Column Memorial in 1996. Further north, the period is commemorated in the name of the municipality of Tenente Portela and in a monument at the site of his death, in the current municipality of Pinheirinho do Vale.
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
1924 in Brazil
History of Rio Grande do Sul
Military history of Brazil
Rebellions in Brazil
Tenentism |
The 2009 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit at Cayman Islands was held March 27–29, 2009 in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. It was the first leg of the NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit 2009.
Women's competition
Men's competition
References
Norceca Tournament Results
BV Database (Archived 2009-08-01)
CaymanActive (Archived 2009-08-01)
Cayman Islands
Beach Volleyball Circuit |
Hiett is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Jessie Hiett (1874–1962), New Zealand temperance activist
Steve Hiett (1940–2019), English photographer, musician, artist, and graphic designer
Todd Hiett (born 1967), American rancher and politician
See also
Hyatt (disambiguation)
English-language surnames |
Atlanta is a city in Cass County, northeastern Texas, United States. According to the 2010 U.S. census, the city had a population of 5,675, which decreased to 5,433 as of 2020.
History
Atlanta was established in 1872 with the building of the Texas and Pacific Railway and was named for Atlanta, Georgia, former home of many early settlers; a post office was opened that same year. Atlanta, Texas is now the second largest Atlanta in the nation. Other "Atlantas" exist in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and elsewhere. Atlanta, Texas is known as "Hometown, USA".
By 1885 the community had 1,500 residents, who had founded three white and two black churches, two schools, a bank, several sawmills, a number of general stores, and a weekly newspaper, the Citizens' Journal. Lumbering was the chief industry. The lumber boom reached its peak around 1890, when the population was 1,764. When the community was incorporated in 1929, it had 1,900 residents and 105 businesses.
The onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s forced many businesses to close, and in 1936 Atlanta had 85 rated businesses. The opening of the Rodessa oilfield in 1935, however, helped mitigate the worst effects of the Depression. By 1940 the town had modern canneries, lumber mills, wholesale houses, a brick plant, a hospital, and a population of 2,453. Subsequently, Atlanta grew steadily, topping the 4,000 mark for the first time in the early 1960s. In 1990 the population was 6,118. By 2000 the population had dropped to 5,745. Principal industries include farming, forestry, oil, and tourism.
Geography
Atlanta is the largest city in Cass County and is located in eastern Cass County at (33.118228, –94.166537). It is bordered to the north by Queen City.
U.S. Route 59 bypasses the city to the west, leading north to Texarkana and southwest to Linden. Texas State Highway 77 passes through the southern side of the city, leading southeast to the Louisiana border and northwest to Douglassville. Texas State Highway 43 passes through the center of Atlanta and leads south to Marshall.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Atlanta has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.19%, is water.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 5,433 people, 2,118 households, and 1,466 families residing in the city.
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,745 people, 2,254 households, and 1,571 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,556 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 68.13% White, 29.23% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72% of the population.
There were 2,254 households, of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,188, and the median income for a family was $32,679. Males had a median income of $29,286 versus $19,715 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,013. About 19.0% of families and 23.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.4% of those under age 18 and 19.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Most of Atlanta is served by the Atlanta Independent School District, which operates Atlanta High School. A portion is instead zoned to Queen City Independent School District, which operates Queen City High School.
Atlanta is also served by Texarkana College (the majority of Cass County, including Atlanta ISD and Queen City ISD, is in the college's service area).
Texas A&M-Texarkana is in the area.
Notable people
Derrick Blaylock, football player, drafted into the NFL in 2001 by the Kansas City Chiefs as a running back. He was a running back for the Stephen F. Austin State University Lumberjacks from 1997 to 2000. He played for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins after college
Tony Buzbee notable Texas attorney
Susanna Clark, artist and country/folk songwriter, was born in Atlanta
Bessie Coleman (1892–1926), a civil aviator. She was born in Atlanta and raised in Waxahachie, Texas. She was the first female pilot of African-American and Native American descent to hold a pilot's license in the US, and the first person of African-American descent to hold an international pilot license
Ellen DeGeneres, talk show host and comedian. In January 1974, she and her mother moved to Atlanta from New Orleans. She graduated from Atlanta High School in 1976
Phil Epps, former American football wide receiver for the Green Bay Packers (1982–1988) and the New York Jets (1989). He attended Texas Christian University
Tracy Lawrence, country musician; born in Atlanta and raised in Foreman, Arkansas
Andrea Lee, Andrea "KGB" Lee (born February 11, 1989) is an American kickboxer and mixed martial artist who competes in the flyweight division. She is currently signed with UFC
Gordon McLendon, pioneer of American commercial broadcasting, he lived with his parents in Atlanta during his years of high school. He developed a love for commentary which he featured on the Liberty Broadcasting System and KLIF in Dallas
Slim Richey (1938–2015), musician, was born in Atlanta
Max Sandlin, Max Allen Sandlin Jr. (born September 29, 1952) is the son of the former Margie Beth Barnett and her husband Max Allen Sandlin Sr., Reared in Atlanta, he graduated from Atlanta High School in May, 1971. Sandlin is a former Democratic Congressman who served eight years (1997–2005) in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Texas District 1
Joseph Strickland, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler
Drew Stubbs, outfielder for the Baltimore Orioles. Stubbs graduated from Atlanta High School in 2003. He was a three-time All-American in baseball and two-time academic All-American at the University of Texas at Austin
Nat Stuckey, American country singer
Ted Thompson, former general manager of the Green Bay Packers, born and raised in Atlanta, he graduated from Atlanta High School in 1971. He was a part of the NFL for 25 years, including 10 years as a player for the Houston Oilers
References
External links
AtlantaTexas.org - City website by the Atlanta City Development Corporation..
Texas State Historical Association - Atlanta, TX information
Cities in Texas
Cities in Cass County, Texas
Cities in the Ark-La-Tex
Populated places established in 1871
1871 establishments in Texas |
Panic & Action is a Swedish record label based in Åmål and Örebro.
History
Panic & Action was founded in 2008 by Kid Down vocalist Eric Höjdén and Peter Ahlqvist (founder of Burning Heart Records). Most famous bands who are currently signed to the label are Her Bright Skies, Adept and Chemical Vocation. Other musicians who signe to Panic & Action are Social Siberia (solo-project of Chemical Vocation guitarist Joakim Jensen), Walking with Strangers (Deathcore) and The Shiloh.
Panic & Action distributes their recordings worldwide. They organize a Sampler called Burn All the Small Towns featuring all signed bands and Kid Down and the Panic & Action Tour. On October 30, 2014, the label announced its closure. Instead, Burning Heart Records was reactivated and the label's artists will be transferred to the new label.
Bands
Currently signed
Her Bright Skies (post-hardcore)
Walking With Strangers (Progressive metalcore)
Chemical Vocation (Punk rock)
The Shiloh (Punk rock)
Joakim Jensen (Social Siberia) (Acoustic rock)
Aim For The Sunrise (Metalcore)
Previously signed
Adept (Metalcore, post-hardcore)
References
External links
Official Homepage
Swedish record labels |
Dick Pike (November 7, 1924August 16, 2003) was a disc jockey and general manager who turned WNOP (740) into a jazz station.
Career
Pike worked most of his career at WNOP, a jazz station with studios in Newport, KY. When Pike returned to the station in 1961 - as General Manager - he instituted the Jazz format with his personal record collection.
Pike also spent time at television station WJW, in Cleveland, before returning to WNOP as general manager.
Pike also introduced acts at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1964 for George Wein
Death
Pike died August 16, 2003, in Elsmere, Kentucky.
References
External links
The Search For The Tuner That Will Bring Back WNOP
Radio personalities from Chicago
1924 births
2003 deaths |
The Casa Sindical (the "Syndical House") is a building in Madrid, Spain. It currently hosts the headquarters of the Ministry of Health of Spain.
History
The contest guidelines for the draft project, convened by Fermín Sanz Orrio, the then national delegate of trade unions of FET y de las JONS, were published in April 1949. The project was finally entrusted ex-aequo to Francisco de Asís Cabrero and Rafael de Aburto. Finished in 1951, some dependencies were opened in July 1955, taking advantage of the celebration of the III National Congress of Workers. It was formally inaugurated by Francisco Franco on 27 October 1955.
Description
Located in front of the Prado Museum, it features a central prismatic 16-floor brick tower, that reaches a 60-metre height. The landmark symbolically marked the acceptance of modern architecture by the Francoist regime in terms of architectural language, straying away from previous traditionalist aesthetics. It has often been linked to the works of Italian Fascist architect Giuseppe Terragni.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Links
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo at Fundación Arquitectura COAM webpage
Buildings and structures in Cortes neighborhood, Madrid
Office buildings in Madrid |
The Unicorn is the debut studio album of the Canadian Irish folk music group The Irish Rovers, released in 1967 and topped the charts in 1968.
The title track "The Unicorn", a recording of Shel Silverstein's poem based on Noah's Ark, featured Glen Campbell on lead guitar, and reached #2 in the US Adult Contemporary Charts, #7 in the U.S. Hot 100, #4 in Canada, and #5 in Ireland. Despite having virtually nothing to do with Ireland or Irish culture, the song remains popular in Irish pubs to this day.
"The Unicorn" song is also included on The Irish Rovers Gems double disk (1996), their 40th Anniversary CD, 40 Years A-Rovin''' (Rover Records, 2005), and their Home in Ireland'' CD and DVD. In 1968 the song was covered by Irish trio The Bachelors.
Track listing
"The Unicorn" – 3:18
"Bonnie Kellswater" – 2:39
"The Orange and the Green" – 2:37
"Hiring Fair" – 2:28
"Bridget Flynn" – 1:58
"Come In" – 1:46
"Goodbye Mrs. Durkin" – 2:34
"Pat of Mullingar" – 2:34
"The Wind that Shakes the Corn" – 3:03
"The First Love in Life" – 2:50
"The Black Velvet Band" – 3:43
References
External links
The Irish Rovers Official Website
The Irish Rovers albums
1967 albums
Decca Records albums |
Anne-Marie Bigot de Cornuel (1605–1694) was a French salonnière. After having been widowed in 1650, she established a famed literary salon in Paris. She was known for her witty remarks and was often quoted.
References
Reid, Joyce M.H.; Poggi, Luciano (2002). Diccionario de la literatura francesa. Gremese.
1605 births
1694 deaths
French salon-holders |
Balmoral Park is an exhibition park near Lisburn, Northern Ireland. It occupies the site of the previous Maze Long Kesh internment camp.
Balmoral Park is now the home of the Balmoral Show, organized by the Royal Ulster Agricultural Society. , the Eikon Exhibition Centre, which is located in the park, is being considered as a location for one of the NHS COVID-19 critical care hospitals.
It is also one of the two bases of Air Ambulance Northern Ireland.
References
Event venues in Northern Ireland |
George Horace Gallup (November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion.
Life and career
Gallup was born in Jefferson, Iowa, the son of Nettie Quella (Davenport) and George Henry Gallup, a dairy farmer. As a teen, George Jr., known then as "Ted", would deliver milk and used his salary to start a newspaper at the high school, where he also played football. His higher education took place at the University of Iowa, where he was a football player, a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and editor of The Daily Iowan, an independent newspaper which serves the university campus. He earned his B.A. in 1923, his M.A. in 1925 and his Ph.D. in 1928.
He then moved to Des Moines, Iowa, where he served as head of the Department of Journalism at Drake University until 1931. That year, he moved to Evanston, Illinois, as a professor of journalism and advertising at Northwestern University. The next year, he moved to New York City to join the advertising agency of Young and Rubicam as director of research (later serving as vice president from 1937 to 1947). He was also a professor of journalism at Columbia University, but he had to give up this position shortly after he formed his own polling company, the American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll), in 1935.
Gallup is often credited as the developer of public polling. In 1932, Gallup did some polling for his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, a candidate who was a long shot from winning a position as Iowa Secretary of State. With the Democratic landslide of that year, she won a stunning victory, furthering Gallup's interest in politics.
In 1936, his new organization achieved national recognition by correctly predicting, from the replies of only 50,000 respondents, that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alf Landon in the U.S. Presidential election. This was in direct contradiction to the widely-respected Literary Digest magazine whose poll based on over two million returned questionnaires predicted that Landon would be the winner. Not only did Gallup get the election right, he correctly predicted the results of the Literary Digest poll, as well as using a random sample smaller than theirs but chosen to match it.
Twelve years later, his organization had its moment of greatest ignominy, when it predicted that Thomas Dewey would defeat Harry S. Truman in the 1948 election, by between 5% and 15%; Truman won the election by 4.5%. Gallup believed the error was mostly due to his decision to end polling three weeks before Election Day, thus failing to account for Truman's comeback.
In 1947, he launched the Gallup International Association, an international association of polling organizations. With friends-cum-rivals Elmo Roper and Archibald Crossley, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Market Research Council, the National Council on Public Polls, and the American Association for Public Opinion Research. In 1948, with Claude E. Robinson, he founded Gallup & Robinson, an advertising research company.
In 1958, Gallup grouped all of his polling operations under what became The Gallup Organization.
Gallup died in 1984 of a heart attack at his summer home in Tschingel ob Gunten, a village in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery. His wife died in 1988, and their son, writer and pollster George Gallup Jr., died in 2011.
See also
Approval rating
The Gallup Organization
Gallup & Robinson
George H. Gallup House
Gallup International Association
Pollsters
Archibald Crossley
Elmo Roper
Mervin Field
Louis Harris
References
Bibliography
Cantril, Hadley. Gauging Public Opinion (1944)
Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from US, UK, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. online
Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890–1960 (1987), the standard history
Doktorov, Boris Z. "George Gallup: Biography and Destiny". Moscow: (2011)
Foley, Ryan J., Gallup Papers Give Glimpse into US Polling History, Associated Press (2012)
Gallup, George. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939)
Gallup, George, and Evan Hiill. The Secrets of Long Life (Geis Associates/Random House, 1960).
Gallup, Alec M. ed. The Gallup Poll Cumulative Index: Public Opinion, 1935–1997 (1999) lists 10,000+ questions, but no results
Gallup, George Horace, ed. The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
Hawbaker, Becky Wilson. "Taking 'the Pulse of Democracy': George Gallup, Iowa, and the Origin of the Gallup Poll". The Palimpsest 74(3) 98–118. Description of Gallup's Iowa years and their impact on his development.
Lavrakas, Paul J. et al. eds. Presidential Polls and the News Media (1995)
Moore, David W. The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America (1995)
Rogers, Lindsay. The Pollsters: Public Opinion, Politics, and Democratic Leadership (1949)
Traugott, Michael W. The Voter's Guide to Election Polls 3rd ed. (2004)
Young, Michael L. Dictionary of Polling: The Language of Contemporary Opinion Research (1992)
External links
The Gallup Legacy, from Gallup & Robinson website
"Opinion: The Black & White Beans". Time. May 3, 1948.
1901 births
1984 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American Episcopalians
American statisticians
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
Columbia University faculty
Drake University faculty
Episcopalians from Iowa
People from Jefferson, Iowa
Pollsters
Public opinion
University of Iowa alumni
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members |
Suzan Ball (born Suzanne Ball; February 3, 1934 – August 5, 1955) was an American actress. She was a second cousin of fellow actress Lucille Ball. She was married to actor Richard Long. She had her leg amputated in January 1954, as a result of both a tumor and an accident she had. She died at age 21 of cancer in 1955, after a two-year battle.
Early life
Born in Jamestown, New York, Ball was the eldest daughter of Howard and Marleah Ball. Her family moved to North Hollywood in 1941. She graduated from North Hollywood High School with the class of summer 1951.
Personal life
Ball married Richard Long on April 4, 1954, at El Montecito Presbyterian Church in Santa Barbara. Many celebrities attended, including Jeff Chandler, Rock Hudson, Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh, and David Janssen.
Illness and death
In 1953, doctors diagnosed Ball with cancer when she developed tumors on her right leg, forcing her to use crutches. Because of the cancer, doctors amputated her right leg on January 12, 1954. She died on August 5, 1955 at the age of 21 at the City of Hope Hospital.
She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Filmography
References
External links
1934 births
1955 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American amputees
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
People from Jamestown, New York
Actresses from New York (state)
North Hollywood High School alumni
deaths from cancer in California |
Cortland is an incorporated town in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 4,398 at the 2020 Census. It was previously 4,270 at the 2010 census, up from 2,066 in 2000. Because of its status as an incorporated town, Cortland has adopted the slogan, "The Third Largest Town in Illinois". Only the towns of Cicero and Normal are larger, in terms of population. Most municipalities in Illinois are defined as "cities" or "villages."
History
A post office called Cortland has been in operation since 1892. The town was named after Cortland, New York.
Geography
Cortland is located at (41.924857, -88.693093).
According to the 2010 census, Cortland has a total area of , of which (or 99.78%) is land and (or 0.22%) is water.
The town is located immediately east of the city of DeKalb and just south of the city of Sycamore.
Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 4,398 people, 1,419 households, and 939 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,561 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 73.72% White, 8.19% African American, 0.48% Native American, 1.39% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 5.82% from other races, and 10.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.03% of the population.
There were 1,419 households, out of which 40.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.30% were married couples living together, 6.77% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.83% were non-families. 21.35% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.85% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.48 and the average family size was 3.00.
The town's age distribution consisted of 26.0% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 40.9% from 25 to 44, 15.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 123.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $74,821, and the median income for a family was $98,984. Males had a median income of $51,393 versus $26,688 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,578. About 0.6% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.5% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.
Notable person
Charles W. Nash (1864–1948), automobile industry entrepreneur, born in Cortland
References
External links
History of Cortland, IL
1865 establishments in Illinois
Populated places established in 1865
Towns in DeKalb County, Illinois
Towns in Illinois |
The Johnson Schoolcraft Building (also known as the Venice Pharmacy) is a historic site in Venice, Florida. It is located at 201-203 West Venice Avenue. On December 27, 1996, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
History
The Johnson-Schoolcraft Building, also known as the Venice Pharmacy, is a historic building located in Venice, Florida. The Johnson-Schoolcraft Building was constructed in 1926 by William D. Schoolcraft and C. Paul Johnson, the principals of Johnson-Schoolcraft, Inc.
Designed with a Mission/Spanish Revival architectural style, it was originally intended to have five apartments on the second floor and retail space on the first floor, with Venice Pharmacy, Inc. as its first tenant. The retail space was originally adorned with a pink onyx soda fountain and had store fixtures made of solid mahogany, with a black walnut finish.
By 1928, the Peninsula Telephone Company was operating its switchboard from the building. In case of an emergency, residents would reach out to the switchboard operator who would then turn on a red light on the roof of the building to signal the Venice police to get in touch with the operator.
Although the interior has undergone significant changes over time, the exterior of the building remains largely unchanged from its original 1926 appearance.
References
External links
Sarasota County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Johnson Schoolcraft Building at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Schoolcraft building at Venice MainStreet
National Register of Historic Places in Sarasota County, Florida |
Tibersyrnola unifasciata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
THe synonym Syrnola wenzi was named after Wilhelm August Wenz (1886-1945), a German malacologist.
Description
The shell is smooth and polished. It is white, with a median, narrow, light chestnut band. The teleoconch contains 11 flattened whorls. The length of the shell varies between 3 mm and 6.5 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in rather deep water (200m - 700m) in the following locations:
European waters (ERMS scope)
Mediterranean Sea : Sicily, Greece
Greek Exclusive Economic Zone
Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone (the Azores)
Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone
United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone
Canary Islands
Atlantic Ocean off Mauritania
Notes
Additional information regarding this species:
Habitat: Known from seamounts and knolls
References
Graham A. (1971), British Prosobranchs, Synopses of the British Fauna, New series, No. 2; Linnean Society., London
Nordsieck, F. (1972). Die europäischen Meeresschnecken (Opisthobranchia mit Pyramidellidae; Rissoacea). Vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. XIII + 327 pp.
Fenaux A. (1942). Mollusques nouveaux du littoral occidental de la Méditerranée. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique 825-826-827: 2-3
External links
Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (10 publications)
To CLEMAM
To Encyclopedia of Life
To World Register of Marine Species
Forbes E. (1844). Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aegean sea, and on their distribution, considered as bearing on geology. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1843. 130-193
Micali P., Nofroni I. & Smriglio C. (2014) Odostomia crassa Jeffreys, 1884 junior synonym of Tibersyrnola unifasciata (Forbes, 1844), new combination (Gastropoda Pyramidellidae). Biodiversity Journal 5(2): 209
Jeffreys, J. G. (1884). On the Mollusca procured during the 'Lightning' and 'Porcupine' expeditions, 1868-70. (Part VIII). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1882: 341-372, pl. 26-28
Gofas, S.; Luque, Á. A.; Templado, J.; Salas, C. (2017). A national checklist of marine Mollusca in Spanish waters. Scientia Marina. 81(2) : 241-254, and supplementary online material
Pyramidellidae
Gastropods described in 1844 |
This is a list of areas in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, West Midlands, England.
Balls Hill
Bearwood
Black Lake
Black Patch
Bloomfield
Brades Village
Brandhall
Brickhouse Farm
Bristnall Fields
Burnt Tree
Causeway Green
Charlemont
Cherry Orchard
Church Hill
Churchfield
Cock Green
Cradley Heath
The Cronefields
Darby's Hill
Dudley Port
Fallings Heath, Wednesbury
Friar Park
Golds Green
Grace Mary Estate
Great Barr
Great Bridge
Greets Green
Grove Vale
Guns Village
Haden Cross
Hall End, West Bromwich
Hall Green
Hampstead
Harvills Hawthorn
Hateley Heath
Hill Top
Hill Top, Oldbury
Horsley Heath
King's Hill, Wednesbury
Lambert's End
Langley
Langley Green
Londonderry
Lyndon, West Bromwich
Mayers Green
Mesty Croft
Mouse Sweet
Newton
New Town
Oakham
Ocker Hill
Oldbury
Old Hill
Portway
Princes End
Rood End
Round's Green
Rowley Regis
Sandwell
Smethwick
Soho
Springfield
Stone Cross, West Bromwich
Summer Hill
Swan Village
Tat Bank
The Knowle
Tibbington
Tippity Green
Tipton
Tipton Green
Titford
Tividale
Tividale Hall
Toll End
Turner's Hill
Vicarage, Wednesbury
Warley Woods
Wednesbury
Wednesbury Oak
West Bromwich
West Smethwick
Whiteheath Gate
Wood Green, Wednesbury
The Woods
Yew Tree
Lists of places in England
Areas
Towns in the West Midlands (county)
West Midlands (county)-related lists |
Eritrea competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. It was the nation's fifth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics.
The Eritrean National Olympic Committee selected a total of 12 athletes, eleven men and one woman, to compete in athletics and cycling sports at the Games, matching its team size with London 2012. Competitors Nebiat Habtemariam and Athens 2004 bronze medalist Zersenay Tadese both returned for their fourth Olympic appearance.
Eritrea left Rio de Janeiro without a single Olympic medal for the third consecutive time. Ghebreslassie missed out on the nation's second medal at the Olympic Games, finishing fourth in the men's marathon.
Background
Eritrea participated in five Summer Olympics between its debut in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The highest number of Eritreans participating at any single Summer Games was seven at the previous London 2012 and Rio 2016. The flag bearer for the parade of nations was an unnamed volunteer while an alternative athlete named Tsegay Tuemay bore the flag for the closing ceremony. Only one Eritrean athlete has ever won a medal at the Olympics, long-distance runner Zersenay Tadese, who won a bronze medal in the 2004 men's 10,000 metres event.
Athletics (track and field)
Eritrean athletes achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of three athletes in each event):
Track & road events
Men
Women
Cycling
Road
Eritrea qualified one rider in the men's Olympic road race by virtue of his top 4 national ranking in the 2015 UCI Africa Tour.
References
External links
Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics
2016
Olympics |
```jsx
/**
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*
*/
import React, { Component, PropTypes } from 'react'
import ToolbarButton from './ToolbarButton'
class ToolbarButtonGroup extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {}
}
render() {
// Normalize to array and filter falsy children
const normalized = React.Children.toArray(this.props.children).filter(child => child)
const childCount = normalized.length
const clonedChildren = normalized.map((child, i) => {
if (!child) return
const isActive = this.props.activeIndexes[i] === true
let groupPosition
if (childCount === 1) {
groupPosition = ToolbarButton.GROUP_POSITION.NONE
} else {
switch (i) {
case 0:
groupPosition = ToolbarButton.GROUP_POSITION.LEFT
break
case childCount - 1:
groupPosition = ToolbarButton.GROUP_POSITION.RIGHT
break
default:
groupPosition = ToolbarButton.GROUP_POSITION.CENTER
break
}
}
return React.cloneElement(child, {
buttonState: isActive ? ToolbarButton.BUTTON_STATE.ACTIVE :
ToolbarButton.BUTTON_STATE.DEFAULT,
groupPosition: groupPosition,
theme: this.props.theme,
})
})
const style = Object.assign({}, {
display: 'flex',
flexDirection: 'row',
}, this.props.style)
return (
<div style={style}>
{clonedChildren}
</div>
)
}
}
ToolbarButtonGroup.THEME = ToolbarButton.THEME
ToolbarButtonGroup.propTypes = {
activeIndexes: PropTypes.array,
theme: PropTypes.number,
}
ToolbarButtonGroup.defaultProps = {
activeIndexes: [],
theme: ToolbarButtonGroup.THEME.LIGHT,
}
export default ToolbarButtonGroup
``` |
This Amazing America is an American old-time radio musical and quiz program that ran from February 16, 1940, to June 28, 1940, on NBC-Blue. A different program with the same title was broadcast later on NBC-Red.
Format
The quiz portion of the program featured audience participation as members of the studio audience attempted to answer questions about America that had been sent in by listeners. Participants formed two three-person teams to answer questions Members of the winning team received $25 each, and the grand prize was $169.50 (equal to the ticket price for a Grand Circle Tour by the sponsor, Greyhound bus company. Most of the questions dealt with American geography.
Personnel and schedule
Bob Brown was the host and quizmaster. The Ranch Boys sang, accompanied by Roy Shields and his orchestra. This Amazing America was initially broadcast on NBC-Blue on Fridays from 8 to 8:30 p.m. Eastern Time. On May 3, 1940, it was moved to 9:30 - 10 p.m. ET, still on Fridays.
Reception
A review of This Amazing America in the trade publication Billboard found its advertising to be the best part of the show. The reviewer thought that questions in the quiz were too difficult, and the program was summarized by saying, "In last analysis, it isn't a quiz show but a travelog in question and answer form." The reviewer complimented the music, saying that the show would be more entertaining if the Ranch Boys performed for all of it.
Later program
By 1942 This Amazing America was the title of a different type of program on NBC-Red. Tom Terris narrated and provided voices for parts in stories in the 10:30-10:45 a.m. ET Sunday show. Bob Hamilton provided organ music.
Film
A Technicolor film, This Amazing America was produced by Greyhound in 1940. It was related to the radio program only in that it had the same title and sponsor. The film featured a tour of the United States with stops at sites including Yellowstone National Park, Niagara Falls, and the Grand Canyon. By 1943, it had been seen by more than 7 million people in the United States. In that year, the U. S. Office of War Information released prints for distribution in Russia, with the title changed to North America by Bus.
References
1940s American radio programs
1940 radio programme debuts
1940 radio programme endings
American radio game shows
NBC Blue Network radio programs |
Leo Ignatius Bohen (September 30, 1890 – April 8, 1942) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He started one game for the Philadelphia Athletics during the season and made one relief appearance for the Pittsburgh Pirates during the season.
References
1890 births
1942 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Baseball players from Iowa
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Helena Senators players
Missoula (minor league baseball) players
Reading Pretzels players
Peoria Distillers players
Moline Plowboys players
People from Pottawattamie County, Iowa |
The minister of defense of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Menteri Pertahanan) is the head of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense. The minister is tasked with organizing government affairs in the field of national defense.
The current minister of defense is Prabowo Subianto, who has served in the position since 23 October 2019. The minister is supported by the deputy minister of defense, Muhammad Herindra.
List of ministers
The following are a list of persons and politicians who have been appointed as the Minister of Defense in Indonesia.
Additional notes
All ministers who served from the Third until Seventh Development cabinets are members of the Golkar Board of Supervisors, including the Commander of ABRI and Heads of government agencies
References
See also
Cabinet of Indonesia
Ministry of Defense (Indonesia)
Lists of government ministers of Indonesia
Indonesian military-related lists |
A German garden is a type of architecture of gardens, originating in Germany, influenced by the English garden concept. With staffages and embellishments (e.g. a grotto) and weeping trees, a sense of emotional aesthetics should be developed. Typical of this kind of park design is clear structure and domestic animals, a necessary component of the garden, as seen in former times in the Luisium Palace near Dessau in Germany or still existing the historistic park of Villa Haas (Hesse) from 1892.
Livestock in the park serve to enhance the idyll (nature experience). The park area therefore had to be redesigned to protect the plants (walls, hedges, watercourses, fences).
The term "Ornamental Farm", which is still used today in manors with small park areas, forms a flowing border to this.
Here, too, beauty always serves the useful.
An own German garden style, as demanded by the leading German garden theorist Hirschfeld and his pupils, is never concretized in the literature compared to the French or English style. Therefore, in addition to the usual references to ancient mythology, the German style is limited to the decoration of statues, memorial stones, etc. of national importance.
If the English landscape garden mostly is the expression of a liberal bourgeoisie, the German garden is more oriented towards the model of the nobility and later incorporates elements of German Romanticism and other styles.
Often the style concept is confused with the "new German gardening". Here, more emphasis is placed on easy-care, location-loyal shrubs and colour aesthetics.
Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan
Europe's premier research and educational garden is the Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan. It is highly likely that if you have encountered a German horticulturist or landscape designer, they received their training here. This institution is a one-of-a-kind campus that spans across several hills and a valley, with gardens, research plots, and crop fields leaving a lasting impression. Unlike typical campuses, it's not the buildings that impress visitors, but rather the impressive gardens. The Show Garden, located atop one of the hills, is just one of the notable features; the famous brewery occupies another, and nearby is the Domberg, a hilltop in the charming town of Freising, crowned by the stunning Baroque cathedral known as the 'Dom'. In the following discussion, Noel Kingsbury highlights the significance of this garden and the trials it conducts.
Literature
Theory of Garden Art C. C. L. Hirschfeld. Edited and translated by Linda B. Parshall
Klaus F. Müller: Park und Villa Haas - Historismus Kunst und Lebensstil (Park and Villa Haas - Historism, art und lifestyle). Verlag Edition Winterwork, 2012, . E-Book , 2013.
See also
List of garden types
References
Types of garden
Landscape architecture |
The Los Angeles City Attorney is an elected official who serves as the City of Los Angeles' government's lawyer and as a criminal prosecutor for misdemeanor offenses only. The City Attorney is elected for four years, and the City Charter requires the city attorney to be a lawyer qualified to practice in the California courts for five years preceding their election.
In addition the General Counsel Division of the office provides legal counsel for the city and represents it in civil actions. The Los Angeles County District Attorney is an elected official who serves a four year term and is the criminal prosecutor for the County of Los Angeles for both felony and misdemeanor offenses.
List of Los Angeles city attorneys
Notes
References
External links
Official website of the City Attorney
Government of Los Angeles
1850 establishments in California |
QTM may refer to:
QTM, a radiotelephony navigational Q code
Quantity theory of money
Quantum Turing machine
quarter turn metric, a measurement used in puzzle cube analysis, see Optimal solutions for Rubik's Cube
quaternary triangular mesh, a method to build a geodesic grid
Quantum Corporation (NYSE stock ticker: QTM), see Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Q)
Quantum Air (IATA airline code: QO; ICAO airline code: QTM) |
The Professional Development League is a system of youth football leagues that are managed, organised and controlled by the Premier League or by the Football League. It was introduced by the Football Association via the Elite Player Performance Plan in 2012.
The system was introduced in early 2012 and was active for the first time during the 2012–13 season. It is a successor to the Premier Reserve League, Premier Academy League and Football Combination. The Football League Youth Alliance makes up League 2 of the under-18 system. The system covers the under-18 and under-21 groups.
Previously, clubs participating in the Premier Reserve League (the highest level of reserve football in England) were removed from the competition if their first team in the Premier League were relegated and replaced with a promoted team. Under the Professional Development League system, Premier League reserves teams' league status is not directly linked to the first team's Premier League status. Instead, there are three different Professional Development Leagues at each age-group level and clubs in the top four tiers of the English football league system are placed in the system based on the assessment of their academy for the Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP).
Under-21 level
Premier League 2
From 2012 to 2016, EPPP Category 1 academies' most senior youth league was an under-21 league known as the U21 Premier League, with four over-age outfield players being permitted to play. From the 2016–17 season onwards, the competition is known as the Premier League 2 and the age limit was increased from under-21 to under-23. This change was reverted for the 2022–23 season onwards, with the competition once again being restricted to under-21 players. In order to help with the transition, teams were allowed up to five over-age outfield players, up from three, and one over-age goalkeeper for the 2022–23 season only.
The competition was split into two divisions, with promotion and relegation between each, from its inception in 2012 until the 2022–23 season. From the 2023–24 season onwards, the competition consists of one division of 26 clubs in a "Swiss-style" format with 20 regular season fixtures and a 16 team knockout stage, similar to the new format of the UEFA Champions League. Clubs in Premier League 2 can also compete in the Premier League Cup, the Premier League International Cup and the EFL Trophy, which is restricted to under-21 players.
Champions (Division 1)
Champions (Division 2)
Professional Development League
The senior youth age range for EPPP Category 2 academies is the Professional Development League. The competition is split into two regional divisions, with the overall champion determined after an end of season play-off series.
Champions
Under-18 level
Division 1
An under-18 league for EPPP Category 1 academies was formed alongside the formation of the Professional Development League in 2012. Known as the U18 Premier League, the competition is split into two regional divisions. The two winners of each division contest the final to determine the overall champions. Winners of the top division qualify for the UEFA Youth League.
Champions
2022–23 teams
Division 2
The junior youth age range for EPPP Category 2 academies is the U18 Professional Development League. The competition is split into two regional divisions, with the overall champion determined after an end of season play-off series.
Champions
References
Premier League
Youth football leagues in England
Reserve football leagues in England |
The Yaruro people (or Pumé, according to their self-determination) are a Circum-Caribbean indigenous people, native to the ecoregion of Llanos in Venezuela, located west of the Orinoco River. The Pumé people are divided into two subgroups: The River Pumé, living along major river drainages of the Orinoco River, and the more nomadic Savanna Pumé that reside on the Llanos.
Name
The word "Yaruro" was employed by early Spanish explorers and colonists to refer to the Pumé and is still commonly used in Venezuela. The term has been used by neighboring indigenous groups such as the Guahibo, Hiwi, and Chiricoa, who likely are the source of this name adopted by the Spanish. "Yaruro" probably derives from the verb "yoro" in the Pumé language, that means "to give". The term "Yaruro" is pejorative, referring to requests for material goods or food from outsiders perceived as wealthy by the Pumé, and its meaning can be glossed in American English as the "Gimmees". The people refer to themselves as the Pumé (meaning "real human") which also serves as the name of their language. "Yaruro" has been replaced by "Pumé" in most anthropological literature and by some Venezuelan government use that is sensitive to indigenous issues. They have historically also been known by other names such as Llaruro, Yaruru, and Yuapín people.
Culture
Language
The Pumé language is unclassified, although it is considered a Macro-Chibchan language. Some good linguistic research has been published on the Pumé language. It is widely spoken by the Pumé people today, especially among Savanna Pumé who are primarily monolingual. Most River Pumé populations have at least some members, primarily men, who are bilingual in Spanish and Pumé. Portions of the Bible were translated into Pumé in 1999.
Housing
The Savanna Pumé are a mobile group of hunter-gatherers who shift their primary residence during every dry and wet season. They live in small brush shade structures during the dry season, and more robust structures thatched with palm leaves during the wet seasons. In addition to these two major seasonal moves, the Pumé make temporary camps for fishing, raw material collection, and to stage the moves to their primary wet and dry season camps. River Pumé were formerly slightly nomadic (although not as much as the Savanna Pumé), but currently are sedentary. Many River Pumé now construct more hybrid forms of architecture combining traditional and Criollo-influenced materials and designs.
Subsistence
The Savanna Pumé are primarily hunter-gatherers who subsist on distinctly different diets during each of the dry and wet seasons. The River Pumé are horticulturalists who also practice some fishing, hunting and wild plant collection. Savanna Pumé men hunt primarily small terrestrial game during the wet season such as armadillos, tegu lizards, other small lizards, and rabbits. Men very infrequently obtain larger game such as capybara, deer, anteaters, or caimans. All hunting by Savanna Pumé is done with bows and arrows. Women collect several wild tubers, that are the main food during the wet season. Both sexes also perform some garden work that brings in complementary manioc as a dietary supplement without reducing their foraging for wild plants. Gardening is typical of swidden systems used by many tropical peoples throughout the world, however Savanna Pumé gardens are quite small compared with those of the River Pumé or other South American groups. In the past, foraging for turtle eggs was reported but is very uncommon today, possibly because of over-exploitation during the last 200 years. Other past game animals such as hunting for manatees are recognized as potentially edible, but no recent reports of their consumption are reported by the Pumé. During the dry season, Pumé men fish using bows and arrows, hook and line, and fish poison. The dry season also offers opportunities for bird hunting and capture of small numbers of turtles and tortoises. Women, accompanied by some men, collect feral mangos in prodigious quantities during the dry season as well as a few other species of small fruits that are much less important. River Pumé have less seasonal variation in their diet. They rely more on a diversity of cultivated crops, can fish year round in the major rivers, hunt and gather some foods, and may work in wage labor jobs for the local Criollos. River Pumé successfully raise small numbers of chickens and pigs, animals rarely husbanded by Savanna Pumé for more than a couple months before being consumed during periods of hunger
Material culture
The Savanna Pumé population manufactures most of their material technology, except some market items obtained through trade, primarily with River Pumé who have greater access to these market goods. Items such as cooking pots, steel knives, machetes, shovels, and used clothing are the primary outside goods obtained by the Savanna Pumé through trade. Other desired market items include matches, tobacco, nylon hammocks, whetstones, and other tools. Bicycles first became common in 2006. Given the economic difficulties in Venezuela, it is unclear whether the Savanna Pumé even have the minimal access seen in the early 2000s to some of these goods. Some River Pumé communities are the beneficiaries of government programs that include some provisioning with manufactured products.
Savanna Pumé construct their houses primarily from materials collected in the llanos; wood, palm leaf thatch, and vines used to tie together the house framework. Moriche palms (Mauritia flexuosa) are the critical resource needed for palm thatch, roofing material, as well as other significant technologies. Their distribution is an important factor in the amount of land needed by Savanna Pumé to schedule future moves from areas with depressed availability of moriche and other palm raw materials. Some zinc lamina has been available for roofing, and is extensively re-used during camp moves. Architectural wood and thatch is often moved along with camps to re-build new structures. Traditional architecture is still common in Savanna Pumé communities, although modern construction materials increasingly dominate River Pumé house construction.
Fibers made from moriche palm leaves as well as whole leaves, are some of the most important raw materials used by the Savanna Pumé. The River Pumé primarily use fibers from macanilla palms (Astrocaryum jauri). Palm leaf fibers are used to make string, rope, hammocks, basket containers, basketry mats, and many diverse woven containers and objects for subsistence, storage, and other critical technologies. Collection of this raw material is most common in the dry season when women process and accumulate the fine fibers from palm leaves needed for string/rope construction and weaving. Palm raw materials and products remain important trade items within Pumé culture, both among Savanna and River Pumé.
Women's subsistence technology includes carrying baskets made from whole palm leaves with tumplines for carrying, wooden digging sticks, and digging sticks with steel tips. Women may include synthetic feed sacks for carrying plant foods (especially for the collection of feral mangos and manioc), or cloth sacks or clothing as additional carrying additional resources. Most gathering of root foods involves only the use of traditional palm leaf baskets. Wet season collection of wild tubers uses untipped wooden digging sticks, because the primary tubers (Dracontium margaretae) are close to the ground surface. Steel tipped digging sticks are primarily used for collection of deeper-growing tubers (mostly Myrossma cannifolia), late in the wet season and during parts of the dry season. Women use these same technologies in gardening. Both men and women also use small shovels and machetes for garden work and harvesting.
Men's subsistence technology, at least for Savanna Pumé, uses bows and arrows for terrestrial hunting and much fishing, modern fishing line and hooks (if available through trade), specialized harpoons or arrows for caimans or turtles, as well as knives and machetes. Bows are made from palm wood (Astrocaryum jauri.) and are long (~2 m) as are most South American native bows. Bowstrings are made from a semi-cultivated bromiliad fiber (Ananas lucidus). Arrows, (also ~2m long) are made from domesticated arrowcanes, wooden foreshafts, fletched with anhinga feathers, and constructed with bromiliad fiber and a manufactured tree resin (Symphonia glubulifera). Scavenged, traded, and re-used pieces of metal are used for arrowpoints, probably at least since the mid 19th century. Bone is reported to have been used before metal was as common, and two wooden-tipped bird arrows are still occasionally employed. Some River Pumé men have access to guns for hunting. Because most hunted foods in the savannas are burrowing game (armadillos, tegu lizards, and small ameiva lizards), machetes and especially bows often are used as digging implements to capture these game. During the dry season, small rafts made from moriche plalm leaf stems are used to search for caimans and turtles in seasonal lagoons. River Pumé use dugout canoes for fishing, pursuit of caimans, and turtles in the major drainages of the llanos, as well as for transportation.
The Pumé manufacture a wide array of other traditional implements from string, woven materials, and wood. Manufactured clothing and cloth has been readily available to the Pumé since at least the 19th century, and probably much earlier. Although western style dress is common among all Savanna and especially River Pumé, among savanna dwellers some traditional elements of women's clothing have persisted and some older men recently still eschewed pants in favor of loincloths.
Kinship and personal names
Traditionally, the Pumé do not use names, but employ kin terms to reference each other. Even nicknames are not used. All Pumé people have Christian names used to interact with the local Criollo population, or given to them by the Venezuelan government for census or other administrative purposes, but they do not use them among themselves. These names may rarely be used when referencing people from distant communities where kin terms do not precisely identify a person. Spanish names used by Savanna Pumé often change throughout childhood and some adults' names also vary during their lifespan. Spanish names are sometimes used when speaking to or about children below the age of approximately 14, primarily because kin terms may not specifically identify particular young people. The Pumé use a Dravidian form of Dakota-Iroquois kinship classification.
Marriage
By the age of 15, most Savanna and River Pumé girls are married. Boys also marry young, but the early marriage of Pumé girls is particularly important as a demographic indicator of relatively rapid maturation in response to living in an environment with low food availability, high disease exposure, and potentially high risks of mortality. Pumé girls work less than girls in comparable hunter-gatherer populations, allowing them to potentially spend more calories on growth rather than on foraging effort, and thus reach sexual maturity at a younger age. This may lengthen their reproductive lifespan, compensating for their shorter life expectancy and their high infant and later childhood mortality rates. Although early marriage is the general practice for Pumé hunter-gatherers, there is no evidence of coercion of girls to marry or begin sexual relations before they feel ready.
Marriage involves no formal ceremony, exchange of goods, or overt negotiations among adults. It simply consists of establishing co-habitation by the couple. There is some influence of parents on choice of marriage partners, but it is a very flexible system.
A small percentage of men have more than one wife, who are usually sisters (sororal polygyny). Among both Savanna and River Pumé, infidelity is uncommon and is cause for divorce. Compared with many lowland South American indigenous groups, the Pumé have low rates of infidelity and divorce among both men and women.
Religion and medicine
The Pumé engage in frequent all-night dances called tohé for religious and social purposes. These 11-hour dances are held 3-4 nights a week throughout the year. Among the Savanna Pumé, all members of the camp are present in the plaza area of camp for these dances. Smaller River Pumé communities also hold village wide-dances, but larger River communities often have separate dances attended by extended families that represent only a segment of the larger group. The tohé dance involves verse and response singing during the entire night, and increased frequency and speed of circulation around a central pole erected each dance night in the dance plaza. An area on the western side of the plaza is where non-dancing participants watch the tohé. A male dance leader performs the majority of the singing and leads the energetic dancing. Many men also sing primary verses and the chorus responses. Women are an important part of the dance, singing the choruses, joining in the dancing around the central pole, and perform specialized dance steps several times a night at most dances. Dance songs are partially formulaic but include significant amounts of improvisational singing. They are rhythmically and melodically complex compositions. Men accompany the dance with rattles, the only musical instrument used by the Pumé. Dances can involve healing events for particular individuals suffering from physical diseases and psychological distress (depression, grief, frustration). Dances can also lead to trance-states by the dance leader or other individuals. Trances involve possession by spirits or deceased Pumé individuals. The possessed individual speaks through those personages to the community as a whole or to particular individuals about events of current concern to the camp or person singled out for contact. No food is consumed during dances, but prodigious amounts of tobacco are smoked by men, women, and children. Men also take hallucinogenic snuff in group bouts during the dance (Anadenanthera peregrina) and sometimes chew a second hallucinogen (Banisteriopsis caapi). The Pumé consider the tohé dance to be one of the central institutions of their culture along with their indigenous language. The tohé dance has an important role in group solidarity and in reinforcing the cooperative structure of Pumé life (especially among Savanna Pumé) that appears to be a critical adaptation to life in this challenging and seasonally food-impoverished environment.
Some formerly reported ceremonials are apparently no longer practiced. The names of these ceremonials are familiar to Savanna Pumé but their forms are no longer known. A specialized women's ceremony that is still common among both Savanna and River Pumé is the añikuí tohé (little sister tohé). Among Savanna Pumé this is an all-night singing bout performed by older women. An individual woman performs this singing on her own from her hammock over the same time period as the community wide tohé dance, from approximately sunset until sunrise. River Pumé women normally conduct the añikuí tohé during the daytime and it often is of shorter duration than the Savanna Pumé version. Savanna Pumé women only do the little sister tohé during the evening and it always lasts the entire night. The añikuí tohé is much less frequently sung than the community-wide dances among the Savanna Pumé. Because the River Pumé version can be much shorter and is a daytime curing ceremony, it has more often been observed by ethnographers. The Savanna Pumé little sister tohé is always performed during an evening when the community tohé is held. Savanna Pumé women singing the añikuí tohé sing continuously for 11 hours with no break from the performance. They may smoke tobacco during the evening from their hammocks, but not as prodigiously as the leader of the community dances. No musical instrument is used by women during their singing of the rhythmically and melodically complex little sister tohé song cycles. The purpose of the añikuí tohé appears to be similar to the stated reasons for the community wide tohé, for curing, and for personal insight into current issues or problems affecting the community, the singer, or her family. The practice of the añikuí tohé demonstrates the importance of women in Pumé society and remains an important cultural element of the Savanna and River Pumé.
The Pumé have a number of effective plant-based medicines that are used in treating a range of illnesses and minor traumas. They make unguents that aid in the healing of cuts, other wounds, and skin irritations, and prepare other medicines for pain, snakebite, and other maladies. Other medicinal chants, touching, and the commonly observed "sucking-cure" may offer psychological help for minor ailments and normal fluctuations in mood. Community support for ill or distressed individuals likewise may be a rational and effective means of promoting health and psychological healing. All Pumé are aware of the efficacy of western medicines and desire greater access to them.
See also Puana, a goddess in Yaruro mythology.
Outside pressures
The Pumé have had contact with Europeans since at least the 17th century. The greatest amount of contact has been among River Pumé communities because they are located on the primary transportation routes within the llanos. Early missionary work and subsequent development has resulted in dramatic changes among groups nearest to population centers of non-Pumé. The lack of significant economic development in much of this region has left most Pumé communities minimally affected by some of the rapid changes affecting traditional populations in other parts of Venezuela and throughout the world. This is especially true of Savanna Pumé who live away from the major tributaries of the Orinoco River. All Pumé have experienced changes in many areas of their life, especially during the 20th century. Increased occupation of some parts of the llanos occurred from the 1960s onwards. Opportunities for wage labor brought access to market goods, but also introduced alcohol, evangelical Christian missionary influences, and conflicts with some Criollos (but certainly not all) that were considered undesirable outcomes of greater contact with the larger Venezuelan culture and economy. In some highly acculturated Pumé communities, problems from the introduction of alcohol have resulted in few or no tohe performances and village participation in dance, an outcome considered socially destructive by community members who still value this vital aspect of Pumé culture. Most Pumé communities do not have clear land ownership rights to the areas that they occupy. Mandates under the Chavez administration prioritized land tenure as a goal for helping indigenous populations throughout Venezuela. This program has realized variable successes throughout the country, however only some Pumé communities have been given legal protection of some or all of their lands. The Pumé themselves express a desire for the protection of their lands from potential encroachment. They also emphasize the importance of preserving their traditional culture, language, and dance as well as access to some outside assistance such as medical attention, tools, and other market goods.
Notes
References
Besnerais, Henry le. 1954. Contribution à l’étude des Indiens Yaruro (Vénézuéla): quelques observations sur le territoire, l’habitat et la population. Journal de la Société des Américanistes XLIII:109-122
Barreto, Daisy J. & Pedro J. Rivas 2007. "Los Pumé (Yaruro)." In Salud Indígena en Venezuela, Vol. 2, edited by G. Freire and A. Tillet, pp. 247–329. Direccón de Salud Indígena, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela, Caracas.
Gragson, Ted L. 1989. "Allocation of time to subsistence and settlement in a Ciri Khonome Pumé village of the Llanos of Apure, Venezuela." Ph.D. thesis. Pennsylvania State University, Pittsburgh
Greaves, Russell D. 1997. "Ethnoarchaeological investigation of subsistence mobility, resource targeting, and technological organization among Pumé foragers of Venezuela." Ph.D. thesis. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
Greaves Russell D. 1997. Hunting and multifunctional use of bows and arrows: ethnoarchaeology of technological organization among Pumé hunters of Venezuela. In Projectile Technology, edited by H. Knecht, pp. 287–320. Plenum Press, New York.
Kramer, Karen L. and Russell D. Greaves. 2016. "Diversify or replace: what happens when cultigens are introduced into hunter-gatherer diets." In Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century, edited by B. F. Codding and K. L. Kramer, pp. 15–42. School for Advanced Research Press and University of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, Albuquerque.
Leeds, Anthony. 1961. "The Yaruro incipient tropical forest horticulture: possibilities and limits." In The Evolution of Horticultural Systems in Native South America: Causes and Consequences, edited by J. Wilbert, pp. 13–46. Antropológica Supplement No 2. Editorial Sucre, Caracas.
Mitrani, Philippe. 1988. "Los Pumé (Yaruro)". In "Los Aborígenes de Venezuela, Vol. III, Etnología Contemporánea II", edited by Jacques Lizot pp. 147–213. Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Monte Avila Editores, Caracas.
Orobitg Canal, Gemma. 1998. Les Pumé et leurs rêves:êtude d’un groupe indien des plaines du Venezuela. Ordres Sociaux, Éditions des Archives Contemporaines, Países Bajos, Amsterdam,
Petrullo, Vincenzo. 1939. "The Yaruros of the Capanaparo River, Venezuela." Anthropological Papers 11, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 123. pp. 161–290. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Yu, Pei-Lin. 1997. Hungry Lightning: Notes of a Woman Anthropologist in Venezuela. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
External links
Yaruro language dictionary online from IDS
Ethnoarchaeology among the Pumé
Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
Circum-Caribbean tribes
Hunter-gatherers
Hunter-gatherers of South America |
The Xujiang Xiaowo Stone Inscription () is an epigraphy in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County, Taiwan.
History
During the Ming Dynasty under Jiajing Emperor, Yu Dayou was appointed as the battalion commander and assigned to guard Kinmen. During his term, he was inspired to recite poet. He engraved the words Xujiang Xiaowo () on a big boulder. When his deputy commander Yang Hongju took over the task to guard Kinmen, Yang engraved the words Dizhu on nearby rocks. He also built a pavilion in front of the boulder and hung the inscription Houle which was then known as the Xiaowo Pavilion. The pavilion was then once destroyed but was soon restored.
In 1728, a garrison commander Lu Ruilin inscribed the words Ruhua on the left of Yang's epitaph. Zhujie of Yanshan inscribed the words Daguan at the higher part. To the right of Yang's epitaph, there are the words Guanhai. There are also two poems engraved on the stone tablets made by Ding Yizhong and Xu Nanfeng during their visit to Kinmen and a chronicle of Xiaowo Pavilion made by Yang Hongju.
See also
List of tourist attractions in Taiwan
References
Buildings and structures in Kinmen County
Epigraphy
Jincheng Township |
Fidenza (, locally ) is a town and (municipality) in the province of Parma, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It has around 27,000 inhabitants. The town was renamed Fidenza in 1927, recalling its Roman name of ; before, it was called Borgo San Donnino ().
History
The town originates from a Roman camp (Fidentia) founded on the place where the Ananes Gauls had their settlement of Vicumvia (Latin Victumviae or Victumulae). In 41 BC, it received the Roman citizenship and became a municipium.
In the 5th century, it was destroyed by Constantine I. From 1092 to 1100, Borgo San Donnino was the seat of King Conrad II of Italy. In the same year, it became a commune, confirmed in 1162 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who entrusted it to the Pallavicino family of Piacenza. In 1199, it was conquered by Parma, but was freed in 1221 by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen. In 1268 the city was however destroyed by the troops of Parma. It was rebuilt around 1300; from 1346 to 1447, it was under a discontinuous lordship of the Visconti of Milan. In 1449, it was conquered by the new Milanese lords, the Sforza, who held it until 1499.
After the date, it continued to change move to an autonomous state to the subjection to Parma until 1556, when it became part of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. After a period under France during the Napoleonic Wars, it was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1859, during the unification of Italy.
The city underwent a large program of expansion during the Fascist government of Italy. It changed its name from Borgo Donnino to Fidenza in 1927. In May 1944, the city was bombed by Allied planes and nearly destroyed. In the Spring 1945, the German occupation troops perpetrated several massacres, such as that of the Carzole and of Via Baracca. It was conquered by the Allies on 26 April 1945.
Main sights
The Fidenza Cathedral is the most prominent building, built in the 12th century and dedicated to Domninus of Fidenza, martyred by order of Maximian in 304 AD. The town's name prior to 1927, Borgo San Donnino, reflected its patron saint.
The lower part of the cathedral facade exemplifies Lombard-Romanesque church architecture and decoration of the 11th to 13th centuries. The three stone portals are garlanded with statuary, including two saints by Benedetto Antelami and bas-reliefs depicting the Histories of St Domninus. The statue at the front of the cathedral of the apostle Simon Peter is famous for its pointing in the direction of Rome, held in the left hand is an inscription reading "I show you the way to Rome", thus said to be one of the world's first road signs. The interior remains simple and well-proportioned, not tarnished by restoration. Enrichetta d'Este, Duchess of Parma is buried here.
Remnants of Fidenza's medieval period cluster near the cathedral, including Porta San Donnino, the only surviving medieval gate, built in 1364 by the Visconti rulers.
Sant'Antonio Abate: 12th century Romanesque-style church.
Santa Margherita: 12th century Romanesque-style church.
Santa Maria Annunziata: 13th century Baroque-style church.
Palazzo Comunale: medieval town hall, documented since 1191. The current structure dates from the 14th century, but the façade was added in the 19th century. After being destroyed by Spanish and French troops during the Italian Wars, it was rebuilt and enlarged.
Sport
Fidenza 1922 is the local football club, playing in Serie D.
Twin towns
Canterbury, United Kingdom
Herrenberg, Germany
Kremnica, Slovakia
Sisteron, France
References
External links
Diario di Fidenza
Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna |
Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide ( or GaInPAsSb) is a semiconductor material.
Research has shown that GaInAsSbP can be used in the manufacture of mid-infrared light-emitting diodes and thermophotovoltaic cells.
GaInAsSbP layers can be grown by heteroepitaxy on indium arsenide, gallium antimonide and other materials. The exact composition can be tuned in order to make it lattice matched. The presence of five elements in the alloy allows extra degrees of freedom, making it possible to fix the lattice constant while varying the bandgap. E.g. Ga0.92In0.08P0.05As0.08Sb0.87 is lattice matched to InAs.
See also
Aluminium gallium phosphide
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
Indium gallium arsenide phosphide
Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
Indium gallium arsenide antimonide
References
III-V semiconductors
Gallium compounds
Indium compounds
Arsenides
Antimonides
Phosphides
III-V compounds |
Desmond Hector (born 14 November 1968) is a Guyanese middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Guyanese male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Guyana
Commonwealth Games competitors for Guyana
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Guyana
Competitors at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games
Place of birth missing (living people)
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Pan American Games competitors for Guyana |
William E. Miller (1914–1983) was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives.
William E. Miller may also refer to:
William Ernest Miller (1908–1976), United States Federal Judge
William E. Miller (soldier, born 1836), American soldier and politician, Medal of Honor recipient
William E. Miller (Iowa judge), justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
See also
William Miller (disambiguation)
William Edward Miller (disambiguation) |
Jan Dara may refer to:
The Story of Jan Dara, a novel by Utsana Phloengtham; see Jan Dara the Beginning
Jan Dara (2001 film), a Thai film adapted from the novel and directed by Nonzee Nimibutr
Directed by Bhandevanov Devakula:
Jan Dara the Beginning, a 2012 film
Jan Dara: The Finale, a 2013 film |
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