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The Kazakh National Academy of Arts (abbr. KazNAA) is the main theatre, film, drama, and fine arts and design school in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The Academy (, T. Q. Jürgenov atyndağy Qazaq ūlttyq öner akademiasy) began as the theatrical faculty of the Kurmangazy Institute of Arts, known today as the Kazakh National Conservatory, in 1955. It was named after Temirbek Zhurgenov (1898-1939) in 1989.
At the Academy of Arts. T.K. Zhurgenova runs a student television studio, which is an important educational platform for developing students' creativity and demonstrating the result of their work in public.
The Academy carries out work on the international educational programs Erasmus +, Mevlana, DAAD.
History
The history of the Academy goes back to 1955, when the People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR A.T. Tokpanov opened the Theater Department at the Kurmangazy State Conservatory of Alma-Ata. In 1977 Alma-Ata theatrical art institute was established on its basis. In 1978 the first admission of students to the theatrical and art faculties was realized.
In the 1982-1983 academic year, the institute had 490 students, 95 teachers, including 5 professors and doctors of sciences, 7 associate professors and candidates of sciences.
On January 28, 1989 the institute was named after the first People's Commissar of Education of Kazakhstan, who made a great contribution to the development of national culture and art, Temirbek Karayevich Zhurgenov.
In 1993 the university was reorganized into Kazakh State Institute of Theatre and Cinema named after T.K.Zhurgenov and the Faculty of Cinema and TV was organized. On June 22, 1994 the Higher school of choreography at KazGITC named after T.K.Zhurgenov was founded, which was subsequently transformed to the faculty of choreography.
In 2000, through the merger of the Kazakh State Institute of Theater and Cinema named after T.K. Zhurgenov and the Kazakh State Academy of Art, the Kazakh State Academy of Arts named after T.K. Zhurgenov was established.
On July 5, 2001 by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan the Academy was given a special status of a national university. The main academic building of the Academy is located in the former building of the Sovnarkom of the Kazakh SSR, architect M.Y. Ginzburg (1927-1930).
Faculties
Theater arts
Musical art
Choreography
Film, TV, and Art History
Variety Art
Painting, Sculpture, Design and Applied Art
Student telestudio
The Academy of Arts named after T.K. Zhurgenov has a student television studio, which is an important educational platform to develop students' abilities to create and demonstrate the result of their work publicly.
Rectors
1975-1985 - G.A. Dzhanysbaeva.
1987-1989 - Aman Kulbayev
1989-1991 - Ashirbek Sygay
1991-1994 - Esmukhan Obayev
1994-2000 - Ibragimov U.Sh.
2000-2008 - Kishkashbaev T.A.
2008-2014 - Arystanbek Mukhamediuly
2014-2018 - Bibigul Nusipzhanova
2018-2019 - Askhat Maemirov
2019-2021 - Akan Abdualiev
2021-2022 - Sharipbek Amirbek
2022-present - Azamat Satybaldy
Academy building
After the transfer of the capital of the Kazakh SSR from Kyzylorda to Alma-Ata, it became necessary to build a new administrative center for state institutions. Therefore, the construction of a building for the Government of the Kazakh SSR (modern address - 136 Bogenbai Batyr Street) was carried out in 1927-1931. The authors of the project were M. Ginzburg and F. Milinis, the engineer was V. Orlovsky. The design of the building won the All-Union competition of the Moscow Architectural Society.
The building was occupied by the famous Soviet figure L.I. Mirzoyan, the First Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Kazakhstan.
In 1941 the building was reconstructed by architects B. Dergachev, G. Kushnarenko and engineer N. Orazmybetov, as a result of which the wings were completed and the roof was replaced.
After the construction of a new government building in 1958, the structure was transferred to the Kazakh State University named after S. M. Kirov. During this period, there was a monument to Kirov in the vestibule of the academic building.
In 1982, the building housed the Theatre and Art Institute, which later got a new name - Almaty Institute of Theatre and Cinema named after Zhurgenov. Zhurgenov Almaty Institute of Theater and Cinematography.
The building currently houses the Zhurgenov Kazakh National Academy of Arts.
Reference list
Buildings and structures in Almaty
Universities in Kazakhstan |
Kujtim Çashku (born 5 August 1950) is an Albanian film director and screenwriter who has won numerous awards at international film festivals, including the Critics Prize at the 1996 Bastia Mediterranean Film Festival and the UNESCO Award at the 1998 Venice Film Festival for Colonel Bunker, the Best Screenplay Award, the FIRESCI Prize and the Silver Pyramid at the 2005 Cairo International Film Festival as well as the Bronze Palm at the Valencia Festival of Mediterranean Cinema for The Magic Eye, and the CEI Award at the Trieste Film Festival for his "brave commitment to the development of Albanian cinema". He is the founder and director of Tirana's Marubi Film & Multimedia School, the first film university in Albania, as well as the supervisor of OraFilm, Albania's first film production company, and founder-organizer of Albania's first Human Rights Film Festival (IHRFFA).
Career as filmmaker and educator
A native of Tirana, Kujtim Çashku studied at the city's Higher Institute of Arts as well as at Institute of Theater and Film Art in Bucharest and started in the filmmaking profession in 1975, working as an assistant director. During the succeeding years, as his career took him to France, Poland and Germany, he became, in the process, Albania's internationally best-known cinema personality for directing the 1989 romantic drama Ballad of Kurbin<ref>Cornell, Katherine F (1992). After the wall: Eastern European cinema since 1989", Cineaste, September 22 (discussion of Ballad of Kurbin)]</ref> as well as for writing and directing the 1996 political drama Colonel Bunker, which became the official Albanian submission for the Academy Awards and won international prizes, including the 1998 prestigious CIFT ETC Enrico Fulghinoni in Venice. His most publicized international success came with the 2005 road movie, Magic Eye, which won 9 international awards, including FIPRESCI 2005, "Silver Pyramid" for Best Screen Play and Best Actor at the 2005 Cairo International Film Festival, "Bronze Palm" for Best Cinematography and Best Music at 2006 Mostra Valencia, as well as CEI Award and Third Best Film Audience Award at 2007 Trieste International Film Festival.
Filmography
1976 Pranverë në zemrat tona [Spring in Our Hearts] (documentary)
1977 Ata ishin katër [They Were Only Four] with Esat Musliu
1979 Ballë për ballë [Face to Face] with Piro Milkani
1980 Pas vdekjes[After Death]
1982 Shokët [Comrades]
1983 Dora e ngrohtë [A Man's Handshake]
1985 Të paftuarit [The Uninvited] based on the writings of Ismail Kadare
1987 Vrasje ne gjueti [Killing During a Hunt]
1989 Balada e Kurbinit [Ballad of Kurbin]
1996 Kolonel Bunker [Colonel Bunker]
2004 Syri magjik [The Magic Eye]
Screenplays
1996 Koloneli Bunker [Colonel Bunker]
2003 Equinox2004 Syri magjik [The Magic Eye]
References
Bibliography
Wiśniewski, Jerzy (1997). "Mirror of the Soul": interview with Kujtim Çashku. Albanian Review, 2.
Hoxha, Abaz (2002). Enciklopedia e kinematografise shqiptare. Autore & vepra [Encyclopedia of Albanian Cinema. Directors & Titles''. Tirana: Toena.
External links
Albanian Film Archives website
Albanian film directors
Albanian screenwriters
Albanian educators
People from Tirana
1950 births
Living people
Merited Artists of Albania |
Homalenotus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae from Southern Europe and North Africa.
Species
Homalenotus armatus (Roewer, 1915)
Homalenotus buchneri (Schenkel, 1936)
Homalenotus coriaceus (Simon, 1879)
Homalenotus graecus Roewer, 1957
Homalenotus laranderas Grasshof, 1959
Homalenotus lusitanicus (Kulczynski, 1909)
Homalenotus machadoi (Rambla, 1968)
Homalenotus maroccanus Roewer, 1957
Homalenotus monoceros C.L.Koch, 1839
Homalenotus oraniense (Lucas, 1847)
Homalenotus quadridentatus (Cuvier, 1795)
Homalenotus remyi (Roewer, 1957)
Homalenotus roeweri Kraus, 1959
References
Harvestmen
Harvestman genera |
Gavriil Nikolayevich Zhulev (, 5 July 1836, Spasskoye, Bronnitsky Uyezd, Moscow Governorate, — 12 July 1878, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian satirical poet, dramatist and actor.
Biography
A St Petersburg Theatre college alumnus, Zhulev started out as a professional actor and joined the Alexandrinka troupe (where his sister Yekaterina Zhuleva was by this time a well-known actress) in 1853 which he stayed with until 1875. Invited to Iskra by Nikolai Kurochkin, Zhulev debuted as published author in 1860 to become a regular and prolific contributor to this magazine, as well as Budilnik, Peterburgskaya Gazeta, Peterburgsky Listok and Strekoza (in which he edited the poetry section), using the pen names Skorbny Poet (Mournful Poet), Debutante, and Gus (Goose). Zhulev released two collections of poetry, which he compiled himself, Pesni Skorbnogo poeta (Songs of the Mournful Poet, 1863) and Bah! Znakomuye vse litsa! (Bah! All Familiar Faces, 1871), the former having been favourably (even if very briefly) reviewed by Saltykov-Shchedrin. "The Poverty, which merrily mocks itself and laughs whole-heartedly at the rich man's obnoxiousness... is Mournful Poet's major motif," the Iskra preface read. Zhulev co-authored a dozen plays, with Ivan Chernyshov, Alexander Sokolov, Nikolai Leykin and Sergey Khudekov. Mostly vaudevilles, they have been produced on stage, enjoyed some success but were ignored by critics.
References
1836 births
1878 deaths
People from Bronnitsky Uyezd
Male poets from the Russian Empire
Russian satirists
Russian male dramatists and playwrights
Dramatists and playwrights from the Russian Empire
19th-century pseudonymous writers |
This is a list of councillors and aldermen elected or co-opted to the London County Council from its creation under the Local Government Act 1888 until 1919. There were nine triennial elections of the whole council during this period. Elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War.
Elections resumed in 1919 under new electoral boundaries and are detailed in List of members of London County Council 1919–37.
Councillors 1889–1898
Elections of councillors were held every three years. There were 118 councillors, with four elected to represent the City of London and two each for 57 electoral divisions. The divisions were identical to the constituencies for elections to the United Kingdom House of Commons that had been created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. The Progressive Party won a majority of seats in the 1889 elections, and retained it until 1907.
‡ The Lady Sandhurst (Progressive) received the second highest number of votes. However Beresford-Hope, who came third, petitioned on the grounds that a woman was not eligible to hold a seat on the county council. His petition was allowed and he was deemed elected.
¶ Previously an alderman.
§ Jane Cobden (later Mrs Fisher Unwin), although elected, as a woman was barred from voting, making it effectively vacant from 1889 to 1892.
Party strength 1889–1898
The strength of the parties on the council after each election was as follows:
Councillors 1898–1907
In 1904 the London School Board was abolished, and its responsibilities were transferred to the county council. At the 1904 election a number of outgoing school board members were elected as councillors.
¶ Previously an alderman.
Party strength 1898–1907
The strength of the parties on the council after each election was as follows:
County aldermen 1889–1913
In addition to the 118 councillors the council consisted of 19 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Half of the aldermanic bench (nine or ten aldermen) were elected every three years following the tri-ennial council election. In the first election of aldermen in February 1889, ten of the nineteen chosen had three-year terms, retiring in 1892.
1889–1892 term
♦ Election held to fill two vacancies (Beaufoy and Morley)
1889–1895 term
1892–1898 term
‡ re-elected alderman † previously a councillor ♣ previously an alderman (as Arthur Arnold), 1889–1895
1895–1901 term
♦ Election held to fill three vacancies (Farrer, Hubbard and Lushington)
1898–1904 term
1901–1907 term
1904–1910 term
‡ re-elected alderman † previously a councillor
♦ Election held to fill two vacancies (Mowatt and Sandhurst)
1907–1913 term
Councillors 1907–1919
In 1906 the Moderate grouping was reorganised as the Municipal Reform Party and as such gained a majority and control of the Council in the 1907 elections. Labour Party councillors were also elected for the first time independent of the Progressive Party in 1910. The elections due to be held in 1916 were postponed due to the First World War, and councillors elected in 1913 remained in office until 1919. The Elections and Registration Act 1915 gave the council the power to co-opt members to fill casual vacancies.
The first women who could clearly serve as members were elected as councillors (and as an alderman) in 1910 (Henrietta Adler, Susan Lawrence and Lady St Helier). Prior to the Qualification of Women (County and Borough Councils) Act 1907, the position was in some respects equivocal. Lady Sandhurst had been elected to the Council in 1889, but her election was challenged by petition, and the Court of Appeal ruled that a woman was ineligible for election. Jane Cobden had, however, also been elected in 1889, and Emma Cons had been elected as an alderman in 1889; neither of their elections was challenged within the requisite time limit. The Court of Appeal subsequently held, however, following Lady Sandhurst's case, that any woman who cast a vote would be voting whilst disqualified from holding office, and so liable to a financial penalty for having voted.
¶ Previously an alderman.
Party strength 1907–1919
The strength of the parties on the council after each election was as follows:
County aldermen 1910–1919
Ten aldermen were appointed in 1910 and nine in 1913 to serve a six-year term. Elections due in 1916 were postponed until 1919, and vacancies were filled by co-option.
See also
1901 London County Council election
1910 London County Council election
1913 London County Council election
List of members of London County Council 1919–37
List of members of London County Council 1937–49
List of members of London County Council 1949–65
List of chairmen of the London County Council
References
London County Council |
Hassall Hall is a former manor house to the east of the village of Hassall, Cheshire, England. The house dates from the 17th century, and was re-fronted in the 19th century. It has since been divided into two houses. It is constructed in rendered brick and has a slate roof. The house has an H-plan. The entrance front is symmetrical, in two storeys, with five bays. The central three bays are recessed and the middle bay contains a doorway. The doorway is flanked by Tuscan pillars, and above the door is an open pediment enclosing a fanlight. The houses are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire East
Listed buildings in Hassall
References
Houses completed in the 19th century
Country houses in Cheshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed houses |
"Simply Amazing" is a song by American recording artist Trey Songz for his fifth studio album, Chapter V (2012). It was written by Songz, Najja McDwell with its producers Troy Taylor and Christopher Umana. It was released as the third single from the album in Europe on August 3, 2012. "Simply Amazing" is a pop and pop rock song built as an acoustic-driven, midtempo ballad, while also having R&B beats and Songz' smooth vocals.
Lyrically, "Simply Amazing" is a love song about someone who rekindled the protagonist's belief in love. It received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised his seductive vocals as well as its pop chorus. Critics also found similarities with Usher songs and predicted it would be his crossover hit. It indeed charted very high in the United Kingdom, peaking at number eight and becoming his first UK top-ten hit.
Background and release
After releasing his fourth studio album, Passion, Pain & Pleasure (2010), Trey Songz released his first EP, Inevitable, in 2011. The EP features five songs that were recorded, but not included on his then upcoming album, Chapter V which was set to be released in 2012. According to him, the album was "a representation of his past, present and future musically." Its lead-single, "Heart Attack", was released on March 26, 2012, followed by "2 Reasons", the album's second single, released on June 12, 2012. "Simply Amazing" was then released as "Chapter V"'s second single in Europe on August 3, 2012, and in the UK on August 12, 2012.
Composition and lyrics
"Simply Amazing" was written by Trey Songz, Najja McDowell, Troy Taylor and Christopher 'C4' Umana, with the latter two also serving as the producers of the song. It is a pop and pop rock acoustic guitar-driven song, with a finger-snapping R&B beat, soft guitars and a pulsing beat, underlined by Songz' smooth vocal. Lyrically, "Simply Amazing" finds the singer soulfully rhapsodizing about a woman who rekindled his belief in love, as he declares his undying love for his lady. According to Songz, "Simply Amazing" is one of the most important songs of his career, also noting that it defined his growth as an artist.
Critical reception
"Simply Amazing" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Taj Rani of Billboard claimed that "Simply Amazing" is a result of an experiment where Shania Twain and the Backstreet Boys birthed a mainstream ballad," also noting that "Trey's seductive vocals bring a warm welcome into the pop realm." While calling it "a certified hit", Maz of MTV News noted that the song is "melodic and reminiscent of early Usher." In similar vein, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that the song "has the pop pomp of recent Usher hits." Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe indicated that the song "might be the big crossover pop hit that exposes him to a whole new audience." Nathan S. of DJ Booth agreed, claiming that it "goes for that crossover appeal with an acoustic guitar-driven cut that Songz does his damnedest to make the kind of song just as likely to get played on VH1 as BET." While Richard, also of DJ Booth, praised its producers for "provid[ing] an appropriately sweeping backdrop for the artist’s heartfelt vocals."
Alex Macpherson of The Guardian felt that the song has an "anthemic pop chorus", while Glen Gamboa of Newsday described it as a "rockish anthem". Elysa Gardner of USA Today picked the song as one of the tracks on the album to "download" and website Rap-Up chose it as one of the publication's favorite tracks. While reviewing Chapter V, Lewis Corner of Digital Spy wrote that the song is a " mid-tempo ballad that will seduce many a swooning teenager." Robert Copsey, of the same publication, wrote a separate review of the song, analyzing that "it's not his strongest offering as he sings smitten about losing himself under the covers with his freshest catch over an all-too-familiar finger-snapping R&B beat," also noting that "it lacks the bite of recent cuts 'Bottoms Up' or 'Heart Attack'."
Music video
The music video for "Simply Amazing" was filmed in early July 2012 and was directed by Justin Francis. The video premiered on July 23, 2012.
Track listing
Charts
In the United Kingdom, "Simply Amazing" became Songz' first top ten hit, entering the UK Singles Chart at number 8. It also became his first number 1 single on the UK R&B Chart.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2012 singles
Trey Songz songs
2011 songs
Songs written by Trey Songz
Atlantic Records singles |
Saint-Cyr-du-Gault () is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Loir-et-Cher department
References
Communes of Loir-et-Cher |
Raymond Parkin (28 January 1911 – 18 July 1971) was an English professional footballer who played at inside right and later in his career at right half. He spent a large part of his career at Arsenal, where he played mainly in the reserves, and also appeared for Middlesbrough, before becoming a regular member of Southampton's Second Division side.
Football career
Parkin was born in Crook, County Durham and played his youth football at Esh Winning before joining Newcastle United as an amateur in October 1926.
He made no first-team appearances for Newcastle and moved south to join First Division Arsenal in February 1928. His Arsenal debut came in a 5–1 defeat at Sunderland on 1 January 1929. He was in and out of the side for the rest of the season and scored his first goals for Arsenal when he netted twice in a 7–1 victory over Bury on 30 March, with David Jack scoring four goals. Despite scoring three goals in five matches in his debut season, Parkin made no first-team appearances in the next two seasons, and it was not until September 1931 that he made another Football League appearance. On 30 January 1932, he scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 victory over Manchester City.
Although Parkin remained with Arsenal until January 1936, he only made eleven appearances in his final four seasons, before being transferred to Middlesbrough for a fee of £2,500. He appeared regularly for Arsenal's reserve team, making 232 appearances and winning the Combination League five times. In his eight years at Highbury, he only made 26 first-team appearances, scoring 11 goals.
After nearly two years at Middlesbrough with only six first-team appearances, he moved in September 1937 for a fee of £1,500 to Southampton, where his former Arsenal teammate, Tom Parker, was manager. Parkin scored on his Saints debut, a 3–3 draw with West Ham United on 18 September. He made 13 appearances at inside right, before losing his place to another new signing, Ted Bates in December. Parkin was recalled to the side in February, and remained in the side for the rest of the season, either at inside right or centre forward.
The following season, Parkin was moved to right half to replace Cyril King, retaining his place for the rest of the season. In September 1939, he played twice before the Football League was abandoned for the Second World War.
Honours
Arsenal
Football Combination (formerly the London Combination) champions: 1928–29, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1933–34, 1934–35
World War II and after
During the Second World War, "the Board gave permission for Parkin to guest for Holiday Sports". After 1945 he worked in a coalmine not far from Leicester, as an electrician.
References
External links
Career details on www.11v11.com
1911 births
1971 deaths
People from Crook, County Durham
Footballers from County Durham
English men's footballers
Newcastle United F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Esh Winning F.C. players |
Noqaddeh (, also Romanized as Naqadeh and Noqqadeh; also known as Naqdī and Noqaddī) is a village in Hayaquq-e Nabi Rural District, in the Central District of Tuyserkan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 589, in 129 families.
References
Populated places in Tuyserkan County |
This is a list of destinations served or previously served by JetBlue . The American low-cost airline operates a fleet of Airbus and Embraer aircraft throughout the United States, northern and central Latin America, the Caribbean, as well as Europe, with most of its operations within the eastern United States.
Top domestic markets
Destinations
References
Lists of airline destinations
destinations |
Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro (, ) was a predecessor of the Kalhora dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Deen Muhammad. Nasir's tomb is sited in Dadu District, Khairpur Nathan Shah near the village of Garhi in Sindh, Pakistan.
Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro belonged to the Kalhora family whose first historical personality was Adam Shah Kalhoro whose shrine is at heart of the city Sukkur. Nasir Muhammad succeeded legacy of forefathers and their Mianwal Movement which struggled against the Mughal Empire He was a spiritual leader of the Mianwal Movement. During movement against Mughals, Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro was imprisoned by Mughals in Gwalior jail and was conditionally released from jail.
References
Sindhi people
History of Sindh
17th-century monarchs in Asia |
Agnes of Jesus, OP (born Agnès Galand and also known as Agnes of Langeac; 17 November 1602 – 19 October 1634) was a French Catholic nun of the Dominican Order. She was prioress of her monastery at Langeac, and is venerated in the Catholic Church, having been beatified by Pope John Paul II on 20 November 1994.
Life
Agnès Galand was born on 17 November 1602 in Le Puy-en-Velay, France, the third of seven children of Pierre Galand, a cutler by trade, and his wife, Guillemette Massiote. When she was five years old, Galand was entrusted to a religious institute for her education. Even from that early age, she showed a strong sense of spiritual maturity. She consecrated herself to the Virgin Mary at the age of seven.
Galand joined the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine of Siena at Langeac in 1623. At her receiving of the religious habit she took the name Agnes of Jesus. Soon after her own profession, she was assigned to serve as the Mistress of novices for the community. Galand was elected to lead her community as prioress in 1627. She was later deposed from this office, but she accepted her demotion with indifference and grace.
She died on 19 October 1634 in Langeac.
Spiritual legacy
Notable visions
Galand was noted even during her lifetime as a mystic. Louis Marie de Montfort records the following anecdote:
I shall simply relate an incident which I read in the life of Mother Agnes of Jesus, a Dominican nun of the convent of Langeac in Auvergne. ... One day the Blessed Virgin appeared to Mother Agnes and put a gold chain around her neck to show her how happy she was that Mother Agnes had become the slave of both her and her Son. And St. Cecilia, who accompanied our Lady, said to her, "Happy are the faithful slaves of the Queen of Heaven, for they will enjoy true freedom."
In 1631, Galand experienced the most famous of her visions, in which the Blessed Virgin Mary urged her to pray for an unknown priest with the command, "Pray to my Son for the Abbé of Prébrac (near Cugnaux)." Jean-Jacques Olier was the current holder of that office, and while at a retreat led by Vincent de Paul, he experienced a vision in which Galand appeared to him, though he was unacquainted with her. He sought out the nun who had appeared to him in the dream. When he met Galand, she told him: "I have received orders from the Holy Virgin to pray for you. God has destined you to open the first seminaries in France." Olier would go on to found the Society of Saint-Sulpice. Before her death, she related to her community her great desire that they pray for priests. She also had visions of both her guardian angel and Satan.
Veneration and beatification
A cause for her beatification was introduced on 19 March 1713. She was declared venerable on 19 March 1808 by Pope Pius VII. Pope John Paul II beatified her on 20 November 1994. At her beatification ceremony, John Paul II called Galand "truly blessed", noting her willingness to submit to God's plan for her, "offering her intellect, will, and freedom to the Son of Man, that he might transform them and harmonize them totally with his own!" Her feast day is 19 October.
Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier, beatified on the same day as Galand, cited the example of Galand's life as his inspiration for joining the Dominican Order. He would go on to be elected the seventy-sixth Master General of the Dominicans in 1904.
References
External links
Monastère de Langeac (Monastère Sainte-Catherine-de-Sienne)
A spiritual biography of Bl. Agnes
1602 births
1634 deaths
17th-century Christian mystics
People from Le Puy-en-Velay
Dominican nuns
Dominican beatified people
17th-century French nuns
Dominican mystics
French beatified people
Marian visionaries
Angelic visionaries
Venerated Catholics by Pope Pius VII
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II |
The Reform Party of Canada fielded candidates in every Canadian province except Quebec in the 1993 federal election. Fifty-two candidates were elected. Many of the party's candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here.
Ontario
Lincoln: Andy Sweck
Andy Sweck was born in Hamilton, and is of Polish and Ukrainian background. He has a Bachelor's Degree from McMaster University, and joined Stelco as a graduate trustee in 1978. At the time of his political career, he was a senior supervisor for the company. He joined the Reform Party in 1991, and was a founding member of its Hamilton Mountain constituency association. He ran for the party in Lincoln in the 1993 federal election, and finished second against Liberal Tony Valeri.
Sweck ran against prominent national politician Sheila Copps in a 1996 by-election. His campaign was marked by controversy: one day after he was chosen as a candidate, Sweck fired Terry Ott as his campaign manager. Ott later claimed that he was dismissed at the behest of the party's national executive, who were seeking to take over the local campaign. Sweck rejected this explanation, and said that he simply did not believe Ott was the most qualified person for the position. Ott also said that the nomination meeting had been rigged in Sweck's favour; both Sweck and the defeated candidate denied this.
Sweck sought to focus attention on Copps's record, and particularly her party's broken promise on eliminating Canada's Goods and Services Tax. He also called for reforms to the Young Offenders Act, such that persons as young as ten could be charged with committing violent crimes. He finished fourth, in what was considered a disappointing result for the party, and returned to private life.
Nickel Belt: Janice Weitzel
Janice Weitzel was a supply teacher. She received 5,604 votes (12.70%), finishing third against Liberal candidate Ray Bonin. Her campaign was generally regarded to have taken votes from the second-place New Democratic Party, and to have indirectly helped the Liberals.
Ottawa—Vanier: Sam Dancey
Dancey holds a Master of Arts degree (1981) from the Occidental Institute of Chinese Studies in Miami, Florida. He was thirty-nine years old during the election, and operated a foster home for emotionally disturbed children (Ottawa Citizen, 7 October 1993). He promoted fast expansion of Highway 16 and improved air links with the United States, and rejected suggestions that the Reform Party's plans to reduce the national civil service would cause significant unemployment rises in Ottawa Citizen, 7 October 1993).
He received 3,830 votes (7.89%), finishing third against Liberal incumbent Jean-Robert Gauthier. He campaigned for the party's nomination in a 1995 by-election in Ottawa—Vanier, but lost to Kevin Gaudet (Ottawa Citizen, 7 January 1995).
Dancey wrote opinion-editorials on behalf of the Reform Party during the 1990s, arguing in support of "territorial bilingualism" (Montreal Gazette, 18 July 1994) and criticizing affirmative action programs as discriminatory (Ottawa Citizen, 23 July 1995). During the 1999 provincial election, he accused the labour movement of promoting violence at Queen's Park (Ottawa Citizen, 1 June 1999).
Parkdale—High Park: Lee Primeau
Primeau is a graduate of Southeastern University in Lakeland, Florida, and Missouri State University in Springfield, Missouri. He holds both Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees. He is also a business consultant, President and CEO of Leader_Shift Inc., and is the owner and co-founder of eSO’L Connection Inc. He was thirty-four years old at the time of the 1993 election, and lived in Mississauga. He received 6,647 votes (16.16%), finishing second against Liberal incumbent Jesse Flis.
Parry Sound—Muskoka: Jim Newman
Jim Newman worked on campaigns for the Liberal Party of Canada during Pierre Trudeau's leadership and joined the Reform Party in 1992. He was a real estate broker in Sundridge in 1993 and was president of the Eagle Lake Revolver Club. He received 13,022 votes (28.19%), finishing second against Liberal candidate Andy Mitchell.
As of 2010, Newman is leader of a small national organization called the Canadian Firearms Institute.
Scarborough Southwest: Aubrey Millard
Millard was a high school teacher and counsellor. He called for "greater certainty in criminal sentencing", and said he would work for the "integration of immigrants into society" (Toronto Star, 22 October 1993). At one all-candidates meeting, he argued that immigration levels to Canada were too high and should be cut in half. This remark was criticized by other candidates, and particularly by New Democrat Steve Thomas (Toronto Star, 19 October 1993). He received 8,314 votes (21.21%), finishing second against Liberal incumbent Tom Wappel.
St. Paul's: Paul Chaplin
Chaplin was a retired businessman at the time of the election. He initially sought the Reform Party's nomination in Don Valley West, but lost to John A. Gamble, a former Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) who was once an executive member of the World Anti-Communist League (Toronto Star, 1 April 1993). Gamble was later expelled from the party. Running in St. Paul's, Chaplin received 5,727 votes (11.20%), finishing third against Liberal candidate Barry Campbell.
Manitoba
Portage—Interlake: Don Sawatsky
Sawatsky was a businessman from Oak Bluff, dealing in mobile homes. He received 9,801 votes (27.48%), finishing second against Liberal candidate Jon Gerrard.
Sawatsky later served on the Reform Party's national council. In 1996, he argued that most Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba Members of the Legislative Assembly supported the Reform Party rather than the Progressive Conservative Party at the federal level. Two years later, he said that he could not envision a merger of the two federal parties.
In 2000, Sawatsky nominated Brian Pallister as a federal candidate for the Canadian Alliance party, a successor to Reform.
Winnipeg South: Mark Hughes
Hughes graduated from the University of Manitoba's Faculty of Agriculture in 1978, and was a farmer for ten years. He also began working as a pastor, and received a degree from Providence Theological Seminary in 1988. He is senior pastor of Church of the Rock Inc. as of 2004, and was a prominent organizer of Winnipeg's March for Jesus (Winnipeg Free Press, 9 June 2000).
Hughes was thirty-six years old during the 1993 election (Winnipeg Free Press, 19 September 1993). He created controversy in the campaign by arguing that a Reform government would give provinces more leeway in approving medical user fees, privately run hospitals and contracting-out of services (Winnipeg Free Press, 7 April 1993). When challenged as to whether or not the Reform party was a vehicle for the religious right, he responded, "Evangelicals feel at home. But there is a broad spectrum of every kind of faith - well, I don't see any Sikhs - but it's far from a right-wing religious party." (Globe and Mail, 28 December 1992). He received 14,822 votes (28.33%), finishing second against Liberal candidate Reg Alcock.
Hughes has been a vocal opponent of gay rights. In 1996, he launched a petition drive against a federal bill including sexual orientation in the Canadian Human Rights Act (Winnipeg Free Press, 8 May 1996). He also spoke against openly gay Winnipeg mayoral candidate Glen Murray in 1998, opposing what he described as "the values behind [Murray's] sexuality and the political agenda of those who share these same values" (Winnipeg Free Press, 13 November 1998).
Saskatchewan
Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing: Frederick Wesolowski
Wesolowski was born and raised in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and holds Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Saskatchewan and the University of Regina. He is a police officer, and has been a member of the Saskatoon Catholic School Board since 1988.
Wesolowski was first elected to the Catholic School Board in 1988, and has been re-elected in every campaign since them. When campaigning for re-election in 1997, he argued that Catholic students would be at risk "both spiritually and academically" if the Catholic school system were to shift away from a denominationally centred curriculum. (SSP, 20 October 1997). He also called for trustees to address the problem of poverty among students in the system.
While serving as trustee, Wesolowski has also made several unsuccessful bids for a seat on City Council. He targeted the Ward 3 incumbent in 1997 for voting against the police commission budget, and lost by only twenty-five votes. (SSP, 20 and 3 December 1997). He later campaigned for Ward 1 in 2000, seeking increases in the police budget and arguing that the city would have to hire more officers if it wanted to develop plans for community policing (SSP, 23 October 2000). He was again defeated. He has also lost bids for Ward 5 in 1994 and 2003 (SSP, 12 September 2000 + 23 October 2003).
Wesolowski supported affirmative action programs for Saskatoon Catholic teachers in 2001, arguing that past policies had discriminated against women and aboriginals. His initiative was defeated (Regina Leader-Post, 5 September 2001).
He finished a close second against New Democratic Party candidate Chris Axworthy in the 1993 election. He later ran for the Reform Party's nomination in Wanuskewin for the 1997 federal election, but lost to Maurice Vellacott (Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, 17 May 1997).
Souris—Moose Mountain: Doug Heimlick
Heimlick was defeated by Liberal Bernie Collins by 499 votes.
Alberta
Edmonton East: Linda Robertson
Robertson was defeated by Liberal Judy Bethel by 203 votes, but pushed NDP incumbent Ross Harvey into third place.
Edmonton North: Ron Mix
Mix was defeated by Liberal John Loney by 83 votes.
Candidates in subsequent by-elections
Brome—Missisquoi: Line Maheux
Line Maheux received 517 votes (1.38%), finishing fourth against Liberal Party candidate Denis Paradis. She later became a prominent strategist in the Reform Party and its successors, the Canadian Alliance and the Conservative Party of Canada.
References |
The 1945–46 Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey season was the 39th season of play for the program. The teams was coached by Nick Bawlf in his 24th season.
Season
Cornell opened its first post-war season with a rematch against Yale. The Elis had handled the Big Red in last season's finale and the Cornellians were looking to even the score. Unfortunately, the Big Red were only able to get in 4 days worth of practice prior to the game while Yale had been on the ice for over a month. The Bulldogs embarrassed Cornell in the game, building a 10–2 lead in the first two periods and then tacking on another 8 markers before time was called. It was the second-worst defeat in the history of the program but the team was able to rebound when they played their second game a week later. The team allowed 6 goals in the opening period but seemed to settle down afterwards. Though they lost to the Cadets, the score was much closer at 4–9.
The team returned to Ithaca for their only home game of the year, facing Colgate in the first of a weekend home-and-home series. From the start of the game, Cornell pressed their opponents and hemmed the Red Raiders in their own zone until finally score near the end of the first period. Colgate replied with a strong second frame and tied the score. Bruce Care scored the final goal in the third and earned Cornell its first win in over two years. The effort required to win the match seemed take everything the Big Red had to offer because two night later, Cornell fell to the same Colgate squad 1–9.
The team did not name a captain for the season.
Roster
Standings
Schedule and results
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" | Regular Season
References
Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey seasons
Cornell
Cornell
Cornell
Cornell |
Karne Prabhakar (born 1970) is an Indian politician and politburo member of Telangana Rashtra Samithi.
Early life
He was born in Samsthan Narayanpur, Nalgonda District. His father was a government school teacher and his mother was a farmer. He did his schooling at his village, intermediate first year in Hyderabad and second year in Bhongir. He graduated in BA from S.L.N.S. Degree College, Bhongir in 1991. He did his Diploma in Journalism. He started a students organization, Telangana Vidyarthi Sangam in college as a sympathizer for Telangana. He joined Telangana Maha Sabha, an organization for achieving Telangana State in 1996.
Career
He entered journalism by working as a freelancer and in 1995-96 worked with Gemini TV as a contributor. In 1991, he entered business in earth moving excavator Contractor and was successful.
Political career
He was inspired by K. Chandrashekar Rao for attainment of statehood for Telangana and joined TRS as founder member in 2001. He worked as youth president, General Secretary, spokesman in the party.
Karne Prabhakar contested as MLA candidate in 2004 for TRS but lost the election.
He is an MLC of Telangana Assembly and was youth wing state president of TRS party.
He is one of the key members in TRS. He speaks well and handles situations with sensibility. He is as MLC on Telangana Rashtra Samithi ticket. Previously, he worked as in charge for LB Nagar Constituency.
He is MLC in governor quota from 2014 to 2020-08-20.
References
Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians
Telugu people
Living people
People from Telangana
1970 births |
Cara Capuano is an American sports anchor for ESPNU. Before joining ESPNU in 2008, she was a former sports reporter for FSN. She joined Fox Sports Northwest in August 2004, as a reporter and anchor for the Northwest Sports Report and the Detroit Sports Report. She is a Southern Californian and will often go by the nickname "Cappy."
Other duties
Sideline reporter for Fox Sports NFL games.
NFL scoreboard in stadium update announcer for the Seattle Seahawks.
Life before sports
In 1995, Capuano graduated from University of California, San Diego with a cell biology and biochemistry degree and summa cum laude honors; she was also a Phi Beta Kappa.
She spent a year working on her doctorate at UCLA before deciding to leave the laboratory and pursue her dream career in sportscasting.
Sports career
Her sports journey started when she worked at both KCOP-TV and FSN in Los Angeles, where she started as a sports assistant.
In 1998, Capuano moved in front of the camera, moving to Bozeman, Montana, to work as the sports director at KCTZ.
Like Colin Cowherd, she spent some time serving as a play-by-play announcer, color analyst and sideline reporter for the matches between Montana State University and the University of Montana in football, volleyball and basketball. She worked for a year as a sports anchor and reporter in Corpus Christi, Texas.
ESPN
In 2000, she landed a position at ESPN. While in Bristol, Connecticut, Capuano spent her time on the anchor desk between ESPNEWS and SportsCenter. She also returned to the sidelines, calling play-by-play for Division I women's college basketball.
References
External links
College football announcers
National Football League announcers
Women's college basketball announcers in the United States
Softball announcers
Women sports announcers
ESPN people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of California, San Diego alumni
Montana State University System
Montana Grizzlies and Lady Griz
University of California, Los Angeles alumni |
Latab (, also Romanized as Latāb; also known as Latāb-e Soflá) is a village in Shabab Rural District, in the Shabab District of Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 386, in 85 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
Populated places in Chardavol County
Kurdish settlements in Ilam Province |
In typesetting, a sort or type is a block with a typographic character etched on it, used—when lined up with others—to print text. In movable-type printing, the sort or type is cast from a matrix mold and assembled by hand with other sorts bearing additional characters into lines of type to make up a form, from which a page is printed.
Background
From the invention of movable type up to the invention of hot metal typesetting essentially all printed text was created by selecting sorts from a type case and assembling them line by line into a form used to print a page. When the form was no longer needed all of the type had to be sorted back into the correct slots in the type case in a very time-consuming process called "distributing". This sorting process led to the individual pieces being called sorts. It is often claimed to be the root of expressions such as "out of sorts" and "wrong sort", although this connection is disputed.
During the hot metal typesetting era, printing equipment used matrices to cast type as needed during the typesetting process. The popular Linotype cast entire lines of text at once rather than individual sorts, while the less popular competitor Monotype still cast the sorts individually. Later, when phototypesetting replaced hot metal typesetting, sorts disappeared entirely from the mainstream printing process.
See also
History of western typography
Letterform
Matrix (printing)
Typeface
Typography
Typeface anatomy
References
Further reading
The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. under the title Lettering: The History and Technique of Lettering as Design.
External links
Typowiki , a type wiki at typophile.com
Metal Type - For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting
Typography
Typesetting |
Martha Mears was an eighteenth-century midwife and author.
Mears was a midwife, mother, and author in London, England. Her work, Pupil of Nature, was published in 1797. The full title is Pupil of Nature: Candid advice to the fair sex, on the subjects of pregnancy, childbirth, the diseases incident to both, the fatal effects of ignorance and quackery, and the most approved means of promoting health, strength and beauty of their offspring. It consists of 10 essays about topics from the state of the womb before and after conception, to the effect of music on nerves. She depicted the pregnant woman as a cluster of symptoms to be managed, particularly with regard to her psychological state. Mears subscribed to the common notion that "irritability" of the pregnant woman’s uterus induced a heightened "sensibility". The organization and broad scope of the text mirrored this representation of the body as a bundle of potential pathologies. A contemporary review of her work describes its purpose being to teach women the important advantages of pursuing nature's plans in everything that relates to the pregnant state. Mears' studied the writings of Harvey, Leake, Smellie and Denman.
Legacy
Mears' was the last major contributor to the eighteenth-century midwifery dispute. Her work is considered an eighteenth-century version of the popular prenatal guide What to Expect When You’re Expecting.
In 1979, the American feminist artist Judy Chicago paid tribute to her by quoting her in her major work The Dinner Party.
References
English midwives
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century British women writers
English medical writers
Women medical writers
18th-century births
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Writers from London |
```java
/*
* Neo4j Sweden AB [path_to_url
*
* This file is part of Neo4j.
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package apoc.export.csv;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.MappingIterator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.csv.CsvMapper;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.csv.CsvParser;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.List;
public class CsvTestUtil {
public static final CsvMapper CSV_MAPPER;
static {
CSV_MAPPER = new CsvMapper();
CSV_MAPPER.enable(CsvParser.Feature.WRAP_AS_ARRAY);
}
public static void saveCsvFile(String fileName, String content) throws IOException {
Files.write(Paths.get("src/test/resources/csv-inputs/" + fileName + ".csv"), content.getBytes());
}
public static List<String[]> toCollection(String csv) {
try {
MappingIterator<String[]> it = CSV_MAPPER
.readerFor(String[].class)
// .with(CsvSchema.emptySchema().withHeader())
.<String[]>readValues(csv.getBytes());
return it.readAll();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
``` |
The little Indochinese field rat (Rattus sakeratensis) is a common long-tailed rodent of the rat genus Rattus, in the family Muridae. It is mostly found in Southeast Asia, specifically concentrated in northern and central Thailand and the Vientiane Plain in northwestern Laos.
Initially considered to be a variant of Rattus losea, the little Indochinese field rat was recently determined to be its own separate species due to its propinquity with Rattus tanezumi.
References
Rats of Asia
Mammals described in 1917
sakeratensis |
Richard Parkes (born 29 January 1960) is a bagpiper from Northern Ireland and pipe major of Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band.
Life
Parkes was born in Belfast on 29 January 1960.
He started playing in Raffrey Pipe Band at the age of 9, and received tuition from Sandy Cummings. After taking a break of a few months, he returned to the band in 1971, by which time Raffrey had merged with Field Marshal Montgomery to become Freymont, in Grade 3. In 1976 it was decided to reform the band as Field Marshal Montgomery owing to the balance of players in Freymont. The band achieved promotion to Grade 2 under the leadership of Ricky Newell, but in the middle of 1981 Newell left after a disagreement and Parkes became pipe major. Field Marshal was promoted to Grade 1 at the end of 1985, won its first World Championship in 1992, and won every Major Championship in 1993.
Parkes suffered a stroke in March 2004, and Alastair Dunn led the band to victory at the European Championships in his absence, before Parkes returned to lead the band to victory at the World Championships in August. He has said that as a result of the stroke he has to concentrate harder on his own playing in order to not make mistakes.
Under Parkes' leadership Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band has won 65 Major Championship titles , and is the only pipe band in history to have won all five Championships in a year twice.
He has a Master of Science degree in Polymer Engineering and works for Bombardier Aerospace. Parkes married his wife Ruth in 2000.
Parkes has been conferred two doctoral degrees honorem causa. On 1 July 2019, Queens University Belfast conferred a Doctor of Literature for services to music. On 4 July 2019, Ulster University conferred a Doctor of Letters for services to pipe band music nationally and internationally.
References
Great Highland bagpipe players
Living people
Musicians from Belfast
1960 births
Members of the Order of the British Empire |
Stadio Picchi, is a multi-purpose stadium in Jesolo, Italy. It was mainly used mostly for football matches and hosted the home matches of U.S. Città di Jesolo in Serie D. The stadium has a capacity of 4,000 spectators and meets Lega Pro criteria.
International friendlies
Historic Matches
On August 18, 1985, the stadium hosted the first match ever played by the United States women's national soccer team, who were defeated by a score of 1-0 by the Italy women's national football team.
References
External links
Soccerbook Profile
Comune Jesolo
Football Australia
Football venues in Italy
Multi-purpose stadiums in Italy |
Péter Halmosi (; born 25 September 1979) is a Hungarian retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder. At international level, he won 35 caps for his country. His previous clubs include Szombathelyi Haladás, Grazer AK, Debrecen, Plymouth Argyle and Hull City.
Biography
Born in the ancient western city of Szombathely, Halmosi grew up in a family with significant sporting background. His father, Zoltán, won 11 caps playing for Hungary, and his mother also was involved in professional sport, representing Hungary as an athlete at several international events.
Career
Halmosi played his first game for his hometown club Szombathelyi Haladás at the age of 18 and stayed at the club until he was 23. In 2002, he joined Austrian side Grazer AK making 17 appearances and scoring 3 goals for the club. After playing several games for the reserves he returned to Hungary signing for Debrecen. His move to Debrecen turned out to be a successful stay and he spent four years with the club.
Halmosi next joined Plymouth Argyle, initially on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season, with a view to a permanent move at the end of the season. A £400,000 permanent deal with Argyle was completed on 16 May 2007, making him the record signing for the club at that time. He had been linked with moves to other clubs in the United Kingdom including Celtic and Blackburn Rovers. Halmosi made his Argyle debut in a 3–1 away win against Norwich City on 13 January 2007.
On 15 July 2008, Halmosi was spotted at Hull City's pre-season friendly against North Ferriby United. One day later, he signed a four-year contract with Hull for a fee in excess of £2 million, becoming, at the time, their record signing and their 6th of the summer. He made his Hull debut in the friendly match against Chesterfield on 22 July 2008 at Saltergate. His competitive debut came shortly after the hour mark in Hull City's first ever top flight game, against Fulham on 16 August 2008, as a substitute for Nick Barmby. He scored his first goal for the club in an FA Cup victory over against Sheffield United on 14 February 2009. On the final day of the January transfer window Halmosi joined Hungarian side Szombathelyi Haladas on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season.
On 4 January 2011, Halmosi left Hull City by mutual consent. Ten days later, he returned to Szombathelyi Haladás on a three and a half year contract.
Career statistics
Club
Other includes the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup.
International
Honours
Debrecen
Hungarian League: 2005, 2006
Hungarian Super Cup: 2005, 2006
Szombathelyi Haladás
Hungarian Cup runner-up: 2002
Individual
Named in the Hungarian National Championship I all-star team (nemzetisport.hu): 2010–11
Zilahi Prize: 2005
References
External links
Péter Halmosi at magyarfutball.hu
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Szombathely
Hungarian men's footballers
Hungary men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Szombathelyi Haladás footballers
Grazer AK players
Debreceni VSC players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Hungarian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in England |
Apterona helicoidella (snailcase bagworm) is a moth of the Psychidae family. It is widely distributed in Europe, from Portugal through most of central Europe and the Alps, up to the Ural. It is also found on the Balkan and in Turkey. It was introduced in the United States by accident during the 1940s. It is now found in many mid-Atlantic states, including Pennsylvania, and has also been reported in the Pacific coastal states, as well as Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, Utah and Idaho. It has been collected in Ontario as well (Royal Ontario Museum Collection).
In southern Europe a subspecies with two sexes exists with small males that have light grey wings. This subspecies is called Apterona helicoidella crenulella.
North of the Alps the species is parthenogenetic and is called Apterona helicoidella helicoidella. Only females are present in this subspecies. They form a case that looks like a small snail. The females grow within the case, becoming adults in the late summer. Unlike most bagworms, the case is constructed of soil particles and feces instead of leaves and twigs. The snailcase bagworm begins constructing its case at birth and remains inside for the rest of its life. This subspecies is unusual in that it is parthenogenetic; all individuals are females, and they reproduce without mating. Each female produces one to two dozen eggs, which are deposited within the case.
The case of a snailcase bagworm, not surprisingly, resembles a small snail about 4 mm in diameter with coloration similar to the soil. The larvae are greenish or reddish gray with a black head that protrudes from the case to feed.
Though the snailcase bagworm doesn't cause the damage of related species such as the evergreen bagworm, they are a nuisance to humans by attaching to the sides of homes and buildings. Once the larvae are full-grown and moving to pupate, they cannot be controlled with insecticides. The best way to keep them off the sides of buildings is by using temporary barriers like sticky tape or flanges. They can be knocked off buildings with a strong spray of water before they attach. After they are attached, removal is difficult.
They consume small areas of a leaf surface, rarely causing significant damage, though it has been found to feed on most vegetables, ornamentals, legumes, fruit and other trees, and many species of annual herbs. Reported food plants include Potentilla neumanniana, Erodium cicutarium, Teucrium, Artemisia vulgaris, Helianthemum nummularium and Alyssum montanum.
Sources
Penn State notes
References
External links
BioLib
Lepiforum.de
Psychidae
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1827
Taxa named by Jean Nicolas Vallot |
Majorwala is a village in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located from Kapurthala, which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Majorwala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch, who is an elected representative.
Demography
According to the report published by Census India in 2011, Majorwala has 20 houses with the total population of 115 persons of which 51 are male and 64 females. Literacy rate of Majorwala is 81.63%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 115 which is 14.78% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 1429, higher than the state average of 846.
Population data
References
External links
Villages in Kapurthala
Kapurthala Villages List
Villages in Kapurthala district |
Suaeda vermiculata is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae (formerly classified under the Chenopodiaceae). It is a salt-tolerant plant (halophyte) that grows naturally in salt-affected areas.
Description
It is a shrub and can grow to 0.4–1 m height, with woody stems at its base, very branched.
Distribution
Its distribution includes Africa and the Middle East, including North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen's Socotra, Iraq, Jordan and Palestine to the east of India as well as the Canary Islands in Cape Verde and from Senegal, Mauritania and Mali to Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia.
Ecology
They are found in coastal bushlands as well as inland saline sites, sand plains, stony places and desert wadis between sea level and 400 meters in altitude. It also occurs in dry riverbeds and other saline locations in southern Africa in association with Tamarix usneoides and the grass Odyssea paucinervis.
References
vermiculata
Halophytes
Flora of the Arabian Peninsula
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of the Indian subcontinent
Flora of Africa
Flora of Macaronesia
Barilla plants |
Afshar (, also Romanized as Afshār) is a village in Qaflankuh-e Sharqi Rural District, Kaghazkonan District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 228, in 57 families.
References
Populated places in Meyaneh County |
IV liga (Czwarta Liga) is the fifth level of the Polish football league system. The current structure of IV liga was created in season 2000/01 after introducing new administrative division of Poland. 16 clubs, one from each voivodeship (province), are promoted to III liga. The bottom clubs are relegated to Liga okręgowa or V liga (depending on the voivodeship).
Until the end of the 2007/08 season IV liga lay at fourth tier of league system but this was changed with the formation of the Ekstraklasa as the highest level of football league in Poland.
Groups
In 2023/24 season, there are 17 parallel groups of IV liga. There are two groups in 4 voivodeships but only one club can be promoted after winning the play-offs between the winners of these two groups.
dolnośląska (Lower Silesia)
kujawsko-pomorska (Cuyavia-Pomerania)
lubelska (Lublin)
lubuska (Lubusz)
łódzka (Łódź)
małopolska (Lesser Poland)
mazowiecka (Mazovia)
opolska (Opole)
podkarpacka (Subcarpathia)
podlaska (Podlasie)
pomorska (Pomerania)
śląska (Silesia) - 2 groups
świętokrzyska (Holy Cross)
warmińsko-mazurska (Warmia-Masuria)
wielkopolska (Greater Poland)
zachodniopomorska (West Pomerania)
References
5
Poland
Professional sports leagues in Poland |
Nätsi is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County in southwestern Estonia.
References
Villages in Pärnu County |
John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar (31 August 1807 – 6 October 1876) was a British diplomat and politician. He served as Governor General of Canada (1869–72), Governor of New South Wales (1861–67) and as Chief Secretary for Ireland (1853–55). From 1848 to 1870 he was known as Sir John Young, 2nd Baronet.
Biography
Young was born into an Anglo-Irish family in Bombay, India, eldest son of Sir William Young, 1st Baronet of Bailieborough Castle, who was a director of the East India Company. He was educated at Eton and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, graduating in 1829 and was called to the bar in 1834. He married Adelaide Annabella Tuite Dalton in 1835.
In 1831 he became a Member of Parliament, as member for the county of Cavan in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, a position he held for 24 years. In 1841 he was a Lord of the Treasury for Sir Robert Peel, Secretary of the Treasury in 1844 and Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1852 to 1855. Young was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the Ionian Islands in 1855. His secret despatches recommending that the islands become a British colony were leaked, leading to his recall in 1859.
Young was appointed Governor of New South Wales in 1860 and was immediately confronted by a crisis stemming from the attempt by the Secretary for Lands, John Robertson, to push radical land legislation through the Parliament. This legislation was passionately opposed by the majority of the Legislative Council. Young agreed to the request of the Premier, Charles Cowper, to swamp the council with new 21 appointees to get the legislation through, although in fact sufficient members of the Council resigned that a quorum could not be formed, forcing it to be prorogued and replaced by a new Council with appointed life members. In due course this passed the land legislation. The rest of his term in New South Wales was less eventful.
Young assumed the office of Governor General of Canada in 1868, when it was vacated by fellow Irishman, the 4th Viscount Monck, but did not officially take up the position until his swearing in on 2 February 1869. After the end of his term in 1872, he returned to Ireland.
He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lisgar, of Lisgar and Bailieborough, in the County of Cavan, on 26 October 1870.
He died on 6 October 1876 at Lisgar House (also known as Castle House), near Bailieborough in County Cavan, Ireland, survived by his wife. Although Lady Lisgar married once more, she and Lord Lisgar are buried in Bailieborough Church of Ireland Graveyard, Bailieborough, County Cavan.
Family
John Young married, on 8 April 1835, Adelaide Annabella Dalton, daughter of Edward Tuite Dalton of Fermor, County Meath, Ireland, and his wife, Olivia, daughter of Sir John Stevenson (who married, secondly, The 2nd Marquess of Headfort, K.P., P.C.). Dalton's date of birth is unknown however she was likely to have been born between 1811 and 1814. Her husband was raised to the peerage, as Baron Lisgar in 1870, and died on 6 October 1876. On 3 August 1878 Baroness Lisgar married her second husband, Sir Francis Charles Fortescue Turville of Bosworth Hall, Leicestershire. She married her third husband, Henry Trueman Mills, of Lubenham, Market Harborough. She died at Paris on 19 July 1895.
Legacy
Lisgar Collegiate Institute on Lisgar Street in Ottawa takes its name from Lord Lisgar. A likeness of Lord Lisgar is prominently displayed in the school's library.
Lisgar Street in Toronto and Lisgar Avenue in Saskatoon takes its name from Lord Lisgar.
In Mississauga, Ontario, a community in the Meadowvale neighbourhood has been called Lisgar. In the fall of 2007, a new Lisgar GO Station was opened on the Milton GO train line, and a Lisgar Middle School in the neighbourhood within the Peel District School Board.
The Sir John Young Hotel in Sydney, Australia is named after the baron
Sir John Young Crescent, Woolloomooloo, Australia is named after the baron
The town of Young, NSW was named after the baron.
The lake in Tillsonburg Ontario was named after the Baron. Lake Lisgar.
Arms
Notes
References
Website of the Governor General of Canada
External links
Photograph: Baron Lisgar in 1870. McCord Museum
Photograph: Baron Lisgar in 1870. McCord Museum
Photograph: Lady Lisgar in 1870. McCord Museum
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
Irish Conservative Party MPs
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
Lisgar
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cavan constituencies (1801–1922)
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
Lord-Lieutenants of Cavan
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
Lisgar, John Young, 1st Baron
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Chief Secretaries for Ireland
Colony of New South Wales people
Politicians from Mumbai
John
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria |
Pterostylis uliginosa, commonly known as the marsh greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. As with similar orchids, flowering plants differ from non-flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves. The flowering plants lack a rosette at the base but have up to three rosettes on lateral growths and up to seven small green and white flowers. This species only grows in wet places, usually where there is free water. There are usually only two or three flowers per plant, and only one or two open at a time.
Description
Pterostylis uliginosa is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of three to eight egg-shaped to elliptic, dark green leaves that lie flat on the ground. Each leaf is long and wide. Flowering plants have up to seven bright green and white-striped flowers long and wide, although the usual number is two or three and only one or two are open at a time. The flowers are borne on a fleshy flowering stem high. Up to three leaf rosettes are arranged on the side of the flowering spike. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal curves forward and has a short point. The lateral sepals are erect and partly close off the front of the flower with thread-like tips about long that do not project above the galea. The sinus between the bases of the lateral sepals bulges forward and has a small notch in the centre. The labellum is long and and not visible outside the intact flower. Flowering occurs from November to March.
Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis uliginosa was first formally described in 1998 by David Jones and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The specific epithet (uliginosa) is a Latin word meaning "full of moisture", "wet" or "marshy", referring to the habitat preference of this species.
Distribution and habitat
The marsh greenhood grows in wet places such as swamps and marshes, with other small plants. It is widely, but disjunctly distributed in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
References
uliginosa
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Queensland
Orchids of South Australia
Orchids of Tasmania
Orchids of Victoria (state)
Plants described in 1998 |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef V8_COMPILER_PROCESSED_FEEDBACK_H_
#define V8_COMPILER_PROCESSED_FEEDBACK_H_
#include "src/compiler/heap-refs.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace internal {
namespace compiler {
class BinaryOperationFeedback;
class CallFeedback;
class CompareOperationFeedback;
class ElementAccessFeedback;
class ForInFeedback;
class GlobalAccessFeedback;
class InstanceOfFeedback;
class LiteralFeedback;
class NamedAccessFeedback;
class RegExpLiteralFeedback;
class TemplateObjectFeedback;
class ProcessedFeedback : public ZoneObject {
public:
enum Kind {
kInsufficient,
kBinaryOperation,
kCall,
kCompareOperation,
kElementAccess,
kForIn,
kGlobalAccess,
kInstanceOf,
kLiteral,
kNamedAccess,
kRegExpLiteral,
kTemplateObject,
};
Kind kind() const { return kind_; }
FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind() const { return slot_kind_; }
bool IsInsufficient() const { return kind() == kInsufficient; }
BinaryOperationFeedback const& AsBinaryOperation() const;
CallFeedback const& AsCall() const;
CompareOperationFeedback const& AsCompareOperation() const;
ElementAccessFeedback const& AsElementAccess() const;
ForInFeedback const& AsForIn() const;
GlobalAccessFeedback const& AsGlobalAccess() const;
InstanceOfFeedback const& AsInstanceOf() const;
NamedAccessFeedback const& AsNamedAccess() const;
LiteralFeedback const& AsLiteral() const;
RegExpLiteralFeedback const& AsRegExpLiteral() const;
TemplateObjectFeedback const& AsTemplateObject() const;
protected:
ProcessedFeedback(Kind kind, FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind);
private:
Kind const kind_;
FeedbackSlotKind const slot_kind_;
};
class InsufficientFeedback final : public ProcessedFeedback {
public:
explicit InsufficientFeedback(FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind);
};
class GlobalAccessFeedback : public ProcessedFeedback {
public:
GlobalAccessFeedback(PropertyCellRef cell, FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind);
GlobalAccessFeedback(ContextRef script_context, int slot_index,
bool immutable, FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind);
explicit GlobalAccessFeedback(FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind); // Megamorphic
bool IsMegamorphic() const;
bool IsPropertyCell() const;
PropertyCellRef property_cell() const;
bool IsScriptContextSlot() const;
ContextRef script_context() const;
int slot_index() const;
bool immutable() const;
base::Optional<ObjectRef> GetConstantHint() const;
private:
base::Optional<ObjectRef> const cell_or_context_;
int const index_and_immutable_;
};
class KeyedAccessMode {
public:
static KeyedAccessMode FromNexus(FeedbackNexus const& nexus);
AccessMode access_mode() const;
bool IsLoad() const;
bool IsStore() const;
KeyedAccessLoadMode load_mode() const;
KeyedAccessStoreMode store_mode() const;
private:
AccessMode const access_mode_;
union LoadStoreMode {
LoadStoreMode(KeyedAccessLoadMode load_mode);
LoadStoreMode(KeyedAccessStoreMode store_mode);
KeyedAccessLoadMode load_mode;
KeyedAccessStoreMode store_mode;
} const load_store_mode_;
KeyedAccessMode(AccessMode access_mode, KeyedAccessLoadMode load_mode);
KeyedAccessMode(AccessMode access_mode, KeyedAccessStoreMode store_mode);
};
class ElementAccessFeedback : public ProcessedFeedback {
public:
ElementAccessFeedback(Zone* zone, KeyedAccessMode const& keyed_mode,
FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind);
KeyedAccessMode keyed_mode() const;
// A transition group is a target and a possibly empty set of sources that can
// transition to the target. It is represented as a non-empty vector with the
// target at index 0.
using TransitionGroup = ZoneVector<Handle<Map>>;
ZoneVector<TransitionGroup> const& transition_groups() const;
bool HasOnlyStringMaps(JSHeapBroker* broker) const;
void AddGroup(TransitionGroup&& group);
// Refine {this} by trying to restrict it to the maps in {inferred_maps}. A
// transition group's target is kept iff it is in {inferred_maps} or if more
// than one of its sources is in {inferred_maps}. Here's an (unrealistic)
// example showing all the possible situations:
//
// inferred_maps = [a0, a2, c1, c2, d1, e0, e1]
//
// Groups before: Groups after:
// [a0, a1, a2] [a0, a2]
// [b0]
// [c0, c1, c2, c3] [c0, c1, c2]
// [d0, d1] [d1]
// [e0, e1] [e0, e1]
//
ElementAccessFeedback const& Refine(
ZoneVector<Handle<Map>> const& inferred_maps, Zone* zone) const;
private:
KeyedAccessMode const keyed_mode_;
ZoneVector<TransitionGroup> transition_groups_;
};
class NamedAccessFeedback : public ProcessedFeedback {
public:
NamedAccessFeedback(NameRef const& name, ZoneVector<Handle<Map>> const& maps,
FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind);
NameRef const& name() const { return name_; }
ZoneVector<Handle<Map>> const& maps() const { return maps_; }
private:
NameRef const name_;
ZoneVector<Handle<Map>> const maps_;
};
class CallFeedback : public ProcessedFeedback {
public:
CallFeedback(base::Optional<HeapObjectRef> target, float frequency,
SpeculationMode mode, FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind)
: ProcessedFeedback(kCall, slot_kind),
target_(target),
frequency_(frequency),
mode_(mode) {}
base::Optional<HeapObjectRef> target() const { return target_; }
float frequency() const { return frequency_; }
SpeculationMode speculation_mode() const { return mode_; }
private:
base::Optional<HeapObjectRef> const target_;
float const frequency_;
SpeculationMode const mode_;
};
template <class T, ProcessedFeedback::Kind K>
class SingleValueFeedback : public ProcessedFeedback {
public:
explicit SingleValueFeedback(T value, FeedbackSlotKind slot_kind)
: ProcessedFeedback(K, slot_kind), value_(value) {
DCHECK(
(K == kBinaryOperation && slot_kind == FeedbackSlotKind::kBinaryOp) ||
(K == kCompareOperation && slot_kind == FeedbackSlotKind::kCompareOp) ||
(K == kForIn && slot_kind == FeedbackSlotKind::kForIn) ||
(K == kInstanceOf && slot_kind == FeedbackSlotKind::kInstanceOf) ||
((K == kLiteral || K == kRegExpLiteral || K == kTemplateObject) &&
slot_kind == FeedbackSlotKind::kLiteral));
}
T value() const { return value_; }
private:
T const value_;
};
class InstanceOfFeedback
: public SingleValueFeedback<base::Optional<JSObjectRef>,
ProcessedFeedback::kInstanceOf> {
using SingleValueFeedback::SingleValueFeedback;
};
class LiteralFeedback
: public SingleValueFeedback<AllocationSiteRef,
ProcessedFeedback::kLiteral> {
using SingleValueFeedback::SingleValueFeedback;
};
class RegExpLiteralFeedback
: public SingleValueFeedback<JSRegExpRef,
ProcessedFeedback::kRegExpLiteral> {
using SingleValueFeedback::SingleValueFeedback;
};
class TemplateObjectFeedback
: public SingleValueFeedback<JSArrayRef,
ProcessedFeedback::kTemplateObject> {
using SingleValueFeedback::SingleValueFeedback;
};
class BinaryOperationFeedback
: public SingleValueFeedback<BinaryOperationHint,
ProcessedFeedback::kBinaryOperation> {
using SingleValueFeedback::SingleValueFeedback;
};
class CompareOperationFeedback
: public SingleValueFeedback<CompareOperationHint,
ProcessedFeedback::kCompareOperation> {
using SingleValueFeedback::SingleValueFeedback;
};
class ForInFeedback
: public SingleValueFeedback<ForInHint, ProcessedFeedback::kForIn> {
using SingleValueFeedback::SingleValueFeedback;
};
} // namespace compiler
} // namespace internal
} // namespace v8
#endif // V8_COMPILER_PROCESSED_FEEDBACK_H_
``` |
The Blavet (; ) river flows from central Brittany and enters the Atlantic Ocean on the south coast near Lorient. It is long. The river is canalised for most of its length, forming one of the links in the Brittany canal system. It connects with the Canal de Nantes à Brest at Pontivy and runs to Hennebont, a distance of 60 km. From the last lock at Polvern, the river is tidal and considered as a maritime waterway, giving access to the seaport of Lorient and the Atlantic Ocean. It became more important when the western half of that system was cut off by the construction of the Guerlédan dam and hydropower plant. Today, boats coming from Nantes via Redon have to take the Canal du Blavet in order to reach the ocean near Lorient.
The source of the Blavet is east of Bulat-Pestivien, Côtes-d'Armor. It flows through the following départements and towns:
Côtes-d'Armor: Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem, Gouarec
Morbihan: Pontivy, Hennebont, Lorient
Among its tributaries are the Ével and the Scorff.
History
The canalisation works were carried out by order of Napoleon in 1802 to provide access to the strategic military town of Pontivy. Like the entire Brittany canal network, its raison d’être was military defence in case of a naval blockade of the coast by the British Navy. Works began in 1804 and were completed in 1825.
Navigation
The waterway has little recreational traffic because of the large number of locks in the watershed section of the Nantes-Brest canal between Pontivy and Rohan, and the effective barrier of Guerlédan Dam to the west.
See also
Bretagne, Waterways Guide No. 1. Editions du Breil, ISBN
Pont du Bonhomme
References
External links
Canal du Blavet navigation guide; places, ports and moorings on the canal, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section)
0Blavet
Rivers of France
Rivers of Brittany
Rivers of Côtes-d'Armor
Rivers of Morbihan
Canals in France |
Thomas Walker (5 February 185810 May 1932), commonly referred to as Tommy Walker, was an Australian politician, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and the Western Australian Legislative Assembly.
Walker was born in Preston, Lancashire, England, the son of corn miller and merchant Thomas Walker, and Ellen née Eccles. He was educated at Leyland Grammar School, then worked as a schoolteacher at Preston for two years. He then emigrated to Canada, where he worked as a farmhand and chemist's assistant. After returning to the United Kingdom he work as a journalist on the Preston Herald. He later spent some time in Toledo, Ohio, where he spent 1876 lecturing on evolution and the occult. The following year he toured through New South Wales, England and South Africa, lecturing on spiritualism and politics. While in South Africa in 1881, he married Andrietta Maria Somers, with whom he had two sons and two daughters.
Walker returned to Australia in 1882, spending some time in Victoria before settling in New South Wales. He became a prominent public figure through his political lectures, in which he argued for secularism and an immediate separation of New South Wales from England. In February 1885 he played a prominent role in a meeting held to discuss British government policy towards the Pacific Islands, and shortly afterwards he was involved in opposing the deployment of New South Wales troops to the Sudan.
On 17 February 1887 Walker was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Northumberland as a Protectionist. He continued to push for separation from England, helping to form the short-lived Republican Union and Republican League. He held his Legislative Assembly seat until the election of 25 June 1894, when he unsuccessfully contested the seat of Wallsend. He contested the seat again the following year without success.
Some time after 1894, Walker visited New Zealand, where he taught elocution, promoted temperance, lectured on various subjects, and wrote for the press. On returning to New South Wales he unsuccessfully contested the seat of Sturt in 1898.
In 1899, Walker emigrated to Western Australia. He found work as a journalist with the Sunday Times in Perth, and later with the Kalgoorlie newspapers Sun and Kalgoorlie Miner. He became editor of the Sunday Times in 1901, and was also editor of the Sun until 1905. It was while editor for the Sunday Times that he is believed to have written the article "Corruption by Contract" condemning C.Y.O'Connor and the Golden Pipeline scheme. This article is generally believed to have contributed to O'Connor's suicide.
On 27 October 1905, Walker was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Kanowna on a Labor ticket. He held the seat until his death over 25 years later. From around 1906 he began studying law, and in 1911 was admitted to the Western Australian bar. He was a member of the Senate of the University of Western Australia from 1912 to 1916.
When the Labor party won government under John Scaddan on 7 October 1911, Walker was appointed Minister for Justice and Education, and Attorney General. He held both portfolios until the Scaddan government's defeat on 27 July 1916. He was Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 24 July 1924 to 29 July 1930.
He died at Inglewood on , and was buried in Karrakatta Cemetery.
References
1858 births
1932 deaths
Attorneys-General of Western Australia
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
English male journalists
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Protectionist Party politicians
Speakers of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Politicians from Lancashire
English emigrants to Canada |
The Palm Treo (stylized as Trēo) is a discontinued line of smartphones originally developed by Handspring, which was bought by Palm, Inc. They were then manufactured and maintained by Palm, Inc. Treos had a number of integrated features such as the ability to check the calendar while talking on the phone, dial directly from a list of contacts, and send email messages. The final models included a built-in camera. Treos ran Palm OS, but later models also ran Windows Mobile. The Palm Pre, released in June 2009, replaced the Treo series.
Treo devices
A total of nineteen Treo models were released, listed below in reverse chronological order. Treos through the 680 series used Palm OS. Beginning with the 700 series, Treos ran both Palm OS and Windows Mobile. The Treo 700w was the first of the 700 line, and the first Treo to use Windows Mobile. On August 19, 2008, Palm released the last Treo device, the Treo Pro on GSM. The Treo Pro on CDMA began sales in March 2009.
Officially announced models:
References
Palm mobile phones
Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard |
The UP Warriorz are an Indian women's cricket team that compete in the Women's Premier League (WPL), based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The team is owned by Capri Global. The team is coached by Jon Lewis and captained by Alyssa Healy. The side reached the eliminator at the inaugural edition of the WPL, but lost to Mumbai Indians.
History
In October 2022, the BCCI announced its intentions to hold a five-team women's franchise cricket tournament in March 2023. The tournament was named the Women's Premier League in January 2023, with investors buying the rights to franchises through a closed bidding process during the same month. Capri Global bought the rights to one of the franchises, to be based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
In February 2023, Jon Lewis was announced as head coach of the side. The inaugural player auction for the WPL was held on 13 February 2023, with UP Warriorz signing 16 players for their squad. The side went on to finish third in the group stage of the inaugural edition of the WPL, qualifying for the eliminator. However, they lost to Mumbai Indians by 72 runs in the eliminator.
Current squad
As per 2023 season. Players in bold have international caps. denotes a player who is unavailable for the rest of the season.
Support Staff
Source: ESPNCricinfo
Kit manufacturers and sponsors
Seasons
References
Cricket clubs established in 2023
Women's Premier League (cricket) teams |
Noppawan Lertcheewakarn and Sally Peers were the defending champions, but both were ineligible to participate in the juniors.
Tímea Babos and Sloane Stephens defeated Irina Khromacheva and Elina Svitolina in the final, 6–7(7–9), 6–2, 6–2 to win the girls' doubles tennis title at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships.
Seeds
Irina Khromacheva / Elina Svitolina (final)
Karolína Plíšková / Kristýna Plíšková (quarterfinals)
Ons Jabeur / Monica Puig (semifinals)
Tímea Babos / Sloane Stephens (champions)
Verónica Cepede Royg / Cristina Dinu (semifinals)
An-Sophie Mestach / Silvia Njirić (quarterfinals)
Nastja Kolar / Chantal Škamlová (quarterfinals)
Daria Gavrilova / Ilona Kremen (second round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
External links
Girls' Doubles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Girls' doubles |
KPTZ (91.9 FM) is a non-commercial, educational radio station. KPTZ is on the air 24 hours a day with locally produced programming filled by music automation. KPTZ will broadcast a mix of locally originated programming featuring area people, art, activities and news. Licensed to Port Townsend, Washington, United States, the station serves the Northwest Washington area. The station is currently owned by Radio Port Townsend.
Hosts and Programs
Sheila Bender, In Conversation
Phil Andrus, Cats in Our Laps
Tigran Arakelyan, Exploring Music
References
External links
PTZ
Radio stations established in 2011
Companies based in Port Townsend, Washington |
First Baptist Church of Sutton is a Baptist church in the town of Sutton, Massachusetts and was founded on September 9, 1735, by the Reverend Benjamin Marsh one of the founding fathers of the town and Thomas Green. It is the fourth oldest Baptist church in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The First Baptist Church of Sutton was organized, in 1735. With the exception of a ten-year period of being inactive, in the war years from 1775 to 1785, there have been almost steady services of worship and activities carried on by the men and women of this church. The first structure (1750) was located just down the road where Sutton High School is now, the second (1792) was built on where the current police and fire departments are, and third structure was built on what is now Central Turnpike in 1829 and is part of the West Sutton Historic District with the Fellowship Hall added in 1959. The sanctuary building is in the Greek Revival style of the time. The church is tied to many of the historic families that have and still call Sutton home. Among the names we read the names of Putnam, Buard, Waters, Davis, Freeland, Brigham, King, Marble, Titus, Rich, Dana, Merriam, Lamb, Sibley, Shaw, Moore, Burdon, Luther, Whittier, Plummer, Wallace, Leonard. First Baptist Church is part of the North American Missions Board Revitalize and Replant effort in New England stopping the 17 churches that close every week in America. Through the years the church has been also known through the town and region as Legacy Church, First Baptist Sutton, West Sutton Baptist Church, Sutton Baptist Church, Baptist Meetinghouse, and its original founding name by Rev. Marsh, The Frontier Church.
History
1700s
The original Baptist Church in Sutton was organized on September 19, 1735. James Bound had begun a group of Baptists meeting in the town prior to the date, and encouraged the organization of a church in the town. In 1737, Benjamin Marsh and Thomas Green were both ordained as co-pastors of the church. Green would leave with a group to Leicester to start a Baptist church there, in the Rochdale village, today known as Greenville Baptist Church. Marsh would go on to lead the First Baptist for over 40 years (still the longest tenure), seeing the church grow in life and vigor from the events of the Great Awakening. The first building was erected in 1750, at the corner of Hutchinson and Boston Roads. The second was built on Freeland Hill, this building had no steeple or bell. It was later moved to Braman Village and is now between the West Milbury and Sutton Roads and serves as the home of the Sutton Historical Society. Shortly after Rev. Marsh's passing, the church was partially dissolved due to the wars in America, but the members reorganized the church in 1785 and elder Ebenezer Lamson was chosen as the new pastor until he was voted out following his admission in beliefs of teachings that were against orthodox theology. In 1792, Rev. William Batchellor who was the pastor of First Baptist, organized the Second Baptist Church/Manchaug Baptist Church in South Sutton (the building was the original second structure of First Baptist and moved for their use in 1842) which today is the Historical Society's.
1800s
The church was active during the 100-year anniversary celebrations of the founding of Sutton. Under Rev. Samuel Waters the church grew to over 100 people and was no longer able to fit in the second building for one service. The congregation voted to and raised money to build their third and the current sanctuary building which would house 250 people total and included a balcony/choir loft. The present edifice was built in 1829 in a more central location in West Sutton. The property was purchased because George Whitefield is said to have spoken on the grounds during a week in Sutton in April 1745. It was dedicated on Sept. 16, 1830. Hand-hewn lumber was used for the Greek Revival temple front of the structure was a form widely employed by congregations of all denominations in the early to mid decades of the 19th century. The steeple was of the Christopher Wren type. The lovely old bell was cast in Medway, Mass. by G.H. Holbrook in 1829, one of the first church bells to be cast in the United States. The old choir loft was closed and pew doors were taken off in the 1890s, only one of these pews from the original 1829 building remains in the enclosed loft leading up to the bell tower. The 1800s would see short terms from a number of pastors, many of whom were older and near retirement, with a few dying during their term as pastor. The Civil War would also play havoc on the pastoral terms as three men would pastor the church at about the same time because of service commitments to the Union Army. The church would be closed off and on for the years of the war because of this, with the elders leading services and other functions of the church.
1900s
The church during the 1904 Bi-centennial celebrations of Sutton's founding had Rev. Arthur Davis represent the church at all the festivities and functions. Several houses in West Sutton were used as a parsonage until, in 1915, the Church purchased a large house nearby. The one hundredth anniversary of the building of the church was celebrated, in 1929. A cellar was dug under the church, affording space for a furnace, and the two big wood stoves were removed. The interior was redecorated. Electric lights were installed in memory of Mr. C.S. Jones, who had been a member of the Men's Sunday School Class, known as the "Knights of the Wheel." A Woman's Community Organization, known as "The Hillside Club," was organized in 1906 to aid this church financially and to be of benefit to the community, and the members had always been ready and willing to raise extra funds when needed. In 1950, the club spent $100 beautifying the Community Hall and $400 towards the redecoration expenses. A Christian Endeavor Society was first formed in the 1890s, but later discontinued — until 1936 when it was revived. It has been a very vital and important part in the life of the church and the community, carrying on many worthwhile projects. Among the improvements made at this time were a new choir section made to the right of the stage area. New pews were bought for this project, but because they didn't match the interior of the church, this caused some issues with older families of the church. a maroon velveteen curtain was placed in the area to cover this up. They held religious services Sunday evenings as well as mornings at this time. The church lost several tiers of its steeple in the 1938 hurricane but otherwise looks much as it did in the engraving in the original town history. The horse sheds to the west of the building were torn down. The 1938 hurricane blew down the beautiful Christopher Wren-type steeple, damaging other parts of the building. In 1938, modern improvements were introduced. The men of the parish capped over the second section of the steeple and a fund has been started to build a new spire. In 1938, the Church felt the need for a larger place in which to hold activities of different kinds. The large two-story building next door was bought for a parish house and community hall for the use of the church and community. This building had been, for many years, a real "old time" country store and post office. It is being improved and modernized. The first well, drilled in 1949, supplied the church, parish hall and parsonage. A new organ was given to the church by the Hillside Club, in 1910, and this was electrified, in 1948, through the efforts of the Club and Choir. In 1951, The very important project of re-plastering and painting the whole interior of the Church was undertaken, in 1950. Money had been earned with auctions, suppers, movies and a Bazaar. A contractor was hired, but, in order to save money, the men and women of the Church and community cleaned and painted the pews and floor. The paint was donated by members of the Church. In removing old paint from the pews, it was found that the trim is solid mahogany. This trim restored, gives the white pews their original beauty. A beautiful maroon velveteen Choir Curtain, Dossal Curtain and draperies to match at the two south windows are now installed. In 1950, there were sixty-three members. A new hall has been added to the east side in 1959 to accommodate the growing congregation with classroom space under it with access to the 2.5 acres of land behind the structures. In the late 1990s the sanctuary was refurbished again and the balcony area was covered up as well as four pew areas reducing the capacity to about 180 to this day.
2000s
The church had been affiliated with the Triennial Convention and American Baptist but in 2003 joined the Southern Baptist Convention, through the Baptist Convention of New England, when the Rev. Edward Pentland and church leadership voted to join a more conservative denomination. The back of the church has a baseball field and basketball court that was in use by the town for many years until the town built new town ball fields and a soccer field complex on Central Turnpike. In 2004 the church replaced their rotting wooden sign with a newer lighted one and message board. The fellowship hall also was used as a meeting space for the local gun club, police and fire unions, flower club, Alcoholics Anonymous, and other groups in Sutton. Rev. Pentland retired in June 2017, having the church in April 2017, call Rev. Donald J. McKinnon to become its new pastor. 2017 saw the church begin a web and social media presence by launching its own website, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram pages, as well as begin the #ForSutton hashtag.
The church recently rejoined Sutton's Chain of Lights Christmas celebrations.
Pastors
* Benjamin Marsh, 1735–1775 (40 Years)
* Thomas Green, 1735–1737 (2 Years)
* Ebenezer Lamson, 1785–1794 (9 Years)
* William Batchellor, 1794–1799 (5 Years)
* Samuel Waters, 1799–1825 (26 Years)
* Moses Harrington, 1825–1831 (6 Years)
* John Walker, 1831–1836 (5 years)
* L. B. Cole, 1836–1837 (1 Year)
* Charles H. Peabody, 1837–1840 (3 Years)
* Otis Converse, 1840–1842 (2 Years)
* Samuel Richards, 1842–1843 (1 Year)
* George Deland, 1843–1846 (3 Years)
* Job B. Boomer, 1846–1849 (3 Years)
* G. W. Benton, 1849–1850 (1 Year)
* J. Thayer, 1850–1852 (2 Years)
* Lorenzo O. Lovell, 1852–1859 (7 Years)
* O. Crane, 1859–1860 (1 Year)
* J. D. Donovan, 1860–1862 (2 Years)
* David Avery, 1862–1863 (1 Year)
* C. L. Baker, 1863–1864 (1 Year)
* J. Barber, 1864–1865 (1 Year)
* Gilman Stone, 1865–1868 (3 Years)
* N. Medbury, 1868–1869 (1 Year)
* A. E. Battlle, 1869–1872 (4 Years)
* J. H. Tilton, 1871–1873 (2 Years)
* E. J. Stevens, 1872–1873 (1 Year)
* Charles F. Myers, 1873–1876 (3 Years)
* E. J. Stevens, 1876–1877 (1 Year)
* Joel P. Chapin, 1877–1880 (3 Years)
* Charles Newhall, 1880–1885 (5 Years)
* Albert Green, 1885–1888 (3 Years)
* Benjamin Tuck, 1888–1891 (3 Years)
* William D. MacKinnon, 1892–1897 (5 Years)
* Charles B. Williams, 1897–1900 (3 Years)
* Fred F. Thayer, 1900–1902 (2 Years)
* Leopold Sharf, 1901–1903 (2 Years)
* Arthur Davis, 1903–1906 (3 Years)
* Joseph Joy Theakston, 1906–1910 (4 Years)
* Allan H. Bissell, 1910–1912 (2 Years)
* Frederick Webb, 1912–1915 (3 Years)
* O.D. Thomas, 1915–1916 (1 Year)
* H.Y. Vinal, 1916–1920 (4 Years)
* J.D. Matthews, 1920–1922 (2 Years)
* Leonard Smith, 1922–1925 (3 Years)
* Sydney Cahoon, 1925-1926 (1 Year)
* A.C. Krane, 1926–1927 (1 Year)
* Kenneth Hatch, 1927–1928 (1 Year)
* Henry Schwab, 1928–1936 (8 Years)
* Fred Bopp, 1936–1937 (1 Year)
* Vernon D. Byron, 1937–1942 (5 Years)
* Lee L. Burton, 1942–1944 (2 Years)
* Warren C. Young, 1944–1947 (3 Years)
* Lewis F. Hall, 1947–1954 (7 Years)
* Arthur Darby, 1954–1962 (8 Years)
* John Olson, 1962–1965 (3 Years)
* Everett Nickerson, 1965–1967 (2 Years)
* Willard Smith, 1968–1969 (1+ Years)
* C. Vaughn Overman 1969–1972 (3 Years)
* Charles Pentland, 1969–82 (13 Years)
* Lloyd Yeagle, 1982–1992 (9 years)
* S.H. Hartman, 1992–1997 (5 Years)
* Edward J. Pentland, 1997–2017 (20 Years)
* Donald J. McKinnon, 2017–
thumb
Gallery
References
See also
Official Website
Southern Baptist Convention churches
19th-century Baptist churches in the United States
Baptist churches in Massachusetts
Churches in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Sutton, Massachusetts
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1829
Religion in Worcester County, Massachusetts
1829 establishments in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts |
Dakshin Raypur is a census town within the jurisdiction of the Nodakhali police station in the Budge Budge II CD block in the Alipore Sadar subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Geography
Area overview
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 census towns. The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta and the subdivision, on the east bank of the Hooghly River, is an alluvial stretch, with industrial development.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Location
Dakshin Raypur is located at . It has an average elevation of .
Bowali, Chak Kashipur, Chak Alampur, Dakshin Raypur and Poali form a cluster of census towns, as per the map of the Budge Budge II CD block on page 181 of the District Census Handbook 2011 for the South 24 Parganas.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Dakshin Raypur had a total population of 14,076, of which 7,245 (51%) were males and 6,831 (49%) were females. There were 1,488 people in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people was 9,608 (76.33% of the population over 6 years).
Infrastructure
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Dakshin Raypur covered an area of 4.422 km2. Among the civic amenities, the water supply involved over-head tank. It had 1,341 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 7 primary schools and 1 secondary school. Three important commodities it produced were papad, pottery and zari wok.
Economy
Tourism
There is a three-storeyed Bhagirathi Inspection Bungalow of the Public Health Engineering Department built in 2003, initially for departmental people visiting the place in connection with work in the nearby water-treatment plant, but later partially open to the general public, with advance reservation from 33 & 33/1 Chetla Central Road, Kolkata. One gets a remarkable view of the wide Hooghly from the first floor balcony. Sunset at Dakshin Raypur is brilliant.
Transport
A short stretch of local roads link Dakshin Raypur to the Budge Budge Trunk Road.
Budge Budge railway station is located nearby.
Education
Raipur Sri Sri Ramakrishna Amrita Vidyalaya is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1926. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.
Healthcare
Lakshmibala Dutta Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at Bakrahat, is the major government medical facility in the Budge Budge II CD block.
References
Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district
Neighbourhoods in Kolkata
Kolkata Metropolitan Area |
Francis Bagnal Kidger Tucker (30 April 1923 – 4 April 2008) was a South African rally driver, who was the 1966 South African Rally Drivers Champion.
Tucker was heavily involved with the development of the Kyalami racetrack and served as Steward for all the Grand Prix events at Kyalami until SAMRAC sold the circuit. He was also involved with the organization of the Castrol International Rally and a recipient of the Motorsport South African (MSA) Lifetime Achievement award.
References
South African rally drivers
1923 births
2008 deaths
Sportspeople from Johannesburg |
This is a discography for Danny Kirwan, one of the lead guitarists in Fleetwood Mac from 1968 to 1972. From 1975 to 1979 he had a brief solo career.
Discography
Albums
Second Chapter (DJM 1975)
Midnight in San Juan (DJM 1976; released in US as Danny Kirwan)
Hello There Big Boy! (DJM 1979)
Singles
"Ram Jam City" / "Hot Summer Day" (DJM 07/1975) – from Second Chapter
"Misty River" / "Rolling Hills" (DJM 05/1976) – from Midnight in San Juan
"Second Chapter" / "Skip a Dee Doo" (DJM 08/1976 – US only) – from Second Chapter
"Hot Summer Day" / "Love Can Always Bring You Happiness" (DJM 06/1977) – from Second Chapter
"Let It Be" / "I Can Tell" (DJM 08/1977 – US only) – from Midnight in San Juan
"Only You" / "Caroline" (DJM 03/1979 – UK only) – from Hello There Big Boy!
Demo album
Ram Jam City (Mooncrest 2000 – recorded in the mid-1970s as demo tracks for the Second Chapter album)
Other releases featuring Danny Kirwan
Otis Spann – The Biggest Thing Since Colossus (1969)
Tramp – Tramp (1969)
Clifford Davis – "Before the Beginning" / "Man of the World" (Blue Horizon 1969)
Clifford Davis – "Come On Down and Follow Me" / "Homework" (Blue Horizon 1970)
Christine Perfect – Christine Perfect (CBS 1970)
Jeremy Spencer – Jeremy Spencer (Reprise 1970)
Jeremy Spencer – "Linda" / "Teenage Darling" (Reprise 1970)
Chris Youlden – Nowhere Road (1973)
Tramp – Put a Record On (1974)
Jo Ann Kelly – Tramp 1974 (Mooncrest 2001 – Kirwan plays on 6 tracks recorded live in 1974)
With Fleetwood Mac
Albums
Then Play On (Reprise 1969)
Fleetwood Mac in Chicago/Blues Jam in Chicago, Vols. 1–2 (Blue Horizon 1969)
Kiln House (Reprise 1970)
Future Games (Reprise 1971)
Bare Trees (Reprise 1972)
Singles
"Albatross" / "Jigsaw Puzzle Blues" (Blue Horizon 01/1969)
"Man of the World" / "Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked In Tonite" (Immediate 04/1969)
"Oh Well (Part 1)" / "Oh Well (Part 2)" (Reprise 11/1969)
"Rattlesnake Shake" / "Coming Your Way" (France, Germany, USA, Canada 1969)
"The Green Manalishi (With the Two-Pronged Crown)" / "World in Harmony" (Reprise 05/1970)
"Jewel Eyed Judy" / "Station Man" (Germany, Netherlands, USA 1970)
"Tell Me All the Things You Do" / "This Is the Rock" (France 1970)
"Dragonfly" / "The Purple Dancer" (Reprise 03/1971)
"Sands of Time" / "Lay It All Down" (USA 11/1971)
"Sentimental Lady" / "Sunny Side Of Heaven" (USA 05/1972)
"Somebody's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked in Tonight" was credited to 'Earl Vince and the Valiants', a pseudonym sometimes used by Fleetwood Mac when Jeremy Spencer sang lead.
References
Fleetwood Mac Legacy
[ Allmusic discography] Allmusic's complete discography of Fleetwood Mac
Fleetwood Mac
Discographies of British artists
Blues discographies
Rock music discographies |
Angela Marie "Bay" Buchanan (born December 23, 1948) is a conservative political commentator who served as Treasurer of the United States under President Ronald Reagan. She is the sister of conservative political commentator Pat Buchanan.
Early life
Buchanan was born December 23, 1948, in Washington, D.C., to Catherine (Crum), a nurse, and William Buchanan, an accountant. She attended Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School, where she was the captain of the hockey and basketball teams. She earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics at Rosemont College in 1971, and went on to receive a master's degree in mathematics from McGill University in 1973.
Career
Buchanan was the national treasurer of the "Reagan for President" primary campaigns of 1976 and 1980, and the Reagan-Bush general election campaigns of 1980 and 1984. After appearing regularly on CNN's news program Inside Politics, she became a commentator for The Situation Room, and later Campbell Brown: No Bias, No Bull. She previously served as the co-anchor of Equal Time on CNBC and MSNBC, and during that time also hosted a two-hour radio talk show.
Appointed at the age of 32, Buchanan was the youngest person to serve as Treasurer of the United States. She held that post from March 20, 1981, to July 5, 1983, after which she was appointed Chairwoman of the President's Commission on Women Business Owners.
Buchanan managed her brother Pat Buchanan's three unsuccessful campaigns for President of the United States.
The co-chair of the California delegation to the 1988 Republican National Convention, Buchanan also served as the co-chair of the defense subcommittee of the Party platform Committee. In 1990, she ran in the California Republican primary election for state treasurer, against incumbent Thomas W. Hayes. Hayes prevailed, but would go on to lose the general election to Democrat Kathleen Brown.
In May 2006, Buchanan was appointed chair of Team America PAC, a political action committee founded by Tom Tancredo. In 2007, she served as chairman to Tancredo's presidential campaign, after which she became a senior advisor to Mitt Romney. After the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, Buchanan became a licensed real estate agent in Virginia, working for the firm McEnearney Associates.
Personal life
In 1976, Buchanan converted from Roman Catholicism to Mormonism. In 1982, she married William Jackson, an attorney; they later divorced. Buchanan is the mother of three sons: William (born 1983), Thomas (born 1984) and Stuart (born 1987).
She was forced to give birth to the last of her boys, Stuart, alone, and therefore raise her three boys as a single mother, when her husband walked out on the family. Buchanan has signed a number of $1 banknotes from the 1981 series, which were printed while she was serving as treasurer. These notes have an increased value to numismatists because of the "Courtesy Autograph."
Published works
References
External links
Bay Buchanan – The American Cause
1948 births
Latter Day Saints from Washington, D.C.
California Republicans
Converts to Mormonism from Roman Catholicism
Living people
People from Virginia
People from Washington, D.C.
Reagan administration personnel
Treasurers of the United States
Virginia Republicans
CNBC people
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School alumni
Latter Day Saints from Virginia
Latter Day Saints from California |
Tokio Marine Nichido Shakujii Gymnasium is an arena in Nerima, Tokyo, Japan. It is the home arena of the Tokio Marine Nichido Big Blue of the B.League, Japan's professional basketball league.
References
Basketball venues in Japan
Indoor arenas in Japan
Sports venues in Tokyo
Tokio Marine Nichido Big Blue |
Rich Grove Township is one of twelve townships in Pulaski County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 921 and it contained 354 housing units.
Rich Grove Township was organized in 1854.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , all land.
Unincorporated towns
Denham at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
Adjacent townships
Wayne Township, Starke County (north)
California Township, Starke County (northeast)
Franklin Township (east)
Monroe Township (southeast)
Jefferson Township (south)
White Post Township (southwest)
Cass Township (west)
Railroad Township, Starke County (northwest)
Major highways
Indiana State Road 39
Education
North Judson-San Pierre School Corporation
Rich Grove Township residents may obtain a free library card from the Pulaski County Public Library in Winamac.
Political districts
Indiana's 2nd congressional district
State House District 20
State Senate District 5
References
United States Census Bureau 2008 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
United States Board on Geographic Names (GNIS)
IndianaMap
External links
Indiana Township Association
United Township Association of Indiana
Townships in Pulaski County, Indiana
Townships in Indiana |
Count John of Nassau-Idstein (born 24 November 1603 in Saarbrücken; died: 23 May 1677 in Idstein) was Count of Nassau and Protestant Regent of Idstein.
Life
His parents were Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1565–1627) and his wife, Landgräfin Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel (1567–1626). His father had in 1605 reunited all the possessions of the Walram line of the House of Nassau: Saarbrücken, Weilburg and Idstein. His brother was William Louis. When the brothers divided their father's inheritance on 29 January 1629 in Ottweiler, William Louis received the County of Saarbrücken, the district of Ottweiler, the Bailiwick of Herbitzheim, and the community of Saarwellingen. John received the Lordship of Idstein, Wiesbaden and Sonnenberg. The two younger brothers, Ernest Casimir and Otto received Wehener Grund and the district of Burgschwalbach. However, since they were still minors, William Louis administered those territories as regent.
Shortly thereafter, their territories were put at risk by the Imperial Edict of Restitution of 2 March 1629, when the Prince-Archbishops of Mainz and Trier claimed restitution of church properties that had been confiscated after the Peace of Passau of 1552. On 7 July 1629, the Reichskammergericht ruled that the House of Nassau had to return city and castle of Sarrewerden, Bouquenom and Wieberstweiler to the Bishopric of Metz as fiefs of Lorraine. They were allowed to keep their other disputed possessions.
In 1629 he married Sibylla Magdalena of Baden-Durlach (born: 21 July 1605; died: 26 July 1644 in Strasbourg), daughter of George Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach and Wild- and Rhinegravine Juliane Ursula of Salm-Neufville.
When, at the end of that year, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden appeared the Rhine, presented William Louis, John and Ernest Casimir joined him in his war against the Emperor. After King Gustavus Adolphus had fallen on 16 November 1632, the three counts committed themselves on a meeting of Protestant princes in Heilbronn to continue fighting the Emperor, now under the Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. John signed the alliance with France against the Emperor on 5 September 1633, as the representative of the Nassau brothers.
The youngest brother, Otto, died on 24 November 1632. On 11 December, Ernest Casimir came of age and the brothers decided to revise the division of the inheritance. In this new division, Ernest Casimir received the districts of Weilburg and Mehrenberg, the County of Gleiberg and the districts of Kirchheim and Stauf, which had been Otto's. The brothers decided to share the district of Usingen and Stockheim. In 1634 in Frankfurt, the brothers reached a compromise with the Lords of hohengeroldseck over the ownership of Lahr.
After Sweden and its allies were defeated, Emperor Ferdinand II terminated the fief of the Nassau territories. On 30 May 1635, a number of Imperial Princes, including the Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony, had closed the Peace of Prague, which granted amnesty to most of the princes who had fought against the emperor. The Counts of Nassau, however, had been explicitly excluded from this amnesty. John chose to go into exile to Strasbourg. In November 1635, imperial commissioner Bertram von Sturm arrived in Nassau and announced an imperial ban on the three brothers. All their territories and possessions were declared forfeited. Until 1646, the citizens of Idstein would suffer from hunger, disease and military despotism.
Countess Magdalena Sibylla died in 1644 at the age of 39. On 6 December 1646, John remarried in Strasbourg, with Countess Anna of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (born: 25 May 1625 in Dagsburg; died: 24 December 1688 in Idstein), daughter of Count Philip George of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg und Countess Anna of Erbach. After the marriage ceremony, John returned to Idstein with his new wife.
In 1653, his eldest son became a Catholic. John disowned him. In 1665, his son George August Samuel was born. He would become John's successor.
In 1666, the construction of a new church in Idstein began.
In 1668, the plague broke out in Idstein. Countess Anna died at the age of 43.
In 1672, John made an unsuccessful bid to be raised to the rank of Imperial Prince.
Witch hunts
In 1630, witch trials began in his territory and John ordered pastors to preach against the havoc brought about by witchcraft.
In 1658, Amtmann Plebanus began prosecuting witches.
In 1676, more witch trials were conducted in Idstein and, between 3 February 1676 and 31 March 1677, 31 women and 8 men were executed for witchcraft. Persecutions ended following John's death on 23 May 1677, at the age of 74.
Successor
Johann was succeeded by his son George August Samuel, who was only 12 years old when he died, so his uncle Count Johann Kasimir of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (1619-1688) acted as regent during his minority. Count Johann Kasimir described the office of a regent in his "political testament" as a task for with the regent must later give account before God.
Issue
Johann married twice:
Firstly, he married Sibylle Magdalene, daughter of George Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, in 1629. They had six children:
Ottile Anna (1630–1632)
Gustav Adolph (1632–1664)
Louis Frederick (1633–1656)
Bernhardine Sofie (1634–1642)
John (1638–1658)
Juliane Sabine (1639-1639)
Secondly, he married Countess Anna zu Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg in 1646. They had ten children:
Charles (1649–1651)
Christine Elizabeth (1651–1676)
Eleanor Louise (1653–1677)
Ernestine (1654–1655)
George William (1656–1657)
Johanette (1657–1733), married Count Christian Louis, Count of Waldeck (d. 1706)
Sibylle Charlotte (1658–1660)
Dorothea Amalie (1661–1740), married Count Louis Frederick of Wied (d. 1709) without Issue
Philip Louis (1662–1664)
George August Samuel (1665–1721), married Princess Henriette Dorothea of Oettingen-Oettingen (1672–1728), daughter of Prince Albert Ernest I of Oettingen-Oettingen
See also
House of Nassau
References
Gilla Flothmann, Hilke Müller, Ilse Schollmeyer, Maria Stoltefaut: Den Hexen auf der Spur … Über Hexenprozesse am Beispiel Idstein 1676, Hexenbuchladen, Obergasse 10, 65510 Idstein, 1986,
External links
History of the witch hunts in Nassau
(side entry)
tempo.ifrance.com
The witch hunt in Idstein with a list of the victims of the witch hunts in Idstein 1676-1677
Footnotes
Counts of Nassau
17th-century German people
House of Nassau
1603 births
1677 deaths |
Robert Willard Burbank (1856-1906) was an American lawyer, and the 49th Attorney General of Rhode Island, serving from 1891 to 1894.
Biography
He was born on September 14, 1856, in Koloa, Kingdom of Hawai'i.
He attended the Friends' Boarding School in Providence and Brown University, graduating in 1878. He was admitted to the bar in 1880, and practiced law in Providence. He was a member of Central Congregational Church.
He married Martha Anna Taylor on April 12, 1883.
References
1856 births
People from Kauai
1906 deaths
Place of death missing
Date of death missing
Brown University alumni
Moses Brown School alumni
Rhode Island lawyers
Rhode Island Attorneys General
Hawaiian Kingdom emigrants
Immigrants to the United States |
Rajesh Chaudhary is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Mant Assembly. In 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, he won by eight time MLA Shyam Sunder Sharma. with 83,958 votes.
References
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
Portuguese Nagasaki and Ecclesiastical Nagasaki refer to the period during which the city of Nagasaki was under foreign administration, between the years of 1580 and 1587. Formally granted to the Jesuits, a representative of the Portuguese Crown was considered the highest authority in the city when present, as per Portuguese rights of Padroado.
First contacts with the Portuguese
The first Portuguese (and incidentally, Western) landfall on Japanese soil appears to have been in 1543, after a group of Portuguese merchants travelling aboard a trade junk towards China were blown off course to the island of Tanegashima.
Thereafter, trade began between Portuguese Malacca, China and Japan, as the Portuguese took advantage of the Chinese trade embargo on Japan to act as middlemen between the two nations. In 1550, King John III of Portugal declared the Japanese trade a "crown monopoly", and henceforth, only ships authorized by Goa were allowed to make the journey. In 1557 the authorities of Canton (Guangzhou) leased Macau to the Portuguese to support this trade, in exchange for tribute in silver.
The state of civil war in Japan was highly beneficial to the Portuguese, as several competing lords sought to attract the Portuguese "black ship" and its trade to their domains. Initially the Portuguese called either at Firando (Hirado) belonging to Matsura Takanobu, or Bungo belonging to Ōtomo Sōrin, but in 1562 shifted to Yokoseura when its lord, Omura Sumitada, offered to be the first lord to convert to Christianity, adopting the name Dom Bartolomeu. In 1564 he faced a rebellion instigated by Buddhist priests and Yokoseura was razed to the ground.
In 1571 Dom Bartolomeu, or Omura Sumitada, granted some land in the small fishing village of Nagasaki to the Jesuits, that was divided into six neighbourhoods, to receive exiled Christians from other territories and the Portuguese traders. The Jesuits constructed a chapel and a college under the name of St. Paul, like those of Goa and Malacca. By 1579 Nagasaki had 400 homes, with a few Portuguese casados (married men).
Lease
Fearful that Nagasaki might fall to his rival Takanobu, Omura Sumitada, or Dom Bartolomeu, decided to grant the city directly to the Jesuits in 1580.
As appointed "Visitor of Missions in the Indies", Alessandro Valignano was responsible for concluding with Sumitada the terms of the lease, including all the legal details, being himself a jurist. The Jesuits would be responsible for electing a regedor to administer the city and pledge allegiance to Sumitada, who was still nominally considered the lord of the territory. By this bilateral agreement, Nagasaki was in a very similar situation as Macau, where the Portuguese had agreed to pay the authorities of Guangzhou a fee to in exchange for special privileges over the territory.
The city
Unlike many Asian cities built on a grid inspired by the Chinese model, Nagasaki was built around a centre where the most important buildings were located, namely the church, the charity (the Misericórdia) and the town hall, though it did not have any fortifications.
Between 1603 and 1613 Nagasaki would also have a painting school, guided by the Italian Giovanni Nicolo.
Nagasaki had a "Civil Code" and "Criminal Code", distinct from Japanese law - which was adapted to Roman law; corporal punishments were lessened. The city was described as having "an unusual number of children" as its Christian inhabitants avoided infanticide, otherwise common in Japanese society. The houses were painted white, as in Portuguese fashion. The city had 5000 inhabitants by 1590, and 15,000 in 1600.
The "black ship" or ships, known to the Portuguese as the nau do trato ("the trade ship"), arrived from Goa once every year, between August and September and left as soon as the winds shifted, usually in November or afterwards, in February or March – a journey that could take as many as 2 years or more to complete, because of the different monsoon patterns throughout east and southeast Asia. Whenever the ship was in port, its captain served as the highest authority in any matter pertaining the city.
End of the grant
In 1586, the lands of the Omura clan were overrun by forces of Shimazu Yoshihisa, greatly threatening the city. At the request of Otomo Sorin of Bungo, Toyotomi Hideyoshi intervened, and so Shimazu Yoshihisa was defeated the following year. Hideyoshi however, took the chance to announce the first anti-Christian edict, and ordered that Nagasaki be returned to Omura clan control, thus putting an end to foreign control of the city. Nevertheless, it remained the main port of call for the Portuguese ships in the decades that followed.
See also
Nanban trade
Arte da Lingoa de Iapam
Battle of Fukuda Bay
Fernão Mendes Pinto
References
Bibliography
João Paulo Oliveira e Costa (1993) Portugal and Japan - The Namban Century Lisbon, Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda.
Luís Fróis (1549-1593) História do Japão Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1976 edition.
Charles Ralph Boxer (1959): The Great Ship From Amacon: Annals of Macao and the Old Japan Trade, 1555-1640.
Charles Ralph Boxer (1951): The Christian Century in Japan 1549-1650 University of California Press.
16th century in Portuguese India
16th century in Japan
1580s in Japan
History of Nagasaki
Portuguese colonisation in Asia
Portuguese Empire
1580 in Japan
History of Christianity in Japan |
Fishing in Ghana is made up of both ocean caught fish, as well as freshwater fishing in lakes and rivers.
History
The fishing industry's total catch increased considerably in the late 1960s, from 105,100 tons of marine fish caught in 1967 to 230,100 tons in 1971. In 1982 the yield was 234,100 tons, composed of 199,100 tons of marine varieties and 35,000 tons of freshwater fish from Lake Volta. The industry was hit by fuel shortages, inadequate storage facilities, and the general economic difficulties of the 1970s and the 1980s. In 1988 the fish catch was 302,900 tons. In 1991 the catch was 289,675 tons, down from more than 319,000 tons in 1990.
Large-scale poaching by foreign vessels has severely depleted fish stocks in Ghana's maritime Exclusive Economic Zone, causing major government concern. The most affected stocks are sea bottom-feeding fish. Tuna stocks reportedly remain unaffected. A 1992 Ministry of Food and Agriculture report recommended that the government accelerate mobilization of surveillance and enforcement units and step up regulation of trawler fleets.
In 1992 the government passed a fisheries law to curb overfishing and to help protect the marine environment. Fishermen were banned from catching specified shellfish, and all fishing vessel operators were required to obtain licenses. The law provided for a regulatory body—the Fisheries Monitoring, Control, Surveillance, and Enforcement Unit—as well as a fisheries advisory council. These organizations, however, both of which are underfunded and undermanned, are unlikely to stop illegal fishing activities anytime soon.
Kinds of Fishing
Industrial Fishing
Marine Artisanal fishing
Inland Canoe Fishing
Industrial and artisanal fishermen fish the ocean. Artisanal fishing are small scale fishing practices undertaken by households or individuals.
The Volta Lake is the main source of inland fishery in Ghana.The potential of aquaculture in Ghana is important, the actual estimated production reached about 9,000 tons mainly with Tilapia production. The potential for cage culturing for tilapia is steadily increasing.
Fishing Communities
Some Fishing Communities in Eastern Region include:
Sumuner
Odortorm
Petefour
Odomeabra
Nketepa
Nrahponya
Adakope
Adakope
Troameleveme
Gonyokope
Agaradzi
Abuakwa
Kwahu East
These communities are heavily rely on fish for sustenance, income and food security .
Inland Fishing Centers in Ghana
Lake Volta
Bosomtwi
Weija
Barekese
Tano
Oti
Afram
Bortianor (Tsokome)
Faana Village Beach
Oshie
Korkrobite
Pra
Densu
Vea
Kpong
Contribution of Fishing towards the Ghanaian Economy
The Fishing sector of the country plays an important role contributing significantly to national economic development objectives related to employment, livelihood support, poverty reduction, food security, foreign exchange earnings and resource sustainability. The sector is estimated to contribute 3% of the total GDP and 5% of the GDP in agriculture. About 10% of the country's population is engaged in various aspects of the fishing industry.
Future Plans For the Ghanaian Fishing Industry
The current president of Ghana, Nana Akuffo Addo, created a ministry of fisheries and agricultural development in Ghana. On the 9th of April 2018, The current Minister of the Fishery sector in Ghana, Francis Kinsley Ato Cudjoe, announced the “One house, one tank” program which is bound to take effect from May. With this, every house is to own one fish tank. This goes a long way to encourage tank farming across the nation. Again, the encouragement of youth programs to encourage fish farming as a means of reducing the estimated 930,000 metric tons of fishes being imported annually.
See also
Agriculture in Ghana
Economy of Ghana
References
Environmental issues in Ghana |
Vasiliy Gavrilovich Grabin (; – 18 April 1980) was a Soviet artillery designer. He led a design bureau (TsAKB) at Joseph Stalin Factory No. 92 in Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod).
Grabin was chief designer of ZiS-3, the divisional field gun, which was the most numerous cannon of World War II (over 103,000 cannons were built).
Grabin was the first artillery designer to use ergonomics in cannon construction (before the word ergonomics even appeared). In the 1930s he used physiologist consultations to optimize the design of cannons.
Grabin received numerous awards, including Hero of Socialist Labour, the Order of Lenin (four times), the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Star, and others. He was a four-time recipient of the State Stalin Prize for outstanding inventions.
He is buried in Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
Further reading
Широкорад А.Б., Гений советской артиллерии: Триумф и трагедия В. Грабина, ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2003, 429 pp., .
1900 births
1980 deaths
20th-century Russian engineers
People from Krasnoarmeysky District, Krasnodar Krai
People from Kuban Oblast
Academic staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Second convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Third convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Russian engineers
Russian inventors
Soviet colonel generals
Soviet engineers
Soviet inventors
Weapon designers
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery |
Davit Aleksidze-Meskhishvili (), "the Rector" (დავით რექტორი; 1745–1824), was a Georgian pedagogue, calligrapher, and rector of the Telavi seminary from 1790 to 1801.
Davit Aleksidze-Meskhishvili graduated from the seminary in Tbilisi c. 1765, the latter which was founded by catholicos Anton I in 1755. He then served at the court of King Heraclius II of Georgia as a secretary and closely collaborated with the scholar Gaioz the Rector to promote learning in Tbilisi. After Gaioz's departure to the Russian Empire on a diplomatic mission in 1783, Meskhishvili succeeded him as the acting rector (and as the rector in 1790) of the Telavi seminary until the Russian government, now in control of Georgia, closed it in 1801. A polymath, he taught grammar, physics, and ethics at the seminary and compiled several schoolbooks. Further, at the order of Heraclius's son and successor, King George XII, he inspected church schools at Gareja, Sioni, Kashueti, Mtskheta, and Anchiskhati. Davit the Rector also copied, collected, and catalogued old Georgian manuscripts, and compiled a bibliography of Georgian writers. He was also a poet of some talent, affected by the influence of his contemporary Georgian poet Besiki, but Davit's best-known poem mukhambazi (მუხამბაზი) abjures Besiki's aesthetics.
References
Sources
Calligraphers from Georgia (country)
Educators from Georgia (country)
Poets from Georgia (country)
1745 births
1824 deaths
18th-century people from Georgia (country)
19th-century people from Georgia (country)
Male poets from Georgia (country) |
Gornje Brijanje () is a village in the municipality of Bojnik, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 509 people.
References
Populated places in Jablanica District |
Hanau () is a city in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main and is part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Its station is a major railway junction and it has a port on the river Main, making it an important transport centre. The city is known for being the birthplace of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm and Franciscus Sylvius. Since the 16th century it was a centre of precious metal working with many goldsmiths. It is home to Heraeus, one of the largest family-owned companies in Germany.
Hanau, once the seat of the Counts of Hanau, lost much of its architectural heritage in World War II. A British air raid in 1945 created a firestorm, killing one sixth of the remaining population and destroying 98 percent of the old city and 80 percent of the city overall.
In 1963, the city hosted the third Hessentag state festival. Until 2005, Hanau was the administrative centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis. On 19 February 2020, a gunman attacked two bars and a kiosk in Hanau, murdering nine people with roots outside Germany, before shooting his mother and himself.
Geography
The historic core of Hanau is situated within a semicircle of the river Kinzig which flows into the river Main just west of the city. Today, after a substantial expansion during the 19th and 20th centuries it also extends to the river Main and after a restructuring of municipal borders within Hesse in the 1970s a couple of nearby villages and towns were incorporated. After this change, Hanau for the first time, also extended to the south bank of the Main river.
Climate
On the 0 °C isotherm, Hanau has a humid continental climate as Eastern Germany with warm summer, classified by Köppen as Dfb. In the -3 °C isotherm has oceanic climate (Cfb) with some interior characteristics. Using the first definition used is the city most west of the continent below 200 m at sea level with this category.
Districts
Innenstadt (city center)
Nordwest (northwest) incl.
Südost (southeast)
Großauheim
Name
The name is derived from Hagenowe, which is a composition of ('wood') and ('open land by the side of a river').
History
Old town
As a place of settlement Hanau was first mentioned in 1143. Formerly it was the site of a castle which used the waters of the river Kinzig as a defense. The castle belonged to a noble family, calling themselves "of Hanau" from the 13th century. Starting from this castle a village developed and became a town in 1303. As a result of this history, the main church of Hanau stood outside its walls in the village of Kinzdorf. The villagers moved into the town, Kinzdorf became an abandoned village leaving only the church. Only in the 15th century was the status of the Hanau parish church transferred to the church of Mary Magdalene within the town walls.
Shortly after the first town walls were built at the beginning of the 14th century, the town outgrew this limit. Outside the wall, along the road to Frankfurt am Main a settlement developed (the Vorstadt) which was properly included in the fortifications of Hanau only when Hanau received completely new fortifications in Renaissance-style during the first half of the 16th century. These new fortifications enclosed three elements: The medieval castle, the medieval town of Hanau and the Vorstadt.
New town
Huguenots
In 1597 Count Philipp Ludwig II attracted French Protestants (Huguenots) refugees, who had been admitted to Frankfurt but had only very limited accommodation, to found their own settlement south of Hanau. This happened under the direction of the then guardian of the Hanau count, Johann VI. von Nassau-Dillenburg, who hoped for significant economic and cultural advances from the settlement of the Réfugiés from south-west France. In return for the assurance of free exercise of their religion, the refugees undertook to become economically active in Hanau. Out of this tradition, goldsmiths are still trained in Hanau. Hanau also was the site of the first workshop to produce Faience within Germany. These new citizens were granted privileges and they formed their own community, church and administration for the "new town of Hanau" (Neustadt Hanau) wholly separate from the existing community. A stark contrast to the Catholic Church, but also to the Lutheran Church of the time, was the participation of lay people in church-governing functions, as well as the design of the church, especially the decalogues. Each congregation was led by the Consistoire, elected by congregation members for life, which is roughly comparable to today's church council. The descendants of the French Reformed religious refugees have assimilated in Hanau over time.
Walloon-Dutch refugees and Jews
In contrast to the Huguenots, the Walloon and Dutch Calvinist refugees came from an area of what is now the Netherlands, Belgium and the French Département Nord at the time of Spanish rule, the Spanish Netherlands. With the arrival of the Huguenots, Walloons and Dutch, Hanau's rise to become an important business location began. Until 1821, the new town had its own independent community, independent of the old town. The Reformed Walloon-Dutch community still exists today.
Philipp Ludwig II also allowed Jews to settle in Hanau. From 1604 there was a Jewish community again.
It took more than 200 years to amalgamate both. The new town – larger than the old one – was protected by a then very modern fortification in Baroque-style which proved a big asset only a few years later in the Thirty Years' War. The town survived a siege in 1637 with only minor damage.
The new citizens formed the major economic and political power within the County of Hanau and in 1642 played a leading role in the succession of Count Fredrik Casimir of Hanau Lichtenberg into the County of Hanau-Münzenberg of which the town of Hanau was the capital.
17th century
During the Thirty Years' War Hanau was taken by the Swedes in 1631. In 1636 it was besieged by the imperial troops, but was relieved on the 13th of June by William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, on account of which the day is still commemorated by the inhabitants.
18th century
In 1736 Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg, the last of the Counts of Hanau, died. Those parts of his county belonging to the County of Hanau-Münzenberg, which included Hanau, were inherited by the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Due to dynastic troubles within this family the County of Hesse-Hanau was created a separate state from the Landgraviate until 1786. So Hanau stayed capital for another 50 years. Even after that it became – after Kassel – the town second in importance within Hesse-Kassel.
19th century
During the Napoleonic Wars the Emperor himself ordered the fortifications of Hanau to be destroyed. This created a chance for both parts of the town to expand across their traditional limits. In 1813, the Battle of Hanau took place near the city between French troops and Austro-Bavarian forces. During the 1820s the administrations of both towns of Hanau were merged. The first common Mayor, who became Lord Mayor (Oberbürgermeister) was , later to become prime minister and minister of the interior of the Electorate of Hesse after the Revolution of 1848.
With its pre-industrial workshops Hanau became a nucleus of a heavy industrialisation during the 19th century: From within the city (e.g.: Heraeus) as well as from outside (e.g. Degussa, Dunlop). This was heavily supported by its development as an important railway interchange of six railway lines, most of them main lines:
1848: Frankfurt-Hanau Railway
1854: Main–Spessart Railway
1867: Frankfurt–Bebra Railway, eastern direction
1873: Frankfurt–Bebra Railway, western direction
1879/1881: Friedberg–Hanau Railway
1882: Odenwald Railway
Revolution of 1848
1848 Hanau was a centre of the German democratic movement and contributed significantly both in 1830 and in the Revolution of 1848. As part of this movement the German Gymnastic League (Deutscher Turnerbund) was founded here in 1848. Hanau was finally annexed to Prussia like all of Hesse-Kassel in 1866 after its Prince-elector took the Austrian side in the Austro-Prussian War. It remained part of Prussia until 1945.
In the late 19th century Hanau became a major garrison town. Due to its interchange of railway lines a large detachment of military railway-engineers as well as other military units were stationed here.
As a free-trade city, Hanau developed a silver manufacturing industry using fantasy hallmarks. Hanau silver was produced from the mid 19th to the early 20th Century.
20th century
During World War II, the Jewish population were persecuted with the last Jews being deported in May 1942.
Hanau was for the most part destroyed by British airstrikes in March 1945 a few days before it was taken by the U.S. Army. Around 87% of the town was destroyed. Of 15,000 inhabitants who remained in the city at the time, 2,500 died in the attack.
The town housed one of the largest garrisons of the U.S. Army in Europe. Being an important strategic location in the so called Fulda Gap, the military community had a population of 45,000 military members, U.S. civilians and family members at its peak during the Cold War. The extensive U.S. facilities included Hanau Army Airfield, also known as Fliegerhorst Langendiebach. The garrison was closed in April 2018. Most of the former military areas have been converted to civil use in the meantime.
21st century
In 2010, Hanau started a huge building project to completely redesign the inner city. These are the largest construction works in the town since the reconstruction after World War II.
On 19 February 2020, eleven people—including the perpetrator—were killed in a spree shooting at two shisha bars and a flat in the town. The perpetrator, known as Tobias Rathjen, opened fire at Midnight Bar and Arena Bar in Hanau centre and Kesselstadt. Tobias then drove home, where he killed his mother, and shot himself.
Economy
At present, many inhabitants work in the technological industry Heraeus) or commute to Frankfurt. Frankfurt International Airport is 30 km away.
Population
With a population of 101,364 it is the sixth most populous town in Hesse. Having lost its status as administrative centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis (Main-Kinzig district) to Gelnhausen in 2005, proposals have been made that Hanau should form its own administrative district by 1 January 2026.
More than 20% of the inhabitants are foreign nationals, mostly Turkish workers.
Jewish community
The earliest documentary evidence for the presence of Jews in Hanau dates from 1313. In the 17th and 18th centuries Hanau developed into an important center of Hebrew printing. The community numbered 540 persons 1805, 80 families in 1830, 447 persons in 1871, and 657 at the turn of the century. In 1925 there were 568 Jews in Hanau.
Twin towns – sister cities
Hanau is twinned with:
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, France
Dartford, United Kingdom
Francheville, France
Nilüfer, Turkey
Taizhou, China
Tottori, Japan
Yaroslavl, Russia
Friendly cities
Hanau also has friendly relations with:
Waltershausen, Germany
Pays de Hanau, France
Transport
Rail
Hanau is a transportation hub in Germany, with its main station serving the following lines:
Frankfurt-Hanau Railway (RE / RB 55),
Main-Spessart-Bahn (from Hanau to Aschaffenburg Hauptbahnhof) (RE / RB 55),
Kinzig Valley Railway to Fulda (RE / RB 50),
Frankfurt-Bebraer railway (westbound) to Offenbach Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt am Main Hauptbahnhof as well as the largely parallel south metropolitan S-Bahn,
Friedberg-Hanau railway (RB 33) and
Odenwaldbahn (RE / RB 64) towards Babenhausen, Groß-Umstadt-Wiebelsbach, Erbach and Eberbach.
Besides the main station, the town is also served by Hanau West and Hanau-Wilhelmsbad on the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway, Großauheim on the Main-Spessart-Bahn, Wolfgang an der Kinzigtalbahn, the S-Bahn station at Steinheim (Main) on the South-Main S-Bahn, Hanau Nord at the Hanau-Friedberger Bahn and Hanau-Klein Auheim on the Odenwaldbahn.
Sights
(historic spa)
(St Mary's Church)
Notable people
Louis Appia (1818–1898), surgeon, member of the Geneva "Committee of Five" (precursor to the International Committee of the Red Cross)
J. C. C. Devaranne (1784–1813), was born in Hanau on 8 March 1784
Siegmund Feniger, also known as Nyanaponika Thera, Buddhist monk
Jürgen Grasmück (1940–2007), author of horror fiction and science fiction stories, born in Hanau in 1940
The Brothers Grimm (Brüder Grimm) collected many German fairy tales and started work on the German Glossary
Ludwig Emil Grimm (1790–1863), painter, younger brother of Jacob and Wilhelm
Solomon Hanau (1687–1746), 17th century Hebrew-language linguistic master
Hans Daniel Hassenpflug (1794–1862), German statesman
Paul Hindemith (1895–1963), composer
Stefan Jagsch (born 1986), extreme-right politician
Alois Kottmann (1929–2021), violinist, was born in Großauheim
Johann Peter Krafft (1780–1856), painter
Daniel la Rosa (born 1985), racing driver
Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1800–1882), painter, often regarded as the first Jewish painter of the modern era
Bodo Sperling (born 1952) is a German painter and conceptual artist.
Karl Storck (1826–1887), Romanian sculptor, born in Hanau on 30 March 1887
Hermann Volk (1903–1988), Roman-catholic bishop in Mainz
Rudi Völler (born 1960), football/soccer world champion 1990 and coach of the German national team, when it was runner-up in 2002
Wilhelm Wagenfeld (1900–1990), Designer
Sports
Turngemeinde 1837 Hanau a.V. (TGH), one of the oldest of Germany's sports clubs
Hanauer Rudergesellschaft 1879 e.V. (HRG), one of Germany's oldest rowing clubs
Hanau 93 (1. Hanauer Fußball Club 1893 e.V. or very short just "HFC"), Hesse's oldest association football club
References
External links
Official town website
HanauOnline Webzine
Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau (Hanau State Academy)
Cities in Hesse
Main-Kinzig-Kreis
Burial sites of the House of Leiningen
Populated places on the Main basin
Populated riverside places in Germany |
Headsparks is the debut studio album by the American indie rock band Seam, released on March 11, 1992 by Homestead Records.
Recording and release
Headsparks was recorded by Jerry Kee at Duck-Kee Studios in Raleigh, North Carolina in August 1991. The album was released on March 11, 1992 by Homestead Records.
Critical reception
Headsparks was positively received by critics. Ned Raggett of AllMusic awarded the album a rating of four out of five stars and praised Sooyoung Park's singing and guitar playing, saying that the record features "a blend that's at once powerful, heartfelt, and anthemic almost in spite of itself." He considered "Sky City" and "Feather" to be the album's highlights. Victoria Wheeler of Spin also enjoyed the album, commenting that Seam "gets slow but not lethargic, sensitive but not whiny, persistent but not nagging, confused but far from lost. Plus, the band pulls clever punches like pasting all that static-y haze over smartly tart, twangy, almost banjoish guitar."
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Seam
Mac McCaughan – drums
Lexi Mitchell – bass
Sooyoung Park – vocals, guitar
Technical and additional personnel
Jerry Kee – engineering
Sarah Shannon – vocals on "Shame"
Jennifer Walker – vocals on "New Year's"
References
External links
1992 debut albums
Homestead Records albums
Seam (band) albums |
Porto Nacional is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Tocantins. The population was 53,316 (2020) in an area of , including both rural and urban areas.
Geography
It is located approximately in the center of the state at a distance of 60 km. from the state capital of Palmas, which lies to the north on highway TO-050 Porto Nacional lies on the right bank of the important Tocantins River, which flows north to join the Araguaia River. Leaving from the capital of Goiás, Goiânia, it is located at a distance of 769 km, taking the BR-153 (Belém-Brasília) and then TO-255.
The city is served by Porto Nacional Airport.
Economy
The main economic activities are cattle raising and the growing of crops like soybeans, pineapple, rice, mamona, corn, and sorghum.
Cattle herd: 84,291
Planted area of main crops in 2006
Pineapple: 70 ha.
Soybeans: 13,000 ha.
Rice: 2,000 ha.
Mamona: 680 ha.
Corn: 2,083 ha.
Sorghum: 8,000 ha.
Plantations of coconut, mango, and citrus fruits.
Farm data for 2006
Total number of farms: 1,278
Agricultural area: 129,098 ha.
Planted area: 10,300 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 70,101
Persons working in agriculture: 3,300 (most were relatives of the owner of the farm)
Health and education
Number of health establishments (2005): 29
Private health establishments: 10
Hospitals: 1 with 81 beds
Infant mortality rate:
Number of schools: 59 primary schools and 10 middle schools. There were two institutes of higher learning with 688 students in 2006.
Literacy rate: 79% (over 25 years old)
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index: 0.750
References
External links
City Hall of Porto Nacional website
Government of the State of Tocantins website
Municipalities in Tocantins |
Michael Robertson is an American college baseball coach, currently serving as head coach of the Texas Southern team. He was previously the head coach at Prairie View A&M University.
Head coaching record
See also
List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches
References
Living people
High school baseball coaches in the United States
Prairie View A&M Panthers baseball coaches
Texas Southern Tigers baseball coaches
Year of birth missing (living people)
Prairie View A&M University alumni
African-American baseball coaches
Forest Brook High School alumni
Baseball coaches from Texas
Baseball players from Houston
Huston–Tillotson Rams baseball players |
Borkwalde is a municipality in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg, Germany.
To the west is the Truppenübungsplatz Lehnin military training area.
Demography
References
Localities in Potsdam-Mittelmark |
Zemplin Stadion is a multi-use stadium in Michalovce, Slovakia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of MFK Zemplín Michalovce. The stadium holds 4,400 people. The intensity of the floodlighting is 1,200 lux.
External links
Football stadiums profile
References
Football venues in Slovakia
Buildings and structures in Košice Region
Sport in Košice Region |
Pasi Jaakonsaari (born 27 March 1959) is a Finnish former footballer. During his club career, Jaakonsaari played for HIFK, Grankulla IFK, HJK Helsinki, Gefle IF, Vasalunds IF, Geylang International FC and FinnPa. He made 11 appearances for the Finland national football team between 1980 and 1982, scoring 4 goals.
External links
1959 births
Finnish men's footballers
Finland men's international footballers
HIFK sportspeople
Grankulla IFK players
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
Gefle IF players
Vasalunds IF players
Geylang International FC players
FinnPa players
Men's association football defenders
Living people
People from Riihimäki
Sportspeople from Kanta-Häme
20th-century Finnish people |
Kenny Dehaes (born 10 November 1984 in Uccle) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2006 and 2019 for the , , , and teams.
Major results
2005
1st Ronde Van Vlaanderen Beloften
2006
10th Paris–Brussels
2007
1st Schaal Sels
7th Paris–Brussels
7th De Vlaamse Pijl
2008
1st Stage 3 Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stage 1 Tour of Belgium
5th Gent–Wevelgem
5th Overall Tour de Picardie
4th Memorial Rik Van Steenbergen
2009
1st Grote Prijs Beeckman-De Caluwé
4th Memorial Rik Van Steenbergen
4th Paris–Brussels
5th Schaal Sels-Merksem
6th Grand Prix de Denain
2010
1st Grote Prijs Beeckman-De Caluwé
3rd Grand Prix de Fourmies
4th Nokere Koerse
6th Omloop van het Houtland
6th Nationale Sluitingsprijs
2011
2nd Overall Tour de Picardie
1st Points classification
2nd Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
6th Druivenkoers Overijse
6th Dutch Food Valley Classic
10th Grand Prix de Fourmies
2012
4th Halle–Ingooigem
9th Handzame Classic
2013
1st Trofeo Palma de Mallorca
1st Handzame Classic
1st Halle–Ingooigem
1st Stage 4 Tour de Wallonie
2nd Heistse Pijl
4th Le Samyn
5th Druivenkoers Overijse
7th Scheldeprijs
8th Trofeo Campos–Santanyí–Ses Salines
10th Brabantse Pijl
2014
1st Ronde van Drenthe
1st Nokere Koerse
7th GP Maurice Raes
8th Handzame Classic
2015
1st Grote Prijs Stad Zottegem
9th Brussels Cycling Classic
2016
1st Ronde van Limburg
1st Stage 5 Four Days of Dunkirk
3rd Grand Prix de Denain
3rd Arnhem–Veenendaal Classic
3rd Overall Tour de Picardie
1st Stage 3
3rd Antwerpse Havenpijl
4th Heistse Pijl
4th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
7th Grand Prix de la Somme
7th Ronde van Drenthe
8th Brussels Cycling Classic
9th Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde
10th Nokere Koerse
2017
1st Gooikse Pijl
2nd Tour de l'Eurométropole
2nd Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
2nd Heistse Pijl
3rd Handzame Classic
3rd GP Stad Zottegem
4th Brussels Cycling Classic
5th Arnhem–Veenendaal Classic
7th Nationale Sluitingsprijs
2018
1st Grand Prix de Denain
1st Grand Prix de la ville de Pérenchies
3rd Grote Prijs Jean-Pierre Monseré
4th Trofeo Campos, Porreres, Felanitx, Ses Salines
4th Schaal Sels
5th Ronde van Limburg
6th Handzame Classic
7th Brussels Cycling Classic
8th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
References
External links
Palmares at Cycling Base (French)
Belgian male cyclists
1984 births
Living people
People from Uccle
Cyclists from Brussels |
The Gertrudes are a Canadian indie folk band from Kingston, Ontario, founded in 2008. From 2009-2012 they found significant placement on campus music charts, toured Canada coast to coast, and reached number 1 on the CBC R3-30 charts. From 2013 to 2020, they released and performed very occasionally, in connection with community issues. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, a new phase of writing and recording began which has resulted in a new album, Emergency To Emergency, for release in November 2021.
History
The Gertrudes were formed in Kingston, Ontario in 2008. The band's name was a reference to a founding member's grandmother, who the family believes to be reincarnated in his sister of the same name. Musicians performing with the band varied from one show to the next, but core members included Greg Tilson (guitar, vocals), Annie Clifford (banjo, vocals), Lucas Huang (ukulele, percussion), Jason Erb (piano), Matt Rogalsky (guitar, mandolin), Josh Lyon (trumpet, piano, accordion), Pete Bowers (percussion), Chris Trimmer (theremin), and Pim van Geffen (trombone), with Amanda Balsys (violin, vocals) joining in time for their first full-length release, Dawn Time Riot in 2010. PS I Love You were guest musicians on one track of Dawn Time Riot. Exclaim! called the album "a meticulously crafted spectrum of modern folk sound".
Their single All the Dollar Bills Sing Hallelujah debuted at the top of the CBC Radio 3 R3-30 chart in the summer of 2013. They also placed multiple albums on the !earshot campus and community music charts. In 2012 they played during the finale of the Vancouver Folk Music Festival alongside the Tao Rodriguez-Seeger Band.
After their early years of regularly performing and recording, the band occasionally reassembled between 2013 and 2020 to contribute to community and activist projects, including providing the score for a 2014 documentary about the closure of prison farms across Canada, releasing a song critical of first Prime Minister John A. Macdonald's racist and expansionist policies in counterpoint to celebrations on his 200th birthday in 2015, and in 2016 releasing a song and music video to protest a plan to extend a road through Douglas Fluhrer Park in Kingston.
During the global pandemic beginning in 2020, The Gertrudes began a new intensive phase of songwriting and recording, towards an album to be released in Fall 2021. Keeping with COVID restrictions, recording sessions were held in band members' gardens and homes, and continued as possible given changing restrictions on gatherings. Sessions were engineered by Dylan Lodge, Jason Mercer, and Matt Rogalsky, with Rogalsky and Mercer each mixing half the album's songs and co-producing the album with The Gertrudes. Several of the band members and many of the backing vocalists also recorded their own parts at home and sent them in for mixing.
As of September 2021, several singles have been released, including "The Other Side", "Parham" and "New Carolina". The full album will be released on November 26 on Wolfe Island Records. To coincide with the new album, The Gertrudes have digitally re-released their Hard Water EP and three earlier albums on all streaming services.
Discography
Singles and EPs
This Be Our EP (self-released, 2008) EP
Hard Water (Apple Crisp Records, 2009) EP
Emergency to Emergency (2020) Single
The Other Side (2020) Single
Parham (2021) Single
New Carolina (2021) Single
Studio Albums
Dawn Time Riot (Apple Crisp Records, 2010)
Till the Morning Shows Her Face to Me (Apple Crisp Records, 2011)
Neighbourhood (Apple Crisp Records, 2013)
Emergency To Emergency (Wolfe Island Records, 2021)
Just to Please You (Wolfe Island Records, 2023)
See also
Music of Canada
List of Canadian musicians
List of bands from Canada
:Category:Canadian musical groups
References
External links
Official website
Musical groups established in 2008
Musical groups disestablished in 2021
Canadian indie rock groups
Musical groups from Kingston, Ontario
Canadian folk rock groups
Canadian indie folk groups
2008 establishments in Ontario
2021 disestablishments in Ontario |
Roy Thomas Fielding (born 1965) is an American computer scientist, one of the principal authors of the HTTP specification and the originator of the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style. He is an authority on computer network architecture and co-founded the Apache HTTP Server project.
Fielding works as a Senior Principal Scientist at Adobe Systems in San Jose, California.
Biography
Fielding was born in 1965 in Laguna Beach, California. He describes himself as "part Maori, Kiwi, Yank, Irish, Scottish, British, and California beach bum". In 1999, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Technology Review TR100 named him one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2000, he received his doctorate from the University of California, Irvine.
Contributions
Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures, Fielding's doctoral dissertation, describes Representational State Transfer (REST) as a key architectural principle of the World Wide Web and received a large amount of attention. Computer engineers frequently hold up REST as an approach to developing web services, as an alternative to other distributed-computing specifications such as SOAP. Fielding has also been heavily involved in the development of HTML and Uniform Resource Identifiers. Fielding co-founded the Apache HTTP Server project and was a member of the interim OpenSolaris Boards until he resigned from the community in 2008. He chaired the Apache Software Foundation for its first three years and sat on its board of directors until May 2014.
Between 2001 and 2006, Fielding worked on Waka, an application protocol intended as "a binary, token-based replacement for HTTP". It was "designed to match the efficiency of the REST architectural style".
References
Bibliography
External links
Fielding's blog
1965 births
Living people
Computer programmers
Web developers
University of California, Irvine alumni
Free software programmers
Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
Montes de Oca is a Spanish surname meaning "mountains of goose". Notable people with the surname include:
Bryce Montes de Oca (born 1996), American baseball player
Eliecer Montes de Oca (born 1971), Cuban baseball player
Fernando Montes de Oca (1829–1847), Mexican hero
Isidoro Montes de Oca (1789–1847), Mexican-Filipino revolutionary soldier
Marco Antonio Montes de Oca (1932-2009), Mexican poet and painter
Spanish-language surnames |
Lawrenceville is a Village municipality in the Le Val-Saint-François Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada.
It is situated west of Sherbrooke, near the Black River. Around 650 Lawrence villagers are counted in an area of 17 square kilometers.
History
The name of the village honors Mr. Henry Lawrence, son of Isaac Lawrence who originally came from Canaan, Connecticut, and moved to Shefford Township in 1794 settling his family near Lake Waterloo between Fulford and Waterloo. In 1800 the township of Stukely was created, and Henry and his brother Erastus became Samuel Willard's associates and both moved to South Stukely in 1804. Erastus died 8 years later. In 1836 Henry Lawrence moved to the northern part of Stukely and built a sawmill and flourmill on an island which became part of Lawrenceville. Although, the village of Lawrenceville was not constituted until 1905 by detachment of the municipality from the township of North-Stukely. Only remains of the building can still be found on Henry's Island, two dwellings still exist: dating from the 19th century, that is the Island Park House of Victorian style and another house, with a double-slope roof. Henry died in 1864, surviving his first wife Polly Day, daughter of Pelatiah and Hannah (Curtis) Day, and remarried to Elizabeth Lewis, daughter of the precursor of Waterloo, Captain Ezekiel Lewis and his wife Abigail Gibbs.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lawrenceville had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Mother tongue (2011)
See also
List of village municipalities in Quebec
References
External links
Villages in Quebec
Incorporated places in Estrie |
Urralburu is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gabriel Urralburu (born 1950), Spanish politician
Óscar Urralburu (born 1971) is a Spanish professor |
Aspergillus conicus is a xerophilic species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus which can cause endophthalmitis in rare cases. It was first described in 1914. It is from the section Restricti. Aspergillus conicus has been reported as a human pathogen.
Growth and morphology
A. conicus has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
References
Further reading
conicus
Xerophiles
Fungi described in 1914 |
Did Jesus Exist? is a 1975 book written by the modern German language teacher and amateur historian George Albert Wells who speculated on the evidence of Jesus Christ. Wells argues there was no historical evidence of Jesus existing. A revised second edition was published in 1986.
Wells has since modified his position, and in 2003 stated that he now disagrees with Robert M. Price on the information about Jesus being "all mythical". Wells now believes that the Jesus of the gospels is obtained by attributing the supernatural traits of the Pauline epistles to the human preacher of Q source.
Contents
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations for Books of the New Testament
Introduction
Jewish and Pagan Testimony to Jesus
Early Christian Epistles
The Origin and Nature of the Gospels
Christologies
The Twelve
Galilee and John the Baptist
Was Jesus a Political Rebel?
The Pagan and Jewish Background
The Debate Continues
Conclusion
Numbered List of References
Index of New Testament References
General Index
Reception
Bart Ehrman, in his Did Jesus Exist? (2012) stated: "The best-known mythicist of modern times — at least among the NT scholars who know of any mythicists at all — is George A. Wells...He has written many books and articles advocating a mythicist position, none more incisive than his 1975 book, Did Jesus Exist?. Wells is certainly one who does the hard legwork to make his case: Although an outsider to NT studies, he speaks the lingo of the field and has read deeply in its scholarship. Although most NT scholars will not (or do not) consider his work either convincing or particularly well argued." (p. 19). Wells, 86, provided an answer to these points in an article in Free Inquiry.
See also
Christ myth theory
Historicity of Jesus
Historical Jesus
References
External links
Description from Prometheus Books
1975 non-fiction books
Books critical of religion
Works about the Christ myth theory
Religious studies books
Prometheus Books books
1975 in Christianity |
Shrek: Treasure Hunt is a 2002 party video game developed by The Code Monkeys and published by TDK Mediactive under their TDK Impulse label for the PlayStation. It is the only Shrek game released for the PlayStation. Digital Illusions were going to develop the game, but switched focus to Shrek Extra Large.
Gameplay
Shrek: Treasure Hunt is a party video game in which players control Shrek on collecting items for the picnic, they will have to go through minigames and challenges, in order to complete the level and receive items. Minigames can be assessed by collecting the required amount of items throughout each platforming stage. Collectables can be found.
Plot
As Shrek is preparing a picnic with Fiona, the three blind mice steal all the picnic equipment such as food and drinks, so Shrek must go on an adventure doing minigames to get the items back before Fiona arrives.
Reception
Shrek: Treasure Hunt received a negative response from critics upon release. GameRankings, an aggregator for game reviews, assigned the game a score of 29% based on one review.
References
2002 video games
Party video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Shrek (franchise) video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
TDK Mediactive games
3D platform games
Video games with 2.5D graphics
The Code Monkeys games |
William Marchant (May 1, 1923 in Allentown, Pennsylvania – November 5, 1995 in Paramus, New Jersey) was a playwright and screenwriter. He is best known for writing the play that served as the basis for the 1957 Walter Lang movie, The Desk Set.
Marchant had been a resident of the Actor's Fund home in Englewood, New Jersey at the time of his death. He had earlier lived in the Stanton section of Readington Township, New Jersey, in a home owned by Broadway actress Dorothy Stickney.
Education
Marchant was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania and attended Temple University in Philadelphia and Yale School of Drama in New Haven, Connecticut.
Career
Playwriting
Marchant's play, To Be Continued, which included a 23-year-old Grace Kelly in the cast, opened on April 23, 1952 at the Booth Theatre on Broadway and ran for 13 performances.
Marchant's The Desk Set opened on Broadway on October 24, 1955 at the Broadhurst Theatre and ran for 296 performances with Shirley Booth in the lead role. The play served as the source material for an eponymous 1957 movie starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn.
In 1975, Marchant wrote The Privilege of his Company, a remembrance of Noël Coward, which was published by Bobbs-Merrill Company.
He translated the French play Les Dames Du Jeudi for Lynn Redgrave and John Clark, who premiered it as Thursday's Girls in Los Angeles in 1982.
Screenwriting
As a screenwriter, Marchant wrote several episodes for the Armchair Theatre and Armchair Mystery Theatre, dramatized Louise, a W. Somerset Maugham story, for a 1969 BBC Two television production, and worked on two films, Triple Cross (1966) and My Lover, My Son.
.
References
External links
1923 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male screenwriters
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
People from Readington Township, New Jersey
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
Temple University alumni
Writers from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Writers from Englewood, New Jersey |
British penny may refer to:
Coins
Penny (British decimal coin)
Penny (British pre-decimal coin)
Penny (English coin)
Units of currency |
Agfacontour Professional was (as of 2002 not anymore produced) a special emulsion sheet film which, after exposure and development in the Agfacontour developer, produced direct equidensities.
Agfacontour was introduced in 1970 by Agfa-Gevaert to produce equidensities by a direct, one-developing-step process.
Until then equidensities had to be obtained using one of the following techniques:
The most popular method to obtain equidensities was the One-Film technique, better known as Sabattier effect (a.k.a. Pseudosolarization).
Another technique, making tonal extractions on high-contrast film, was called the Two-Film technique (negative-positive process): from a negative 3-5 different exposures were made on ultra high-contrast lith-films. These 3-5 positives were then copied again on ultra high-contrast lith-film to obtain negatives with virtually no grey tones. Then one positive and a negative from a different set were sandwiched together in register to obtain one specific equidensity. Using the same shuffling, the other positives were combined with the negatives to resulting in 2-4 equidensity series.
Although there are other techniques such as the Scattered-light technique or Electronic (video) techniques, thy are less important for obtaining equidensity series.
Each of these techniques had its drawbacks of which reproducibility and extensive work involvement were undoubtedly the most important ones.
Therefore the researchers at Agfa-Gevaert set up a workgroup to develop a film that enables the use of equidensitometry with the following, principal evaluation methods of an information-carrier
A Black and white extract of a precisely controllable range of densities
A breakdown into separate, distinctive density ranges which could be created in a manageable manner by colorizing or using Halftone screens
Distance measurement of similar densities, called isodensities (especially in cases of density gradients)
Information clarification/reduction in the presence of chaotic density distribution and density gradients
The Agfacontour film contained two special emulsions with each different spectral sensitivity.
By using color filters (yellow or magenta) during the exposure one could respectively narrow or widen the width of the equidensity.
By varying the exposure one could change the density in the image that showed on Agfacontour as equidensity.
Although the material exhibited very low sensitivity (long exposures were necessary) the results were very reproducible and second order equidensities were sharp and clear, something that with pseudo-solarization was almost impossible to achieve without special procedures.
The Gamma of the material was very high (approx. above 7.0), power of resolution was 40 lines/mm
Since the introduction of Photo editing software, altering curves into U-curves also produces equidensities.
For the image at the right a darkroom process was used that encompassed the production a serie of equidensities of the negative, enlarged on Agfacontour Professional sheetfilm. Each sheet was then copied onto lith film and developed in lith developer. Each copy was then developed in a chromogenic developer. All colored lith films were then put together in register and a positive print on color paper was made.
See also
Agfa Publication Department, Agfacontour Professional in Photographics. Leverkusen, 1970: Agfacontour Film on archive.org
Solf, Kurt Dieter (Februar 1973). "Äquidensitenfilm". Fotografie. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH. pp. 111–118. .
Mass, H. "Agfacontour Professional in der Praxis." Phototechnik und Wirtschaft (1971) Nr.2, p 39
Myšák, F "The Evaluating of Autoradiographs by Means of the Film Agfacontour Professional"
References
Photographic films
Products and services discontinued in 2002 |
Provident may refer to:
Entertainment
Provident Label Group, a music label
Finance
Financial companies
Unum, formerly UnumProvident, formerly two separate companies Unum & Provident, a financial services company in the United States focusing on disability insurance
Friends Provident, a financial services company in the U.K. focusing on life assurance
PNC Financial Services, formerly known as Provident National Bank
Provident Financial plc, a financial group based in Bradford, England focusing on the home lending and insurance markets
Provident, a Hungarian subsidiary of International Personal Finance
Retirement plans
Central Provident Fund, Singapore's retirement plan
Public Provident Fund, India's retirement plan
Mandatory Provident Fund, Hong Kong's retirement plan
Recreation
Provident Skate Park in Visalia, California |
USS Dan Smith was a schooner used by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries.
Service history
Dan Smith, a wooden sailing schooner, was purchased by the Navy at New York City 7 September 1861; outfitted at New York Navy Yard; and commissioned 30 January 1862, Acting Master G. W. Brown in command. Assigned to duty in the newly organized Mortar Flotilla, she sailed from New York 4 February 1862, arriving on station at the mouth of the Mississippi River on 11 March. During her service in this area she joined in the bombardment and capture of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip from 18 to 24 April 1862; took part in the passage of the batteries at, and shelling of, Vicksburg, Mississippi, from 26 June to 5 July 1862; and had frequent encounters with other enemy shore batteries.
Repaired at Baltimore, Maryland, in the summer of 1862 Dan Smith sailed for duty with the Potomac Flotilla 25 October. From 30 October to 22 July 1863 the schooner cruised the Potomac, Rappahannock, and Piankatank Rivers and various creeks of Virginia on guard and picket duty. She shared in the capture of the schooner Emily Murray 9 February 1863 and captured many small craft used to carry contraband goods across the Potomac. On 22 July 1863 Dan Smith entered Washington Navy Yard to prepare for duty with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. On 28 July 1863 Dan Smith stood down the Potomac River and arrived off Charleston, South Carolina, 9 August, in time to take part in an assault on Fort Wagner and Fort Gregg 9 days later. She served in the coastal waters of South Carolina and Georgia during the remainder of the War, capturing the schooner Sophia in Altamaha Sound, Georgia, 3 March 1864. From 9 to 14 February 1865 she cooperated with the Union Army in an expedition up Folly River, South Carolina. She set sail for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 6 June 1865 arriving 9 days later. There Dan Smith was decommissioned 28 June 1865 and sold 10 August 1865.
References
Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in New York City
Schooners of the United States Navy |
XHMU-FM (branded as La Ke Buena) is a Mexican Spanish-language FM radio station that serves the Tampico, Tamaulipas market area.
History
XHMU received its concession on April 18, 1986. It started broadcasting at 31 kW ERP and has reduced its power twice in its history, once in 1991 and again in 2013.
On January 9, 2023, XHMU and XHHF-FM exchanged formats, La Ke Buena moved to 90.1
References
Radio stations in Tampico |
```yaml
category: IT Services
commonfields:
id: Google Cloud Storage
version: -1
configuration:
- display: Service Account Private Key file contents (JSON)
name: service_account_json
type: 4
hidden: true
required: false
- displaypassword: Service Account Private Key file contents (JSON)
name: credentials_service_account_json
hiddenusername: true
type: 9
required: false
display: ""
- display: Default Bucket
name: default_bucket
type: 0
required: false
- display: Use system proxy settings
name: proxy
type: 8
required: false
- display: Trust any certificate (not secure)
name: insecure
type: 8
required: false
description: Google Cloud Storage is a RESTful online file storage web service for storing and accessing data on Google Cloud Platform infrastructure.
display: Google Cloud Storage
name: Google Cloud Storage
script:
commands:
- description: Retrieves the list of buckets.
name: gcs-list-buckets
outputs:
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.Name
description: Bucket name (also ID).
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.TimeCreated
description: Bucket creation time.
type: Date
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.TimeUpdated
description: Last time bucket was modified.
type: Date
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.OwnerID
description: Bucket owner ID.
type: String
arguments: []
- arguments:
- default: true
description: Name of the bucket to retrieve. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
description: Retrieves bucket information.
name: gcs-get-bucket
outputs:
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.Name
description: Bucket name (also ID).
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.TimeCreated
description: Bucket creation time.
type: Date
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.TimeUpdated
description: Last time bucket was modified.
type: Date
- contextPath: GCS.Bucket.OwnerID
description: Bucket owner ID.
type: String
- arguments:
- default: true
description: Name of the bucket to create.
name: bucket_name
required: true
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: Access Control List for the bucket.
name: bucket_acl
predefined:
- authenticatedRead
- private
- projectPrivate
- publicRead
- publicReadWrite
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: Default Access Control List for the object.
name: default_object_acl
predefined:
- authenticatedRead
- bucketOwnerFullControl
- bucketOwnerRead
- private
- projectPrivate
- publicRead
- defaultValue: US
description: The location of the bucket, The default value is US.
name: location
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: Whether the bucket is configured to allow only IAM, The default value is false.
name: uniform_bucket_level_access
defaultValue: 'false'
predefined:
- 'false'
- 'true'
description: Creates a new bucket.
name: gcs-create-bucket
- arguments:
- default: true
description: Name of the bucket to delete.
name: bucket_name
required: true
- auto: PREDEFINED
defaultValue: 'false'
description: Forces the bucket to delete (if not empty).
name: force
predefined:
- 'true'
- 'false'
required: true
description: Deletes a bucket.
name: gcs-delete-bucket
- arguments:
- default: true
description: Name of the bucket in which to list objects. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- description: Specify to limit blobs within a "folder" i.e., "folder-1/" if blob is "folder-1/file.txt".
name: prefix
- description: Use a delimiter if you want to limit results within a specific "folder" and without any nested blobs i.e., "/".
name: delimiter
description: Retrieves the list of objects in a bucket.
name: gcs-list-bucket-objects
outputs:
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.Name
description: Object name.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.Bucket
description: Name of the bucket containing the object.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.ContentType
description: Content-Type of the object data.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.TimeCreated
description: Object creation time.
type: Date
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.TimeUpdated
description: Last time object was modified.
type: Date
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.TimeDeleted
description: Object deletion time (available if the object is archived).
type: Date
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.Size
description: Object size in bytes.
type: Number
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.MD5
description: MD5 hash of the data in Base64.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.OwnerID
description: Object owner ID.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.CRC32c
description: CRC32c checksum (as described in RFC 4960, Appendix B path_to_url ), encoded using Base64 in big-endian byte order.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.EncryptionAlgorithm
description: The encryption algorithm.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObject.EncryptionKeySHA256
description: SHA256 hash value of the encryption key.
type: String
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which the object resides. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- default: true
description: Name of the object to download.
name: object_name
required: true
- description: Name of the file in which the object is downloaded (if not specified, the name is derived from the object name, but this may fail if the object contains invalid filename characters).
name: saved_file_name
description: Retrieves object data into a file.
name: gcs-download-file
- arguments:
- default: true
description: ID of a context entry containing the file to upload.
name: entry_id
required: true
- description: Name of the bucket in which to upload the object. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- description: Name of the uploaded object within the bucket.
name: object_name
required: true
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: Access Control List for the uploaded object.
name: object_acl
predefined:
- authenticatedRead
- bucketOwnerFullControl
- bucketOwnerRead
- private
- projectPrivate
- publicRead
description: Uploads a file (object) into a bucket.
name: gcs-upload-file
- arguments:
- default: true
description: Name of the bucket for the Access Control List. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
description: Retrieves the Access Control List of a bucket.
name: gcs-list-bucket-policy
outputs:
- contextPath: GCS.BucketPolicy.Bucket
description: Name of the bucket holding the Access Control List.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketPolicy.Entity
description: The entity holding the permission.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketPolicy.Email
description: Email address associated with the entity (if any).
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketPolicy.Role
description: The access permission for the entity.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketPolicy.Team
description: Project team associated with the entity (if any).
type: String
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which to modify the Access Control List. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- default: true
description: "Entity to add into the Access Control List.\nCommon entity formats are:\n* user-<userId or email>\n* group-<groupId or email>\n* allUsers\n* allAuthenticatedUsers\nFor more options and details, see: path_to_url "
name: entity
required: true
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: The access permission for the entity.
name: role
predefined:
- Reader
- Writer
- Owner
required: true
description: |-
Adds a new entity to a bucket's Access Control List.
Note: use the gcs-put-bucket-policy command to update an existing entry.
name: gcs-create-bucket-policy
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which to modify the Access Control List. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- default: true
description: "The entity to update in the Access Control List.\nCommon entity formats are:\n* user-<userId or email>\n* group-<groupId or email>\n* allUsers\n* allAuthenticatedUsers\nFor more options and details, see: path_to_url "
name: entity
required: true
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: The access permissions for the entity.
name: role
predefined:
- Reader
- Writer
- Owner
required: true
description: |-
Updates an existing entity in a bucket's Access Control List.
Note: use the gcs-create-bucket-policy command to create a new entry.
name: gcs-put-bucket-policy
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which to modify the Access Control List. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- default: true
description: "Entity to remove from the Access Control List.\nCommon entity formats are:\n* user-<userId or email>\n* group-<groupId or email>\n* allUsers\n* allAuthenticatedUsers\nFor more options and details, see: path_to_url "
name: entity
required: true
description: Removes an entity from a bucket's Access Control List.
name: gcs-delete-bucket-policy
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which the object resides. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- default: true
description: Name of the object in which to list access controls.
name: object_name
required: true
description: Retrieves the Access Control List of an object.
name: gcs-list-bucket-object-policy
outputs:
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObjectPolicy.Bucket
description: Name of the bucket in which the object resides.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObjectPolicy.Object
description: Name of the object holding the Access Control List.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObjectPolicy.Entity
description: The entity holding the permission.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObjectPolicy.Email
description: Email address associated with the entity (if any).
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObjectPolicy.Role
description: The access permission for the entity.
type: String
- contextPath: GCS.BucketObjectPolicy.Team
description: Project team associated with the entity (if any).
type: String
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which the object resides. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- description: Name of the object in which to modify the Access control List.
name: object_name
required: true
- default: true
description: "Entity to add into the Access Control List.\nCommon entity formats are:\n* user-<userId or email>\n* group-<groupId or email>\n* allUsers\n* allAuthenticatedUsers\nFor more options and details, see: path_to_url "
name: entity
required: true
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: The access permission for the entity.
name: role
predefined:
- Reader
- Owner
required: true
description: |-
Adds a new entity to an object's Access Control List.
Note: use the gcs-put-bucket-object-policy command to update an existing entry.
name: gcs-create-bucket-object-policy
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which the object resides. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- description: Name of the object in which to modify access controls.
name: object_name
required: true
- default: true
description: "The entity to update in the Access Control List.\nCommon entity formats are:\n* user-<userId or email>\n* group-<groupId or email>\n* allUsers\n* allAuthenticatedUsers\nFor more options and details, see: path_to_url "
name: entity
required: true
- auto: PREDEFINED
description: The access permissions for the entity.
name: role
predefined:
- Reader
- Owner
required: true
description: |-
Updates an existing entity in an object's Access Control List.
Note: use gcs-create-bucket-object-policy command to create a new entry.
name: gcs-put-bucket-object-policy
- arguments:
- description: Name of the bucket in which the object resides. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: bucket_name
- description: Name of the object in which to modify access controls.
name: object_name
required: true
- default: true
description: "Entity to remove from the Access Control List.\nCommon entity formats are:\n* user-<userId or email>\n* group-<groupId or email>\n* allUsers\n* allAuthenticatedUsers\nFor more options and details, see: path_to_url "
name: entity
required: true
description: Removes an entity from an object's Access Control List.
name: gcs-delete-bucket-object-policy
- arguments:
- description: Name of the Bucket to copy the object from. If not specified, operation will be performed on the default bucket parameter.
name: source_bucket_name
- description: Name of the Bucket to copy the object to.
name: destination_bucket_name
required: true
- description: Name of the object to copy.
name: source_object_name
required: true
- description: Name of the object in the destination bucket. If not specified, operation will be performed with the source_object_name parameter.
name: destination_object_name
description: Copies a file (object) from one bucket to another.
name: gcs-copy-file
dockerimage: demisto/google-cloud-storage:1.0.0.89308
runonce: false
script: ''
type: python
subtype: python3
tests:
- GCS - Test
fromversion: 5.0.0
``` |
Bellevue is a home rule-class city in Campbell County, Kentucky, in the United States. It is located along the southern bank of the Ohio River. The population was 5,548 at the 2020 census.
History
Before Bellevue was founded, the area was used for hunting, fishing, and warfare by Native Americans tribes such as the Illini, Miami, Shawnee, Cherokee, and Tuscarora. In 1745, a three-day battle occurred in Bellevue among the Shawnee, Miami, and Cherokee Indians, resulting in many deaths.
Bellevue was named for the plantation of Gen. James Taylor Jr., Quartermaster General of the western U.S. Army in the War of 1812. The City was once the eastern part of his plantation. The name Bellevue was taken from the General's family plantation in Virginia. Bellevue, or "belle vue," translates from French to mean "beautiful view." James Taylor Jr. was the fifth child born to James Taylor Sr. and his wife, Anne Hubbard Taylor, in 'Midway', Caroline County, Virginia. His father bought of land in Northern Kentucky from his friend George Muse, part of which Muse had been awarded for his military service in the French and Indian War. James Taylor Jr. was one of the wealthiest men in the state of Kentucky. In 1848, his estate was valued at more than $4 million. Today, his home stands in the East Row local Historic District in the adjoining City of Newport, Kentucky. East Row is the second-largest local district in Kentucky, and the Taylor Mansion is the district's oldest house.
The city was formally incorporated by act of the state assembly in 1870. Although it contained only 381 inhabitants in 1870, by 1877, Bellevue was reported to be "growing fast".
By the 1890s, Bellevue was bustling. Balke's Opera House at Berry and Fairfield Avenues served as the town hall and firehouse. A city directory listed 15 grocery stores, four bakeries, six boot makers, seven confectioneries, two livery stables, a blacksmith, three millinaries, six doctors, seven saloons, and a wagon manufacturer.
Throughout Bellevue's history, Fairfield Avenue has been the city's primary business area. In 1894, Bellevue city fathers, attempting to bring more settlers to the city, published a brochure describing the avenue's commercial quality: "Fairfield Avenue, running east and west through the entire town, is the principal business thoroughfare, and business houses are kept well stocked with the latest and best of everything in all branches of trade.
The Taylor's Daughters Historic District is the local historic district.
At the turn of the 20th century, Bellevue, like Dayton, was known for its white sandy beaches. A resort called Queen City Beach opened in the summer of 1902 and extended from Washington Avenue to the Dayton city line. At its time it was considered one of the largest inland bathing resorts in the country. A 150 foot veranda hosted lockers, rowboats, skiffs, and sailboats for rental. The number of visitors to the beach decreased due to sewage and industrial dumping in the Ohio River. The beaches vanished after a series of dams and locks raised the level of the Ohio River. In the 1920s Queen City Beach was renamed "Riviera Beach" and then "Horseshoe Gardens" in 1930. The resort stayed open as a dance club and rented boats, but a series of floods caused severe damage. As of 2008 Bellevue Beach Park marks the location of where the Queen City Beach resort once sat.
Bellevue is becoming the bedroom community of Northern Kentucky, while its neighboring cities—Covington and Newport— are becoming the business and entertainment centers. Between 2005 and 2006, the average residential sale price increased by 89 percent, surpassing the market average of every other neighborhood in the Greater Cincinnati area.
Geography
Bellevue is located in the extreme northern portion of Kentucky, directly across the Ohio River from the Mount Adams neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. The city is bordered by Newport to the west, Dayton to the east, Fort Thomas to the south, and the Ohio River and Cincinnati to the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , virtually all land.
Bellevue is on a gentle slope that rises toward the Kentucky Highlands region south of the city. Topographically, Bellevue is higher in elevation than its neighboring cities. When the Ohio River would rise, homes in Dayton and Newport would flood while homes in Bellevue (with the exception of homes in proximity to the riverbank) remained safe from rising water. For this reason, Bellevue is not protected by a levee, whereas Dayton and Newport are.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,955 people, 2,644 households, and 1,428 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,936 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96% White, 1.1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.
There were 2,644 households, out of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46% were non-families. 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $36,550, and the median income for a family was $46,800. Males had a median income of $32,381 versus $26,606 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,983. About 7.9% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Schools in Bellevue belong to Bellevue Independent School District. There are two schools in the district, Grandview Elementary and Bellevue High School.
For the 2011 to 2012 school year, there were approximately 783 students enrolled.
Notable people
Edward Blau, physician
Harlan Hubbard, artist
Eddie Hunter, baseball player
Virginia Weiffenbach Kettering, philanthropist
Art Mergenthal, football player
Harry Steinfeldt, baseball player
See also
List of cities and towns along the Ohio River
Notes
References
City of Bellevue (2005), Images of America: Bellevue, Charleston: Arcadia Publishing,
External links
Historical Images and Texts of Bellevue, Kentucky
City Official Site
History of Bellevue
Cities in Campbell County, Kentucky
Cities in Kentucky
Kentucky populated places on the Ohio River |
Norman Adams (October 3, 1933 – July 4, 2014) was an American commercial artist and illustrator.
Biography
Born in Walla Walla, Washington, Norman Adams began to draw and paint when he was still a child. He collected pictures from every type of magazine and book he could find and then found ways of improving them.
He studied art at the Los Angeles Art Center School in the early 1950s. While he was in Los Angeles he spent months painting a portfolio in which he used his trompe-l'œil realism to convince the managers of the largest illustration agencies in NY that he could do what no other artist/illustrator could. The three largest agencies in New York wanted to hire him. He chose to work for the Charles E Cooper Studio.
While Adams was working in NY he met his idol Robert Fawcett at a Society of Illustrators exhibition.
Adams' illustrations included works for Reader's Digest, Boys' Life, Harpers, National Geographic, TV Guide, Saturday Evening Post, Argosy, Sports Afield, Field and Stream, Business Week, Cabela's, and other paperback covers. He also authored a textbook now in its 30th Edition, Drawing Animals. When the magazines started to fail the Charles E Cooper Studio had to downscale. This prompted Norman Adams to join an elite group of illustrators at Artists Associates.
In 1980 Lenox hired him to do a very limited edition Lenox Collection of 12 unique plates that were released in 1982 called The American Wildlife Plates by Norman Adams. In the mid-1980s, Adams was given an opportunity to paint for the 1988 Minnesota Wildlife Art Show. His work was a life-sized Golden Eagle in a Grand Canyon setting. For years he sold his wildlife and animal paintings in galleries in Scottsdale, Arizona, and Jackson Hole, Wyoming.
References
External links
Walla Walla Union Bulletin
Fort Walla Walla Museum
1933 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American painters
20th-century American male artists
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
American illustrators
Animal artists
Trompe-l'œil artists
Painters from New York City
Artists from Walla Walla, Washington
Painters from Washington (state) |
Polish–Lithuanian can refer to:
Polish–Lithuanian union (1385–1569)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Polish-Lithuanian identity as used to describe groups, families, or individuals with histories in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Lithuania–Poland relations (since 1918)
Polish minority in Lithuania
Lithuanian minority in Poland |
Bouteloua gracilis, the blue grama, is a long-lived, warm-season (C4) perennial grass, native to North America.
It is most commonly found from Alberta, Canada, east to Manitoba and south across the Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, and U.S. Midwest states, onto the northern Mexican Plateau in Mexico.
Blue grama accounts for most of the net primary productivity in the shortgrass prairie of the central and southern Great Plains. It is a green or greyish, low-growing, drought-tolerant grass with limited maintenance.
Description
Blue grama has green to greyish leaves less than wide and long. The overall height of the plant is at maturity.
The flowering stems (culms) are long. At the top are one to four, usually two, comb-like spikes, which extend out at a sharp angle from the flowering stem. Each spike has 20 to 90 spikelets. Each spikelet is long, and has one fertile floret and one or two reduced sterile ones. Below the florets are two glumes, one long and the other long. The fertile floret has a lemma (bract) long, with three short awns (bristles) at the tip, and the sterile floret has a lemma about long with three awns about long. If pollinated, the fertile floret produces an oblong-elliptic brown seed long. When the seed is mature, the whole spikelet detaches, except for the two glumes, which remain.
The roots generally grow outwards, and deep.
Blue grama is readily established from seed, but depends more on vegetative reproduction via tillers. Seed production is slow, and depends on soil moisture and temperature. Seeds dispersed by wind only reach a few meters (6 ft); farther distances are reached with insects, birds, and mammals as dispersal agents. Seedling establishment, survival, and growth are greatest when isolated from neighboring adult plants, which effectively exploit water in the seedling's root zone. Successful establishment requires a modest amount of soil moisture during the extension and development of adventitious roots.
Established plants are grazing-, cold-, and drought-tolerant, though prolonged drought leads to a reduction in root number and extent. They employ an opportunistic water-use strategy, rapidly using water when available, and becoming dormant during less-favorable conditions. In terms of successional status, blue grama is a late seral to climax species. Recovery following disturbance is slow and depends on the type and extent of the disturbance.
Distribution
Blue grama has the widest distribution of all grama grasses. It will grow on most soil types, and readily adapts to local conditions. It can be found as far north as Alberta, and as far south as Mexico. It is present in most of the Midwestern United States, extending east to Missouri and Texas, and as far west as Southern California. It has been introduced to some eastern states, as well as South America.
Horticulture and agriculture
Blue grama is valued as forage, and is the most valuable grama. It is an ideal range grass in the southwest. It will survive heavy grazing and extreme drought, and is quite palatable to livestock. Grazing of blue grama rangelands might also prevent invasion of undesirable weedy plants.
Blue grama is grown by the horticulture industry, and used in perennial gardens, naturalistic and native plant landscaping, habitat restoration projects, and residential, civic, and highway erosion control. Blue grama flowers are also used in dried flower arrangements. Blue grama is the state grass of Colorado and New Mexico. It is listed as an endangered species in Illinois.
Blue grama has a large genome relative to other grama grasses. It can be diploid or tetraploid.
Among the Zuni people, the grass bunches are tied together and the severed end is used as a hairbrush, the other as a broom. Bunches are also used to strain goat's milk. The Costanoan, or Ohlone, use(d) the hollow stems as drinking straws. The Navajo use(d) it as sheep and horse feed.
Ecology
Blue grama is the dominant species of the US shortgrass steppe ecoregion. Populations of blue grama across the great plains are genetically differentiated (even at small spatial scales) and show functional trait variance connected to climate. Blue grama from more arid grasslands are also characterized by greater phenotypic plasticity.
It is a larval host to the Garita skipperling, green skipper, Pahaska skipper, Rhesus skipper, Simius roadside skipper, and the Uncas skipper.
References
External links
gracilis
Grasses of North America
Warm-season grasses of North America
Native grasses of the Great Plains region
Grasses of Canada
Grasses of Mexico
Grasses of the United States
Native grasses of California
Native grasses of Nebraska
Native grasses of Oklahoma
Native grasses of Texas
Flora of Mexico
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of the United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Canadian Prairies
Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Flora of the Mexican Plateau
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Plants described in 1816
Symbols of Colorado
Symbols of New Mexico
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
Sepia rhoda is a species of cuttlefish native to the Indo-Pacific, specifically from the Arafura Sea () to the North West Shelf (), both off Australia. It lives at depths of between 64 and 184 m.
Females grow to 58 mm in mantle length (ML). Males are slightly larger, reaching 61 mm ML.
The type specimen was collected off Point Cloates in Western Australia (). It is deposited at the Australian Museum in Sydney.
References
External links
Cuttlefish
Molluscs described in 1954
Taxa named by Tom Iredale |
The Addams Family is a musical comedy with music and lyrics by Andrew Lippa and book by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice. The show is based upon The Addams Family characters created by Charles Addams in his single-panel gag cartoons, which depict a ghoulish American family with an affinity for all things macabre. Although numerous film and television adaptations of Addams' cartoons exist, the musical is the first stage show based on the characters. The Addams Family is also the first show produced by Elephant Eye Theatricals.
After a tryout in Chicago in 2009, the musical opened on Broadway in April 2010. The original cast featured Nathan Lane as Gomez and Bebe Neuwirth as Morticia. The production closed on December 31, 2011, and a revised national tour of North America began in September 2011.
The Addams Family won several awards during its Broadway run including a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design, an Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Set Design, and the 2010 Drama League Award for Distinguished Achievement in Musical Theatre Award (presented to Nathan Lane). The show was nominated for two Tony Awards, among other nominations.
Development
In 2007, the producers announced that they had obtained the rights from the Tee and Charles Addams Foundation to create a musical adaptation of The Addams Family for Broadway, and they anticipated an opening during the 2009–2010 season after an out-of-town tryout. This was the first time that Charles Addams' comic creations were licensed to serve as the basis for a stage production. The musical's lead producers were Stuart Oken and Roy Furman. In addition to Oken and Furman, Vivek Tiwary also joined The Addams Family musical's team of producers. The Addams Foundation reportedly retained control over the show's content and insisted that, instead of drawing the plot from The Addams Family television series or films, the production team devise an original musical based solely on Addams' cartoons.
Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice were engaged to write the book, and Andrew Lippa composed the show's score. Improbable theatre founders Julian Crouch and Phelim McDermott were the original directors and designers, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo. Crouch said that, when brainstorming ideas for the overall appearance of the show, he and McDermott turned to the character of Uncle Fester for inspiration, asking themselves, "If Fester was going to do a Broadway show, what kind of Broadway show would he do?" The partners described the result as "an off-beat take on 19th Century Gothic".
Some changes were made after the Chicago tryout. The songs "Clandango", "Passionate and True", "At Seven", and "Second Banana" were replaced with "When You're an Addams", "Where Did We Go Wrong?", "Morticia", and "Just Around the Corner". The songs "One Normal Night", "Full Disclosure, Part 2", "Crazier Than You", "Move Toward the Darkness", and "Tango De Amor" were rewritten.
Productions
Broadway
The show began previews on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on March 8, 2010, with an official opening night of April 8. The production was originally estimated to cost $10 million, but more recent reports give the budget as $15 million.
All of the cast from the Chicago tryout transferred to Broadway. The creative team included direction by McDermott and Crouch, choreography by Trujillo, lighting by Natasha Katz, puppets by Basil Twist, special effects by Gregory Meeh, and orchestrations by Larry Hochman.
The show won both the Drama Desk Award and Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Set Design but received no other major awards. However, it did win the Broadway.com Audience Awards for Favorite New Broadway Musical, Favorite Performance by a Featured Actor in a Broadway Musical (Kevin Chamberlin), Favorite Breakthrough Performance (Krysta Rodriguez), and Favorite Onstage Pair (Nathan Lane and Bebe Neuwirth).
A May 2011 article in Playbill reported that the show had by then grossed over $62 million. The show celebrated its 500th performance on June 16, 2011. Playbill reported in May 2011 that "plans for other international productions are currently underway."
Cassandra Peterson was in talks to take over the role of Morticia until the producers decided to close the show at the end of the year.
The Broadway production closed on December 31, 2011, after 35 previews and 722 performances.
National tours
A United States tour began in September 2011 at the Mahalia Jackson Theater for the Performing Arts in New Orleans. Tour stops included Atlanta, Miami, Boston, Hartford, Saint Paul, Philadelphia, Dallas, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Los Angeles, Kansas City, Orlando, Florida, and San Diego. Most of these cities include those that are members of Elephant Eye Theatricals and worked on producing The Addams Family on Broadway and tour. The musical was also performed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, at the Toronto Centre for the Arts during November 16–27, 2011. Douglas Sills and Sara Gettelfinger played Gomez and Morticia Addams, respectively. The touring version has "a new central plot conflict, new or revised or reordered songs to replace old ones, fresh orchestrations and dance where necessary." the US Tour finished in July 2012
A second tour of North America, produced by Phoenix Entertainment, launched in 2013, starring Jennifer Fogarty as Wednesday, KeLeen Snowgren as Morticia, Jesse Sharp as Gomez, Shaun Rice as Uncle Fester, and Sam Primack as Pugsley. After the second national tour, The Addams Family was due to tour Asia. Most, if not all, of the 2nd National Tour cast was set to perform in the Asian tour except Sam Primack as Pugsley, who was to be replaced by Connor Barth.
Return to Chicago
The Addams Family returned to Chicago in a sit-down production at Mercury Theater Chicago opening February 5, 2015, after a week of previews, and closing April 15. The production, which featured a tighter post-National Tour script and a more Chicago improv-oriented cast, was directed by L. Walter Stearns, musical directed by Eugene Dizon, and choreographed by Brenda Didier; with scene design by Bob Knuth, lighting by Nick Belley, sound by Mike Ross, costumes by Frances Maggio, and magic by Neil Tobin.
The cast featured Karl Hamilton (Gomez), Rebecca Prescott (Morticia), Harter Clingman (Uncle Fester), Amanda Hartley (Grandma), Dara Cameron (Wednesday), Brennan Dougherty (Pugsley Addams), Jeff Diebold (Lurch), Jason Grimm (Mal Beineke), Cory Goodrich (Alice Beineke), and Henry McGinniss (Lucas Beineke).
The show received unanimous rave reviews. "Comic perfection at the Mercury. It's a very good bet that The Addams Family will haunt the Mercury for months to come" (Chicago Sun-Times). "Much more relaxed and infinitely funnier. Enjoyed L. Walter Stearns Mercury Theater production more than any of my previous visits with this family [including pre-Broadway tryout, Broadway, and National Tour production]. Relentless focus on laughs" (Chicago Tribune). "An absolute delight! The best show I've seen so far this year" (New City Chicago). The production was honored with three 2015 Jeff Award nominations and won Outstanding Production—Musical—Midsize.
International productions
The first international production opened in March 2012 at Teatro Renault, São Paulo, Brazil, produced by T4F with Marisa Orth and Daniel Boaventura as Morticia and Gomez, respectively. It closed in December 2012. The same production started on January 10, 2013, at Vivo Rio, in Rio de Janeiro. A Brazilian revival opened on March 10, 2022, in São Paulo at the same Teatro Renault, with Marisa Orth and Daniel Boaventura reprising their roles.
The Addams Family had its European premiere on September 29, 2012, at Östgötateatern, Norrköping, Sweden. directed by Mattias Carlsson and conducted by Johan Siberg. Starring: Petra Nielsen (Morticia), Christian Zell (Gomez), Jenny Holmgren (Wednesday), Fabian Nikolajeff/Kalle Jansson (Pugsley), Jesper Barkselius (Fester), Gunnel Samuelsson (Grandma), Jan Unestam (Lurch), Carina Söderman (Alice), Sven Angleflod (Mal) and Linus Henriksson (Lucas)
The musical premiered at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney, Australia, starting in March 2013. The cast includes John Waters as Gomez Addams, Chloe Dallimore as Morticia Addams, Russell Dykstra as Uncle Fester, Teagan Wouters as Wednesday Addams and Ben Hudson as Lurch. The show closed on June 9, 2013. It had been hoped to tour to other Australian cities but it is understood the show had struggled at the box office and those plans were cancelled.
The musical began its Argentine premiere at Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires, Argentina, starting on June 19, 2013. It was produced by T4F (Time For Fun), a Brazilian entertainment company. The cast included Gabriel Goity as Homero (Gomez), Julieta Díaz as Morticia, Santiago Ríos as Tío Lucas (Uncle Fester), Gabi Goldberg as Abuela (Grandma), Alejandro Viola as Mauricio Beineke (Mal Beineke), Dolores Ocampo as Alice Beineke, Laura Esquivel as Merlina (Wednesday), Marcelo Albamonte as Largo (Lurch), and Marco Di Mónaco as Tomás Beineke (Lucas Beineke). Four children played Pericles (Pugsley): Kevin La Bella, Jorge Chamorro, Tadeo Galvé, and Valentino Grizutti.
The Finnish premiere of The Addams Family took place in Tampereen Työväen Teatteri, also known as the TTT-Theatre of Tampere, on October 4, 2013. Directed by Tiina Puumalainen, visually designed by Teppo Järvinen, and conducted by Pekka Siistonen, the production featured a cast of Puntti Valtonen (Gomez), Eriikka Väliahde (Morticia), Laura Alajääski (Wednesday), Jukka Nylund (Pugsley), Matti Pussinen-Eloranta (Mumma / Grandma), Samuli Muje (Fester), Minna Hokkanen (Alice), Mika Honkanen (Mal), Juha-Matti Koskela (Lucas), and Sami Eerola (Lurch).
Los Locos Addams opened on October 31, 2013, at Teatro Marsano in Lima, Peru, directed by Domenico Poggi. It was produced by La Gran Manzana. The cast featured Diego Bertie as Homero (Gomez), Fiorella Rodriguez as Morticia, Nicolás Fantinato as Tío Lucas (Uncle Fester), Patricia Portocarrero and Fiorella Rojas as Abuela (Grandma), Gina Yangali as Merlina (Wednesday), Gustavo Mayer as Largo (Lurch), Luis Baca as Walter (Lucas) Beineke, Trilce Cavero as Alice Beineke, Miguel Alvarez as Mal Beineke, and Giuseppino Castellano and Brando Gallesi as Pericles (Pugsley).
The Addams Family was staged at the Meralco Theater in Manila, the Philippines, by Atlantis Productions, Inc., from November 15 to December 1, 2013. Cast members included Arnell Ignacio (Gomez), Eula Valdez (Morticia), K-La Rivera (Wednesday), and Ryan Gallagher (Lucas).
The Addams Family debuted in the German language in July 2014 in Merzig and closed in September 2014. That December it was staged in Bremen. The cast included theatre and television actors Uwe Kröger (Gomez), Edda Petri (Morticia), Jana Stelley (Wednesday), Enrico DePieri (Uncle Fester), Anne Welte (Grandma), Noah Walczuch (Pugsley), Ethan Freeman (Mal Beineke), April Hailer (Alice Beineke), and Dominik Hees (Lucas Beineke). The German cast also produced an album, published in December 2014.
The Addams Family premiered in Milan, Italy, in October 2014. The cast included Elio and Geppi Cucciari as Gomez and Morticia. Costumes were designed by stylist Antonio Marras. Musical supervisor Cinzia Pennesi, Set Design Guido Fiorato, Light Design Marco Filibeck. The Italian version was directed by Giorgio Gallione and translated and adapted by Italian writer Stefano Benni. Other cast members included Pierpaolo Lopatriello (Uncle Fester), Giulia Odetto (Wednesday), Leonardo Garbetta, Emanuele Ghizzinardi, and Giacomo Nasta (Pugsley), Sergio Mancinelli (Grandma), Filippo Musenga (Lurch), Paolo Avanzini (Lucas Beineke), Clara Maselli (Alice Beineke), and Andrea Spina (Mal Beineke).
In Mexico, the show opened in October 2014 as Los Locos Addams, the name of the TV series in Mexico, starring Susana Zabaleta as Morticia, Jesús Ochoa as Homero (Gomez), Gloria Aura as Merlina (Wednesday), Miguel Ángel Pérez and Sebastián Gallegos as Pericles (Puglsey), Gerardo González as Tío Lucas (Uncle Fester), Raquel Pankowsky as Abuela (Grandma), José Roberto Pisano as Lurch, Luca Duhart as Tomás (Lucas) Beineke, Tomás Castellanos as Mauricio (Mal) Beineke, and Marisol del Olmo as Alicia (Alice) Beineke.
In France, a French-language production opened in September 2017 at Le Palace in Paris as part of their 2017–2018 season. After the last show in January 2018, the show moved to the Casino de Paris on October 7, 2018, for a limited engagement.
On April 19, 2019, the premiere of the Broadway musical "The Addams Family" took place in Kyiv, on the main stage of the Kyiv National Academic Operetta Theater of Ukraine.
In Malta, a production in English premiered in the Mediterranean islands by ARTHAUS in March 2020, with the Artistic Direction of Lucienne Camilleri, Musical Direction by Ryan Paul Abela, and with Stefania Grech Vella as the Executive Producer. It was presented in association with Theatrical Rights Worldwide (TRW). The production took place in Malta's Capital at the Mediterranean Conference Centre, Valletta. About the production in Malta Andrew Lippa wrote in a Tweet on March 4, 2020; "My late father spent 6 months in Malta in 1952. He told great stories about the country and its people. So thrilled “The Addams Family” is playing there now. Life is remarkable!"
The Russian premiere of the musical took place in Tyumen in city’ s repertory drama theatre on June 4, 2021. Official name of the version is “Семейка Аддамс”. The production started quite successfully, theatre’s website crashed due to high number of visitors who wanted to buy ticket. Roles of Morticia, Wednesday and Pugsley feature double cast, while performers for other roles have no alternates. The new production received 9 (out of 10 for the genre) nominations for the Golden Mask award, the most prestigious theater award in the country.
United Kingdom
On September 5, 2016, it was announced that The Addams Family musical would embark on a major UK and Ireland tour produced by Music & Lyrics Productions, with Associate Producers James Yeoburn and Stuart Matthew Price for United Theatrical, and Guy James. The production was directed by Matthew White and opened at the Edinburgh Festival Theatre on April 20, 2017. It starred Cameron Blakely as Gomez, Samantha Womack as Morticia, Les Dennis as Fester, and Carrie Hope Fletcher as Wednesday. The production was directed by Matthew White, choreographed by Alistair David, with design by Diego Pitarch, sound design by Richard Brooker and lighting design by Ben Cracknell.
The UK leg of the tour finished at the Orchard Theatre in Dartford on November 4, 2017, and then the production was transferred to Singapore, where it ran at the MES Theatre from November 15 to December 3, 2017.
After being postponed for more than a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a second UK and Ireland tour started on November 5, 2021, at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham, with Cameron Blakely reprising his role as Gomez, Joanne Clifton as Morticia, Scott Paige as Fester, Kingsley Morton as Wednesday, Kara Lane as Alice Beineke, Sean Kingsley as Mal Beineke and Ahmed Hamad as Lucas Beineke, and closed on April 30, 2022, at the Norwich Theatre Royal.
On 31 October 2023, it was announced the musical would be performed live in concert at the London Palladium in February 2024. Ramin Karimloo, Michelle Visage, and Lesley Joseph are set to star as Gomez, Morticia, and Grandma.
Synopsis
Broadway version
Setting: The Addams Family Mansion, Central Park, New York City
Act I
The ghoulish Addams family are visiting the graveyard for an annual gathering of all family members (living, dead, and undecided) to celebrate what it is to be an Addams ("When You're an Addams"). Uncle Fester stops the Ancestors' return to their graves to enlist their help. He explains that Wednesday, under protest, has invited her new (normal) boyfriend, Lucas Beineke, and his parents, Mal and Alice, to dinner. While torturing Pugsley on a rack, Wednesday admits that love is pulling her in a new direction ("Pulled"). Meanwhile, Wednesday's parents, Morticia and Gomez, worry about her changing ways ("Where Did We Go Wrong").
As the Beinekes arrive, Wednesday and Lucas instruct their families to act normal so they can all enjoy a simple dinner ("One Normal Night"). But the moment Lurch ushers the Beinekes into the mansion, tensions begin to mount. Mal wants to tear down the old house, Alice begins to spout happy poems at random, Pugsley, Fester, and Grandma fail at acting normal, and Wednesday, after wearing black for eighteen years, appears in a bright yellow dress. Later, Lucas and Wednesday, away from their families, reveal that the reason they brought their families together is to announce their marriage. Gomez and Mal share a drink where Mal is introduced to Bernice, the family's giant pet squid, and Alice admits to Morticia that her marriage to Mal has grown passionless. Morticia then hears Wednesday call her old and worries that she's getting crows feet. She turns down Gomez's request to tango, leaving him alone and unsatisfied ("Morticia"). Meanwhile, Pugsley is worried that Wednesday's love life means she won't torture him anymore and steals a truth serum from Grandma's cart, planning to slip it to Wednesday at dinner ("What If?") believing it will cause her to break up with Lucas.
At dinner, the assembly plays a variant of truth or dare the Addamses call "The Game," in which each person present reveals a secret ("Full Disclosure"). Gomez tells a story about scaring away crows and their feet, but upsets Morticia by accidentally comparing her to a goat, while Uncle Fester admits he's in love with the moon. Pugsley slips the serum into the drink, but Alice cuts in, drinks the serum and drunkenly declares her marriage to Mal a loveless mess as she reveals her misery and woe in front of everyone ("Waiting"). As Mal, humiliated, attempts to leave with his family, Wednesday announces that she and Lucas will marry, to which Lucas sheepishly agrees. Chaos engulfs both families, and Uncle Fester, trying to be helpful, instructs the Ancestors to create a sudden, terrible storm, trapping everyone in the mansion for the night ("Full Disclosure – Part 2").
Act II
During the storm, Wednesday tries to leave, but Lucas wants to stay and work things out with their families, leading the pair to have their first fight. Later, Morticia fears she is no longer relevant to her own family, and reminds herself that death is waiting for her ("Just Around The Corner"). Mal and Alice start to have a fight about their marriage at the dinner after Alice makes a poem that doesn't rhyme. Uncle Fester calls for an interlude as he plays his ukulele, singing a love song to the Moon ("The Moon and Me").
Walking out in the yard, Wednesday runs into Gomez. He is happy she's found someone to love, yet sad that his daughter is growing up ("Happy/Sad"). Wednesday is left worrying that she and Lucas are too different. Then as a show of trust, Lucas blindfolds Wednesday and lets her shoot an apple off his head with a crossbow ("Crazier Than You"). She succeeds, and the two embrace. Pugsley cannot sleep, and Morticia relaxes him a bit but he cannot bring himself to confess what he did to Alice. In the grotto, Gomez and Fester attempt to get Mal to open up about his feelings to no avail ("Let's Not Talk About Anything Else But Love"). He is ultimately kidnapped by Bernice and pulled into the sewers. Grandma, hearing the word "love", comes to sing with Gomez and Fester ("Let's Not Talk About Anything Else But Love" (reprise)). Moments after, Alice is led down to the grotto by Lurch where Mal, now back from his swim with Bernice, has learned to appreciate what he has after spending time in the arms of a passionate squid and announces he still loves Alice ("In The Arms"). Gomez now goes up to the rooftop to profess his love for Morticia ("Live Before We Die"). They kiss and begin to tango ("Tango de Amor").
With all the couples reunited, Pugsley admits to slipping the potion to Alice, but is congratulated since it brought everyone together. Uncle Fester, wearing a rocket, tells everyone he is flying off to be with the moon. As the families sing one last ballad, they are all shocked as Lurch sings out loud for the first time, just as a puff of smoke is seen on the moon, signaling Fester has just landed ("Move Toward the Darkness").
US and UK touring version
The national tours of the production changed the plot as follows. After the opening song, Uncle Fester addresses the audience directly about the love between Wednesday and Lucas, and states that the Ancestors will not be allowed to return to their graves until love prevails. Wednesday confesses her love of Lucas to Gomez but also makes him promise not to disclose her secret to Morticia until the two families all have dinner later that night. Morticia observes that Gomez is acting unusually, and this causes tension between them, especially because Morticia believes that Gomez has never lied to her before. Gomez's The Game parable is instead a variant of the Pandora's Box legend. When the dinner causes these secrets to be revealed, Morticia wonders if her marriage can be saved, and Mal and Alice also have disagreements. When Mal observes the sacrifice Lucas is willing to make to Wednesday by having the apple shot off his head, he reconciles with Alice. Gomez stops Morticia just as she is about to leave the family by reminding her that she acted the same way that Wednesday did when Morticia was younger. All plot references to the giant squid Bernice are completely removed, and some of the songs are either rearranged into new ones or completely cut altogether; most notably, the Act II song "Let's Not Talk About Anything Else But Love" is cut but portions of the lyrics are used in Act I with Fester's song "Fester's Manifesto" and a reprise titled "But Love".
Musical numbers
Chicago (Pre-Broadway)
Act I
"Overture" – Ancestors
"Clandango" – Addams Family, Ancestors
"Let's Not Talk About Anything Else (Prelude)" – Fester, Ancestors
"Pulled" – Wednesday, Pugsley
"Passionate and True" – Morticia, Gomez
"One Normal Night" – Company
"Let's Not Talk About Anything Else" – Fester, Ancestors
"At Seven" – Mal, Gomez, Alice, Morticia, Wednesday, Lucas
"What If" – Pugsley
"Full Disclosure (Part 1)" – Company
"Waiting" – Alice, Ancestors
"Full Disclosure (Part 2)" – Company
Act II
"Opening Act II" – Ancestors
"Second Banana" – Morticia, Ancestors
"Happy/Sad" – Gomez
"Crazier Than You" – Wednesday, Lucas
"The Moon and Me" – Fester, Female Ancestors
"Let's Not Talk About Anything Else But Love (Reprise)" – Mal, Gomez, Fester
"Teach Me How To Tango" – Alice, Gomez, Morticia
"Tango de Amor" – Orchestra
"In the Arms" – Mal, Alice, Ancestors
"Move Toward the Darkness" – Company
Broadway
Act I
"Overture" – Ancestors
"When You're an Addams" – Addams Family, Ancestors
"Pulled" – Wednesday, Pugsley
"Where Did We Go Wrong" – Morticia, Gomez
"One Normal Night" – Company
"Morticia" – Gomez, Male Ancestors
"What If" – Pugsley
"Full Disclosure (Part 1)" – Company
"Waiting" – Alice, Ancestors
"Full Disclosure (Part 2)" – Company
Act II
"Opening Act II" – Ancestors
"Just Around the Corner" – Morticia, Ancestors
"The Moon and Me" – Fester, Female Ancestors
"Happy/Sad" – Gomez
"Crazier Than You" – Wednesday, Lucas
"Let's Not Talk About Anything Else But Love" – Mal, Gomez, Fester
"Let's Not Talk About Anything Else But Love (Reprise)" † – Grandma, Gomez, Fester
"In the Arms" – Mal, Alice, Ancestors
"Live Before We Die" – Gomez, Morticia
"Tango de Amor" – Orchestra
"Move Toward the Darkness" – Company
† Not included on the original Addams Family playbill.
US Tour and current productions
Act I
"Overture" – Ancestors
"When You're an Addams" – Addams Family, Ancestors
"Fester's Manifesto" † – Fester
"Two Things" † – Gomez
"Wednesday's Growing Up" † – Gomez
"Three Things" † – Gomez
"Trapped" † – Gomez
"Honor Roll" † / "Pulled" – Wednesday, Pugsley
"Four Things" † – Gomez
"One Normal Night" – Company
"But Love (Reprise 1 & 2)" † – Fester, Ancestors
"Secrets" † – Morticia, Alice, Female Ancestors
"Trapped (Reprise)" † / "Gomez's What If" † – Gomez
"What If" – Pugsley
"Full Disclosure (Part 1)" – Company
"Waiting" – Alice, Ancestors
"Full Disclosure (Part 2)" – Company
Act II
"Opening Act II" – Ancestors
"Just Around the Corner" – Morticia, Ancestors
"The Moon and Me" – Fester, Female Ancestors
"Happy/Sad" – Gomez
"Crazier Than You" † – Wednesday, Lucas, Mal, Alice
"Not Today" † – Gomez
"Live Before We Die" – Gomez, Morticia
"Tango de Amor" – Orchestra
"Move Toward the Darkness" – Lurch, Company
"Bows" † – Company
† Not included on the original Broadway Cast Album.
Casts
The principal original casts of the major productions of The Addams Family.
Notable replacements
Broadway (2010-11)
Gomez: Roger Rees
Morticia: Brooke Shields
Wednesday: Rachel Potter
Fester: Brad Oscar
Alice: Heidi Blickenstaff
Analysis of book and music
In addition to the original characters created by Addams, the musical introduces the new roles of Mal, Alice, and Lucas Beineke, who are described as "straight arrow Midwesterners." The ensemble consists of a group of Addams Family ancestors, each from a different time period.
Lippa said he wrote most of the score to match each character's personality. This included giving Gomez a Flamenco-style Spanish score, Wednesday a more contemporary score, and Fester a vaudevillian score. "Let's Not Talk About Anything Else but Love" is "jazzy/swingy/catchy" and "Happy/Sad" is a ballad reminiscent of Stephen Sondheim.
Fester's feature "The Moon and Me" and his portion of "Full Disclosure," in which he reveals that he has fallen in love with the moon, includes quotations from Claude Debussy's "Clair de lune."
Original Broadway cast recording
An original Broadway cast recording was produced by Decca Broadway. Featuring most of the show's musical numbers, it was released on June 8, 2010, although it was available to purchase at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre from June 1, 2010.
The album was recorded on April 19, 2010, and was produced by Lippa.
Note: "Not Today" was sung by Lippa as a bonus track for the iTunes release of the cast recording.
Reception
The Variety review of the Chicago tryout said "The show [is] overcrammed and underfocused...From a structural perspective, the storytelling is all rising action followed by rapid and not really convincing resolution... it's very funny, with special nods to Chamberlin, whose ultra-corny number 'The Moon and Me' is a comic highlight, as well as to Hoffman and Lane." The Chicago Sun-Times theater critic wrote a laudatory review, but while the Chicago Tribune critic found the musical enjoyable, he felt "the show is hijacked by the Addamses behaving weirdly (i.e. normally)" and that Morticia's "crisis of confidence about getting old" is "a very uneasy narrative twist" and perhaps too far out of character.
Reviews for the Broadway production were mixed but mostly negative (the median grade of 27 major reviews was "D+"). John Simon, writing in the Bloomberg News called it "A glitzy-gloomy musical in which the quick and the dead are equally full of character, especially the chorus of ancestors that exhibits wonderful esprit de corpse." However, Ben Brantley in The New York Times wrote that it is "A tepid goulash of vaudeville song-and-dance routines, Borscht Belt jokes, stingless sitcom zingers and homey romantic plotlines". There was general praise for the performers, particularly Nathan Lane. An Associated Press reviewer stated: "Lane, complete with a deliciously phony Spanish accent, is the hardest working actor on Broadway. Whatever they are paying him – and I hope it is a lot – he's worth the price. The actor possesses a theatrical gusto that makes the musical move whenever he is on stage."
Despite many negative reviews by New York critics, it has consistently played to 100% capacity and grossed third only to Wicked and The Lion King each week since it opened in previews. The New York Times reported that despite "the sort of scathing reviews that would bury most shows", the production had $851,000 in ticket sales on top of a $15 million advance sale the weekend following its opening, "huge figures for a new Broadway run". The Times attributed this success to a beloved brand-name title, nostalgia, star strength, and a top-notch marketing campaign by the producers.
The post-tour return to Chicago was hailed as "triumphant" (New City Chicago), and moved Hedy Weiss of the Chicago Sun-Times to issue this directive: "Note to Broadway (and not for the first time): If you want to see how to make a musical really snap into place — how to connect with an audience in that uncanny way that is so crucial for success, how to delineate characters so that we cannot help but cheer for them, and how to turn every production number into a giddy explosion of song and dance — pay a visit to the ideally intimate Mercury Theater Chicago."
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
2015 Chicago Production
References
External links
The Addams Family UK
The Addams Family UK on Facebook
The Addams Family UK on Instagram
The Addams Family at Broadway.com
The Addams Family Song Lyrics
The Addams Family Malta
2010 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on comic strips
The Addams Family music
Musicals set in New York City
Musicals about families
Musicals by Marshall Brickman
Plays featuring puppetry |
Brawhm Pass () is a small pass on the east side of Farnell Valley in Victoria Land. The pass provides easy passage between Beacon Valley and Arena Valley. The name was recommended in 1968 by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee. It is derived from the names of six party members of the University of New South Wales expeditions of 1964–65 and 1966–67 who used this pass, that is, Bryan, Rose, Anderson, William, Hobbs and McElroy.
References
Mountain passes of Victoria Land
Scott Coast |
Sara Wheat (born June 27, 1984) is an American former competitive figure skater. She is the 1999 U.S. national junior champion, a three-time medalist on the ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit, and placed tenth at the 2001 World Junior Championships. Wheat was coached by Jeffrey DiGregorio and Pam Duane Gregory and represented the University of Delaware FSC.
Programs
Results
References
External links
American female single skaters
1984 births
Living people
University of Delaware people
Sportspeople from Trenton, New Jersey
21st-century American women |
Racing is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Huamachuco, Peru. The club was founded 1946 and play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league.
History
In the 2014 Copa Perú, the club classified to the Regional Stage, but was eliminated by Sport Rosario in the group stage.
In the 2015 Copa Perú, the club classified to the National Stage, but was eliminated by DIM in the Round of 16.
In the 2016 Copa Perú, the club classified to the National Stage - final stage, but was eliminated by Sport Rosario.
Stadium
Racing play their home games in Estadio Municipal de Huamachuco in downtown Huamachuco, the stadium's capacity was expanded to 5,000.
Honours
Regional
Liga Departamental del La Libertad:
Winners (3): 2015, 2016, 2018
Runner-up (2): 1981, 2014
Liga Provincial de Sánchez Carrión:
Winners (26): 1947, 1949, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015, 2018, 2022
Runner-up (6): 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
Liga Distrital de Huamachuco:
Winners (3): 2015, 2018, 2022
Runner-up (2): 2013, 2014
See also
List of football clubs in Peru
Peruvian football league system
References
External links
Official Website
Racing de Huamachuco
Association football clubs established in 1946
Copa Perú |
A horse-drawn vehicle is a piece of equipment pulled by one or more horses. These vehicles typically have two or four wheels and were used to carry passengers or a load. They were once common worldwide, but they have mostly been replaced by automobiles and other forms of self-propelled transport but are still in use today.
General
Horses were domesticated circa 3500 BCE. Prior to that oxen were used. Historically, a wide variety of arrangements of horses and vehicles have been used, from chariot racing, which involved a small vehicle and four horses abreast, to horsecars or trollies, which used two horses to pull a car that was used in cities before electric trams were developed.
A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle is a cart (see various types below, both for carrying people and for goods). Four-wheeled vehicles have many names – one for heavy loads is most commonly called a wagon. Very light carts and wagons can also be pulled by donkeys (much smaller than horses), ponies or mules. Other smaller animals are occasionally used, such as large dogs, llamas and goats (see draught animals). Heavy wagons, carts and agricultural implements can also be pulled by other large draught animals such as oxen, water buffalo, yaks or even camels and elephants.
Vehicles pulled by one animal (or by animals in a single file) have two shafts which attach either side of the rearmost animal (the wheel animal or wheeler). Two animals in single file are referred to as a tandem arrangement, and three as a randem. Vehicles which are pulled by a pair (or by a team of several pairs) have a pole which attaches between the wheel pair. Other arrangements are also possible, for example, three or more abreast (a troika), a wheel pair with a single lead animal (a "unicorn"), or a wheel pair with three lead animals abreast (a "pickaxe"). Very heavy loads sometimes had an additional team behind to slow the vehicle down steep hills. Sometimes at a steep hill with frequent traffic, such a team would be hired to passing wagons to help them up or down the hill. Horse-drawn carriages have been in use for at least 3,500 years.
Two-wheeled vehicles are balanced by the distribution of weight of the load (driver, passengers, and goods) over the axle, and then held level by the animal – this means that the shafts (or sometimes a pole for two animals) must be fixed rigidly to the vehicle's body. Four-wheeled vehicles remain level on their own, and so the shafts or pole are hinged vertically, allowing them to rise and fall with the movement of the animals. A four-wheeled vehicle is also steered by the shafts or pole, which are attached to the front axle; this swivels on a turntable or "fifth wheel" beneath the vehicle.
From the 15th century drivers of carts were known as carmen, and in London were represented by the Worshipful Company of Carmen. In 1890 there were 13,800 companies in the United States in the business of building carriages pulled by horses. By 1920, only 90 such companies remained.
Basic types
Vehicles primarily for carrying people
Ambulance: much the same purpose as the modern sense. Details of the design varied but would be a lightly built and well-sprung, enclosed vehicle with provision for seated casualties and stretchers.
Barouche: an elegant, high-slung, open carriage with a seat in the rear of the body and a raised bench at the front for the driver, a servant.
Berlin: A four-wheeled covered carriage developed in the 17th century.
Brake: Describes several types of vehicles. A large, four-wheeled carriage frame, circa late 19th and early 20th century.
Britzka: A long, spacious carriage of four wheels, pulled by two horses.
Brougham: A specific, light four-wheeled carriage, circa mid 19th century.
Buckboard: A very simple four-wheeled wagon, circa early 19th century.
Buggy: a light, open, four-wheeled carriage, often driven by its owner.
Cabriolet: a shortening of cabriolet. Joseph Hansom based the design of his public hire vehicle on the cabriolet so the name cab stuck to vehicles for public hire.
Calash or Calèshe: see barouche: A four-wheeled, shallow vehicle with two double seats inside, arranged vis-à-vis, so that the sitters on the front seat faced those on the back seat.
Cape cart: A two-wheeled four-seater carriage drawn by two horses and formerly used in South Africa.
Cariole: A light, small, two- or four-wheeled vehicle, open or covered, drawn by a single horse.
Carriage: in the late eighteenth century, roughly equivalent to the modern word "vehicle" [Walker]. It later came to be restricted to "passenger vehicle" and even to "private, enclosed passenger vehicle" [Britannica]. This last is the sense adopted by the linked article.
Carryall: A type of carriage used in the United States in the 19th century. It is a light, four-wheeled vehicle, usually drawn by a single horse and with seats for four or more passengers.
Chaise: A light two- or four-wheeled traveling or pleasure carriage, with a folding hood or calash top for one or two people.
Charabanc: A larger wagon pulled by multiple horses.
Cidomo: a form of horse-drawn carriage popular in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.
Clarence: A closed, four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle with a projecting glass front and seats for four passengers inside.
Coach: A large, usually closed, four-wheeled carriage with two or more horses harnessed as a team, controlled by a coachman.
Coupé: The horse-drawn carriage equivalent of a modern coupe automobile.
Covered wagon: the name given to canvas-topped farm wagons used by North American settlers to move both their families and household goods westward. Varieties of this wagon include the Conestoga wagon (larger wagons able to carry large amounts of goods and primarily used on flat trails, for example the Santa Fe Trail) and prairie schooner (smaller wagons more suited for mountainous regions, for example the Oregon and California Trails).
Curricle: A smart, light two-wheeled chaise or "chariot", large enough for the driver and a passenger and usually drawn by a carefully matched pair of horses.
Diligence: a French stagecoach. The 19th-century ones came in three sizes, La petite diligence, La grande diligence and L'impériale.
Dog cart: a sprung cart used for transporting a gentleman, his loader, and his gun dogs.
Dos-à-dos
Drag (carriage)
Droshky or Drozhki: A low, four-wheeled open carriage used especially in Russia.
Equipage
Ekka - a one horse cart of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Fiacre: A form of hackney coach, a horse-drawn four-wheeled carriage for hire.
Fly: A horse-drawn public coach or delivery wagon, especially one let out for hire.
Four-in-hand coach
Gharry: A horse-drawn cab especially used in India.
Gig (carriage): A light, two-wheeled sprung cart pulled by one horse.
Gladstone
Governess cart: a sprung cart with two inward-facing benches, high sides and entry at the back. The upper part of the body was often of wicker.
Growler: the four-wheeled version of a hansom cab
Horsebus
Hackney carriage: A carriage for hire, especially in London.
Hansom cab: a one-horsed, two-wheeled, manoeuvrable public hire vehicle.
Hearse: The horse-drawn version of a modern hearse.
Herdic: A specific type of horse-drawn carriage, used as an omnibus.
Jaunting car: a sprung cart in which passengers sat back to back with their feet outboard of the wheels.
Karozzin: a traditional Maltese carriage drawn by one horse or a pair
Kid hack: a van used in the US for carrying children to and from school.
Landau: A low-shelled, luxury, convertible carriage.
Limousine
Meadowbrook (carriage): An unpainted (natural wood) cart
Omnibus
One-horse shay: a light, covered, two-wheeled carriage for two persons, drawn by a single horse.
Outside car: another name for jaunting car
Phaeton: a light-weight horse-drawn open carriage (usually with two seats); or an early-nineteenth-century sports car
Post chaise: A fast carriage for traveling post in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Ralli car: a light two wheeled sprung cart (gig) with two forward-facing and two rear-facing seats back-to-back, and a sliding fore-and-aft seat adjustment to allow the vehicle to balance with different numbers of passengers.
Rig
Rockaway: A term applied to two types of carriage: a light, low, United States four-wheel carriage with a fixed top and open sides that may be covered by waterproof curtains, and a heavy carriage enclosed at sides and rear, with a door on each side.
Sleigh: a vehicle with runners for use in snow
Spider phaeton: Of American origin and made for gentlemen drivers, a high and lightly constructed carriage with a covered seat in front and a footman's seat behind
Sprung cart: a light, two-wheeled vehicle with springing, for informal passenger use. Its name varied according to the body mounted on it. See dog cart, gig, governess cart, jaunting car, and trap.
Stagecoach: a public coach travelling in timetabled stages between stables which supply fresh horses.
Stanhope (carriage): a light, open, one-seated carriage: originally with two wheels, later also with four.
State Coach: a very grand coach used for royal state occasions. For example, Gold State Coach, Irish State Coach, Lord Mayor of London's State Coach, Scottish State Coach and the Speaker's State Coach.
Sulky: a very light two-wheeled cart for one person, especially used for harness racing.
Surrey: A popular American doorless, four-wheeled carriage of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, usually two seated for four passengers.
Tanga: a light horse-drawn carriage used for transportation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
Tarantass or Tarantas: A Russian four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle on a long longitudinal frame.
Tilbury: A light, open, two-wheeled carriage, with or without a top
Training cart or training trap: a simple sprung or unsprung two-person modern cart for training a harness horse on smooth roads. Often made of steel with motorcycle wheels, and sometimes with adjustable shafts for different-sized horses.
Trap: an open sprung cart. Often used in a general sense to cover any small passenger-carrying cart.
Troika: a sleigh drawn by three horses harnessed abreast. Occasionally, a similar wheeled vehicle.
Vardo (gypsy wagon): a vardo is a traditional horse-drawn wagon used by English Romani Gypsies.
Victoria: a one-horse carriage with a front-facing bench seat. The body was slung low, in front of the back axle. Driven by a servant.
Village cart
Vis-à-vis: Refers to the seating arrangement, with a rear seat facing forward and the forward seat facing to the rear.
Voiturette
Wagonette: a four-wheeled vehicle for carrying people, usually with a forward-facing seat at the front and two rows of inward-facing seats behind.
Whim
Whitechapel: a two-wheeled horse-drawn cart similar to a dog cart. Lightweight and versatile.
Vehicles primarily for carrying goods
Bow wagon: A simple agricultural wagon with laths bowed over the wheels in the manner of mudguards, to keep bulky loads such as straw from contact with them. An Australian design.
Cart: Particularly in Australia and New Zealand, an un-sprung cart. In Britain, even in the 18th century, the name came to be associated with brewers' deliveries so that the later vehicle that was more correctly called a trolley also came to be known as a brewer's dray. These are still seen at horse shows in Britain.
Also a sledge used for moving felled trees in the same way as the wheeled skidder. (See implements, below). It could be used in woodland, apparently with or without snow, but was useful on frozen lakes and waterways. [OED]
Chasse-maree: A four-horse adaptation of the cart principle for the rapid delivery of fish to French markets.
Chuckwagon is a wagon working as a field kitchen.
Conestoga wagon: A large, curved-bottom wagon for carrying commercial or government freight. See covered wagon.
Float: A light, two-wheeled domestic delivery vehicle with the centre of its axle cranked downward to allow low-loading and easy access to the goods. It was used particularly for milk delivery.
Lorry: A low-loading platform body with four small wheels mounted underneath it. The driver's seat was mounted on the headboard.
Mail coach: A stagecoach primarily for the carriage of mail, though also carrying passengers.
Mophrey: An un-sprung cart which could be extended forwards with the addition of front wheels. It was used by small farmers as and when dense or bulky loads were to be carried (muck-spreading and harvest). An eastern English design.
Pantechnicon van: Originally, a van used by The Pantechnicon for delivering goods to its customers.
Prairie schooner: The name given years later to the canvas-topped farm wagons used by North American settlers to move their families and capital goods westward. See covered wagon and Conestoga wagon.
Telega: A Russian coach, crudely made, usually unsprung.
Travois: An A-frame of poles, its apex resting on the back of the horse and dragged on the ground behind it; the space between the poles bridged to carry a small load.
Trolley: Like a lorry, but with slightly larger wheels and slightly higher deck. The driver's seat was mounted on the headboard.
Trolley and lift van: A standardized trolley and a lift van, a standardized box, designed to fit each other or any other of the same sort. The lift van was the direct counterpart of the modern container in the materials and size appropriate to its time.
Un-sprung cart: A simple two-wheeled vehicle for workaday use in carrying bulk loads. It was usually drawn by one horse.
Wagon: See also twenty mule team
Wain: Early English name for a wagon, especially those used in farm work.
Rail vehicles
Horsecar or streetcar (US) or tram (outside the US): public transport vehicle on rails
Wagonways: horse drawn trains
Slate waggon or slab waggon or rubbish wagon: a small four-wheeled rail car for carrying blocks of slate out of a quarry
Dandy waggon or dandy cart: an additional small rail car added to a gravity train to transport the horse downhill, after which the horse would pull the line of cars (often slate waggons) back up the hill.
Boats
Horse-drawn boat: a general term relating to broad or narrow canal boats for passenger or freight carriage
Narrowboat and widebeam boats: pulled by a single horse walking on the towpath adjacent to UK canals
Flyboat: a boat operated on the UK canals pulled by a running horse along a stretch without locks, causing a shallow boat to plane across the water
Agricultural and other implements
Harrow
Hay rake
Manure spreader
Plough or plow
Potato spinner
Reaper
Reaper-binder
Seed drill
Skidder
Snowplow
Thresher
War vehicles
Chariot
Ratha - an ancient Indo-Iranian chariot.
Scythed chariot
Gun carriage
Horse artillery
Limbers and caissons
Tachanka
War wagon
See also
Cart
Combined driving
Draft horse
Municipal horse
Driving (horse)
Guard stone
Horse harness
Naturmobil
Wagon
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Encyclopædia Britannica (1960)
Ingram, A. Horse-Drawn Vehicles Since 1760 (1977)
Oxford English Dictionary (1971 & 1987)
Walker, J. A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (1791)
External links
The oldest surviving horse drawn tramway operating in Douglas on the Isle of Man
Articles about Horse-drawn Carriages
National Carriage Collection - Cobb and Co Museum
Animal-powered vehicles
Horse driving
Wagons |
The Codex Selden (also known as the Codex Añute) is a Mexican manuscript of Mixtec origin. The codex is an account of the genealogy of the Jaltepec dynasty from the tenth to the 16th century. Codex Selden is possibly a fragment of a much longer improperly stored document. Although it was completed after the arrival of the conquistadors in the Mixtec region, it is considered one of the six pre-Hispanic Mixtec codices that survived the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The last date mentioned in the Codex is 1556, which can be interpreted as the date when the codex was finished.
The Codex belonged to the English jurist John Selden, who died in 1654 and left his collection of books and manuscripts at the University of Oxford. It is kept at the Bodleian Library in Oxford (shelfmark MS. Arch. Selden. A. 2).
In the 1950s, an accidental scratch revealed that the Selden Codex might overlay an earlier document later covered over with a layer of gypsum and chalk, a palimpsest. But given the fragility of the Codex, the faint tracings seen through the scratch could not be further revealed. Traditional x-ray techniques would not be effective since the tracings were organic in composition. In 2016, researchers reported that they had successfully unveiled the underlying pre-Columbian writing using a newer scanning technique. Early analysis of the writing suggests that the original writing includes a history of the Mixtec culture with hitherto unknown details.
The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices: Codex Bodley, Codex Laud, Codex Mendoza, and the Selden Roll, recently renamed The Roll of the New Fire.
Further reading
Caso, Alfonso. Interpretación del Códice Selden 3135. Mexico City, 1964.
Jansen, Maarten E.R.G.N. "Codex Selden," in Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, David Carrasco, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2001, pp. 132–133.
Smith, Mary Elizabeth. "Codex Selden: A Manuscript from the Valley of Nochixtlan," in The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 248–255. New York 1983.
References
External links
Catalogue of Selden manuscripts
MS. Arch. Selden. A. 2 Partial facsimile available on Digital Bodleian
MS. Arch. Selden. A. 2 in the Catalogue of Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries
Mixtec codices
Bodleian Library collection |
Groundation is an American roots reggae band with jazz and dub influences, from Sonoma County in Northern California. It is named for Rastafarian ceremony of Grounation.
History
Created in the fall of 1998 by Harrison Stafford, Groundation began on the campus of Sonoma State University's Jazz Program. Harrison formed the initial group by calling in bassist Ryan Newman, keyboardist Marcus Urani, and drummer Jason Bodlovitch who were fellow students under the Jazz Performance department. Between 1999 and 2001, Harrison Stafford taught the first course on the History of Reggae Music at the University. In 1999, Stafford teamed up with Kris Dilbeck to found Young Tree Records and release Groundation's debut album 'Young Tree. "Groundation" comes from the Rasta term "Grounation".
Grounation Day is an important Rastafarian holy day celebrated April 21, which commemorates Haile Selassie’s first visit to Jamaica in 1966. Grounation Day is second in importance to Coronation Day, which is celebrated November 2, in honor Haile Selassie’s Coronation in 1930.
In 1999, while in Jamaica, Harrison met the legendary engineer Jim Fox, who was involved with the production of many of RAS Records’ most iconic releases. Fox remastered both Young Tree and Each One Teach One and recorded Hebron Gate (2002), the album that launched Groundation to international acclaim. Fox has continued working with the band on every subsequent release, helping to shape their sound on We Free Again (2004), Upon The Bridge (2006), Here I Am (2009), Building An Ark (2012), and A Miracle (2014) creating a catalog of genre-bending, deep, progressive roots reggae music. Similarly, Groundation’s artwork had a consistent look and feel, in collaboration with Stafford's childhood friend, Giovanni Maki, creating all visual designs from the very beginning.
The band creates an altogether new reggae sound, featuring swirling, jazz/funk inspired horns, stout Latin and African based poly-rhythmics, and soulful harmony vocals. Their concerts utilize live improvisation, in classic jazz fashion, and are renowned for their high energy, communion-type atmosphere. Having gained international notoriety for their progressive fusion style, Groundation regularly plays at major international festivals like Summerjam.
The band uses analog instruments and recording equipment rather than digital, with Stafford explaining "No digital, we don't work with synthesisers. Just like in the 1970s we stick to that format."
Through the years, Groundation has performed in over 35 countries on 5 continents. The band, which had a number of personnel changes over the years, but always built around Harrison Stafford’s leadership, continued to bring reggae into new worlds, with their last studio album, The Next Generation (2018) opening with a full jazz big band (featuring 12 horn players). This album beat out Ziggy Marley and others to win Reggae.fr's “Best Roots Reggae Album of 2018,” voted on by over 16,000 media members, musicians, producers, and fans.
In 2022 Groundation released their 10th studio album One Rock. The album can be seen as a product of the global pandemic of the last two years. During this period, Groundation became even more aware of the issues of selfishness and greed that have emerged, which they address throughout the record, while also paying tribute to the victims and honoring the many reggae legends who have left us too soon since 2020. The group's desire to honor the "veterans" on this album was therefore obvious. Always a group to respect their elders and forebears, Groundation makes history yet again by bringing together the legendary reggae vocal groups Israel Vibration, The Abyssinians, and The Congos into the fold for One Rock.
Lineup
Members
Harrison Stafford – vocals, guitar
Isaiah Palmer - Bass player
Zach Morillo - Drummer
Eduardo Gross - Guitarist
Roger Cox- Saxophone
Jeff Cressman - Trombone
Darren Johnston - Trumpet
Pau Dangla Valls - Keyboardist
Former members
Matt Jenson – b3, keyboards
Will Blades – b3, keyboards
Marcus Urani – b3, keyboards
Ryan Newman – bass
David Chachere – trumpet
Rich Armstrong – trumpet
Craig Berletti – trumpet Keyboards
Te Kenawa Haereiti aka. Rufus – drums
Jake Shandling – drums
Kim Pommell – chorus
Sherida Sharpe – chorus
Nicholas Daniel Wlodarczyk – trombone
Jason Robinson – sax, flute
Paul Spina – drums (from December 2001 to July 2008; credited as a guest on some more recent albums).
James Stafford – drums (on the first two albums)
Shawna Anderson – chorus (from 1999 to 2004)
Ikesha Johnson – chorus (Upon The Bridge)
Benjamin Krames – congas, timbales, percussion (in 2007, during Mingo's break)
Kelsey Howard – trombone (from 2000–2012)
Kerry-Ann Morgan – chorus (Upon The Bridge, Building An Ark)
Stephanie Wallace – chorus (Here I Am)
Mingo Lewis Jr. – congas, timbales, percussion (2003–2013)
Discography
Studio albums
1999: Young Tree (Remastered in 2002)
2001: Each One Teach One2002: Hebron Gate2004: We Free Again2005: Dub Wars2006: Upon the Bridge2008: Rockamovya (Groundation's Stafford, Newman, and Urani project featuring Will Bernard and Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace),
2009: Here I Am2011: Gathering of the Elders2011: We Dub Again (Dub Remixes of We Free Again)
2012: Building an Ark2014: A Miracle2016: Each One Dub One2018: The Next Generation2020: The Next Generation Live''
2022: One Rock
References
External links
Young Tree Records official website
Groundation album reviews at Reggae-Reviews.com
Rockamovya official website
BB Organ official website
American reggae musical groups
Easy Star Records artists |
Brives-sur-Charente (, literally Brives on Charente) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department
References
External links
Communes of Charente-Maritime |
Gavrilovsky (; masculine), Gavrilovskaya (; feminine), or Gavrilovskoye (; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia.
Altai Krai
As of 2010, one rural locality in Altai Krai bears this name:
Gavrilovsky, Altai Krai, a settlement in Nikolayevsky Selsoviet of Pospelikhinsky District
Arkhangelsk Oblast
As of 2010, five rural localities in Arkhangelsk Oblast bear this name:
Gavrilovskaya, Kargopolsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Pechnikovsky Selsoviet of Kargopolsky District
Gavrilovskaya, Konoshsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Klimovsky Selsoviet of Konoshsky District
Gavrilovskaya, Krasnoborsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Lyakhovsky Selsoviet of Krasnoborsky District
Gavrilovskaya, Limsky Selsoviet, Nyandomsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Limsky Selsoviet of Nyandomsky District
Gavrilovskaya, Moshinsky Selsoviet, Nyandomsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Moshinsky Selsoviet of Nyandomsky District
Astrakhan Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Astrakhan Oblast bears this name:
Gavrilovsky, Astrakhan Oblast, a settlement in Chulpansky Selsoviet of Ikryaninsky District
Republic of Bashkortostan
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Bashkortostan bears this name:
Gavrilovsky, Republic of Bashkortostan, a khutor in Isimovsky Selsoviet of Kugarchinsky District
Irkutsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Irkutsk Oblast bears this name:
Gavrilovskaya, Irkutsk Oblast, a village in Cheremkhovsky District
Kirov Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kirov Oblast bears this name:
Gavrilovskaya, Kirov Oblast, a village in Papulovsky Rural Okrug of Luzsky District
Kostroma Oblast
As of 2010, five rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name:
Gavrilovskoye, Buysky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Tsentralnoye Settlement of Buysky District
Gavrilovskoye, Chukhlomsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Nozhkinskoye Settlement of Chukhlomsky District
Gavrilovskoye, Dmitriyevskoye Settlement, Galichsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Dmitriyevskoye Settlement of Galichsky District
Gavrilovskoye, Orekhovskoye Settlement, Galichsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Orekhovskoye Settlement of Galichsky District
Gavrilovskoye, Susaninsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Susanino Urban Settlement (urban-type settlement) of Susaninsky District
Kursk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kursk Oblast bears this name:
Gavrilovsky, Kursk Oblast, a settlement in Troyanovsky Selsoviet of Zheleznogorsky District
Moscow Oblast
As of 2010, three rural localities in Moscow Oblast bear this name:
Gavrilovskoye, Moscow Oblast, a selo in Gazoprovodskoye Rural Settlement of Lukhovitsky District
Gavrilovskaya, Shatursky District, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Shatura in Shatursky District
Gavrilovskaya, Yegoryevsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Yegoryevsk in Yegoryevsky District
Oryol Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Oryol Oblast bear this name:
Gavrilovskoye, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Gerasimovsky Selsoviet of Shablykinsky District
Gavrilovskaya, Oryol Oblast, a village in Zhilyayevsky Selsoviet of Orlovsky District
Ryazan Oblast
As of 2010, three rural localities in Ryazan Oblast bear this name:
Gavrilovskoye, Chuchkovsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Aleyevsky Rural Okrug of Chuchkovsky District
Gavrilovskoye, Sasovsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a selo in Gavrilovsky Rural Okrug of Sasovsky District
Gavrilovskoye, Spassky District, Ryazan Oblast, a selo in Gavrilovsky Rural Okrug of Spassky District
Samara Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Samara Oblast bears this name:
Gavrilovsky, Samara Oblast, a settlement in Alexeyevsky District
Tver Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Tver Oblast bears this name:
Gavrilovskoye, Tver Oblast, a village in Sandovsky District
Vladimir Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Vladimir Oblast bears this name:
Gavrilovskoye, Vladimir Oblast, a selo in Suzdalsky District
Vologda Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Vologda Oblast bear this name:
Gavrilovskaya, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Verkhnespassky Selsoviet of Tarnogsky District
Gavrilovskaya, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Andreyevsky Selsoviet of Vashkinsky District
Yaroslavl Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Yaroslavl Oblast bear this name:
Gavrilovskoye, Rybinsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Volzhsky Rural Okrug of Rybinsky District
Gavrilovskoye, Tutayevsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Borisoglebsky Rural Okrug of Tutayevsky District |
The interbank market is the top-level foreign exchange market where banks exchange different currencies. The banks can either deal with one another directly, or through electronic brokering platforms. The Electronic Broking Services (EBS) and Thomson Reuters Dealing are the two competitors in the electronic brokering platform business and together connect over 1000 banks. The currencies of most developed countries have floating exchange rates. These currencies do not have fixed values but, rather, values that fluctuate relative to other currencies.
The interbank market is an important segment of the foreign exchange market. It is a wholesale market through which most currency transactions are channeled. It is mainly used for trading among bankers. The three main constituents of the interbank market are:
the spot market
the forward market
SWIFT (Society for World-Wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications)
The interbank market is unregulated and decentralized. There is no specific location or exchange where these currency transactions take place. However, foreign currency options are regulated in a number of countries and trade on a number of different derivatives exchanges. Central bank in many countries publish closing spot prices on a daily basis. The central banks of many economies implement their monetary policy by manipulating instruments that allow them to achieve a certain value for an operational objective. Instruments are defined as the variables directly controlled by a central bank, such as the cash ratio, the interest rate paid on funds borrowed from the central bank, and the structure of the balance sheet.
Market makers
Unlike the stock market, the foreign currency exchange market (Forex) does not have a physical central exchange like the NYSE. Without a central exchange, currency exchange rates are made, or set, by market makers. Banks constantly quote a bid and ask price based on anticipated currency movements taking place and thereby make the market. Major banks handle very large forex transactions often in billions of units. These transactions cause the primary movement of currency prices in the short term.
Other factors contribute to currency exchange rates and these include forex transactions made by smaller banks, hedge funds, companies, forex brokers and traders. Companies are involved in forex transaction due to their need to pay for products and services supplied from other countries which use a different currency. Forex traders on the other hand use forex transaction, of a much smaller volume with comparison to banks, to benefit from anticipated currency movements by buying cheap and selling at a higher price or vice versa. This is done through forex brokers who act as a mediator between a pool of traders and also between themselves and banks.
Central banks also play a role in setting currency exchange rates by altering interest rates. By increasing interest rates they stimulate traders to buy their currency as it provides a high return on investment and this drives the value of the corresponding central bank's currency higher with comparison to other currencies.
See also
Interbank lending market
References
External links
Interbank Market: Transmission of monetary policy
Foreign exchange market |
Zavattini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
(1928–1995), Italian politician
Arturo Zavattini (born 1930), Italian photographer and cinematographer
Cesare Zavattini (1902–1989), Italian screenwriter and Neorealist theorist
Emilio Zavattini (1927–2007), Italian physicist
Jay Zavattini (born 2001) |
Kimberley West railway station was a station serving the town of Kimberley in Nottinghamshire, England.
History
It was built in 1882 for the Midland Railway's Basford to Bennerley Junction branch, at a cost of £2,495 15s 7d, designed by Charles Trubshaw who went on to become a major railway architect. It was designed according to the Arts and Crafts movement to resemble artisan cottages. The rails used in the building of this branch line were taken up from Kimberley station to Bennerley Junction in 1916 and presented to the War Department for use in the battle for the Dardanelles during the First World War. The line from Basford to Kimberley remained in place.
This line is now disused, the station is at one end of a railway cutting through which the branch line ran; this is now designated as a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest under the name of Kimberley Railway Cutting. This cutting is currently the private property of the brewers Greene King at its Kimberley end but a footpath follows its trackbed from Watnall as far as the M1 motorway.
It closed to passenger traffic in 1917 but remained open for goods until 1 January 1951. The station house was used for a while by Kimberley ex-Servicemen's Club and then Kimberley Social Club. The station house has since been restored and as of 2021 is used for private residence, with the properties named Midland Station House.
Stationmasters
William H. Clarke 1882 - 1889 (formerly station master at Shipley Gate)
John Ross 1889 - 1894 (formerly station master at Whittington, afterwards station master at Hope)
Albert C. East 1894 - 1905 (afterwards station master at Codnor Park and Ironville)
G.H. Archer 1905 - 1908 (formerly station master at Staveley Town)
H.C. Bryant 1908 - ca. 1914 (formerly station master at Whiteborough)
References
Further reading
See also
Kimberley East railway station
Watnall railway station
Disused railway stations in Nottinghamshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1882
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Former Midland Railway stations
Charles Trubshaw railway stations |
The new wave of British heavy metal (commonly abbreviated as NWOBHM) was a nationwide musical movement that started in England in the mid-1970s and achieved international attention by the early 1980s. Editor Alan Lewis coined the term for an article by Geoff Barton in a May 1979 issue of the British music newspaper Sounds to describe the emergence of new heavy metal bands in the mid to late 1970s, during the period of punk rock's decline and the dominance of new wave music.
Although encompassing diverse styles inherited from rock music, the music of the NWOBHM is best remembered for drawing on the heavy metal of the 1970s and infusing it with the intensity of punk rock to produce fast and aggressive songs. The DIY attitude of the new metal bands led to the spread of raw-sounding, self-produced recordings and a proliferation of independent record labels. Song lyrics were usually about escapist themes, such as mythology, fantasy, horror and the rock 'n' roll lifestyle.
The NWOBHM began as an underground phenomenon growing in parallel to punk and largely ignored by the media. It was only through the promotion of rock DJ Neal Kay and Sounds''' campaigning that it reached the public consciousness and gained radio airplay, recognition and success in the UK. The movement involved mostly young, white, male and working-class musicians and fans, who suffered the hardships brought on by rising unemployment for years after the 1973–75 recession. As a reaction to their bleak reality, they created a community separate from mainstream society to enjoy each other's company and their favourite loud music. The NWOBHM was heavily criticised for the excessive hype generated by local media in favour of mostly talentless musicians. Nonetheless, it generated a renewal in the genre of heavy metal music and furthered the progress of the heavy metal subculture, whose updated behavioural and visual codes were quickly adopted by metal fans worldwide after the spread of the music to continental Europe, North America and Japan.
By some estimates, the movement spawned as many as a thousand heavy metal bands, but only a few survived the advent of MTV and the rise of the more commercial glam metal in the second half of the 1980s. Among them, Iron Maiden and Def Leppard became superstars, while Motörhead and Saxon also had considerable success. Other groups, such as Diamond Head, Venom and Raven, while reaching limited chart success, never achieved popularity of the abovementioned bands, but were a major influence on the successful extreme metal subgenres of the mid/late 1980s and 1990s. Many bands from the NWOBHM reunited in the 2000s and remained active through live performances and new studio albums.
Background
Social unrest
In the second half of the 1970s, the United Kingdom was in a state of social unrest and widespread poverty as a result of the ineffective social politics of both Conservative and Labour Party governments during a three-year period of economic recession. As a consequence of deindustrialisation, the unemployment rate was exceptionally high, especially among working class youth. It continued to rise in the early 1980s, peaking in February 1983. The discontent of so many people caused social unrest with frequent strikes, and culminated in a series of riots, including one in Brixton and another in Toxteth. During this period, the mass of young people, deprived of the prospect of even relatively low-skill jobs that were available to the previous generations, searched for different ways to earn money in the music and entertainment businesses. The explosion of new bands and new musical styles coming from the UK in the late 1970s was a result of their efforts to make a living in the economic depression that hit the country before the governments of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.
The desperation and the violent reaction of a generation robbed of a safe future are well-represented by the British punk movement of 1977–1978, whose rebellion against the establishment continued diluted in the new wave and post-punk music of the 1980s. These self-proclaimed punks were politically militant, relishing their anarchic attitude and stage practices like pogo dancing. They wore short and spiked hairstyles or shaved heads, often with safety pins and ripped clothes, and considered musical prowess unimportant as long as the music was simple and loud. However, not all working-class male youths embraced the punk movement; some preferred to escape from their grim reality in heavy metal, which was equally effective in providing fun, stress relief, and peer companionship – otherwise denied because of their unemployment.
Heavy rock in the UK
The UK was a cradle of the first wave of heavy metal, which was born at the end of the 1960s and flowered in the early 1970s. Of the many British bands that came to prominence during that period, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple achieved worldwide success and critical acclaim. The success of the music genre, usually called heavy rock at the time, generated a community of UK fans with strong ties to psychedelia, hippie doctrines and biker subculture. Each of these bands was in crisis in the mid-to-late 1970s: Led Zeppelin were plagued by discord and personal tragedies and had drastically reduced their activities, Black Sabbath finally fired their charismatic but unreliable frontman Ozzy Osbourne, and Deep Purple disbanded. As a consequence, the whole movement lost much of its momentum and media interest, which were refocused on what British writer Malc Macmillan calls "the more fashionable or lucrative markets of the day" such as disco, glam, mod revival, new wave and electronic music. Just like progressive rock acts and other mainstream music groups of the 1970s, heavy rock bands were viewed as – in the words of journalist Garry Bushell – "lumbering dinosaurs" by a music press infatuated with punk rock and new wave. Some writers even declared the premature demise of heavy metal altogether.
The crisis of British heavy rock giants left space for the rise of other rock bands in the mid-1970s, including Queen, Hawkwind, Budgie, Bad Company, Status Quo and Nazareth, all of which had multiple chart entries in the UK and had conducted successful international tours. The British chart results of the period show that there was still a vast audience for heavy metal in the country, and upcoming bands UFO and Judas Priest, also had tangible success and media coverage in the late 1970s. Foreign hard rock acts, such as Blue Öyster Cult and Kiss from the US, Rush from Canada, Scorpions from West Germany, Thin Lizzy from Ireland , and especially AC/DC from Australia, climbed the British charts in the same period.
Motörhead
Motörhead were founded in 1975 by already experienced musicians. Their leader Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister was a former member of the space rock band Hawkwind, Larry Wallis had played with Pink Fairies, and Eddie Clarke had been a member of Curtis Knight's Zeus. Their previous experience is one element which divides critics and fans over whether the band belongs to the new wave of British heavy metal. Some believe that the band should be considered an inspiration for the movement, but not part of it, because they had signed recording contracts, toured the country, and had chart success before any NWOBHM band had stepped out of their local club scene. Motörhead were also the only metal band of the period recording songs with veteran BBC radio DJ John Peel for his Peel Sessions programme and the first to reach No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart with the live album No Sleep 'til Hammersmith in June 1981. Lemmy himself said, "the NWOBHM ... didn't do us much good", because Motörhead "came along a bit too early for it".
Other critics view Motörhead as the first significant exponent of the movement and the first band to fully implement a crossover between punk rock and heavy metal. Their fast music, the renunciation of technical virtuosity in favour of sheer loudness, and their uncompromising attitude were welcomed equally by punks and heavy metal fans. Motörhead were supported by many NWOBHM bands on tour, and they also shared the stage with Lemmy's friends' punk band The Damned. Motörhead's musical style became very popular during the NWOBHM, making them a fundamental reference for the nascent movement and for musicians of various metal subgenres in the following decades.
Characteristics
Identity and style
The NWOBHM involved both musicians and fans who were largely young, male and white and shared class origin, ethics, and aesthetic values. American sociologist Deena Weinstein, in her book Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture, describes the rise and growth of the movement as the achievement of maturity for heavy metal, after its birth in the early 1970s and before branching out into various subgenres in the following years. British heavy metal fans, commonly known as muthas, metalheads, or headbangers for the violent, rhythmic shaking of their heads in time to the music, dismissed the simplistic image of rebellious youth inherited from the counterculture of the 1960s and the psychedelic attachments characteristic of heavy rock in the 1970s, updating the shared principles and codes of the heavy metal subculture and definitely separating it from mainstream society.
Towards the end of the 1970s, British metalheads coalesced into a closed community of peers that exalted power and celebrated masculinity. According to Deena Weinstein's analysis, their male camaraderie and the general absence of women in their ranks did not turn into machismo and misogyny. In the same article, she wrote that British heavy metal: "is not racist, despite its uniformly white performers, and its lyrics are devoid of racial references." Another characteristic of the subculture was its latent homophobia, less violent, but not dissimilar to British skinheads' disposition; in his book Running with the Devil: Power, Gender and Madness in Heavy Metal Music, Robert Walser calls it a "collective affirmation of heterosexuality", and in a journal British sociologist John Clarke regards it as "a reaction against the erosion of traditionally available stereotypes of masculinity".
Headbangers showed little interest in political and social problems, finding in each other's company, in the consumption of beer and in the music, the means to escape their bleak reality; for this reason they were often accused of nihilism or escapism. In contrast with punks, they loved musicianship and made idols of virtuoso guitarists and vocalists, viewing the live show as the full realisation of their status. The fans were very loyal to the music, to each other and to the bands with whom they shared origins and from whom they required coherence with their values, authenticity and continuous accessibility. To depart from this strict code meant being marked as a "sell out" or "poseur" and being somewhat excluded from the community. The lyrics of the song "Denim and Leather" by Saxon reflect precisely the condition of British metalheads in those years of great enthusiasm. Access to this male-dominated world for female musicians and fans was not easy, and only women who adapted to their male counterparts' standards and codes were accepted, as attested by Girlschool and Rock Goddess, the only notable all-female heavy metal bands of that era.
The music, philosophy and lifestyle of heavy metal bands and fans were often panned by both left-wing critics and conservative public opinion, described as senseless, ridiculous to the limit of self-parody, and even dangerous for the young generation. The 1984 mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap addressed many idiosyncrasies of British metal bands, showing comic sides of that world which external observers would judge absurd. Instead metal musicians regarded the movie's content as much too real.
Visual aspects
The dress code of the British headbangers reflected the newly found cohesion of the movement and recalled the look of 1960s rockers and American bikers. The common elements were long hair and jeans, black or white T-shirts with band logos and cover art and leather jackets or denim vests adorned with patches. Following the example of Judas Priest, elements of S&M fashion entered the metal wardrobe of the 1980s and it became typical to show off metallic studs and ornaments, or for metal musicians to wear spandex or leather trousers. Elements of militaria, such as bullet belts and insignia, were also introduced at this time. This style of dress quickly became the uniform of metalheads worldwide.
Most bands of the NWOBHM had the same look as their fans and produced rock shows without special visual effects. A notable exception was Iron Maiden, which created the grisly character Eddie the Head as a stage prop to enrich their performances very early in their career. Other exceptions were Demon, Cloven Hoof and Samson, which used various props, costumes and tricks in their shows, while Pagan Altar and Venom became well known for their elaborate scenography inspired by shock rock and Satanism.
Musical and lyrical elements
The NWOBHM – comprising bands with very different influences and styles – was promoted as both a movement and a distinct music genre only in its formative years during the mid-to-late 1970s. Especially in those early years, what characterised the flood of new music was its raw sound, due in large part to low-budget productions, but also to the amateurish talents of many young bands. Those young musicians were also linked by a shared inspiration from the works of the aforementioned successful heavy rock bands of the late 1960s and 1970s, and kept a sort of continuity with the earlier acts, whose music had temporarily gone out of fashion, but was still thriving underground. However, the media of the 1980s and the promotional literature of record labels typically placed rock music that employed loud guitars, but was not classifiable as "punk" under the blanket term "heavy metal", subsuming the entire spectrum of NWOBHM bands within a single music genre.
Following a largely organic and uncalculated impulse, many of these new bands infused classic heavy metal with the immediacy of pub rock and the intensity of punk rock, implementing to various degrees the crossover of genres started by Motörhead; in general they shunned ballads, de-emphasised harmonies and produced shorter songs with fast tempos and a very aggressive sound based on riffs and power chords, featuring vocals ranging from high pitched wails to gruff and low growls. Iron Maiden, Angel Witch, Saxon, Holocaust, Tygers of Pan Tang, Girlschool, Tank and More are notable performers of this style, which bands such as Atomkraft, Jaguar, Raven and Venom stretched to produce even more extreme results. Critics consider this new approach to heavy metal the greatest musical accomplishment of the NWOBHM and an important evolutionary step for the genre.
A style more melodic and more akin to the hard rock of bands like Rainbow, Magnum, UFO, Thin Lizzy and Whitesnake was equally represented during the NWOBHM. The music of Def Leppard, Praying Mantis, White Spirit, Demon, Shy, Gaskin, Dedringer and many others, contained hooks as much as riffs, often retained a closer link with blues rock, included power ballads and featured keyboards, acoustic instruments and melodic and soaring vocals. After the peak of the movement in 1981, this style was favoured by the media and gained greater acceptance among the British audience; it became prevalent when bands usually playing the more aggressive style of metal adapted to the more popular sound, which resembled that of mainstream American acts. These changes in musical direction disoriented some fans and led them to reject those bands which were perceived as having compromised key elements of their musical identity in the pursuit of success.
These two styles do not exhaust all of the musical influences found in the British heavy metal music of the early 1980s, because many bands were also inspired by progressive rock (Iron Maiden, Diamond Head, Blitzkrieg, Demon, Saracen, Shiva, Witchfynde), boogie rock (Saxon, Vardis, Spider, Le Griffe) and glam rock (Girl, Wrathchild). Doom metal bands Pagan Altar and Witchfinder General were also part of the NWOBHM and their albums are considered among the best examples of that already established subgenre.
British writer John Tucker writes that NWOBHM bands were in general fuelled by their first experiences with adult life and "their lyrics rolled everything into one big youthful fantasy". They usually avoided social and political themes in their lyrics, or treated them in a shallow "street-level" way, preferring topics from mythology, the occult, fantasy, science fiction and horror films. Songs about romance and lust were rare, but the frequent lyrics about male bonding and the rock lifestyle contain many sexist allusions. Christian symbolism is often present in the lyrics and cover art, as is the figure of Satan, used more as a shocking and macabre subject than as the antireligious device of 1990s' black metal subculture.
History
Underground movement (1975–1978)
Popular heavy rock bands such as Thin Lizzy, UFO and Judas Priest were already major successes and playing international arenas, when new heavy metal bands, composed of younger people, debuted in small venues in many cities in the UK. The country's larger venues were usually reserved for chart-topping disco music, because their use as rock music clubs was considered less profitable. Like most British bands in the past, the new groups spent their formative years playing live in clubs, pubs, dance halls and social circles for low wages; this training honed their skills, created a dedicated local fan base and enabled them to come in contact with managers and record label agents.
Angel Witch, Iron Maiden, Praying Mantis and Samson from London, Son of a Bitch (later Saxon) from Barnsley, Diamond Head from Stourbridge, Marseille from Liverpool, White Spirit from Hartlepool, Witchfynde from Derbyshire, Vardis from Wakefield, Def Leppard from Sheffield, Raven and Tygers of Pan Tang from around Newcastle, and Holocaust from Edinburgh were the most important metal bands founded between 1975 and 1977 that animated the club scene in their respective cities and towns. The first bands of the newborn musical movement competed for space in venues with punk outfits, often causing clubs to specialise, presenting only punk or only rock and hard rock. Differences in ideology, attitude and looks also caused heated rivalries between the two audiences. What punk and NWOBHM musicians had in common was their "do-it-yourself" attitude toward the music business and the consequent practice of self-production and self-distribution of recorded material in the form of audio cassette demos, or privately pressed singles, aimed initially at local supporters.
It also led to the birth and diffusion of small independent record labels, often an extension of record shops and independent recording studios, which sometimes produced both punk and metal releases. Indie labels are considered important to the movement's evolution, because they removed the intrusion of corporate business which had hindered rock music in the late 1970s, giving local bands the chance to experiment with more extreme forms of music.
While British and international media covered punk intensively, the new grassroots metal movement remained underground until 1978, largely ignored by popular music magazines such as New Musical Express, The Face and Melody Maker and by radio stations. News about the bands and music circulated by word-of-mouth and fanzines, or through interested DJs, who travelled the country from club to club. Neal Kay was one of those DJs; he started to work in 1975 at a disco club called The Bandwagon in Kingsbury, North West London, housed in the back-room of the Prince of Wales pub and equipped with a massive sound system. He transformed his nights at The Bandwagon into The Heavy Metal Soundhouse, a spot specialising in hard rock and heavy metal music and a place to listen to albums of established acts and to demos of new bands, which circulated among fans through cassette trading. NWOBHM International Heroes' lead singer and songwriter, Sean T. Wright, was a renowned cassette trader at the time.
Besides participating in air guitar competitions and watching live shows, the audience could also vote for Kay's selections. The DJ made a weekly Heavy Metal Top 100 list of the most requested songs at The Soundhouse, by both newcomers and established bands and sent it to record shops and to the music journal Sounds, the only paper that showed interest in the developing scene. Many young musicians realised that they were not alone in playing metal only through that weekly list, which included bands from all over the country. At the time, Geoff Barton was a staffer at Sounds who wrote features on the new up-and-coming metal bands and was pivotal in directing the developing subculture of metalheads with his articles. At the suggestion of his editor Alan Lewis, and in an attempt to find a common stylistic element in the bands' music, he used the term "New Wave of British Heavy Metal" for the first time in his review of a gig on the Metal Crusade tour featuring Angel Witch, Iron Maiden and Samson at The Music Machine in London on 8 May 1979. The term soon became the identifier for the whole movement.
First wave (1979–1981)
Compilation albums featuring bands from the nascent movement started to circulate, issued by Neat Records, Heavy Metal Records and Ebony Records, companies that became leaders in the independent metal label market during the 1980s. The fresh outlet of Neal Kay's chart, the attention of Sounds and the many compilations issued by independent labels, focused the efforts of the new bands on producing demos and singles. Iron Maiden's The Soundhouse Tapes is one of the best known collections of such demos. As Barton recalled: "There were hundreds of these bands. Maybe even thousands. Barely a day would go by without a clutch of new NWOBHM singles arriving in the Sounds office."
Tommy Vance, a BBC radio host, took notice of the phenomenon and played singles by the new metal bands on his late night Friday Rock Show on BBC Radio 1. Along with John Peel's broadcast, Vance's was the only mainstream radio show to feature songs from underground metal acts, many of whom were invited to play live at BBC studios under the supervision of long-time collaborator and producer, Tony Wilson. Alice's Restaurant Rock Radio, a pirate FM radio station in London, also championed the new bands on air and with their own "roadshow" in rock pubs and clubs.
Despite the transition of the young bands from being local attractions to touring extensively in the UK, major record labels' A&R agents still did not recognise the rising new trend. Thus, most new bands signed contracts with small independent labels, which could afford only limited printings of singles and albums and usually offered only national distribution. Many other bands, including Iron Maiden, Def Leppard and Diamond Head, self-produced their first releases and sold them through mail order or at concerts. Saxon were the first to sign with an internationally distributed label, the French Carrere Records, followed by Def Leppard with Phonogram in August 1979, and Iron Maiden with EMI in December 1979. In early 1980, EMI tested the market with the Neal Kay-compiled album Metal for Muthas and a UK tour of the bands that had contributed to the compilation, eventually signing Angel Witch (who were dropped after the release of their first single) and Ethel the Frog.Sounds gave Metal for Muthas a poor review, but the album was nevertheless a commercial success and may have been instrumental in encouraging major labels to sign a few more bands. A II Z, Fist, White Spirit and Praying Mantis were dropped after the release of their debut albums, while Tygers of Pan Tang, Samson, More, Demon and Girlschool had more success and lasted longer on major labels' line-ups. The new releases by these bands were better produced and some of them, with the support of intensive tours in the UK and Europe, obtained good chart results. The best chart performances of that period were for Iron Maiden's debut album Iron Maiden and for Wheels of Steel by Saxon, which reached No. 4 and No. 5 on the UK Albums Chart respectively, while their singles "Running Free", "Wheels of Steel" and "747 (Strangers in the Night)" entered the UK Singles Chart Top 50. The immediate consequence of that success was increased media coverage for metal bands, which included appearances on the British music TV shows Top of the Pops and The Old Grey Whistle Test. The emergence of many new bands in the period between 1978 and 1980 was another remarkable effect of the promotion of the movement to a relevant national phenomenon.
The momentum behind the NWOBHM also benefited already established bands, which reclaimed the spotlight with new and acclaimed releases. Ex-Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan returned to sing heavy metal with the album Mr. Universe in 1979 and was on the forefront of the British metal scene with his band Gillan in the following years. His former Deep Purple bandmate Ritchie Blackmore also climbed the UK charts with his hard rock group Rainbow's releases Down to Earth (1979) and Difficult to Cure (1981). Black Sabbath recovered and returned to success with the albums Heaven and Hell (1980) and Mob Rules (1981), featuring the ex-Rainbow singer Ronnie James Dio. 1980 saw several other entries by hard rock and heavy metal bands in the top 10 of the British charts: MSG's first album peaked at No. 8, Whitesnake's Ready an' Willing at No. 6, Judas Priest's best-seller British Steel and Motörhead's Ace of Spades at No. 4, while Back in Black by AC/DC reached number one.
As proof of the successful revival of the British hard rock and metal scene, tours and gigs of old and new acts were sold out, both at home and in other European countries, where the movement had spread. Groups arising from the NWOBHM were no longer precluded from world tours and were often chosen as opening acts for major bands in arenas and stadiums. Iron Maiden supported Kiss in Europe in 1980, embarking on their first world tour as headliners in 1981, as well as opening for Judas Priest and UFO in the US. Def Leppard visited the US for the first time in 1980 for a three-month trek supporting Pat Travers, Judas Priest, Ted Nugent, AC/DC and Sammy Hagar. Saxon opened for Judas Priest in Europe and for Rush and AC/DC in the US in 1981. NWOBHM bands were already present on the roster of the famous Reading Festival in 1980, and were quickly promoted to headliners for the 1981 and 1982 events. The 1980 edition was also remarkable for the violent protests against Def Leppard, whose declared interest in the American market was received badly by British fans. In addition to Reading, a new festival called Monsters of Rock was created in 1980 at Castle Donington, England, to showcase only hard rock and heavy metal acts.
Into the mainstream (1981–1985)
The NWOBHM eventually found space in newspapers and music magazines other than Sounds, as journalists caught up with the "next big thing" happening in the UK. Melody Maker even published a weekly heavy metal chart based on record shop sales. Sounds publisher exploited his support of the movement to launch the first issue of Kerrang!, a colour magazine directed by Geoff Barton devoted exclusively to hard rock and heavy metal, in June 1981. Kerrang! was an unexpected success and soon became the reference magazine for metalheads worldwide, followed shortly by the American Circus and Hit Parader, the Dutch Aardschok, the German Metal Hammer and the British Metal Forces. The attention of international media meant more record sales and more world tours for NWOBHM bands, whose albums entered many foreign charts. Their attempts to climb the British charts culminated in Iron Maiden's The Number of the Beast topping the UK Albums Chart on 10 April 1982 and staying at number 1 for two weeks. The album charted at number 33 in the US, where the band acquired a reputation as Devil-worshippers due to the album cover's depiction of a hellish scene.
The success of the music produced by the movement and its passage from underground phenomenon to mainstream genre, prompted its main promoter Geoff Barton to declare the NWOBHM finished in 1981. He felt disappointed by the low quality of the new bands and frustrated by the ease with which record labels exploited enthusiasm for heavy metal. Coincidentally, in the same year, the Bandwagon was closed and the Prince of Wales pub was subsequently demolished to build a restaurant. Although the movement had lost some of its appeal for diehard fans, as evidenced by the increased popularity of American-influenced AOR releases on sales-based national polls, it retained enough vitality to launch a second wave of bands, which rose from the underground and released their first albums in 1982 and 1983.
NWOBHM bands had been touring steadily in the United States, but had not yet received enough FM radio airplay there to make a significant impression on American charts. Def Leppard remedied that, releasing Pyromania at the beginning of 1983, an album with a more melodic and FM-friendly approach in comparison with the more aggressive sound of their earlier music. The band's goal of reaching a wider international audience, which included many female fans, was attained completely in the US, where Pyromania peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart behind Michael Jackson's Thriller. Thanks to a string of hit singles and the heavy rotation of their music videos on the recently launched MTV, the album had sold more than six millions copies in the US by 1984 and made Def Leppard superstars. The overwhelming international success of Pyromania induced both American and British bands to follow Def Leppard's example, giving a decisive boost to the more commercial and melodic glam metal and heralding the end of the NWOBHM.
Decline
The UK had been a home for music video pioneers. When the music video cable channel MTV started broadcasting in 1982, the importance of videos abruptly grew, changing the video from an occasional promotional tool to an indispensable means of reaching an audience. MTV filled its programmes with many hard rock and heavy metal videos, but these were too expensive for bands who either had no recording contract or had signed to small, independent labels. Moreover, music videos exalted the visual appeal of a band, an area where some British metal groups were deficient. So the NWOBHM suffered the same decline as other musical phenomena that were based on low-budget productions and an underground following. Many of its leaders, such as Diamond Head, Tygers of Pan Tang, Angel Witch and Samson, were unable to follow up on their initial success; their attempts to update their look and sound to match new expectations of the wider audience not only failed, but also alienated their original fans.
By the mid-1980s, glam metal, which often emphasized a band's appearance and featured lyrics about love and sex, quickly replaced other styles of metal in the tastes of many British rock fans; this sub-genre emanating from Hollywood's Sunset Strip was spearheaded already in the late 1970s by Van Halen and followed by bands such as Mötley Crüe, Quiet Riot, Dokken, Great White, Ratt and W.A.S.P. New Jersey act Bon Jovi and the Swedish Europe, thanks to their successful fusion of hard rock and romantic pop, also became very popular in the UK, with the former even headlining the 1987 Monsters of Rock Festival. Record companies latched on to the more polished glam metal subgenre over the NWOBHM bands, which maintained a fan base elsewhere in Europe, but found themselves crowded out of the UK and US markets by the success of these American groups. While the attention devoted to the NWOBHM bands waned, a new succession of far less mainstream metal subgenres began to emerge and attract many British metalheads. Power metal and thrash metal, both stemming from the NWOBHM and maintaining much of its ethos, were gaining critical acclaim and commercial success in the second half of the 1980s with their even faster and heavier sound. Bands such as Helloween, Savatage, Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax captured much of the market share of those metalheads who were not content with the sound or style of more mainstream, pop-oriented metal bands.The N.W.O.B.H.M. Encyclopedia by Malc Macmillan lists more than 500 recording bands established in the decade between 1975 and 1985 and related to the movement. Probably as many bands launched in the same period, but never emerged from their local club scene, or recorded nothing more than demo tapes or limited pressings of self-produced singles. The record labels' lack of interest, poor management of bands, internal struggles and musical choices that turned off much of their original fan base, resulted in most groups disbanding and disappearing by the end of the decade. A few of the best known groups, such as Praying Mantis in Japan and Saxon, Demon and Tokyo Blade in mainland Europe, survived in foreign markets. Some others, namely Raven, Girlschool and Grim Reaper, tried to break through in the US market signing with American labels, but their attempts were unsuccessful. Two of the more popular bands of the movement, however, went on to considerable, lasting success. Iron Maiden has since become one of the most commercially successful and influential heavy metal bands of all time, even after adopting a more progressive style. Def Leppard became even more successful, targeting the American mainstream rock market with their more refined hard rock sound.
Revival
The widespread popularity of the Internet in the late 1990s/early 2000s helped NWOBHM fans and musicians to reconnect and rekindle their shared enthusiasm. The NWOBHM experienced a minor underground revival, highlighted by the good sales of old vinyl and collectibles and by the demand for new performances. Statements of appreciation by metal bands of the 1990s, the success of tribute bands, the re-issues of old albums and the production of new thoroughly edited compilations, attracted the media's attention and encouraged many of the original groups to reunite for festival appearances and tours. According to Macmillan and AllMusic reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia, probably the most important of those compilation albums was New Wave of British Heavy Metal '79 Revisited, compiled by Metallica's drummer Lars Ulrich and former Sounds and Kerrang! journalist Geoff Barton. It was released in 1990 as a double CD, featuring bands as obscure as Hollow Ground right through to the major acts of the era.
A new publication called Classic Rock, featuring Barton and many of the writers from Kerrang!'''s first run, championed the NWOBHM revival and continues to focus much of its attention on rock acts from the 1980s. Starting in the 2000s, many reunited bands recorded new albums and revisited their original styles, abandoned in the second half of the 1980s. Their presence, at metal festivals and on the international rock club circuit, has been constant ever since.
Influences and legacy
The NWOBHM triggered a renaissance in a stagnant rock genre, but took on heavy criticism for the excessive local media hype surrounding a legion of typically mediocre musicians. Detractors think that, unlike heavy metal of the preceding decades, their music was unoriginal and included no classic rock recordings. Nevertheless, these bands and their diverse output offered a blueprint that counterparts across the Western world would later emulate and expand. The collision of styles that characterised the NWOBHM is now seen as key to the diversification of heavy metal in the second half of the 1980s into various subgenres that came to the fore in the 1990s. The stardom of Def Leppard in the US provided a catalyst for the growth of glam metal, just as bands like Angel Witch, Witchfynde, Cloven Hoof and especially Venom generated the music, lyrics, cover art and attitude that sparked black metal in its various forms in Europe and America. Motörhead, Iron Maiden, Raven, Tank, Venom and several minor groups are viewed as precursors of speed metal and thrash metal, two subgenres which carried forward the crossover with punk, incorporating elements of hardcore while amplifying volume, velocity and aggressive tone.
Starting around 1982, distant points such as North America, West Germany, and Brazil each became the locus of its own distinctive thrash metal scenes – East Coast and Bay Area, Teutonic, and Brazilian thrash metal. Their debt to the NWOBHM was acknowledged for example by Metallica's Lars Ulrich, an active fan and avid collector of NWOBHM recordings and memorabilia. Under his influence, the setlists of Metallica's early shows were filled with covers of British metal groups. The sound of the NWOBHM even "cross-pollinated" a subgenre of punk, as UK 82 street punk bands like Discharge blended punk music with elements of metal. The birth of speed metal in the early 1980s was also pivotal for the evolution of power metal in the latter half of the decade, as exemplified by Helloween from Germany, and Manowar, Savatage, and Virgin Steele from the US.
Since the beginning of the NWOBHM, North American bands like Anvil, Riot, Twisted Sister, Manowar, Virgin Steele, The Rods, Hellion, Cirith Ungol, and Exciter had a continuous exchange with the other side of the Atlantic, where their music was appreciated by British metalheads. In this climate of reciprocity, Manowar and Virgin Steele initially signed with the British indie label Music for Nations, while Twisted Sister recorded their first two albums in London.
The sound of Japanese bands Earthshaker, Loudness, Anthem and other minor groups was also influenced by the NWOBHM, whose British sound engineers were used for their early albums. The Japanese band Bow Wow even transferred to England to be part of the British metal scene. Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Spain, Yugoslavia and Mexico promptly welcomed the new British bands and spawned imitators almost immediately. Acts like Accept, Grave Digger, Sinner and Warlock from Germany, E. F. Band from Sweden, Mercyful Fate from Denmark, Killer and Ostrogoth from Belgium, Picture and Bodine from the Netherlands, Trust, Sortilège and Nightmare from France, Barón Rojo, Obús and Ángeles del Infierno from Spain, Gordi, Orange, Divlje Jagode, and Warriors from Yugoslavia, Luzbel from Mexico or Aria from the Soviet Union formed between 1978 and the beginning of the new decade and were heavily influenced by the sound of the NWOBHM. Many of these bands signed with the Dutch Roadrunner Records or with the Belgian Mausoleum Records, independent labels that also published recordings of British NWOBHM acts.
See also
List of new wave of British heavy metal bands
Second British Invasion
Notes
References
Sources
Bibliography
Filmography
Websites
British heavy metal music
1970s in British music
1980s in British music
1970s in heavy metal music
1980s in heavy metal music
20th-century music genres
Underground culture
Musical subcultures
Youth culture in the United Kingdom |
Inténtalo is the first studio album by Mexican group 3Ball MTY. It was released on December 6, 2011 under Fonovisa Records label.
Reception
Commercial performance
Inténtalo became a commercial success for the trio. It debuted at No.2 on the Latin Albums chart the week ending 31 December 2011. The same week, it debuted atop the Regional Mexican Albums chart. The album also appeared on the Billboard 200 at No.126 and on the Mexican Albums Chart at No.84.
Critical response
David Jeffries from Allmusic gave a positive review of the album, and awarded it four stars out of five. On his review, he stated that "start with the outstanding title track for a taste and rest assured, the rest of the album is that good, and sometimes even better."
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times called Inténtalo "an album like none of the others" and commented that its music is "as nimble as ever, and as fleet, with chilling drums, winding samples, a robust sense of history and a keen urge to destroy and update it." The album earned the Lo Nuestro Award for Regional Mexican Album of the Year.
Track listing
Inténtalo
"Inténtalo" — 3:13
"Baile de Amor" — 3:10
"Solos Tú y Yo" — 3:02
"Tipsy" — 3:23
"Ritmo Alterado" — 3:39
"Mala Mujer" — 3:33
"Amantes Guaracheros" — 3:22
"Ese Ritmo" (Con Sabor) — 3:43
"Tu Carita" — 3:38
"Te Digo Bye Bye" — 3:03
"Besos al Aire" — 3:48
"Todos a Bailar" — 3:46
"Tribal Guarachoso" — 3:09
Inténtalo (Deluxe Edition)
"Hipsters Con Botas" — 3:17
"Inténtalo" (feat. América Sierra & El Bebeto) [Mijangos Remix] — 6:40
"Inténtalo" (feat. América Sierra & El Bebeto) [Dj Münki Remix] — 5:12
Personnel
Oscar Botello - Composer
Alberto Del Castillo - A&R
Andrea Galván - Stylist
Toy Hernández - A&R
José Alberto Inzunza - Composer
Antonio Hernández Luna - Composer
Luciano Luna - Composer
Aaron "La Pantera" - Martínez Bajo Quinto
Milkman Botello - Stylist
Jose Serrano Montoya - Executive Producer
Horacio Palencia - Composer
Jorge Alberto Presenda - Composer
Erick Rincon - Composer
Guillermo Serrano - A&R
América Sierra - Composer
Jesús Antonio Torres - Composer
Alán Tovar - Composer
Toy Selectah - Producer
Sergio Zavala - Composer
Source:Allmusic
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2011 debut albums
3Ball MTY albums
Fonovisa Records albums |
Wilrijk (; former, original spelling: Wilrijck) is a district of the municipality and city of Antwerp in the Belgian province of Antwerp. Wilrijk had been a separate municipality before January 1, 1983; the enlarged municipality of Antwerp was decentralized in 2000 and Wilrijk became one of the city's nine districts.
This suburb is also known as the Goat village, because of its Goat parade. Every five years, this parade attracts many tourists. The next one will be held in 2025.
Overview
Although it is now part of the city of Antwerp, Wilrijk has kept its own distinct atmosphere. A mixture of modern and older neighbourhoods, this suburb has a good balance between residential, commercial and industrial activities. Its facilities for sport and recreation in a green environment make it a desirable area in which to live.
This area was already inhabited in 600 BC. This has been shown by the excavation of a Celtic burial site in Wilrijk, which is the oldest sign of civilization yet discovered in the region around Antwerp.
Demography
The total area of Wilrijk is 13.61 km² and it has 38,220 inhabitants (2004).
Evolution of the population size
19th century
20th century until fusion with Antwerp
History
From a Celtic settlement to a modern suburb
Probably the first time people lived in this area was around 600 BC. In 1003 the first document appeared in which the name uuilrika was mentioned. This document tells about the existence in 743 AD of a community living around the central square in Wilrijk which is called Bist. The triangular shape of the Bist shows the Frankish past of Wilrijk.
One of the current theories is that the name Wilrijk is actually derived from the Gallo-Roman word Villariacum (meaning: "Part of the domain of a Roman villa"). Evidence for the existence of a Roman villa was found in a nearby village Kontich.
After the closing of the Zwyn and the decay of Bruges, the city of Antwerp became of more importance. At the end of the 15th century the foreign trading guilds moved from the city of Bruges to Antwerp. These "foreigners" were well received by the families of Antwerp. Some of the richer people from Antwerp escaped their busy lives in the center of the city and, attracted by the rural character of Wilrijk (and other towns surrounding Antwerp), started building large houses (little castles) there. These houses are called Hoven van plaisantie, some of these still exist even today: Klaverblad, Schoonselhof, Ieperman, Steytelinck, Middelheim, De Brandt, Hof Ter Beke. Others didn't survive: Jezuietenhof, Ooievaarsnest (Oversnes), Hoonsnest (Hondsnest of Hof van Van Dael), Groenenborgerhof, Elsdonkhof, Standonk, Korenbloem. But their names still remain in the consciousness of the people living in Wilrijk through names of streets and neighbourhoods.
On November 30, 1589 the village was completely burned by some Geuzen coming from Bergen op Zoom. It took Wilrijk 20 years to start rebuilding the houses, and in that time the population had to live in poor wooden huts.
In the middle of the 18th century an important road was built between Antwerp and Boom. Because of the expansion of Antwerp some suburbs (Kiel and Beerschot) that were a large source of food products for Antwerp, started to get too crowded. Their function was taken over by the farmers in Wilrijk and they started delivering milk, vegetables and flowers to Antwerp.
On October 6, 1819 Wilrijk received its own coat of arms from King William I of the Netherlands and the Hoge Raad van Adel. It consists of a picture of Saint Bavo as a knight on a blue background, with a falcon in his left hand and a sword in his right; the right corner contains an image of the Saint Bavo church in Wilrijk.
In the second half of the 19th century the town started to change because of the construction of two forts in the neighbourhood of Wilrijk (Fort 6 and 7) (1859–1865). These were part of a whole array of 8 forts protecting the city of Antwerp. At the same time some important connections were built between these fortifications, leading to new roads and railroads in Wilrijk and even a railway station.
Mayor M. Willems(1863–1870) started the planning of a new town hall. The architect of the province of Antwerp Eugeen Gife was given the task to design this new building, but it was the next mayor Jules Moretus (1870–1874) who would see the actual start of the construction. The town hall was finished in 1873, some changes were made to it in 1920, 1936, 1952, 1963, 1970 and 1977. Since 1994 it is officially protected as a monument.
Until the 19th century Wilrijk had stayed a rural, quite poor community independent of Antwerp. From then on many of the inhabitants started to search for work in the center of Antwerp, and Wilrijk flourished. In 1810 Wilrijk had 1660 inhabitants, this increased in 1840 to 2275, and in 1875 it were already 3553, to become 6243 in 1900. It was a slow evolution, and Wilrijk evolved from a rural village into a small suburb.
In the 20th century some of the Hoven van plaisantie were demolished, and their large surrounding parks were used to construct new housing projects. The primary goal was to create new urban areas after the First World War. The first new immigrants were mostly people moving from the city to the fresh air in the suburbs. Some of Wilrijk's districts that were created in this way are Eenheid, Elsdonk, and Valaar.
Wilrijk as a suburban town
When the population exceeded 20,000 inhabitants in 1928, the town acquired the Hof van plaisantie Steytelinck. From then on, Wilrijk had its own public park, close to the center.
During the Second World War, Wilrijk suffered a lot because of bombardments by the Germans with the V1 and V2. 71 civilians were killed by as much as 65 bombs.
After the war Wilrijk again started to grow rapidly. The agricultural character disappeared and was replaced by industry. Again many people migrated from the center of Antwerp to the suburbs. This time also the first high buildings appeared in Wilrijk. The population peaked. In 1950, 27,213 inhabitants, in 1956 30,000 and in 1964, 40,000. On January 1, 1975 the number of inhabitants was officially 44,219, from this day, the population decreased steadily.
In 1960 the town council decided to renew the town center. This urbanistic project included some high buildings, a shopping center and a cultural center. It was agreed to create a large industrial area of 1.5 km² next to the important economical axes Antwerp-Boom (Boomsesteenweg (A12)). More than 6000 people are employed in this area right now.
Because of the increase in traffic the Boomsesteenweg (A12) was modernised in 1958 (also because of the Expo '58 in Brussels). In 1978 the highway Antwerp-Brussels (E10, now called E19) and the R11 were constructed, further dividing Wilrijk into different parts. The communal road network was more than 200 km.
Until then Wilrijk had been an independent town with its own town council and mayor, but this was about to change.
Wilrijk as part of Antwerp
On January 1, 1983 Wilrijk became, together with seven other communities – Antwerp, Berchem, Borgerhout, Ekeren, Hoboken, Merksem and Deurne – part of one big city of Antwerp, now a city with more than 500,000 inhabitants. All the former towns became "districten (in Dutch)" of Antwerp. Many city services were centralised and the town (district) council lost almost all of its powers. Every district kept its own districtshuis (former town hall) with services like: information, social affaires, registry of births, deaths and marriages, etc.
However, this move to a centralised administration created some resistance among the inhabitants. In a gesture "to bring the government back to the civilians" a decentralisation was started on January 1, 2001. Some of the powers reverted to the districts, including: the "look" of the town, youth policy, festivities, sports and communication.
Lange Wapper
Lange Wapper is a mythical being appearing in many folk tales in Flanders. According to belief (especially from people living in Wilrijk) Lange Wapper was born in Wilrijk, near the Hoven van plaisantie De Brandt and Middelheim on the fields of farmer Peer-January. One day he found a huge red cabbage between his vegetables. He touched it, and found out that it was actually a newborn. Because he was too poor to raise the child, it was adopted by a family from Antwerp. The boy grew up, and he became known as someone who always protected the helpless. One day he saved an old lady from drowning and she gave him the gift to make himself very tall or very small whenever he liked it. This is how he got his name Lange (Long) Wapper. Since he always protected people he got some respect, but he also made some strange noises, sounding like a goat, and that's why he also became known as a water devil.
Since people in Wilrijk wanted to make sure the entire world would believe that Lange Wapper really was theirs, they organised a great party in 1964 to baptise an 8 meter long giant, Lange Wapper, with beer in the presence of a monk from Deerlijk. After that the giant was officially made an inhabitant (honoris causa) of Wilrijk by mayor Kiebooms. This, of course, created only more discussion between the center of Antwerp and Wilrijk about who actually "owned" Lange Wapper.
He is one of the main figures of the Goat parade in Wilrijk.
Cultural activities
Goat parade (Geitestoet)
In the period that Wilrijk was still a poor town, many people kept a little goat at home, to provide meat and milk if needed. Because of this, the richer people were laughing with the silly people from Wilrijk with their goats. When in 1895 there was an election for the town council, there was a big election fight between the Catholic and the liberal parties. The liberals accused the Catholics of fraud, and because the people of Wilrijk didn't want to listen to them, they called them 'Goat heads'(Geitekoppen(Dutch language)). From this time on, Wilrijk was known as the 'Goat town'. As with many of these names, after a while it become a title of honor for people living in Wilrijk. So, when in 1965 Wilrijk celebrated its 1200-year existence, the people organised a 'Goat parade', consisting of decorated carts, people wearing costumes and of course...goats. There was also a cart showing Lange Wapper.
After the fusion with Antwerp in 1983, people became nostalgic and examined their common past. Plans were made to organize a new Goat parade, which, after 25 years, resumed on September 16, 1990. Since then, a Goat parade is organised every five years (1995, 2000, 2005). The last one featured: 1500 participants in special costumes, 10 groups of dancers, 12 decorated carts, 16 groups of musicians, giants, coaches, horses, ... and a record breaking number of goats.
Annual fair (Jaarmarkt)
In many towns there is an ancient custom to have an Annual Fair to create an opportunity for farmers to show and trade their livestock. All the farmers in the region come to the town with the livestock or other goods they want to sell. Over time this has evolved in a larger cultural event. This annual fair is still held every year in Wilrijk in August. It consists of a weekend during which a large number of activities are organised: a painters competition, an old-timer rally, a funfair and art exhibitions. In the streets surrounding the town hall you can find farmers showing their animals (goats, horses, cows and other livestock) and there are also competitions to decide which farmers have the best animals.
Notable natives
Toby Alderweireld (born 1989) footballer
Kathleen Van Brempt (born 1969), politician
Bruno Brokken (born 1953), high jumper
Mousa Dembélé (born 1987), footballer
Mark Dedrie (born 1962), sculptor
Gabriel Fehervari (born 1960), businessman and CEO of the former Alfacam Group
Frans Grootjans (born 1922), politician and minister for the PVV
Victor Guidalevitch (1892–1962), engineer and photographer
Paul Lemmens (born 1954), judge at the European Court of Human Rights
Brian Lesher (born 1971), baseball player
Jan Leyers (born 1958), singer
Rik Van Linden (born 1949), cyclist
Linda Mertens (born 1978), singer
Mohamed Messoudi (born 1984), footballer
Kristof Snelders (born 1982), footballer
Rudy Trouvé (born 1967), musician
Dirk Verbeuren (born 1975), heavy metal drummer
Carl Verbraeken (born 1950), president of the Union of Belgian Composers
Koen Vervaeke (born 1959), diplomat
Marcia De Wachter (born 1953), economist
Ronald de Witte (born 1946), cyclist
Constant de Deken (1852-1896), missionary and explorer
Personalities linked to the town
Kim Clijsters, Tennis Player. Student of the Wilrijk tennis school in 1996
Knight Édouard Parthon de Von, diplomat, horticulturist, writer, lived in Wilrijk
Karel Poma (mayor of Wilrijk 1953-1958), chemist and politician
Laurens Bracke (inhabitant of Wilrijk 2006-?)
Sport
The town hosted the archery events for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Nachtegalen Park.
VTV (Vlaamse Tennis Vereniging): A tennis school where Kim Clijsters trained in 1996 and where she met her coach Carl Maes (1996–2002).
K Beerschot VA (football club)
SK Wilrijk (football club)
Antarctica (large ice-skating facility)
Aspen (artificial skiing slope)
AVI (athletics club)
Wilrace (table tennis)
Royal Antwerp Eagles (baseball)
Cricket (Indian cricket club)
Twin towns
Niedernhausen, Germany
Commercial/industrial/institutional sites
University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken: One of the four campuses of the University of Antwerp (the site in Wilrijk was formerly known as UIA (Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen)
Faculty for Comparative Religion
Jewish Rabbinical School
IKEA: One of the 6 IKEA stores in Belgium. Size store: 18.600 m²,
Agfa-Gevaert: Part of the Agfa Gevaert Mortsel site
The Coca-Cola Company: One of the three production/distribution centers of The Coca-Cola Company in Belgium. Number of employees: 541 (in 2005)
ISVAG: A large facility that burns household waste from Antwerp and other towns in the region. Burns 100,000-150,000 tons a year
Atlas Copco Airpower: The largest fabrication facility of air compressors in the world. Number of employees: 2300 (in 2005)
Rizla: Part of the Imperial Tobacco Group it is a major producer of tobacco rolling papers in the world. The site in Wilrijk has 160 employees and produces 30 billion leaves a year (2004).
Jain Temples
Jain Temples at Wilrijk
References
External links
Official site of Wilrijk
Site of the Goat parade
History of the name 'Goat village'
Legends of Wilrijk
History of Wilrijk
Districts of Antwerp
Populated places in Antwerp Province |
The Prussian carp, silver Prussian carp or Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), is a member of the family Cyprinidae, which includes many other fish, such as the common carp, goldfish, and the smaller minnows. It is a medium-sized cyprinid, and does not exceed a weight of and a length of . They are usually silver, although other color variations exist. They are omnivorous and feed on plankton, invertebrates, plant material and detritus. Originally from Siberia or central Europe, they have been introduced to and are now inhabiting lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers throughout Europe, North America, and Asia.
Prussian carps are highly invasive fish species in areas outside its native range. They reproduce and spread rapidly. In 2020, scientists demonstrated that a small proportion of fertilized Prussian carp eggs ingested by waterfowl survive passing through the digestive tract and hatch after being retrieved from the feces. Birds exhibit strong preference for fish eggs, while cyprinids produce hundreds of thousands of eggs at a single spawning event. These data indicate that despite the low proportion of eggs surviving the digestive tract of birds, endozoochory might provide a potentially overlooked dispersal mechanism of Prussian carps. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity.
Prussian carp are capable of gynogenesis, meaning sperm is required to fertilize their eggs, but the male gamete does not contribute any DNA to the embryo. Females lay eggs and then "steal" sperm from related species. In other words, they are able to reproduce from unfertilized egg.
Description
The Prussian carp is a deep-bodied, robust fish which resembles the crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and grows to about in length. Its scales are larger than those of the crucian carp, and it typically has 27 to 32 scales along the lateral line, whereas the crucian carp usually has between 31 and 35. The species is silvery, sometimes with a faint golden tinge, while the crucian carp has a burnished gold appearance. The Prussian carp's tail is more deeply forked than that of the crucian carp.
References
External links
Prussian carp
Prussian carp
Freshwater fish of Europe
Freshwater fish of Asia
Prussian carp
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
The 2022 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg was an IndyCar motor race held on February 27, 2022 at the Streets of St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg, Florida. It was the season opener of the 2022 IndyCar Series. The race lasted for 100 laps.
Scott McLaughlin of Team Penske scored his first pole in qualifying and claimed his first race victory in the series over Álex Palou, after leading the most laps in the race. Will Power, McLaughlin's teammate, finished third to complete the podium.
Background
In September 2021, it was announced that St. Petersburg, Florida would host the first race of the 2022 season on February 27, 2022. This marked the first February start for the IndyCar series since the 2004 season and the earliest the season has started since 2003 (at the same circuit).
Colton Herta was the defending race winner, having won the previous Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg in 2021.
Entrants
26 drivers entered the race, with six of them classified as rookies for the 2022 season. Four rookies made their IndyCar race debut, two of them for A. J. Foyt Enterprises: Kyle Kirkwood made his debut with the team after winning the 2021 Indy Lights championship, alongside former Super Formula and WEC driver Tatiana Calderón, who secured her seat after impressing the team after a test with the team in 2021. 2021 Indy Lights runner-up David Malukas debuted for Dale Coyne Racing, while Canadian driver Devlin DeFrancesco, who had finished sixth in the 2021 Indy Lights championship, debuted for Andretti Steinbrenner Autosport.
Practice
Practice 1
Practice 2
Qualifying
Qualifying classification
Notes
Bold text indicates fastest time set in session.
Warmup
Race
The race started at 12:00 PM ET on February 27, 2022.
Race classification
Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Engine manufacturer standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included.
References
External links
Grand Prix of St. Petersburg
Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg
Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg
21st century in St. Petersburg, Florida
Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg |
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