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Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that the knee bends backwards. In this deformity, excessive extension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint. Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. This deformity is more common in women and people with familial ligamentous laxity. Hyperextension of the knee may be mild, moderate or severe.
The normal range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint is from 0 to 135 degrees in an adult. Full knee extension should be no more than 10 degrees. In genu recurvatum, normal extension is increased. The development of genu recurvatum may lead to knee pain and knee osteoarthritis.
Causes
The following factors may be involved in causing this deformity:
Inherent laxity of the knee ligaments
Weakness of biceps femoris muscle
Instability of the knee joint due to ligaments and joint capsule injuries
Inappropriate alignment of the tibia and femur
Malunion of the bones around the knee
Weakness in the hip extensor muscles
Gastrocnemius muscle weakness (in standing position)
Upper motor neuron lesion (for example, hemiplegia as the result of a cerebrovascular accident)
Lower motor neuron lesion (for example, in post-polio syndrome)
Deficit in joint proprioception
Lower limb length discrepancy
Congenital genu recurvatum
Cerebral palsy
Muscular dystrophy
Limited dorsiflexion (plantar flexion contracture)
Popliteus muscle weakness
Connective tissue disorders. In these disorders, there are excessive joint mobility (joint hypermobility) problems. These disorders include:
Marfan syndrome
Loeys–Dietz syndrome
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Benign hypermobile joint syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta disease
Pathophysiology
The most important factors of knee stability include:
Ligaments of the knee: The knee joint is stabilized by four main ligaments:
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL has an important role in stabilization of knee extension movement by preventing the knee from hyperextending.
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Joint capsule or articular capsule (especially posterior knee capsule)
Quadriceps femoris muscle
Appropriate alignment of the femur and tibia (especially in knee extension position )
Treatment
Treatment generally includes the following:
Sometimes pharmacologic therapy for initial disease treatment
Physical therapy: physiotherapy will be beneficial in patient with complaint of pain, discomfort.
Occupational therapy
Use of appropriate assistive devices such as orthoses
Surgery
Incidence
This condition is considered to be rare, with about 1 in 100,000 births being affected by the congenital form of genu recurvatum, although it's a common feature in some disorders, such as in joint hypermobility, which affects 1 in 30 people.
See also
Genu varum
Genu valgum
Hypermobility
References
External links
The American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists
The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility: a review of the literature
The American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists
Rheumatology
Orthopedic problems
Knee injuries and disorders
Rare diseases |
Thieves' Guild 9: Escape From the Ashwood Mines is a supplement published by Gamelords in 1983 for the fantasy role-playing game Thieves' Guild. It is the ninth of ten books in the series.
Contents
In the Thieves' Guild fantasy role-playing game, players take on the roles of thieves in an underworld of crime. In a series of supplements, Gamelords presented a number of adventures as well as extra rules. Thieves' Guild 9 is a sourcebook that contains two adventures:
the adventurers must rescue a foreign nobleman, who has been framed for murder and sentenced to the mines. This scenario was used as the flagship for Gamelords' final "Prince of Thieves" tournament in 1984.
Part 2 of "Secret of the Crystal Mountains": the players continue to seek a treasure of glowing crystals. (Part 1 was in Thieves' Guild 8).
Publication history
Gamelords first published Thieves' Guild in 1980. Over the next four years, they released nine more supplements, including 1983's Thieves' Guild 9: Escape From the Ashwood Mines, a 32-page softcover book, was written by Bob Traynor and Alfred Hipkins, with cover art by Denis Loubet, and interior artwork by Becky Harding, Wallace Miller, Larry Shade, Hannah M. G. Shapero, John Statema, and Janet Trautvetter.
Reception
Chris Hunter reviewed both Thieves' Guild 8 and Thieves' Guild 9 for Imagine magazine, and stated that "The scenarios are all very good though some need a little extra work to flesh them out."
Reviews
Different Worlds #45 (March/April, 1987)
References
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1983
Thieves' Guild (role-playing game) supplements |
The Deception River is a river in New Zealand. It is a tributary of the West Coast's Ōtira River, flowing generally north for from its source on the slopes of Mount Franklin. It passes close to Goat Pass, which gives access to the Mingha River. Almost the entire length of the river is within the Arthur's Pass National Park.
The river was once called "Goat Creek". It was surveyed about 1900 as a possible alternative route for the Midland Line, and the surveyor warned that the water levels could be deceiving. About three months later, a flood from the river into the Otira Valley caused several thousand dollars' worth of damage to the railway, and the river was given its current name.
The Department of Conservation maintains a tramping track alongside the river, and it is part of the annual Coast to Coast race. Backcountry huts are available for trampers; one near Goat Pass and another a little further down the river.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Land Information New Zealand - Search for Place Names
Rivers of the West Coast, New Zealand
Westland District
Arthur's Pass National Park
Rivers of New Zealand |
"Say My Name" is a song by Australian electronic music duo Peking Duk. The song features vocals from Benjamin Joseph. The song is another single from their debut EP, this time the third and final single.
It is the first single from the group to be released in the United States and is taken from their first extended play, Songs to Sweat To, to be released on 31 July 2015.
The song was written after their appearance at Stereosonic Music Festival in Melbourne in December 2014. The group adds; "The song was actually written in a matter of 20 minutes. It sounded rough but all the ideas were there, a wrap-up session in Canberra and some tightening up in Los Angeles later and 'Say My Name' was complete."
"Say My Name" debuted at number 29 on the Australian ARIA Charts.
Music video
The music video was directed by Anthony Chirco and released on 21 September 2015. The clip features Matt McGorry (of Orange Is the New Black and How to Get Away with Murder). The video was the subject of comments from Ariana Grande, who tweeted "oh................... my god" and Ruby Rose, who said "I could watch this all day".
Review
Lindsay Herr of Earmilk said, "While 'Say My Name' is much less electronic influenced than their previous collaboration, it proves a new side of the Peking Duk sound, one that has much more crossover appeal. A little bit of rock, a little bit of pop, and a whole lotta catchy vibes, Peking Duk prove to be force to be reckoned with."
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
References
Peking Duk songs
2015 singles
2015 songs |
Shabur (; , Shabar) is a rural locality (a selo) in Zaigrayevsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 1,235 as of 2010. There are 9 streets.
Geography
Shabur is located 56 km south of Zaigrayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tsagan-Daban is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Zaigrayevsky District |
Valentiniana also known as Valentinianen(sis) is a titular see (diocese) of the Roman Catholic Church in the province of Byzacena, North Africa. Very little is known of the bishopric. The seat of the bishop is not identified and only three bishops are known.
Rogatianus attended the Council of Carthage (484), and then exiled by the Vandal King, Huneric
Charles Richard Mulrooney (24 Feb 1959 appointed – 5 Aug 1989 died)
Philip Pargeter (20 Nov 1989 appointed – )
References
Catholic titular sees in Africa |
Cancio is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
People with the given name
Cancio Garcia (1937-2013), Filipino lawyer and jurist
People with the surname
Hiram Rafael Cancio (1920-2008), American judge
Hugo Cancio (born 1964), Cuban-born American businessman and political activist
Leopoldo Cancio (1858-1927), Cuban politician and economist
Raúl Cancio (1911-1961), Spanish actor |
Sang Khom (, ) is a district (amphoe) in northern Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
Etymology
The district's original name was "Ban Sang Khom" (), only slightly different from the modern variation. The word sang () or () is () in the Lao-Isan dialect and means 'pond' or 'minor body of water', while khom () is a species of tree native to the area. A story is told that when the village was first established, around the year 1898, there was some digging going on in a local pond and after some time, khom trees grew around the pond's shore. Therefore, the villagers called the place "Sang Khom."
Geography
Neighboring districts are (clockwise from the southeast) Ban Dung and Phen of Udon Thani Province and Phon Phisai of Nong Khai province.
Sang Khom district is home to Nam Pan Lake, a sizable body of freshwater in the northern part of the district.
History
The minor district (king amphoe) was established on 15 May 1975, when three tambons, Sang Khom, Ban Yuat, and
Chiang Da, split from Phen district. On 21 May 1990 it was upgraded to a full district.
Administration
The district is divided into six sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 52 villages (mubans). There are no municipal (thesaban) areas, and six tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
References
External links
amphoe.com
Sang Khom |
Ali Gul Sangi (14 September 1952 29 April 2014) was a poet, author, political activist, and journalist of Sindh, Pakistan. His Urdu and Sindhi poetry was sung by a number of singers including Mehnaz, Ustad Muhammad Yousuf, Manzoor Sakhrani and others.
Biography
Ali Gul Sangi was born in a landlord family on 14 September 1952 at village Dodai, District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. His father's name was Roshan Ali Sangi. He passed matriculation in 1990 as a private candidate. He also graduated as an external candidate. He was elected as chief of the Sangi tribe of Sindhi Muslims on 11 September 1983. He was a popular political and social leader in his area. He served as Chairman of Taluka Council Larkana, Chairman of Union Council Dodai and Nazim of Fatehpur Union Council. Politically, he was affiliated with Pakistan Muslim League Functional.
He was also an active journalist. He served in Daily Mehran and remained president of Larkana Press Club for 11 years.
He was a famous poet. His poetry is especially popular in rural areas of Sindh. He started composing poems at the age of 18–19 years. His poetry is inspired by classical poets Jaffer Faqir Panhwer and Menhal Faqir. Most of his poetry is in Sindhi language but he also wrote some Urdu poems. A number of popular singers of Sindh and Pakistan, including Mehnaz, Ustad Manzoor Ali Khan, Ustad Muhammad Yousuf, Sarmad Sindhi and Manzoor Sakhirani have sung his poetry.
Ali Gul Sangi died on 29 April 2014 in Karachi and buried at his home town.
Books
Sangi has authored a dozen of books, among which the following books have been published. Other books are yet to be published.
Pipran men Pengha (Sindhi: پپرن ۾ پينگه), 1992
Kandhia Nisriya Kana (Sindhi: ڪنڌيءَ نسريا ڪانه), 1994
Paren Pandh Kandiyas (Sindhi: پيرين پنڌ ڪندياس), 1995
Naina Galhaeen tha (Sindhi: نيڻ ڳالهائين ٿا), 1997
Gujara men Gaju (Sindhi: گجر ۾ گج), 1998
References
Sindhi people
Sindhi-language poets
Writers from Sindh
Pakistani poets
Sindhi-language writers
Pakistani journalists
Pakistani politicians
1952 births
2014 deaths
Social leaders |
Flux-corrected transport (FCT) is a conservative shock-capturing scheme for solving Euler equations and other hyperbolic equations which occur in gas dynamics, aerodynamics, and magnetohydrodynamics. It is especially useful for solving problems involving shock or contact discontinuities. An FCT algorithm consists of two stages, a transport stage and a flux-corrected anti-diffusion stage. The numerical errors introduced in the first stage (i.e., the transport stage) are corrected in the anti-diffusion stage.
References
Jay P. Boris and David L. Book, "Flux-corrected transport, I: SHASTA, a fluid transport algorithm that works", J. Comput. Phys. 11, pp. 38 (1973).
External links
Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for fluids
See also
Computational fluid dynamics
Computational magnetohydrodynamics
Shock capturing methods
Volume of fluid method
Computational fluid dynamics |
Hewitt Pearson Montague Beames (9 May 1875 – 5 March 1948) was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Western Railway from 1920 to 1922.
Biography
Beames was born in Corfe, near Taunton, Somerset in 1875, son of Indian Army Officer Pearson Thomas Beames (1839-1899), and nephew of John Beames. Beames was educated at Corrig School, Kingstown, County Dublin, (now Dún Laoghaire), at Dover College, and Crawley's Military Academy. He then became an apprentice under, and pupil of, Francis William Webb at the Crewe works of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR).
A keen rugby union player, Beames played for Lancashire on several occasions, and was invited to tour Canada with the Irish national rugby union team, but was unable to go.
Between January 1900 and May 1901, Beames served in the cavalry in South Africa during the Boer War. He then resumed work at Crewe.
Between January 1902 and 1909, Beames was "Assistant to the Outdoor Superintendent, Crewe" who dealt with pumping, dredging and other dock machinery. From 1909 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Beames was personal assistant to the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) Charles Bowen Cooke.
On the outbreak of war, Beames joined the Royal Engineers' Railway Company with the British Expeditionary Force until he was recalled to Crewe to become "Chief Assistant and Works Manager, Crewe Works". Beames became Deputy CME in June 1919 and CME in November 1920.
Beames only produced one new locomotive, the LNWR 380 Class 0-8-4T for use in South Wales. He also reboilered the LNWR Claughton Class locomotives.
The LNWR merged with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) in 1922 and the latter's CME, George Hughes was made CME of the now expanded LNWR, with Beames as "Divisional Mechanical Engineer, Western Division". The LNWR was then grouped in 1923 into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and Beames became "Mechanical Engineer, Crewe". Beames was overlooked in favour of the elderly Hughes for the top position of CME.
In December 1930 Beames was made Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer, under Ernest Lemon headquartered at Derby. Lemon was quickly promoted and a new man William Stanier brought in.
Beames retired from the railway on 30 September 1934. He was then active in local politics and was appointed a CBE by George VI in the 1946 New Years Honours List for his services as Chairman of the Emergency Committee, County of Cheshire.
References
External links
Bowen Cooke, Whale & Beames at www.steamindex.com
at Gracesguide.co.uk
1875 births
1948 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
London and North Western Railway people
British railway mechanical engineers
British mechanical engineers
People educated at Dover College
Irish rugby union players
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire |
Évelyne Rompré (born March 4, 1975) is a Canadian actress from Quebec. She is most noted for her performance in the 2010 film Twice a Woman (Deux fois une femme), for which she received a Jutra Award nomination for Best Actress at the 13th Jutra Awards in 2011.
She has also appeared in the films August 32nd on Earth (Un 32 août sur terre), A Girl at the Window (Une jeune fille à la fenêtre), Family History (Histoire de famille), It's Not Me, I Swear! (C'est pas moi, je le jure!), Laughter (Le Rire) and Social Hygiene (Hygiène sociale), and the television series Au nom de la loi, La Job and L'Auberge du chien noir, and has acted on stage in theatrical productions.
She is a 1997 graduate of the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian stage actresses
Actresses from Quebec |
Miasa is a planthopper genus in the family Dictyopharidae. Currently, seven species are identified in the genus. They are distributed in the Oriental regions of Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (Borneo, Sabah, Sarawak, peninsula), China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore and Myanmar.
Species
Miasa borneensis Song, Webb & Liang, 2014
Miasa dichotoma Zheng & Chen, 2018
Miasa nigromaculata Song, Webb & Liang, 2014
Miasa producta (Lethierry, 1888)
Miasa smaragdilinea (Walker, 1857) - type species
Miasa trifoliusa Zheng & Chen, 2018
Miasa wallacei Muir, 1923
References
External links
FLOW: Genus Miasa Distant, 1906
Dictyopharidae
Auchenorrhyncha genera
Hemiptera of Asia
Taxa named by William Lucas Distant |
Ercole Spada (born 26 July 1937 in Busto Arsizio) is an Italian automobile designer. His most notable designs were produced in the 1960s, for the Zagato design studio house, where Spada was chief stylist. During this period some of the most notable sports cars by Aston Martin, Ferrari, Maserati, as well as Alfa Romeo, Abarth, Fiat and Lancia were clothed by Spada's designs.
Background and early days
Spada earned a degree in industrial engineering from Istituto Tecnico Feltrinelli in 1956. Following a military service, he joined Zagato in February 1960.
The first design created by Spada for Zagato was the Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato. Many avant-garde yet instantly-classic designs followed, soon becoming cornerstones of automotive design. Spada's designs were acknowledged as seminal by his fellow designers as well as by generations of new designers. One example of the attraction of Spada's work was the Mazda MX-3, which aimed to capture the magic of the Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ design, according to its creators. Shortly before leaving Zagato, Spada designed one of the most modern looking cars of the era, the Alfa Romeo Junior Z, as well as the popular and dramatic Lancia Fulvia Sport.
Spada joined Ford in 1970 to become chief designer at the Italian Ghia design house. This led to the creation of the ill-fated Ford GT70, which did not enter production at the last moment.
BMW
After leaving Ford and following a short stay at Audi, Spada joined BMW's design center as chief stylist in 1976. During his stay with BMW, Spada created two major all-new designs with Claus Luthe, the 7-series (1986–1994), and the BMW E34 5-series (1988–1996). Both embraced similar classic yet progressive lines, contributing to the success of the German company.
I.DE.A
In 1983 Spada returned to lead an Italian design house, this time I.DE.A Institute, where he designed a string of compact and luxury cars, for Fiat – the groundbreaking Tipo and Tempra siblings, the Lancia Dedra and Delta II, and the Kappa. Other projects included the Alfa Romeo 155 and the Daihatsu Move. During his stay in I.DE.A Institute, Spada competed and won over major design contracts from Fiat, putting him in direct competition with his fellow Italian designer, Giorgetto Giugiaro.
Zagato
Returning to Zagato in 1992, Spada brought with him new creative energy, which led to the introduction of the Ferrari FZ93, based on a regular 512 TR mechanics, as well as other notable designs.
Spadaconcept
Spada continues to work as a designer. He has joined his son, Paulo Spada, to create Spadaconcept, a new design house aimed at automotive and industrial design.
Notable designs
1960 Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato
1960 Alfa Romeo Giulietta SZ
1960 O.S.C.A 1600 GTZ
1960 Alfa Romeo Giulietta SZ2 Coda Tronca
1962 Alfa Romeo 2600 SZ
1962 Lancia Flavia Sport
1963 Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ
1963 Lancia Flaminia Super Sport
1964 Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ2
1965 Lancia Fulvia Sport
1967 Lancia Flavia Super Sport
1967 Rover 2000 TCZ
1969 Alfa Romeo Junior Z
1969 Volvo GTZ
1970 Volvo GTZ 3000
1970 Ford GT70
1972 Iso Varedo
1973 Alfa Romeo Scarabeo II
1987 BMW 7 Series (E32)
1988 BMW 5 Series (E34)
1988 Ferrari PPG Indy Pace Car
1988 Fiat Tipo
1989 Lancia Dedra
1990 Fiat Tempra
1992 Alfa Romeo 155
1993 Ferrari FZ93, renamed ES1
1993 Lancia Delta II
1993 Nissan Terrano II
1994 Lancia Kappa
2001 OSCA 2500 GT Dromos
2008 Spada Codatronca
References
Sources
Ercole Spada himself
ERCOLE SPADA – 40 Years Devoted to Car Design, Car Styling Magazine, Volume 131 (July 1999)
Penny Sparke, A Century of Car Design (2002)
Paolo Tumminelli, Car Design (2004)
Robert Edwards Aston Martin: Ever the Thoroughbred (2003)
Michele Marchianò, Le Zagato – Fulvia Sport / Junior Z (2005)
Carlo Stella and Bruno Vettore, Zagato Fulvia Sport Competizione (2003)
Hilton Holloway and Martin Buckley, A–Z of Cars (2002)
Winston Scott Goodfellow, Iso Rivolta: The Men, the Machines (2001)
Zagato design studies
Zagato. The Origins
External links
Coachbuild.com encyclopedia: Spadaconcept
Ercole Spada
Ercole Spada on the page BMW Designers
Italian automobile designers
1937 births
Living people
BMW designers
People from Busto Arsizio |
Grójec Wielki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siedlec, within Wolsztyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Siedlec, north-west of Wolsztyn, and west of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Villages in Wolsztyn County |
The Suicide Tour (10 Years Later) is a 3-disc compilation of Brotha Lynch Hung songs, released by Siccmade Muzicc on October 7, 2014. It features Snoop Dogg, Bad Azz, Keak Da Sneak, Xzibit, Warren G, X-Raided, Art B., Zigg Zagg, Phonk Beta, Loki, D-Dubb, C.O.S., and the original Siccmade Muzicc family.
Track listing
References
Brotha Lynch Hung albums
Horrorcore compilation albums
Gangsta rap compilation albums
West Coast hip hop albums
2014 compilation albums |
The women's kumite 61 kg competition at the 2023 World Karate Championships was held on 25 and 28 October 2023.
Results
Finals
Repechage
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
External links
Draw
Women's 61
2023 in women's karate |
Zoukoutouniala is a village in the Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture in the northern Central African Republic.
Populated places in Bamingui-Bangoran
N'Délé |
David Casals-Roma (born 13 October 1972, in Lleida, Spain) is a Spanish writer/director based in Spain.
He moved to Amsterdam in 1997 and began learning the intricacies of the film business whilst working as an IT technician. His first experience as a filmmaker came two years later, when he moved to Brussels where he shot his first two short films.
In 2001, he moved to London where he studied a BA in Film and Media at Birkbeck, University of London. He also enrolled in different screenwriting and directing courses in Spain, United Kingdom, France, The Netherlands, Italy and the United States.
David has directed short films, documentaries and has written several feature film scripts. He has won over 100 awards worldwide and works as a screenwriting and directing teacher at different film schools in Spain, France and the United States. Besides filmmaking, he has written novels, short stories, theatre plays and poetry, and has published a novel titled 21 days of rage. He speaks fluent Catalan, Spanish, English, French and Italian.
In 2019 he started ECCIT, a film school in Lleida (Spain) with the main goal of training future filmmakers.
References
External links
ECCIT
Spanish film directors
1972 births
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Living people |
Samuel Lyon Russell (July 30, 1816 – September 27, 1891) was a Whig member of the United States of America (U.S.) House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Formative years
Born in Bedford, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1816, Samuel L. Russell was a son of James McPherson Russell). He attended the common schools and Bedford Academy before graduating from Washington College in Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1834.
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and opened his legal practice in Bedford.
Legal and political career
An attorney with private practice experience, Russell subsequently served as prosecuting attorney for Bedford County, Pennsylvania during the 1840s.
He was then elected as a Whig to the 33rd United States Congress, but was not a candidate for renomination.
After resuming the practice of law in Bedford, he became a Republican upon the organization of that party in 1856. A member of the State constitutional convention in 1873, he was also a member of the town council and the school board.
Death and interment
Russell died in Bedford on September 27, 1891, and was interred in the Bedford Cemetery.
Sources
The Political Graveyard
External links
1816 births
1891 deaths
People from Bedford, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
Pennsylvania lawyers
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers |
Tropic Madness is a 1928 American drama film directed by Robert G. Vignola, written by Randolph Bartlett and Wyndham Gittens, and starring Leatrice Joy, Lena Malena, George Barraud, Henry Sedley, Albert Valentino and David Durand. It was released on December 19, 1928, by Film Booking Offices of America.
Cast
Leatrice Joy as Juanita
Lena Malena as Koki
George Barraud as Henderson
Henry Sedley as Johnson
Albert Valentino as Lennox
David Durand as Frankie
References
External links
1928 films
1920s English-language films
Silent American drama films
1928 drama films
Film Booking Offices of America films
Films directed by Robert G. Vignola
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films |
This is a partial list of castles and fortresses in North Macedonia.
Arangel Fortress
Bansko Fortress
Belica Fortress
Bučin Fortress
Budinarci Fortress
Creška Fortress
Čučer Fortress
Debar Fortress
Debrešte Fortress
Demir Kapija Fortress
Desovo Fortress
Devič Fortress
Dolna Lešnica Fortress
Dolno Oreovo Fortress
Dramče Fortress
Drenovo Fortress
Evla Fortress
Gabrovo Fortress
Godivje Fortress
Gorna Banjica Fortress
Gradec Fortress
Gradište Fortress
Graište Fortress
Ižište Fortress
Jegunovce Fortress
Kalište Fortress
Kanarevo Fortress
Kičevo Fortress
Konče Fortress
Konjuh Fortress
Kosturino Fortress
Kožle Fortress
Krupište Fortress
Lešok Fortress
Lukovica Fortress
Manastir Fortress
Markova Sušica Fortress
Matka Fortress
Mlado Nagoričane Fortress
Mordište Fortress
Morodvis Fortress
Opila Fortress
Oraše Fortress
Pesočani Fortress
Podvis Fortress
Marko's Towers
Radoviš Fortress
Resava Fortress
Rogle Fortress
Samuil's Fortress
Kale Fortress
Sopot Fortress
Šopur Fortress
Srbinovo Fortress
Stenče Fortress
Stenje Fortress
Štip Fortress
Streževo Fortress
Strumica Fortress
Tetovo Fortress
Treskavec Fortress
Valandovo Fortress
Varoš Fortress
Veles Fortress
Vinica Fortress
Virče Fortress
Vodno Fortress
Zagrad Fortress
Zdunje Fortress
Železnec Fortress
Zgratčani Fortress
Živojno Fortress
Zletovo Fortress
Zovik Fortress
Zrze Fortress
Zvegor Fortress
See also
List of castles
Fortress
History of North Macedonia
List
North Macedonia
Castles
North Macedonia
Castles |
Wila Quta (Aymara wila blood, blood-red, quta lake, "red lake", also spelled Huila Kkota) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia, about high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Larecaja Province, Sorata Municipality, north of the massif of Janq'u Uma and Illampu of the Cordillera Real. The river Janq'u Uma Jawira ("white water river", Anco Humu Jahuira) originates south of the mountain. It flows to the north-east.
See also
Llawi Imaña
References
Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia) |
is a series of 19 emulated arcade machine game titles from the 80s and 90s for PlayStation 2 published by Hamster and only available in Japan. Of the 19 games, the last two Thunder Cross (1988) and Trio the Punch (1990) were previously never released on home platforms.
Each game costs ¥ 2,000 and includes seven items:
A PlayStation 2 CD-ROM disc with the emulated arcade game
A miniDVD with promotional trailers of other Gēsen Zoku titles and a "Masterplay" video (a playthrough played by an expert)
A Mini CD with the original game soundtrack and arranged versions (remixes by group Super Sweep)
Instructions booklet with information about the original Arcade PCB
Official mini strategy guide book (with game information, tactics and advice)
Replica display card
Collection card (reproducing the original arcade flyer)
Released titles
See also
Arcade Archives
References
2005 video games
Arcade video games
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation 2 games
Konami video game compilations
Video games developed in Japan |
Dragon's Crown is a 2013 action role-playing game developed by Vanillaware for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita. It was published in Japan and North America by Atlus and in PAL regions by NIS America. A high-definition port for PlayStation 4, Dragon's Crown Pro, was released by Atlus in 2018. Players navigate environments from a side-scrolling perspective, choosing from six character classes to fight in the style of a beat 'em up and acquiring loot through repeated dungeon exploration. The storyline follows adventurers as they journey across Hydeland and become involved in the search for the magical Dragon's Crown.
Director and lead artist George Kamitani originally planned Dragon's Crown as a Dreamcast sequel to the 1997 Sega Saturn title Princess Crown. Following Vanillaware's successes with Odin Sphere and Muramasa: The Demon Blade, Kamitani restarted the project. Originally set to be published by UTV Ignition Entertainment, that company's withdrawal from the gaming market led to Atlus taking up the project. Upon release, journalists praised its gameplay and art style, while the story and repetitive elements drew criticism. It also generated controversy for its exaggerated character designs and sexualized female characters. The game was a commercial success, eventually selling over one million copies worldwide by 2017.
Gameplay
Dragon's Crown is a two-dimensional (2D) side-scrolling action role-playing game in which players take on the role of an adventurer exploring dungeons in the kingdom of Hydeland. The adventurer's base is a town at the kingdom's heart. There players interact with different establishments populated by friendly non-player characters (NPCs); the Adventurers' Guild where quests are accepted and the player can unlock new Skills; Morgan's Magic Shop where equipment can be repaired and upgraded; Canaan Temple, where players can pay to resurrect bone piles found in dungeons and receive boons for dungeon runs; and Lucain's Tower, which documents rune magic unlocked by the player.
Outside of town, players can explore nine dungeon environments in the surrounding lands; each dungeon has two paths, one unlocked after the first run, and hidden areas. Dungeons are reached either through a magical portal called the Gate, or after a certain point using the stables for a fee. Players are always accompanied in dungeons by two NPCs; the thief Rannie who unlocks treasure chests and doors, and the fairy Tiki who helps point out hidden treasure. While exploring dungeons, players move constantly from left to right, battling both standard enemies and boss monsters at the end of each stage. All characters have the same basic moveset of attacking, dodging and jumping similar to classic beat 'em up games. During single-player, players can find bone piles in dungeons and pay to resurrect them in town, recruiting them as AI-controlled fighting companions. During exploration of some dungeons, players can pacify and mount larger animals with their own health and attacks.
After the first half of the game, players can continue onto a random dungeon after finishing a run, which triggers a cooking minigame where the player uses ingredients and seasoning to produce meals which increase a character's statistics. After completing each dungeon for the first time, a side quest is unlocked for that region. Some of these are key to reaching the final boss, with later boss battles including time limits players must beat to get the item needed to progress. Loot in the form of equipment and weapons is found in chests within the dungeons, and given a letter grading; gradings range from the highest "S" and then from "A" to the lowest "E". After returning to the town hub, players can spend gold to appraise the item, which gives it an altered selling value compared to its unappraised state. During dungeon runs, players can activate runes, magical abilities triggered using sequences of three symbols, up to two of which can be hidden in the local environment.
The adventurer is chosen from one of six character classes, separated by the skill level needed from players. The Knight for all players, the Amazon and Dwarf for players of average skill level, and the Elf, Wizard and Sorceress for players of high skill. The Knight is an armored melee fighter based around sword attacks. The Dwarf is similar, but with greater strength and more unarmed attack options. The Amazon is a complex melee class with low health, but strikes grow stronger and faster as she continues attacking. All melee-based classes can launch a powerful area of effect attack, losing their weapon for a short time. The high-speed Elf uses a mixture of archery and close-range melee attacks, replenishing her arrows by defeating enemies. The Wizard and Sorceress are both classes based around magical attacks powered by Mana, needing to replenish Mana by either using normal attacks or charging their Mana meter while stationary. All female classes (the Amazon, Elf and Sorceress) have a high luck statistic, giving players the chance of finding more valuable loot. Each character can unlock additional skills, divided into two skill tree types; general improvements, and class-specific skills.
Dragon's Crown supports co-op multiplayer; PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation 4 (PS4) and PlayStation Vita have online multiplayer, but local co-op is exclusive to the home console versions. The online multiplayer is unlocked after players have completed the first half of the story campaign when the harder alternate dungeon routes are unlocked in-game. In addition to class-based difficulty modifiers, there are three difficulty settings. The player begins the game on normal difficulty, and after completing the main campaign the difficulty can be raised to "Hard". After a second run, the difficulty can be raised again to "Inferno". Each difficulty has a level cap, with Inferno difficulty maxing out at level 99, and the higher "Ultimate" difficulty maxing at level 255. After completing the game, a tenth procedurally generated dungeon called the Labyrinth of Chaos is unlocked. A player-versus-player battle arena can be unlocked, accommodating up to four players. An eleventh dungeon dubbed the Tower of Mirage is unlocked on the Ultimate difficulty setting, featuring a larger number of randomly generated areas and bosses.
Synopsis
The adventurer arrives in Hydeland and gets involved with fights against surging monster attacks from ancient sites across the land, and a political coup attempted by the Prime Minister against the next heirs, siblings Vivian and Dean, following the disappearance of the king. The king killed himself to thwart a ritual by the malevolent Morneon religion to summon a powerful ancient dragon, sealed in the Illusionary Lands by the world's goddesses. Key to their plot is the Dragon's Crown, an artifact that was imbued with the power to control dragons. Following his ascension to the throne, Dean is sacrificed by Morneon, though the adventurer has already destroyed the existing magic to reach the Illusionary Lands. The adventurer finds nine talismans to enter the Illusionary Lands and slays the ancient dragon before it can break free. Vivian is made queen and inherits the now-powerless Dragon's Crown.
The goddesses, one of which was restored by the ancient dragon's defeat, then tasks the Adventurer with defeating two progressively stronger dragons which stole their power. Upon accomplishing these tasks, the restored goddesses declare the adventurer as the "Gate Guardian" for the Illusionary Lands, their name recorded in their mythology. Each character class also has a specific ending; the Sorceress briefly entertains the nobility before returning to an adventuring life, the Knight lives a long life full of adventure, the Elf returns to her homeland and is made Crown Regent for felling the dragon, the Dwarf leads his people into a new golden age, the Amazon is hailed by the people and recognised by a Hydeland noble family as their lost granddaughter, and the Wizard returns to undo a failed magic ritual he performed on his sister.
Development
Dragon's Crown was originally designed by George Kamitani as a Dreamcast sequel to Princess Crown, a 1997 video game for the Sega Saturn which he directed. Due to its platform and publisher pressure, Dragon's Crown would have used 3D graphics. This earliest version was inspired by the Wizardry and Sorcerian series. Kamitani's aim was to recreate the gameplay experience of Capcom's Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom, which he worked on. Due to the closure of the studio he was working at following the commercial failure of Princess Crown, the concept was scrapped. Kamitani later reused the female warrior concept art for his work on Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion. Over the next decade, he pitched to several different publishers but was always turned down.
In 2009, after finishing Muramasa: The Demon Blade, Kamitani returned to the concept. As the original version had been a hard sell to publishers, he rewrote the pitch. Originally planned for the Wii, Kamitani presented it to Capcom. While initially well-received, Capcom's executives decided to pass on it as it would not sell the same numbers as Monster Hunter. The project was next pitched and eagerly picked up by UTV Ignition Entertainment. The original target platform for the game by this point was the Xbox platform, hoping for an international audience. It eventually settled onto PS3 and Vita. The Vita, with its PS3 crossplay functions, was chosen due to the success of the multiplayer-focused Monster Hunter series as UTV Ignition wanted a multiplayer experience. The original producer was UTV Ignition's Kashow Oda.
During 2011, UTV Ignition ran into financial trouble, pulling first from game development and then publishing. This meant funding for Dragon's Crown dried up, threatening its existence. Not wanting the game to be cancelled, Kamitani went to Atlus, who had previously published Vanillaware's first title Odin Sphere. As the project was well into development and had promise, Atlus agreed to take it, both becoming its publisher and lending development aid from its Persona series team. The game's new producers were Katsura Hashino and Yousuke Uda. This did not end the game's production troubles, as it was further threatened in 2013 with the bankruptcy of Atlus's parent company Index Corporation. Dragon's Crown had Vanillaware's longest development cycle at the time of four years, and was its most expensive with a budget of over ¥100 million (over US$1,000,000). It was also their first title designed for high-definition consoles. The team put a large amount of effort into development, which left them no resources to aid in the localization of their previous title Grand Knights History. This led to its planned Western release being cancelled. Kamitani described the production as being "full of twists and turns".
Kamitani credited programmer Kentaro Ohnishi for steering the game into becoming a beat 'em up, something Vanillaware had never done before. He also asked veterans of those days the games they best remembered for inspiration, and typically they recalled Capcom and Sega's arcade titles of the time with fondness. Ohnishi created the skill system design. Kamitani included elements from games that he enjoyed. He drew direct inspiration from Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom, Golden Axe and The King of Dragons. He also cited Dungeon Master, the Wizardry and Sorcerian series. The loot system and its surrounding mechanics were suggested by Ohnishi, based on those in Diablo. Random dungeon generation similar to Diablo was dropped early in development so players could enjoy memorising and mastering each dungeon. The increased difficulty options were incorporated based on Ignition's request for elements that would appeal to the Western market. Ohnishi described getting the online components to work as his biggest challenge.
Scenario and art design
While the framework of the game survived from its days as a Dreamcast title, almost everything else was changed. Unlike previous Vanillaware titles, emphasis was placed on gameplay rather than story. As opposed to the multiple interwoven narratives of Odin Sphere and Muramasa, while there were several ancillary story threads, they all served a single narrative. Nevertheless, the total story content was greater than that of Muramasa. Kamitani put in everything he possibly could into the game rather than leaving anything for a potential sequel, as he was averse to sequels on principle. The earliest plan was for only a town and dungeon environments like the Wizardry series, but the background art team created exterior landscape designs and thus expanded the game's visual scope. This also resulted in the initial design plan being changed to reflect the new environments. Early plans for expansion packs themed after ancient Egypt and the Sengoku period were abandoned due to the extra workload.
Kamitani was in charge of character designs, and also drew most of the background art and full-motion illustrations. Additional artwork was created by Emika Kida. During Kamitani's earliest role-playing concept, he drew on Western art for inspiration. His first experiment with this style was a 2010 New Year illustration of the game's goddesses. After positive responses, he went with this style. Kamitani's artwork for Dragon's Crown drew heavy inspiration from the work of Frank Frazetta. While he incorporated standard fantasy visual elements found in Dungeons & Dragons and The Lord of the Rings, he wanted to give them a unique spin. To do this, he created exaggerated body designs for men, women and monsters; each had their defining characteristics magnified "from different angles", with Kamitani noting that the designs were not intended to be taken seriously.
As with Vanillaware's other titles, the game used 2D artwork. Kamitani continued to be influenced in his art design work by Akira Yasuda, a Capcom artist who worked on several of the company's most iconic fighting games. While the art style mimicked classic 2D arcade titles from Capcom, Vanillaware's style of animated illustrations was more difficult to manage, particularly with different movement sets for weapon types and palate swaps for each character class. As he was tied up with illustration work for the Vita remake of Muramasa, Kamitani was often late delivering his artwork. This meant that other staff members at Vanillaware, including fellow artist Shigetake, stepped in to create artworks. While using the basic design of their earlier titles, the team added a pixel shader which Ohnishi compared to a gamma corrector, allowing water effects in the 2D plane.
Music
The music was composed by long-term Vanillaware collaborator Hitoshi Sakimoto and his company Basiscape. It was Sakimoto's first solo soundtrack in many years. Sakimoto wanted to explore how humans confronted the forces of nature and monsters. His chosen overall focus of the music was defined by him as "affection". The musical tracks were divided into three categories accompanying this theme; humans, nature and monsters. Within his score, humans lived life to the full regardless of their morals, nature was impersonal and could provide support, and monsters were supernatural things divorced from everything else. While many of his previous scores had been set in worlds of either dominant hope or despair, with Dragon's Crown he wanted to balance the two. He also shifted his style to incorporate more ethnic percussion. The score was arranged by Sakimoto and Azusa Chiba. For the game's vocals, Sakimoto chose singer Eumyth to evoke its fantasy elements.
A 3CD soundtrack album was released on November 30, 2015 through Basiscape Records. The album, which featured a jacket illustration from Vanillaware staff, included exclusive piano arrangements of the themes "World Map" and "City Street". The arrangements were created by Yu Kanai. The album was later released digitally worldwide through iTunes on April 1, 2016. The album received positive reviews from music journalists.
Release
Dragon's Crown was announced in June 2011. In an interview, Oda said that overseas responses to the game were strong, pointing out the positive reputation of Odin Sphere and Muramasa as reasons for this. The change of publishers from UTV Ignition to Atlus was announced in April 2012, with statements from both publishers on the matter. The game was released in Japan on July 25, 2013. It was localised for the West by Atlus USA, who released it close to the Japanese version's release date. This meant localization had to start while the game was in production. The English voice recording was handled by PCB Productions, a frequent collaborator with Atlus USA, and overseen by Valerie Arem. Dragon's Crown was released in North America on August 6. In Europe and Australia, the game was published by NIS America, with pre-orders from selected European stores coming with a small artbook; it was released in Australia on October 10 and in Europe on October 11. The PAL digital PlayStation Network (PSN) version was taken down when NIS America and Atlus ended their publishing partnership in 2016. It was later republished on PSN by Atlus.
Dragon's Crown received downloadable content (DLC) post-launch, which allowed the narration to be changed to one of the six character class voice actors. Five patches, which fixed issues and added new content, were released between August and December 2013. The patches included cross-platform play not available at launch, additional difficulty settings, and new gameplay elements.
A manga adaptation began serialisation in the December 2013 issue of Comptiq, a magazine published by Kadokawa Shoten. The manga was written and illustrated by Yuztan, an artist then new to manga who later worked on Valkyrie Drive. To properly interpret the game's story into manga form, Yuztan played the game himself. He incorporated all the classes as characters and crafted their personalities based on his impression of them. The manga ran from 2013 to 2014. It was published in two tankōbon in June and December 2014 by Kadokawa Shoten. In North America, the manga volumes were published by Udon Entertainment. The two volumes were released in the region in November 2017 and October 2018. A novelization was written by Hironori Kato, featuring a cover illustration by Kamitani, was published by Fujimi Shobo. An artbook was published by Atlus on January 14, 2016. The book featured concept and character art, interviews with staff, and guest illustrations. Udon Entertainment published the artbook in September 2019. Figurines based on the Sorceress and Amazon characters have been released in Japan.
Dragon's Crown Pro
Dragon's Crown Pro was a remastered port for the PS4. It featured enhancements for the PS4's Pro model, replace/redraw hi-res sprites to support 4K resolution, English and Japanese voicetracks, a rerecorded soundtrack, cross-platform play, and all previous patches and DLC. Originally scheduled for January 15, 2018 in Japan, it was delayed by a couple of weeks to February 8. In the West, Pro was released on May 15 of the same year. A limited Battle Hardened Edition was released exclusively in the West alongside its standard physical and digital editions. The Battle Hardened Edition included a steel case for the game, and seven cards themed after the in-game skill trees.
Dragon's Crown Pro was the first time Vanillaware had sought to update an existing title in this way, which proved a challenge as they needed to do bug fixes and balance adjustment based on the latest patch version of the game. Kamitani acted as a producer for the game, running parallel with his work on 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim. One of the biggest issues faced in development was getting all assets to show in 4K without jagged edges or distracting graphical glitches, a process which took six months. So jagged edges would not be too visible in-game, planner Wataru Nakanishi worked to put in extra graphical fuzzing to smooth the edges of colour transitions in illustrations and art assets. The final patch which enabled crossplay was the most difficult to date, as they needed to adjust for the changes made since the game's release. While they needed to reduce some in-game storage space to make room for some of the patch features, they considered it a fair trade as they included elements originally cut from the base game.
The music was re-recorded for a live orchestra. Chiba arranged the music, incorporating folk instruments and extensive percussion into the new versions. Recording took place in Tokyo, Hyogo and Australia. A 3-disc soundtrack originally released exclusively through the limited edition of Pro. The album included an extra track dubbed "Dragon's Crown Percussion Remix", a new remix of the main theme. A standalone soundtrack album was released on February 27, 2020, exclusively through Atlus's online store. The album features three discs, and has a cover art drawn by Kida. The soundtrack includes the same selection as the limited edition version. The album was also released digitally worldwide through iTunes.
Reception
Dragon's Crown received "generally favorable" reviews on all platforms, according to the review aggregator Metacritic. At the 2013 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers awards, Dragon's Crown won in the "Game, Original Role-Playing" category.
Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu gave a positive review to both the PS3 and Vita versions, praising the gameplay and nostalgic style. Destructoids Chris Carter was highly positive, praising the game for reviving the beat 'em up genre. Andrew Fitch, writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, praised the game as "a love letter to the classic side-scrolling arcade brawler". Martin Robinson of Eurogamer was less positive than other reviewers, praising some elements but disliking the artstyle and finding it overly long and archaic. GameSpots Peter Brown found many elements of the visuals either distracting or offensive, but praised the gameplay design and skill system.
Justin Speer of GameTrailers praised the game for breathing life into its genre, saying players who were willing to push through its repetitive aspects would find a lot to enjoy. Writing for Joystiq, Danny Cowan was worried about repeating content in the late game, but praised the game's mechanics and style. IGNs Colin Moriarty was also highly positive, with his only main criticism being the narrative. Danielle Riendeau of Polygon noted the repetitive nature of level design and disliked much of its art design, but said that it was an enjoyable experience. RPGFans Robert Steinman, reviewing the PS3 version, praised the game but faulted its UI design and the "obfuscation" of its multiplayer.
The narrative was seen by many as either unnecessary or forced at players, though it was also praised for evoking nostalgia. Moriarty called the story "its greatest weakness", while Famitsu praised the story's nostalgic style and compared it to playing a tabletop RPG. The gameplay was praised or at least noted for evoking the design and experience of classic beat 'em up titles from the 1980s to 1990s. The multiplayer was lauded by reviewers as superior to AI-controlled companions despite its unlocking requirements, although many complained that the number of on-screen effects obscured their characters. The original lack of cross-platform multiplayer was criticized by some journalists. The searching and commanding mechanic was also faulted in the PS3 version as cumbersome. The artwork in general was praised by reviewers, with Cowan calling it "unique and eye-catching".
Reviewing Dragon's Crown Pro, Chris Moyse of Destructoid echoed many of Carter's comments, calling Pro the game's "definitive edition" while noting that there was little to justify buying it a second time. Mollie L Patterson, writing for Electronic Gaming Monthly, admitted that the only improvements were to the graphics and audio, but felt that the gameplay and art still made it a worthwhile purchase. RPGFans Alana Hagues praised the existing upgrades and enjoyed the game, but was disappointed by the lack of additional features and content as seen in other Vanillaware re-releases.
Sales
Upon its debut in Japan, Dragon's Crown sold 175,000 physical units. Due to the strong demand, a stock shortage emerged at its release. Dragon's Crown had sold more than 300,000 physical retail copies in Japan within the first week of release across both PS3 and Vita platforms. The Vita and PS3 versions were respectively the first and second best-selling digital games on PSN in Japan during 2013. By December 2013, the game had shipped 800,000 copies worldwide, 100,000 units more than Atlus's Persona 4 Golden. The original Dragon's Crown sold over one million copies worldwide by September 2017. The game's international success took Vanillaware by surprise, with it becoming much bigger than Kamitani expected.
Controversy
Dragon's Crown drew significant controversy in pre-release coverage during April 2013 for its exaggerated character design, particularly the Sorceress' breasts and Amazon's buttocks. Game journalist Jason Schreier of Kotaku strongly criticized the design, calling it symptomatic of the video game industry's treatment of women. While many critics lauded the game's artistic achievements and Kamitani's skill, they also felt uncomfortable with his perceived over-sexualization of women. Kamitani responded with artwork of three bathing dwarfs in loincloths that was interpreted as a homophobic attack on Schreier, escalating the controversy. Kamitani later explained both his design choices in the game and the Dwarf artwork. The latter was described as not being aimed at Schreier, but being a piece of artwork he created on his own as a "cynical" response to Japanese retailers requesting the female characters in swimwear for store artwork. Atlus defended the game's artistic design.
Several reviewers commented on the artstyle when the game was released. Brown described the Sorceress and Amazon designs as akin to softcore pornography. Speer compared these elements to the inclusion of bodybuilding and "dirty" magazines. Riendeau noted that the Amazon and Sorceress, while sexualized, were empowered and had agency compared to other in-game women being shown as damsels in distress. Robinson found the sexualized female artwork one of the elements that put him off the game, also being critical of counterarguments about the male characters being equally sexualized. Fitch, while noting the Amazon and Sorceress designs, felt that the controversy was overblown, as the entire cast was exaggerated and "grotesque".
References
Notes
External links
2013 video games
Action role-playing video games
Atlus games
Cancelled Dreamcast games
Cancelled Wii games
Video games about dragons
Dark fantasy video games
Dark fantasy role-playing video games
High fantasy video games
Hack and slash games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nippon Ichi Software games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Vita games
Side-scrolling beat 'em ups
Side-scrolling role-playing video games
Video games about legendary creatures
Video games based on multiple mythologies
Video games based on Greek mythology
Video games based on Norse mythology
Video games scored by Hitoshi Sakimoto
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games with cross-platform play
Vanillaware games |
Live at the Enmore Theatre (2007) is a single DVD by Canadian singer/songwriter Jeff Martin and the Toronto Tabla Ensemble. Like the Live in Brisbane 2006 album, the performance was recorded during Martin's September tour of Australia. The DVD features an entire performance, as well as bonus material including an interview with Martin and Ritesh Das; backstage footage; scenes from soundcheck and an instore appearance; and a marriage proposal by a fan to another on stage.
Track listing
"Silence" (The Tea Party cover)
"Psychopomp" (The Tea Party)
"Requiem" (The Tea Party)
"Daystar"
"Shadows on the Mountainside" (The Tea Party)
"The Badger" (The Tea Party)
"I Love you" (Daniel Lanois cover)
"The Messenger" (Daniel Lanois)
"Inanna" (The Tea Party)
"White Water Siren" (The Tea Party)
"Lament"
"Black Snake Blues"
"The Bazaar" (The Tea Party)
"Oceans" (The Tea Party)
"The Kingdom"
"Sister Awake" (The Tea Party)
"Winter Solstice" (The Tea Party)
"Save Me" (The Tea Party)
Personnel
Jeff Martin – vocals, six and twelve string acoustic guitars, Gibson harp guitar, hurdy-gurdy, sarod, Ellis seven-string resonator guitar, oud, esraj
Ritesh Das – Indian percussion, goblet drums, dhol, tabla
Ian de Souza – bass guitar
Joanna De Souza – keyboard, kathak dancing
Anita Katakkar – tabla
Heather Thorkelson – tabla
Rob Sawyer – six string acoustic guitar
Charts
References
External links
Jeff Martin's website
The Toronto Tabla Ensemble's website
Jeff Martin (Canadian musician) video albums
2007 video albums
2007 live albums
Live video albums
Concert films |
The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was an accord signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene. The accord was expected to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act of 1987. Under the terms of the agreement, Colombo agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were to be withdrawn to their barracks in the north and the Tamil rebels were to surrender their arms.
Importantly however, the Tamil groups, notably the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) (which at the time was one of the strongest Tamil forces), had not been made party to the talks and initially agreed to surrender their arms to the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) only reluctantly. Within a few months however, this flared into an active confrontation. The LTTE declared their intent to continue the armed struggle for an independent Tamil Eelam and refused to disarm. The IPKF found itself engaged in a bloody police action against the LTTE. Further complicating the return to peace, a Marxist insurgency began in the south of the island.
Background
Sri Lanka, from the early part of the 1980s, was facing an increasingly violent ethnic strife. The origins of this conflict can be traced to the independence of the island from Britain in 1948. At the time, a Sinhala majority government was instituted which passed legislation that were deemed discriminatory against the substantial Tamil minority population. In the 1970s, two major Tamil parties united to form the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) that started agitation for a separate state of Tamil Eelam within the system in a federal structure in the north and eastern Sri Lanka that would grant the Tamils greater autonomy. However, enactment of the sixth amendment of the Sri Lankan Constitution in August 1983 classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional, effectively rendering the TULF ineffective. Outside the TULF, however, factions advocating more radical and militant courses of action soon emerged, and the ethnic divisions started flaring into a violent civil war.
Indian involvement
According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy, Indian intervention in Sri Lankan civil war became inevitable as that civil war threatened India's "unity, national interest and territorial integrity." According to Laskar, this threat came in two ways: On the one hand external powers could take advantage of the situation to establish their base in Sri Lanka thus posing a threat to India, on the other hand, the LTTE's dream of a sovereign Tamil Eelam comprising all the Tamil-inhabited areas (of Sri Lanka and India) posed a threat to India's territorial integrity.
India had, initially under Indira Gandhi and later under Rajiv Gandhi, provided support to Tamil interests from the very conception of the secessionist movement. This included providing sanctuary to the separatists, as well as support the operations training camps for Tamil guerrillas in Tamil Nadu of which the LTTE emerged as the strongest force. This was both as a result of a large Tamil community in South India, as well as India's regional security and interests which attempted to reduce the scope of foreign intervention, especially those linked to the United States, Pakistan, and China. To this end, the Indira Gandhi government sought to make it clear to Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene that armed intervention in support of the Tamil movement was an option India would consider if any diplomatic solutions should fail.
Following the anti-Tamil riots, the Tamil rebel movement grew progressively strong and increasingly violent. However, after Indira Gandhi's assassination, the Indian support for the militant movement decreased. However, the succeeding Rajiv Gandhi government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with its neighbours. It still however maintained diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as maintaining covert aid to the Tamil rebels.
From 1985 however, the Sri-Lankan Government started rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore and South Africa. In 1986, the campaign against the insurgency was stepped up and in 1987, retaliating an increasingly bloody insurgent movement, Operation Liberation was launched against LTTE strongholds in Jaffna Peninsula, involving nearly four thousand troops, supported by helicopter gunships as well as ground attack aircraft. In June 1987, the Sri Lankan Army laid siege on the town of Jaffna. As civilian casualties grew, calls grew within India to intervene in what was increasingly seen in the Indian (and Tamil) media as a developing humanitarian crisis, especially with reports use of aerial support against rebel positions in civilian areas. India, which had a substantial Tamil population in South India faced the prospect of a Tamil backlash at home, called on the Sri Lankan government to halt the offensive in an attempt to negotiate a political settlement.
However, the Indian efforts were futile. Added to this, in the growing involvement of Pakistani and Israeli advisors, it was necessary for Indian interest to mount a show of force. Failing to negotiate an end to the crisis with Sri Lanka, India announced on 2 June 1987 that it would send a convoy of unarmed ships to northern Sri Lanka to provide humanitarian assistance but this was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and turned back.
Following the failure of the naval mission, the decision was made by the Indian government to mount an airdrop of relief supplies in support of rebel forces over the besieged city of Jaffna. On 4 June 1987, in a blatant show of force, the Indian Air Force mounted Operation Poomalai in broad daylight. Five An-32s of the Indian Air Force under cover of heavily armed Indian fighter jets flew over Jaffna to airdrop 25 tons of supplies, all the time keeping well within the range of Sri Lankan radar coverage. At the same time the Sri Lankan Ambassador to New Delhi was summoned to the Foreign Office to be informed by the Minister of External Affairs, K. Natwar Singh, of the ongoing operation. It was also indicated to the ambassador that if the operation was in any way hindered by Sri Lanka, India would launch a full-force military retaliation against Sri Lanka. The ultimate aim of the operation was both to demonstrate the credibility of the Indian option of active intervention to the Sri Lankan Government, as a symbolic act of support for the Tamil Rebels, as well to preserve Rajiv Gandhi's credibility.
Faced with the possibility of an active Indian intervention and facing an increasingly war-weary population at home, the Sri Lankan President, J. R. Jayewardene, offered to hold talks with the Rajiv Gandhi government on future moves. The siege of Jaffna was soon lifted, followed by a round of negotiations that led to the signing of the Indo-Sri-Lankan accord on July 29, 1987 that brought a temporary truce. The terms of the truce specified that the Sri Lankan troops withdraw from the north and the Tamil rebels disarm, and saw the induction of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.
Peace accord
Among the salient points of the agreement, the Sri Lankan Government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands, which included Colombo devolution of power to the provinces, merger (subject to later referendum) of the northern and eastern provinces, and official status for the Tamil language. More immediately, Operation Liberation — the successful, ongoing anti-insurgent operation by Sri Lankan forces in the Northern peninsula — was ended. Sri Lankan troops were to withdraw to their barracks in the north, the Tamil rebels were to disarm.India agreed to end support for the Tamil separatist movement and recognise the unity of Sri Lanka. The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord also underlined the commitment of Indian military assistance on which the IPKF came to be inducted into Sri Lanka.
In 1990, India withdrew the last of its forces from Sri Lanka, and fighting between the LTTE and the government resumed.
In January 1995, the Sri Lankan Government and the LTTE agreed to a ceasefire as a preliminary step in a government-initiated plan for peace negotiations. After 3 months, however, the LTTE unilaterally resumed hostilities.
The government of Sri Lanka then adopted a policy of military engagement with the Tigers, with government forces liberating Jaffna from LTTE control by mid-1996 and moving against LTTE positions in the northern part of the country called the Vanni. An LTTE counteroffensive, begun in October 1999, reversed most government gains; and by May 2000, threatened government forces in Jaffna. Heavy fighting continued into 2001.
Reaction
On the eve of the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted by Leading Rate Vijitha Rohana at the Guard of Honour held for Gandhi in what seemed an attempted assassination. Four years later, in 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber. This radically reduced support for the LTTE within India. In 2009, 19 years after his assassination, the Sri Lankan army mounted a major military offensive in the north and eradicated the LTTE. The operation was not opposed by India and received Indian diplomatic and military support, despite condemnations from state of Tamil Nadu and Western nations for alleged human rights violations. Rajiv Gandhi's widow, Sonia Gandhi was the chairperson of India's ruling coalition at the time.
The validity of the Indo-Lanka Accord has been questioned by Sri Lankan politicians citing various reasons. In 2020 Minister of Public Security Sarath Weerasekara claimed as India failed to disarm the LTTE the agreement is no longer valid and Sri Lanka is not bound to uphold the agreement on provincial councils.
Books
Ramakrishnan, T. (2018), Ore Inapirachinayum Ore Oppandhamum, The Hindu Publishing Group (in Tamil)
See also
India–Sri Lanka relations
Vijitha Rohana
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka
References
External links
Full Text of Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
Text of all peace accords for Sri Lanka
Tigers go back to Indo-Lanka accord for federal state
Muslims have a Case in Sri Lanka
Indo-Sri Lanka trade: Hype and reality
SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord
PEACE PROCESS IN SRI LANKA --- WITH AND WITHOUT MEDIATION
ETHNIC PEACE ACCORDS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT RESOLUTION: A SURVEY
Dr. PC Alexander, former Principal Secretary of Rajiv Gandhi – bares it all on the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987
"Peace for all with equal rights"Minister
Wickremesinghe Apprises I K Gujral of Stalled Peace Process in Sri Lanka
Tiger Rebels are either black or white but not both
PEACE PROCESS IN SRI-LANKA
TIGERS, 'MODERATES' AND PANDORA'S PACKAGE
The road ahead
LTTE to take Indo-Lankan accord in peace bid
Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War
Treaties concluded in 1987
Bilateral treaties of India
Treaties of Sri Lanka
India–Sri Lanka relations
1987 in India
1987 in Sri Lanka
1987 in international relations
History of Tamil Nadu (1947–present)
Military history of Sri Lanka
Tamil Eelam
Rajiv Gandhi administration |
Pogled ispod obrva () is the eighth album by Croatian singer Severina. It was released in 2001 by Croatia Records.
Some reviewers see the album as Severina's best, in which she flirts with folk music in an open and highly effective way. Severina herself openly stated that the strongest influence for the album and her greatest support came from her musical guru Siniša Vuco.
Track listing
"Tako je to" (It's Like That)
"Mala je dala" (The Chick Gave In)
"Noću, danju" (At Night, During The Day)
"Mili moj" (My Dear)
"Voli me, ne voli" (He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not)
"Pogled ispod obrva" (The Look Beneath The Eyebrows)
"Krivi spoj" (Weird Connection)
"Parfem" (Perfume)
"Srce je moje veliko k'o kuća" (My Heart Is As Big As A House)
"Idi" (Go)
"More na leđa" (The Sea Upside Down)
"Ajde, ajde zlato moje" (Come On, Come On My Darling)
"Virujen u te" (I Believe in You)
References
External links
2001 albums
Severina (singer) albums |
The Utah Grand Prix is a weekend of sports car and stock car races held since 2006 at Miller Motorsports Park in Tooele, Utah. Until 2010, it was a round of the American Le Mans Series, and since 2007, it was a round of the regional NASCAR K&N Pro Series West stock car competition. The weekend also features selected SCCA and IMSA races, including the Pirelli World Challenge.
Winners
American Le Mans Series
NASCAR K&N Pro Series West
2008, 2011, 2013: Race extended due to an overtime finish.
References
Miller Motorsports Park archive at Racing Sports Cars
Miller Motorsports Park archive at Racing-Reference
NASCAR races at Miller Motorsports Park
Recurring sporting events established in 2006 |
Nazgûl are fictional undead men from The Lord of the Rings.
Nazgûl may also refer to:
Nazgûl, the nickname of a fictional American occult intelligence agency in Charles Stross's Laundry novels
Nazgul Von Armageddon, a stage name of one of the musicians in black metal band Satanic Warmaster
Nazgûl, a fictional rock and roll band in George R. R. Martin's novel The Armageddon Rag
Nazgul, a compound of Naz (name) and Gul (name) is a common Persian and Turkish feminine given name meaning "Shy rose".
Nazgul Kenzhetay
Leila Nazgül Seiitbek
See also
Gulnaz (disambiguation) |
Frank Carroll may refer to:
Frank Carroll (figure skater) (born 1939), American figure skating coach
Frank Carroll (ice hockey) (1879–1938), Canadian ice hockey coach
Frank Carroll (Queensland politician) (born 1952), Australian politician
Frank Skeffington Carroll (c. 1837–1887), fraudster, editor, and (briefly) politician in South Australia
Frank Carroll (Arizona politician), member of the Arizona House of Representatives |
```python
# coding:utf-8
#
#
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.
import datetime
from typing import List, Tuple, Union
import pandas as pd
from QUANTAXIS.QAUtil.QAParameter import FREQUENCE, MARKET_TYPE
# todo
trade_date_sse = [
"1990-12-19",
"1990-12-20",
"1990-12-21",
"1990-12-24",
"1990-12-25",
"1990-12-26",
"1990-12-27",
"1990-12-28",
"1990-12-31",
"1991-01-02",
"1991-01-03",
"1991-01-04",
"1991-01-07",
"1991-01-08",
"1991-01-09",
"1991-01-10",
"1991-01-11",
"1991-01-14",
"1991-01-15",
"1991-01-16",
"1991-01-17",
"1991-01-18",
"1991-01-21",
"1991-01-22",
"1991-01-23",
"1991-01-24",
"1991-01-25",
"1991-01-28",
"1991-01-29",
"1991-01-30",
"1991-01-31",
"1991-02-01",
"1991-02-04",
"1991-02-05",
"1991-02-06",
"1991-02-07",
"1991-02-08",
"1991-02-11",
"1991-02-12",
"1991-02-13",
"1991-02-14",
"1991-02-19",
"1991-02-20",
"1991-02-21",
"1991-02-22",
"1991-02-25",
"1991-02-26",
"1991-02-27",
"1991-02-28",
"1991-03-01",
"1991-03-04",
"1991-03-05",
"1991-03-06",
"1991-03-07",
"1991-03-08",
"1991-03-11",
"1991-03-12",
"1991-03-13",
"1991-03-14",
"1991-03-15",
"1991-03-18",
"1991-03-19",
"1991-03-20",
"1991-03-21",
"1991-03-22",
"1991-03-25",
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"1991-07-18",
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"1991-07-22",
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"1991-07-30",
"1991-07-31",
"1991-08-01",
"1991-08-02",
"1991-08-05",
"1991-08-06",
"1991-08-07",
"1991-08-08",
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"1991-08-12",
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'2023-03-29', '2023-03-30', '2023-03-31', '2023-04-03', '2023-04-04', '2023-04-06', '2023-04-07', '2023-04-10',
'2023-04-11', '2023-04-12', '2023-04-13', '2023-04-14', '2023-04-17', '2023-04-18', '2023-04-19', '2023-04-20',
'2023-04-21', '2023-04-24', '2023-04-25', '2023-04-26', '2023-04-27', '2023-04-28', '2023-05-04', '2023-05-05',
'2023-05-08', '2023-05-09', '2023-05-10', '2023-05-11', '2023-05-12', '2023-05-15', '2023-05-16', '2023-05-17',
'2023-05-18', '2023-05-19', '2023-05-22', '2023-05-23', '2023-05-24', '2023-05-25', '2023-05-26', '2023-05-29',
'2023-05-30', '2023-05-31', '2023-06-01', '2023-06-02', '2023-06-05', '2023-06-06', '2023-06-07', '2023-06-08',
'2023-06-09', '2023-06-12', '2023-06-13', '2023-06-14', '2023-06-15', '2023-06-16', '2023-06-19', '2023-06-20',
'2023-06-21', '2023-06-26', '2023-06-27', '2023-06-28', '2023-06-29', '2023-06-30', '2023-07-03', '2023-07-04',
'2023-07-05', '2023-07-06', '2023-07-07', '2023-07-10', '2023-07-11', '2023-07-12', '2023-07-13', '2023-07-14',
'2023-07-17', '2023-07-18', '2023-07-19', '2023-07-20', '2023-07-21', '2023-07-24', '2023-07-25', '2023-07-26',
'2023-07-27', '2023-07-28', '2023-07-31', '2023-08-01', '2023-08-02', '2023-08-03', '2023-08-04', '2023-08-07',
'2023-08-08', '2023-08-09', '2023-08-10', '2023-08-11', '2023-08-14', '2023-08-15', '2023-08-16', '2023-08-17',
'2023-08-18', '2023-08-21', '2023-08-22', '2023-08-23', '2023-08-24', '2023-08-25', '2023-08-28', '2023-08-29',
'2023-08-30', '2023-08-31', '2023-09-01', '2023-09-04', '2023-09-05', '2023-09-06', '2023-09-07', '2023-09-08',
'2023-09-11', '2023-09-12', '2023-09-13', '2023-09-14', '2023-09-15', '2023-09-18', '2023-09-19', '2023-09-20',
'2023-09-21', '2023-09-22', '2023-09-25', '2023-09-26', '2023-09-27', '2023-09-28', '2023-10-09', '2023-10-10',
'2023-10-11', '2023-10-12', '2023-10-13', '2023-10-16', '2023-10-17', '2023-10-18', '2023-10-19', '2023-10-20',
'2023-10-23', '2023-10-24', '2023-10-25', '2023-10-26', '2023-10-27', '2023-10-30', '2023-10-31', '2023-11-01',
'2023-11-02', '2023-11-03', '2023-11-06', '2023-11-07', '2023-11-08', '2023-11-09', '2023-11-10', '2023-11-13',
'2023-11-14', '2023-11-15', '2023-11-16', '2023-11-17', '2023-11-20', '2023-11-21', '2023-11-22', '2023-11-23',
'2023-11-24', '2023-11-27', '2023-11-28', '2023-11-29', '2023-11-30', '2023-12-01', '2023-12-04', '2023-12-05',
'2023-12-06', '2023-12-07', '2023-12-08', '2023-12-11', '2023-12-12', '2023-12-13', '2023-12-14', '2023-12-15',
'2023-12-18', '2023-12-19', '2023-12-20', '2023-12-21', '2023-12-22', '2023-12-25', '2023-12-26', '2023-12-27',
'2023-12-28', '2023-12-29'
]
def QA_util_get_real_tradeday():
"""
tradeday
4 <9:00 ->
"""
now =datetime.datetime.now()
date = str(now.date())
tradeday = QA_util_get_real_date(date)
if now.hour<9:
tradeday = QA_util_get_last_day(tradeday)
return tradeday
def QA_util_format_date2str(cursor_date):
"""
explanation:
"%Y-%m-%d"
:
1. str: "%Y%m%d" "%Y%m%d%H%M%S", "%Y%m%d %H:%M:%S",
"%Y-%m-%d", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", "%Y-%m-%d %H%M%S"
2. datetime.datetime
3. pd.Timestamp
4. int -> 0 '20190302093' --> "2019-03-02"
params:
* cursor_date->
:
: str
: []
"""
if isinstance(cursor_date, datetime.datetime):
cursor_date = str(cursor_date)[:10]
elif isinstance(cursor_date, str):
try:
cursor_date = str(pd.Timestamp(cursor_date))[:10]
except:
raise ValueError(', "%Y-%m-%d"')
elif isinstance(cursor_date, int):
cursor_date = str(pd.Timestamp("{:<014d}".format(cursor_date)))[:10]
else:
raise ValueError(' "%Y-%m-%d"')
return cursor_date
def QA_util_get_next_period(datetime, frequence="1min"):
"""
:param datetime: datetime eg: 2018-11-11 13:01:01
:param frequence: str eg: '30min'
:return: datetime eg: 2018-11-11 13:31:00
"""
freq = {
FREQUENCE.YEAR: "Y",
FREQUENCE.QUARTER: "Q",
FREQUENCE.MONTH: "M",
FREQUENCE.WEEK: "W",
FREQUENCE.DAY: "D",
FREQUENCE.SIXTY_MIN: "60T",
FREQUENCE.THIRTY_MIN: "30T",
FREQUENCE.FIFTEEN_MIN: "15T",
FREQUENCE.FIVE_MIN: "5T",
FREQUENCE.ONE_MIN: "T",
}
return (pd.Period(datetime, freq=freq[frequence]) + 1).to_timestamp()
def QA_util_get_next_trade_date(
cursor_date: Union[str, pd.Timestamp, datetime.datetime] = None, n: int = 1
) -> str:
"""
n ()
e.g. 2020/12/25 2020/12/28; 2020/12/26 2020/12/27
Args:
cursor_date(Union[str, pd.Timestamp, datetime.datetime], optional): None
n(int, optional): 1
Returns:
n ()
"""
if not cursor_date:
cursor_date = datetime.date.today().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
else:
cursor_date = pd.Timestamp(cursor_date).strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
if cursor_date in trade_date_sse:
#
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(cursor_date) + n]
real_trade_date = QA_util_get_real_date(cursor_date, towards=-1)
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(real_trade_date) + n]
def QA_util_get_pre_trade_date(
cursor_date: Union[str, pd.Timestamp, datetime.datetime] = None, n: int = 1
) -> str:
"""
n ()
e.g. 2020/12/25 2020/12/24; 2020/12/26 2020/12/25
Args:
cursor_date(Union[str, pd.Timestamp, datetime.datetime], optional): None
n(int, optional): 1
Returns:
str:
"""
if not cursor_date:
cursor_date = datetime.date.today().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
else:
cursor_date = pd.Timestamp(cursor_date).strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
if cursor_date in trade_date_sse:
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(cursor_date) - n]
real_trade_date = QA_util_get_real_date(cursor_date, towards=1)
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(real_trade_date) - n]
def QA_util_if_trade(day):
"""
n ()
''
:param day: str eg: 2018-11-11
:return: Boolean
"""
if day in trade_date_sse:
return True
else:
return False
def QA_util_if_tradetime(
_time=datetime.datetime.now(), market=MARKET_TYPE.STOCK_CN, code=None
):
"""
explanation:
params:
* _time->
:
: datetime
: []
* market->
:
: int
: [MARKET_TYPE.STOCK_CN]
* code->
:
: str
: [None]
"""
_time = datetime.datetime.strptime(str(_time)[0:19], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
if market is MARKET_TYPE.STOCK_CN:
if QA_util_if_trade(str(_time.date())[0:10]):
if _time.hour in [10, 13, 14]:
return True
elif (
_time.hour in [9] and _time.minute >= 15
): # 9:15 9:15-9:30
return True
elif _time.hour in [11] and _time.minute <= 30:
return True
else:
return False
else:
return False
elif market is MARKET_TYPE.FUTURE_CN:
date_today = str(_time.date())
date_yesterday = str((_time - datetime.timedelta(days=1)).date())
is_today_open = QA_util_if_trade(date_today)
is_yesterday_open = QA_util_if_trade(date_yesterday)
#
if is_today_open == False: #
if is_yesterday_open == False or (
_time.hour > 2 or _time.hour == 2 and _time.minute > 30
):
return False
shortName = "" # i , p
for i in range(len(code)):
ch = code[i]
if ch.isdigit(): # ch >= 48 and ch <= 57:
break
shortName += code[i].upper()
period = [[9, 0, 10, 15], [10, 30, 11, 30], [13, 30, 15, 0]]
if shortName in ["IH", "IF", "IC"]:
period = [[9, 30, 11, 30], [13, 0, 15, 0]]
elif shortName in ["T", "TF"]:
period = [[9, 15, 11, 30], [13, 0, 15, 15]]
if 0 <= _time.weekday() <= 4:
for i in range(len(period)):
p = period[i]
if (
_time.hour > p[0] or (_time.hour == p[0] and _time.minute >= p[1])
) and (
_time.hour < p[2] or (_time.hour == p[2] and _time.minute < p[3])
):
return True
# _2019.03.29
nperiod = [
[["AU", "AG", "SC"], [21, 0, 2, 30]],
[["CU", "AL", "ZN", "PB", "SN", "NI"], [21, 0, 1, 0]],
[["RU", "RB", "HC", "BU", "FU", "SP"], [21, 0, 23, 0]],
[
[
"A",
"B",
"Y",
"M",
"JM",
"J",
"P",
"I",
"L",
"V",
"PP",
"EG",
"C",
"CS",
],
[21, 0, 23, 0],
],
[["SR", "CF", "RM", "MA", "TA", "ZC", "FG", "IO", "CY"], [21, 0, 23, 30]],
]
for i in range(len(nperiod)):
for j in range(len(nperiod[i][0])):
if nperiod[i][0][j] == shortName:
p = nperiod[i][1]
condA = _time.hour > p[0] or (
_time.hour == p[0] and _time.minute >= p[1]
)
condB = _time.hour < p[2] or (
_time.hour == p[2] and _time.minute < p[3]
)
# in one day
if p[2] >= p[0]:
if (
(_time.weekday() >= 0 and _time.weekday() <= 4)
and condA
and condB
):
return True
else:
if (
(_time.weekday() >= 0 and _time.weekday() <= 4) and condA
) or (
(_time.weekday() >= 1 and _time.weekday() <= 5) and condB
):
return True
return False
return False
def QA_util_get_next_day(date, n=1):
"""
explanation:
(n)
params:
* date->
:
: str
: []
* n->
:
: int
: [int]
"""
date = str(date)[0:10]
return QA_util_date_gap(date, n, "gt")
def QA_util_get_last_day(date, n=1):
"""
explanation:
(n)
params:
* date->
:
: str
: []
* n->
:
: int
: [int]
"""
date = str(date)[0:10]
return QA_util_date_gap(date, n, "lt")
def QA_util_get_last_datetime(datetime, day=1):
"""
explanation:
params:
* datetime->
:
: datetime
: []
* day->
:
: int
: []
"""
date = str(datetime)[0:10]
return "{} {}".format(QA_util_date_gap(date, day, "lt"), str(datetime)[11:])
def QA_util_get_next_datetime(datetime, day=1):
date = str(datetime)[0:10]
return "{} {}".format(QA_util_date_gap(date, day, "gt"), str(datetime)[11:])
def QA_util_get_real_date(date, trade_list=trade_date_sse, towards=-1):
"""
explanation:
params:
* date->
:
: date
: []
* trade_list->
:
: List
: []
* towards->
: 1 -> , -1 ->
: int
: [1 -1]
"""
date = str(date)[0:10]
if towards == 1:
if pd.Timestamp(date) >= pd.Timestamp(trade_list[-1]):
return trade_list[-1]
while date not in trade_list:
date = str(
datetime.datetime.strptime(str(date)[0:10], "%Y-%m-%d")
+ datetime.timedelta(days=1)
)[0:10]
else:
return str(date)[0:10]
elif towards == -1:
if pd.Timestamp(date) <= pd.Timestamp(trade_list[0]):
return trade_list[0]
while date not in trade_list:
date = str(
datetime.datetime.strptime(str(date)[0:10], "%Y-%m-%d")
- datetime.timedelta(days=1)
)[0:10]
else:
return str(date)[0:10]
def QA_util_get_real_datelist(start, end):
"""
explanation:
start endNone, None,
start,end=QA_util_get_real_datelist
params:
* start->
:
: date
: []
* end->
:
: date
: []
"""
real_start = QA_util_get_real_date(start, trade_date_sse, 1)
real_end = QA_util_get_real_date(end, trade_date_sse, -1)
if trade_date_sse.index(real_start) > trade_date_sse.index(real_end):
return None, None
else:
return (real_start, real_end)
def QA_util_get_trade_range(start, end):
"""
explanation:
params:
* start->
:
: date
: []
* end->
:
: date
: []
"""
start, end = QA_util_get_real_datelist(start, end)
if start is not None:
return trade_date_sse[
trade_date_sse.index(start) : trade_date_sse.index(end) + 1 : 1
]
else:
return None
def QA_util_get_trade_gap(start, end):
"""
explanation:
start_dayend_day
params:
* start->
:
: date
: []
* end->
:
: date
: []
"""
start, end = QA_util_get_real_datelist(start, end)
if start is not None:
return trade_date_sse.index(end) + 1 - trade_date_sse.index(start)
else:
return 0
def QA_util_date_gap(date, gap, methods):
"""
explanation:
start_dayend_day
params:
* date->
:
: str
: []
* gap->
:
: int
: [int]
* methods->
:
: str
: ["gt->", "gte->","->lt", "->lte", "->==="]
"""
try:
if methods in [">", "gt"]:
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(date) + gap]
elif methods in [">=", "gte"]:
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(date) + gap - 1]
elif methods in ["<", "lt"]:
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(date) - gap]
elif methods in ["<=", "lte"]:
return trade_date_sse[trade_date_sse.index(date) - gap + 1]
elif methods in ["==", "=", "eq"]:
return date
except:
return "wrong date"
def QA_util_get_trade_datetime(dt=datetime.datetime.now()):
"""
explanation:
params:
* dt->
:
: datetime
: []
"""
# dt= datetime.datetime.now()
if QA_util_if_trade(str(dt.date())) and dt.time() < datetime.time(15, 0, 0):
return str(dt.date())
else:
return QA_util_get_real_date(str(dt.date()), trade_date_sse, 1)
def QA_util_get_order_datetime(dt):
"""
explanation:
params:
* dt->
:
: datetime
: []
"""
# dt= datetime.datetime.now()
dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(str(dt)[0:19], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
if QA_util_if_trade(str(dt.date())) and dt.time() < datetime.time(15, 0, 0):
return str(dt)
else:
# print('before')
# print(QA_util_date_gap(str(dt.date()),1,'lt'))
return "{} {}".format(QA_util_date_gap(str(dt.date()), 1, "lt"), dt.time())
def QA_util_future_to_tradedatetime(real_datetime):
"""
explanation:
,* tb//
params:
* real_datetime->
:
: datetime
: []
"""
if len(str(real_datetime)) >= 19:
dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(str(real_datetime)[0:19], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
return (
dt if dt.time() < datetime.time(21, 0) else QA_util_get_next_datetime(dt, 1)
)
elif len(str(real_datetime)) == 16:
dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(str(real_datetime)[0:16], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
return (
dt if dt.time() < datetime.time(21, 0) else QA_util_get_next_datetime(dt, 1)
)
def QA_util_future_to_realdatetime(trade_datetime):
"""
explanation:
,*
params:
* trade_datetime->
:
: datetime
: []
"""
if len(str(trade_datetime)) == 19:
dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(str(trade_datetime)[0:19], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
return (
dt if dt.time() < datetime.time(21, 0) else QA_util_get_last_datetime(dt, 1)
)
elif len(str(trade_datetime)) == 16:
dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(str(trade_datetime)[0:16], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
return (
dt if dt.time() < datetime.time(21, 0) else QA_util_get_last_datetime(dt, 1)
)
``` |
A Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet was signed on 11 January 1913 (corresponding to 29 December 1912 of the Julian calendar), at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar).
This treaty's text in Mongolian was published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982, and in 2007 an original copy in Tibetan language and script surfaced from Mongolian archives.
There have been questions about the authority of a Tibetan negotiator, Dorjiev, to conclude such a treaty, being he was both a Russian citizen and ethnically Tibetan.
Treaty's signing and validity
During the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty, both Tibet and Outer Mongolia declared their formal independence from China under theocratic heads of states, and both had had no success in gaining official recognition from the Republic of China. In the treaty signed on 11 January 1913, Mongolia and Tibet declared mutual recognition and allegiance. Both sides declared mutual relationships based on the "Yellow religion" (Gelug sect of Buddhism), obliged to provide aid each other against "internal and external enemies", declared free trade etc.(see for facsimile of Mongolian and Tibetan originals and for comments to text). The Mongolian representatives signing the treaty were foreign minister Da Lama Ravdan and commander-in-chief Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren. The Tibetan representatives who signed this document were Dalai Lama's representative Agvan Dorjiev, a Buryat, i.e. subject of Russia, and Tibetan officials in Mongolia: Ngawang Choizin, Yeshe Gyatso and Gendun Kalsang. There existed some doubts to the validity of this treaty: the 13th Dalai Lama denied that he had authorized Dorjiev to negotiate political issues. It was supposed more important that neither the cleric nor the Tibetan government appeared to have ever ratified the treaty. Nevertheless, such ratification in that time monarchic Mongolia and Tibet was not necessary.
The Russian government maintained that, as a Russian subject, Dorjiev could not possibly act in a diplomatic capacity on behalf of the Dalai Lama. Nevertheless, before signing the treaty, Dorjiev met in Mongolia I. Ya. Korostovets, Russian plenipotentiary in Urga, and told him that Tibet wants to come in treaties with Mongolia and Russia. Korostovets, having mentioned that "Khlakha (Outer Mongolia) had just declared its independence, recognized by Russia", had no objections against conclusion of treaty between Mongolia and Tibet, but he was against a treaty of Tibet with Russia
According to the 14th Dalai Lama, this treaty was signed under the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama.
There are data that the treaty signed by Russia with Mongolia in 1912 (i.e. before signing the treaty with Tibet) meant international recognition of Mongolia as a state which was not required a sanction from a third side; as a result, the treaty between Tibet and Mongolia is considered as de jure recognition of Tibet as a state.
In any case, the independence of both Tibet and Mongolia continued being unrecognized in international law although Russia and the United Kingdom continued to recognize at least the suzerainty of the Republic of China over these areas. Russia and the UK were more comfortable with formally recognizing China's suzerainty and keeping an ambivalent position towards Mongolia and Tibet's independence. In addition, there was also a concern among Russia and UK that recognizing Tibetan or Mongolian independence would allow those areas to come under the other power's influence, respectively, a situation which all concerned believed to be worse than a situation in which those areas were nominally under the control of a weak China.
Aftermath
News of the treaty aroused considerable suspicion amongst the British negotiators at the Simla Convention, who feared that Russia might use the treaty to gain influence on Tibetan matters. While China ultimately did not sign the Simla Convention, a similar treaty, the tripartite Treaty of Kyakhta, was signed by Mongolia, the Republic of China and Russia on 25 May 1915. The agreement affirmed Mongolia's complete autonomy in internal matters and Russian privileges in Mongolia, and at the same time formally recognized China's suzerainty over the country.
See also
History of Mongolia
History of Tibet
References
External links
English translation of the Treaty from Tibetan
Further reading
History of Tibet
Treaties of Mongolia (1911–1924)
Treaties of Tibet
Treaties concluded in 1913
1913 in Mongolia
1913 in Tibet
Mongolia–Tibet relations |
High Lane (Original French title: Vertige) is a 2009 French horror film directed by Abel Ferry. The film centers around a group of friends who are hunted by a mentally deranged serial killer while climbing a dangerous trail up in the mountains.
Plot
Young adults Fred (Nicolas Giraud), his girlfriend Karine and their friends Chloé (Fanny Valette), a nurse grappling with guilt after accidentally killing a young patient; Guillaume (Raphaël Lenglet), who harbors feelings for Chloé; and Loïc (Johan Libéreau), Chloé's unpopular boyfriend, travel to Croatia to climb and hike. They find the starting point closed off with rocks but experienced climber Fred convinces the others, including Chloé's boyfriend Loïc, to cross the track. The inexperienced Loïc is consistently paralyzed with fear, often needing encouragement from Chloé to continue. As their journey progresses, they realize that the trail is more dangerous than they had first thought: an unstable rope bridge collapses after their crossing, nearly killing Karine. With the bridge gone, the group realizes that they can't turn back, and Fred, feeling guilty after persuading the group to hike a closed-off trail, tells them that they need to go to the end as quickly as possible.
Fred climbs ahead with Karine as the rest of the group hangs off of a cliff, but is wounded in a bear trap. As Karine tries to pry the trap off of his leg, the rest of the group struggles as a vertigo-stricken Loïc fails to belay the rope; Loïc ignores advice from Guillaume, jealous and hostile because of the latter's obvious feelings for Chloé. Loïc's support fails and he falls, bringing the attached Guillaume down with him, and the two are suspended as Chloé looks on in horror. Meanwhile, Fred tells Karine to leave him and retrieve the others. Soon after Karine leaves, Fred hears movement in the trees around him as the chain to the trap tightens, and he is suddenly dragged off.
Karine uses a rope to bring help the rest of the group to the top, but when they return, Fred is missing, but Loïc finds blood on the surrounding foliage, and the empty, bloodstained bear trap is found discarded. Karine, though confused as to how he managed to get out of the trap when they couldn't open it before, panics and believes that Fred must have wandered off and gotten lost. Chloé assures Karine that they will look for Fred despite the fact that it's becoming dark and Fred's bag had the flares inside. As they search, Loïc and Guillaume bicker over Chloé and begin to grapple. Chloé, going over to break them up, falls into a pit trap. Karine rappels down and finds a poacher's trap full of spikes; one went through Chloé's arm and she is injured. As they watch Karine rescue Chloé, Guillaume feels they're being watched and tells Loïc, who ignores him. When Karine finally rescues Chloé, Chloé realizes that the trap is a poacher's trap; they wonder what could be the prey.
Rain pours as the group ropes themselves together and searches for Fred. Karine, at the end of the rope, is hit by an arrow through the chest; when she pulls her rope, she finds that it has been cut. A shocked Chloé notices and tries to rush towards her, but Karine is suddenly pulled and dragged away. Chloé, distraught, tries to find her, and Loïc insists that they should abandon Fred and Karine to escape. As they continue on they find a cabin in the forest and enter; inside, a naked and bloodied Fred is lying on a slab, and though Chloé tries to save him, he dies shortly after from shock and his wounds; Loïc covers his body with a sheet.
Guillaume finds a door to the basement and goes down to find Fred's bag; there he also finds animal pelts, shackles, hunting equipment, and hanging decapitated heads. On the wall is the name "Anton." Guillaume realizes that the poacher, named Anton, must live alone in the cage, but when he tries to tell Loïc, the latter refuses to listen. Loïc pushed Guillaume down the stairs to the basement, accidentally knocking him unconscious. Loïc locks him in the basement and tries to tell Chloé to leave with him (with the lie that Guillaume was trying to abandon the both of them), but Chloé, disturbed at his behavior, refuses. Anton suddenly returns with Karine's corpse, and Chloé is briefly knocked unconscious as Loïc ineffectually grapples with Anton. Chloé regains consciousness and helps Loïc fight Anton, but when she manages to get an advantage over Anton and looks to her boyfriend to help, the cowardly Loïc flees with a flare, leaving her to die. Chloé is quickly overpowered by Anton.
Chloé and Guillaume, shackled to the wall in the basement, hear Anton eviscerate the corpses of Fred and Karine. Though Chloé is close to escaping from the shackles, Anton returns and takes her upstairs to kill her. Meanwhile, Loïc's flare dies and he reluctantly returns to the cabin. Guillaume, fighting to save Chloé, escapes his bonds and yells through the basement trapdoor for Chloé to call the poacher Anton. The poacher pauses, and Loïc appears to attack Anton. An enraged Anton chases a fleeing Loïc, giving Chloé enough time to escape and free Guillaume. Guillaume wants to escape to the nearby cable, but Chloé insists on saving Loïc.
Anton chases Loïc with a crossbow and shoots Loïc in the leg, but Loïc fights Anton, stabbing him and hitting him with a rock several times, though he flees to the cable before killing him. However, he misjudges the distance and ends up on the wrong cliff, and in escaping Anton climbs down an unstable cliffside ladder. Loïc calls for help, and Chloé and Guillaume arrive. Guillaume initially tries to pull him up, but is overcome by hatred and anger from Loïc trapping him in Anton's house, and lets him fall to his death off the cliffside. Guillaume tells Chloé that he had slipped and the two embrace; however, it's cut short when Anton shoots a crossbow arrow through Guillaume's head, killing him.
Chloé charges at Anton with a knife and attacks him. The two fight, but Anton gains the upper hand and begins to beat her. Chloé says his name, making him pause once more, and she cuts his neck with the knife. Though she has an opening to kill him, a flashback to her dead patient makes her realize that she cannot do it. Leaving him to die, Chloé escapes to the cable and in tearful joy begins the descent to safety. However, she leaves her knife behind, and Anton takes it up and goes to the cable in a fit of rage. The last shot is of Chloé traveling down the cable, and a loud snap is heard before the film cuts to black, implying that Anton managed to cut the cable. The film ends with the note that only Loïc's body was found; Fred, Karine, Guillaume and Chloé remain missing, and a boy named Anton, kidnapped at the age of five, also remains missing: countless people go missing in the Balkans every year.
Cast
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60% based on reviews from 5 critics.
John Fallon of Arrow in the Head gave the film a score of 6/10, commending its direction, suspenseful setup, and score, while criticizing its cliche-ridden second half, writing, "All in all Vertige's last block never lived up to its first half but as whole I really enjoyed it and I recommend it for the striking camera work and wow mountain climbing scenes alone." Bloody Disgusting lambasted High Lane, finding that while its climbing scenes and gruesome set pieces were enjoyable, the film as a whole was "annoying" due to its bad acting, obnoxious score, uncharismatic villain, and "hackneyed script." Patrick Cooper of CHUD.com opined that High Lane was "a well-acted, well-directed, well-shot film, but sadly one that brings nothing new to the table" while Coming Soon's Robert Sims called it "predictable but effective" and "the European answer to The Hills Have Eyes." While Dread Central's Scott A. Johnson expressed distaste for High Lane's nonsensical flashbacks, unlikable characters, and nebulous plot developments, he still gave the film a score of 4/5, calling it "a remarkably intense ride that keeps the audience cringing on the edge of their seats" before concluding, "The bottom line is simply this: High Lane is tense. It's taut. It's a nerve-ripping thriller with a dash of slasher thrown in for good measure."
DVD Talk's Kurt Dahlke gave the film a 2½ out of a possible 5, and wrote, "Despite awesome early action and slow-building tension, High Lane ends up muddled and clichéd. Newcomer director Abel Ferry grabs a couple of obvious elements, one old and one new, and doesn't do much to doctor them up. Even unvarnished, Ferry's can't fail first half works marvelously, but when things ultimately devolve into chaotic cliché, only the undiscriminating, and those new to horror, will remain tuned in." James Dennis of Screen Anarchy labelled the film "a familiar slasher/redneck horror" and went on to say, "For half its running time High Lane manages to be a tense, if not original, rock-climbing thriller – a French Cliffhanger for teens. But, half way through, when the threat becomes human, things tumble down hill and first time feature director Abel Ferry loses his way." Fellow Screen Anarchy reviewer Todd Brown was more lenient towards the film, writing, "The great strength of Ferry's Vertige isn't necessarily that it surprises but that, with the exception of one unnecessary plotline, Ferry serves up a collection of realistic characters in a stunning natural environment with lean, brisk efficiency. This is a film that knows what it is, that knows what its audience wants to see, and delivers precisely that with a minimum of fuss and bother."
Rob Hunter of Film School Rejects gave the film a B+ grade, and wrote, "Director Abel Ferry isn't reinventing the wheel here, and he never pretends to be. His model is clearly a mash-up of films like Wrong Turn, Wolf Creek, and the Norwegian thriller Cold Prey, and he succeeds at least in part. Working against him and his film though is a screenplay featuring at least one ridiculously annoying character, a villain with no clear motivation or reason to be, and a recurring series of flashbacks for one character that serve zero purpose. Other than these three issues the movie is a fast moving and fairly solid genre effort." Todd Martin of Horror News gave the film a glowing recommendation, writing, "I went into Vertige, a new horror film from France with high hopes and I am happy to report that I wasn't let down in the very least. I thought that it ruled and think that anyone who is into slasher flicks like I am will enjoy it."
References
External links
2009 films
2009 horror films
2000s slasher films
Backwoods slasher films
Films set in Croatia
French horror films
French slasher films
Mountaineering films
2000s French films |
Anacamptis papilionacea (formerly Orchis papilionacea) is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae. It is commonly known as the pink butterfly orchid.
Distribution and habitat
The species is found in Southern Europe and Northern Africa (Spain, Turkey, Serbia, Cyprus, Lebanon, Aegean Islands, ...), and favors dry and stony ground.
References
External links
papilionacea
Plants described in 1759
Orchids of Lebanon |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
namespace Dopamine.Views.Common
{
public partial class CollectionFoldersSettings : UserControl
{
public bool ShowControls
{
get { return Convert.ToBoolean(GetValue(ShowControlsProperty)); }
set { SetValue(ShowControlsProperty, value); }
}
public static readonly DependencyProperty ShowControlsProperty =
DependencyProperty.Register(nameof(ShowControls), typeof(bool), typeof(CollectionFoldersSettings), new PropertyMetadata(null));
public CollectionFoldersSettings()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
}
}
``` |
George Washington High School is located in Denver, Colorado, United States. GW is a large urban high school serving grades 9-12. George Washington is a part of the Denver Public Schools system.
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 1,182 students enrolled in 2019-20 was:
Native American/Alaskan - 0.4%
Asian - 4.9%
Black - 22.5%
Hispanic - 28.5%
White - 37.9%
Multiracial - 5.58%
Native Hawaiian or Other - 0.2%
47.4% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunches.
Extracurricular activities
Boys basketball
The George Washington High School boys basketball team plays in the Colorado High School Activities Association 5A class. In both 2017 and 2018, GW boys basketball was the Colorado state tournament runner-up.
Newspaper
The school newspaper is The George Washington Surveyor, which is part of the High School National Ad Network. The paper got its name from president George Washington's lifelong association with geography and cartography. The Surveyor was the winner of the National Pacemaker Award from the National Scholastic Press Association in 2007, 2008, and 2009.
Robotics
George Washington's robotics functions through FIRST Robotics, with the FIRST Robotics Competition team 1410 (founded 2004 as the Patriotbots, rebranded in 2008 as The Kraken), and FIRST Tech Challenge teams 17153 (founded 2019), 18677(founded 2020), 18678(founded 2020). The Kraken has won 3 regionals and 12 awards.
Speech and debate
The George Washington Speech And Debate team consists of over 150 students, and is ranked 3rd in the nation as of March 1, 2023 by the National Speech and Debate Association.
Notable alumni
Chauncey Billups, former NBA player and head coach for the Portland Trail Blazers. Won a championship and Finals MVP in 2004 with the Detroit Pistons
Sierra Boggess, theatre actress and singer
Chris Brewer, professional football player
Doug DeMuro, YouTube car journalist
Anita Diamant, author of The Red Tent and other fiction and non-fiction books
Jonathan Freedman, journalist, winner of the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing
Sharon R. Long, plant biologist
Ostell Miles, football player
Martin Moran, Broadway actor and author of The Tricky Part
Greg Primus, former NFL player for the Chicago Bears
Dianne Reeves, jazz vocalist, winner of Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album in 2001, 2002, 2004, and 2006
Ed Smith, former NFL player for the Denver Broncos
References
External links
Public high schools in Colorado
High schools in Denver
International Baccalaureate schools in Colorado |
The Blackpool Tramway runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England. The line dates back to 1885 and is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world. It is operated by Blackpool Transport Services (BTS) and runs for . It carried 4.9 million passengers in 2022/23.
It is the second-oldest electric tramway in the United Kingdom, the first being Volk's Electric Railway in Brighton, which opened two years earlier and similarly runs on a reserved track along the seafront. These are also the two surviving first-generation town tramways in the UK, though the majority of services on the line have since 2012 been operated by a fleet of modern Bombardier Flexity 2 trams. A 'heritage service' using the traditional trams operates year-round on weekends, certain weekdays and bank holidays, as well as during the Blackpool Illuminations. Excluding museums, it is one of only a few tramways in the world to still use double-deck trams, the others including the Hong Kong Tramways and the Trams in Alexandria, Egypt.
History
Initial launch and expansion (1885–1910s)
The first section opened on 29 September 1885, a conduit line from Cocker Street to Dean Street on Blackpool Promenade. It was one of the first practical electric tramways in the world, just six years after Werner von Siemens first demonstrated electric traction. The inauguration was presided over by Holroyd Smith, the inventor of the system and Alderman Harwood, the Mayor of Manchester.
It was operated by the Blackpool Electric Tramway Company until 1892, when its lease expired and Blackpool Corporation took over. A line was added in 1895 from Manchester Square along Lytham Road to South Shore, extended to South Pier with a line on Station Road connecting Lytham Road to the promenade in 1897.
Conduit operation, in which trams took electricity from a conduit below and between the tracks, though very successful in locations such as town or city centres, proved to be very problematic on a line so close to the coast. During bad weather, sea water washed over the track and into the conduit where it short circuited the traction supply and operated the circuit breakers in the power station. Sand from the beaches was blown across the tracks and filled up the conduits. It was constantly necessary to remove this sand, as the addition of sea water would leave the conduits filled with wet sand which short circuited the supply. Another problem was that electrical resistance was greater than anticipated and the voltage in portions of the conduit was far less than that generated at Blundell Street – 230V dropped to 210V at the junction with the main line on the Promenade, 185V at Cocker Street and 168V at South Pier (then Victoria Pier).
In 1899, 550VDC overhead wiring was installed and the conduit removed. In 1900, the line was extended north to Gynn Square where it linked up with the Blackpool and Fleetwood Tramroad. In 1901, the Marton loop was opened, connecting Talbot Square and Central Station along Church Street, Devonshire Square, Whitegate Drive, Waterloo Road and Central Drive. A new depot was built on Whitegate Drive in Marton. A line was added from Talbot Square along Talbot Road to Layton in 1902. By 1903, the promenade line had reached the Pleasure Beach.
Expansion and contraction (1920s–1960s)
In 1920, Blackpool Corporation took over the tramroad, gaining of track and three depots, two in Fleetwood and one in Bispham. The small Bold Street Depot in Fleetwood was closed and a loop constructed at Fleetwood Ferry. Blackpool Corporation also gained all 41 trams from the tramroad.
A larger depot site was developed on Rigby Road in 1920 due to the original Blundell Street Depot having become too small. Rigby Road Depot was built in 1935. Along the line to Fleetwood, between Rossall and Broadwater a more direct line was built in 1925. The final tramway extension was in 1926, along the promenade to Clifton Drive at Starr Gate where a connection was made with Lytham St. Annes Corporation Tramways.
In the 1930s, manager Walter Luff, as part of a five-year plan for modernisation, introduced a fleet of modern streamlined tramcars including the enclosed Railcoaches, the single-deck open-topped Open Boats and the English Electric double-deck Luxury Dreadnoughts (later known as 'Balloons'). These formed the backbone of the fleet into the 21st century. In 1936, route closures began with the Central Drive and Layton routes. Lytham Road closed in 1961, Marton in 1962 and the tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station in 1963. Marton and Copse Road Depots closed in 1963 and Bispham Depot in 1966. This left the line from Starr Gate to Fleetwood, which remains. Blackpool Borough Council transferred the operation of the tramway and buses to Blackpool Transport Services Limited in 1986.
Blackpool was the only town in the UK that retained its trams and, between 1962 and 1992, it had the only urban tramway in the UK. (The last English city to lose its conventional trams was Sheffield in 1960. The last in the UK was Glasgow in 1962. The 1992 opening of the Manchester Metrolink heralded a revival.)
Difficult trading (1970s–2007)
During the 1970s, the tramway was struggling to remain open, so one-person-operated (OMO) tramcars were developed in order to reduce costs. This included rebuilding older tramcars into the OMO cars and Jubilee cars followed by the purchase of the Centenary cars.
Another innovation during the 1970s was the application of all-over adverts on tramcars to increase earnings. Advertising on Blackpool tramcars first appeared on the Conduit cars in the early years of the tramway, with upper deck decency panels utilised for this purpose. Some trams such as the Blackpool and Fleetwood Racks and Boxes had side panels fitted to the roof for advertising purposes. Various trams have since had adverts applied on the cab-ends and sides upon their liveries. In 1965, Coronation tram No. 310 was fitted with illuminated advert panels at the cab ends on the roof. This was followed by larger rectangular boxes in the 1960s on various Coronations, English Electric Railcoaches, Brush Railcoaches and OMO trams and remained a feature on some of them until the mid-1990s. In 2010, Brush Railcoach tram No. 632 had new advertising boxes fitted to recreate this feature. All-over adverts first appeared in 1975. Balloon tram No. 707 was the first tram to carry an all-over advert for Empire Pools. Brush Railcoach tram No. 622 was the first single-deck tram to carry an all-over advert for Blackpool Zoo in 1975. The English Electric Railcoaches, Brush Railcoaches, OMO trams and Centenary trams which carried adverts had their towers panelled over to provide more space for advertising. Various all-over adverts have since appeared on several tramcars.
Following the Government's pledge in 2000 to build 25 new tram networks by 2010, a £1billion bid for a Government grant was launched by Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council in 2002 to expand the tram network to St Annes to the south and new housing estates in Fleetwood to the north, with a possible further phase to Poulton-le-Fylde and Thornton. In 2004, campaigners behind the bid expressed disappointment that nothing had been done to take the plans forward in two years. By November 2007, there was no further development.
For the first time the entire tramway was closed in November 2007 for five months of essential repair work, the second phase of an £11.8million upgrade. In January 2007, the City Class 611 prototype "supertram" was being tested on the tramway when it caught fire as it approached Central Pier, causing extensive damage. The driver escaped when the electrical console in the cab reportedly blew up. The tram, manufactured by Merseyside based Tram Power, was being tested as part of a bid to replace the current trams. The tramcar was rebuilt at a cost of £150,000 but was not permitted to resume trials; it is currently scheduled to form part of a trial park and ride tram line in Preston. The same tram had derailed on 30 May 2006 at Starr Gate loop during previous trials. A Rail Accident Investigation Branch report stated that the derailment was due to wear and tear on the track with a contributory factor being the new type of running gear on the tram.
Upgrading of track and fleet (2012)
On 1 February 2008, it was announced that the Government had agreed to the joint BTS and Blackpool Council bid for funding toward the total upgrade of the track. The Government were to contribute £60.3M of the total £85.3M cost. Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council would each provide about £12.5M. The Government's decision meant that the entire tramway was upgraded and 16 Bombardier Flexity 2 trams replaced the fleet in 2012.
The tramway resurfacing works and construction of a tram shed at Starr Gate meant no trams operated south of the Pleasure Beach from 2009 until the new trams entered service in April 2012 and track work at Cleveleys halted services north of Little Bispham. A replacement bus service operated.
In 2011, the line voltage was raised to 600VDC in anticipation of the arrival of the new rolling stock. The last day of running for the traditional tram fleet was 6 November 2011. The tramway reopened on 4 April 2012 with Flexity 2 cars providing day to day services. Some of the traditional fleet has been retained and some restored, with unmodified trams being part of the 'Heritage Fleet' and modified, widened Balloon trams as part of the main fleet. The depot at Starr Gate houses the Flexity 2 fleet. Rigby Road Depot, near Manchester Square, is where the traditional trams are kept. Much work has been put in to make sure that the traditional trams have a safe future in Blackpool.
Current network
Routes
The tramway runs from Starr Gate in Blackpool in the south, to the Ferry Terminus in Fleetwood in the north, mostly along the Fylde Coast sea front, turning inland at Cleveleys for the last few miles before ending at the coast in Fleetwood. Some services, especially in busy periods such as during Blackpool Illuminations or on bank holidays, start or terminate short at Cleveleys, Little Bispham, Bispham, or the Pleasure Beach to allow a more intensive service through the centre of Blackpool. During the Illuminations, decorated trams carry passengers on the promenade along the illuminated area, running from Pleasure Beach to Bispham.
There are four loops: at Starr Gate (although not generally used during service), opposite the Pleasure Beach, Little Bispham and Fleetwood, as well as links to Rigby Road Depot.
The Flexity 2 trams now operate the main services, with modified English Electric Balloon double-deck trams available if necessary.
A 'heritage service' provided by unmodified, traditional trams operates on select weekdays, weekends, bank holidays and summer months, as well as on tours during the illuminations. They stop only at special 'heritage stops' next to normal tram stops at Pleasure Beach, North Pier, Cabin, Bispham, Cleveleys and Fleetwood Ferry. Temporary 'heritage stops' are also used for the traditional trams during select special events, such as at Starr Gate.
Frequencies
*Frequency is dependent on season and/or time of day.
Fleetwood Transport Festival
Each year the Fleetwood Transport Festival, known locally as Tram Sunday, is held on the third Sunday in July. It celebrated its 21st anniversary in 2005. It attracts thousands of visitors, and takes place on the full length of the main street, Lord Street. There are vintage tram rides from Fishermans Walk to Thornton Gate. In 2007, the festival, despite its popularity, was nearly cancelled due to a lack of support organising the day. A last-minute appeal for help resulted in the festival being saved.
Rolling stock
Current fleet
Blackpool Tramway has the following main operational fleet (as of July 2021):
The fleet is divided into three parts as regards Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations (RVAR): the 'A' fleet, of 18 Flexity 2 trams, fully compliant with the RVAR; the 'B' fleet, (originally) nine converted double-deck trams that have partial exemption through partial conversion to improve accessibility; and the 'C' fleet, the exempt heritage fleet.
The standard livery for the main fleet, introduced on the Flexity 2 trams, has purple fronts, with white sides, black window frames and a purple criss-cross pattern on the lower sides. Two of the modified Balloon trams have also been painted into the purple livery.
Bombardier Flexity 2
As part of the upgrade, 16 Bombardier Flexity 2 trams were ordered and were numbered 001–016. The worldwide launch of this type of tram including showing the first new tram occurred on 8 September 2011 at the new Starr Gate depot.
These state-of-the-art trams include many improvements, such as 100% step-free access from platform to tram, dedicated wheelchair spaces, higher seating and standing capacity, faster acceleration and quieter running. They have audio-visual 'next stop' displays.
Two further Flexity 2 units, numbered 017 and 018, arrived on 1 and 15 December 2017 respectively after being ordered to assist with service demands when the extension to Blackpool North railway station opens. They entered service on 4 March 2018.
The Flexity 2 trams are all accommodated at the depot at Starr Gate.
Modified 'Balloon' double-deck cars
Nine of the rebuilt Balloon cars numbered 700, 707, 709, 711, 713, 718, 719, 720 and 724, were modified, which included widening of the platforms between 2009 and 2012, so that they are compatible with the tram stop platforms and are available for both stage carriage duties, and as additional trams for the heritage service. Only four examples are now believed to be operational.
Heritage fleet
Blackpool has an extensive history of tramcars. A large fleet of vehicles that were retained from previous generations of the town's tramway operations, as well as some from other locations, are now operated as Blackpool Heritage Tram Tours.
The heritage tramcars mostly use the traditional green and cream livery of BTS in various styles from the 1930s to the 1990s, with some cars using red and cream/ white liveries and other assorted liveries. Some trams carry colourful all-over advertisements.
Infrastructure
Track
The route is made up of four different types of track:
Street running, open to all traffic – along Lord Street and North Albert Street in Fleetwood, and the soon-to-be-opened line to Blackpool North along Talbot Road in the town centre. There is also a stretch in Blackpool from Rigby Road Depot to the Promenade along Hopton Road and Lytham Road used for trams entering and leaving service only. A short stretch on the Promenade in Blackpool behind the Metropole Hotel was previously in this form, but was converted to reserved track during the 2011/12 tramway upgrade.
Paved reserved track alongside a road, open to pedestrians but not road traffic – along most of the route between Starr Gate and Cabin.
Reserved ballasted track, open to trams only – from Cabin to Rossall and along Radcliffe Road in Fleetwood.
Interurban style, not following a road and open to trams only – from Rossall to Radcliffe Road, Fleetwood.
Power supply
The tramcars are powered by 600VDC overhead line with electricity transmitted to the tramcars by pantograph and a few vintage trams by trolley pole.
Depots
There are two active depots:
Rigby Road Depot was built in 1935 and is still in use. It has a capacity of 108 trams. It was designed to replace the Bispham and Blundell Street depots and has been modernised several times. In 1955, tracks 15 to 18 were enclosed by a partition to be used as an electrical compound and in 1962, a tram-washing plant was built, along with the replacement of the roller-blind doors by folding aluminium doors. It has also been used to house some buses.
Starr Gate Depot was built in 2011 by VolkerFitzpatrick as part of the complete network refurbishment and cost £20M. It officially opened in Easter 2012 and has a maximum capacity of 20 articulated trams. It was built to house the first 16 Flexity 2 trams, including an additional two added to the fleet in 2017. An expansion with a public attraction to display heritage units was planned when Rigby Road Depot was due to be disposed of, but was not built, with Rigby Road Depot being retained for the heritage trams.
Previous depots
There were five further depots that are now closed, mainly demolished:
Bispham Depot was built in 1898 and extended in 1914 by Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company, to house 36 trams on six tracks. A substation was built to the side of the depot. The depot was used to receive pantograph cars in 1928 and Brush Railcoach cars in 1940. It closed on 27 October 1963 and was used as a store until the mid-1970s. It was demolished to make way for a Sainsbury's supermarket and the depot's headstone was installed at Crich's National Tramway Museum.
Bold Street Depot opened in January 1899 and had a capacity of four cars on two tracks. It was used only by the last two trams to Fleetwood in the evening and the first two trams in the morning. After Blackpool Corporation took over the tramroad in 1920, the depot was closed. Wires were taken down in 1924 when the Fleetwood loop was built. After World War II the depot was used by Fisherman's Friend. It was demolished in 1973 to make way for flats.
Blundell Street Depot opened in 1885 to house ten conduit trams. It was extended in 1894 and 1896 and in 1898 when the roof was raised to accommodate overhead wiring. After extension, the depot housed 45 trams on five tracks. The depot became a store in 1935 when the new central depot opened at Rigby Road. The inspection pits were filled in after World War II and after 1956 the building was used as a bus garage. The depot was reopened for trams in March 1963 after the closure of Marton depot. A new entrance was built in July 1964 but capacity was restricted by the presence of an ambulance station in the building. Following damage to the central roof caused by a gale, the depot was demolished on 4 November 1982.
Copse Road Depot was built in 1897 by the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company with six tracks, capable of housing 18 trams. It was originally used as a store and service depot. After passing to Blackpool Corporation Tramways it was used to dismantle old trams. Between 1925 and 1949 a line connected the depot with the railway and was used to shunt wagons. After Blackpool Corporation sold the depot, it was used as a car showroom. The substation still fed the Fleetwood line section during this time. The depot was demolished in 2016 after a scheme to convert the building into a tram museum failed, due to the poor condition of the building.
Marton Depot was built in 1901 to accommodate 50 trams. It was used for central routes but declined in use after the closure in 1936 of the Layton and Central Drive sections. It closed for tram use between 1939 and 1944 due to World War II and accommodated aircraft of the Vickers Aircraft Company. It closed on 11 March 1963, with the last car to leave being Standard car No. 48. The front half was demolished with the rear half in commercial use. A petrol station is now on the site.
Fares and ticketing
Tickets are purchased from the conductor on board, with daily, three-day, seven-day and monthly 'saver' tickets also available, which can be used on trams (excluding heritage trams) and Blackpool Transport buses. Heritage tram tickets are available for a round trip tour between Pleasure Beach and Cabin. Family day tickets are also available (one adult and four children, or two adults and three children). In addition to heritage tours, heritage day tickets can also be used on all Blackpool Transport trams and buses as well as autumn illumination tours.
National Rail tickets to Blackpool stations with a Plusbus add-on includes unlimited tram travel between Thornton Gate and Starr Gate.
Corporate affairs
Ownership and structure
The Tramway is operated by Blackpool Transport Services Limited (BTS), which was set up in accordance with the provisions of the Transport Act 1985, and operates passenger transport service in the Fylde coast area through its bus and tram operations. BTS is wholly owned by Blackpool Council, which leases the tramway and associated premises to BTS.
Business trends
Full financial and operational figures are not published for Blackpool Tramways. Blackpool Council, and its operating subsidiary Blackpool Transport Services Limited, both produce annual accounts, but figures for the tram operations are not shown separately. The key available trends in recent years for Blackpool Tramway are (years ending 31 March):
Activities in the financial year 2020/21 were severely reduced by the impact of the coronavirus pandemic; the shortfall in fare income was funded by a grant from the UK central government's Department for Transport.
Future developments
An extension of the tramway along Talbot Road to Blackpool North railway station is under construction. Enabling work began on 6 November 2017, with a temporary terminus following the demolition of a homeware store in September 2020 and testing began on 16 March 2022, with a goal of fully operation in late 2022 or early 2023. A new tram terminal will be provided as part of the project, where an underpass will provide access to the rail network.
There have been several proposals for further extensions of the tramway, most notably along the South Fylde Line (to Lytham St Annes) and the Fleetwood Branch Line (to Poulton-le-Fylde). Blackpool Council, Fylde Council and Wyre Council have each applied for £800,000 in order to pursue a feasibility study which would investigate a "Tram Loop" proposal encompassing the two branch lines.
Popular culture
In a 1989 episode of the television soap opera Coronation Street, character Alan Bradley was killed when he was hit by a Bispham-bound tram outside the Strand Hotel on North Promenade.
Accidents and incidents
On 22 July 1980, Balloon trams 705 and 706 collided head-on on the turning loop at the Pleasure Beach. 705 was bound for Starr Gate whilst 706 was stationary on the loop. 705 was on the wrong line due to the points being incorrectly set and ran into 706, about to depart for Fleetwood. Both trams were severely damaged and 6 people were injured, including driver Darrell Pierre, then the only full-time black employee at Blackpool Transport. 705 was scrapped, the only Balloon to meet this fate until 2009 when 722 was scrapped due to collision damage. 706 was rebuilt as an open-topped Balloon. A County Court judgement in 1982 found that Blackpool Corporation were 80% to blame for the collision, contrary to initial reports implicating Pierre; however, Pierre did not get his name cleared until November 2010, 15 months after his death.
On 13 March 2004, Centenary tram 644 derailed and collided with a wall on the promenade near Gynn Square. One of the poles from the Illuminations had been deliberately placed in the groove of the left-hand rail of the northbound line. 644 narrowly missed a pedestrian walking along the promenade and went through the wall, knocking debris onto the walkway below. The tram was balancing on the wall, but did not fall off.
On 24 January 2007, Citytram prototype 611, while undergoing a trial run, caught fire near Foxhall, causing severe damage to one end of the cab. No-one was injured, but it did not return to Blackpool when repaired.
On 5 August 2009, a pedestrian, Maureen Foxwell age 70, was killed by a speeding driver at a designated crossing. The driver, who was travelling at over three times the speed limit near tram stops of , was sentenced to 15 months in prison.
On 4 April 2012, on the very first day of Flexity 2 operation, tram 006 working the very first journey with passengers derailed at Fleetwood Ferry due to a buildup of sand in the groove of both tracks.
On 24 September 2016, BTS heritage tram 272 caught fire due to failure of the rubber insulation on one of its cables; all of its passengers and staff were unhurt, except for a conductor who injured his hand breaking a glass panel to access a fire extinguisher.
On 24 November 2021 a pedestrian was in a collision with a tram in Fleetwood Road just south of the Anchorsholme Lane stop, later dying from his injuries. The Rail Accident Investigation Branch report a year later found that insufficient lighting meant the tram driver did not see the pedestrian, and that it was unclear why the pedestrian was not apparently aware of the tram's presence.
Gallery
See also
List of Blackpool Tramway tram stops
Light Rail Transit Association
List of modern tramway and light rail systems in the United Kingdom
List of town tramway systems in the United Kingdom
Public transport in the Fylde
Maley & Taunton
Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
Trams in Europe
References
Further reading
External links
Lancastrian Transport Trust
Fylde Tramway Society
600 V DC railway electrification
Heritage streetcar systems
Standard gauge railways in England
Tourist attractions in Blackpool
Tram transport in England
Tramways with double-decker trams
Transport in Blackpool
Transport in Lancashire
Railway lines opened in 1885
1885 establishments in England |
Forza Motorsport 2 is a 2007 simulation racing video game developed by Turn 10 Studios for the Xbox 360 console. It is the second title in the Forza series, and is the sequel to the original Forza Motorsport (2005) and was followed by Forza Motorsport 3 (2009).
Gameplay
Forza Motorsport 2 is a simulation racing video game on the Xbox 360 and the sequel to Forza Motorsport, which was released for the Xbox in 2005. Players compete in events around the globe using real licensed cars on a variety of real-world and fictional courses. It features an arcade mode, meant more for quickplay of races, and a career mode, which is focused on long-term play. Career mode spans several racing disciplines, spanning from racing of common commuter cars to those in racing series such as Super GT and Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters as well as other sports car racing series. The game supports split-screen, System Link and Xbox Live multiplayer gaming. Split-screen allows two-player head-to-head racing, while both System Link and Xbox Live allow up to eight players to participate in a single race. Using Xbox Live, players can also buy in-game cars through the game's auction house, sell and 'gift' cars.
Most cars in Forza 2 can be visually customized with both aerodynamic parts as well as graphics. 1,000 layers of graphics can be created with the livery editor to draw shapes, letters and pictures onto a car. According to the developer, it is preventing possible copyright conflicts, also reducing loads in online races. Paint schemes can be auctioned online to other players for in-game credits. Many players reproduced paint schemes appeared in real world, or creating Itashas through this system. There are 349 cars available (including downloadable content) in Forza Motorsport 2. They are divided into six production classes and four race classes. A car's class can limit races for which it is eligible. The final list of cars was revealed on April 20, 2007. Famous racing car drivers from racing series such as Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, Formula One and Le Mans Series will appear in exhibition races if the player selects racing cars for the race. Some drivers include Allan McNish, Pedro Lamy, Johnny Herbert, Max Papis, Kamui Kobayashi, Satoshi Motoyama, Yuji Ide, Teppei Natori, Tommy Archer, Seiji Ara, Masahiko Kageyama, Alain Menu, Luc Alphand and Christophe Bouchut. Developers of the Forza series also appear in certain races, such as Dan Greenawalt and Michael Caviezel.
Forza Motorsport 2 concentrates on circuit racing; point to point races which were featured in the original Forza Motorsport have been removed. Real world tracks Road Atlanta, Silverstone, Laguna Seca, Tsukuba, Mugello Circuit, Sebring International Raceway, Suzuka Circuit, and Nürburgring Nordschleife are licensed and included. Forza 2 is also one of the first racing games to prominently feature cars from the American Le Mans Series in both the game and downloadable content.
The damage and physics in the game have been revamped over the previous game, allowing for multiple settings: "simulation," which is the most severe, allowing for damage that can take a car out of commission; "limited," which scales down the severity of impact of crashes; and "cosmetic," where the damage is merely visual. The damage ratings for each part of the vehicle can be seen on the HUD (heads up display) accessed from the in-game menu. New for Forza 2 are scoreboards similar to those found in Halo 2. Each user can log into the official website for Forza 2 using their Xbox Live account. In addition to leaderboards, features included are online auctions for in-game cars. Cars purchased through auctions will come with all statistics related to that car such as mileage, total repair cost incurred, number of previous owners, etc. Other features include tournament scheduling and the ability to take in-game photos and upload to and view five at a time on the Forza 2 website.
Development and marketing
The Microsoft Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel was developed in alongside Forza Motorsport 2 and is designed to work with the game. Professional racers playtested the wheel to aid the development in trying to achieve realistic features and settings. Forza Motorsport 2 features force feedback with the use of the Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel. Forza 2 runs at 60 frames per second in 720p resolution (HD), with replays running at 30 frames per second to accommodate additional after-effects.
The Forza Motorsport 2 audio team set out to create a more realistic soundtrack that improves gameplay, immerses the player, and changes with car customization. They recorded actual cars on dynos with an array of microphones. To implement the audio, they matched the sample loops to engine speeds and used DSP techniques to enhance the sound. Additional recording was done on turbochargers, superchargers, straight-cut gears, tires, and collisions.
On August 1, 2007, the first downloadable content for the game was released, the "Nissan Tournament Pack", free of charge. It featured three Nissan cars. A second downloadable content was also made available containing a paintable Peugeot 908 race car. On September 21, 2007, the "September Car Pack" was released, containing 11 individual cars. On October 26, 2007, the "Motegi Track Pack" was released, featuring a new downloadable track, Twin Ring Motegi. The track is playable in the form of four variations, including three road courses and an oval. On December 7, 2007, two packs of downloadable content were released, the first being the Road America track and the second being the "December Car Pack" featuring 11 cars. On March 19, 2008, the "March Car Pack" was made released, in the form of 13 individual cars. Download content for Forza Motorsport 2 is no longer supported.
Forza Motorsport 2 was released in three editions: the regular edition, the Limited Collector's Edition and the platinum hits edition. The Limited Edition features a 157-page booklet containing insider details on the game as well as tips on how to obtain the game's Achievements. Car manufacturer detail is also provided along with three Limited Collector's Edition-exclusive cars. The three cars are the Subaru Impreza S204, Saleen S281E, and Challenge Stradale. Various online game stores also offered a bonus code to unlock the Nissan 350Z featured on promotional pictures with preorder purchase. The Limited Collector's Edition was available in Australia, Asia, Canada and Europe, but not in the United States. A special edition titled Forza Motorsport 2 Platinum Hits was released for the North American market on August 19, 2008. This edition includes a bonus disc containing the cars and tracks available as downloadable content at the time of its release, the cars of the Limited Collector's Edition and the Nissan 350Z originally offered as a preorder bonus.
Reception
Forza Motorsport 2 received a Platinum sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.
The game received "universal acclaim" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of all four nines for a total of 36 out of 40. In Australia, Hypers Dirk Watch commended the game for its "excellent handling and fantastic customization". However, he noted that the game was "not particularly user friendly and feels almost identical to Forza".
References
External links
2007 video games
Esports games
Forza
Microsoft games
Multiplayer online games
Racing video games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in California
Video games set in England
Video games set in Florida
Video games set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Sports video games set in Germany
Sports video games set in Italy
Sports video games set in Japan
Video games set in New Hampshire
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in Washington (state)
Video games set in Wisconsin
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360-only games |
Autódromo José Carlos Bassi is a street circuit located in Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina.
History
The circuit was named after José Carlos Bassi, who was also responsible for the nearby circuits in San Luis Province, Autódromo Rosendo Hernández and Potrero de los Funes Circuit. It is located around Estadio Único de Villa Mercedes. When the circuit is not used for racing, the paddock area is used as the parking lot for the stadium.
The circuit is notable for its width; the main straight is wide, tapering to for the rest of the layout.
The circuit was inaugurated on 12–14 May 2017 with Turismo Carretera. Until 2022, it hosted national events, such as Turismo Carretera and Turismo Nacional. In March 2023, it was announced that the circuit will host TCR World Tour and TCR South America events in August 2023.
Lap records
As of August 2023, the fastest official race lap records at the Autódromo José Carlos Bassi are listed as:
References
Motorsport venues in San Luis Province
2017 establishments in Argentina |
```c
* All rights reserved.
*
* This package is an SSL implementation written
* by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
* The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
*
* This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
* the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions
* apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
* lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation
* included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
* except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
*
* the code are not to be removed.
* If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
* as the author of the parts of the library used.
* This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
* in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
* must display the following acknowledgement:
* "This product includes cryptographic software written by
* Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
* The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
* being used are not cryptographic related :-).
* 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
* the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:
* "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
* derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be
* copied and put under another distribution licence
* [including the GNU Public Licence.] */
#include <openssl/asn1.h>
#include <openssl/cipher.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <openssl/obj.h>
#include <openssl/x509.h>
#include "internal.h"
long X509_get_version(const X509 *x509) {
// The default version is v1(0).
if (x509->cert_info->version == NULL) {
return X509_VERSION_1;
}
return ASN1_INTEGER_get(x509->cert_info->version);
}
int X509_set_version(X509 *x, long version) {
if (x == NULL) {
return 0;
}
if (version < X509_VERSION_1 || version > X509_VERSION_3) {
OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(X509, X509_R_INVALID_VERSION);
return 0;
}
// v1(0) is default and is represented by omitting the version.
if (version == X509_VERSION_1) {
ASN1_INTEGER_free(x->cert_info->version);
x->cert_info->version = NULL;
return 1;
}
if (x->cert_info->version == NULL) {
x->cert_info->version = ASN1_INTEGER_new();
if (x->cert_info->version == NULL) {
return 0;
}
}
return ASN1_INTEGER_set_int64(x->cert_info->version, version);
}
int X509_set_serialNumber(X509 *x, const ASN1_INTEGER *serial) {
if (serial->type != V_ASN1_INTEGER && serial->type != V_ASN1_NEG_INTEGER) {
OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_WRONG_TYPE);
return 0;
}
ASN1_INTEGER *in;
if (x == NULL) {
return 0;
}
in = x->cert_info->serialNumber;
if (in != serial) {
in = ASN1_INTEGER_dup(serial);
if (in != NULL) {
ASN1_INTEGER_free(x->cert_info->serialNumber);
x->cert_info->serialNumber = in;
}
}
return in != NULL;
}
int X509_set_issuer_name(X509 *x, X509_NAME *name) {
if ((x == NULL) || (x->cert_info == NULL)) {
return 0;
}
return (X509_NAME_set(&x->cert_info->issuer, name));
}
int X509_set_subject_name(X509 *x, X509_NAME *name) {
if ((x == NULL) || (x->cert_info == NULL)) {
return 0;
}
return (X509_NAME_set(&x->cert_info->subject, name));
}
int X509_set1_notBefore(X509 *x, const ASN1_TIME *tm) {
ASN1_TIME *in;
if ((x == NULL) || (x->cert_info->validity == NULL)) {
return 0;
}
in = x->cert_info->validity->notBefore;
if (in != tm) {
in = ASN1_STRING_dup(tm);
if (in != NULL) {
ASN1_TIME_free(x->cert_info->validity->notBefore);
x->cert_info->validity->notBefore = in;
}
}
return in != NULL;
}
int X509_set_notBefore(X509 *x, const ASN1_TIME *tm) {
return X509_set1_notBefore(x, tm);
}
const ASN1_TIME *X509_get0_notBefore(const X509 *x) {
return x->cert_info->validity->notBefore;
}
ASN1_TIME *X509_getm_notBefore(X509 *x) {
// Note this function takes a const |X509| pointer in OpenSSL. We require
// non-const as this allows mutating |x|. If it comes up for compatibility,
// we can relax this.
return x->cert_info->validity->notBefore;
}
ASN1_TIME *X509_get_notBefore(const X509 *x509) {
// In OpenSSL, this function is an alias for |X509_getm_notBefore|, but our
// |X509_getm_notBefore| is const-correct. |X509_get_notBefore| was
// originally a macro, so it needs to capture both get0 and getm use cases.
return x509->cert_info->validity->notBefore;
}
int X509_set1_notAfter(X509 *x, const ASN1_TIME *tm) {
ASN1_TIME *in;
if ((x == NULL) || (x->cert_info->validity == NULL)) {
return 0;
}
in = x->cert_info->validity->notAfter;
if (in != tm) {
in = ASN1_STRING_dup(tm);
if (in != NULL) {
ASN1_TIME_free(x->cert_info->validity->notAfter);
x->cert_info->validity->notAfter = in;
}
}
return in != NULL;
}
int X509_set_notAfter(X509 *x, const ASN1_TIME *tm) {
return X509_set1_notAfter(x, tm);
}
const ASN1_TIME *X509_get0_notAfter(const X509 *x) {
return x->cert_info->validity->notAfter;
}
ASN1_TIME *X509_getm_notAfter(X509 *x) {
// Note this function takes a const |X509| pointer in OpenSSL. We require
// non-const as this allows mutating |x|. If it comes up for compatibility,
// we can relax this.
return x->cert_info->validity->notAfter;
}
ASN1_TIME *X509_get_notAfter(const X509 *x509) {
// In OpenSSL, this function is an alias for |X509_getm_notAfter|, but our
// |X509_getm_notAfter| is const-correct. |X509_get_notAfter| was
// originally a macro, so it needs to capture both get0 and getm use cases.
return x509->cert_info->validity->notAfter;
}
void X509_get0_uids(const X509 *x509, const ASN1_BIT_STRING **out_issuer_uid,
const ASN1_BIT_STRING **out_subject_uid) {
if (out_issuer_uid != NULL) {
*out_issuer_uid = x509->cert_info->issuerUID;
}
if (out_subject_uid != NULL) {
*out_subject_uid = x509->cert_info->subjectUID;
}
}
int X509_set_pubkey(X509 *x, EVP_PKEY *pkey) {
if ((x == NULL) || (x->cert_info == NULL)) {
return 0;
}
return (X509_PUBKEY_set(&(x->cert_info->key), pkey));
}
const STACK_OF(X509_EXTENSION) *X509_get0_extensions(const X509 *x) {
return x->cert_info->extensions;
}
const X509_ALGOR *X509_get0_tbs_sigalg(const X509 *x) {
return x->cert_info->signature;
}
X509_PUBKEY *X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(const X509 *x509) {
return x509->cert_info->key;
}
``` |
The Gigantinho ("Little Giant" in Portuguese) is a sports arena in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
The sixth largest arena in the country, it was opened on 4 November 1973. It is located in the riverside Beira-Rio complex of Sport Club Internacional, next to the "Gigante" ("Giant") stadium. Covering 7,200 square meters, the arena includes an indoor football pitch. The capacity of the gym is 12,864 people for games and 14,586 for concerts. Eleven cabins are set aside for the press. There are thirteen bathrooms (six women, six men and one for the disabled), six changing rooms, and eleven bars. The gym houses the Foundation for Education and Culture of SCI (FECI), where the library is located.
The Gigantinho has hosted numerous events and concerts, as well as the World Social Forum and the World Forum on Education.
Concerts
Many concerts have been held at the arena during recent years, including:
External links
Arena information
Indoor arenas in Brazil
Sports venues in Rio Grande do Sul |
John Page Moseley, sometimes credited as Page Mosely, is an American actor who appeared on the daytime television soap opera Santa Barbara as Dylan Hartley from 1985 to 1986. Moseley is also known for his roles in horror films during the 1980s, such as Girls Nite Out (1984), Open House (1987), Edge of the Axe (1988), and The Jigsaw Murders (1989).
Early years
Moseley was born in Mooresville, North Carolina. After graduating from the North Carolina School of The Arts with a BFA in Theatre, he moved to New York City.
Career
Moseley appeared in numerous Off Broadway theatrical productions. In 1984, Page moved to Los Angeles after landing a role on daytime's "Santa Barbara". Two years later, Page started his own entertainment company, Pager Inc., that helped promote small theater productions in and around Winston-Salem and Charlotte, North Carolina. At the same time, he also made numerous guest appearances on various television series in the 1980s and 1990s. He gave up acting in Hollywood in 1995 to venture into the financial loan business as an agent in Van Nuys, California.
Filmography
References
External links
Living people
American male television actors
American male film actors
Male actors from North Carolina
People from Mooresville, North Carolina
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Humanitas may refer to:
The word , created by Cicero to describe a good human
Humanitas (publishing house), a Romanian publishing house
Humanitas (journal)
Humanitas Prize, an award given to motion pictures and television shows
Humanitas University, a private medical school in Rozzano (Milan), Italy
HUMANITAS (Grand Lodge), a German grand lodge in the Liberal Masonic tradition
The Humanitas Programme, a series of Visiting Professorships at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge |
The Farley Hills are a mountain range in Baker County, Oregon.
References
Mountain ranges of Oregon
Mountain ranges of Baker County, Oregon |
In enzymology, a 6-hydroxynicotinate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinate + oxidized ferredoxin 6-hydroxynicotinate + reduced ferredoxin
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinate and oxidized ferredoxin, whereas its two products are 6-hydroxynicotinate and reduced ferredoxin.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 6-oxotetrahydronicotinate dehydrogenase, 6-hydroxynicotinic reductase, HNA reductase, and 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase.
References
EC 1.3.7
Enzymes of unknown structure |
The Wujiang Viaduct is a long viaduct in Wujiangzhen, Zunyi County, Guizhou, China. The bridge was opened in 2008 and has a main span of over the Wu River. The bridge is above the river below and forms part of G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway between Zunyi and Guiyang. Before the viaduct was constructed traffic had to descend into the valley and cross the Zunyi Bridge.
See also
Zunyi Bridge
List of tallest bridges in the world
External links
http://highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Wujiang_Bridge_Lanhai
Box girder bridges in China
Bridges in Guizhou
Bridges completed in 2008 |
The Hebrew dictionary by Avraham Even-Shoshan, commonly known as the Even-Shoshan Dictionary, was first published (1948–1952) as " (milon ḥadash, A New Dictionary), later (1966–1970) as (hamilon heḥadash, The New Dictionary), and finally (2003, well after his death) as (milon even-shoshan, The Even-Shoshan Dictionary').
Contents
The Even-Shoshan Dictionary is written fully vowelized, and not just in ktiv maleh, because ktiv maleh may change the meaning slightly. For example, in the word "להניח" ('lehaniach'), if the ה ('heh') has a patach under it, it means "to cause rest;" while if it has a kamatz under it, it means "to place."
The dictionary contains over 70,000 words and includes etymological information, displaying roots and Aramaic, Akkadian, Arabic or Ugaritic cognates.
Online editions
An online edition is available with the application Babylon, and freely through the default Dictionary applications on Apple devices. Google also displays Even-Shoshan's dictionary entries when using the "define:''" operator: definition of the word עברית.
References
Hebrew dictionaries
1948 non-fiction books |
Onekama Township is a civil township of Manistee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,338 at the 2020 census.
Communities
The village of Onekama is located in the southeast part of the township, on the northeast side of Portage Lake. The Onekama ZIP code 49675 serves southern and central portions of the township.
Pierport is an unincorporated community in the northwest part of the township at . In 1866, the Turnersport Pier Company built a pier here on Lake Michigan to ship wood. The place was at first known as "Turnersport" and was given a post office with that name in August 1868. Charles W. Perry from Vermont first came here in 1868. He bought the property in 1871 and developed the settlement. The settlement was renamed "Pierport", and the post office was renamed in June 1872. It was also known as "Perry's Pier". The post office operated seasonally during the summer from 1929 until closing in December 1933.
Portage Point is an unincorporated summer resort in the southwest part of the township.
Red Park is an unincorporated community in the township on the south shore of Portage Lake.
Wick-A-Te-Wah is an unincorporated summer resort in the township on the south shore of Portage Lake.
Williamsport was a historical settlement in the southwest part of the township.
Crescent Beach is located on the southwestern shore of Portage Lake and stretches from Red Park to Williamsport.
Summer camps
In addition to the summer communities, there are a number of well-known summer camps associated with schools or church denominations. These include:
Camp Tosebo on the south side of Portage Lake
Little Eden on the north side of Portage Lake
Portage Lake Covenant Bible Camp on the southeastern side of Portage Lake
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which are land and , or 21.4%, are water.
The natural spring Old Facefull is located just outside of town.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,514 people, 603 households, and 414 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 1,117 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 92.80% White, 0.07% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 5.68% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.91% of the population.
There were 603 households, out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.69.
In the township the population was spread out, with 21.7% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $39,792, and the median income for a family was $51,042. Males had a median income of $35,375 versus $19,625 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,919. About 6.0% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Townships in Manistee County, Michigan
Townships in Michigan |
Julius Gustav Albert "Bert" Schneider (July 1, 1897 – February 20, 1986) was a Canadian welterweight boxer who competed in the early 1920s.
He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, was raised in Montreal, and was Jewish.
Schneider's greatest success was as an amateur, winning the welterweight gold medal in boxing at the 1920 Summer Olympics with a win over British boxer Alexander Ireland in the final. Schneider was the first Canadian to win an Olympic boxing gold medal. Only two other Canadian boxers have achieved that feat in all the years since: Horace Gwynne in 1932 and Lennox Lewis in 1988.
Olympic results
The following matches were fought by gold medallist Bert Schneider at the 1920 Antwerp Olympics:
Round of 32: bye
Round of 16: defeated Joseph Thomas (South Africa)
Quarterfinal: defeated Aage Steen (Norway)
Semifinal: defeated Frederick Colberg (USA)
Final: defeated Alexander Ireland (Great Britain) - won gold medal
All matches were contested between August 21 and 24, 1920 at the Amphitheater of the Antwerp Zoo.
Pro career
He turned professional early the next year. According to BoxRec.com, his career record as a professional was 17-17-2 with 6 KOs.
Honors
Schneider is a member of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
References
External links
1897 births
1986 deaths
Canadian male boxers
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Canada
Boxers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Boxers from Cleveland
Boxers from Montreal
American emigrants to Canada
American male boxers
Jewish Canadian sportspeople
Jewish boxers |
Hypocalymma ericifolium is a member of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The erect shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between August and November producing cream-white flowers.
It is found along the coast in seasonally wet flat areas in the South West and Great Southern regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy soils.
References
ericifolium
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1867 |
The 9th Asian Junior Table Tennis Championships 2003 were held in Hyderabad, India, from 2 to 7 September 2003. It was organised by the Table Tennis Federation of India under the authority of the Asian Table Tennis Union (ATTU) and International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).
Medal summary
Events
Medal table
See also
2003 World Junior Table Tennis Championships
Asian Table Tennis Championships
Asian Table Tennis Union
References
Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships
Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships
Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships
Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships
Table tennis competitions in India
International sports competitions hosted by India
Asian Junior and Cadet Table Tennis Championships |
Paul Anthony Brown (born 13 May 1965) is a former English cricketer. Brown was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Crediton, Devon.
In 1981, Brown he made his debut for Devon in the Minor Counties Championship against Oxfordshire. From 1981 to 1990, Brown represented Devon in 17 Championship matches, the last of which came against Wiltshire. In 1986, he made his List A debut for the county against Nottinghamshire in the 1st round of the 1986 NatWest Trophy. He played 2 further List A matches, against Nottinghamshire in the 1st round of the 1988 NatWest Trophy and Somerset in the 1st round of the 1990 NatWest Trophy. In those 3 matches, he scored 93 with a half century high score of 67*. Two out of his three innings were unbeaten. With the ball he took 2 wickets at a bowling average of 66.00, with best figures of 2/49. In the season following his List A debut, Brown made his MCCA Knockout Trophy debut against Dorset. He played one further Trophy match in 1990, his last, against Lincolnshire.
References
External links
Paul Brown at ESPNcricinfo
Paul Brown at CricketArchive
1965 births
Living people
People from Crediton
English cricketers
Devon cricketers
Cricketers from Devon |
The 2021 TC America Series Powered by Skip Barber Racing School was the third season of the TC America Series. The season began on 5 March at Sonoma Raceway and ended on 17 October at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
In a change from the 2020 series, the TCR class, already racing in several other North American series, left TC America. It was replaced by the one-make TCX class based on the BMW M2 CS Racing Cup that races as part of the Nürburgring Endurance Series.
Calendar
The final calendar was announced on 3 October 2020, featuring seven rounds. The round at Canadian Tire Motorsports Park was later canceled. In June, Sebring International Raceway was announced as the CTMP round's replacement.
Entry list
Footnotes
Race results
Bold indicates overall winner.
Championship standings
Scoring system
Championship points are awarded for the first ten positions in each race. Entries are required to complete 75% of the winning car's race distance in order to be classified and earn points. Individual drivers are required to participate for a minimum of 25 minutes in order to earn championship points in any SprintX race.
Drivers' championship
† Half points were awarded for both races at VIR after the two events completed less than 75% of the scheduled distance.
Teams' championship
† Half points were awarded for both races at VIR after the two events completed less than 75% of the scheduled distance.
References
External links
TC |
Saint Francis Church, in Fort Kochi (Fort Cochin), Kochi, originally built in 1503, is one of the oldest European churches in India and has great historical significance as a witness to the European colonial ambitions in the subcontinent. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama died in Kochi in 1524 when he was on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church, but after fourteen years his remains were moved to Lisbon and now located at Jerónimos Monastery.
History
Vasco da Gama, who discovered the sea route from Europe to India, landed at Kappad near Kozhikode (Calicut) in 1498. He was followed by Pedro Álvares Cabral and Afonso de Albuquerque. They built Fort Emmanuel at the Fort Kochi Beach with permission from the Raja of Cochin. Within the fort, they built a church with a wooden structure, which was dedicated to St. Bartholomew. The neighbourhood is now known as Fort Kochi. Francisco de Almeida, the Portuguese viceroy, was allowed, in 1506, by the Raja of Cochin to reconstruct wooden buildings in stone and masonry.
The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama died in Kochi in 1524 on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church, but after fourteen years his remains were moved to Lisbon.
The Franciscans retained control over the church till the Dutch captured Kochi in 1663. While the Portuguese were Roman Catholics, and the Netherlands had Catholic and Protestant citizens, the Dutch government and Colonialists were Protestant. They demolished all the churches except this one. They reconditioned it and converted it into a government church.
See also
Christianity in India
Church of South India
Kochi Diocese of the Church of South India
References
External links
St Francis Church;Colonial History of India in Stone
Churches in Kochi
Colonial Kerala
16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India
Church of South India church buildings in India
Churches completed in 1503
Churches completed in 1516
1500s establishments in Portuguese India
1510s establishments in Portuguese India
Religious organizations established in the 1500s
Archaeological sites in Kerala
Portuguese in Kerala
Portuguese colonial architecture in India
Baroque church buildings in India
Monuments of National Importance in Kerala
Tourist attractions in Kochi |
Mary Constance Elphinstone Wemyss (née Lutyens; 14 January 1868 – 15 March 1951) was an English novelist who published her work under the name of Mrs George Wemyss.
Early life
Wemyss was born in Kensington, Middlesex, one of the thirteen children of Captain Charles Henry Augustus Lutyens (1829–1915), a soldier and painter, and Mary Theresa Gallwey (c. 1832–1906) from Killarney, Ireland. She was baptised as Mary Constance Elphinstone on 20 February 1868 at St Paul's, Onslow Square, Kensington. The Lutyens family was then living at 16, Onslow Square.
The older sister of Edwin Lutyens, she grew up in Thursley, Surrey.
Life and career
On 6 March 1890, at Holy Trinity Brompton, Knightsbridge, aged 22 and still living at 16, Onslow Square, Mary Lutyens married George Wemyss, a captain in the West Yorkshire Regiment, who gave his father's name as Frederick Augustus von Wachsmann. The Rev. H. W. Webb-Peploe, Vicar of St Paul's, Onslow Square, officiated. George Wemyss had been born in New Zealand.
Wemyss published at least twelve novels between 1910 and 1919. Already by 1914 her work was the subject of interest in the United States.
Reviewing her Oranges and Lemons in 1919, Punch noted
The New York Times also reviewed Oranges and Lemons, summing it up as “A CONVENTIONAL and mildly — very mildly — amusing little story”.
In 1939, at the outbreak of the Second World War, George and Mary Wemyss were living together near Stroud, Gloucestershire. He was a retired Major, while she was noted as having private means. In their household were a butler, a cook, a lady's maid, and two housemaids. George Wemyss died at home at Atcombe Court, Woodchester, Gloucestershire, in March 1944, leaving an estate valued at £22,920. His widow survived him until 15 March 1951, dying at 16, Albert Hall Mansions, Kensington. Probate on her estate valued it at £54,699.
Bibliography
All about All of Us (London: J.M. Dent & Co., 1901)
The Professional Aunt, by Mrs George Wemyss (London: Constable, 1910)
Things We Thought Of: told from a child's point of view (London: Constable & Co., 1911)
Prudent Priscilla, by Mrs George Wemyss (1912; reprinted by Palala Press, 2016, )
A Lost Interest, by Mrs George Wemyss (London: Constable & Co., 1912, illustrated by Balliol Salmon; Toronto: McClelland and Goodchild, 1912)
Grannie for Granted (London: Constable, 1914, )
Jaunty in Charge, by Mrs George Wemyss (New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1915; reprinted by Forgotten Books (2018),
Petunia, by Mrs George Wemyss (1916; reprinted by Wentworth Press, 2019, )
Impossible People, by Mrs George Wemyss (London: Constable & Co., 1918)
People of Popham, by Mrs George Wemyss (1919)
Oranges and Lemons (1919)
Tubby and the others (London: Blackie, 1935, for children )
Notes
External links
The Professional Aunt by Mary C. E. Wemyss, Project Gutenberg Release #5736
Things We Thought Of: told from a child's point of view, HathiTrust
1868 births
1951 deaths
English women novelists
20th-century English women writers
Lutyens family |
The Plastics 2020 Challenge is a campaign to reduce the quantity of plastic waste sent to landfill. In 2009, the plastics industry, PlasticsEurope, the Packaging and Films Association (PAFA) and the British Plastics Federation (BPF), launched its Plastics 2020 Challenge campaign in the UK to challenge itself, consumers and government to step up resource efficiency and stop sending plastic materials to landfill. The Plastics 2020 Challenge was named runner-up "Campaign of the Year" for 2009 by Packaging News.
Pledges
The industry is pledging several commitments including to help double the recycling rate of plastic packaging in the UK by the year 2020 and the diversion of plastics from landfill.
Plastic recycling
Plastics are too valuable a resource to send to landfill at their end of life. Industry wants these materials back to recycle whenever possible. When plastics cannot be sustainably recycled such non-recyclable plastics provides a valuable energy resource for thermal process, contributing to energy security and displacing virgin fossil fuels.
Call for action
The plastics industry cannot achieve this alone, and calls on policy makers and the value chain to work with them in achieving its goal, thereby increasing the UK's resource efficiency and creating new jobs in the Green sector.
Sponsors
The Plastics 2020 Challenge is sponsored by three organisations:
PlasticsEurope
British Plastics Federation (BPF)
Packaging and Films Association (PAFA)
See also
Plastic recycling
Reuse of water bottles
Waste Implementation Programme
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
References
External links
2009 in the environment
Recycling in the United Kingdom
Plastic recycling |
A News (originally known as A-Channel News) is the name of local newscasts on the A television system in Canada owned by CHUM Limited and CTVglobemedia. A News programming was produced in markets which were not directly served by a local CTV News or CityNews service.
The cable-only A Atlantic service in Atlantic Canada did not produce its own A News programming, but instead presently airs CTV News programming from CTV Atlantic, although the station did produce a local morning show, Breakfast Television and was subsequently re-branded to CTV Morning Live on August 29, 2011. Due to the effects of the 2009 economic crisis, the A station in Ottawa cancelled all A News programming in March 2009, but continued to produce a local morning show, A Morning which was also re-branded as CTV Morning Live on August 29, 2011.
Throughout its earlier existence, the newscasts were formatted after its long-standing station, CITY-TV in Toronto in which the anchors read the news standing up and walking around the studio since there were no news desks.
When A re-launched as CTV Two on August 29, 2011, newscasts on the A stations were re-branded as CTV News and longer have separate identities, although the stations have retained the same editorial independence.
Atlantic
As a holdover from the ASN era, A Atlantic simulcasted news programs from CTV Atlantic, and it was the only A station that does not air any A News-branded programs. It also aired a local version of Breakfast Television, a holdover from when it was owned by CHUM Limited.
Barrie
A-Channel News on CKVR-TV in Barrie was anchored by Tony Grace and Jayne Pritchard weekdays at 6 p.m., by Jayne Pritchard weekdays at 11 p.m., and anchored by Chris Lesage on weekends at 6 p.m. and 11 p.m.
A-Channel News This Week, a newscast that generally focused on the week's top local news stories formerly aired Saturday nights at 11 p.m. Ontario News This Week, a newscast that generally focused on the week's top provincial-related as well as national and international news stories also formerly aired Sunday nights at 11 p.m.
Due to the 2009 economic crisis, both Barrie's A News This Week and Ontario News This Week were cancelled along with the A Morning shows produced in Barrie, London and Vancouver Island in early March 2009.
Ottawa
A-Channel News on CHRO-TV in Ottawa was anchored by Sandra Blaikie weekdays at 6, Tony Grace weeknights at 11 and Annette Goerner on weekends. A spinoff version of A News called A News This Week aired Sunday nights at 6:30 p.m. and recapped the week's news.
These newscasts were cancelled on March 3, 2009, as a result of what CTV called severe financial issues with the A stations, although the Ottawa station continues to broadcast A-Channel Morning. CHRO was the only A station (unlike the A station in Wingham which was scheduled to shut down entirely) to have its evening newscasts cancelled; the stations in Barrie, London and Victoria kept their evening newscasts but instead lost their morning shows. Due to a fire destroying CJOH's longtime studios and newsroom in nearby Nepean, production of CJOH's newscasts was moved to CHRO's studios in downtown Ottawa's ByWard Market in February 2010.
London/Windsor
A-Channel News on CFPL-TV in London was anchored by Kathy Mueller & Dan MacLellan weekdays at 6, and Tara Overholt at 11. There was a weekend half-hour edition of the program, anchored by Sean Irvine. CHWI-TV in Windsor had a separate weekday newscast anchored by Jim Crichton, but simulcasts the London edition on weekends. A spinoff version of A News called A News This Week aired Sunday nights at 6:30 p.m. and recapped the week's top stories.
When CKNX-TV in Wingham served as a semi-satellite of CFPL, it simulcasted all of CFPL's newscasts, except for the 11 p.m. weeknight newscast, an alternate newscast focusing on the Wingham area produced at CFPL. Due to financial issues, CKNX was switched to a full-time translator of CFPL on August 31, 2009, and no longer airs a separate newscast.
Vancouver Island
A-Channel News on CIVI-TV in Victoria, British Columbia was anchored by Hudson Mack at 5 and 6 p.m., and Cheryl Bloxham at 11 p.m. A spinoff version of A News airs at 6:30 p.m. weeknights, called Vancouver Island Report, a newscast generally focused on news on Vancouver Island.
A weekend half-hour edition of A News at Six, anchored by Andrew Johnson was added to the schedule in March 2009, following the layoffs. A spinoff version of A News also aired Saturday evenings at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday mornings at 8:30 a.m. called Island Weekend, a half-hour recap on the news and events happening around Vancouver Island during the week.
References
2005 Canadian television series debuts
2011 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian television news shows
2010s Canadian television news shows
CTV 2 original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by Bell Media
Television shows filmed in London, Ontario
Television shows filmed in Ottawa
Television shows filmed in Victoria, British Columbia
Television shows filmed in Windsor, Ontario
Culture of Barrie |
Prince Kirill Alexandrovich Romanovsky-Iskander, or Cyril Iskander Romanov () (5 December 1914 – 1992), or simply Prince Iskander, was one of the last two members of the House of Romanov to remain alive in Russia following the Revolution.
Family
He was the son of Prince Romanovsky-Iskander (15 November 1887 N.S. – 26 January 1957), né , and his first wife, Olga Iosifovna Rogowska. He was a grandson of Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich, the disgraced grandson of Tsar Nicholas I; thus, Kirill was a patrilineal great-great-grandson of Nicholas I.
Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaevich's son, Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich, was exiled to Central Asia in disgrace for stealing his mother's diamonds. Grand Duke Nicholas established a palace in Tashkent and lived in grand style where he sired a son, whom Tsar Alexander III (his great-uncle) granted the title Prince Iskander (Iskander was the Arabic form of Alexander). This prince, in turn, fathered the Prince Iskander.
His second cousin is Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark and of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Early life
He was born in Tashkent, a member of the Constantinovichi branch of the Russian Imperial Family. He had a sister, Princess Natalia Romanovskaya-Iskander (1917 - 1999). Their parents, who had been married since 1912, separated, and in 1924 Kirill and his sister moved with their mother to Moscow (first moved to Plyushchikha Street, later to Arbat), where Olga remarried to Nicholas Androsov.
Kirill's stepfather adopted him and his sister, and Prince Iskander was renamed Kirill Nikolaievich Androsov (). His father also remarried, to Natalia Hanykova (30 December 1893 – 20 April 1982), in 1930 in Paris.
Adult life
After the Russian Revolution, Kirill and his sister Natalia were the only two Romanov descendants in the male line in the USSR; the rest either left or were killed. They lived their entire lives in the USSR. Upon Kirill's death, the male line of the Constantinovich branch of the Romanov family died out.
Ancestry
References
C. Arnold McNaughton, The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy, in 3 volumes (London, U.K.: Garnstone Press, 1973) ,
1914 births
1992 deaths
People from Tashkent
People from Syr-Darya Oblast
Morganatic issue of Romanovs |
Hyperion is the name of a sailing yacht built by the Royal Huisman in the Netherlands in 1998 and designed by German Frers. At the time of her launch, she was the largest sloop ever built, and had the tallest mast. The carbon-fiber mast clears the deck of the Golden Gate Bridge by only .
However, Hyperion is famous primarily for her owner, Silicon Valley entrepreneur Jim Clark, founder of Silicon Graphics and Netscape, who built the yacht with the aim of replacing all conventional ship board electronics with an array of integrated, touch screen computers.
At the time of launch, all systems aboard the yacht including engines and sailing systems, environmental systems, lighting, HVAC and entertainment were controlled by a network of 30 customized Silicon Graphics computers and 22 LCD touch screens at various locations throughout the yacht.
Clark created a small company, Seascape, which worked in anonymity for many years above a Jenny Craig weight loss center in Menlo Park, California, to create the software for this one-of-a-kind project.
Much has been written about this project including a best selling book, The New New Thing by Michael Lewis.
Hyperion was surpassed as the world's largest sloop by the 48.5 m Georgia in 2000, which was surpassed by the 75.2 m Mirabella V in 2004.
See also
Luxury yachts
Large Sailing Yachts
The Maltese Falcon
Athena
Eos
List of large sailing yachts
List of large sailing vessels
Comparison of large sloops
References
External links
Hyperion - Royal Huisman - The spirit of individuality
Individual sailing vessels |
Alejandro Gómez Cabral (11 April 1967 in Vigo, Pontevedra – 31 January 2021) was a Spanish long-distance runner who specialized in the marathon and cross-country running.
Career
He stood out from a very young age, he was a Spanish junior record holder of 5,000 m (14: 16.7), a promise of 10,000 m (27: 54.13) and a junior of 2,000 m (5: 09.5), 5,000 m (13: 42.17) and 3,000 m obstacles (8: 36.4).
He was also champion of Spain of cross country in the youth category in 1984, of 5,000 m and cross country in the promises category in 1986, 1987 and 1988 and of 3,000 m obstacles in 1987. In absolute category he was several times champion of Spain of 10,000m., Half marathon, and cross. In the international field, he participated in the Olympic Games in Seoul 1988 in the 5000 m, in Barcelona 1992 and in Atlanta 1996 in the 10,000 m event, where he was 15th in the final with a mark of 29: 38.11. At the 1991 World Athletics Championships in Tokyo he was 9th in the 10,000m final with a time of 28: 13.71.
At the 1995 World Athletics Championships held in Gothenburg he was 16th in 10,000 m and at the 1999 World Athletics Championships held in Seville he ranked 40th in marathon. The two times he was closest to a podium were in the marathons of the 1998 European Athletics Championships held in Budapest and in the 2002 European Athletics Championships held in Munich where he was 5th and 6th respectively. He participated many times in the cross-country world championship, and achieved third place in teams in 1989. In the European Championship he won silver in the second edition held in Alnwick in 1995 where he was proclaimed the European team champion. He also participated in several editions of the World Half Marathon, achieving an 8th place in Palma de Mallorca, his best performance, where he was runner-up for teams with the national team. As a member of the Spanish marathon team that stood out so much at the end of the nineties, he was runner-up in the European Cup in 1998, and was also the distance record holder, a mark that he snatched from Martín Fiz in 1997 with a second place in the Rotterdam marathon with a mark of 2:07:54.
In June 2020, an inoperable brain tumor was detected and he died on 31 January 2021.
Achievements
Personal bests
1500 metres - 3:39.18 min (1991)
3000 metres - 7:47.7 min (1989)
3000 metres steeplechase - 8:33.6 min (1989)
5000 metres - 13:20.91 min (1989)
10,000 metres - 27:39.38 min (1993)
Half marathon - 1:01:20 hrs (1992)
Marathon - 2:07:54 hrs (1997)
References
External links
1967 births
2021 deaths
Spanish male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Spain
Deaths from brain cancer in Spain |
The family Cyrtaucheniidae, known as wafer-lid trapdoor spiders, are a widespread family of Mygalomorphae spiders.
Description
Wafer-lid spiders are generally large and range in color between light brown and black. Their eyes are places in two rows, either in a rectangular position or with the back row wider apart. They lack the thorn-like spines on tarsi and metatarsi I and II (the two outermost leg segments) found in true trapdoor spiders (Ctenizidae).
Many, but not all, make wafer-like doors to their burrows, while others build the cork-like doors found commonly in the true trapdoor spiders.
Distribution
The family is well represented South America, and Africa. A currently undescribed genus in the western United States may hold an altitude record for the family, being found up to over . The genus Anemesia is found only in Central Asia, and Cyrtauchenius reaches from Algeria north to Italy, with one species found in the USA. Angka is endemic to the cloud forest of Doi Inthanon, Thailand.
Genera
The former subfamily Euctenizinae from the US and Mexico were promoted to family rank as Euctenizidae in 2012, and are now considered more closely related to Idiopidae. Further changes to the circumscription of the family were made in 2020. , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:
Acontius Karsch, 1879 — Africa, Argentina
Ancylotrypa Simon, 1889 — Africa
Anemesia Pocock, 1895 — Asia
Bolostromoides Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945 — Venezuela
Bolostromus Ausserer, 1875 — South America, Caribbean, Panama, Uganda
Cyrtauchenius Thorell, 1869 — Algeria, United States
Genera which have be reclassified to other families include:
Amblyocarenum Simon, 1892 → Nemesiidae
Angka Raven & Schwendinger, 1995 → Microstigmatidae
Homostola Simon, 1892 → Bemmeridae
Fufius Simon, 1888 → Rhytidicolidae
See also
List of Cyrtaucheniidae species
Spider families
Footnotes
References
Raven, Robert J. (1985). "The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182: 1–180.
Platnick, Norman I. (2008). "The world spider catalog, version 8.5". American Museum of Natural History.
Cyrtaucheniidae
Mygalomorphae families |
Rock Paper Scissors is a 2008 studio album by Canadian hip hop artist Noah23, released on Legendary Entertainment and Plague Language. A music video was produced for "Fame".
Critical reception
Alan Ranta of PopMatters gave the album 7 stars out of 10, saying: "Regardless of the current state, history will remember Noah23." Addi Stewart of Now said: "You make your own meanings out of this kind of madman genius rap, and Rock Paper Scissors is a winner if you are up for investing a little imagination."
Track listing
References
External links
Rock Paper Scissors at Bandcamp
2008 albums
Noah23 albums
Albums produced by Factor (producer) |
Donji Lug is a geographic area in Bosnia and Herzegovina situated in the northern part of central Bosnia in the lower basin of the river Liješnica, left tributary of the river Bosna.
Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Pyotr Mironovich Masherov (né Mashero; – 4 October 1980) was a Soviet partisan, statesman, and one of the leaders of the Belarusian resistance during World War II who governed the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia from 1965 until his death in 1980. Under Masherov's rule, Belarus was transformed from an agrarian, undeveloped nation which had not yet recovered from the Second World War into an industrial powerhouse; Minsk, the capital and largest city of Belarus, became one of the fastest-growing cities on the planet. Masherov ruled until his sudden death in 1980, after his vehicle was hit by a potato truck.
Born to a peasant family in what is today the Vitebsk Region during the early stages of the Russian Civil War, Masherov was a teacher in mathematics and physics in his youth. Following his father's arrest and death during the Great Purge, Masherov joined the Red Army following the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, and rose to the rank of major general. With the end of the Second World War, Masherov turned to politics; becoming First Secretary of the Brest Regional Committee in 1955 and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia ten years later.
Masherov was known for his down-to-earth demeanour and for his humility, separating him from much of the rest of the upper echelons of Soviet government during the Era of Stagnation, a time period in which corruption and resistance to reform ran rampant. Masherov was closely affiliated with reformists in the Soviet Union such as Alexei Kosygin, and was prior to his death considered a possible successor to Yuri Andropov in the case that he were to succeed Leonid Brezhnev as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Masherov remains very popular in Belarus to this day, owing to the rapid growth of the economy under his rule.
Early life and career
Birth
Pyotr Mironovich Mashero was born on 26 February 1919 in the village of Shirki, Sennensky Uyezd, in the Western Oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. According to family legend his great-grandfather was a soldier in the army of Napoleon who settled in modern-day Belarus rather than returning to France. Pyotr's father was Miron Vasilyevich Mashero and his mother was Daria Petrovna Lyakhovskaya. Pyotr had seven siblings, of whom four survived to adulthood.
Education
Masherov's education was troublesome; though he graduated primary school, he originally only received a partial secondary education. He had to walk 18 kilometres (roughly 11 miles) to and from school, on homemade skis during the winter. During weekends, Masherov, as well as his father Miron and his brother Pavel, worked part-time jobs loading logs into railway cars.
According to the memoirs of Masherov's sister Olga, during the early 1930s the family lived hand-to-mouth, both due to harsh weather conditions and incompetency on the recently formed kolkhoz. The Mashero family was assisted by Pyotr's sister Matryona, who lived in Vitebsk and transferred bread and sugar to Shirki.
In 1933 Masherov moved to Dvorishche, in Rasony District, where his older brother Pavel was a teacher in history and geography. Returning to school, he completed secondary education in 1934 and went to the Vitebsk State University where he studied to be a teacher in physics and mathematics. He was very active in sports during his studies, participating in both skiing and skating. Masherov graduated in 1939 and became a teacher the same year.
Tragedy struck the family in 1937, when Miron was arrested on charges of "anti-Soviet agitation" and sentenced to ten years of corrective labour during the Great Purge. He died shortly afterwards. He would later be rehabilitated for lack of evidence, but Pyotr and Pavel were forced to become the family's breadwinners.
From 1939 until 1941, Masherov worked as a teacher of physics and mathematics at the secondary school in Rasony. He proved to be popular among the students and was respected in the area. Masherov also supervised the work of the school's drama circle and would even star in some plays, such as Alexander Ostrovsky's The Forest.
Second World War
In 1941, with the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, Masherov volunteered to join the Red Army. Shortly afterwards, in August 1941, he was captured during fighting near Nevel and taken aboard a prisoner train. Masherov escaped captivity after jumping out of the train while it was moving through Rasony district, suffering bruises and scratches, and walked to Rasony, where he remained.
Following his escape, Masherov began forming the Komsomol underground in Rasony, an early part of what would later grow into the Belarusian resistance during World War II. From December 1941 to March 1942, he continued his work on the kolkhoz, as well as his teaching activities, while at the same time organising the partisans in Rasony. In this time period, the partisans recruited supporters and gathered equipment. One of their caches was at the dentist's office in Rasony; the dentist was Polina Galanova, who would later become Masherov's wife. Using the nickname of Dubnyak, Masherov was one of the leaders of the Belarusian partisan movement. Starting in April 1942, Masherov was commander of the N. A. Shchors partisan detachment. He was elected as leader by the partisans, a move later agreed to by the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement. As commander, he declared one of his former students the detachment's chief of staff. In the first battle involving the detachment, Masherov was wounded and chose to recover in the apartment of one of his former students, despite the objections of his fellow soldiers.
He would be wounded another time and became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1943, while at the front. Around the same time, he was promoted to commissar of the Konstantin Rokossovsky Partisan Brigade, leading the brigade as it relocated to Vileyka. In September 1943, Masherov was promoted yet again, this time to the position of First Secretary of the Vileyka Underground Regional Committee of the Komsomol. In 1944, Masherov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for his services as the "first organiser of the partisan movement in the Rasony district of the Vitebsk Region, which later grew into a popular uprising and created a huge partisan land of 10 thousand square kilometres".
Post-war activities
Following the end of the war, Masherov turned to politics within the Komsomol; from July 1944 he served as First Secretary of both the Molodechno and Minsk regions, and in October 1947, Masherov was declared First Secretary of the Komsomol of the Byelorussian SSR. According to the memoirs of Vladimir Velichko, who served as personal assistant to Masherov in the 1970s, Masherov participated in both the reconstruction of Molodechno and campaigns against the cursed soldiers of the Polish Home Army.
It was not long before Masherov turned from the Komsomol to the CPB. The move was allegedly the suggestion of then-First Secretary of the CPB Nikolai Patolichev, who was impressed by Masherov's activities as head of the Komsomol in Belarus. On 1 August 1955, Masherov was elected as First Secretary of the Brest Regional Committee of the CPB.
In Brest, Masherov's activities were similar to what he would later do as First Secretary of the CPB; money was invested into the advancement of mechanical engineering and both a museum and memorial complex were created to memorialise the defense of Brest Fortress. Development in Brest rapidly accelerated and additional focus was placed on traditional Belarusian culture, with funds being invested in the purchase of Belarusian musical instruments and literature. In Brest, Masherov lived in what had formerly been the house of a deputy of the Polish Sejm, and usually walked to his office without security. Belarusian cosmonaut Pyotr Klimuk recalled that Masherov was held in high regard in the Brest Region while he served as First Secretary of the Regional Committee.
First Secretary of the CPB (1965–1980)
Masherov had been Second Secretary of the CPB under Kirill Mazurov since 1962. Therefore, when Mazurov retired from his position as First Secretary to become First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union in 1965 it was logical for Masherov to succeed him. However, the Soviet government put forward Tikhon Kiselyov as a possible successor to Mazurov. This effort fell flat when Masherov's allies within the CPB (most of whom were former partisans) backed him up, and he was appointed as First Secretary on 30 March 1965.
Industrialisation
Masherov's primary policy as First Secretary of the CPB was expansion of Belarusian industry. Coming into office the same year as the 1965 Soviet economic reform (popularly known as the Kosygin reform), Masherov established himself as one of its supporters and enacted it in Belarus. Uniquely among the SSRs, there were frequently public discussions on the economic situation in Belarus, including openly stating issues with the economy.
While Masherov was in power numerous enterprises came into existence, including Grodno Azot and chemical plants in Novopolotsk and Gomel. One of the most well-known hallmarks of Masherov's time as First Secretary was the construction of the Minsk Metro; Gosplan originally intended to build a metro in Novosibirsk (plans which would eventually come to fruition in 1986). However, Masherov wrote to Brezhnev (or Kosygin, according to some accounts), and eventually received support for the construction of a metro in Minsk, in the process working his former rival Kiselyov.
Masherov did much as First Secretary to modernise Minsk, the nation's capital. He pursued a rapid modernisation of the city, in the process destroying much of the original town which had survived the Second World War. He would later state that he regretted doing this and wished that it had been possible to create something similar to Warsaw Old Town on Niamiha Street. The Minsk Sports Palace was built, and Dinamo Stadium was renovated for the 1980 Summer Olympics. The Vileyka-Minsk water system was built as well, providing running water to most of Minsk.
Agricultural reforms
Under Masherov's rule, the Belarusian agricultural industry, which had typically been at the forefront of the economy, expanded far beyond its traditional production levels. Masherov took power with the ambitious goal of expanding the Belarusian grain harvest from the 2.3 million tons it had been producing to 9-10 million tons, stating that Belarus would need to feed itself, as well as other republics within the Soviet Union. His efforts proved moderately successful; by 1977 the grain harvest had increased to 7.3 million tons.
Masherov raised eyebrows in 1974 when he appointed biologist Viktor Shevelukha as secretary of agriculture in the Central Committee of the CPB. Though Shevelukha was known at the time as a devoted socialist and was a member of the CPSU, he was not a politician, as many appointments were at the time, but a professional in the agricultural field. Many of Masherov's other appointments regarding such matters were also professionals rather than politicians. This happened largely due to the enthusiastic support of Fyodor Kulakov, who was Secretary of the Central Committee's Agricultural Department; the agreement of the Central Committee was required for any appointments who were not already party officials.
Educational policy
With a background as a teacher, Masherov was immensely interested in the education of Belarusians, especially in sciences. Masherov worked with scientists from across the USSR, including Nikolai Borisevich (President of the Academy of Scientists of the Byelorussian SSR), Mstislav Keldysh, Anatoly Alexandrov, Borys Paton, Alexander Prokhorov, Nikolay Basov, and Nikita Moiseyev, among others. Masherov worked tirelessly to get up-to-date equipment for institutes, including notably purchasing the first echocardiography machine in the BSSR for the Cardiography Research Institute.
Masherov also promoted the expansion of educational institutions; the Brest State Technical University, the Pavel Sukhoi State Technical University of Gomel, the Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts, and Polotsk State University were all constructed by Masherov's government. In regards to vocational education he brought in comprehensive measures to both improve the quality of education and decrease juvenile delinquency and took inspiration from Anton Makarenko in expanding education at youth detention centres. Masherov also supported increased teaching of foreign languages as well as education on Belarusian culture.
Masherov retained good relations with the Komsomol as First Secretary; it was on his initiative that the BSSR's Komsomol school was opened, as one of the first in the Soviet Union. However, on the other hand he also strongly criticised the widespread practise of many Belarusians (up to 100,000 annually) leaving the BSSR to work on Komsomol construction projects; many of these workers would not return, resulting in what Masherov termed a "demographic crisis".
War memorialisation
As First Secretary and a former partisan leader, Masherov supported a policy of memorialising the Second World War and Belarusian partisans. Under Masherov's rule, numerous monuments to the partisans were constructed, such as the Mound of Glory, the memorial to the Khatyn massacre, and the Breakthrough monument. According to Zair Azgur, Masherov himself drafted the first design of the Mound of Glory. Masherov was also responsible for making the Belarusian contributions to the Soviet war effort more well-known across the Soviet Union. He successfully pushed for Brest Fortress and Minsk to be awarded the title of Hero City despite reservations from Soviet leadership.
Consideration for promotion
Masherov was mentioned as a possible candidate for multiple positions within the Soviet government. Prior to his death he was a candidate member of the Politburo, and it has been stated by some such as the Washington Post that he intended to become Premier following the death of his mentor, Kosygin. More radically, it has been suggested by Moskovskij Komsomolets that Masherov was intended to be a possible successor to Brezhnev as General Secretary of the CPSU, backed up by a reformist "Komsomol Group" which also included Mikhail Zimyanin. The alleged group was opposed to the Dnipropetrovsk Mafia, Brezhnev's clique within the CPSU. Such a claim was also supported by a 1977 CIA report which cast Masherov as a leading member of a "Belorussian Faction" which Brezhnev viewed as a serious threat to his rule. However, others have disputed this, including Masherov's sister Olga, who has said that Brezhnev and Masherov maintained an amicable personal and political relationship.
Conflicts with Soviet leadership
As an independent thinker, Masherov set himself apart from many others within the CPSU at the time. While many of his compatriots chose to closely adhere to the positions of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, Masherov instead pursued his own course, developing Belarus and frequently acting without seeking guidance from Moscow. Masherov's relationship with Brezhnev has been subject to wildly varying accounts, with some, such as Olga Masherova, stating that Brezhnev was hopeful that Masherov would achieve higher office. Others, like Viktor Shevelukha, claim that the vain Brezhnev was envious of Masherov, who was genuinely loved by the Belarusian people, something Brezhnev could not replicate at the national level.
Masherov had a complicated relationship with Mikhail Suslov, Second Secretary of the CPSU and the party's primary ideologue. Suslov allegedly sabotaged Masherov's attempts to move upwards by inviting him to the 24th Congress of the CPSU in 1971 and requesting that he give a speech criticising Eurocommunism. This was despite the attendance of Eurocommunist politicians, including Georges Marchais and Dolores Ibárruri (head of the French Communist Party and honorary president of the Spanish Communist Party respectively), and caused a diplomatic incident which dealt a serious blow to any further political aspirations of Masherov. However, according to a 1977 CIA report, Masherov, as well as his political allies Mazurov and Zimyanin, had backing from Suslov, as well as Premier Alexei Kosygin, in opposition to the establishment of Brezhnev's cult of personality.
Death
On the evening of 4 October 1980, Masherov left the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, going to Zhodzina. Due to flaws which had been found in the ZIL which Masherov typically rode in, he instead elected to ride in the GAZ-13 which had been the vehicle driven previously. During the ride, Masherov was sitting in the front passenger seat and a security officer was sitting in the back seat. Near Smalyavichy, Masherov's vehicle suffered a head-on collision with a potato truck. Everyone in the GAZ-13 was instantly killed while the truck driver suffered severe injuries and was hospitalised. The Procurator General of the Soviet Union and the KGB conducted an investigation into the incident and found it to be an accident; the driver of the potato truck, Nikolai Pustovit, was declared guilty of a traffic safety violation resulting in the deaths of two or more people and sentenced to 15 years of hard labour. However, in 1982, Pustovit's sentence was reduced as part of a general amnesty, and in 1985 he was released.
Masherov's funeral was held on 8 October 1980, in Minsk. Tens of thousands of Minsk residents were in attendance, but Mikhail Zimyanin and Petras Griškevičius were the only high-ranking Soviet officials present following an instruction from the government banning any members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from attending.
Conspiracy theories
Conspiracy theories exist regarding Masherov's death and the alleged role played by Soviet politicians. According to these theories, Masherov was killed on the orders of the higher echelons of Soviet power out of fear of him rising in the ranks. The chief organiser of the conspiracy often varies, but Yuri Andropov is most commonly accused. Multiple members of the Belarusian democracy movement, including former Prime Minister Vyacheslav Kebich (whose political rise was supported by Masherov) and Natalia Masherova (Masherov's daughter) have both stated their belief that Masherov was assassinated.
Legacy
Masherov's legacy has been profoundly felt in Belarus, owing to the economic reforms begun under his leadership, as well as recognition of the Second World War's impact on Belarusian society. Masherov was responsible for the construction of the monument to the Khatyn massacre, the Mound of Glory and the Minsk Metro. Masherov also supported the production of Elem Klimov's film Come and See, overruling lower functionaries who had rejected Klimov's proposal and personally greenlighting filming.
Following Masherov's death, the newly created Masherov Avenue in Minsk was named in his honour before being changed in 2005 to its present name, Victors Avenue. In 2018 the Belarusian Left Party "A Just World" proposed renaming the Minsk Metro in Masherov's honour, explaining that it was due to his persistence that the metro was constructed.
In a poll conducted in June 2012, Masherov was ranked as Belarusians' ideal leader with 23.2% of the vote; behind him was President Alexander Lukashenko with 20.6% and President of Russia Vladimir Putin with 19.2%. In similar polls going further back, Masherov has also had significant popularity; in 2008, he was third behind Lukashenko and Putin at 23.5%. In 2004, he was second only to Putin with 32.7%. In 1996, he was overwhelmingly considered to be the most popular leader among Belarusians with 45.2% of people polled considering him to be an ideal leader.
Family and personal life
Masherov was known for his welcoming demeanour and willingness to help others; western diplomats who had met him described him as "urbane and intelligent". He enjoyed ballet and theatre, and often visited performances. He also enjoyed reading, banya, and association football; he interrupted his vacation on the Black Sea to watch the 1980 Summer Olympics' qualifying matches for football, which were held in Minsk. Masherov was known to visit Białowieża Forest frequently, and was fond of flying; he flew 104 times in 1978 alone. Flights with Masherov began very early in the morning, typically around 4:00, and would last the entire day with many stops.
During the late 1970s, Masherov needed to have a kidney removed. It was originally desired that the operation be carried out in Minsk, but at the insistence of his wife it was carried out in Moscow instead, as she felt that it would be safer there. According to his personal physician, Nikolai Manak, Masherov did not drink, but smoked often, and suffered from high blood pressure due to stress.
Masherov's older brother Pavel became a major general during the Second World War and was part of the Soviet occupation force during the Allied occupation of Austria. Masherov's eldest daughter later entered politics in an independent Belarus, serving as a member of the House of Representatives. She also ran in the 2001 Belarusian presidential election and placed well in polls, but withdrew following a tirade against her by incumbent president Alexander Lukashenko, saying that she did not intend for her campaign to become "confrontational".
Honours and awards
Hero of the Soviet Union
Hero of Socialist Labour
Seven Orders of Lenin
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st class
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"
Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Soviet Militia"
Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria)
Notes
References
1919 births
1980 deaths
People from Syanno District
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Third convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Fourth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Fifth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Seventh convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Eighth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Ninth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Tenth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Heads of the Communist Party of Byelorussia
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1947–1950)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1951–1954)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1959–1962)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1962–1966)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1967–1970)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1971–1974)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1975–1979)
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Belarusian partisans
Soviet partisans
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Road incident deaths in the Soviet Union
Road incident deaths in Belarus |
A variable electro-precipitator (VEP) is a waste water remediation unit using electrocoagulation. The differences between a standard electrocoagulation (EC) unit and a variable Electro-precipitation unit are in the enhanced flow path and the unit electrode connections. The variable electro-precipitator's flow path has been designed to maximize retention time and to increase the turbulence of the water within the unit. This design aids in increasing the amount of effective treatment per gallon of water.
A major design weakness of the electrocoagulation units is the method used in connecting the electrode to the power source. These designs cause overheating, resulting in premature failure of the electrocoagulation reaction chamber. VEP reaction chambers are designed to resolve these performance issues by changing all electrode connections from the standard wet connection (inside the chamber) to an external dry connection. The VEP is cooler-operating, and has a longer chamber life than an electrocoagulation unit.
References
Water treatment |
The Wessex Constitutional Convention is an all-party pressure group, in the United Kingdom, devoted to pursuing a degree of self-government for Wessex. It has the following stated aims:
To achieve the broadest consensus on the form of self-government appropriate for Wessex.
To campaign for the implementation of that consensus at the earliest possible opportunity.
To oppose the continuing partition of Wessex between the 'South-West' and 'South-East' regions.
To promote as Wessex the area comprising the eight traditional counties of Berkshire, Devon, Dorset, Hampshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Somerset and Wiltshire, subject to addition or subtraction according to popular wish.
The Convention was formed in Exeter, on 19 May 2001, in response to the perceived failure of the South West Constitutional Convention, meeting earlier that day, to allow genuine dialogue on the issue of regional boundaries. From then until the start of 2005 it published a quarterly newsletter, Wessex Voice, and led the production of The Case for Wessex, the joint response of the Wessex movement to the regional governance White Paper, Your Region, Your Choice.
From 2003-2005, the Convention actively participated in the Continuing Commission on the South, set up by the political think-tank "Devolve!" and chaired by former regions minister Dr. Alan Whitehead, MP. More recently, it has again taken an independent line in presenting evidence to the House of Commons ODPM Select Committee and the Examination in Public into the draft Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West.
In 2007 the organisation called for Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex to support a proposal to change the name of the Second Severn Crossing to the "Earl of Wessex Bridge".
See also
Cornish Constitutional Convention
Wessex Regionalist Party
References
External links
Political advocacy groups in England
Regionalism (politics) in the United Kingdom
Wessex
Politics of South West England |
doubleTwist Corporation is a digital media company founded by Monique Farantzos and Jon Lech Johansen. It is backed by Index Ventures (Skype, Last.FM) and Northzone Ventures.
The doubleTwist application enables users to send photos and videos to their friends and sync their media library to a wide variety of portable devices.
Software
doubleTwist Music Player is an application available for Android devices. It is compatible with iTunes and Windows Media Player, allowing users to sync movies, pictures, music, and playlists to their mobile device through USB. The software is available free of charge in the Google Play app store. An in-app purchase enables "pro" features including "AirSync" which allows sync over WiFi, AirPlay, UPnP/DLNA support, equalizer, album art search, and removal of podcast ads. Some individual "pro" features are available for purchase either in-app or as separate apps. As of 5 June 2017, doubleTwist Media Player is in version 2.8.1 and has between 10,000,000 and 50,000,000 downloads.
doubleTwist Sync is the companion application for Windows, required for USB sync. A free download is available on the company's homepage. It looks similar to Apple's iTunes media player, but with a few differences (such as the location of the album artwork). Under macOS, the Android device must support USB MSC mass storage mode. For devices supporting only MTP, AirSync must be used.
Controversy
On Friday June 5, 2009, “The Cure for iPhone Envy” billboard ad was put up on the BART exit outside the flagship San Francisco Apple Store. DoubleTwist's contract with BART’s ad agency specified that the ad would go up on Monday morning, the day of the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote. However, the ad agency put the ad up early, on the Friday before. Shortly after the ad was put up, it was taken down by a BART employee. BART cited several advertising criteria violations as reasons for the ad being removed, including the original being too dark, and the subsequent redesign inappropriately having a white background. With Apple being a multimillion-dollar client of BART, it is widely suggested that Apple pressured BART into removing the ad.
Some versions of DoubleTwist use OpenCandy, which may install adware or potentially unwanted programs unless the user opts out during installation.
References
External links
Companies based in San Francisco
American companies established in 2007
Android (operating system) software
Technology companies established in 2007 |
Brepollen ("The Glacier Bay") is a bay in Sørkapp Land and Torell Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is located at the inner part of Hornsund, surrounded by the glaciers Mendeleevbreen, Svalisbreen, Hornbreen and Storbreen.
References
Bays of Spitsbergen |
The zec de la Rivière-Cap-Chat (formerly designated "Réserve faunique de la Rivière-Cap-Chat") (Wildlife Sanctuary of Cap-Chat River) is a "zone d'exploitation controlée" (controlled harvesting zone) (zec), located in the municipality of Cap-Chat, in La Haute-Gaspésie Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec, Canada.
The "Société de gestion de la rivière Cap-Chat" is a nonprofit organism administering the Cap-Chat River, which is a salmon river.
Geography
From the edge of the Zec de Cap-Chat, the Cap-Chat River flows north-east, then north on 57.5 km to its mouth in the St. Lawrence River, in the municipality of Cap-Chat. A segment of of this river is formed in zone d'exploitation contrôlée (controlled harvesting zone) under the jurisdiction of the "zec de la Rivière-Cap-Chat".
This river takes its source in the heart of Chic-Choc Mountains, located in the center of the Gaspésie Peninsula. The waters of the river are very clear, as the waters descend on a gravel bottom. In this river, the size of the salmon caught is generally above average. Several individuals and organizations have been active in the preservation of salmon of the Atlantic on the river. From Cap-Chat, a forested road was built along the river to facilitate access to visitors. In complementarity, zec de Cap-Chat is located in the upper part of the Cap-Chat River, on the north shore of Gaspésie.
Wildlife
In the Cap-Chat River, only five species of fish abound: the salmon, the brook trout, the slimy sculpin, the eel America and threespine épines.
The Cap-Chat River has 52 salmon pits in three fishing sectors of which just one is subject to fishing quotas. Only wading is allowed for fishing on the river; the use of a boat river is authorized only for crossing the river. The "Société de gestion de la rivière Cap-Chat" administers "zec de la Rivière-Cap-Chat" whose territory corresponds to the course of the river.
Toponymy
The term "Cap-Chat" refers to a set of designated places in the region of Cap-Chat: lordship, two ZECs, township, city, bay, roads and streets, rivers, advanced land, canyon and butte.
The name "zec de la Rivière-Cap-Chat" was formalized on March 5, 1993 at the Bank of place names in the Commission de toponymie du Québec (Geographical Names Board of Quebec).
See also
St. Lawrence River
Gaspésie
Gaspésie National Park
La Haute-Gaspésie Regional County Municipality, (MRC)
Zec de Cap-Chat (controlled harvesting zone) (zec)
Zone d'exploitation contrôlée (controlled harvesting zone) (zec)
Notes and references
Protected areas of Bas-Saint-Laurent
Protected areas established in 1992 |
Kuczyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mońki, within Mońki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Mońki and north-west of the regional capital Białystok.
References
Villages in Mońki County |
Mombasa is a 2015 Euro-style board game by Alexander Pfister. The theme is the rivalry of four trading companies in Africa. Players buy shares in the companies and expand them to their advantage, aiming to build the most valuable portfolio. Game mechanics include deck building and worker placement. Mombasa won the 2016 Deutscher Spielepreis.
Game play
The game is played on a board depicting a map of Africa and runs over seven rounds. Each player has a similar hand of cards and two bonus markers. To start a round, players simultaneously select cards to be active this turn. Players then take turns either to use active cards of one type or to place a bonus marker. Turns continue around the table until all pass.
The cards are of several types. Goods cards depict 1 to 4 bananas, coffee or cotton. They are used either to purchase new cards or to advance along a company track to earn shares, cash and other bonuses. Exploration cards, also valued from 1 to 4, add trading posts to the map, increasing a company's share price and giving various rewards to the player. Bookkeeper cards expand a player's library and merchant cards generate diamonds, both of which count towards the final score. Initially, each player has three slots for active cards. Collecting books and diamonds can open two further slots. Share cards appear later in the game; they allow no action but increase the player's score.
Bonus markers are placed on worker placement spaces on the board to claim various benefits. Majority spaces advance the player with the most valuable goods or exploration cards along a company track. Tile spaces give an extra card for the next round. Other spaces allow a player to buy or sell cards for cash, or to claim the right to play first next round.
After each round, players retrieve some of the cards they used in earlier rounds using a unique mechanic. Each active card is moved to one of several resting piles, after picking up just one of the resting piles. After seven rounds, each player values their shares, books, diamonds and cash; the richest player wins.
Release and awards
Mombasa was developed by Austrian game designer as Afrika 1830 and won the 2011 Hippodice Spieleclub game designer competition. It was released in 2015 by and distributed by . It was awarded first place in the 2016 Deutscher Spielepreis.
References
External links
Board games introduced in 2015
Deutscher Spiele Preis winners
Board games about history
Worker placement board games |
Acacia guymeri is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is native to north eastern Australia. It was listed as vulnerable according to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 but was delisted in 2013. It is still listed as Vulnerable according to the Nature Conservation Act 1992 in Queensland.
Description
The shrub typically grows to a maximum height of . It has silver to grey coloured bark that has a smooth texture. The resinous, slightly angular branchlets are a red-brown or yellow-red colour. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen glabrous phyllodes have a linear shape and are straight to slightly curved. The thinly coriaceous phyllodes have a length of and a width of with a midvein that is prominent and raised with one to two parallel less prominent veins on each side. It blooms around January producing pale yellow or golden flowers. The cylindrical shaped flower-spikes have a length of . The sub-woody glabrous seed pods that form after flowering are flat and linear with a length of with prominent yellowish margins yellowish. The yellow-brown seeds inside darken with age and are arranged longitudinally inside the pods. The oblong to broadly oblong shaped pitted seeds have a length of and have a closed areole.
Distribution
It is endemic to a small part of north eastern Queensland in the Cook District near Spring Creek approximately north west of Mount Carbine where it is usually situated on rocky ridges and disturbed areas growing in skeletal sandy soils as a part of Eucalyptus woodland communities. The range of the shrub extends from west of Cooktown in the north extending down the western edge of the Great Dividing Range to near Mount Surprise covering a total area of around .
See also
List of Acacia species
References
guymeri
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1978 |
Roosevelt Toston is an author and former Las Vegas news reporter and anchor (1970–1975). Toston worked for the local NBC affiliate, KORK TV, Channel 3 (now KVBC) from 1970–1972 and the local CBS affiliate, KLAS Channel 8 from 1972-1975. Toston was the city's first African-American news anchor. After his career in broadcasting, Toston served as a marketing executive for The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority from 1975-2004. Toston's autobiography, Beating the Odds, illustrates his life from his childhood in Epps, Louisiana to the present.
References
Living people
American television reporters and correspondents
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Charles Everett Fraser (August 9, 1891 – August 9, 1970) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the Hamilton Tigers during the 1923–24 NHL season. He played on December 22, 1923 against the Toronto St. Pats. The rest of his career was spent in amateur leagues in Nova Scotia, and he retired in 1925.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL
References
External links
1891 births
1970 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Hamilton Tigers (ice hockey) players
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
People from Pictou County |
Asma Jilani Jahangir (; 27 January 1952 – 11 February 2018) was a Pakistani human rights lawyer and social activist who co-founded and chaired the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and AGHS Legal Aid Cell. Jahangir was known for playing a prominent role in the Lawyers' Movement and served as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief and as a trustee at the International Crisis Group.
Born and raised in Lahore, Jahangir studied at the Convent of Jesus and Mary before receiving her B.A. from Kinnaird and LLB from the Punjab University Law College in 1978 and joined the chamber of Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi. In 1980, she was called to the Lahore High Court, and to the Supreme Court in 1982. In the 1980s, Jahangir became a democracy activist and was imprisoned in 1983 for participating in the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy against the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq. In 1986, she moved to Geneva, and became the vice-chair of the Defence for Children International and remained until 1988 when she returned to Pakistan.
In 1987, Jahangir co-founded the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and became its Secretary-General. In 1993, she was elevated as the commission's chairperson. She was again put under house arrest in November 2007 after the imposition of emergency. After serving as one of the leaders of the Lawyers' Movement, she became Pakistan's first woman to serve as the President of Supreme Court Bar Association, she presided over a Seminar to pay homage to Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi organised by Akhtar Aly Kureshy Convenier Ijaz Hussain Batalvi Foundation. She co-chaired South Asia Forum for Human Rights and was the vice president of International Federation for Human Rights. Jahangir served as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion from August 2004 to July 2010, including serving on the U.N. panel for inquiry into Sri Lankan human rights violations and on a United Nations fact-finding mission on Israeli settlements. In 2016, she was named as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Iran, remaining until her death in February 2018.
Jahangir is the recipient of several awards including the 2014 Right Livelihood Award (along with Edward Snowden) for "defending, protecting and promoting human rights in Pakistan and more widely, often in very difficult and complex situations and at great personal risk", 2010 Freedom Award, Hilal-i-Imtiaz in 2010, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2005, 1995 Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders, and the UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights. She was awarded a Legion of Honour by France, and in 2016 the University of Pennsylvania Law School awarded her an honorary degree. Her writings include The Hudood Ordinance: A Divine Sanction? and Children of a Lesser God.
Jahangir was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz on 23 March 2018, the highest degree of service to the state, and for services to international diplomacy by Mamnoon Hussain.
Early life
Asma Jahangir was born into a prosperous and politically active Kakazai Pashtun family with a history of activism and human rights work. Her father, Malik Ghulam Jilani, was a civil servant who entered politics upon retirement and spent years both in jail and under house arrest for opposing military dictatorships. Malik was imprisoned on several occasions for his outspoken views, which included denouncing the Pakistani government for genocide during their military action in what is now Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan).
Her mother, Begum Sabiha Jilani (1927–2012), was educated at a co-ed college named Forman Christian College situated in Lahore, at a time when few Muslim women even received higher education. Sabiha also fought the traditional system, pioneering her own clothing business until her family's lands were confiscated in 1967 as a result of her husband's opinions and detention.
Jahangir herself became involved at a young age in protests against the military regime as well as opposing her father's detention by then president, Benazir Bhutto's father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972. She received her B.A. from Kinnaird College, Lahore and her Bachelor of Law degree (LLB) in 1978, from Punjab University Law College. She also held an honorary doctorate from University of St. Gallen in Switzerland, Queens University, Canada, Simon Fraser University, Canada and Cornell University, United States.
Asma Jilani married Tahir Jahangir. They had a son and two daughters, Munizae Jahangir, a journalist and Sulema Jahangir, who is also a lawyer.
Activism
She spent her career defending the human and women's rights, rights of religious minorities and children in Pakistan. Jahangir was a staunch critic of the Hudood Ordinance and blasphemy laws of Pakistan put in place as part of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization program in Pakistan. She was a founding member of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, and served as Secretary-General and later Chairperson of the organisation.
In 1980, Jahangir and her sister, Hina Jilani, got together with fellow activists and lawyers to form the first law firm established by women in Pakistan. In the same year they also helped form the Women’s Action Forum (WAF), a pressure group campaigning against Pakistan's discriminatory legislation, most notably against the Proposed Law of Evidence, where the value of a woman's testimony was reduced to half that of a man's testimony, and the Hadood Ordinances, where victims of rape had to prove their innocence or else face punishment themselves. On 12 February 1983, the Punjab Women Lawyers Association in Lahore organised a public protest (one of its leaders was Jahangir) against the Proposed Law of Evidence, during which Jahangir and other participating WAF members were beaten, teargassed, and arrested by police.
The first WAF demonstration, however, took place in 1983 when some 25–50 women took to the streets protesting the controversial case of Safia Bibi. In 1983, Safia, a blind 13-year-old girl, was raped by her employers, and as a result became pregnant, yet ended up in jail charged with fornication (zina) sentenced to flogging, three years of imprisonment and fined. Jahangir defended Safia in her appeal and eventually the verdict was over-ruled by an appeals court due to pressure and protests. They would say: "We [their law firm] had been given a lot of cases by the advocate general and the moment this demonstration came to light, the cases were taken away from us." In 1982, Jahangir earned the nickname "little heroine" after leading a protest march in Islamabad against a decision by then-president Zia-ul-Haq to enforce religious laws and stated: "Family laws [which are religious laws] give women few rights" and that "They have to be reformed because Pakistan cannot live in isolation. We cannot remain shackled while other women progress".
In 1986, Jahangir and Hina set up AGHS Legal Aid Cell, the first free legal aid centre in Pakistan. The AGHS Legal Aid Cell in Lahore also runs a shelter for women, called 'Dastak', looked after by her secretary Munib Ahmed. She was also a proponent of protecting the rights of persecuted religious minorities in Pakistan and spoke out against forced conversions. Jahangir campaigned against human rights abuses taking place in government and police custody in Pakistan. In a letter to The New York Times, she said that "Women are arrested, raped and sexually assaulted every day in the presence of female constables, who find themselves helpless in such situations".
In 1996, the Lahore High Court ruled that an adult Muslim woman could not get married without the consent of her male guardian (wali). Women, who chose their husbands independently, could be forced to annul their marriages and the repercussions were highlighted by Jahangir, who also took on such cases (i.e. the case of Saima Waheed); "Hundreds have already been arrested. This is simply going to open up the floodgates for the harassment of women and girls by their families and the authorities. The courts have sanctioned their oppression. Thousands more are bound to be affected by this."
Jahangir demanded that the government of Parvez Musharraf work to improve the record of human rights domestically. Citing examples of human rights abuses, she wrote, "A Hindu income tax inspector gets lynched in the presence of the army personnel for allegedly having made a remark on the beard of a trader. Promptly, the unfortunate Hindu government servant is booked for having committed blasphemy, while the traders and the Lashkar-e-Taiba activists were offered tea over parleys. A seventy-year-old Mukhtaran Bibi and her pregnant daughter Samina are languishing in Sheikhupura jail on trumped-up charges of blasphemy". She was also an active opponent of child labour and capital punishment: "It would be hypocrisy to defend laws I don't believe in, like capital punishment, the blasphemy law and laws against women and in favor of child labor." Asma Jahangir served as the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions from 1998 to 2004, and as the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief from 2004 to 2010. In her capacity as a UN official, Jahangir was in Pakistan, when Pervez Musharraf declared a state of emergency in 2007. In November 2006, she participated the international meeting for The Yogyakarta Principles as one of 29 experts. On 5 November 2007, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour indicated that Jahangir was among the judicial and political officials detained by the Musharraf government.
On 18 January 2017, Jahangir became the first Pakistani to deliver the 2017 Amartya Sen Lecture at the London School of Economics, where she called for a counter-narrative of liberal politics to challenge religious intolerance. She added that there was a "large scale impunity" among those who commit crimes in the name of religion, and this has to be addressed at the national as well as the international levels, the rights activist said. "In 1986, Pakistan got the blasphemy law. So, while we had just two cases of blasphemy before that year, now we have thousands. It shows that one should be careful while bringing religion into legislation, because the law itself can become an instrument of persecution," she added.
In August 2017, Jahangir represented the families of terror convicts sentenced to death by military tribunals before the Supreme Court in Said Zaman Khan v. Federation of Pakistan. Jahangir asked order retrial in all cases in which military courts handed down convictions, including capital punishments, but the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the sentence of the convicts on 29 August 2017.
Asma spoke against the five member Supreme Court judgment which deposed Nawaz Sharif from his premiership. She questioned why members of Inter-Services Intelligence and Military intelligence were inducted in Joint Investigation team ferreting out corruption by Sharif's family and his close companions. She questioned how the Panama case five judges would have felt if members of the ISI and MI were inducted in Supreme Judicial Council, a body authorised to punish erring judges. Earlier she had suggested that ousted prime minister would get no relief from Supreme Court but from coming on streets.
In December 2017, Jahangir called for a probe by a parliamentary committee to ascertain as to who was behind the recent Faizabad sit-in. She questioned "We need to know how the army became a guarantor during the agreement between the government and protesters. Why money was distributed among the protesters,".
In her last case before the Supreme Court, Jahangir appeared for former Member of the National Assembly Rai Hasan Nawaz in Sami Ullah Baloch v. Abdul Karim Nousherwani in February 2018. She argued that there should not be a constant period of electoral disqualification under Article 62(1)(f) of the Constitution, but courts should decide the question according to the conduct of individuals. She said the Supreme Court had held Nawaz Sharif eligible to contest elections in 2009 by deeming him sadiq and ameen, but now it was difficult to understand whether the court had increased the bar of honesty or reduced it.
House arrest
On 5 November 2007, The Economist reported that "Over 500 lawyers, opposition politicians and human rights activists have been arrested. They include Asma Jahangir, boss of the country's human-rights commission and a former UN special rapporteur. In an e-mail from her house arrest, where she has been placed for 90 days, Ms Jahangir regretted that General Musharraf had 'lost his marbles'".
Public image
According to Dawn "many people go ballistic every time her name is mentioned", adding that "a pattern: often wild, unsubstantiated allegations are levelled against her." According to Herald "HRCP in general and Asma Jahangir in particular have also been branded as 'traitors' and 'American agents', trying to malign Pakistan and destroy the country's social and political fabric in the name of women’s rights and the rights of non-Muslims." Commenting on her legal style, Dawn wrote that she used "calculated aggression, wit and sharp one-liners." In the mid-1980s, the Zia-ul-Haq-appointed Majlis-e-Shoora passed a resolution claiming that Jahangir had blasphemed and she should be sentenced to death. She was found not guilty of blasphemy.
Declan Walsh, writing for The Guardian, described Jahangir's career as "for almost four decades she has towered over Pakistan's human rights war." Adding that "she has championed battered wives, rescued teenagers from death row, defended people accused of blasphemy, and sought justice for the victims of honour killings. These battles have won her admirers and enemies in great number." Abbas Nasir has described her as the "gutsiest woman that Pakistan has". William Dalrymple, writing for The New Yorker, described Jahangir as Pakistan's "most visible and celebrated—as well as most vilified—human-rights lawyer", adding that she has "spent her professional life fighting for a secular civil society, challenging the mullahs and generals."
Several conservative and nationalist commenters have written extensively against Jahangir. Ansar Abbasi and Orya Maqbool Jan have been critical of Jahangir. On 3 September 2013, NDTV reported that US intelligence agencies had uncovered evidence of a plot hatched by Pakistani security officials to use militants to kill human rights activist Asma Jahangir in India in May 2012. Jahangir has received numerous threats over the years due to her activism and human rights work
and particularly after defending a 14-year-old Christian boy, Salamat Masih, accused of blasphemy and ultimately winning the case in 1995, a mob at the High Court smashed Jahangir's car, assaulted her and her driver, threatening her with death. Jahangir and her family have been attacked, taken hostage, had their home broken into and received death threats ever since, but she continued her battle for justice.
When Jahangir undertook the case of Saima Sarwar in 1999, who was given shelter at Dastak after leaving her husband, wanting a divorce and later gunned down by her family in an act of honour killing, Jahangir received death threats for representing Saima in her divorce proceedings. In May 2005 Jahangir announced that she would hold a symbolic mixed-gender marathon in Lahore to raise awareness about violence against women. This was following the revelations of cases such as Mukhtar Mai. Tensions boiled over, as Islamist groups and supporters of the political Islamist alliance Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) armed with firearms, batons and Molotov cocktails, violently opposed the race, and Jahangir received especially rough treatment from local police and intelligence agents, who began to strip off her clothes in public. Of this Jahangir said "A lot of people tried to cover my back because I could only feel it I could not see my back. When they were putting me on the police van, they assured that my photograph was taken while my back was bare. This was just to humiliate, this was simply just to humiliate me." A police officer told Jahangir that they had orders to be strict and to tear off the participant's clothes. In addition she along with other participants was also beaten.
The character of Saamiya Siddiqui, a lawyer in the 2004 Indian film Veer-Zaara portrayed by Rani Mukherji, was based on Jehangir where she fights for the case of an Indian Air Force officer imprisoned on false charges in Pakistan. She had also appeared as an interviewee on an Indian television talk show Not a Nice Man to Know (1998), hosted by Khushwant Singh, on Star TV India.
Author
In addition to many publications, Jahangir wrote two books: Divine Sanction? The Hudood Ordinance (1988, 2003) and Children of a Lesser God: Child Prisoners of Pakistan (1992). She also wrote the article "Whither are We!", published in Dawn, on 2 October 2000.
Death and legacy
Jahangir suffered from a stroke leading to brain hemorrhage in Lahore on 11 February 2018 and later died in hospital.
In her legacy, an international event titled the Asma Jahangir Conference is held in Lahore each organised by her law firm AGHS Legal Aid Cell.
The two-day event is one of the largest human rights and law conference in South Asia and attracts lawmakers, members of the judiciary, civil society organisations and human rights activists from across the region.
Awards
In 1995, Jahangir received the Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders as well as the Ramon Magsaysay Award for "greatness of spirit shown in service of the people".
In 2000, she received the King Baudouin International Development Prize as chair of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
In 2001, Jahangir and her sister Hina Jilani were awarded the Millennium Peace Prize by UNIFEM (the United Nations Development Fund for Women) in collaboration with the non-governmental organisation International Alert.
In 2002 she was awarded the Lisl and Leo Eitinger Prize.
In 2005, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize as part of the 1000 Women for Peace project.
On 29 May 2010, at the International Four Freedoms Award 2010 Jahangir received the Freedom of Worship Medal for her Human Rights and Religious Freedom activism, in a ceremony held in the Nieuwe Kerk in Middelburg, Holland.
On 23 March 2010, for services in Human Rights, she was awarded the Hilal-i-Imtiaz, the second highest civilian award of Pakistan.
On 27 October 2010, she won the Supreme Court Bar Association election by defeating her competitor Ahmad Awais and securing 834 of total votes and became the first ever women President of SCBA in the history of Pakistan. .
On 10 December 2010, she was awarded with the 2010 UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights, recognising her efforts as a human rights defender.
In 2012, she received the North-South Prize of the Council of Europe.
On 13 April 2013, a video surfaced on the social media showing Asma Jehangir receiving "Friends of Liberation War Honour" award by the Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on behalf of her late father Malik Ghulam Jilani who had supported the liberation war for Bangladesh. The video created quite an uproar in Pakistan.
On 4 June 2014, she was awarded with the "Stefanus Prize", a Human Rights Prize emphasising the Freedom of Religion or Belief (Article 18 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.)
On 1 December 2014, she was awarded The Right Livelihood Award "...for defending, protecting and promoting human rights in Pakistan and more widely, often in very difficult and complex situations and at great personal risk".
On 26 October 2018, she was awarded United Nations Human Rights Award posthumously for her contributions that promote and protect human rights
She was posthumously awarded Pakistan's highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz in 2018.
References
External links
1952 births
2018 deaths
Pakistani lawyers
Pakistani women lawyers
Pakistani democracy activists
Pakistani human rights activists
Pakistani feminists
Pakistani women's rights activists
Pakistani civil rights activists
Pakistani prisoners and detainees
United Nations special rapporteurs
Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
University of the Punjab alumni
Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore alumni
Kinnaird College for Women University alumni
Lawyers from Lahore
Pakistani women diplomats
Pakistani diplomats
Pashtun women
Pakistani officials of the United Nations
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Presidents of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan
People from Lahore
Pashtun activists
Pashtun lawyers |
Afribactrus is a monotypic genus of African dwarf spiders containing the single species, Afribactrus stylifrons. It was first described by J. Wunderlich & V. Nicolai in 1995, and has only been found in South Africa.
See also
List of Linyphiidae species
References
Endemic spiders of South Africa
Monotypic Linyphiidae genera |
Bishop Andriy Peshko is the Bishop of Toronto and of the Eastern Eparchy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada.
Youth and education
Bohdan Peshko ) was born on April 27, 1972, in Hriada, Zhovkva Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. In 1979, he entered elementary school and received his Certificate of Secondary Education in 1989.
In 1989, he enrolled in the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in 1993.
From 1994 to 1995, he studied at Christ the Savior Theological Seminary of the American Carpatho-Rusyn Orthodox Diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, under the omophorion of Metropolitan Nicholas (Smisko) of Amissos.
From 1995-1999 he completed the full course of the Kyiv Theological Academy. On December 25, 2000, the Academic Council of the Kyiv Theological Academy awarded him the Candidate (degree) in Theology – after the defence of his dissertation titled: "Historical–Liturgical Research of the Rites of Installation and Ordination in the Orthodox Church".
Ordination and episcopacy
On April 8, 2001, he was ordained Deacon by Archbishop Vsevolod (Maidansky) of Scopelos at St. Volodymyr's Cathedral of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA, in Chicago.
On September 29, 2003, he was elevated to a rank of Protodeacon.
On September 21, 2005, with the blessing of Archbishop Vsevolod, Protodeacon Bohdan Peshko was tonsured a monk and given the name of Andriy (in honour of St. Andrew the First-Called) at St. Volodymyr Cathedral in Chicago.
On September 25, 2005, he was ordained to the rank of Hieromonk and was promoted to a rank of Hegumen by Archbishop Vsevolod.On October 21, 2005, in the Holy Transfiguration of the Lord Cathedral in London (England) he was elevated to the rank of Archimandrite.
On November 22, 2005, the Holy and Sacred Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, under the Chairmanship of Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, unanimously elected him as Bishop for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Europe and the Diaspora with the title 'Bishop of Krateia'.
On December 13, 2005, at St. Volodymyr Cathedral in Chicago, he was consecrated Bishop by Metropolitan Constantine of Irinoupolis (Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA), Archbishop Vsevolod (Maidansky) of Skopelos, Metropolitan Nicholas (Smisko) of Amissos, Archbishop Nicholaj (Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese of America and Canada), Archbishop Job (Osacky) of Chicago (Orthodox Church in America), Archbishop Antony (Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA), Archbishop Yurij (Kalistchuk) (Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada).
From August 20–24, 2008, at the Extraordinary Sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada (UOCC), held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, he was elected as Bishop-elect of Saskatoon, Vicar of the Central Eparchy of the UOCC.
On February 1, 2011, he assumed the responsibilities of Bishop of the Eastern Eparchy of the UOCC.
On May 19, 2021, the Holy and Sacred Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate elected Bishop Andriy as Bishop of Toronto. On August 31, 2021, Bishop Andriy served the rite of proclamation at the Phanar, thus officially accepting his election and new title.
References
Sources
Bishop Andriy (Peshko) of Saskatoon
1972 births
Living people
Clergy from Lviv Oblast
20th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
21st-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
Canadian clergy
Eastern Orthodox bishops in Canada
Canadian Eastern Orthodox bishops
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada bishops |
Margaret Clark Gillett (1878–1962) was a British botanist and social reformer who is noted for advocating for women and children held in concentration camps following the Boer War. In February 1909 she married banker Arthur Bevington Gillett (1875–1954).
References
1878 births
1962 deaths
British women botanists
Boer Wars
British suffragists
British women scientists |
Saruu () is a village in Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Jeti-Ögüz District. Its population was 8,217 in 2021. It lies near the outflow of the river Juuku into Lake Issyk-Kul.
Population
References
Populated places in Issyk-Kul Region |
P. vicina may refer to:
Paa vicina, a frog species
Perenniporia vicina, a fungus species in the genus Perenniporia
Philoponella vicina, an uloborid spider species
Phylloxiphia vicina, a moth species in the genus Phylloxiphia
Poria vicina, a plant pathogen species
Pterotricha vicina, a ground spider species in the genus Pterotricha
See also
Vicina (disambiguation) |
Halcombe railway station was a station on the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) in New Zealand, serving the village of Halcombe, in the Manawatū-Whanganui region. It opened in 1878 and closed in 1983. Originally it was the main intermediate station on the Whanganui to Foxton railway. Only a single track remains through the station site, as the passing loops here and at Kakariki were replaced by the Rangitawa loop, to the north, on 14 December 1983.
History
The station had its first trains when the Feilding – Halcombe Section opened on Monday 22 April 1878. When the Halcombe – Marton Section completed the railway, linking the ports of Foxton and Whanganui, on Monday 20 May 1878, the mayor of Palmerston North declared a public holiday.
William Nicholson's contract for a 5th class station started on 17 January 1877 and was completed on 14 April 1877 for £157.5s.
When it was decided that Halcombe should be the refreshment stop on the line, that original station was moved to Greatford and a much larger, by , station was built by J & C Bull. Their £2,845 9s 6d contract got its final certificate on 23 August 1878 and was completed by 5 August 1879. To make way for expansion, the goods shed and loading bank were moved to a new site in 1881. By 1896 there was a special class station building, including refreshment rooms, a kitchen, long passenger platform, cart access to the platform, by goods shed, loading bank, cattle yards, stationmaster's house, urinals and a passing loop for 46 wagons. Two years later there were also sheep yards, a crane and a water service. Water tanks had been proposed in 1878, about 100 feet beyond the platform. In 1910, after the NIMT opened, the need for more office accommodation was noted and a veranda and longer platform were requested, but rejected. There was a Post Office at the station from 1895 to 1914. A veranda was added in 1912 and was still in place in 1941. Gangers houses were built in 1916 and a State house in 1955.
An excursion train was derailed on the points at the station in 1902, with its WD Class loco.
Refreshment Rooms
From the start the choice of Halcombe, rather than Marton, for a refreshment stop had been criticised, by both Marton and Palmerston North, as had the route through Halcombe, rather than Sanson. Initially the trains spent over 40 minutes at the refreshment stop, but that was soon roughly halved. The refreshment rooms were leased; for example, in 1883-4 the lease was £20 a year, but only £12 in 1898. In 1878 they were run by the Halcombe Hotel. From Saturday 24 December 1898 they were replaced by rooms at Marton.
Services
The line became part of the NIMT, when it fully opened in 1909, and Halcombe was one of the stopping points for Wellington to New Plymouth expresses in 1910 and in the 1940s. In the 1920s the station was staffed by a grade 7 clerk.
Halcombe had its annual returns of traffic recorded, as did Greatford to the north and Feilding to the south. Passenger numbers grew initially and during the World Wars, before tailing off towards 1950, as shown in the graph and table below.
Engine shed
A large engine shed was built as part of the J & C Bull contract. Nathan & Wilkie built an extra engine shed and coal store for £795.10.4 in 1878-79. Initially a winch and chain was used to lift engines. Another shed seems to have been added in 1894.
Closure
From Saturday 6 December 1958 Halcombe was closed as an officered station. On Saturday 31 March 1962 the station building burnt down and a small storeroom was used as a temporary station. Removal of the goods shed and stockyards was approved in 1973. Most of the station buildings had gone by 1974, though in 1980 a station building, platform and loading bank remained. On Sunday 27 March 1983 the station closed to all traffic, but a service siding remained.
References
Defunct railway stations in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Manawatū-Whanganui
Rail transport in Manawatū-Whanganui
Railway stations opened in 1878
Railway stations closed in 1983
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 1870s
Railway stations in New Zealand closed in the 20th century |
The 1934 NFL Championship Game, also known as "The Sneakers Game", was the second scheduled National Football League (NFL) championship game. Played at the Polo Grounds in New York City on December 9, it was the first title game for the newly created Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy. With a remarkable fourth quarter, the New York Giants defeated the Chicago Bears 30–13.
Game summary
The defending champion Bears entered the game undefeated at 13–0, with an 18-game winning streak. The Giants (8–5) won consecutive division titles, but had lost their final regular season game at Philadelphia. The Bears were favored to repeat as champions.
A freezing rain the night before the game froze the Polo Grounds field. After Giants end Ray Flaherty remarked to head coach Steve Owen that sneakers would provide better footing on the frozen playing surface, Owen sent his friend Abe Cohen, a tailor who assisted on the Giants sideline, to Manhattan College to get some sneakers. There, Brother Jasper, the athletic director (and the later namesake of the Manhattan Jaspers) emptied the lockers of the school's basketball team. Cohen arrived in the third quarter with nine pairs of basketball sneakers from the college.
The Bears led 10–3 at the half when the Giants switched to the basketball sneakers. A Chicago field goal was the only score in the third quarter, extending the lead to ten points. Early in the fourth, Giants quarterback Ed Danowski threw a touchdown pass to Ike Frankian to close the score to 13–10. (The pass was momentarily intercepted at the Bears' 2-yard line, but Frankian was there to snatch the ball out of the defender's hands.) On the next New York drive, running back Ken Strong scored on a 42-yard touchdown run. Later Strong had another touchdown run. The Giants scored for a final time on Danowski's 9-yard run, a fourth unanswered touchdown. New York scored 27 points in the 4th quarter and won 30–13. The Giants 27 fourth quarter points in a championship game set an NFL record that still stands today.
Scoring summary
Sunday, December 9, 1934
Kickoff: 2 p.m. EST
First quarter
NYG – FG Ken Strong 38, 3–0 NYG
Second quarter
CHI – Bronko Nagurski 1 run (Jack Manders kick), 7–3 CHI
CHI – FG Manders 17, 10–3 CHI
Third quarter
CHI – FG Manders 22, 13–3 CHI
Fourth quarter
NYG – Ike Frankian 28 pass from Ed Danowski (Strong kick), 13–10 CHI
NYG – Strong 42 run (Strong kick), 17–13 NYG
NYG – Strong 11 run (kick failed), 23–13 NYG
NYG – Danowski 9 run (Bo Molenda kick), 30–13 NYG
Officials
Referee: Bobby Cahn
Umpire: George Lowe
Head Linesman: George Vergara
Field Judge: M.J. Meyer
The NFL had only four game officials in ; the back judge was added in , the line judge in , and the side judge in .
Players' shares
The projected attendance of 55,000 was not reached, as the week's weather kept it under 36,000. Each player on the winning Giants team received $621 (equivalent to $ in ), while the Bears received $414 (equivalent to $ in ) each.
Aftermath
This was the Giants second NFL championship, and the first time they won a championship game. After the game, Abe Cohen promptly returned the sneakers to Manhattan College so the basketball team could practice the next day.
Many of the participants have been interviewed since the game took place, most notably Bronko Nagurski of the Bears and Mel Hein of the Giants. Generally, players from both sides have attributed the Giants' second-half dominance to their selection of footwear. As Nagurski put it later, "We immediately said something was wrong because they suddenly had good footing and we didn't...they just out-smarted us." A mini-documentary of the game, narrated by Pat Summerall, can be seen in the 1987 video "Giants Among Men." NFL Films named the game the #8 bad weather game of all time, and in 2019, it was named #62 greatest games in NFL history.
References
Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ()
The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995 ()
Strange But True Football Stories ()
Cavanaugh, Jack (2008), Giants Among Men. New York:Random House.
Pervin, Lawrence A. (2009). Football's New York Giants. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc.
Chicago Bears postseason
New York Giants postseason
National Football League Championship games
Championship Game
NFL Championship Game
Sports in Manhattan
American football competitions in New York City
NFL Championship Game
1930s in Manhattan
Washington Heights, Manhattan |
The Movement for Democracy in Algeria () (MDA) was a political party in Algeria. It is moderately Islamist and boycotted the 2002 elections.
History and profile
The Movement for Democracy in Algeria was founded by Ahmed Ben Bella in 1982. However, the party was legalized in 1990. In 1995, the party was one of the signatories of the Sant'Egidio platform, an attempt of many major opposition parties to put an end to the Algerian Civil War, which was brokered by the Italian Catholic Community of Sant'Egidio.
References
1982 establishments in Algeria
Algerian democracy movements
Islamic political parties in Algeria
Political parties established in 1982
Political parties in Algeria
Islamic socialist political parties
Banned political parties in Algeria |
Alessandro Lambrughi (born May 19, 1987) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a defender for club Pergolettese.
Club career
He made his Serie B debut on August 28, 2009, whilst playing for Mantova, in a 1–0 defeat away to Frosinone.
Following Mantova's bankruptcy and subsequent demotion to Serie D, Lambrughi joined Livorno on July 9, 2010, on a four-year contract.
On 16 August 2017, Lambrughi signed with North American Soccer League side Miami FC.
On 12 July 2021, he moved to Pergolettese.
References
External links
Player Profile from livornocalcio.it
Player Profile from legaserieb.it
1987 births
Living people
People from Cernusco sul Naviglio
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Pro Sesto 1913 players
Mantova 1911 players
US Livorno 1915 players
Novara FC players
US Triestina Calcio 1918 players
US Pergolettese 1932 players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
Miami FC players
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from the Metropolitan City of Milan |
The F. B. Colony Ground, previously known as the Alembic No 2 Ground, is a cricket ground in Vadodara, India. It was inaugurated in September 2009, with the first matches taking place in the 2010/11 cricket season. It was selected as one of the venues for the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy and the 2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy tournaments.
See also
List of cricket grounds in India
References
Cricket grounds in Gujarat |
Nikita Tomar, a 20-year-old Indian student, was shot dead by Tausif and his friend Rehman outside her college in the town of Ballabhgarh in Faridabad district, Haryana, on 26 October 2020. The boy who shot her wanted her to marry him and allegedly convert to Islam, which she refused to do. The incident was recorded on CCTV, which led to the arrest of two men, both of whom were fellow students. On 23 March 2021, two men were convicted of her murder by a fast-track court and were imprisoned for life.
Incident
Background
Tomar's family was originally from the state of Uttar Pradesh. Her family stated to press after her death that she had intended to join the Indian Army, following several members of her family who had served in the military. Tomar was studying at the Rawal International School in Nangla, and later at Aggarwal College, in Haryana, where she was studying for a bachelor's degree in Commerce. According to Tomar's family, she met one of the men convicted for her murder, Tausif, at this school, where he was a fellow student.
In 2018, Tomar's family filed a police complaint alleging that Tausif had abducted her from outside Aggarwal College and confined her for three days, and that they had filed a criminal complaint about this. According to Tomar's family, they were forced to withdraw the complaint because they allege that Tausif's family exerted political influence. Tomar's father later stated to press that Tausif had stalked Tomar for a little while after the incident, but had later stopped and had no contact with her in the past two years. The case concerning this abduction has been re-opened and is currently being investigated.
Murder
On 26 October 2020, Tomar was standing outside Aggarwal College with two friends, after writing an exam, and waiting for her brother to pick her up. CCTV footage outside the college captured two men, one with his face covered by a white cloth, drive up in a white Hyundai elite i20 and attempt to force Tomar into the car. Tomar can be seen on the video resisting, after which the man with the covered face shot her at point-blank range. Several persons can be seen walking by on the footage, but there were no attempts to intervene in the incident. Tomar was shot in the neck and collapsed, while the attackers left in the car. Tomar was taken to a local hospital, where she died from her injuries.
Tomar's father stated that right before the murder, Tausif had, after two years of no contact, asked Tomar to convert to Islam and marry him, and that Tomar had refused.
Investigation and Trial
Immediately after the incident, Tomar's brother filed a first information report with the police stating that Tausif, who had studied in the same school as Tomar and was alleged to have abducted her in 2018, was responsible for her death. Based on this information, Tausif was arrested the same day. Eleven days after the incident, the Faridabad police filed a chargesheet in a district court, charging Tausif as well another man, Rehman, of the offences of criminal conspiracy, murder, abduction with intention to compel marriage and abduction with intent to murder, as well as for offences for illegally possessing firearms under the Arms Act, and listing digital and forensic evidence in addition to several eyewitnesses. Tausif and Rehman were remanded to jail. A third person, Tausif's uncle, who had been accused of illegally supplying Tausif with the gun used in the incident, was also arrested. As per media reports, Tausif confessed to Police after the arrest that he shot Nikita Tomar but retracted his statement later mentioning they have been implicated for the act they did not commit or even not physically present.
The trial for Tomar's murder was conducted at a District and Sessions Court in Faridabad which had been designated a fast-track court established to hear cases concerning crimes against women. Eyewitnesses, including Tomar's friends who were standing with her outside the college, at the time of the incident provided testimony. In addition, CCTV footage of the incident, as well as forensic evidence from the car used at the murder, were presented in court. An appeal by Tausif and Rehman to re-investigate the case had been previously dismissed in February 2021. The defence counsel argued that the weapon recovered by the police did not have Taufiq's fingerprints on it.
On 24 March 2021, the District and Sessions Court held Tausif and Rehman guilty of murder and criminal conspiracy to murder, and also held Tausif guilty for illegal possession of arms. Tausif's uncle, who had been arrested and charged with supplying the firearm in question, was acquitted. On 26 March 2021, the Court passed the sentencing order, giving both Tausif and Rehman life imprisonment and levying a fine of on each of them for the murder, as well as five years and a fine of for the offense of conspiracy and abduction. In addition, Tausif was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and a fine of for violating the Arms Act. The sentences will run concurrently.
Public response and aftermath
Karni Sena claimed that Tomar's death was part of a planned program of forced religious conversions by Muslim men against Hindu women also known as "love jihad." One demonstration organised in Ballabhgarh to protest against such claims concerning 'love jihad' in connection with Tomar's death became violent, resulting in ten policeman suffering injuries and 32 persons being arrested in connection with violence. As several of those arrested had also tested positive for Covid-19, all persons who attended the protest were subsequently quarantined as well. The Uttar Pradesh police stated that persons participating in the protest had been organizing the event on Whatsapp groups on which they had been sharing "... inflammatory messages that instigated violence." A similar protest held in Delhi about Tomar's death involved protestors calling for Muslim genocide, encouraging violence against Muslims and stating "Mulle ka na qazi ka, ye desh hai Veer Shivaji ka (This is Shivaji’s country, not for Muslims)”. Haryana's Home Minister Anil Vij announced that the state would be enacting a 'love jihad' law following the incident. Vij, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, stated that Tausif's family was connected to the Congress party and alleging that they were attempting to politically influence the outcome of the case.
The Chair of the National Commission for Women, Rekha Sharma, made a statement to the press after the Sessions Court passed the order of conviction, calling for the imposition of the death penalty, and stating, "Her parents educated her and thought that she was going to be self-dependent. That girl was murdered in a gruesome manner. I would like to demand to give capital punishment."
He has gone on to identify failures in Indian law to address the issue of stalking, stating, "It is not about Hindus or Muslims. We need a stringent law so that these obsessive stalkers don’t even dare to look at our daughters." Later, Tomar's father is reported by Daily News and Analysis to have said that a law prohibiting 'love jihad' would have saved his daughter.
References
2020 murders in India
Deaths by firearm in India
Deaths by person in India
Faridabad district
2020 crimes in India
October 2020 events in India
Islamic terrorism in India
People murdered in India
Filmed killings in Asia |
Crypsithyris is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tineidae.
Species
Crypsithyris abstrusa Meyrick, 1917
Crypsithyris auriala (Gozmány, 1967) (=Tinea coruscans Gozmány, 1967)
Crypsithyris cana Sakai & Saigusa, 2002
Crypsithyris cerodectis Meyrick, 1921
Crypsithyris chrysippa Meyrick, 1917
Crypsithyris crococoma Meyrick, 1934
Crypsithyris efflexa (Xiao & Li, 2006) (from China)
Crypsithyris enixa Meyrick, 1921
Crypsithyris epachyrota Meyrick, 1917 (=Crypsithyris zymota Meyrick, 1917)
Crypsithyris falcovalva Bland, 1976
Crypsithyris fissella (Walker, 1863)
Crypsithyris fuscicoma Meyrick, 1937
Crypsithyris hebeiensis Xiao & Li, 2005
Crypsithyris hemiphracta Meyrick, 1926
Crypsithyris hoenei Petersen & Gaedike, 1993
Crypsithyris hypnota Meyrick, 1907 (=Crypsithyris soporata Meyrick, 1911)
Crypsithyris illaetabilis Turner, 1926
Crypsithyris immolata (Meyrick, 1931)
Crypsithyris insolita Meyrick, 1918
Crypsithyris introflexa Xiao & Li, 2005
Crypsithyris japonica Petersen & Gaedike, 1993
Crypsithyris longicornis (Stainton, 1859)
Crypsithyris luteocapitata Gaedike, 2014
Crypsithyris melosema Meyrick, 1917
Crypsithyris mesodyas Meyrick, 1907
Crypsithyris miranda Gozmány, 1966
Crypsithyris monospila (Meyrick, 1929)
Crypsithyris nanlingensis G.H. Huang, Hirowatari & M. Wang, 2009
Crypsithyris obtusangula Xiao & Li, 2005
Crypsithyris orchas Meyrick, 1907
Crypsithyris pheretropa Meyrick, 1931
Crypsithyris psolocoma Meyrick, 1931
Crypsithyris ruwenzorica Gozmány, 1966
Crypsithyris saigusai Gaedike, 2000
Crypsithyris sarobiella (G. Petersen, 1959)
Crypsithyris sciophracta Meyrick, 1927
Crypsithyris serrata Y.L.Xiao & H.H.Li, 2007
Crypsithyris spelaea Meyrick, 1908
Crypsithyris spissa Meyrick, 1918
Crypsithyris stenovalva Gozmány, 1965
Crypsithyris symphyrta Meyrick, 1921
Crypsithyris synolca Meyrick, 1917 (=Crypsithyris liaropa Meyrick, 1924)
Crypsithyris thamnomyphila Boudinot, 1985
Crypsithyris trimaculata (G. Petersen, 1973)
Crypsithyris turcica Gaedike, 2006
Crypsithyris unipuncta Gaedike, 2014
References
Xiao, 2006. The genus Montetinea new to China, with the description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). - Entomological News 117:535-539.
Xiao & Li, 2005. A systematic study on the genus Crypsithyris Meyrick, 1907 from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). - SHILAP Revta. lepid., 33 (129): 17-23
Tineinae
Tineidae genera |
Parabuthus brevimanus is a species of scorpion from southern Africa, that ranges from southern Angola to Namibia and western South Africa, where its range extends south of the Orange River.
Habits
It is a semipsammophilous species that inhabits compacted or semicompacted sandy or gravelly substrates, wherein it burrows either in open ground, or at the base of shrubs or grass tufts. The rows of long, comb-like bristles on the lower tarsi (third distal segment) of the four front legs are suggestive of its habits and habitat choice.
It prefers substantially more solid substrates than the sand dunes occupied by its close relatives P. kuanyamarum and P. nanus. It is syntopic with P. granulatus throughout its range, but less often so with P. laevifrons, P. schlechteri, and P. villosus than its near relative P. gracilis.
Relationships and characters
The species is basal to the clade that incorporates the P. distridor–P. kuanyamarum and P. gracilis–P. nanus sister groups. This clade is uniquely separable from other Parabuthus species by a combination of characters. They have a small adult size, with a carapace length of 0.25–0.5 cm. Their tail segments are slender, some about twice as long as their width, while the hindmost (4th and 5th) segments are almost devoid of ridges (carinae). Micro details of the pedipalps are also unique to the clade.
Identification
It is most similar to P. gracilis with which it is sympatric in the Erongo and Kunene regions of Namibia. It is, however, separable from all species in the clade by a range of characteristics. The surface of the middle (median) ocular tubercle is smooth and shiny in both sexes, besides the surrounding carapace surface of females. The pedipalp base (chela manus) is likewise smooth. Though some ridges (carinae) of the proximal four tail segments are weakly developed, the remaining ridges on the second and third segments comprise uniquely arranged processes and tubercles.
Notes
References
brevimanus
Scorpions of Africa
Animals described in 1862 |
Richard D. Martin (July 14, 1932 – March 8, 2008) was an American football coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Rose Polytechnic Institute—now known as Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology—in Terre Haute, Indiana from 1964 to 1967 and Washington University in St. Louis from 1968 to 1971, compiling a career college football coaching record of 24–43–3. Martin was the athletic director at West Virginia University from 1978 to 1981 and the commissioner of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) from 1981 to 1985.
Head coaching record
College
References
1932 births
2008 deaths
Missouri Valley Conference commissioners
Ottawa Braves football players
Rose–Hulman Fightin' Engineers football coaches
Washington University Bears football coaches
West Virginia Mountaineers athletic directors
High school football coaches in Kansas
People from La Crosse, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin |
Four Acres is a historic home located at Charlottesville, Virginia. It was built in 1910, and is a -story, three-bay, Colonial Revival-style brick dwelling. It sits in a raised basement and has a slate hipped roof. The front facade features a four-columned, Ionic order portico.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 2016, it was listed for sale for over $10 million.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Houses completed in 1910
Colonial Revival architecture in Virginia
Houses in Charlottesville, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charlottesville, Virginia |
The Tri-Cities Archaeological District, in Benton County, Washington and Franklin County, Washington, near Kennewick, is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
The listing included 20 contributing sites and was listed for its information potential.
References
Archaeological sites in Washington (state)
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Benton County, Washington
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Washington |
Paradowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzbinek, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
References
Paradowo |
Olivier Anken (born 10 February 1957 in Morges, Switzerland) is a retired ice hockey player who played for EHC Biel in the Swiss National League A. He also represented the Switzerland men's national ice hockey team on several occasions in the World Championships and Olympics. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1988 Winter Olympics. He played his entire NLA career with EHC Biel, becoming the first player to have his jersey retired by the club. Current national team goalie Joren van Pottelberghe has decided to honour him by using Anken's likeness on his mask as a tribute.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
EHC Biel players
Olympic ice hockey players for Switzerland
People from Morges
Swiss ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from the canton of Vaud |
The Llandudno and Colwyn Bay Electric Railway operated an electric tramway service between Llandudno and Rhos-on-Sea from 1907 and extended to Colwyn Bay in 1908. The service closed in 1956.
History
The Llandudno and Colwyn Bay Light Railway Order of 1898 authorised the construction of a tramway from Colwyn Bay to Deganwy. There were substantial delays in construction and only a short section of line had been built by 1904. The original company was taken over in July 1906 by the Llandudno and District Electric Construction Company.
Work restarted in 1907 and the line from Llandudno to Rhos-on-Sea was soon ready. On 26 September 1907 the company got permission for services to start, and it opened on 19 October 1907. The section of line to Colwyn Bay, top of Station Road was completed by 7 June 1908 and the final extension to Old Colwyn was opened in 1915. In 1913 the Gloddaeth Avenue (West Shore) to Dale Road was abandoned and the Colwyn Bay - Old Colwyn section was closed in September 1930, being cut back to Abergele Road/Greenfield Road corner on the (then) A55.
Fleet
The company livery was red and cream until the late 1920s when it changed to green and cream.
1-14 Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company 1907.
15-18 United Electric Car Company 1909
19-22 English Electric 1920
23(1) Formerly from Taunton then Leamington tramways, it was bought in 1930 for use as a works car.
23(2) Purchased from Bournemouth as a railgrinder/works car 1936. Re-numbered 23A when the trams from Darwen trams entered service in June 1948.
23-24 English Electric 1946 (second hand from Darwen Corporation Tramways)
The original cars of 1907 and 1909 were replaced progressively between 1933 and 1936 by five second hand vehicles from Accrington Corporation Tramways, taking fleet numbers 1 - 5. The remainder, which were not withdrawn in numerical order, with the exception of three which took new numbers 16, 17 & 18, were replaced by ten ex Bournemouth Corporation Tramways open-top double decker trams. These were numbered 6 - 15 at Llandudno. Bournemouth works car, No 55, was also purchased in 1936 for use as a rail grinder/works car. Of the original 1907 survivors, No16 caught fire in 1945 and was withdrawn. 17 and 18 survived until January 1956.
Closure
The line suffered from substantial damage in storms in January 1952. Although repairs were carried out, storms the next year did as much damage again. In 1954 the company applied for a licence to convert the service to motor buses. Although the local councils objected, there was little that could be done and the line closed on 24 March 1956.
The Llandudno and Colwyn Bay Tramway Society has restored the body of ex-Bournemouth No126 ( as LCBER replica No7.)which is similar to ten ex Bournemouth trams which did operate on this tramway. (No126 never operated in Llandudno).
References
Tram transport in Wales
1907 establishments in Wales
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Wales |
Gmina Nowa Wieś Wielka is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bydgoszcz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Nowa Wieś Wielka, which lies approximately south of Bydgoszcz.
The gmina covers an area of , and its total population is 8,176.
Villages
Gmina Nowa Wieś Wielka contains the villages and settlements of Brzoza, Chmielniki, Dąbrowa Wielka, Dobromierz, Dziemionna, Emilianowo, Jakubowo, Januszkowo, Kobylarnia, Kolankowo, Leszyce, Nowa Wieś Wielka, Nowa Wioska, Nowe Smolno, Olimpin, Piecki, Prądocin and Tarkowo Dolne.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Nowa Wieś Wielka is bordered by the city of Bydgoszcz and by the gminas of Białe Błota, Łabiszyn, Rojewo, Solec Kujawski and Złotniki Kujawskie.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Nowa Wies Wielka
Bydgoszcz County |
Chang Feng-class destroyer was a class of Chinese destroyer bought from Germany during the naval reconstruction at the end of the Qing dynasty. However, the 1911 Revolution had already broken out before the ships were launched, and they were inherited by the Republic of China when the ships were completed.
The three ships of this class have all experienced the turbulent period of warlord era in the early years of the Republic of China. Among them, the first ship Yu Chang (formerly Chang Feng) was lost after she was wrecked in 1932. At the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the remaining two ships, Chien Kang (formerly Fu Po) and Tung An (formerly Fei Hung) were all lost.
They were later repaired by the Japanese and transferred to the puppet Wang Jingwei regime. In 1944, Tung Chun (former Tung An) was abandoned after an uprising by members of Nanjing regime Navy. After the end of the war in 1945, Chien Kang was returned to the Chinese Navy and was retired from the Navy in 1947.
Design and overview
The Qing government intends to rebuilt the navy after the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and bought warships from Britain, Germany and other countries. However, the rebuilt fleet suffered another severe damage during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, and only managed to purchased four Hai Lung-class destroyers. The destroyers were all captured by the coalition forces. In 1909, the Qing government sent a delegation led by Zaixun, Prince Rui to visit European countries, and to order a large number of small and medium-sized warships from those countries. During visit to Germany, Zaixun ordered three destroyers from the Schichau shipyard. The first ship was ordered in 1910 at a cost of 57,965 pounds. A year later, two additional ships were ordered for a total of 115,930 pounds.
The ships of this class has a displacement of , a length of , a beam of , and a draft of . The class were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines with four Schichau water-tube boilers, with power output of , and the maximum speed is . During sea trial, the ship reached . The class has a complement of 69 crew.
The class main guns were two 76.2 mm QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval guns, located on the fore and aft. There are also four 47 mm QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns, two of which are installed on the port and starboard sides in front of the conning tower, and the other two are on both sides of the rear command room. The ships also armed with two 18-inch (457 mm) torpedo tubes, which were weaker than the 3-tube configuration of contemporary German destroyers. One was installed between the two funnels and the other was installed behind the aft main gun.
Ships in the class
References
Bibliography
See also
List of ships of the Chinese Navy (1644–1945)
Destroyer classes
World War II destroyers
China–Germany relations |
Frank Michael Fernández, Jr. (April 17, 1918 – June 18, 2001) was an American historian, educator, and notable Isleño advocate in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Through his advocacy and exposure in the community, he attracted academics like Samuel G. Armistead, among others, to study the Isleños of St. Bernard Parish. His tenure as a public educator was marked by his fight for a Spanish language program as a means to preserve the Isleño Spanish dialect. Ultimately, his work to preserve the Canary Islander descendants community led to the formation of Los Isleños Heritage and Cultural Society of St. Bernard.
Life
Early life
The son to a Galician and Isleña, Frank Fernández lived a life similar to the other Isleños of the fishing communities dotted along the coasts of St. Bernard Parish which was highlighted by a subsistence lifestyle. He and his elder brother were some of the first Isleños from these villages to complete high school at Joseph Maumus High School during the Great Depression.
Education and career
Following his graduation from high school, Fernández then participated in World War II. In his return to St. Bernard Parish, he sought higher education and acquired undergraduate and graduate degrees in education with minors in history, Spanish, and social studies at Loyola University New Orleans.
Fernández began his career in education at Delacroix Island Elementary School in 1951. He was later appointed principal at the same school and then served as principal of St. Bernard High School from 1955 to 1966. During these years, Fernández established a positive reputation as an individual who was sensitive to his community. For the next fourteen years he continued his work as an educator in Plaquemines Parish, holding teaching and principal positions until his retirement in 1980. He briefly came out of retirement to serve as principal of Promised Land Academy during the 1985-1986 school year.
In 1969, Fernández was elected as the St. Bernard Parish School Board member representing the former 11th Ward and served this term until 1974. During his tenure, he fought for a Spanish language curriculum in eastern St. Bernard Parish schools and the retention of the Delacroix Island Elementary School.
Preservation and community advocacy
In 1967, Fernández was recognized for his scholarship in local history and so he was appointed as historian of St. Bernard Parish. In the following year, he participated in the founding of the St. Bernard Historical Society and placed nineteen historical markers throughout the Parish.
Fernández championed the preservation of Fort Proctor near Shell Beach, a fortification whose construction was supervised by P.G.T. Beauregard in 1856. By personally leading a campaign to preserve the site, Fernández was able to secure legislative appropriations to build a riprap around the fortification. Additionally in 1978, he was able to have Fort Proctor placed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1971, Fernández established the Louis Alfred Ducros, M.D. Historical Museum and Research Library as the first local history museum in St. Bernard Parish. Today, this museum is part of Los Isleños Museum Complex and used to interpret the history and culture of the Parish. Later, he served as chairman of the St. Bernard National Bicentennial Commission as well as on the bicentennial commission of St. Bernard Parish in 1980.
In 1975, Fernández worked with WYES-TV to produce a film documentary Louisiana's Disappearing Spanish Legacy about the Isleños of St. Bernard, interpreting the Isleño presence as the last living vestige of Spanish Louisiana. The documentary aroused enthusiastic support in the Isleño community which resulted in the founding of Los Isleños Heritage and Cultural Society of St. Bernard in 1976. In the following year, Fernández led the first delegation of Canary Islander descendants of St. Bernard to the Canary Islands since the arrival of their families in the late eighteenth century. Fernández’s work with this Society resulted in the establishment of el Museo de los Isleños in 1980 and an annual festival that celebrates Isleño heritage and culture. In 1979, he was awarded funds for a research program from the National Endowment for the Humanities to process and organize eighteenth- and nineteenth-century archives. During 1984 and 1985, he also performed a series of oral history interviews almost entirely in Isleño Spanish of the elderly Isleños in St. Bernard Parish. These oral histories proved useful for a series of academics who visited the community through the 1990s to study the community.
Later life
Fernández continued his advocacy and study of his community into his later years. In 1993, he suffered a stroke which greatly impeded his ability to speak, but he was able to continue his work to some extent. Two years later, he produced his final work, The Settlement of Yscloskey and Alluvial City, along with his daughter Maria and illustrator Robert Flautt. Following his death, a multipurpose building and community center was established in his name and can be found at Los Isleños Museum Complex.
See also
Isleños (Louisiana)
Canarian Americans
Isleño Spanish
St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
References
American folklorists
Historians from Louisiana
1918 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American military personnel of World War II
People from St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Louisiana Isleño people
American people of Galician descent
20th-century American male writers |
"Viper's Drag" is a stride piano composition by the jazz pianist, composer, and arranger Thomas "Fats" Waller.
History/background
"Viper's Drag" was written as a dance tune for a ragtime dance called a slow drag, often shortened to "drag" by songwriters of the day.
The song has been performed by Waller and countless other jazz artists, including Cab Calloway, who recorded a big band swing version of the tune on November 12, 1930 as song 10246-1 on the DOMINO label, album 4686 and Judy Carmichael, who recorded it for her Grammy award-nominated Two-Handed Stride on the Progressive label in 1980.
There are two versions by New Orleans piano masters Henry Butler and Allen Toussaint. It is the title cut to an album by Henry Butler/Steven Bernstein and the Hot 9, on Impulse (2014)</ref>. It can also be found on "American Tunes"—the final recording from New Orleans jazz and R&B pianist Allen Toussaint, released on Nonesuch Records on June 10, 2016.
Appears on
"Viper's Rag" appears on the following recordings:
Fats Waller Memorial, Vol. 1, Fats Waller, RCA Victor, 1970, 2:48
Fats Waller: Legendary Performer, Fats Waller, RCA, 1978
You Rascal You, Fats Waller Pegasus/Pinnacle, 1986
The Joint Is Jumpin', Fats Waller RCA Bluebird/BMG, 1987, 2:58
The Definitive Fats Waller, Vol. 1: His Piano, His Rhythm, Fats Waller, 1990, 2:25
Turn on the Heat: The Fats Waller Piano Solos, Fats Waller, RCA, 1991, 2:56
A Handful of Fats: Original 1929-1942 Recordings, Fats Waller, Naxos Jazz/ Pro-Arte Records, 1992, 2:59
The Cream Series, Fats Waller, Pearl, 1993, 3:01
1934-1935 Fats Waller, Fats Waller, 1993,
The Indispensable Fats Waller, Vols. 1-2: 1926-1935, Fats Waller BMG, 1995,
Ain't Misbehavin', Fats Waller, ASV/Living Era, 1995, 3:07
...Misbehavin', Fats Waller, RCA Camden, 1997, 2:59
Fats Waller: Members Edition, Fats Waller, Membran, 1997,
Piano Masterworks, Vol. 2 (1929-1943), Fats Waller EPM, 1997, 2:58
A Portrait of Boogie Woogie Piano, Various artists, Gallerie, 1998, 2:57
Masters of Jazz, Fats Waller, Cee-Dee, 1999,
A Handful of Keys, Fats Waller, Proper / Proper Box, 1999, 3:00
The Very Best of Fats Waller, Fats Waller, Collectors' Choice Music, 2000, 2:58
Cradle of Jazz, Various artists, Tokuma, 2001, 2:57
Fats Waller: Jazz Indispensable, Fats Waller, BMG, 2001,
Associated Transcription Sessions, 1935-1939, Fats Waller, Jazz Unlimited, 2001, 2:26
The Quintessence New York - Camden - Los Angeles: 1929-1943, Fats Waller, Frémeaux & Associés, 2002, 2:58
Portrait, Vol. 1, Fats Waller, Documents Classics / The International Music Co., 2003, 2:58
Totally Jazz Piano, Various artists, Pastels, 2003, 3:01
Alligator Crawl, Fats Waller Universal Division Jazz, 2004, 2:58
Fats Waller Stomp/Fractious Fingering, Fats Waller, Classic Jazz Music, 2004, 2:58
Honeysuckle Rose ASV/Living Era, 2004, 2:58
Happy Birthday Fats, Fats Waller, Fuel 2000, 2004, 2:23
Truckin', Fats Waller, Proper Sales & Dist., 2004, 3:00
The Best of Fats Waller: Jazz Forever, Fats Waller, Jazz Forever, 2005, 2:57
Two-Handed Stride, Judy Carmichael, Progressive, 1980
If You Got to Ask, You Ain't Got It!, Fats Waller, Bluebird/Legacy, 2006, 2:58
An Introduction to Fats Waller, Fats Waller, Fuel 2000, 2006, 2:23
Complete Victor Piano Solos, Fats Waller, Definitive Classics, 2006, 2:58
RCA Original Masters: The Best of Fats Waller, Fats Waller Sony BMG, 2008, 2:58
Best of Fats Waller (Box Set), Fats Waller, Sony BMG, 2008, 2:58
Royal Casino, Various artists, Makin Friends, 2008,
Radio Recordings from 1931 to 1943, Fats Waller Fuel 2000 / Varèse Sarabande, 2010, 2:23
Fats Waller: 75 Original Great Performances, Fats Waller, Gralin Music, 2010, 2:54
Fats Waller Anthology, Fats Waller, Jazzland, 2010, 2:57
Believe in Miracles, Fats Waller, History, 2010, 2:57
Fats Waller Piano Solos (1929-1941), Fats Waller, Jazz Tribune, 2010,
Reefer Blues: Vintage Songs About Marijuana, Vol. 2, Various artists, Grammercy Records, 2010, 2:57
Jazz Piano Masters: 55 Famous Jazz Songs, Various artists, Jazzland, 2010, 2:57
Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll, Various artists, Delta, 2010, 3:02
The Ultimate Jazz Archive, Vol. 18, Various artists, 2010, 2:56
[[The Ultimate Fats Waller Collection, Vol. 4 AP]], Various artists, 2010, 3:08
Viper's Drag, Henry Butler/Steven Bernstein and the Hot 9, on Impulse (2014) 6:46
[[American Tunes]], Allen Toussaint, 2016, (Nonesuch) 3:18
References
External links
https://www.allmusic.com/song/vipers-drag-mt0053154424
Piano compositions by American composers
Cab Calloway songs |
Stig Munthe-Sandberg (4 August 1903 – 8 April 1950) was a Swedish painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
1903 births
1950 deaths
20th-century Swedish painters
Swedish male painters
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Painters from Stockholm
20th-century Swedish male artists |
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