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United Nations Security Council Resolution 2042 was unanimously adopted on 14 April 2012.
Content
The resolution, which authorizes the dispatch of an advance team of up to 30 unarmed military observers to Syria to monitor compliance with the ceasefire agreement, passed 15-0.
The observers will be tasked with establishing and maintaining contact with both sides of the conflict, and making reports on compliance with the ceasefire agreement until a full mission is deployed in the country.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2001 to 2100
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2043 of 21 April 2012
List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
2012 United Nations Security Council resolutions
2042
2012 in Syria
International reactions to the Syrian civil war
April 2012 events |
J. W. McMillan (5 May 1850 – December 1925) was an industrialist and brick supplier. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, McMillan moved to the United States, where he produced bricks in the American South.
Early life and immigration to America
J.W. McMillian was born in Scotland in 1850, into a Presbyterian family.
McMillian subsequently immigrated to the United States, living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for a time. He then moved to Madison, Georgia, where he supplied bricks for the Georgia State Sanitarium.
Milledgeville Brick Works
McMillian later moved to Milledgeville, Georgia, where he established the Milledgeville Brick Works. The Brick Works had six kilns and produced as many as 2,000 bricks per day. Buildings constructed with McMillan's bricks in Milledgeville include the First Presbyterian Church in downtown Milledgeville on South Wayne Street, the original barracks on the campus of Georgia Military College on Greene Street, Old Baldwin County Courthouse (1886), the Jones Building for Central State Hospital,
The brick factory was located along the Oconee River, site of the Oconee River Greenway. It operated until the early 1940s.
Terra cotta burial markers
Terracotta burial markers found around Milledgeville cemeteries are believed to be from African Americans working at the McMillan brick factory and other local brick factories, or by those working at some of Georgia's southern stoneware potteries. Archaeologists have studied the markers.
References
1850 births
1925 deaths
Businesspeople from Glasgow
Scottish emigrants to the United States
20th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American businesspeople |
Redemption is an original novel based on the U.S. television series Angel. Tagline: "History can repeat itself."
Plot summary
A wealthy actress, Whitney Tyler, requests the help of Angel, Cordelia, and Doyle. She plays a vampire on a popular TV show, and a small number of viewers seem to believe she is actually a real vampire and have made attempts to kill her.
Doyle is pleased the case isn't relying on painful visions and Cordelia is starstruck, but Angel is confused; Whitney resembles someone he knew two centuries earlier.
The attempts to kill Whitney continue, while Angel, Doyle and Cordy discover a symbol that links the attackers to an ancient battle. Angel must put the pieces together.
Continuity
Supposed to be set early in Angel season 1, before the episode "Hero".
Characters include: Angel, Cordelia, and Doyle.
The story has some similarities to "Eternity" which first aired April 2000.
Canonical issues
Angel books such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them as taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy/Angel merchandise.
External links
Reviews
Litefoot1969.bravepages.com - Review of this book by Litefoot
Shadowcat.name - Review of this book
2000 novels
Angel (1999 TV series) novels
2000 speculative fiction novels
Novels by Mel Odom |
```sqlpl
PRINT 'Inserting Application.Cities Q'
GO
-- Everything here was moved to pds150-ins-app-cities
``` |
Radio Jura bernois (RJB, meaning literally “Radio Bernese Jura”) is a private French-language radio broadcaster in regional Switzerland. It broadcasts in Bernese Jura, the French-speaking part of the Canton of Bern.
Its studios are based in Tavannes, in the district of Moutier.
External links
French-language radio stations in Switzerland |
Kody Funderburk (born November 27, 1996) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Career
Funderburk began his college baseball career at Mesa Community College. He then transferred to Dallas Baptist University.
Funderburk was selected by the Minnesota Twins in the 15th round of the 2018 Major League Baseball draft. returned to Wichita.
On the same day he was promoted to the Twins for the first time, Funderburk made his MLB debut and earned his first win after pitching two perfect innings in relief of Kenta Maeda in a 10–6 home victory over the Cleveland Guardians on August 28, 2023.
References
External links
Dallas Baptist Patriots bio
1996 births
Living people
Baseball players from Arizona
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
Dallas Baptist Patriots baseball players
Elizabethton Twins players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Sportspeople from Mesa, Arizona
St. Paul Saints players
Wichita Wind Surge players |
RUNAL aka is a role-playing game supplement that was written in Japanese language for the GURPS game rules. It was written by Shou Tomono and Group SNE, then first published in 1992. It was followed in 1994 by GURPS Youmayakou.
Over twenty novels of a series named have been published based upon GURPS Runal.
The setting is a fantasy world named Runal that was strongly influenced by RuneQuest. There are seven mysterious Moons which grant magic power to worshipers.
The Moons of seven colors are worshiped by various people as follows:
Blue Moon - The Moon of lawful deities and one of the twin Moons, worshiped by dwarves and humans who prefer order and law.
Red Moon - The Moon of chaotic deities and one of the twin Moons, worshiped by humans who prefer liberty and disorder.
White Ring Moon - The Moon of magic, worshiped by wizards and called Ring Moon because it split in two forming a ring when its gods left for a higher plane of existence.
Green Moon - The Moon of plants and forests, worshiped by elves and called Elfa. Elfa culture is similar to the Native Americans'.
Wandering Moon - A capricious Moon whose orbit is random, also called the Moon of all colors and worshiped by various non-human races.
Silver Moon - The Moon of strangeness and madness, worshiped by residents of elemental planes and fearful monsters resembling creatures of the Cthulhu Mythos.
Black Moon - The Moon of evil, worshiped by demons.
The Rhiado continent is the main land and focus of the game. The strongest nation is the Tor-Addness Empire which is modeled after the Tang dynasty of China. Its state religion is the worship of the Blue Moon. The Toru-Addness Empire are disputing with neighboring countries which worship the Red Moon.
YUELL, the sequel of GURPS Runal, was released in 2005 as a supplement to the 4th edition of GURPS.
References
Fantasy role-playing game supplements
Runal, GURPS
Japanese role-playing games
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1992 |
Fernando Domínguez Cunchillos (born 10 June 1953) is a Navarrese politician, Minister of Health of Navarre from July 2015 to August 2019.
References
1953 births
Government ministers of Navarre
Geroa Bai politicians
Living people
Politicians from Navarre |
Tughril II ( 1109 – October–November 1134) was the Sejluk sultan of Persian Iraq briefly in 1132. He maintained power through the support of his uncle, the principal Seljuk sultan Ahmad Sanjar (); when the latter left for Transoxiana to suppress a rebellion in 1132, Tughril II lost Iraq to his rival and brother Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud. Tughril II briefly took refuge in the domain of the Bavandid ispahbad (ruler) Ali I () in Mazandaran, where he stayed during the whole winter of 1132–1133. He subsequently captured the capital Hamadan, but was stricken with sickness and died on his arrival to the capital, in October/November 1134. Tughril II was survived by his son Arslan, who was raised by the atabeg Eldiguz, who installed him on the throne in 1161.
Family
One of his wives was the sister of Izz al-Din Hasan Qipchaq, one of the powerful amirs of the time. They married in 1188–9. Another wife was Mumina Khatun. She was the mother of his son, Arslan-Shah. After Tughril's death, Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud gave her to Sham al-Din Eldiguz. He took her to Barda. With him, she had two sons, the Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan and Atabeg Qizil Arslan. His only daughter married Jalal al-Din Mangubirni.
References
Sources
1109 births
1134 deaths
Seljuk rulers |
James M. Tien, Ph.D., DEng (h.c.), is distinguished professor and former dean of the University of Miami College of Engineering. He has worked previously at Bell Laboratories, Rand Corporation and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Higher education
Institutional
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Ph.D., Systems Engineering & Operations Research, 1972
MIT, E.E., Electrical & Systems Engineering, 1970
MIT, S.M., Electrical & Systems Engineering, 1967
Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), B.E.E, Electrical Engineering, 1966
Awards and honors
In 2001, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering or contributions to the development and application of systems engineering concepts and methodologies to improve public services and engineering education. He received the 2010 IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award, “for vision and leadership in advancing IEEE’s global visibility and recognition as an innovator in technical, publication and educational services.” He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.
Publications
Recent popular articles
"Science, technology key to U.S. growth," Miami Herald, 12/04/2009
Most recent refereed journal articles
J. M. Tien, Y. Lee, "An Extended Dynamic Least Loaded Routing Strategy for Multi- Destination Traffic in Telecommunication Networks", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2009
J. M. Tien, P. Goldschmidt-Clermont, "Healthcare: a Complex Service System", Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 285–310, 2009
J. M. Tien, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, "Engineering Healthcare As A Service System", Journal of Information-Knowledge-Systems Management (Also online at www.IKSMOnline.com, vol. 8, Nos. 2–4, 2009
J. M. Tien, "Services: A System's Perspective", IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 146–157, 2008
J. M. Tien, "On Integration and Adaptation in Complex Service Systems", Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 385–415, 2008
Refereed books
(13 Co-Authors), Assessing Medical Preparedness To Respond To A Terrorist Nuclear Event, Institute of Medicine Committee, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009
(13 Co-Authors), Harnessing Systems Engineering to Improve Traumatic Brain Injury Care in the Military Health System, Institute of Medicine & National Academy of Engineering Committee, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009
National Research Council (13 Co-Authors), Intelligent Sustainment and Renewal of Department of Energy Facilities and Infrastructure, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005
D. Berg, J. M. Tien, W.A. Wallace (Co-Editors), Management of Technology in the Services Industry, Special Issue of IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 48, No. 3, 2001
(13 Co-Authors), Governor's Committee to Review Audio-Visual Covera: An Open Courtroom: Cameras in New York Courts, New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 1997
References
External links
Biography of James M. Tien from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
The Stony Brook School alumni
University of Miami faculty
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Engineers from New York (state)
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Craig Moss (born ) is an English former rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Knottingley Rockware ARLFC, Featherstone Rovers (Heritage № 850), the Hunslet Hawks, and the Keighley Cougars, as a .
Background
Craig Moss was born in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England.
Playing career
Craig Moss made his début for Featherstone Rovers on Sunday 28 March 2004, and he played his last match for Featherstone Rovers during the 2007–season, as in March 2007, he received a two-year ban after testing positive for the performance-enhancing substance 17-epimethandienone. He returned to the sport in 2009, signing for Hunslet. He then joined Keighley a year later.
References
1984 births
Living people
English rugby league players
Featherstone Rovers players
Hunslet R.L.F.C. players
Keighley Cougars players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Pontefract
Wales national rugby league team players
Welsh rugby league players |
Cosmoceroidea is a nematode super family in the order Ascaridida.
References
Bibliography
Anderson, R.M. (2000): Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission, 2nd Edition. New York, USA, CABI Publishing.
External links
Rhabditia
Animal superfamilies |
```javascript
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
(function testSmiArrayConcat() {
var result = [].concat([-12]);
assertEquals(1, result.length);
assertEquals([-12], result);
})();
(function testDoubleArrayConcat() {
var result = [].concat([-1073741825]);
assertEquals(1, result.length);
assertEquals([-1073741825], result);
})();
(function testSmiArrayNonConcatSpreadable() {
var array = [-10];
array[Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] = false;
var result = [].concat(array);
assertEquals(1, result.length);
assertEquals(1, result[0].length);
assertEquals([-10], result[0]);
})();
(function testDoubleArrayNonConcatSpreadable() {
var array = [-1073741825];
array[Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] = false;
var result = [].concat(array);
assertEquals(1, result.length);
assertEquals(1, result[0].length);
assertEquals([-1073741825], result[0]);
})();
Array.prototype[Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] = false;
(function testSmiArray() {
var result = [].concat([-12]);
assertEquals(2, result.length);
assertEquals(0, result[0].length);
assertEquals(1, result[1].length);
assertEquals([-12], result[1]);
})();
(function testDoubleArray() {
var result = [].concat([-1073741825]);
assertEquals(2, result.length);
assertEquals(0, result[0].length);
assertEquals(1, result[1].length);
assertEquals([-1073741825], result[1]);
})();
``` |
Motu Piti Aau is a island in the Bora Bora Islands Group, within the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is located between Pitiuu Tai, and Tape.
Geography
Motu Piti Aau is a low island, with a small hill near Reva Reva ranch.
Administration
The island is part of Bora Bora Commune.
Demographics
Taurere, the main village of the island, is on the south west corner, facing Bora Bora Island.
Its current population includes many private households as the resorts staff usually commute daily to the pier at Eden beach.
Tourism
The Island boasts many resorts.
Near the island of Tape, is Le Meridien Resort.
Thalasso Intercontinental Resort
Eden Beach Resort
Bora Bora One Resort, near Taurere
Chez Nono operates a camping facility in Fareone point, at the south of Piti Aau, the cheapest in Bora Bora.
Transportation
After arriving in Fa'a'ā International Airport, an Air Tahiti inter-island flight (50 minutes) will bring you to Bora Bora Airport.
You will need to board the airline’s catamaran shuttle to Vaitape, where resorts staff take boats.
References
External links |
State Trunk Highway 86 (often called Highway 86, STH-86 or WIS 86) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It runs east–west in north central Wisconsin from Ogema to Tomahawk.
Route description
The roadway transitions from County Trunk Highway O (CTH-O) to WIS 86 at the WIS 13 intersection west of Ogema. After crossing the Pine Line Trail in Ogema, WIS 86 then turns north and then east again. Continuing east, WIS 86 intersects WIS 102. Continuing further east, WIS 86 then crosses above the Wisconsin River. After the crossing, it then turns north towards downtown Tomahawk. In downtown, it first intersects CTH-S (former WIS 107) and then turns east once again. Further east, it then meets US Highway 51 (US 51) at a diamond interchange. At this point, WIS 86 ends there, and the roadway continues east as CTH-D.
History
Initially, in 1919, WIS 86 was formed to travel along present-day WIS 73 from WIS 18 (now US 10) in Neillsville to WIS 16 (later WIS 29, now CTH-X) in Withee. This routing was eventually relocated in 1924 after WIS 73 extended northwestward, superseding the old route in the process. On the new route, WIS 56 traveled from WIS 13 (now CTH-G) in Ogema to WIS 10 (now CTH-S) in Tomahawk.
In 1956, WIS 86 extended northwest along former CTH-A (now CTH-O) to US 8 east of Catawba. In the fall of 1983, WIS 86 extended eastward towards the newly built US 51 Tomahawk bypass. By 1993, most of the 1956 northwestern extension was reverted to its county maintenance, replacing with CTH-O in the process. As a result, WIS 86 was truncated back to WIS 13, this time at the Ogema bypass.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
086
Transportation in Price County, Wisconsin
Transportation in Lincoln County, Wisconsin |
```shell
Clear the terminal instantly
Useful aliasing in bash
Terminal incognito mode
Breaking out of a terminal when `ssh` locks
Conditional command execution
(`&&` operator)
``` |
Juana Brava is a Chilean television series created by Ignacio Arnold and Nimrod Amitai and produced and aired by Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN) during the second half of 2015. The series takes place in the fictional town of San Fermín, inspired by the Chilean town of Tiltil, and focuses on the abuse of power and the struggle of a simple woman to change a complex system dominated by large and powerful entities. It highlights conflicts between citizens, social problems, corruption, and the struggle for rights.
The series was originally titled The Mayor and was to be produced by Mega after the project received CLP$379,092,972 (US in 2013) in funding from the National Television Council in 2013. Mega wanted an in-house team to develop the scripts, which Arnold and Amitai felt would lessen the quality of the product, leading them to end the partnership and take the project to TVN instead.
The series premiered on October 4, 2015.
Plot
Juana Bravo (Elisa Zulueta) is a 33-year-old woman who, after 15 years in the capital, is forced to return to her hometown, the fictional San Fermín, where her father (Alejandro Trejo) is the mayor. When she comes back she realizes that things are not working properly and the town has become the site of landfills, prisons, and polluting industries that nobody else wants in their neighborhood. After discovering the irregularities, she faces both a corrupt system and family challenges. She is an idealistic and somewhat impulsive woman who works hard to gain the support of those who live in the town, believing she can change the system. But in her struggle she neglects her 16-year-old son, Diego (Lucas Balmaceda), who goes from being naive and lonely to an anti-establishment rebel.
Cast
Elisa Zulueta as Juana Bravo
Alejandro Trejo as Ambrosio Bravo
Lux Pascal (credited as Lucas Balmaceda) as Diego Bravo
Gastón Salgado as Fidel Carmona
Emilia Noguera as Paula "Poli" Montejo
Daniel Guillón as Tomás
Nelson Brodt as José "Pepe" Gallardo
Paulina Urrutia as Hilda Salgado
Willy Semler as Bernardo Maureira
Andrés Skoknic as Darío Alcázar
Mauricio Diócares as Jimmy
Eyal Meyer as Esteban Quiroz
Santiago Tupper as Gregorio Mancilla
Daniela Palavecino as Marisol Tapia
Ángela Lineros as "La Negra"
Jaime Milla as Dylan
Gonzalo Araya as Alexis
Leonardo Bertolini as Pito
Estrella Ortiz as Victoria "Vicky" Leiva
Aldo Bernales as Carlos
Mateo Iribarren as Mayor Toro
Guests
Daniel Muñoz as Charles
Emilio Edwards as "El Turco"
Alison Mandel as Isidora
Luz María Yacometti as Albinia
Ernesto Gutiérrez as Jara
Pelusa Troncoso as María, abuela de Victoria
Marcelo Maldonado as Rodrigo Núñez
Nicolás de Terán as Ronaldo
Máx Corvalán as José
Patricia Velasco as Marcela "Chelita" de Maureira
Cristián Gajardo as Rubén
Gabriela Arancibia as Maraya
Rodrigo Lisboa as "El Gato"
Benjamín Hidalgo as Carlanga
Rafael Ahumada as Don Pancho
Ariel Mateluna as Ramiro
Patricia Pacheco as Maria Alejandra
Paulina Eguiluz as Luisa
Gilda Maureira as Doña Humilde
Macarena Gajardo as Silvia de Mancilla
Cristián Gajardo as Cabo Cáceres
Agustín Moya as Nibaldo
Elvis Fuentes as Nicolás Islas
Ramón González
Natalia Aragonese as Leo, madre de Victoria
Catherine Mazoyer as Periodista 24 Horas
Eduardo Cumar as Señor Lozano
Mónica Pérez (cameo)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official web site (Spanish)
2015 in Chilean television
Televisión Nacional de Chile original programming |
Kevin Royal Johnson (born November 21, 1961) is an American author and singer-songwriter living in Baltimore, Maryland. He is the founding member of the band The Linemen.
Early life
Johnson was raised and educated in Van Buren, Arkansas until the age of 10, when he moved to Little Rock where he lived until the age of 18. He attended Little Rock Central High School and then moved to Nashville, to attend Vanderbilt University, where he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering in 1984.
Career
Author
Johnson is the author of three books, The Celluloid Paper Trail: Identification and Description of Twentieth Century Film Scripts, The Dark Page: Books That Inspired American Film Noir 1940–1949 and The Dark Page II: Books That Inspired American Film Noir 1950–1965. All three books were published by the Oak Knoll Press.
Johnson has taught on the subject of film script identification at Yale University, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and Rare Book School at the University of Virginia.
Antiquarian bookseller
Johnson founded Royal Books, Inc. in Baltimore, Maryland in 1998. He has been a member of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America since 2002 and between 2007 and 2013 was on the faculty (and subsequently the director of) the Colorado Antiquarian Book Seminar.
Musical career
Johnson began playing music as a solo performer while at Vanderbilt, and in 1984 moved to the Washington, DC area, where he played the pub circuit, most notably with singer-songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter. He formed his first band The Revellaires in 1987, releasing one record entitled Pop of Ages.
In 1991 he formed The Linemen with Eric Brace, Antoine Sanfuentes, and Bill Williams. Between 1991 and 2001 the band released four records under Johnson's own SAM Records label, with new members Tony Flagg (bass) and Scott McKnight (guitar) replacing Brace and Williams in 1994, and adding James Key (mandolin) and Dave Giegerich (dobro, steel guitar).
Johnson's first album with the Linemen, Memphis for Breakfast, was recorded at Ardent Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and produced by John Alagía. Johnson's second album, The Rest of Your Life, was also produced by Alagía and designed by Jeff Nelson. Johnson's third album with the Linemen, Parole Music, was produced by Charlie Chesterman.
In 2012, The Linemen reformed, adding Jonathan Gregg as a second lead vocalist, lead guitarist, and pedal steel guitarist, and with band alumni Scott McKnight (bass), Bill Williams (guitar, slide guitar, mandolin), and Antoine Sanfuentes (drums). In the fall of 2016 they released their first album, Close the Place Down, recorded by Andrew Taub at Brooklyn Recording and worked once again with John Alagia.
Johnson has performed (both solo and with the Linemen) on NPR's Mountain Stage as well as CBGB, 9:30 Club, the Modell Performing Arts Center, and The Birchmere.
Critical reception
The Dark Page: Books That Inspired American Film Noir 1940–1949 was reviewed positively in Film Comment magazine, and given 7/10 stars by PopMatters. The first volume was blurbed by Los Angeles Times film critic Kenneth Turan, who described the book as having "compelling reproductions of first edition jackets alternating with pithy, knowledgeable text about both the books and the films." Dave Heating from Erasing Cloud wrote that "it's one of those books that reminds you of the magic of books themselves," and Laura Rattray of University of Chicago Press' journal The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America called the book "a visual feast."
Film critic Leonard Maltin wrote that The Dark Page II: Books That Inspired American Film Noir 1950–1965 "has much to offer, both as a reference and as a source of sheer pleasure."
Bibliography
Discography
The Revellaires
Pop of Ages (1987), Top Records
Kevin Johnson and the Linemen
Memphis for Breakfast (1991), SAM Records
The Rest of Your Life (1994), SAM Records
Parole Music (1997), SAM Records
Sunday Driver (2000), SAM Records
Various Artists Americana Motel (2001) – compilation on Bay Gumbo Music
The Linemen
Close the Place Down (2016), SAM Records
References
External links
https://www.royalbooks.com/
1961 births
Living people
20th-century American writers
American country guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians |
Other Lives is an American indie rock band from Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States.
The band originally formed in 2004 as Kunek and released one album in 2006 under that name. Other Lives' self-titled album was released physically April 7, 2009 by TBD Records and digitally March 17, 2009. The album was recorded in Los Angeles and produced by Joey Waronker.
According to their official Facebook page current band members are Jesse Tabish (piano, guitar, lead vocals), Jonathon Mooney (piano, violin, guitar, percussion, trumpet) & Josh Onstott (bass, keys, percussion, guitar, backing vocals)
"For 12" was featured as KCRW's "Today's Top Tune" on October 27, 2010.
Other Lives finished working on their album Tamer Animals in February 2011. The album was released on May 10, 2011, in the USA and August 29, 2011, in UK/Europe. The album was critically well-received, and Thom Yorke's supergroup Atoms for Peace released a remix of the title track the following year.
In the summer of 2011, the band toured with S. Carey and The Rosebuds. Following a month of shows in the UK, the band joined Bon Iver in September in the USA and Canada and played at Iceland Airwaves festival. The band returned to the UK in October to support Chapel Club in London on October 18. The band opened for Radiohead on the first leg of their 2012 North American tour in February and March, 2012, and also played 2012 Coachella Festival.
In September 2011, Other Lives launched their Wirewax interactive website, which was built around the band's official video for "For 12", and allowed users to access audio and visual content within the video.
On October 22, 2012, Other Lives' new album, Mind the Gap EP, was released.
After opening for Radiohead and subsequently headlining their own tour in 2012, the band took a hiatus from performing to work on their upcoming album, "Rituals." Over the next few years, Other Lives released the eponymous "Rituals" and "2 Pyramids" as promotional singles before releasing the album on May 4, 2015. "Rituals" marked a departure from TBD Records, as the band instead released their newest album on the Belgian label Play It Again Sam Recordings with the help of co-producer and Atoms For Peace drummer Joey Waronker. In a message about the album on their website, front man Jesse Tabish wrote, "We wanted a cleaner, brighter record with more movement and color." During the eighteen month period of the album's creation, the group wrote over sixty songs before releasing its current, fourteen track iteration, which runs at fifty-four minutes and eighteen seconds. The album has a notably more somber feel to it than previous works, with AllMusic describing its sound as "shimmery, meticulously crafted . . . pure pop bliss . . . rooted in darkness."
In the summer of 2014, Shearwater drummer Danny Reisch replaced Colby Owens.
The band has spent the summer of 2018 recording a new album in Cooper Mountain, Oregon. On January 9, 2020, they announced that the album For Their Love will be released on April 24, 2020.
Discography
Albums
Singles
For 12 (12" vinyl with 2 bonus tracks) (2011)
For 12 (2 track - UK promo single with edit version) (2011)
Tamer Animals (2 track - promo single with edit version) (2011)
Old Statues (2 track - UK promo single with edit version) (2011)
References
External links
Other Lives official website
Other Lives full hour concert in France at Liveweb.Arte.TV
Indie pop groups from Oklahoma
Indie rock musical groups from Oklahoma
Musical groups established in 2004
PIAS Recordings artists
ATO Records artists |
James Bernard Clinch (1771-1834) was a professor, lawyer and pamphleteer. On the recommendation of politician and writer Edmund Burke he was appointed as one of the first professors at the newly established St. Patrick's College, Maynooth in 1795 first as chair of Humanity (Belle Lettres), then in 1798 as Professor of Rhetoric, resigning in 1802. In 1795 he was one of the four professors present in Maynooth the others being Rev. Maurice Aherne (Dogmatic Theology), Rev. Pierre-Justin Delort (Mathematics and Natural Philosophy), and Rev. John Chetwode Eustace (Rhetoric).
He was the fifth son of Joseph Clinch, a merchant of James Street, Dublin, and Margaret Higgins. He was educated at Rev. Thomas Betagh's school and studied at the Irish College, Rome (where he had studied with some future Irish priests such as Dr. Patrick Ryan future Bishop of Ferns). Returning to Ireland choosing not to be ordained a priest, he worked as a teacher at Inch Academy, Balbriggan, before joining the staff at Maynooth. After Maynooth, he joined the Middle Temple, earned an LLB degree, and was called to the Irish bar in 1807.
He married Lisa Brennan, and two of his sons, both educated at the lay college in Maynooth, also became barristers.
He died on 25 October 1834.
References
1771 births
1834 deaths
Irish barristers
Academics of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
People from County Dublin
19th-century Irish lawyers |
Jerry Wishnow is an American activist, entrepreneur and founder of the Wishnow Group Inc., a company that developed and produced campaigns aimed at intervening in social problems through mutually beneficial partnerships between media, nonprofits, and business. The projects have reduced infant mortality, property crime, changed drug laws, and added anti-discrimination curricula to U.S. and international schools.
Wishnow contributed his copy written name "AmeriCorps" to the Clinton White House as the official title of what has become the domestic version of the Peace Corps.
Wishnow and his campaigns have received over 70 national and regional awards including a Peabody award, three National Emmy awards, and four Presidential commendations.
Career
Wishnow attended Northeastern University in Boston and earned a BA in English Journalism. As a student editor at Northeastern, he was physically threatened while covering the 1963 Selma, Alabama racial unrest. He later earned a Master of Journalism degree from the Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism, Evanston, IL. In 1967, he covered the "Summer of Love" in San Francisco for The Boston's Herald Traveler.
He started his work at 50,000 Watt WBZ radio (Westinghouse broadcasting) Boston in 1968 as a public affairs director and producer for The Jerry Williams Show. Wishnow soon became creative services director producing public affairs campaigns which were designed to utilize WBZ’s powerful market position and resources to create positive public service campaigns designed to measurably assist its audience while promoting the station and project partners.
Wishnow launched his own firm. The Wishnow Group Inc., an activist public affairs firm based in Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1974.
The Wishnow Group has worked with nonprofits including the Anti-Defamation League and the March of Dimes, University of Chicago Hospitals, and government agencies including US Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, US Law Enforcement Systems Association, and the US Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
They have also worked with corporate clients and underwriters, including American Express, Digital Equipment Corporation, Sears, Montgomery Ward and Blue Cross Blue Shield.
WBZ public affairs campaigns
T-Group 15
In 1969, Wishnow created and produced an event which padlocked nine Boston African-American and white school decentralization activists, including Louise Day Hicks, a Boston School Committee Chairwoman who strongly opposed court ordered busing and desegregation in public schools, together in a room for over 22 ½ hours with microphones and cameras until compromises over the closing of a key black feeder school were reached The result was broadcast on WBZ. An African-American and a white psychologist were present during the experiment and the participants were given cues in a "sensitizing" environment to direct the discussion. The project was named "T-Group 15 and narrated by Boston university Sensitivity Training pioneer Dr. Malcolm Knowles. The 11-hour edited broadcast included four hours of live audience reaction with the participants and was aired on WBZ for 15 straight hours from 7AM-midnight without commercials.
Storm Center
Weeks later a historic nor'easter paralyzed New England. Wishnow convinced management to turn the station personnel and its powerful signal into an emergency communications center. Those requiring help called in on the air live and were connected to civil authorities and/or local volunteers who, in addition to advice, often delivered food and medicine and provided emergency transport. Thousands were helped and the service drew a 33% rating*.
Rush Hour Rescue
Wishnow worked with ALA Auto & Travel Club of Wellesley, Massachusetts and WBZ radio to develop a service which included a van that provided free emergency road assistance for cars that broke down on major area highways speeding up traffic during peak travel periods.
Commuter Computer
In 1969 "Commuter Computer" was a service created by Wishnow and Jerry Swerling, a public relations director of the ALA Auto & Travel Club. Listeners sent in forms with their schedules and locations. A computer (well before ubiquitous computer use) matched them up with ten people who had similar carpooling needs. Tens of thousands of people joined the effort. The project sparked carpool campaigns in Chicago, Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Baltimore and Miami.
Stomp Smoking
Wishnow produced a statewide anti-smoking campaign developed by a team of physicians that was designed to provide information, anti-smoking techniques and emotional support. In addition to regular PSA's and broadcasts on WBZ, the station personalities went through their own smoking withdrawal on the air live with listeners. The project also featured access to a 24-hour telephone help-line, anti-smoking clinics, and community-centered support.
Shape-up Boston
"Shape-up Boston" was a six-month-long campaign created by Wishnow. It centered on the issues of diet exercise and nutrition. The campaign featured signed and notarized "Stomp Smoking" oaths. The project was later replicated as "Go to Health" at ABC radio in Los Angeles with support from Sears.
WBZ Drug Bill
Another project Wishnow produced was aimed at providing junior high and high school students, teachers, and parents with information on substance abuse. A family of six with serious drug issues took part in on-air drug counseling. In 1972, on-air audience discussions guided by expert attorneys led to the drafting of legislation which came to be known as the "WBZ Drug Bill," which was passed by Massachusetts State Legislature. The bill lightened penalties for possession of marijuana and led to reduction in jail sentences as a punishment for first and second offenders.
Wishnow Group public affair campaigns
H.O.T. Car
"Hands off This Car" ("H.O.T. Car") was a community-based program Wishnow produced for WNAC-TV (CBS) Boston to measurably reduce car theft. The station provided two prime time specials and 500 Public Service Announcements a month plus news and other exposure at an approximate value of $2,000,000.
The public was provided a free kit including tapered door locks, kill switches, engraving tools, and a five percent reduction on car insurance underwritten by the State. If a car was stolen, the project provided free on-air stolen car reports and cash rewards. The project expanded nationally through the Montgomery Ward Auto Club and participating network owned and affiliated TV stations where it reached over 51 major US markets. In Boston the car theft rate dropped 14% statewide, members car theft went down 500%. And the station's ratings went up dramatically.
For Spacious Skies
Wishnow joined with Jack Borden, former news reporter for WBZ-TV Boston, to create the "For Spacious Skies" campaign, established in 1981. The campaign focused on increasing awareness of the sky visibility as a way to reduce air pollution. Dr. Leonard Duhl, a psychiatrist at U.C. Berkeley reported that sensory detachment from the environment is a major factor in personal and social ill health. The board for the campaign included photographer Ansel Adams. Efforts for the campaign were funded through grants from the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Department of Energy. As part of the push to gain awareness, "The Conference on the Sky," a three-day facilitated meeting, was held on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon. The conference included meteorologists, astronomers, photographers, musicians, writers, environmentalists, psychologists, pilots, and other professionals whose careers were connected to the sky. The project is ongoing under Borden's leadership.
Priority One
Priority One" was a year-long comprehensive property crime prevention project designed to provide the public with education and tools to make their homes and neighborhoods more secure. Wishnow produced the project in cooperation with WNAC-TV (CBS) Boston and the Massachusetts Police Chiefs Association. Local police patrolman in hundreds of Massachusetts cities and towns personally knocked on doors of every house or apartment within their jurisdiction, introduced themselves, and presented a free kit containing anti-theft information and devices including special locks and engraving tools. GTE and Stop & Shop provided blue light bulbs that participants could display in their windows once they had hardened up their homes. The project received a National Emmy award. Property theft went down 21% in Boston during this period.
A World of Difference
"A World of Difference," a year-long project that was created by Wishnow with WCVB TV for the Anti-Defamation League's New England Director Lenny Zakim. It was first tested in Boston. It was designed to stem acts of bigotry in schools and communities with the help of scores of WCVB produced, award winning, half hour and one-hour prime time programs and PSAS. It centered on a national and locally created curriculum guidebook initially published by The Boston Globe and used in schools throughout the state. The year-long campaign was then brought, with programming contributed by WCVB-TV and other participating stations, to the top 30 national markets. It was broadcast through network owned and affiliate TV stations reaching over 70% of the country in partnership with major newspapers such as the New York Times and The Chicago Tribune. The project, through the Anti-defamation League, is now a fixture in K–12 curriculum, in 14 countries in addition to the United States. The campaign has won Wishnow a part in two national Emmy awards for community service, as well as a Peabody award.
Partnership for a Drug Free America
Wishnow was hired by the Federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and NBC TV Network to design a process that would bring over 100 national drug and alcohol stakeholders to participate in a facilitated session designed to create a common vision to confront drug and alcohol abuse. The marathon session was held in Williamsburg VA. The industry led group that grew directly from that event created the Partnership for a Drug Free America.
The Volunteer Connection
Wishnow brought a year-long, media promoted process to recruit, screen, train and recognize volunteers that was undertaken in Dallas-Fort Worth spearheaded by The Junior League with major contributions from KXAS-TV (NBC), The Hogg Foundation, The United Way and D/FW Volunteer Center. Dallas philanthropist and project leader Lyda Hill who managed the community aspect of the project accepted The President's 1986 Volunteer Action Award on behalf of the participants from President Reagan at the White House.
Beautiful Babies: Right From the Start
"Beautiful Babies ... Right from the Start" was a Wishnow created project to combat infant mortality. The campaign was tested in 1987 in Washington at WRC TV (NBC) which provided airtime over eighteen months. The PSA’s alone were a “phenomenal 350 gross rating points a week. Three or four more times the exposure that major advertisers might buy." It was carried out by the March of Dimes and paid for by Blue Cross Blue Shield of the National Capitol Area. The New York Times reported that Blue Cross insurance claims for seriously ill babies decreased by over million dollars during the campaign. Pregnant women received a free coupon book for baby care and supplies worth hundreds of dollars. The books were made available at drugstores, medical clinics, by phone and mailed out by the March of Dimes. They included emergency numbers and steps for good perinatal health. The coupons could only be used when stamped after each monthly prenatal care visit by qualified medical personnel. In other words, No Compliance to care—No coupons. The results: an estimated 70,000 residents received coupon books; all-important prenatal visits to clinics increased by 22% in the first year and infant mortality decreased 7%. The project was enhanced and replicated in Chicago with the University of Chicago hospitals and WBBM TV.
Publications
Wishnow authored the book The Activist: How to Create Measurable Public Affairs Projects which was edited by Paul La Camera and published by the National Broadcast Association for Community Affairs in 1983 with underwriting from J.C. Penney.
The Paley Center for Media, Manhattan/Los Angeles, has included numerous Wishnow created project audio and video materials in its permanent collection.
Personal life
Wishnow lives in Marblehead, Massachusetts with his wife, scientist and entrepreneur Peipei Wu Wishnow PhD.
References
External links
YouTube
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American activists
American non-fiction writers
Northeastern University alumni
Northwestern University alumni |
Sir Thomas Bootle (bapt. 16 May 1685 – 25 December 1753) was an English landowner and Member of Parliament.
He was the eldest son of Robert Bootle of Maghull, Lancashire and studied law at Lincoln's Inn (1708) and the Inner Temple (1712) and was called to the bar in 1713. He served as King's attorney and serjeant within the Duchy of Lancaster from 1712 to 1727 and was created a KC by 1726.
He succeeded his father in 1708 and bought the Lathom House estate at Lathom, near Skelmersdale, Lancashire. There he commissioned Giacomo Leoni to replace the existing house with the finest Palladian house in the county. Started in 1725 it was completed in 1740.
He was elected Member of Parliament for Liverpool in 1724, sitting until 1734 and for Midhurst from 1734 to 1753. He was Mayor of Liverpool for 1726–27.
He was attorney-general of the county palatine of Durham from 1733 to 1753. He was chancellor to Frederick, Prince of Wales in 1740–51 and to George, Prince of Wales from 1751 to his death. He was knighted in 1745.
Bootle died unmarried in Oxford in 1753. Lathom House passed to his younger brother Robert and then to Robert's daughter Mary.
References
|-
1685 births
1753 deaths
People from Maghull
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Members of the Inner Temple
Mayors of Liverpool
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Liverpool
British MPs 1722–1727
British MPs 1727–1734
British MPs 1734–1741
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754
Knights Bachelor |
A moral hierarchy is a hierarchy by which actions are ranked by their morality, with respect to a moral code.
It also refers to a relationship – such as teacher/pupil or guru/disciple – in which one party is taken to have greater moral awareness than the other; or to the beneficial hierarchy of parent/child or doctor/patient.
Kohlberg
Kohlberg's stages of moral development have been read as creating a hierarchy of increasing moral complexity, ranging from the premoral at the bottom, through the midrange of conventionalism, up to the apex of self-selected morality.
In similar fashion, Robin Skynner viewed moral ideas (such as the 'myths' of Charis Katakis) as being interpretable at different levels, depending on the degree of mental health attained; while Eric Berne saw the three ego states of Parent/Adult/Child as falling naturally into a moral hierarchy universally respected in both time and place.
Dante
Dante's universe was structured in a hierarchy of moral sins and moral virtues, the stratified circles of Hell reaching down for example from the self-indulgent sins at the higher levels, to those of violence below, and the fraudulent at the bottom.
Confucianism
The Confucian concept of a moral hierarchy traditionally served as a check on arbitrary power in China.
Arguably at least, the concept of a moral hierarchy still influences China's view of its place in the world today.
Criticism
Critics charge that the notion of a moral hierarchy is untenable in cases spanning multiple cultures, because moral codes are not equal but different, and therefore there is no way of showing that certain codes are superior to others.
Proponents of Kohlberg argue against such a relativistic view of morality, however, by pointing to cross-cultural evidence from more than 30 societies supporting the concept of a hierarchy of levels of moral complexity.
See also
References
Concepts in ethics
Hierarchy
Moral psychology |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
RSpec.shared_context "when managing metrics" do
def generate_metric_registry(date = nil)
metric = described_class.for(date, organization)
metric.save
Decidim::Metric.all.load
end
end
``` |
Robert Craig Knievel (October 17, 1938November 30, 2007), known professionally as Evel Knievel (), was an American stunt performer and entertainer. Throughout his career, he attempted more than 75 ramp-to-ramp motorcycle jumps. Knievel was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999. He died of pulmonary disease in Clearwater, Florida, in 2007, aged69.
Evel Knievel was born in Butte, Montana. Raised by his paternal grandparents, Knievel was inspired to become a motorcycle daredevil after attending a Joie Chitwood auto daredevil show. He left high school early to work in the copper mines but was later fired for causing a city-wide power outage. After adopting the nickname "Evel Knievel," he participated in rodeos, ski jumping events, and served in the U.S. Army before marrying Linda Joan Bork and starting a semi-pro hockey team. To support his family, Knievel started the Sur-Kill Guide Service and later worked as an insurance salesman. Eventually, he opened a Honda motorcycle dealership in Washington but faced difficulties promoting Japanese imports. After the dealership closed, Knievel worked at a motorcycle shop where he learned motocross stunts that would later contribute to his daredevil career.
Knievel's most famous stunt was an attempt to jump the fountains at Caesars Palace, which resulted in severe injuries. Despite never successfully jumping the Grand Canyon, Knievel became a legendary figure, breaking numerous records and suffering hundreds of bone fractures throughout his career.
On September 8, 1974, Knievel attempted to jump across the Snake River Canyon in Idaho using a rocket-powered cycle called the Skycycle X-2. The jump failed due to a parachute malfunction, but Knievel survived with minor injuries.
Knievel sought to profit from his image through endorsements and marketing deals. American Eagle Motorcycles signed him, and his popularity grew with young boys. From 1972 to 1977, Ideal Toy Company sold over $125 million worth of Knievel toys. Knievel's fame led to TV appearances and partnerships with companies like AMF and Harley-Davidson. However, after an assault conviction and jail time, he lost endorsements and declared bankruptcy. Despite a decline in his daredevil career, Knievel made a marketing comeback in the 1990s and continued to be involved in various ventures.
Knievel died on November 30, 2007, at the age of 69 due to diabetes and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. He was buried in his hometown of Butte, Montana. Posthumously, Knievel has been honored through various exhibits, a museum, and tribute jumps. His legacy also lives on in television commercials featuring his iconic stunts.
Early life
Knievel was born on October 17, 1938, in Butte, Montana, the first of two children of Robert E. and Ann Marie Keough Knievel. His surname is of German origin; his paternal great-great-grandparents emigrated to the United States from Germany. His mother was of Irish ancestry. Robert and Ann divorced in 1940, after the 1939 birth of their second child, Nicolas, known as Nic. Both parents decided to leave Butte.
Knievel and his brother were raised in Butte by their paternal grandparents, Ignatius and Emma Knievel. At the age of eight, Knievel attended a Joie Chitwood auto daredevil show, which he credited for his later career choice as a motorcycle daredevil.
Knievel was a cousin of Democratic U.S. Representative from Montana, Pat Williams (b. 1937).
Knievel left Butte High School after his sophomore year and got a job in the copper mines as a diamond drill operator with the Anaconda Mining Company, but he preferred motorbiking to what he called "unimportant stuff". He was promoted to surface duty, where he drove a large earth mover. Knievel was fired when he made the earth mover do a motorcycle-type wheelie and accidentally drove it into Butte's main power line, leaving the city without electricity for several hours.
Knievel's website says that he chose his nickname after spending a night in jail in 1956 after being arrested for reckless driving. In the same jail that night was a man named William Knofel, who had the nickname “Awful Knofel”; this led to Knievel being referred to as “Evel Knievel”.
Seeking new thrills and challenges, Knievel participated in local professional rodeos and ski jumping events, including winning the Northern Rocky Mountain Ski Association Class A Men's ski jumping championship in 1959. During the late 1950s, Knievel joined the United States Army. His athletic ability allowed him to join the track team, where he was a pole vaulter. After his army stint, Knievel returned to Butte, where he met and married his first wife, Linda Joan Bork. Shortly after getting married, Knievel started the Butte Bombers, a semi-pro hockey team.
To help promote his team and earn some money, he convinced the Czechoslovakian Olympic ice hockey team to play the Butte Bombers in a warm-up game to the 1960 Winter Olympics (to be held in California). Knievel was ejected from the game minutes into the third period and left the stadium. When the Czechoslovakian officials went to the box office to collect the expense money that the team was promised, workers discovered the game receipts had been stolen. The United States Olympic Committee ended up paying the Czechoslovakian team's expenses to avoid an international incident. Knievel tried out with the Charlotte Clippers of the Eastern Hockey League in 1959, but decided that a traveling team was not for him.
After the birth of his first son, Kelly, Knievel realized that he needed to come up with a new way to support his family financially. Using the hunting and fishing skills taught to him by his grandfather, Knievel started the Sur-Kill Guide Service. He guaranteed that if a hunter employed his service and paid his fee, he would get the big game animal desired or Knievel would refund his fee.
Knievel, who was learning about the culling of elk in Yellowstone, decided to hitchhike from Butte to Washington, D.C., in December 1961 to raise awareness and to have the elk relocated to areas where hunting was permitted. After his conspicuous trek (he hitchhiked with a rack of elk antlers and a petition with 3,000 signatures), he presented his case to Representative Arnold Olsen, Senator Mike Mansfield, and Interior Secretary Stewart Udall. Culling was stopped in the late 1960s.
After returning home to the west from Washington, D.C., he joined the motocross circuit and had moderate success, but he still could not make enough money to support his family. In 1962, Knievel broke his collarbone and shoulder in a motocross accident. The doctors said he could not race for at least six months. To help support his family, he switched careers and sold insurance for the Combined Insurance Company of America, working for W. Clement Stone. Stone suggested that Knievel read Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude, a book that Stone wrote with Napoleon Hill. Knievel credited much of his later success to Stone and his book.
Knievel was successful as an insurance salesman and wanted recognition for his efforts. When the company refused to promote him to vice president after he had been a few months on the job, he quit. Wanting a new start away from Butte, Knievel moved his family to Moses Lake, Washington. There, he opened a Honda motorcycle dealership and promoted motocross racing. During the early 1960s, he and other dealers had difficulty promoting and selling Japanese imports because of the steep competition of their auto industry, and the Moses Lake Honda dealership eventually closed. After the closure, Knievel went to work for Don Pomeroy at his motorcycle shop in Sunnyside, Washington. Pomeroy's son, Jim Pomeroy, who went on to compete in the Motocross World Championship, taught Knievel how to do a wheelie and ride while standing on the seat of the bike.
Career
Stunt performance
As a boy, Knievel had seen the Joie Chitwood show. He decided that he could do something similar using a motorcycle. Promoting the show himself, Knievel rented the venue, wrote the press releases, set up the show, sold the tickets, and served as his own master of ceremonies. After enticing the small crowd with a few wheelies, he proceeded to jump a box of rattlesnakes and two mountain lions. Despite landing short and his back wheel hitting the box containing the rattlesnakes, Knievel managed to land safely.
Knievel realized that to make a more substantial amount of money he would need to hire more performers, stunt coordinators, and other personnel so that he could concentrate on the jumps. With little money, he went looking for a sponsor and found one in Bob Blair, owner of ZDS Motors, Inc., the West Coast distributor for Berliner Motor Corporation, a distributor for Norton Motorcycles. Blair offered to provide the needed motorcycles, but he wanted the name changed from Bobby Knievel and His Motorcycle Daredevils Thrill Show to Evil Knievel and His Motorcycle Daredevils. Knievel did not want his image to be that of a Hells Angels rider, so he convinced Blair to at least allow him to use the spelling Evel instead of Evil.
Knievel and his daredevils debuted on January 3, 1966, at the National Date Festival in Indio, California. The second booking was in Hemet, California, but was canceled due to rain. The next performance was on February 10, in Barstow, California. During the performance, Knievel attempted a new stunt in which he would jump, spread-eagled, over a speeding motorcycle. Knievel jumped too late and the motorcycle hit him in the groin, tossing him into the air. He was hospitalized as a result of his injuries. When released, he returned to Barstow to finish the performance he had started almost a month earlier.
Knievel's daredevil show broke up after the Barstow performance because injuries prevented him from performing. After recovering, Knievel started traveling from small town to small town as a solo act. To get ahead of other motorcycle stunt people who were jumping animals or pools of water, Knievel started jumping cars. He began adding more and more cars to his jumps when he would return to the same venue to get people to come out and see him again. Knievel had not had a serious injury since the Barstow performance, but on June 19 in Missoula, Montana, he attempted to jump twelve cars and a cargo van. The distance he had for takeoff did not allow him to get up enough speed. His back wheel hit the top of the van while his front wheel hit the top of the landing ramp. Knievel ended up with a severely broken arm and several broken ribs. The crash and subsequent stay in the hospital were a publicity windfall.
With each successful jump, the public wanted him to jump one more car. On March 25, 1967, Knievel cleared 15 cars at Ascot Park in Gardena, California. Then he attempted the same jump on July 28, 1967, in Graham, Washington, where he had his next serious crash. Landing his cycle on the last vehicle, a panel truck, Knievel was thrown from his bike. This time he suffered a serious concussion. After a month, he recovered and returned to Graham on August 18 to finish the show; but the result was the same, only this time the injuries were more serious. Again coming up short, Knievel crashed, breaking his left wrist, right knee, and two ribs.
Knievel first received national exposure on March 18, 1968, when comedian and late-night talk show host Joey Bishop had him on as a guest of ABC's The Joey Bishop Show.
Caesars Palace
While in Las Vegas to watch Dick Tiger successfully defend his World Boxing Association (WBA) and World Boxing Council (WBC) light heavyweight titles at the Convention Center on November 17, 1967, Knievel first saw the fountains at Caesars Palace and decided to jump them.
To get an audience with casino CEO Jay Sarno, Knievel created a fictitious corporation called Evel Knievel Enterprises and three fictitious lawyers to make phone calls to Sarno. Knievel also placed phone calls to Sarno claiming to be from American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Sports Illustrated inquiring about the jump. Sarno finally agreed to meet Knievel and arranged for Knievel to jump the fountains on December 31, 1967. After the deal was set, Knievel tried to get ABC to air the event live on their popular Wide World of Sports. ABC declined but said that if Knievel had the jump filmed and it was as spectacular as he said it would be, they would consider using it later.
Knievel, at the age of 29, used his own money to have actor/director John Derek produce a film of the Caesars jump. To keep costs low, Derek employed his then-wife Linda Evans as one of the camera operators. It was Evans who filmed the famous landing. On the morning of the jump, Knievel stopped in the casino and placed his last $100 on the blackjack table (which he lost), stopped by the bar, and had a shot of Wild Turkey, and then headed outside where he was joined by several members of the Caesars staff, as well as two showgirls.
After doing his normal pre-jump show and a few warm-up approaches, Knievel began his real approach. When he hit the takeoff ramp, he said later, he felt the motorcycle unexpectedly decelerate. The sudden loss of power on the takeoff caused Knievel to come up short and land on the safety ramp which was supported by a van. This caused the handlebars to be ripped out of his hands as he tumbled over them onto the pavement where he skidded into the Dunes hotel parking lot.
As a result of the crash, Knievel suffered a crushed pelvis and femur, fractures to his hip, wrist, and both ankles, and a concussion that kept him in the hospital. Rumors circulated that he was in a coma for 29 days in the hospital, but this was refuted by his wife and others in the documentary film Being Evel.
The Caesars Palace crash was Knievel's longest attempted motorcycle jump at . After his crash and recovery, Knievel was more famous than ever. ABC declined to air the event live on Wide World of Sports. The Caesars Palace historical jump video is now owned by K and K Promotions, Inc which is the successor in interest and owner of all Evel Knievel trademarks, film footage, and copyrights.
Insurance
In a 1971 interview with Dick Cavett, Knievel stated that he was uninsurable following the Caesars' crash, stating, "I have trouble getting life insurance, accident insurance, hospitalization and even insurance for my automobile... Lloyd's of London has rejected me 37 times so if you hear the rumor that they insure anybody, don't pay too much attention to it." Four years later, a clause in Knievel's contract to jump 14 buses at Kings Island required a one-day $1million liability insurance to the amusement park. Lloyd's of London offered liability insurance for $17,500. Knievel eventually paid $2,500 to a U.S.-based insurance company.
Jumps and records
To keep his name in the news, Knievel proposed his biggest stunt ever, a motorcycle jump across the Grand Canyon. Just five months after his near-fatal crash in Las Vegas, Knievel performed another jump. On May 25, 1968, in Scottsdale, Arizona, Knievel crashed while attempting to jump 15 Ford Mustangs. Knievel ended up breaking his right leg and foot as a result of the crash.
On August 3, 1968, Knievel returned to jumping, making more money than ever before. He was earning approximately $25,000 per performance, and he was making successful jumps almost weekly until October 13, in Carson City, Nevada. While trying to stick the landing, he lost control of the bike and crashed, breaking his hip again.
By 1971, Knievel realized that the U.S. government would never allow him to jump the Grand Canyon. To keep his fans interested, Knievel considered several other stunts that might match the publicity that would have been generated by jumping the canyon. Ideas included jumping across the Mississippi River, jumping from one skyscraper to another in New York City, and jumping over 13 cars inside the Houston Astrodome. While flying back to Butte from a performance tour, he looked out the window of his airplane and saw the Snake River Canyon. After finding a location just east of Twin Falls, Idaho, that was wide enough, deep enough, and on private property, he leased for $35,000 to stage his jump. He set the date for Labor Day (September 4), 1972.
On January 78, 1971, Knievel set a sales record at the Houston Astrodome by selling over 100,000 tickets to back-to-back performances there. On February 28, he set a new world record by jumping 19 cars with his Harley-Davidson XR-750 at the Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, California. The 19-car jump was shot for the biopic Evel Knievel. Knievel held the record for 27 years until Bubba Blackwell jumped 20 cars in 1998 with an XR-750. In 2015, Doug Danger surpassed that number with 22 cars, accomplishing this feat on Evel Knievel's actual vintage 1972 Harley-Davidson XR-750.
On May 10, 1970, Knievel crashed while attempting to jump 13 Pepsi delivery trucks in Yakima, WA. His approach was complicated by the fact that he had to start on pavement, cut across grass, and then return to pavement. His lack of speed caused the motorcycle to come down on its front wheel first. He managed to hold on until the cycle hit the base of the ramp. After being thrown off, he skidded for . He broke his collarbone, suffered a compound fracture of his right arm, and broke both legs.
On March 3, 1972, at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California, after making a successful jump, he tried to come to a quick stop because of a short landing area. He reportedly suffered a broken back and a concussion after getting thrown off and run over by his motorcycle, a Harley-Davidson. Knievel returned to jumping in November 1973, when he successfully jumped over 50 stacked cars at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. For 35 years, Knievel held the record for jumping the most stacked cars on a Harley-Davidson XR-750 (the record was broken in October 2008). His historic XR-750 is now part of the collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Made of steel, aluminum, and fiberglass, the customized motorcycle weighs about .
During his career, Knievel may have suffered more than 433 bone fractures, earning an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the survivor of "most bones broken in a lifetime". However, this number could be exaggerated: his son Robbie told a reporter in June 2014 that his father had broken 40 to 50 bones; Knievel himself claimed he broke 35.
The Grand Canyon jump
Although Knievel never attempted to jump the Grand Canyon, rumors of the Canyon jump were started by Knievel himself in 1968, following the Caesars Palace crash. During a 1968 interview, Knievel stated, "I don't care if they say, 'Look, kid, you're going to drive that thing off the edge of the Canyon and die,' I'm going to do it. I want to be the first. If they'd let me go to the moon, I'd crawl all the way to Cape Kennedy just to do it. I'd like to go to the moon, but I don't want to be the second man to go there." For the next several years, Knievel negotiated with the federal government to secure a jumping site and develop various concept bikes to make the jump, but the Interior Department denied him airspace over the northern Arizona canyon. Knievel switched his attention in 1971 to the Snake River Canyon in southern Idaho.
In the 1971 film Evel Knievel, George Hamilton (as Knievel) alludes to the canyon jump in the final scene of the movie. One of the common movie posters for the film depicts Knievel jumping his motorcycle off a (likely) Grand Canyon cliff. In 1999, his son Robbie jumped a portion of the Grand Canyon owned by the Hualapai Indian Reservation.
Snake River Canyon jump
ABC's Wide World of Sports was unwilling to pay the price Knievel wanted for the Snake River Canyon jump, so he hired boxing promoter Bob Arum's company, Top Rank Productions, to put the event on closed-circuit television and broadcast to movie Investors in the event took a substantial loss, including promoter DonE. Branker, as well as Vince McMahon of what was then called the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Arum partnered with Invest West Sports, Shelly Saltman's company, to secure from Invest West Sports two things: first, the necessary financing for the jump, and second, the services of Saltman, long recognized as one of America's premier public relations and promotion men, to do publicity so that Knievel could concentrate on his jumps. Knievel hired aeronautical engineer Doug Malewicki to build him a rocket-powered cycle to jump across the Snake River, and called it the Skycycle X-1. Malewicki's creation was powered by a steam engine built by former Aerojet engineer Robert Truax. On April 15, 1972, the X-1 was launched to test the feasibility of the launching ramp. The decision was then made to have Truax build two Skycycle X-2s, one to test and one for the actual jump. Both the X-1 and the X-2 test vehicles went into the river.
The launch took place at the south rim of the Snake River Canyon, west of Shoshone Falls, on September 8, 1974, at 3:36 p.m. MDT. The steam that powered the engine was superheated to a temperature of . The drogue parachute prematurely deployed as the Skycycle left the launching rail and induced significant drag. Even though the craft made it across the canyon to the north rim, the prevailing northwest winds caused it to drift back into the canyon. By the time it hit the bottom of the canyon, it landed only a few feet from the water on the same side of the canyon from which it had been launched. If he had landed in the water, Knievel said that he would have drowned, due to a harness malfunction that kept him strapped in the vehicle. He survived the failed jump with only minor physical injuries.
Since the 1974 launch, seven daredevils have expressed interest in recreating the jump, including Knievel's two sons, Robbie and Kelly. In 2010, Robbie announced he would recreate the jump. Stuntman Eddie Braun announced he was working with Kelly and Robert Truax's son to recreate the jump using a replica of the Skycycle X-2. Braun's jump took place on September 16, 2016, and was completed successfully.
Wembley jump
After the Snake River jump, Knievel returned to motorcycle jumping with ABC's Wide World of Sports televising several jumps. On May 26, 1975, in front of 90,000 people at Wembley Stadium in London, Knievel crashed while trying to land a jump over 13 redundant single-deck AEC Merlin buses (the term "London Buses" used in earlier publicity had led to the belief that the attempt was to be made over the higher and more traditional AEC Routemaster double-decker type).
After the crash, despite breaking his pelvis, Knievel addressed the audience and announced his retirement by stating, "Ladies and gentlemen of this wonderful country, I've got to tell you that you are the last people in the world who will ever see me jump. Because I will never, ever, ever jump again. I'm through." Near shock and ignoring Frank Gifford's (of ABC's Wide World of Sports) plea to use a stretcher, Knievel walked off the Wembley pitch stating, "I came in walking, I went out walking!"
Kings Island jump
After recuperating, Knievel decided that he had spoken too soon and that he would continue jumping. On October 25, 1975, Knievel jumped 14 Greyhound buses at Kings Island near Cincinnati, Ohio. Although Knievel landed on the safety deck above the 14th bus, his landing was successful and he held the record for jumping the most buses on a Harley-Davidson for 24 years (until broken by Bubba Blackwell in late 1999 with 15 at ). The Kings Island event scored the highest viewer ratings in the history of ABC's Wide World of Sports and would serve as Knievel's longest successful jump at (although the Caesars Palace jump was longer, it ended in a crash). In the end, Knievel was featured in seven of the ten highest-rated episodes of ABC's Wide World of Sports. After the Kings Island jump, Knievel again announced his retirement.
His retirement was once again short-lived, and Knievel continued to jump. However, after the lengthy Kings Island jump, Knievel limited the remainder of his career jumps to shorter and more attainable lengths. Knievel jumped on October 31, 1976, at the Seattle Kingdome. He jumped only seven Greyhound buses but it was a success. Despite the crowd's pleasure, Knievel felt that it was not his best jump, and apologized to the crowd.
Shark jump
On January 31, 1977, Knievel was scheduled for a major jump in Chicago, Illinois. The jump was inspired by the 1975 film Jaws. Knievel was scheduled to jump a tank full of live sharks which would be televised live nationally. However, during his rehearsal, Knievel lost control of the motorcycle and crashed into a cameraman. Although Knievel broke his arms, he was more distraught over what he claimed was a permanent eye injury to cameraman Thomas Geren. The cameraman was admitted to the hospital and received treatment for an injury near his eye, but received no permanent injury. The footage of this crash was so upsetting to Knievel that he did not show the clip for 19 years until the documentary Absolute Evel: The Evel Knievel Story.
Later that year on the sitcom Happy Days, motorcycle-riding character Fonzie (Henry Winkler) performed a similar trick, albeit on waterskis, inspiring the creation of the phrase "jump the shark."
Afterward, Knievel retired from major performances and limited his appearances to smaller venues to help launch Robbie's career. His last stunt show, not including a jump, took place in March 1980 in Puerto Rico. However, Knievel would officially finish his career as a daredevil as a touring "companion" of Robbie's, limiting his performance to speaking only, rather than stunt riding. His final tour appearance with Robbie was in March 1981 in Hollywood, Florida.
Feature movies: Evel Knievel andViva Knievel!
A 1971 biopic film, Evel Knievel, fictionalized Knievel's life and exploits. Knievel, portrayed by George Hamilton, calls himself "the last gladiator in the new Rome" in a nod to a January 1970 Esquire magazine article about the stunt rider, whose author, David Lyle, declared, "Evel Knievel [...] may be the last great gladiator." (Later, Knievel titled his 1988 self-produced documentary Last of the Gladiators.) A higher end B-movie, Evel Knievel was a minor hit, taking in $4 million in rentals (equivalent to approximately $ in ) against a $450,000 budget.
Knievel played himself in the 1977 American action film Viva Knievel, directed by Gordon Douglas and co-starring Gene Kelly and Lauren Hutton, with an ensemble supporting cast including Red Buttons, Leslie Nielsen, Cameron Mitchell, Frank Gifford, Dabney Coleman and Marjoe Gortner. The film premiered in June 1977, three months before Knievel and his associates attacked promoter Shelly Saltman with an aluminum baseball bat on September 21, 1977.
With Knievel losing most of his sponsorship and marketing deals as a result of the bad publicity, Viva Knievel became much less commercially attractive, only opening in four further international markets after Knievel's conviction. In addition, the wholesome image of Knievel the movie promoted and the plot point concerning Knievel's promoter being corrupt seemed ill-judged in the light of the events that saw Knievel imprisoned.
Motorcycles
Knievel briefly used a Honda 250cc motorcycle to jump a crate of rattlesnakes and two mountain lions, his first known jump. Knievel then used a Norton Motorcycle Company 750cc for only one year, 1966. Between 1967 and 1968, Knievel jumped using the Triumph Bonneville T120 (with a 650cc engine). Knievel used the Triumph at the Caesars Palace crash on New Year's Eve 1967. When Knievel returned to jumping after the crash, he used Triumph for the remainder of 1968.
Attempting his jumps on motorcycles whose suspensions were designed primarily for street riding or flat track racing was a major factor in Knievel's many disastrous landings. The terrific forces these machines passed on to his body are well illustrated in the super slow-motion footage of his Caesars' landing.
Between December 1969 and April 1970, Knievel used the Laverda American Eagle 750cc motorcycle. On December 12, 1970, Knievel would switch to the Harley-Davidson XR-750, the motorcycle with which he is best known for jumping. Knievel would use the XR-750 in association with Harley-Davidson until 1977. However, after his 1977 conviction for the assault of Shelly Saltman, Harley-Davidson withdrew its sponsorship of Knievel.
On September 8, 1974, Knievel attempted to jump the Snake River Canyon on a rocket-propelled motorcycle designed by former NASA engineer Robert Truax, dubbed the Skycycle X-2. The State of Idaho registered the X-2 as an airplane rather than a motorcycle.
At the tail end of his career, while helping launch the career of his son, Robbie, Knievel returned to the Triumph T120. However, he used the bike only for wheelies and did not jump after retiring from the XR-750.
In 1997, Knievel signed with the California Motorcycle Company to release a limited Evel Knievel Motorcycle. The motorcycle was not built to jump but was rather a V-twin cruiser motorcycle intended to compete with Harley-Davidson street bikes. Knievel promoted the motorcycle at his various public appearances. After the company closed in 2003, Knievel returned to riding modern street Harley-Davidson motorcycles at his public appearances.
Robbie sold limited-edition motorcycles from his company, Knievel Motorcycles Manufacturing Inc. Although two of the motorcycles refer to Evel (the Legend Series Evel Commemorative and the Snake River Canyon motorcycle), Evel did not ride Robbie's bikes.
Leather jumpsuits
Throughout his daredevil career, Knievel was known for his leather jumpsuits that were compared to the jumpsuits worn by Elvis Presley. When Knievel began jumping, he used a black and yellow jumpsuit. When he switched to the Triumph motorcycle, his jumpsuit changed to a white suit with stripes down the legs and sleeves. In interviews, he said the reason for the switch was because he saw how Liberace had become not just a performer, but the epitome of what a showman should be, and Knievel sought to create his variation of that showmanship in his jumps. Two variations of the white suit appeared (one with three stars across the chest and one with the three stars on his right chest). The latter was worn at the Caesars Palace jump.
When Knievel switched to the Laverda motorcycle in 1969, he switched his leathers to an All American Themed red-white-and-blue jumpsuit with an "X" across the chest. Later, Knievel adjusted the blue stripes to a V-shape (the first version of the V-shape was also used in the 1971 film's final jump). For the remainder of his career, variants of the V-shaped white-starred jumpsuit would be a constant, including a special nylon/canvas flight suit that matched his white leathers for the X-2 jump. Each variant would become more elaborate, including the addition of the red-white-blue cape and the Elvis-styled belt buckle with his initials, "EK". In 1975, Knievel premiered the blue leathers with red stars on the white stripes for the Wembley jump.
Core values
Evel Knievel took great pride in his core values. Throughout his career and later life he would repeatedly talk about the importance of "keeping his word". He stated that although he knew he may not successfully make a jump or even survive the canyon jump, he followed through with each stunt because he gave his word that he would. Before the canyon jump, Knievel stated, "If someone says to you, 'that guy should have never jumped the canyon. You knew if he did, that he'd lose his life and that he was crazy.' Do me a favor. Tell him that you saw me here and regardless of what I was, that you knew me, and that I kept my word."
In Last of the Gladiators, Knievel discussed the crash of a 1970 Pepsi-Cola sponsored jump in Yakima, Washington. Knievel knew the jump was very questionable, but stated, "I went ahead and did it anyway. When you give your word to somebody that you're going to do something, you've gotta do it." In the 1971 biopic, George Hamilton (as Knievel) emphasizes in the opening monologue that a man does not go back on his word.
Anti-drug campaign
Knievel would regularly share his anti-drug message, one of his core values. Knievel would preach an anti-drug message to children and adults before each of his stunts.
Knievel regularly spoke out against the Hells Angels due to their alleged involvement in the drug trade. A near-riot erupted during Knievel's show at the Cow Palace on March 3, 1971, when a Hells Angels member threw a metal object (either a tire iron or a Coca-Cola can, according to different witnesses) at Knievel. Knievel and a majority of the spectators fought back, injuring three of the fifteen Hells Angels members in attendance to the point that they required hospitalization.
In the film Viva Knievel!, Knievel plays a fictionalized version of himself who foils a drug lord's attempt to smuggle narcotics into the United States.
Motorcycle helmet safety
Knievel was a proponent of motorcycle helmet safety. He constantly encouraged his fans to wear motorcycle helmets. The Bell Star helmet he used in the Caesars Palace jump is credited for having saved Knievel's life after he fell off the motorcycle and struck his head on the ground. (Following the Caesars Palace crash, each of Knievel's full-face helmets bore the slogan, "Color Me Lucky.") As an ardent supporter of helmet use, Knievel once offered a cash reward for anyone who witnessed him stunting on a motorcycle without a helmet.
In 1987, Knievel supported a mandatory helmet bill in the State of California. During the Assembly Transportation Committee meeting, Knievel was introduced as "the best walking commercial for a helmet law." Evel claimed the main reason he was still alive and walking was that he wore a helmet.
Marketing image
Knievel sought to make more money from his image. He was no longer satisfied with just receiving free motorcycles to jump with. Knievel wanted to be paid to use and promote a company's brand of motorcycles. After Triumph, the British motorcycle brand he had been jumping with, refused to meet his demands (it was part of the bankrupt BSA group that was merged with Norton in 1972), Knievel started to propose the idea to other manufacturers. American Eagle Motorcycles, the brand under which Italian Laverda machines were sold in the US, was the first company to sign Knievel to an endorsement deal. Knievel then used the new lightweight racing motorcycle Harley-Davidson XR-750 from December 1970 until his final jump in January 1977.
At approximately the same time, Fanfare Films started production on the George Hamilton biopic (Evel Knievel (1971 film)). Two other films about Knievel, a television pilot made in 1974 starring Sam Elliott, and a made-for-TV film in 2004 starring George Eads, were produced in later years. In 1974, Knievel and Amherst Records released at the Sound City Studios the self-titled album Evel Knievel, which included a press conference, an anti-drug talk for his young fans, and four other tracks.
In 1972, Knievel appeared in the motorcycle safety film 'Not So Easy', together with Easy Rider Peter Fonda.
Knievel kept up his pursuit of the United States government to allow him to jump the Grand Canyon. To push his case, he hired famed San Francisco defense attorney Melvin Belli to fight the legal battle for obtaining government permission. ABC's Wide World of Sports started showing Knievel's jumps on television regularly. His popularity, especially with young boys, was ever-increasing. He became a hero to a generation of young boys. A. J. Foyt made Knievel part of his pit crew for the Indianapolis 500 in 1970. Evel Knievel's huge fame caused him to start traveling with bodyguards, who became life-long friends.
Ideal Toys
Between 1972 and 1977, Ideal Toy Company released a series of Evel Knievel-related merchandise, designed initially by Joseph M. Burck of Marvin Glass and Associates. During the six years the toys were manufactured, Ideal claimed to have sold more than $125million worth of Knievel toys. The toys included the original 1972 figures, which offered various outfits and accessories. In 1973, Ideal released the Evel Knievel Stunt Cycle. After the release of the Stunt Cycle, the Knievel toys were the best-selling item for Ideal.
During the next four years, Ideal Toys released various models relating to Knievel's touring stunt show. The models included a Robbie Knievel doll, the Scramble Van, The Canyon Sky Cycle, a Dragster, a Stunt Car, and the Evel Knievel The Stunt World. Additionally, Ideal released non-Knievel-touring toys, including a Chopper Motorcycle, a Trail Bike, and a female counterpart, Derry Daring. The last item marketed by Ideal Toys before it discontinued the distribution of Knievel toys was the Strato-Cycle, based on the film Viva Knievel!
In 1977, Bally marketed its Knievel pinball machine as the "first fully electronic commercial game"; it has elsewhere been described as one of the "last of the classic pre-digital games." (Both electromechanical and solid-state versions were produced. The electromechanical version is extremely rare, with only 155 made.)
Other television appearances
In the 1970s, Knievel partnered with AMF to release a series of bicycles, marketed with TV ads.
Though Knievel had no involvement, a 30-minute ABC Saturday morning animated series Devlin produced by Hanna-Barbera aired in the fall of 1974. The series, inspired by his popularity, featured stunt motorcyclists.
Knievel made several television appearances, including frequently as a guest on talk shows such as Dinah! and Johnny Carson's Tonight Show. In 1977, he made a guest spot on The Bionic Woman, where he played himself, getting inadvertently caught up in East German espionage while appearing in West Germany. Actual footage from Evel's L.A. Coliseum jump over crushed cars was used at the beginning of the episode, and an indoor jump over eleven cars and one van was used at the end of the show. Also in 1977, Warner Bros. released Viva Knievel! This movie starred Knievel as himself and co-starred Gene Kelly, Lauren Hutton, and Red Buttons. Similar to The Bionic Woman, actual Wembley footage was used in the film. In addition, the 1999 children's TV series Hilltop Hospital featured a character based on Knievel called Weasel Kneasel, who was the focus of an episode of the same name. In Disney/Pixar's Toy Story 4, a character named Duke Caboom (voiced by Keanu Reeves) was partially based on the Evel Knievel toy. On September 23, 2020, Knievel's son, Kelly and K&K Promotions filed a lawsuit against Disney and Pixar, claiming Duke was created illegally using Knievel's likeness.
Assault conviction, jail, and bankruptcy
While Knievel was healing from injuries sustained from the Chicago jump, the book Evel Knievel on Tour was released. Written by Knievel's promoter for the Snake River Canyon jump, Shelly Saltman, the book painted an unflattering picture of Knievel's character, alleging that he abused his wife and children and used drugs.
Knievel, with both arms still in casts, flew to California to confront Saltman, by then a vice president at 20th Century Fox. Outside the studio commissary, one of Knievel's friends grabbed Saltman and held him, while Knievel attacked him with an aluminum baseball bat, declaring "I'm going to kill you!" According to a witness to the attack, Knievel struck repeated blows at Saltman's head, with Saltman blocking the blows with his left arm. Saltman's arm and wrist were shattered in several places before he fell to the ground unconscious. It took numerous surgeries and permanent metal plates in his arm for Saltman to regain the use of his arm.
Saltman's book was withdrawn by the publisher after Knievel threatened to sue. Saltman later produced documents in both criminal and civil court that proved that, although Knievel claimed to have been insulted by statements in Saltman's book, he and his lawyers had been given editorial access to the book and had approved and signed off on every word before its publication. On October 14, 1977, Knievel pleaded guilty to battery and was sentenced to three years probation and six months in county jail.
After the Saltman assault and subsequent jail time, Knievel lost his marketing endorsements and deals, including Harley-Davidson and Ideal Toys. With no income from jumping or sponsorships, Knievel eventually declared bankruptcy. In 1981, Saltman was awarded a $13million judgment against Knievel in a civil trial, but he never received any money from either Knievel or Knievel's estate.
Marriages and children
Knievel was married twice. He and his wife Linda were married for 38 years. During their marriage, the couple had four children, two boys, Kelly and Robbie, and two girls, Tracey and Alicia. Throughout Kelly's and Robbie's adolescence, they performed at Knievel's stunt shows. Robbie continued into adulthood to perform as a professional motorcycle daredevil. After Evel's death, Kelly has overseen the Knievel legacy, including developing Knievel-related products and assisting Harley-Davidson to develop a museum exhibit. Knievel's courtship and marriage to Linda was the theme of the biopic 1971 film Evel Knievel. Linda and Evel separated in the early 1990s and were divorced in 1997 in San Jose, California.
A municipal judge ordered Evel to stand trial for a weapons possession charge in 1994. Knievel was arrested in October at a Sunnyvale go-go bar on suspicion of battering his girlfriend, 25-year-old Krystal Kennedy of Florida. Sunnyvale police later discovered two handguns and some ammunition in the trunk of his car. The battering charge was dropped when Kennedy declined to cooperate.
In 1999, Knievel married his girlfriend, Krystal Kennedy of Clearwater, Florida, whom he began dating in 1992. The wedding was held on November 19, 1999, on a special platform built on the fountains at Caesars Palace on the Las Vegas Strip (site of Evel's jump New Year's Eve 1967). Long-time friend Engelbert Humperdinck sent a recorded tribute to the couple.
The couple was married for two years, divorcing in 2001. Following the divorce, Krystal Knievel was granted a restraining order against him. However, Krystal and Evel would work out their differences, living together until Knievel's death. According to the investment magazine, Registered Rep., Knievel left his entire estate to Krystal.
Post-daredevil years
During the 1980s, Knievel drove around the country in a recreational vehicle, selling works of art allegedly painted by him. After several years of obscurity, Knievel made a significant marketing comeback in the 1990s, representing Maxim Casino, Little Caesars, Harley-Davidson and other firms.
In 1999, Knievel celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Snake River Canyon jump at the Twin Falls mall. His memorabilia was then stored at Kent Knigge's farm in Filer, Idaho, seven miles west of Twin Falls. During the same year, Knievel was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame.
Knievel once dreamed of housing all of his career memorabilia in an Evel Knievel Museum to be located in his home state of Montana. Those dreams were unfulfilled, and his artifacts are spread throughout transportation museums and private collections around the world. Knievel's original blueprints and handwritten notes about his desired museum are currently displayed at the Route 66 Vintage Iron Motorcycle Museum in downtown Miami, Oklahoma. The Route 66 site also houses Evel's Snake River Canyon Jump Mission Control Super Van. While Knievel's original dream of having all his significant memorabilia being centralized would go unfulfilled, a few public museums were opened in his honor, including the Evel Knievel Museum in Topeka, Kansas, which has the official approval of the Knievel estate.
On October 9, 2005, Knievel promoted his last public "motorcycle ride" at the Milwaukee Harley-Davidson dealership. The ride was to benefit victims of Hurricane Katrina. Although he was originally scheduled to lead a benefit ride through Milwaukee, Knievel never rode the motorcycle because he suffered a mild (non-debilitating) stroke before the appearance and limited his visit to a signing session.
Evel Knievel: The Rock Opera
In 2003, Knievel signed over exclusive rights to Los Angeles composer Jef Bek, authorizing the production of a rock opera based on Knievel's life. Directed by Bat Boy co-creator Keythe Farley, the production opened in Los Angeles in September 2007 to some positive reviews.
Six Flags Evel Knievel roller coaster
Knievel had partnered with Six Flags St. Louis to name a new wooden coaster after "America's Legendary Daredevil". The amusement park in Eureka, Missouri, outside of St. Louis, Missouri, opened the ride on June 20, 2008. The Evel Knievel Roller Coaster operated for three seasons before being renamed American Thunder in 2011.
Declining health
In the late 1990s, Knievel required a life-saving liver transplant as a result of suffering the long-term effects of Hepatitis C. He contracted the disease after one of the numerous blood transfusions he received before 1992. In February 1999, Knievel was given only a few days to live and he requested to leave the hospital and die at his home. En route to his home, Knievel received a phone call from the hospital stating a young man had died in a motorcycle accident and could be a donor. Days later, Knievel received the transplant.
In 2005, he was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, an incurable and terminal lung disease that required him to be on supplemental oxygen 24 hours a day. In 2006, he had an internal morphine pain pump surgically implanted to help him with the excruciating pain in his deteriorated lower back, one of the costs of incurring so many traumas throughout his career as a daredevil. He also had two strokes after 2005, but neither left him with severe debilitation.
On July 27, 2006, he appeared on The Adam Carolla Show and discussed his health problems. The following day, he appeared on stage with Robbie at Evel Knievel Days in Butte, marking the last performance in which the two appeared together. Robbie jumped in a tribute to his father on a much lighter motorcycle with far superior suspension.
Shortly before his death, Evel Knievel was featured in a BBC Two Christmas special presented by Richard Hammond. The 60-minute program Richard Hammond Meets Evel Knievel aired on December 23, 2007, less than a month after Knievel's death. The documentary was filmed in July 2007 at the annual "Evel Knievel Days" festival in his old hometown of Butte.
Christian conversion
On April 1, 2007, Knievel appeared on Robert H. Schuller's television program Hour of Power and announced that he "believed in Jesus Christ" for the first time. At his request, he was baptized at a televised congregation at the Crystal Cathedral by Schuller. Knievel's televised testimony triggered mass baptisms at the Crystal Cathedral.
Death
Knievel died in Clearwater, Florida, on November 30, 2007, aged 69. He had been suffering from diabetes and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis for many years. A longtime friend reported that Knievel had trouble breathing while at his residence in Clearwater and died on the way to hospital. The friend said, "It's been coming for years but you just don't expect it. Superman just doesn't die, right?"
In one of his last interviews, Knievel told Maxim magazine:
Knievel was buried at Mountain View Cemetery in his hometown of Butte, Montana on December 10, 2007, following a funeral at the 7,500-seat Butte Civic Center presided over by Robert H. Schuller with actor Matthew McConaughey giving the eulogy. Before the Monday service, fireworks exploded in the Butte night sky as pallbearers carried Knievel's casket into the center.
Posthumous recognition
On July 10, 2010, a special temporary exhibit entitled True Evel: The Amazing Story of Evel Knievel was opened at the Harley-Davidson Museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The exhibit was opened in collaboration with Harley-Davidson Motorcycles and Evel's oldest son, Kelly. Among the various artifacts from Knievel's life, the exhibit included his "Shark Jump" Harley-Davidson XR-750, the Skycycle X-2, a blue jumpsuit from late in his career without any sponsor patches, and his trademark red-white-and-blue jumpsuit complete with his helmet and walking stick. Evel Knievel merchandising, personal artifacts, and X-rays from his injuries were also exhibited. In December 2010, a traveling version of the exhibit began a one-year tour of the United Kingdom and Europe.
On September 16, 2016, professional stuntman Eddie Braun successfully jumped the Snake River Canyon in a replica of Knievel's Snake River rocket. Braun cited Knievel as an inspiration and wanted to show that Knievel's jump would have been successful had the parachute not been deployed too early. Braun stated that he was "finishing out [the] dream" of his hero, Knievel.
In 2017, the Evel Knievel Museum, a museum honoring Knievel was opened in Topeka, Kansas, by co-founders Lathan Mckay and Mike Patterson. The museum features his motorcycles, leathers, helmets, wardrobe, and jewelry along with various displays and a virtual reality motorcycle jump.
On July 8, 2018, Travis Pastrana from Nitro Circus paid tribute to Evel on History Channel live event, "Evel Live", with 3 of Evel's most famous record-breaking Las Vegas jumps in one night. He was riding a Roland Sands Design–prepared 450-pound Indian Scout FTR750, and dressed in a full Evel Knievel getup, down to wearing vintage-style-appearing dress boots from Bates, the manufacturer that had made Evel's.
Television commercials
In November 2010, General Motors premiered a television commercial featuring footage of Knievel's Wembley Stadium crash in 1975, followed by Knievel getting onto his feet. The ad focused on GM's restructuring and emphasized the belief that "we all fall down".
On July 18, 2012, Audi of America recreated Knievel's Snake River jump in a promotional commercial for the Audi RS5. The commercial depicts the RS5 being driven by a professional driver and jumping the canyon off a jump ramp.
Portrayal in film
Evel Knievel (1971), a biographical film directed by Marvin J. Chomsky and starring George Hamilton as Knievel.
Viva Knievel! (1977), a fictional story directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Evel Knievel as himself.
Evel Knievel (2004), a biographical film directed by John Badham and starring George Eads as Knievel.
Richard Hammond Meets Evel Knievel (2007), a television documentary film directed by Nigel Simpkiss.
I Am Evel Knievel (2014), a documentary directed by Derik Murray and David Ray.
Being Evel (2015), a documentary directed by Daniel Junge.
Evel, an upcoming biographical limited series written by Etan Frankel and starring Milo Ventimiglia as Knievel, was searching for a TV network .
See also
Devlin, an animated TV series inspired by Evel Knievel
Evel Pie, an Evel Knievel–themed restaurant in Las Vegas co-owned by Kelly Knievel
References
Citations
General bibliography
External links
Evel Knievel on ABC's Wide World of Sports
1938 births
2007 deaths
1970s toys
American male film actors
American motorcycle racers
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American stunt performers
Charlotte Clippers players
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Liver transplant recipients
Montana culture
Motorcycle stunt performers
People from Butte, Montana
People from Clearwater, Florida
Wide World of Sports (American TV series)
20th-century American male actors
World record setters in motorcycling
American Christians
Butte High School (Butte, Montana) alumni |
Edward Pugh (1763–1813) was a Welsh artist known for his landscape paintings of north Wales. He was the subject of a book-length biography by John Barrell in 2013.
His book Cambria Depicta was published posthumously in 1816.
References
1763 births
1813 deaths
Welsh landscape painters
19th-century travel writers
Welsh travel writers |
Anne Crawford Flexner (June 27, 1874 – January 11, 1955) born Anne Laziere Crawford, was an American playwright.
Early life and education
Anne Laziere Crawford was born in Georgetown, Kentucky, the daughter of Louis G. Crawford and Susan Farnum. She earned a bachelor's degree from Vassar College in 1895. One of her Vassar classmates was newspaper publisher and efficiency expert Georgie Boynton Child; Crawford was matron of honor at Boynton's wedding in 1903.
Career
In 1897, Anne Crawford moved to New York City to seek a literary career. She wrote drama reviews for the Louisville Courier-Journal, and began writing her own plays. Her first success, Miranda of the Balcony (based on a novel by A. E. W. Mason) starred Minnie Maddern Fiske when it opened in 1901. She also adapted the works of her Louisville friend Alice Hegan Rice for the stage, as Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1904), starring Madge Carr Cook.
Plays by Anne Crawford Flexner
A Man's Woman (1899)
Miranda of the Balcony (1901)
Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1904)
A Lucky Star (1910)
The Marriage Game (1913)
Wanted – An Alibi (1917)
The Blue Pearl (1918)
All Soul's Eve (1920)
Aged 26 (1936)
Film adaptations
Flexner's 1904 play Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch was adapted for the screen in 1914, 1919, 1934, and 1942. The Blue Pearl (1918) became a film in 1920, and All Soul's Eve (1920) was adapted for the screen in 1921.
Personal life
Anne Crawford married educator Abraham Flexner in 1898. Their daughter Jean Flexner attended the London School of Economics; their younger daughter Eleanor Flexner (1908–1995) was a noted scholar and proponent of women's studies. Anne Crawford Flexner was hospitalized in mental decline for the last years of her life, and died in 1955, aged 80 years, in Providence, Rhode Island. Some of her papers are included in the Abraham Flexner Papers, in the Library of Congress. Jean Flexner Lewison wrote a biography of her parents, A Family Memoir, 1899–1989, and Abraham Flexner wrote an autobiography, published in 1940.
References
External links
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
1874 births
1955 deaths
Writers from Kentucky
American women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers |
Connah's Quay railway station was a railway station located to the north of Connah's Quay, Flintshire, Wales on the south bank of the canalised section of the River Dee.
History
Opened on 1 September 1870 as part of the Chester and Holyhead Railway (now the North Wales Coast Line), the station had two platforms linked by a footbridge. The down platform contained the two storey station building where the ticket office and waiting rooms were located. The opposite platform had only a basic waiting shelter. From its opening day to 1904 it formed a terminus of the Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway.
One incident of note in the station's history occurred just before it closed down. On 29 August 1965 a diesel unit train caught fire, injuring nine passengers and the three crew members. Goods services were halted on 1 November 1952 and the station was closed fully on 14 February 1966.
References
Further reading
Disused railway stations in Flintshire
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1870
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1966
Beeching closures in Wales |
is the fourth compilation album by Japanese idol duo Wink, released by Polystar on February 25, 1995. The two-disc album covers the duo's B-sides from 1988 to 1994.
The album peaked at No. 93 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 4,000 copies, becoming their lowest-selling album.
Track listing
Charts
Footnotes
References
External links
1995 compilation albums
Wink (duo) compilation albums
Japanese-language compilation albums |
2CUZ FM is an Indigenous community radio station in the North-Western NSW town of Bourke. It has been on air since 1996. The station broadcasts to the regional towns of Brewarrina, Goodooga, Lightning Ridge, Walgett and Weilmoringle . The idea for the development of 2CUZ came from Greg McKellar and other powerful Aboriginal leaders who could see that their community needed more positive portrayals of Aboriginal people.
In 1999 Muda Aboriginal Corporation commenced broadcasting and received its full radio licence in 2004. The station now has a full licence and broadcasts 24 hours a day.
Principles
2CUZ prides itself in maintaining a community feel, as well as keeping the Indigenous and wider community up to date with current issues and local information.
The Board and Staff strongly believes in training and educating local youth about Indigenous media. "as this is not only a confidence boost, but also builds skills and offers our youth exposure to radio".
Awards
The station was awarded a Deadly Vibe award in 2001.
Studios
2CUZ FM broadcasts from studios in Bourke to the following locations:
Bourke & Brewarrina 106.5 FM
Goodooga 97.7 FM
Lightning Ridge 96.1 FM
Walgett 102.7 FM
Wellmoringle 100.5 FM
References
Radio stations in New South Wales
Radio stations established in 1996
Community radio stations in Australia
Bourke, New South Wales
1996 establishments in Australia |
Microchilo elgrecoi is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1966. It is found on Sumatra.
References
Diptychophorini
Moths described in 1966 |
Maij is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Hanja Maij-Weggen (born 1943), Dutch politician, mother of Hester and Marit
, Dutch politician
Marit Maij (born 1972), Dutch politician
Dutch-language surnames |
Five provincial by-elections were held in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador in 2007, following vacancies in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. Three took place on February 8, and two took place on February 13.
In addition, one special election took place on November 6, 2007, following the death of a candidate during the general election campaign in October.
Ferryland
Kilbride
Port au Port
Humber Valley
At first, it was announced that Darryl Kelly, the PC candidate, had won the election by a margin of twelve votes; however, it turned out that this was a mistake and that Dwight Ball, the Liberal candidate, had won by a margin of eighteen votes instead. Turnout was 62 per cent. Due to the close result of the by-election (which turned out to have been won by a margin of only nine votes in the official result), a judicial recount was ordered for March 1–2, 2007, which resulted in a reduction of Ball's lead to seven votes.
In the general election on October 9, however, Kelly defeated Ball by a 254-vote margin.
Labrador West
The NDP campaign suffered a number of mishaps, most notably the decision of their presumed candidate Karen Oldford to run for the Liberals instead, and the president of the United Steelworkers union local at Wabush Mines choosing to endorse the Labrador Party instead of the NDP.
Grand Falls-Windsor-Buchans
During the general election campaign, Liberal candidate Gerry Tobin died on October 1. As a result, the election was deferred in this district from October 9 to November 6. The new Liberal candidate, John Woodrow, withdrew from the race on November 3 after it was revealed that he had previously made false allegations of bribery against MHA Beaton Tulk in 1998, but then revived his campaign on November 5 after learning that it was too late to actually remove his name from the ballot.
References
2007 elections in Canada
Elections in Newfoundland and Labrador
Provincial by-elections in Newfoundland and Labrador |
Angelo Grimaldi, O.P. (1630–1682) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Bishop of Methone (1679–1682) and Auxiliary Bishop of Albano (1679–1682).
Biography
Angelo Grimaldi was born in Genoa, Italy in 1630 and ordained a priest in the Order of Preachers.
On 6 Feb 1679, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Titular Bishop of Methone (1679–1682) and Auxiliary Bishop of Albano.
On 23 Apr 1679, he was consecrated bishop by Francesco Barberini, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri, with Angelo della Noca, Archbishop Emeritus of Rossano, and Domenico Gianuzzi, Titular Bishop of Dioclea in Phrygia, serving as co-consecrators.
He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Albano until his death on 10 Apr 1682.
While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Matteo Fazio, Bishop of Patti (1682).
See also
Catholic Church in Italy
References
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops appointed by Pope Innocent XI
1630 births
1682 deaths
Dominican bishops |
Clarke Central High School (CCHS) is located in Athens, Georgia, United States. In 1970, Clarke County schools were desegregated, and the high school for black children, Burney-Harris High School (formerly Athens High and Industrial School), and the high school for white children, Athens High, merged to establish Clarke Central. Classes in the newly formed school began in 1971.
CCHS is in the Clarke County School District and is one of two traditional high schools in the county; the other is Cedar Shoals High School. The two schools have a rivalry known as the Classic City Championship. The Clarke County School District is also home to a third, non-traditional high school, Classic City High.
Located in the heart of the city, CCHS's original building opened in 1952. Since then, the school has seen several renovations and additions. A modern three-story classroom and lab addition opened in 2006. Other improvements include a new gymnasium, theater, and food court.
As of 2022, the school is on a four-period block schedule with students completing eight credits per year and four per semester.
Academics
Clarke Central High School's success in improving students' SAT scores earned the school the regional Governor's Cup in 2006 and 2007. The governor's office presents the award each year to Georgia schools that achieve the greatest gains in average SAT scores.
In 2010, U.S. News & World Report awarded Clarke Central the Silver Medal and ranked the school in the top 3% of high schools nationwide and in the top 11 in the state of Georgia. Newsweek named CCHS one of America's Best Schools and placed it in the 96th percentile of high schools nationwide.
In 2012, Clarke Central was named an AP Science, Technology, Electronics, and Mathematics Honor School by the Georgia Department of Education. It was ranked in the top 11% of high schools nationwide by the Washington Posts High School Challenge.
In 2013, Clarke Central Principal Dr. Robbie P. Hooker was named the Georgia Principal of the Year by the NSSPC.
Athletics
Athletics teams at Clarke Central High School are known as the Gladiators.
Sports offered include cheerleading, cross country, football, fast-pitch softball, volleyball, basketball, swimming and diving, wrestling, baseball, golf, soccer, tennis, and track. Most of Clarke Central's sports are represented by men's and women's teams.
Coach Billy Henderson, one of the most successful coaches in Georgia High School history, coached the Gladiators from the 1970's through 1995. Henderson's final record with Clarke Central was 222-65-1 and he had an overall record of 285-107-15 .Henderson received the Atlanta Falcons Lifetime Achievement Award.[9] He made eighteen straight play-off appearances and ended his head coaching career with three state football championships, three baseball championships, and one swimming championship.[1]: 121
The former head football coach, Ahren Self, played defensive back for the Citadel from 1991 the 1994. There he was voted "Most Outstanding Defensive Back" following his senior year. In 1992, he was selected as Southern Conference Defensive Player of the Week, as well as South Carolina Defensive Player of the Week. Coach Self was also a member of the team that upset Division I-A Arkansas and won the Southern Conference Championship in 1992.
In 2010, the Gladiators captured the Region 8-AAAA Championship and finished the regular season 10-0. In 2009, the team finished 8-2 in the regular season, appeared in the final round of the state football tournament, and finished #2 in the AP poll.
In 2018, The CCHS women's cross country won their first Region Championships in school history led by sophomore Samantha Brodrick who broke her mother's 24-year-old school record in the 5k.
In 2021, The Gladiator men's cross country team won the Region 8-AAAAA Championship led by sophomore Beck Wolf-Hardy and junior Max Carlson.
Clarke Central's football team is currently coached by former University of Georgia baseball coach David Perno.
State championship titles
Student life
Fine arts organizations
The school has award-winning band, orchestra, drama, and chorus programs.
Literary organizations
The school's yearbook, the Gladius, is an all-color annual, published by Lifetouch.
The school's literary-art magazine, the iliad, and the school's newsmagazine, the ODYSSEY, have won gold medals from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association, and top honors from the University of Georgia's Georgia Scholastic Press Association, the National Scholastic Press Association, the Southern Interscholastic Press Association, and the Quill and Scroll Honor Society.
Demographics
American Indian/Alaskan Native - 0%
Asian - 2%
Black or African American - 52%
Hispanic - 35%
Multi-Racial - 3%
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander - 0%
White/Caucasian - 12%
Student body population - 1,376
These statistics were current as of August 18, 2014.
Notable alumni
Kim Basinger - 1972, actress
Paul Broun - 1963, Republican Congressman from Georgia from 2007-2015.
Frank Bush - 1981, linebackers coach for the Atlanta Falcons, former linebacker for the Houston Oilers
Eve Carson - 2004, slain Student Body President of the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Derek Dooley - 1986, offensive analyst for the Alabama Crimson Tide
Jason Farris Brown - 1987, country music artist and former professional golfer
Eva Cohn Galambos - 1944, first mayor of Sandy Springs, Georgia
Willie Green - 1986, former wide receiver for the NFL Denver Broncos
John Kasay - 1987, former NFL kicker
Brian Kemp - 1982, Georgia State Senator (2002–2006), Secretary of State (2010–2018), Governor of Georgia (2019–present)
Todd Kimsey - 1980, actor (Seinfeld, The Perfect Storm)
Horace King - 1971, former running back for the NFL Detroit Lions
Nene Leakes - 1985, born Linnethia Monique Johnson, reality show star, The Real Housewives of Atlanta
Phaedra Parks - 1990, entertainment attorney, reality show star, The Real Housewives of Atlanta
Logan Smalley - 2001, director of Darius Goes West
Chuck Smith - 1988, retired NFL defensive end and former defensive line coach at the University of Tennessee
Keith Strickland - 1972, musician; B-52's drummer, bass player, and guitarist
Fran Tarkenton - 1957, NFL Hall of Fame quarterback
Dunta Robinson - 2000, former NFL cornerback
Darius Weems - 2008, subject of the documentary Darius Goes West
Ricky Wilson - 1971, musician, former B-52's guitarist (died 1985)
References
External links
Clarke Central High School
Clarke Central High School Gladiators
Odyssey Newsmagazine
Athens High and Industrial School historical marker
Public high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1970
Schools in Clarke County, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Athens, Georgia
1971 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
The Deodoro Olympic Park was a cluster of venues in Deodoro, Rio de Janeiro for the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Paralympics. Along with the Barra Olympic Park, it was one of two Olympic Parks used for the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics. GC - Queiroz Galvão. Design and Project Management - Hill International (Eng. Milena Pereira).
Venues
Deodoro Aquatics Centre
Deodoro Stadium
National Equestrian Center
National Shooting Center
Olympic BMX Centre
Olympic Hockey Centre
Mountain Bike Centre
Deodoro Olympic Whitewater Stadium
Youth Arena
References
Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sports venues in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Olympic Parks |
Viola Herms Drath (February 8, 1920 – August 11, 2011) was a Washington, D.C., author, socialite and a German-American member of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy for over thirty years. She was murdered, at age 91, by her second husband, Albrecht Gero Muth.
Early life
Drath was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, on February 8, 1920. She is reported to have learned English from vacations and boarding school in Scotland. In 1946, during her time working in Munich, Drath met U.S. Army Lt. Col. Francis S. Drath while visiting Lake Constance in Switzerland; he was, at the time, the deputy military governor of Bavaria. Within the year, the couple were married and had moved to Lincoln, Nebraska, his hometown. The Draths had two children together, daughters Connie (born 1948) and Francesca (born 1952).
Career
In 1946, in Germany, she was a playwright, with one of her early productions, Farewell Isabell, staged in Straubing's Municipal Theater and in Munich.
During the post-World War II period, Drath worked as a German interpreter in Munich, in the office of her soon-to-be husband, who was the deputy military governor of Bavaria.
After moving to Lincoln, Nebraska, with her first husband, she attended the University of Nebraska, where she studied for an advanced degree in literature and philosophy. While in Nebraska, she was an editor of Die Weltpost in Omaha, commentator for KUON-TV, and correspondent for the National Observer. Later she was an American correspondent for the German magazine Madame.
In 1968, Drath became a political correspondent for the German newspaper Handelsblatt. During this time, Drath and her first husband moved to Washington, DC, where Col. Drath was a legislative liaison with the Selective Service. They bought a house at 3206 Q Street, Northwest, in the Georgetown district in northwest Washington, D.C.
Sonia Adler hired Drath to write for the Washington Dossier, where she wrote about "political gossip, lifestyle advice, and culture, explored a diverse cross-section of the city's fine-art world.
As a member of the executive committee of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, she was described as a "notable figure in German-American relations for over thirty years." Her 1988 article for the National Committee, The Reemergence of the German Question, proposed negotiations on German unification between the two German states and the four Allied Powers.
Drath was a foreign policy adviser during the 1988 Bush campaign , where she helped "lay the groundwork which led to the "2+4" process towards German unification in 1990". In 1989, Drath met President George H. W. Bush.
During her life, she authored eight textbooks read in over 150 colleges and universities. She taught at American University and lectured at the University of Southern California . Her articles and commentaries were published in American Foreign Policy Interests, The Washington Times, Commentary, Businessweek, The Chicago Tribune, Strategic Review, The National Observer, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Das Parlament, and Der Spiegel.
Social activities
She was a member of the White House Commission on Remembrance , co-chair of the Berlin Air Lift Diamond Jubilee Committee , coordinator of the International Consultative Mechanism on Remembrance , and National Coordinator of National Observance to Mark Iraq Liberation Day.
Diplomatic activities
During Drath's life, she was:
Advisor and member of the Delegation of the Republic of Cyprus to the First Committee, 51st United Nations General Assembly,
Advisor, Member of the Delegation of the Republic of Cyprus to the 2001 UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, in All Its Aspects,
Advisor, Member of the Delegation of the Republic of Cyprus to the 2006 Conference to Review Implementation of the 2001 Programme of Action to Eradicate the Illicit Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons, in All Its Aspects,
Observer, Bamako Convocation of the Eminent Persons Group in Bamako, Mali,
Special Advisor, Delegation of the United States to the 17th Organization of America States General Assembly,
Observer, 4th United Nations Meeting of the International Commission on Verification and Security, and
Observer, Esquipulas II.
Murder
Drath's first husband, Francis Drath, died on January 11, 1986. In the early 1980s, Viola met Albrecht Gero Muth, 44 years her junior, then an unpaid intern from Germany.
Four years after the death of her husband, Drath, then 70 years old, married the 26-year-old Muth. The April 1990 marriage was performed by a Virginia Supreme Court judge.
After their marriage, Muth fabricated a story that an elderly German Count had fallen from an elephant in India and needed to appoint a successor before dying—from that point forward, Muth insisted on being called Count Albrecht. Following the 2003 completion of the Iraq War, Muth suddenly adopted the rank, and wore the uniform, of a brigadier general in the Iraqi Army, organizing diplomatic events in DC that he claimed were for the new Iraqi regime. In April 2011, Muth somehow arranged a ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery to honor fallen American soldiers in Iraq, supposedly on behalf of the Iraqi regime.
Early in the marriage, Muth started a pattern of domestic violence against Drath, inducing repeated police visits to the Q Street home. On August 11, 2011, Drath was found dead in the bathroom of her Q Street home. Muth was held at St. Elizabeths Hospital, where he was initially found incompetent to stand trial after being diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder and a delusional disorder. In a report submitted to the court, forensic psychologist Mitchell Hugonnet concluded that Muth had narcissistic personality disorder but was not mentally ill. In 2014, Muth was convicted of murdering his wife and was sentenced to 50 years in prison. Judge Russell F. Canan's remarks before sentencing described Muth as "a common serial domestic violence abuser, made worse when he drinks, who subjected Ms. Drath to many years of abuse."
Cultural legacy
Author Warren Adler acknowledged Drath in his novel The War of the Roses.
In 2015, it was announced that Christoph Waltz would direct and star in the film The Worst Marriage in Georgetown (retitled Georgetown before its release), based on the true crime story of the murder of Viola Drath. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 27, 2019, and was released theatrically in the United States on May 14, 2021.
Awards
William J. Flynn Initiative for Peace Award from the National Committee on American Foreign Policy (2005) for promoting German reunification
Recipient of the Iraqi Minister of Defense Commendation Medal
Honorary Member, Berlin Air Lift Veterans Association
ranking among the 700 Great Nebraskans
inducted into the Nebraska Journalism Hall of Fame
Honorable Mention for Writing by the Association of American University Women
Honorary Citizen of Dallas, Texas
Bibliography
A Thoroughly Muddled Marriage: Report of an Inmate, an unpublished and previously undisclosed memoir
The German State in Historical Perspective, Germany in World Politics by Viola Herms Drath (ed.), New York, 1979
Willy Brandt: Prisoner Of His Past by Viola Helms Drath (which Dr. Henry A. Kissinger said was "a must read for those interested in fully appreciating an important statesman both within his own times and beyond.")
Farewell Isabell, a comedy play
No Reliance upon a Woman?, a comedy play
Toward a New Atlanticism, (article in the Washington Times)
Time to Reinvent the Alliance, (article in the Washington Times)
Engagement and Provocation, (published by Macmillan)
What do the Germans Want?, (published by Macmillan)
Reporter in Deutschland, a reader for beginners
References
1920 births
2011 deaths
American women dramatists and playwrights
German women dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Washington, D.C.
People from Düsseldorf
Emigrants from Allied-occupied Germany to the United States
University of Nebraska alumni
People murdered in Washington, D.C.
American socialites
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German people murdered abroad
20th-century German women
21st-century American women |
Over its decade of existence, science fiction TV series Stargate SG-1 developed an extensive and detailed backdrop of diverse characters. Many of the characters are members of alien species discovered while exploring the galaxy through the Stargate, although there are an equal number of characters from offworld human civilizations. While Stargate SG-1, Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe are separate shows, they take part in the same fictional universe, so no character is internally show-specific.
Main characters
Except for the commanders of the top-secret Stargate Command military base (SGC), all main characters of Stargate SG-1 are members of the SG-1 team, the primary unit of the SGC in the show. SG-1's duties include first contact, reconnaissance and combat, diplomacy, initial archaeological surveying, and technological assessment. The composition of SG-1 changes several times during the series run and varies in several alternative universes.
Jack O'Neill
Jack O'Neill is a USAF colonel (later brigadier general, major general and then lieutenant general) who led the original mission through the Stargate in Stargate. He is played by Kurt Russell in the film, and by former MacGyver actor Richard Dean Anderson in a regular role in seasons 1–8, and in a recurring role in seasons 9–10, also Michael Welch played young Colonel O'Neill in episode "Fragile Balance". He also appears in Stargate: Continuum, and in seasons 1 and 3 of Stargate Atlantis. Colonel O'Neill is the leader of the SG-1 team in the first seven seasons, and takes charge of Stargate Command after his promotion to brigadier general at the beginning of season 8. He is promoted to major general at the beginning of season 9, and is reassigned to Washington, D.C., then makes sporadic appearances in the final episodes of season one of Stargate Universe.
Daniel Jackson
Dr. Daniel Jackson is a brilliant archaeologist and linguist, specializing in Egyptology, whose unusual theories concerning the origin of the Egyptian Pyramids led to his participation in the original mission through the stargate in Stargate. He is played by James Spader in the film and by Michael Shanks in a regular role in seasons 1–5 and 7–10, with a recurring role in season 6. He also appears in both direct-to-DVD films and in seasons 1 and 5 of Stargate Atlantis. Daniel joins the SG-1 team in search of his kidnapped wife (Sha're), until she dies in season 3. However, he decides to remain a part of SG-1, and does so until his ascension at the end of season 5. Following his decision to retake human form, he rejoins SG-1 at the beginning of season 7.
As stated in season 2's "1969", Daniel speaks 23 languages, including Russian, German, Spanish, and Egyptian. Throughout the run of the series, he becomes Earth's foremost expert on the Ancients, and also learns many alien languages, such as Goa'uld, Ancient, and Unas.
Samantha Carter
Samantha "Sam" Carter is an astrophysicist and USAF captain (later major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, then brigadier general). She is played by Amanda Tapping in a regular role in seasons 1–10, in both direct-to-DVD films and makes an appearance in all seasons of Stargate Atlantis. Captain Carter joins SG-1 under the command of Col. O'Neill in season 1. Following her promotion to major in season 3, she is promoted to lieutenant colonel in early season 8 and assumes command of SG-1. She assists Lt. Col. Cameron Mitchell in seasons 9 and 10. After her appearance in Stargate: The Ark of Truth, she is promoted to a "full bird" colonel and becomes the new commander of the Atlantis expedition in season 4 of Stargate Atlantis before joining SG-1 again for Stargate: Continuum. She is later made the commander of the USS George Hammond, a Daedalus-class Earth ship named after former SGC commander General Hammond, who died in correlation with the actor who played him, Don S. Davis.
Teal'c
Teal'c is a Jaffa from the planet Chulak. He is played by Christopher Judge in a regular role in seasons 1–10, in both direct-to-DVD films and in season 4 of Stargate Atlantis. Throughout the entire run of Stargate SG-1, the only episode that the character was absent was Season 8's "Prometheus Unbound". Teal'c states that he is 101 years old in season 4's "The Light", and ages an additional 50 years in season 10's "Unending". His catchphrase is "Indeed". Teal'c's most notable feature is a golden tattoo on his forehead, a sign that he once served the Goa'uld Apophis as First Prime, the highest Jaffa rank. His interaction with Bra'tac (Apophis' former First Prime) and his own personal experiences led him to doubt the divinity of the Goa'uld.
Teal'c defects from Apophis in the pilot episode and joins the SG-1 team, believing this to be an opportunity to eventually defeat the Goa'uld and bring freedom to all Jaffa. He leaves his wife Drey'auc and his son Rya'c behind on Chulak. After succeeding in killing Apophis in season 5's "Enemies", Teal'c and Bra'tac make first progress in uniting a sizable group of Jaffa resistance warriors in season 5's "The Warrior". Teal'c and Bra'tac lose their symbiotes after a sabotaged rebel Jaffa summit in season 6's "The Changeling", but the Tok'ra drug Tretonin can sustain them and eventually becomes instrumental in liberating Jaffa from physiological reliance on Goa'uld symbiotes,. Teal'c and Bra'tac eventually lead the Jaffa to victory over the Goa'uld in season 8's "Reckoning"/"Threads". Teal'c is chosen as a member of the new Jaffa High Council and supports Bra'tac as an interim leader in season 9's "The Fourth Horseman" before a type of government is solidified.
George S. Hammond
George S. Hammond is a USAF Major General (later Lieutenant General) who commands Stargate Command in the first seven seasons. He is played by Don S. Davis in a regular role in seasons 1–7 and in a recurring role afterwards. He also appears in Stargate: Continuum and season 1 of Stargate Atlantis. Hammond took over from Major General West, commander of the Stargate Project in the original Stargate film, and originally intended the Stargate Program to be his last assignment before retirement. In season 2's "1969", General Hammond is shown to have worked at the Cheyenne Mountain complex (the present-day location of Stargate Command) in 1969. Hammond originates from Texas and became a widower when his wife died of cancer.
Hammond briefly retires under duress in season 4's "Chain Reaction", where he spends time with his two grandchildren, Kayla and Tessa. He is promoted to the rank of lieutenant general at the beginning of season 8, being placed in command of the new Homeworld Security command, a department in control of Stargate Command, the Prometheus project, and the Atlantian Antarctica outpost. Hammond recurs in the season 1 of Stargate Atlantis and seasons 8 through 10 of Stargate SG-1. Hammond appears in a civilian suit instead of a military uniform in season 9's "The Fourth Horseman", and Carter confirms his retired status in season 10's "The Road Not Taken". In his last appearance in the alternate timeline film Stargate: Continuum, Hammond acts as a military advisor to President Henry Hayes.
Don S. Davis knew Richard Dean Anderson (O'Neill) from Anderson's starring role in MacGyver, in which Davis was a stand-in for Dana Elcar (playing Pete Thornton, MacGyver's boss) before making several guest appearances. Davis died from a heart attack at the age of 65 on June 29, 2008, shortly before the release of Continuum, making this his final on-screen appearance as General Hammond. For his portrayal of Hammond, Don S. Davis was nominated for a 2004 Leo Award in the category "Dramatic Series: Best Supporting Performance by a Male" for the season 7 episode "Heroes, Part 2".
Jonas Quinn
Jonas Quinn is an alien from the planet Langara. He is played by former Parker Lewis Can't Lose actor Corin Nemec in a regular role in season 6, and in a recurring capacity in seasons 5 and 7. Jonas leaves his home planet Langara the penultimate season 5 episode "Meridian" after witnessing Daniel Jackson's lethal sacrifice and the following gleeful reaction of his planet's leaders. He is a fast learner and fills Daniel's empty spot on SG-1 in season 6. Following Daniel's return at the beginning of season 7, Jonas returns to his planet and last appears in the mid-season 7 episode "Fallout".
Corin Nemec replaced Michael Shanks (Daniel Jackson) during season 6 after Shanks had left the show amid controversy after season 5. The producers based Jonas's motivation to join SG-1 on his momentary reluctance to actively prevent Daniel's death and his feelings of responsibility afterwards. Jonas was slowly integrated into the story in a prolonged transition stage over the first half of season 6. Nemec was open to continue playing Jonas Quinn after season 6, but a new contract was reached with Michael Shanks for Daniel to return in season 7. The role of Jonas was reduced to recurring status in season 7.
Cameron Mitchell
Cameron "Cam" Mitchell is a USAF lieutenant colonel. He is played by former Farscape actor Ben Browder in a regular role in seasons 9–10 and in both direct-to-DVD films. Mitchell is introduced in "Avalon" as the leader of a squadron of F-302s against the forces of the arch villain Anubis in season 7's "Lost City". Assigned as the new commanding officer of SG-1 at the beginning of season 9, Mitchell struggles to reunite the team's former members under his command. Assisted by Carter (who is of equal rank), he remains in command of SG-1 throughout the series run and both films. He is promoted to the rank of full-bird Colonel in Stargate: Continuum.
Ben Browder joined the cast after Richard Dean Anderson's departure from Stargate SG-1 in 2005. From the beginning, producer Robert C. Cooper wanted Mitchell to be a "super fan" of SG-1 who is openly enthusiastic about exploring the galaxy. Mitchell is often at the center of the action and fight sequences. The producers did not realize the physical resemblance between Browder and Michael Shanks when Browder was cast, and employed make-up and costuming techniques to make the transition easier for the audience. The writers' decision to put Mitchell in command of SG-1 instead of Carter was met with resistance by some critics and audience members. For his portrayal of Cameron Mitchell, Ben Browder was nominated for a Saturn Award in the category "Best Supporting Actor on Television" in 2006.
Hank Landry
Henry "Hank" Landry is a United States Air Force Major General and the commander of Stargate Command from season 9 onwards. He is played by Beau Bridges in a regular role in seasons 9–10, in both direct-to-DVD films, and in the Stargate Atlantis episodes "The Intruder", "Critical Mass", "No Man's Land", and the two-part episode "The Return" of seasons 2 and 3. General Landry is introduced in SG-1 season 9 premiere, "Avalon", having been hand-picked by Jack O'Neill to succeed him. Landry once served as a pilot in the Vietnam War and met a Vietnamese woman named Kim Lam. They had a child, Carolyn Lam, but Landry became estranged to them and left them due to his involvement in military intelligence. Carolyn Lam grew up to be a doctor and was assigned to Stargate Command as chief medical officer in seasons 9 and 10. Bridges said that "Landry truly loves his work [but] respects and appreciates his daughter. He wants a real relationship with her and hopes that will happen some day. At the start of [season 9], you're not sure what their relationship is." The late season 10 episode "Family Ties" brings some conclusion to the Landry-Lam enstrangement, showing a reunification between Landry, Carolyn and Kim Lam in a restaurant.
TV Zone's Steven Eramo described Landry as "fair, intelligent, even-tempered and having a good sense of humour". Bridges thought that "[Landry] likes to empower his team. He realizes how challenged they are. It's a huge burden to protect their country from the entire galaxy, but he also recognizes that, like himself, they are human beings. [...] Sometimes he does that with a bark, and sometimes with a bite, but he also has a sense of humor, this man. And he likes to fool with people." According to Bridges, Landry appreciates Carter's knowledge, and needed some patience with the fast-speaking Daniel Jackson to realize "how important a piece of puzzle" he is. He respects Teal'c as a warrior, and is willing to foster the potential he sees in Vala.
The Stargate producers approached Beau Bridges, a self-claimed fan of science fiction, directly to play the role of Hank Landry. Although the producers had some ideas for the characters, they collaborated with Bridges to develop the character's backstory before the writing of season 9 began. Bridges wanted the character to be three-dimensional by revealing a layered backstory over the course of the show. Bridges researched famous US generals from George Washington to John P. Jumper to get a feeling for the role. He accumulated quotes by generals that Landry would respect, and gave the list to producer Robert C. Cooper, who in turn used it as free research. Bridges made no deliberate effort to distinguish his character from General O'Neill, believing that the character could stand on his own.
Vala Mal Doran
Vala Mal Doran is a con artist from an unnamed planet and a former human host to the Goa'uld Qetesh. She is played by former Farscape actress Claudia Black in a regular role in season 10 after having recurred in seasons 8 and 9 of SG-1. Her first appearance in season 8's "Prometheus Unbound" is followed by a recurring role in season 9, where she and Daniel unintentionally set off the new Ori threat. She joins SG-1 after giving birth to the new leader of the Ori at the beginning of season 10, and appears in both direct-to-DVD films.
Vala was created by Damian Kindler and Robert C. Cooper as a one-time character, but because of the on-screen chemistry between Black's Vala and Shanks' character Daniel Jackson, and the character's popularity with the producers and the audience, Claudia Black became a recurring guest star in season 9 and joined the main cast in season 10. For her portrayal of Vala, Claudia Black was nominated for a 2006 Saturn Award in the category "Best Supporting Actress on Television", and won a Constellation Award in the category "Best Female Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Television" in 2007.
Recurring Stargate Command personnel
The Stargate Command (SGC) is a fictional military base (and real broom closet) at the Cheyenne Mountain complex near Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is the main setting in Stargate SG-1 and occasionally features on Stargate Atlantis. The base extends many levels beneath the ground and is protected from most forms of attack including indirect nuclear detonations, also serving to contain biological, chemical or alien hazards to the outside world by means of a 'lockdown' status. Stargate Command is typically commanded by a General and is staffed by subject matter experts and military support personnel, several elite special operations teams, and several SG teams, including SG-1. The majority of the teams are United States Air Force with some United States Marine Corps, civilians and United States Army, but other nations have SG teams operating from the SGC as well after the events of season 5.
Janet Fraiser
Captain/Major Janet Fraiser, the resident Chief Medical Officer of the SGC (played by Teryl Rothery, seasons 1–7, 9) – She is responsible for maintaining the health of the SG teams, as well as the SGC's support staff and base personnel. On many occasions, she also cares for the health of alien refugees to Earth, including Goa'uld symbiotes. In her first appearance in "The Broca Divide", Dr. Fraiser holds the rank of captain, and is promoted to major in Season 3. In season 1's "Singularity", Fraiser adopts Cassandra, an alien orphan whose people had been exterminated by the Goa'uld System Lord Nirrti. Dr. Fraiser is killed by a staffweapon blast in season 7's "Heroes" during an off-world medical emergency, but she returns in season 9's "Ripple Effect" as a parallel universe version of Dr. Fraiser, in her reality a regular member of SG-1. Before Fraiser returns to her reality, Carter, Jackson and Teal'c are able to give her a final goodbye. Dr. Fraiser is also shown alive in an alternate timeline in the year 2010 in season 4's "2010", but Fraiser and SG-1 alter the timeline to prevent a catastrophe on Earth involving the Aschen race.
Fraiser joined the United States Air Force (USAF) after breaking up with her husband; there she got some training with firearms. Her husband did not want Fraiser to join the US military which is one of the main reasons for their breakup. As a doctor, Fraiser looks for peaceful solutions and is disinclined towards armed solutions. In the episode "Serpent's Song", Fraiser is the only one in Stargate Command (SGC) who is resistant to the idea to give Apophis over to his enemies. She is eventually forced to give up Apophis.
Teryl Rothery was asked by then producer and writer (for Stargate) Jonathan Glassner and Brad Wright if she wanted to play the role as Fraiser. In an interview, Rothery was asked what it was like to play a doctor in Stargate SG-1. Rothery replied, "just being true to the character. And as far as the medical stuff, knowing what to do and what to say." She got a lot of help from the medical advisor on the set.
In the first two seasons, Rothery did not have a contract and was booked on every episode in which she appeared. In season three of SG-1, she finally got a contract deal with the producers. She also commented on her acting life once, "The life of an actor is always very up and down. So sometimes you work a lot, but sometimes ... So if you're on a series like Stargate SG-1 you have that work for seven years. So that's a gift."
After her character's death in season 7, there were various rumours which said she would appear in the upcoming Stargate film; this never happened. Rothery said it was unlikely since she had not had any contact with the Stargate producers since her character's death. Rothery has stated many times that she "admires" the character because of her "strength" and "intelligence". Robert C. Cooper, producer for Stargate SG-1, called Rothery about the death of her character. Cooper said, "It is our last year, so we are thinking of killing one of our regulars." Fraiser was killed off in the episode "Heroes" because the producers thought season seven would be the last in the series and felt that a death of the main cast was needed. Rothery also appeared on the Women of Sci-Fi calendar produced by fellow Stargate cast Michael Shanks and Christopher Judge.
Walter Harriman
Chief Master Sergeant Walter Harriman (also known as the Chevron Guy among others, portrayed by Gary Jones, seasons 1–10) joined the Stargate Command (SGC) after excelling in navigation and automatic flight control operations during the first Gulf War. General Hammond recruited him as someone with excellent technical ability and a cool head to operate the Stargate under extreme pressure. He specializes in installing, maintaining and repairing bomb navigation, weapons control as well as automatic flight control systems. He is also an expert in radio and navigational equipment, and in maintaining test and precision measurement equipment. He is primarily a Stargate technician, running the dialing computer and other equipment from the Control Room. He also acts as an occasional administrative assistant to the head of Stargate Command, and has manned the flight console on the bridge of the Prometheus. From season 8 to 10, Harriman's role is expanded to advisor to the Head of Command of the SGC.
His name has been a source of confusion for many fans of Stargate SG-1. Originally, he was simply "Technician" or "Sergeant", listed as such in the show credits. At some point, some of the writers gave him the name "Norman Davis", which came with a name tag, but was never used in dialogue. In the episode "2010", Jack O'Neill refers to him as "Walter". Later, in the eighth season of "Stargate SG-1", the character is addressed as "Sergeant Harriman", with "Harriman" actually based on General George Hammond addressing him as "Airman" what was misheard by fans because of Don S. Davis's Texan accent, resulting in the final name of "Walter Harriman". Many fans fondly refer to him as "the Chevron guy" as many of his on-screen appearances, especially earlier on in the show, had him saying "Chevron (insert number here) encoded". On several DVD commentaries after the introduction of the name "Walter", producer-director Peter DeLuise refers to the character as "Walter Norman" and "Walter Norman Davis". The first time he ever says his own name is in the Stargate Atlantis episode "Home".
As the series continued Harriman got a heavier role in the series. According to Jones, his role was expanded since Richard Dean Anderson wanted him as his personal assistant in the show when his character Jack O'Neill was the leader of the SGC. The Stargate producer and writer staff called 2005, The Year of Walter because the staff evolved Harriman's relationship with General Hank Landry. Jones does not have a binding contract with the Stargate producers.
Charles Kawalsky
Charles Kawalsky portrayed by John Diehl (in the film) and Jay Acovone (in the series), is introduced in the 1994 Stargate as lieutenant colonel. He is Jack O'Neill's second in command for the first mission through the Stargate to Abydos and returns to Earth afterwards. When the Goa'uld Apophis attacks the SGC in the pilot episode of Stargate SG-1, Kawalsky is re-introduced as a captain and reunites with his former teammates to bring Daniel Jackson back to Earth. Kawalsky is promoted to major and becomes the leader of the newly formed SG-2 team, accompanying SG-1 on their mission to Chulak to rescue Sha're and Skaara. However, before returning to Earth, Kawalsky is invaded by a Goa'uld parasite from a dead Jaffa warrior. In season 1's "The Enemy Within", the symbiote starts to take control of him back on Earth. A surgical removal of the Goa'uld is initially successful, but the symbiote turns out to be a dead husk whose intelligence has already taken over Kawalsky's mind. Kawalsky is eventually killed when Teal'c forces his head through the event horizon and closes the gate, severing most of Kawalsky's skull including the lobes controlled by the symbiote.
Despite the character's death, Kawalsky appears several more times in the series. In season 2's "The Gamekeeper", O'Neill and Teal'c encounter Kawalsky in a virtual reality simulation. In season 3's "Point of View", Kawalsky and Samantha Carter from an alternate reality arrive through the gate seeking help in contacting the Asgard. His last appearance is in season 8's "Moebius", in which Kawalsky returns in an alternate timeline accidentally created when the destruction of their time machine traps SG-1 in the distant past. Kawalsky accompanies O'Neill, Carter and Daniel to Chulak and again meets his end, although here he is merely shot; it is the alternate Daniel Jackson who is infected with the Goa'uld and killed by Teal'c.
Darren Sumner called Kawalsky "one of the [1994] film's strongest characters". Sumner called the high death numbers of secondary and recurring characters on the show, The Kawalsky Effect. He also has a card in the card game, Stargate TCG. In the card game he is listed as a good soldier. While only appearing in six episodes in total, actor Jay Acovone frequently appears at Stargate conventions.
Sylvester "Sly" Siler
Master Sergeant Sylvester "Sly" Siler, (played by Dan Shea, seasons 1–10) – A sergeant at the SGC and one of its primary technicians and engineers. First appearing in season 1's "Solitudes", he remains a background character throughout the run of Stargate SG-1 and also occasionally appears in Earth-based episodes of Stargate Atlantis. Dan Shea is primarily the stunt co-ordinator for Stargate SG-1, responsible for the budgets and locations of stunts, and the hiring of stunt people before co-ordinating all stunt action. Siler is subsequently shown to be involved in many accidents at the SGC, which is parodied in dialogue and action in several SG-1 episodes such as season 4's "Window of Opportunity", season 7's "Heroes" and the milestone episode "200".
Shea first auditioned for the role as Siler with executive producer Brad Wright and director Martin Wood. Shea commented on his first audition that he tried to be "Funny", thinking he could get the role easier that way. Executive producer Michael Greenberg said that Shea "Blew it". Shea then went for a second audition acting more serious, since according to Greenberg the role was "Serious" and he needed to act that way. Siler also frequently appears in the background of scenes carrying an oversized wrench, which he sometimes hands to director Martin Wood as a gag prop in the series. Siler's first name is never mentioned in dialogue in the series, although his uniform patch and magazines give his first name as "Sly" several times, and his uniform patch in "Entity" reads "Dan". According to producer and writer Peter DeLuise, Siler's name and dialog deliberately contain the letter "S" because Dan Shea lisps.
Shea had previous worked with both Richard Dean Anderson (who portrayed Jack O'Neill) and Greenberg before on the American television series MacGyver in the 80s and early 90s as Anderson's stand-in in stunt scenes, he continued this role in Stargate SG-1. Anderson's partner Greenberg gave the job as stunt coordinator and stand-in to Shea in Stargate SG-1. The first time Shea was officially double for Anderson was in Toronto when they did a MacGyver movie; Anderson had broken his foot so Shea was forced to do a stand-in.
Recurring NID characters
Background of NID, Rogue NID, Trust and IOA
The NID is a shadowy intelligence agency that appears throughout the run of Stargate SG-1 and occasionally on Stargate Atlantis. The official mandate of the NID is to provide vital civilian oversight of top secret military operations, but one of their unofficial primary goals is to procure alien technologies. A set of well-resourced illegal cells named the Rogue NID uses unscrupulous methods to achieve the goals of the official NID and is later replaced by The Trust, a shady interplanetary terrorist group. The International Oversight Advisory (IOA) is a civilian oversight committee created after the United States and Russia revealed the existence of the Stargate Program to the other permanent members of the UN Security Council in season 6.
The producers initially wanted to call the NID "NRD" for "No Real Department", but went for "NID" because it sounded better. Although the acronym still stands for nothing in particular, the Stargate SG-1 Roleplaying Game says it stands for National Intelligence Department. When the producers came up with story ideas for the Trust, they found that Alias had used all the names they could think of. It was not until several weeks after they had decided on the name "Trust" that they found out that Alias had used that name as well. Faced with the choice to either go with the Trust or with what producer Joseph Mallozzi called "The Former Rogue Elements of the N.I.D. Now Working for Private Interests Bent on Global Domination", they chose the first option. The IOA has also been referred to as the "International Oversight Committee" on the show, until producer Joseph Mallozzi realized during the writing of "The Ties That Bind" that the acronym IOC is already used by the International Olympic Committee. The writers originally wanted to set up an IOA watchdog character on SG-1 and possibly have Richard Woolsey on the base all the time, but season 9 already had so many new characters that the writers did not develop this idea.
Malcolm Barrett
Special agent Malcolm Barrett, (played by Peter Flemming, seasons 5–7, 9–10) – An NID agent introduced in season 5's "Wormhole X-Treme!". His first significant appearance follows in "Smoke & Mirrors", where he helps uncovering a shadow group behind the NID who tried to attribute Senator Kinsey's apparent assassination to O'Neill. After collaborating with SG-1 in season 7's "Heroes, Part 2" and "Resurrection", Barrett expresses a personal romantic interest in Samantha Carter in season 9's "Ex Deus Machina" and season 10's "Uninvited", but she rejects his advances. His last SG-1 appearance is in season 10's "Dominion". Agent Barrett also recurs in Stargate Atlantis. He warns General Landry in that show's season 2 episode "Critical Mass" of the Trust's plan to destroy Atlantis with a bomb, and aids several Expedition team members to track down Rodney McKay's sister Jeannie Miller on Earth in season 4's "Miller's Crossing".
Peter Flemming had a two-line audition for "Wormhole X-Treme" for a "Man in Black" character in a possible recurring role. Every NID character introduced before Agent Barrett "had been very shady, always had an agenda", and Barrett was "the first mainstay in NID who is actually law-abiding[...], honest, [and] a good person".
Harry Maybourne
Colonel Harry Maybourne, (played by Tom McBeath, seasons 1–6, 8) – A USAF Colonel introduced in season 1's "Enigma" as an NID member with ambiguous morals and loyalties. In season 2's "Bane", Maybourne leads an NID attempt to claim Teal'c for study after alien insect infected Teal'c. After further antagonizing SG-1 through rogue NID operations in "Touchstone" and "Shades of Grey", and helping SG-1 in "Foothold", Maybourne flees to Russia and aids in establishing the Russian Stargate Program. He is caught in season 4's "Watergate", convicted of treason, and placed on death row. O'Neill contacts Maybourne in season 4's "Chain Reaction" to help reinstate General Hammond, who was blackmailed into resigning from his position. Maybourne escapes after the mission's success and covertly helps O'Neill in season 5's "Desperate Measures" and "48 Hours" in the Adrian Conrad case. Maybourne tricks SG-1 into taking him off-world in season 6's "Paradise Lost", and is eventually exiled to a far-off planet. When SG-1 meets him again in season 8's "It's Good To Be King", Maybourne leads a life of leisure as the seemingly clairvoyant ruler of the local peoples, King Arkhan I. Although the people later discover the deception, they welcome him to stay as his technological expertise has improved their standard of life, and SG-1 returns to Earth without him. He had ascended to power using an Ancient time-travelers log of his journeys into the future of the planet and ended up facing a Goa'uld invasion, but the soldiers were repelled by Jackson and Teal'c with help from one of the villagers, and O'Neill destroyed in the ship in orbit, killing the System Lord behind the attack. When the team leave, O'Neill and Maybourne part amicably with Maybourne having finally accepted responsibility towards the people he was ruling.
After auditioning for the part as Harry Maybourne, the producers revealed that he "maybe" could get a spot as a recurring character in the show. McBeath called his role as Maybourne at the start of the series "boring", but was glad for the new change in the character's direction in the series after he was convicted for treason. McBeath also commented that the writers and the producers for the show had more "fun" when his character started to "loosen" up. When the portraying actor Tom McBeath was asked about the O'Neill–Maybourne relationship, he explained their rapport as "I can't stand you, but at some level I have a lot of respect for you. And I do actually, grudgingly have a good time when you're around, and things seem to work out." McBeath once stated that the character of Maybourne diminished after Richard Dean Anderson's departure from the show in season 8.
Robert Kinsey
Senator Robert Kinsey, (played by Ronny Cox, seasons 1, 4–8) – A US senator who first appears in season 1's "Politics". In "Politics", Kinsey ignores warnings of an imminent Goa'uld invasion and instead manages to briefly shut down Stargate Command for budget reasons, only for SG-1 to prove the program's worth and save Earth through defying orders. In season 4's "Chain Reaction", Kinsey and the NID temporarily succeed in controlling the Stargate by blackmailing General Hammond into retirement and appointing a new general to his position, but O'Neill is able to find evidence of the blackmail and get Hammond reinstated. In season 5's "2001", Kinsey aims to gain prestige through an alliance with the Aschen, but the alliance fails (However, the alliance went ahead in the alternate but unfulfilled future reality witnessed in season 4's "2010", in which Kinsey also achieved his goal of the presidency; only a warning from that future helped the SGC prevent it). In season 6's "Smoke and Mirrors", a group controlling the rogue NID, known as "the Committee", tries to assassinate Kinsey and frame Col. O'Neill for his murder, but NID agent Malcolm Barret and SG-1 foil this attempt. Kinsey becomes Vice-President in season 7's "Inauguration" and tries again to take control of the Stargate Program in "Lost City". Shortly after NID Agent Richard Woolsey presents incriminating evidence against Kinsey to President Henry Hayes in the same episode, Hayes "accepts" Kinsey's resignation. Kinsey makes his last appearance in season 8's "Full Alert", where the SGC convinces Kinsey to go undercover to undermine the hierarchy of the Trust. However, the Goa'uld have completely infiltrated the Trust through their operatives working outside of the solar system, and have already implanted a symbiote within Kinsey to aid in their plans of starting a nuclear war between the US and Russia. After the SGC foil the attempt, Kinsey flees aboard an Al'kesh, but Kinsey's future remains uncertain as the Al'Kesh is destroyed while he operated a transport device, leaving it open-ended if he was able to escape or the ship was destroyed before he could transport away. Kinsey is briefly mentioned as a President in the alternative timeline (with Hayes as Secretary of Defense) in season 8 finale "Moebius".
The producers of Stargate SG-1 asked Ronny Cox if he would be interested in a role in one episode, but according to Cox it was "so much fun that they and I decided we would like to do more together". According to executive producer Brad Wright, every time they got a script from an outside editor, Kinsey was included. Cox has been noted for saying that the character has become a "Malevolent force on the show". Because of the collaboration between the producers and himself, Cox described him as a "self-aggrandizing senator who like[s] to throw his weight around", and as "Kinsey feels that the Stargate [is] being used in completely the wrong way and one that is endangering American ideals and a way of life that he believes in" and a "Born-again, right-wing, Christian fundamentalist"; Cox played him as a heroic antagonist rather than villainous. Cox was approached by the producers to play Kinsey instead of auditioning himself. Kinsey holds the position of chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee until season 7 and oversees the national defense budget of secret projects such as the Stargate Program.
Richard Woolsey
Richard Woolsey (played by Robert Picardo, seasons 7, 9–10) – Woolsey's first appearance is following the death of Dr. Janet Fraiser late in season 7 of Stargate SG-1, Woolsey is brought into Stargate Command in the episode "Heroes" to examine the command decisions and threatens SGC personnel with court-martial if they do not cooperate. When Woolsey brings his report to President Hayes in "Inauguration", he comes to realize Senator Kinsey's ambitions and presents incriminating evidence against him, indirectly forcing Kinsey into resigning. Woolsey returns in the season 9 episode "Prototype" and encourages the SGC to take great risks with the captured Goa'uld-human-Ancient hybrid Khalek to learn more about the Ascension process. When the studies cause injury and death among SGC personnel, Woolsey acknowledges his own error and pleads for forgiveness from the SG-1 team. Being the US's representative on the newly formed International Oversight Advisory Committee (IOA), Woolsey and some colleagues are rescued by SG-1 and the crew of the Odyssey after a catastrophe at the Gamma Site in "The Scourge", which he later considers an "eye-opening experience". Woolsey makes two more appearances in "Flesh and Blood" and "Morpheus" and last appears on SG-1 in season 10's "The Shroud". Woolsey remembers the Khalek incident and decides that Daniel, who transformed into a Prior, is too dangerous and must be placed indefinitely into stasis. However, Daniel frees himself before Woolsey's plans can be enacted.
Robert Picardo was in the main cast of Star Trek: Voyager from 1995 to 2001. He was familiar with Stargate SG-1 from his time as a Showtime subscriber. He was offered a one-day guest star as Richard Woolsey for the SG-1 episode "Heroes" in season seven (2004) while he was working on The Outer Limits in Vancouver (where Stargate SG-1 is filmed). He was then brought back for the follow-up episode "Inauguration", which began the rehabilitation of the Woolsey character. With the story introduction of the IOA, the Woolsey character made more regular appearances to "annoy people". Eventually, humor was added to the role, and the character was spun over to Atlantis as a recurring guest character. Picardo later became a main character in Stargate Atlantis.
Producer Joseph Mallozzi said:
Frank Simmons
Colonel Frank Simmons, (played by John de Lancie, seasons 5–6) – The NID liaison to Stargate Command after Col. Harry Maybourne's arrest for treason. Simmons is introduced in season 5's "Ascension" and is notorious for claiming to have the best interest of the nation at heart, while really he has his own political agenda. In "Desperate Measures", Simmons shoots O'Neill in the back while O'Neill was attempting to capture a Goa'uld who has taken Adrian Conrad as host. "48 Hours" Simmons' involvement in the disappearance of the Adrian Conrad Goa'uld, whom he now holds captive, is revealed and General Hammond has him arrested. In season 6's "Prometheus", rogue NID agents hijack the unfinished starship Prometheus and demand that Simmons, along with Adrian Conrad's Goa'uld, be released. It later turns out that Simmons had orchestrated the entire affair. When Conrad is killed, the Goa'uld infects Simmons. O'Neill is able to open an emergency airlock and releases Simmons into hard vacuum, killing both him and the Goa'uld.
Other recurring characters
Chekov
Colonel Chekov, (played by Garry Chalk, seasons 5–6, 8–10) – Russia's liaison to Stargate Command following the early season 4 events of the short-lived Russian Stargate program. He first appears in season 5's "The Tomb", blaming SG-1 for the death of several Russian SG team members. Chekov collaborates with the SGC several episodes later in "48 Hours", giving them a DHD from Russian possession and allowing the SGC to use the Russian Stargate. Colonel Chekov is appointed as the Russian envoy to the SGC around season 6's "Redemption" and agrees to give the Russian Stargate to the US in exchange for money, X-302 technology, and a Russian SG team. In season 6's "Disclosure", Colonel Chekov supports the US's presentation for the disclosure of the Stargate Program to the other three permanent members of the UN Security Council. In season 8's "Full Alert", Colonel Chekov helps General O'Neill deal with the possible Goa'uld compromise of the US government and establishes a direct line between O'Neill and the Russian President to avert a nuclear war. Chekov appears in season 9's "The Fourth Horseman" and "Crusade", where he has become a Russian representative of the IOA. He makes his last appearance in "Camelot" as the commander of the Earth ship Korolev to stop the Ori fleet from invading the Milky Way, but is killed when his ship was obliterated by the Ori Fleet, though six other crew members were transported from the ship before its destruction.
Garry Chalk was assigned to the role as Chekov by executive producer Michael Greenberg and N. John Smith. They asked him if he could speak Russian, Chalk replied "No." Greenberg then replied "No matter!" And gave him his own Russian coach named Alexander Kalugin, who made an appearance in the Stargate SG-1 episode "Watergate" as one of the Russian soldiers. Portraying actor Chalk had previously worked with Richard Dean Anderson, Don S. Davis and Greenberg in 1986 on MacGyver and Smith in The Beachcombers. Greenberg had said to Chalk that they were going to bring him into the show, at first there was no audition or a single phone call, until season 5 of the series. During the shows history, Chalk "Begged" the producers for his character to go through the "Stargate", but they said no, but, eventually they came up with the idea of giving him his own starship. Chalk was the only non-Russian actor assigned in "Flesh and Blood".
Catherine Langford
Catherine Langford, played by Kelly Vint (girl in the film), Viveca Lindfors (elderly lady in the film), Elizabeth Hoffman (elderly lady in season 1), Nancy McClure (young woman in season 1) and Glynis Davies (middle-aged woman in season 2), Ellie Gall (Stargate Origins) – Daughter of archeologist Prof. Paul Langford, who discovered the Stargate, as a girl she acquired an amulet depicting the Eye of Ra during the excavation of the Stargate in Giza in 1928. In present-day of Stargate, she gives the amulet to Daniel before his first mission through the Stargate to Abydos. Her fiancé, a scientist named Ernest Littlefield (played by Keene Curtis and Paul McGillion), is the first human to have travelled through the Stargate since the ancient Egyptians buried it. Catherine and Ernest were separated by a gate incident in 1945 and were re-united in the mid-season 1 episode "The Torment of Tantalus", but Ernest is never seen again in the series (although he is mentioned in season 1's "There But For the Grace of God" and season 2's "The Fifth Race"). Catherine Langford appears again in alternate universes and times in "There But For the Grace of God" and "1969". Her death is announced in season 8's "Moebius, Part 1"; she leaves her personal collection of documents and artifacts, including the golden medallion of Ra, to Daniel Jackson.
Earth ship crew characters
In the show, Earth's efforts to construct starships of its own using reverse-engineered alien technology begin in the season 4 episode "Tangent", with the less-than-successful X-301. The first spaceworthy Earth fighter, the X-302 (later F-302), is introduced in season 6's "Redemption", and a few episodes later in "Prometheus", Earth's first space battlecruiser, the Prometheus. Squadrons of F-302s are eventually stationed on Earth, Atlantis, the SGC's alternative sites, and its battlecruisers. In season 2 of Stargate Atlantis, the Daedalus-class battlecruiser is introduced, incorporating advancements that were tested on the Prometheus. Six Daedalus-class battlecruisers appeared in the franchise: the Daedalus, the Odyssey, the Korolev, the Apollo, the Sun Tzu, and the George Hammond (named the Phoenix in an alternate timeline). Except for the Korolev and the Sun Tzu, which are operated by the Russians and Chinese respectively, all Earth combat spacecraft are operated by the United States Air Force.
Set designer Peter Bodnarus based the design of the F-302 on the F-117A U.S. Air Force stealth fighter and the HL-10 aircraft from the 1970s, while still leaving the Goa'uld glider origins of the design recognizable. He and his team focused on creating a realistic-looking cockpit interior for the X-302 in terms of the headrest with overhead ejection handles and emergency systems. The original concepts for the look of the Prometheus as well as the X-303's interior were aircraft carriers. For the Prometheus, the producers wanted to build something that was exactly the opposite of Goa'uld ships, which, according to Paul Mullie, are basically big empty rooms with nowhere to sit, no screens and no buttons to press. Andy Mikita thought the Prometheus was a fun set to shoot in because "there's lots of layers and textures and flashing lights".
Catherine Womack, played by Chelah Horsdal (seasons 8–9) – A US Airforce officer of unknown rank. She takes over from Major Erin Gant as the helmsman of the Prometheus in season 8's in "New Order, Part 2" and is last seen in "Full Alert".
Paul Emerson, played by Matthew Glave (seasons 9–10) – Introduced as the commander of the Odyssey in season 9's "Off the Grid", rescuing SG-1 and aiding in their mission to take back all stolen Stargates from Ba'al's ship. In the next episode, "The Scourge", he again rescues SG-1 and a team of the IOA from the Gamma Site. In the season 9 finale, "Camelot", Emerson teams up the Odyssey with many other ships of the Jaffa, the Asgard and the Lucian Alliance to battle the Ori battlecruisers which come through an open Supergate, and the Odyssey takes much damage. Emerson continues serving as the commander of the Odyssey in season 10 but is killed by a member of the Lucian Alliance in "Company of Thieves".
Erin Gant, played by Ingrid Kavelaars (seasons 6–7) A US airforce Major and the first known helmsman of the Prometheus under Colonels Ronson and Kirkland as well as General George Hammond. She is first seen in "Memento" and last seen in "Lost City".
Kevin Marks, played by Martin Christopher (seasons 9–10) – A USAF officer aboard the Prometheus introduced in "Avalon Part 1", helping Mitchell and SG-1 locate and gain access to the Ancient stronghold at Avalon. Marks is also present during the Kalana mission in "Beachhead" and the subsequent search for Gerak's hidden mothership in orbit of Earth's moon in "Ex Deus Machina", after which he is promoted to captain. Following the destruction of the Prometheus in "Ethon", Marks is promoted to major and becomes a bridge officer on board the Odyssey, where he participates in various operations in "Camelot", "The Scourge, "Flesh and Blood", "Talion", and "Unending". Marks' last apparent SG-1 mission on board the Odyssey is the retrieval of the Ark of Truth from the Ori Home Galaxy in Stargate: The Ark of Truth. He takes a similar bridge position on board the Apollo in Atlantis's "Be All My Sins Remember'd" and transfers to Daedalus in "Search and Rescue". In "The Daedalus Variations," Teyla mentions that Marks gave her preliminary training on the battlecruiser's systems, an offer that Ronon Dex had declined. He is last seen on board the George Hammond under the command of Samantha Carter in Stargate: Universe's "Air." Aside from the commanders of each ship, Marks is the most recurring crewmember to appear and the only character shown to serve on each of Stargate's major space vessels.
Lionel Pendergast, played by Barclay Hope (seasons 8–9) – Replaces Colonel William Ronson as commander of the Prometheus and is first seen in "New Order Part 2" patrolling Earth. Pendergast intercepts Thor's Asgard mothership Daniel Jackson after its arrival in Earth's solar system and destroys a Trust-controlled Al'kesh in "Full Alert". He is leading the search of Osiris's cloaked Al'kesh in Earth's orbit in "Endgame" and transports the Stargate and SG-1 aboard before the enemy vessel enters hyperspace. In season 9's "Beachhead", Pendergast delivers a Mark IX warhead to an Ori beachhead and maintains the ship's position during the mission despite Jaffa and Ori interruption. Pendergast dies during the destruction of the Prometheus by an Ori satellite weapon in "Ethon"; he remained aboard to beam his crew off the ship, thus saving 76 lives.
William Ronson, played by John Novak (seasons 6–7) – A USAF Colonel and Commander of the Prometheus during seasons 6 and 7.
Ian Davidson played by Fulvio Cecere (season 10) A USAF Colonel who takes command of the Odyssey in the Season 10 episodes, "Family Ties" and "Dominion" following the death of his predecessor, Colonel Paul Emerson.
Abydonians
The Abydonians are the people whom Colonel O'Neill's team encounters on another planet in the Stargate film. They are the slaves of the alien Ra and are descendants from ancient Egyptians brought through the Stargate to mine the fictional mineral naqahdah. The film gives the location of their homeworld—named Abydos in SG-1's pilot episode "Children of the Gods"—as the Kaliem galaxy "on the far side of the known universe" in the film; and as the closest planets to Earth in the Stargate network in "Children of the Gods". In the film, O'Neill and Daniel Jackson inspire the Abydonians and their leader, Kasuf, to rise up against Ra. The military personnel return to Earth, while Daniel falls in love with Kasuf's daughter Sha're and remains behind. In "Children of the Gods", set a year after the film, the Goa'uld Apophis attacks Abydos, abducting Sha're and her brother Skaara to serve as hosts for his queen Amonet and son Klorel. In season 6's "Full Circle", the Goa'uld Anubis destroys Abydos, but Oma Desala helps its entire population Ascend.
Kasuf (Hebrew for 'silver-colored'), played by Erick Avari (film, seasons 2–4) and Daniel Rashid (Origins) – The leader of the Abydonians in the film, and the father of Sha're and Skaara. In season 2's "Secrets", one year after Apophis's kidnapping of Kasuf's children in "Children of Gods", Daniel returns to Abydos and learns that Sha're has become pregnant by Apophis. Kasuf helps Daniel to hide the newborn child from Heru-ur. Kasuf returns in season 3's "Forever in a Day" when his daughter Sha're dies. Kasuf last appears in season 4's "Absolute Power", introducing SG-1 to his rapidly aged grandchild, Shifu. In the prequel web series Origins, it is shown that Kasuf served Aset in Abydos and met Catherine Langford and her group when a German officer named Brucke first activated the Stargate in a warehouse near Giza on Earth. Upon Ra's return to Abydos, Aset made Kasuf the leader of the village of Nagada.
Sha're (Sha'uri in the film), played by Mili Avital (film) and Vaitiare Bandera (seasons 1–3) – Kasuf's daughter who becomes Daniel Jackson's wife and the host of the Goa'uld Amonet (also spelled Amaunet). In the film, her father Kasuf offers Sha're to Daniel Jackson as a gift, and although he initially refuses to take her as his wife, they eventually fall in love with each other. After one year of marriage in "Children of the Gods", Apophis takes Sha're hostage and makes her a host for his symbiote queen Amonet against her will. Daniel meets a now vastly-pregnant Sha're on a visit to Abydos in season 2's "Secrets". She hides her child, a Harcesis fathered by Apophis, from Heru-ur as Amonet is dormant during the pregnancy. When Sha're gives birth to a boy, Shifu, Amonet takes control of Sha're but keeps information about the child to herself. Amonet returns for the child one year later in season 3's "Forever in a Day", sending him to the planet Kheb with one of her handmaidens. During a battle at Abydos in "Forever in a Day", Amonet attacks Daniel with her hand device in a tent, and Teal'c kills Sha're with his staff weapon to prevent Daniel's death.
Skaara, played by Alexis Cruz (film, seasons 1–3, 6) – The son of Kasuf and brother to Sha're. In the film, Skaara and his friends aid O'Neil and his soldiers to beat Ra. In "Children of the Gods", Skaara is taken hostage by Apophis and is made the host for his symbiote son Klorel against his will. SG-1 invades Klorel's ship in the season 1 finale, "Within the Serpent's Grasp", but Skaara is only able to emerge shortly. After O'Neill shoots Klorel to prevent him from killing Dr. Jackson, Bra'tac revives him in a Sarcophagus. Skaara and Apophis flee before their ships are destroyed in the season 2 opener, "The Serpent's Lair". In season 3's "Pretense", Klorel's ship crashes on the Tollan homeworld while fleeing from Heru-ur's forces. With help from the Tollan technology, Skaara regains control and participates in a Tollan trial to get the symbiote separated from his body. Skaara wins the trial and eventually returns to Abydos, where he meets SG-1 one last time in the season 6 finale, "Full Circle". Skaara helps SG-1 in the search for the Eye of Ra before Anubis can find it on Abydos. Skaara is mortally wounded during the firefight with Anubis' Jaffa, but ascends with the help of Oma Desala.
Ancients
The Ancients are the original builders of the Stargate network, who by the time of Stargate SG-1 have ascended beyond corporeal form into a higher plane of existence. The humans of Earth are the "second evolution" of the Ancients. The Ancients (originally known as the Alterans) colonized the Milky Way galaxy millions of years ago and built a great empire. They also colonized the Pegasus galaxy and seeded human life there before being driven out by the Wraith. The civilization of the Ancients in the Milky Way was decimated millions of years ago by a plague and those who did not learn to ascend travelled to the Pegasus galaxy on board Atlantis. With few exceptions, the ascended Ancients respect free will and refuse to interfere in the affairs of the material galaxy. However their legacy is felt profoundly throughout the Stargate universe, from their technologies such as Stargates and Atlantis to the Ancient Technology Activation gene that they introduced into the human genome through interbreeding.
Oma Desala
Oma Desala ("Mother Nature"), played by Carla Boudreau (season 3) and Mel Harris (seasons 5, 8) – An Ascended being who goes against the ways of the Ancients. It is unclear if she is an Ancient herself, as the Ancients Orlin and Merlin give different accounts of knowing Oma. Oma is responsible for once helping the fallen System Lord Anubis, the main SG-1 antagonist between seasons 5 through 8, ascend. Although the Ancients banished her for her actions, Oma remains convinced of her responsibility to guide those beneath to the "Great Path" of enlightenment, even if this interferes in the lower planes of existence. Oma therefore only guides individuals, leaving the final decision to travel the great path to them. SG-1 first encounters Oma Desala on their search for Shifu in season 3's "Maternal Instinct". Oma eventually guides Shifu to ascension in season 4's "Absolute Power". Oma is involved in Daniel Jackson's ascension in "Meridian" and forceful de-ascension in "Fallen", and also helps the entire Abydonian population ascend after Anubis's attack in season 6's "Full Circle". Oma Desala last appears in season 8's "Threads", sacrificing herself to enter an eternal battle with Anubis to prevent him from wreaking further havoc on the galaxy.
Note: Mel Harris's teenage son was a Stargate SG-1 fan and introduced her to the series. The Stargate producers offered her the part when she was visiting the set while in Vancouver for another job. The best direction she got for playing this almost "omniscient" character was that she was not like others and was a "being" of her own.
Asgard
The Asgard are a benevolent race that, according to the mythology of Stargate, gave rise to Norse mythology on Earth and inspired accounts of the Roswell grey aliens. The Asgard can no longer reproduce and perpetuate themselves by transferring their minds into new clone bodies as necessary. Extremely advanced technologically, the threat of their intervention shields many planets in the Milky Way from Goa'uld attack, including Earth.
The Asgard provide much assistance to Earth in the way of technology, equipment, and expertise. Their main adversary in Stargate SG-1 are the mechanical Replicators, against which they enlist the aid of SG-1 on several occasions. The entire Asgard civilization chooses to self-destruct in "Unending" (S10E20; series finale) due to the degenerative effects of repeated cloning. A small colony of Asgard still exist in the Pegasus galaxy that were able to stop cloning's diminishing returns.
Most Asgard characters on the show are directly named after Norse gods. Prominent one-time characters include Aegir (voiced by Michael Shanks in "New Order", named after Aegir), Heimdall (voiced by Teryl Rothery in "Revelations", named after Heimdallr) and Loki (voiced by Peter DeLuise in "Fragile Balance", named after and based on Loki). Stargate SG-1 had several Asgard puppets, and six puppeteers were necessary to make the different parts of the main Asgard puppet work.
Thor
Thor, voiced by Michael Shanks (seasons 1–8, 10) – The Supreme Commander of the Asgard Fleet. SG-1 first encounter him as a Viking holographic recording (played by Mark Gibbon) on the planet Cimmeria in "Thor's Hammer". They meet the real Thor one season later when they enlist him to save Cimmeria from Heru-ur's invasion. After O'Neill manages to make friendly contact with the Asgard in their galaxy. Thor includes Earth in the Protected Planets Treaty to safeguard it from a direct Goa'uld attack. Late in season 3, SG-1 helps to destroy Thor's ship, the Beliskner, which has been overtaken by the Replicators, in "Nemesis". Impressed by SG-1's primitive but effective tactics, Thor requests SG-1 to help fight the Replicators in his Asgard homeworld soon after, in "Small Victories" Anubis captures Thor and probes his mind for Asgard technology, and Thor's body lapses into a coma in "Revelations". SG-1 retrieve Thor's consciousness from the ship's database a while later, and transfer it into a new body.
Thor asks for SG-1's assistance after his people's plan to trap the Replicators inside a time-dilation field on the planet Halla backfired. Thor personally makes an appearance at a secret meeting between the permanent members of Earth's UN Security Council taking place in the Pentagon, to ensure the SGC retains control over the Earth Stargate. As the time-dilation device on Halla cannot keep the Replicators bottled up forever, Thor collapses Halla's sun into a black hole, but some Replicators escape. Some weeks later, Thor and Carter modify their Replicator Disruptor, but as the Replicators quickly adapt, they use the Dakara superweapon to destroy all Replicators in one strike. Thor gets a new clone body soon after. Thor summons the Odyssey to the Asgard homeworld Orilla and installs the entire knowledge base of the Asgard race on the ship. As attempts to save the Asgard civilization from their genetic difficulties have failed, he informs Lt. Col. Carter that the Asgard consider people of Earth the fifth race, heirs first to the Ancients and now the Asgard, and that it is their turn to safeguard the future. Thor perishes along with the rest of the Asgard race when their planet self-destructs before the Ori can attack. Carter later programs the Asgard data core's interface to look and behave like Thor, but admits that it is not the same as talking to the god that became her friend.
Thor originally speaks slower in the first season, but Michael Shanks, who voiced him since the beginning, joked that he is not getting paid by the hour but by the amount of dialog, when commenting on the increased dialog speed in later episodes. As the Thor puppet is able neither to walk nor stand, the puppet is often put in a chair.
Goa'uld
The Goa'uld are the dominant race in the Milky Way and the primary adversaries from seasons 1 to 8 of Stargate SG-1. The most powerful Goa'uld in the galaxy are collectively known as the System-Lords. The Goa'uld are a parasitic species that resemble finned snakes, which can burrow themselves into a humanoid's neck and wrap around the spinal column. The Goa'uld symbiote then takes control of its host's body and mind, while providing longevity and perfect health. In their fictional backstory, the Goa'uld invaded and ruled over Earth thousands of years ago, masquerading as gods from ancient mythologies. The Goa'uld transplanted humans throughout the galaxy to serve as slaves and hosts, and they created the Jaffa to serve as incubators for their larvae.
Anubis
Anubis, played by David Palffy (seasons 5–7, hooded), Dean Aylesworth and Rik Kiviaho (season 8's "Reckoning"), and George Dzundza (season 8 as "Jim") – A half-ascended Goa'uld System Lord who replaces Apophis as the main enemy in season 5. Based on the god Anubis of Egyptian mythology, the character is first mentioned by name in season 5's "Summit" (although is alluded to in the earlier episode "Between Two Fires"), and makes his first appearance in "Revelations". It is revealed that like all the other Egyptian "gods", he is in fact a Goa'uld—one so vicious and cruel that he was banished by the other Goa'uld. Earth is eventually able to annihilate Anubis's fleet above Antarctica in "Lost City", but Anubis survives in energy form ("Lockdown"). Anubis regains his power throughout season 8 and develops a plan to destroy all life in the galaxy and then repopulate it to his own designs ("Reckoning"). Just as he prepares to use the weapon in "Threads", Oma Desala, who aided in his ascension thousands of years ago, engages him in an eternal battle.
David Palffy was cast to play Sokar before he got the part of Anubis. Since Anubis is cloaked all the time, Palffy had to express the character's weight through the voice and movements. Mainly because of the severe time-restraints of filming television, the producers gave Palffy no background on the character and encouraged Palffy to experiment and find the character's tone himself. What was under Anubis' cloak became a main question among fandom. Anubis was received as an over-the-top-character, but Palffy pointed to what the character represents, saying "Anubis is a god – he's not fully ascended, he's basically an outcast. And as I say, this resulting displacement of energy that's evil, that has been temporarily harnessed under a hood to give him physical form. He's the image of death, the figure of death incarnate, and he's surrounded by a black robe. That symbol in itself has been around since the dawn of time. That in itself is over the top. [...] His whole existence is basically predicated on living up to that theme, and that's a theme that's time immemorial. And of course, as an actor, you've got to work with that. To do otherwise, to underplay that, will work against the idea of what he represents." Palffy was open to continue playing Anubis beyond season 7, but other actors played the character in season 8.
Apophis
Apophis, played by Peter Williams (seasons 1–6, 8) – A System Lord and the main villain for most of the first four seasons of Stargate SG-1. Based on the god Apep of Egyptian mythology, the character gained power after Ra's death in the film and commands a raid on Earth and Abydos in "Children of the Gods", leading to the restart of the Stargate Program. His then-First Prime, Teal'c, defects from his army afterwards. Apophis's standing amongst the System Lords is severely diminished after a failed full-scale assault on Earth in season 2's "The Serpent's Lair". Apophis is killed and eventually revived by the Goa'uld Sokar in season 3. After defeating Sokar's massive fleet and army in season 3's "The Devil You Know", Apophis becomes the most powerful Goa'uld in the galaxy. Despite his death aboard his Replicator-infested ship in season 5's "Enemies", Apophis appears in visions and alternate timelines in season 6's "The Changeling", season 8's "Moebius" and Stargate: Continuum. In the latter, he is the last System Lord to resist the rule of Ba'al who kills Apophis shortly before his attempted takeover of Earth.
The astronomers David J. Tholen and Roy A. Tucker enjoyed the character so much that they named a near-Earth asteroid that they co-discovered in 2004, 99942 Apophis.
Ba'al
Ba'al, played by Cliff Simon (seasons 5–10) – A System Lord based on the Baal of Canaanite religion. Introduced in season 5's "Summit" and recurring until the end of the show, he is the longest-running villain in Stargate history. After Anubis' fleet is destroyed in season 7's "Lost City", Ba'al gains substantial power and wages a war against all other System Lords, driving them to the brink of defeat in early and mid-season 8. Anubis' return in "Reckoning"/"Threads" forces Ba'al back into his service. Ba'al secretly collaborates with SG-1 and Jacob/Selmak to thwart Anubis' plan of overtaking the galaxy with the Dakara Superweapon, but flees when the Jaffa storm his mothership. With his traditional power base gone, Ba'al exiles to Earth and takes over the Trust, posing as a wealthy businessman in season 9's "Ex Deus Machina". Having made multiple clones of himself, Ba'al begins a campaign to battle the invading Ori for control of the galaxy in "Stronghold" and tries to gain power through various means in "Off the Grid", and season 10's "Insiders" and "The Quest". Ba'al captures Adria in "Dominion" and implants one of his cloned symbiotes within her, massacring most of his other clones with symbiote poison. The symbiote is extracted and killed, but he fatally poisons Adria first, forcing her Ascension to survive. The Tok'ra extract the symbiote from the last Ba'al clone in Stargate: Continuum. However, the real Ba'al travels back in time to 1939 and alters history by intercepting the Stargate as it is transported by the ocean freighter Achilles, creating a timeline in which Ba'al gains dominion over the System Lords and lays siege to Earth with Teal'c as his First Prime and Qetesh, the Goa'uld who used Vala as a host, as his queen. Cameron Mitchell manages to travel back in time to 1929 and set an ambush for Ba'al when he boards the Achilles. The real Ba'al is shot and killed by Mitchell, restoring the original timeline. With Ba'al gone, the extraction of the last Ba'al clone proceeds as planned and the symbiote dies, ending the reign of the System Lord forever. Ba'al's host survives the extraction and Vala plans to help him adjust to life after over two thousand years under Ba'al's control.
Cliff Simon met with executive producers Robert C. Cooper and Brad Wright and auditioned eight months before the character Ba'al was created for the series. Simon, Cooper and Wright came to an agreement to wait until they found the right character for Simon in the show. Simon said "I was very lucky," when talking about his character in an interview with The Sci Fi World. According to portraying actor Simon, Ba'al was his most "interesting" he's done because of Ba'al's character development and diversity among others. Simon felt that he needed to diversify the character to make it more exciting, as he put it, "if you're always bad, it gets pretty boring." He wanted to change the development of the character, the writing staff eventually agreed with him and started fleshing out his character.
Sokar
Other Stargate SG 1 articles link Sokar's name to this one, and he is mentioned elsewhere in this one. From the articles he seems to be a Goa'uld, and a reasonably significant character. Either someone should write a section on him in this article, or the links elsewhere should be removed.
Jaffa
The Jaffa are an offshoot of humanity, genetically engineered by the Goa'uld. They have an abdominal pouch which serves to incubate larval Goa'uld. The infant Goa'uld provides strength, longevity, and good health, at the cost of supplanting the Jaffa's natural immune system, making them dependent on the Goa'uld for more symbiotes. The Jaffa have a warrior culture and form the armies of the Goa'uld. In season 8 of Stargate SG-1, the Jaffa Resistance wins their race's freedom from Goa'uld oppression, resulting in the Free Jaffa Nation.
Bra'tac
Bra'tac, played by Tony Amendola (seasons 1–3, 5–10) – A Jaffa warrior, former First Prime of the Goa'uld System Lord Apophis, and Teal'c's former teacher and closest friend. His surviving to an age of retirement as First Prime is a noted rarity, and affords him a significant amount of respect among Jaffa. Bra'tac is over 133 years of age at the beginning of the series, a fact he reminds SG-1 of on multiple occasions. He is introduced in season 1's "Bloodlines" and is one of the most frequently recurring characters on Stargate SG-1. Bra'tac, having been one of the first Jaffa to doubt the Goa'uld as gods, has been an outcast among the Jaffa since at least season 1. Bra'tac was also the one who initially influenced Teal'c to doubt the Goa'uld as well. Bra'tac helps Teal'c and SG-1 on many missions. He is initially suspicious of the humans, particularly O'Neill. This dynamic is played out somewhat comically, but Bra'tac slowly learns to trust and respect humans. In seasons 1 and 2, Bra'tac helps to save Teal'c's son, Rya'c from several threats and becomes a guardian to him. During a mission to find the Harcesis child (Shifu) on Kheb in season 3's "Maternal Instinct", Bra'tac is presented with the idea of Ascension but in the end decides against this possibility for himself. At the end of season 6, Bra'tac and Teal'c are both badly wounded during a Jaffa meeting and lose their symbiotes, surviving only by taking the new drug Tretonin. Bra'tac is the primary instigator of the Jaffa Resistance, a rebellion aimed at overthrowing the Goa'uld and establishing the freedom of all Jaffa. At the end of season 8, Bra'tac and Teal'c convince the other members of the Jaffa Rebellion to attack Dakara in an ultimately successful mission. The Jaffa obtain freedom, and Bra'tac receives a position of honor. Bra'tac becomes a member of the High Council, the governing body of the new Free Jaffa Nation but still stays loyal to Stargate Command. Some time after the destruction of Dakara by the Ori, leaders of the Free Jaffa Nation meet to consider the future, but Bra'tac and Teal'c are badly injured during an ambush by a former enemy of Teal'c. When they get nursed back at the SGC, Bra'tac tells Teal'c that he is like a son to him.
Lucian Alliance
The Lucian Alliance is an interstellar group of human smugglers and mercenaries that have joined together from many different human-settled worlds across the Milky Way Galaxy to fill the power vacuum created by the demise of the Goa'uld, and have obtained and modified Goa'uld technology for their own use. When their trade partner Vala Mal Doran does not keep an agreement in their first appearance in season 8's "Prometheus Unbound", she and Daniel are placed on a Lucian Alliance wanted list. The Lucian Alliance is first referred to by name in season 9's "The Ties That Bind" and reappears as a recurring foe in seasons 9 and 10. The Lucian Alliance story arc is continued in Stargate Universe. Producer Joseph Mallozzi explained in retrospect, "Much of the Lucian Alliance we saw in SG-1 was inept and, dare I say it, a bit goofy. They fit in with SG-1s lighter, more high adventure-driven tone but would have stood out (and not in a good way) in the new series [Stargate Universe]. As a result, I was initially leery at the prospect of introducing them to SGU but, as so often happened over the course of my many years in the franchise, I trusted in Brad [Wright] and Robert [C. Cooper] and, in the end, that trust was rewarded with a terrific story element that not only succeeded as planned [...] but offered up plenty of interesting story material for future episodes [of Stargate Universe]. The Alliance was always envisioned as a loose coalition of mercenary groups so it made sense that certain factions would have been more capable and threatening than others."
Jup and Tenat, played by Geoff Redknap and Morris Chapdelaine (seasons 8–10) – Oranian minor members of the Lucian Alliance who make their first appearance in season 8's "Prometheus Unbound", aiming to trade a case of weapons-grade-refined naqahdah to Vala in exchange for the stolen Prometheus. After Daniel foils the plot, the Alliance sends Jup and Tenat to capture Vala in season 9's "The Ties That Bind", but Mitchell and Teal'c double-cross them. Upon meeting and recognizing Mitchell as a scam artist aboard a Lucian Alliance ship in season 10's "Company of Thieves", Tenat asks for a part of the spoils and is double-crossed again, dying in a self-induced firefight against Netan's mothership. Jup last appears in "Bounty" as one of several bounty hunters attempting the capture of SG-1 on Earth, but another bounty hunter kills him.
Netan, played by Eric Steinberg (seasons 9–10) – The leader of the Lucian Alliance. He first appears in "Off the Grid", trying to intercept Ba'al in stealing Stargates from several planets, including one controlled by the Lucian Alliance. Teal'c approaches the Lucian Alliance for help in attacking the invading Ori battlecruisers in "Camelot", and Netan commits three motherships to the battle. After the big losses during that battle, one of Netan's seconds (Anateo) moves against Netan in season 10's "Company of Thieves", but Anateo's skills and a trick by Mitchell lead Netan to declare war on the people of Earth. SG-1 actually does Netan a favor, killing Anateo for him while retaking the Odyssey. After SG-1 makes raids on Lucian Alliance assets in "Bounty", Netan places a bounty on the heads of SG-1 and is implied to die at the hands of another bounty hunter himself when the hunters fail.
Ori
The Ori are Ascended beings who use their infinite knowledge of the universe to force lesser beings to worship them. In essence, they used to be Ancients, however they split into separate groups due to different views of life. The Ori are religious while the Ancients prefer science. The Ori sway lesser-developed planets into worshipping them by promising Ascension through an invented and empty religion called "Origin". This religion states that they created humanity and as such are to be worshipped by their creations. It also promises its followers that, on death, they will Ascend. However, Origin was designed to channel energy from the human worshippers to the Ori. As such, the Ori never help anyone else Ascend because then they would have to share the power that they sap from their worshippers. Their ultimate goal is to completely destroy the Ascended Ancients, who they know as "the Others". All of their efforts, including their technology, are for the purpose of garnering worshippers. As Ascended beings, the Ori do not interfere directly in the mortal plane. Instead, they use humans called Priors, which they artificially evolve so that they are one step from Ascension, giving the Priors godly powers. Because the Ori have worshippers across the entire home galaxy of the Ancients, and using their knowledge to spread, they are nearly unstoppable.
Adria
Adria, played by Robert C. Cooper's daughter Emma (season 10, age 4), Jodelle Ferland (season 10, age 7), Brenna O'Brien (season 10, age 12), Morena Baccarin (season 10, adult) – The primary antagonist in season 10. Adria is the Orici, a genetically advanced human infused with Ori knowledge. The Ori had impregnated Vala Mal Doran with Adria against her will in season 9 to circumvent the Ancients' rules in the Milky Way galaxy, and as such Vala named the child after her "witch of a woman" stepmother. Losing contact with young Adria in "Flesh and Blood", Vala meets her daughter again as an adult in "Counterstrike". In "The Quest", Adria tricks SG-1 into obtaining the Sangraal for her and captures Daniel before he can complete the device. Adria attempts to convert Daniel to the path of Origin and makes him a Prior, but he betrays her in "The Shroud" and uses the weapon on the Ori galaxy. Adria is briefly implanted with the Goa'uld Ba'al in "Dominion", but the removal of the symbiote almost kills Adria and she ascends. She nevertheless continues the Ori's assault on the Milky Way in Stargate: The Ark of Truth, where the Ancient Morgan le Fay engages her in an ascended battle, "eternally distracting her from being able to continue her evil ways". The producers created Adria's character to give Vala a story and personality arc as a new member of the SG-1 team and offered the role of adult Adria to Morena Baccarin, as they were fans of her former TV series, Firefly. The character initially has orange contact lenses, but they irritated Baccarin's eyes so much that the lenses were dropped during the shooting of "The Quest".
Tomin
Tomin, played by Tim Guinee (seasons 9–10) – A devout Ori follower of the village of Ver Isca, who becomes an Ori commander in Season 10. Tomin is intended as a representation of the Ori warriors, and Cooper described Guinee as a "fabulous actor who instantly creates that humanity and empathy ... while he's mass-murdering people" Tomin is introduced in flashbacks in season 9's "Crusade", having found Vala after she was transported to the Ori home galaxy. Tomin had been crippled since childhood, and was therefore looked down on by his fellow villagers. Tomin married Vala and accepted her pregnancy as his child, not knowing that it was an immaculate conception set by the Ori. A little later, a Prior visited the village and cured Tomin of his limp, allowing him to become a warrior for the Ori. The prior also told Tomin the truth about the child as "the will of the Ori", who would later be the Orici. Tomin is later able to forgive Vala. As seen in "Camelot", Tomin and Vala depart aboard the first wave of Ori vessels entering the Milky Way, and they go separate ways in season 10's "Flesh and Blood". Tomin rises to the rank of commander within the Ori warrior armies, and he and Vala meet again in "Line in the Sand". Because a Prior twists the words of the Book of Origin, Tomin begins to doubt the Priors and their interpretations of Origin's teachings, and helps Vala escape. Despite his betrayal, Tomin survives and remains an Ori commander by the time of Stargate: The Ark of Truth, leading the Ori forces in the ruins of Dakara. After the Prior he serves is killed by Mitchell, Tomin finally loses his faith in the Ori and surrenders to SG-1. Tomin helps Daniel decipher his visions of the Ark of Truth and accompanies SG-1 back to the Ori galaxy where Tomin is instrumental in finding the Ark and ending the Ori threat for good. After the defeat of the Ori, Tomin becomes the new leader of his people, but Vala declines Tomin's offer to return with him, feeling that her place is with SG-1.
Minor characters
Doci (Latin docere, "to teach"), played by Julian Sands (season 9) – The leader of the Priors who also represents the Ori in their home galaxy. He has brown hair and colored eyes, pale skin and facial markings of a Prior. He first appears in season 9's "Origin", residing in the city of Celestis, with his chambers next to the Ori's Flames of Enlightenment. He also appears in a short flash in "The Fourth Horseman, Part 1" and is hit by the Ark's beam in Stargate: The Ark of Truth, stopping his belief of the Ori as gods so that he spreads the truth to all of the Priors in the Ori galaxy and through them to their followers. The Doci immediately breaks down in tears, begging for forgiveness for his actions. Although Sands' limited availability was a hindrance in The Ark of Truth, the producers felt it was better to include the Doci than to forgo the character. Had Julian Sands not been able to resume the role, the producers had planned to hire another actor as a different Doci in charge in Celestis.
Prior, played by Greg Anderson (seasons 9–10) – The governor of the village of Ver Eger, introduced in "Avalon" when Daniel and Vala first come to the village. As a reward for fulfilling his duties and putting Vala through a Trial by Fire, he is transformed into a Prior in "Origin". He is later sent to the Milky Way and appears in "The Powers That Be" unleashing a plague in a defiant village, in "The Fourth Horseman" turning Gerak into a Prior, and in season 10's "Line in the Sand" ordering the destruction of a village by spaceship. In Stargate: The Ark of Truth, he commands Ori ground forces alongside Tomin during the search for the Ark of Truth. With a Prior disruptor blocking his powers, the Prior is killed by Mitchell with a shot from an Ori staff weapon, proving to Tomin once and for all that the Ori are not gods.
Prior, played by Doug Abrahams (seasons 9–10) – A one-eyed Prior introduced in "Crusade", who cures Tomin of his limp and later informs him of being unable to father children. He is on-board one of the Ori battlecruisers invading the Milky Way in "Camelot" and is present during Adria's birth in season 10's "Flesh and Blood", informing Vala and Tomin of her divine purpose. The Prior nearly kills Daniel Jackson, but he and Vala are rescued at the last second by the Odyssey. In "The Quest", he accompanies Adria in the search of the Sangraal. He is captured in Stargate: The Ark of Truth during an attempt to convince Earth to surrender or face destruction. After the Ark of Truth is retrieved from the Ori home galaxy, the Prior is exposed to it, spreading the truth to all of the Ori followers in the Milky Way galaxy and ending their crusade.
Replicators
The Replicators are a potent mechanical life-form using a quiron-based technology composed of building blocks using nanotechnology. They strive to increase their numbers and spread across the universe by assimilating advanced technologies. They are hostile to all other life-forms in the universe, but are opposed primarily by the Asgard. In the episode "Unnatural Selection", the Replicators had developed human-form Replicators, based on the technology they extracted from their Android creator, that appear just like humans and are able to change their form. Standard Replicators are resistant to energy weapons, and can only be destroyed by projectile weapons. Human-form Replicators, on the other hand, are resistant to projectile weapons as well due to the change in their nature from large blocks to smaller units the size of organic cells (cell blocks). In the episode "New Order (Part 2)", an Ancient weapon called the Replicator Disruptor was developed by O'Neill while he still had the knowledge of the Ancients in his mind. It works by blocking the cohesion between the blocks that make up the Replicators. The Replicators in the Milky Way galaxy were wiped out by the Dakara Superweapon in the two-part episode "Reckoning" at the climax of Season 8. It has been indicated that the Asgard used the same technology to defeat the Replicators in their own home galaxy as well.
Fifth
Fifth, played by Patrick Currie (seasons 6, 8) – A human-form Replicator introduced in season 6's "Unnatural Selection". He is the fifth human-form to be created on the Asgard planet Halla, and unlike the others he lacks the programming flaws of the android Reese, on which the human-forms are based. This makes him more "human" than the other Replicators, who consider him "weak" as a result. After SG-1 is captured by the Replicators, Fifth becomes fascinated by them, especially Carter, and attempts to help them, but SG-1 break their promise and leave Fifth behind in a time dilation field. Fifth has escaped the time dilation field in the season 8 episode "New Order", and en route to the new Asgard homeworld of Orilla, he captures Samantha Carter and tortures her in revenge. He eventually relents when she appeals to his humanity again, and professes his love for her. He lets Carter go but creates a Replicator duplicate of her to serve as his consort. Fifth appears for the last time in "Gemini", conspiring with Replicator Carter to obtain data from the SGC that would immunize them from the Replicator Disruptor. Replicator Carter however never returned his feelings, believing him unfit to command the Replicators. She ultimately betrays him, taking the data for herself while manipulating him into being destroyed by the Disruptor.
Patrick Currie had auditioned for the show since the very beginning, resulting in approximately 15 auditions before being cast, according to Currie because the producers always short-listed him and waited for the perfect episode to use him in. When preparing for the role of Fifth, Currie was unsure where to take the innocence and vulnerability of the character, and later figured that the key to this character is to know "what it's like before we learn to play games and pretend". He thinks Fifth is a misunderstood character and not a villain; Fifth believes he loves Carter, but lacks comparisons.
Replicator Carter
Replicator Carter (also known as RepliCarter), played by Amanda Tapping (season 8) – A human-form Replicator created by Fifth. She first appears at the end of "New Order", and becomes a major adversary in the eighth season of the series. Fifth intended her to be a duplicate of the real Samantha Carter, but one who would return his affections. Replicator Carter seemingly defects from Fifth to the SGC in "Gemini", but in fact abandons him to be destroyed while she develops a means to immunize herself from the Replicator Disruptor. In "Reckoning", Replicator Carter launches a full-scale invasion of the Milky Way and personally eliminates the last of the Goa'uld System Lords. She abducts Daniel and probes his mind to find the location of the Dakara superweapon, the only thing in the galaxy capable of stopping her. She also sends Replicators to fight the forces of Ba'al, the Jaffa Rebellion, and Stargate Command on Earth. Daniel Jackson is able to exploit his connection to the Replicator network at a critical moment, buying enough time to finish calibrating and activating the Dakara weapon. The resulting energy wave breaks Replicator Carter and all her brethren into their constituent parts.
Tok'ra
The Tok'ra (literally "against Ra", the Supreme System Lord) are a faction of Goa'uld symbiotes who are opposed to the Goa'uld culturally and militarily. Spawned by the queen Egeria, they live in true symbiosis with their hosts, both beings sharing the body equally and benefitting from each other. The Tok'ra have fought the Goa'uld for thousands of years, favoring covert tactics and balancing the various System Lords against one another. Since season 2 of Stargate SG-1, the Tok'ra have become valuable allies of Earth.
Jacob Carter
Jacob Carter, played by Carmen Argenziano (seasons 2– 8) – A retired United States Air Force Major General and the widowed father of Samantha Carter and Mark Carter. Jacob Carter is introduced in season 2's "Secrets" as a USAF general dying of cancer, and after becoming a willing host of a Tok'ra named Selmak who would cure his illness ("The Tok'ra") he frequently recurs as the Tok'ra liaison to Earth. As a member of the Tok'ra High Council, Jacob/Selmak engages in Tok'ra covert operations and provides help to Stargate Command when problems arise. He goes on off-world missions with SG-1, and frequently provides valuable knowledge and expertise, including the ability to use a Goa'uld healing device. When the Earth-Tok'ra relations deteriorate, Jacob/Selmak remains the strongest link between the allies despite his loss of influence in the Tok'ra High Council. In season 7's "Death Knell", Jacob helps his daughter devise the Kull Disruptor as an invaluable weapon in fighting the army of Kull Warriors of Anubis's creation. He also plays a key role in retuning the Dakara Superweapon to the right pattern to attack the Replicators in season 8's "Reckoning", but Selmak dies of old age one episode later in "Threads", along with Jacob who would not let go of him a few weeks earlier knowing by keeping Selmak alive he would help in the fight against the replicators but would ultimately die with Selmak due to release of a poison when a Symbiote dies. Selmak fell into a coma shortly after the Dakara Superweapon was activated thus preventing him from saving Jacob.
Martouf
Martouf, played by JR Bourne (seasons 2–4, 9) – A leader in the ranks of the Tok'ra. Martouf had been the mate of Rosha, host to Jolinar, for almost a century. SG-1 first meet Martouf during their first encounter with the Tok'ra in season 2's "The Tok'ra", and since Jolinar was once blended with Samantha Carter, Martouf develops an interest in her. Some episodes later in "Serpent's Song", Martouf recommends that Apophis, who sought asylum at the SGC, should be handed over to Sokar. In the season 3 two-parter "Jolinar's Memories"/"The Devil You Know", Martouf joins SG-1 on a mission to rescue Jacob Carter, the host of the Tok'ra Selmak, from Ne'tu. They are captured and tortured, but Martouf, Selmak and SG-1 can escape when a new Tok'ra weapon destroys Ne'tu. However, Martouf is unwittingly subjected to Goa'uld mind control, turning him into a zatarc. His attempt to assassinate the President of the United States in season 4's "Divide and Conquer" ends in failure, and Carter is forced to kill him. Martouf's symbiote, Lantash, survives and is placed in a Tok'ra stasis chamber, which is destroyed in a Goa'uld attack in season 5's "Last Stand". The new SGC recruit Lieutenant Elliot (played by Courtenay J. Stevens, season 5) blends with Lantash after a severe injury, but they give their lives to save the rest of SG-1 and the Tok'ra, eliminating the entire Goa'uld invasion force with a vial of symbiote poison. An alternate version of Martouf arrives at the SGC when many SG-1s from alternate realities start coming through the Stargate in season 9's "Ripple Effect". That universe's Martouf had joined the SGC to be closer to Carter, but their relationship did not last.
According to portraying actor Courtenay J. Stevens, the first draft for the character was that he was supposed to be a young Jack O'Neill in the then new spin-off show Stargate Atlantis. The producers dropped Elliot and minimized his role so that he was never even mentioned in Stargate Atlantis. Many fans of Stargate thought that Elliot and his team would replace Samantha Carter, Teal'c, Daniel Jackson and O'Neill as the main characters of the show. Stevens has stated that the producers took much time to look at new "Options", for the series and further stated that he knew "they were looking at it". But the plans were changed and actor Stevens left the Stargate set in Vancouver after the shooting of "Last Stand". When shooting the episode, "Summit" J.R. Bourne was booked, so he was replaced with Stevens. Before being cast in the episode "Summit", the producers told the history behind the Tok'ra symbiote Lantash. Stevens was later cast as Keras in the Stargate Atlantis episode "Childhood's End".
Minor characters
Aldwin, played by William deVry (seasons 3–5) – A Tok'ra introduced in season 3's "The Devil You Know" to aid SG-1 on a mission to rescue Jacob Carter from Sokar's prison moon Ne'tu. In season 4's "Absolute Power", Aldwin is sent to the SGC to verify via a zatarc-detecting device that Shifu is indeed the supposed Harcesis. Alwin is killed in season 5's "Summit"/"Last Stand" when Zipacna attacks the planet Revanna where Aldwin guided SG-17 through the Tok'ra base.
Anise, played by Vanessa Angel (season 4) – A gifted scientist and historian whose human host Freya is attracted to Jack O'Neill, although the symbiote prefers Daniel Jackson, as stated in season 4's "Divide and Conquer". She is introduced in season 4's "Upgrades", researching the Atanik armbands on SG-1 in the hope to use the armbands' powers on a dangerous SG-1 mission to destroy Apophis' new prototype mothership. Anise is present for Tanith's introduction in "Crossroads", and assists Stargate Command in "Divide and Conquer" to uncover possible Zatarcs within the SGC ranks. She improperly diagnoses O'Neill and Carter, who unwittingly lied during the test to conceal their feelings for each other.
Jolinar of Malkshur, played by Amanda Tapping (season 2) and Tanya Reid (season 3 as Rosha) – Tok'ra symbiote of Rosha and temporarily Samantha Carter. The symbiote is severely injured by an ash'rak, a Goa'uld assassin, and died saving her host's life.
Ren'al, played by Jennifer Calvert – A member of the Tok'ra High Council. In "Enemies", she travels to Earth to inform General Hammond that, though their plan to destroy Apophis' fleet was successful, no trace of SG-1 or Jacob/Selmak has been found. In "Summit", Ren'al briefs the SGC on an upcoming summit of the Goa'uld System Lords and the Tok'ra plan to assassinate them using symbiote poison. When the Tok'ra base on Ravenna comes under attack by Anubis' minion Zipacna in "Last Stand", Re'nal is killed by falling debris.
Tollan
The Tollan are an advanced human civilization who are introduced in season 1's "Enigma" when the SGC helps a group of them relocate from the original Tollan homeworld that had undergone catastrophic volcanic activity. The Nox take the Tollan in while they continue to search for a new home, later revealed to be named Tollana. The Tollan have a strict policy against sharing technology with more "primitive" races, instituted after such a transfer caused the civilization of their neighboring planet Serita to destroy itself in a single day. Teal'c notes in season 3's "Pretense" that despite the Tollans' technological superiority, they "do not think strategically". The Tollan are wiped out by the forces of the Goa'uld Tanith in season 5's "Between Two Fires" after the Goa'uld Anubis developed shields impervious to Tollan weaponry.
Narim, played by Garwin Sanford (seasons 1, 3, 5) – An influential Tollan who befriends SG-1 after they save him and a group of fellow Tollans in "Enigma". He develops an apparent attraction to Carter and reconfirms his feelings for her in "Pretense", although she informs him that she is not looking for a relationship at that time. After the death of the Tollan leader, Omoc, in "Between Two Fires", Narim and SG-1 discover that his government was collaborating with the Goa'uld. Narim takes action to spare Earth from destruction, but the Goa'uld begin attacking the planet. Narim escorts SG-1 to the Stargate and stays behind to help his people fight. Shortly afterwards, Narim informs Earth of Tollana's devastations via a transmission, which ends abruptly.
Travell, played by Marie Stillin (seasons 3, 5) – High Chancellor and a member of the Curia, the Tollan's highest ruling body. She is first seen in "Pretense", where she presides over the hearings about the future of the Goa'uld Klorel and his unwilling host Skaara. In season 3's "Shades of Grey", Travell participates in an undercover operation conducted by the SGC to expose the rogue NID agents as thieves. In Travell's final appearance in "Between Two Fires", she offers Tollan ion cannon technology to Stargate Command, later discovered to be part of Tanith's extortion of the Curia.
Other alien recurring characters
Cassandra, played by Katie Stuart (seasons 1–2), Pamela Perry (season 2, old woman), and Colleen Rennison (who also played Ally in the S02E10"Bane") (season 5) – A young girl whom SG-1 discovers in season 1's "Singularity" as the sole survivor of a biological plague on the planet Hanka, and whom Janet Fraiser subsequently adopts. A naqahdah bomb that the Goa'uld Nirrti once planted in Cassandra's chest shuts down on its own and is eventually absorbed into her body's tissues, allowing Cassandra to sense the people who are infested, or blended with, a Goa'uld. As such, Cassandra senses Carter to have been taken over by Jolinar in season 2's "In the Line of Duty". In season 5's "Rite of Passage", a retrovirus Cassandra contracted on her home planet several years ago causes her to evolve into a hok'taur (an advanced human being), but SG-1 makes a deal with Nirrti to save Cassandra's life. After Janet Fraiser's death in season 7's "Heroes", Carter promises to inform Cassandra about what happened to her adopted mother. Travelling from the year 1969 to several decades into the future, SG-1 meets Cassandra as an old woman in season 2's "1969", who helps them return to their own time. In season 9, Carter mentions that Cassandra is going through a hard time.
Chaka, played by Dion Johnstone (seasons 4–5) and by Patrick Currie (season 7) – A young Unas from P3X-888 who captures Daniel in season 4's "The First Ones" to prove his maturity to his tribe. When the two learn to communicate, Chaka kills his tribe's existing Alpha male and rises to become the new leader. After SG-1 frees Chaka from slave dealers in season 5's "Beast of Burden", Chaka chooses to remain behind to lead an ultimately fragile but successful fight for the freedom of his fellow Unas. Chaka last appears in season 7's "Enemy Mine" to negotiate between a large group of aborigine Unas and SGC personnel, whose naqahdah mining operations on the Unas planet unwittingly encroached on holy Unas ground. When Dion Johnstone was unavailable to play Chaka in "Enemy Mine", Patrick Currie (who had previously been cast to play Fifth) prepared for the role by watching Johnstones's previous performances. Director Peter DeLuise told Currie to follow Dion's lead but to add his own spin to the character. Playing an Unas is a challenging job as it requires a full prosthetic body-suit, contact lenses, and fake teeth.
Dreylock, played by Gillian Barber (seasons 6–7) – A high ranking Kelownan official from Jonas Quinn's home planet Langara, and a Kelownan ambassador to other nations and planets. She approaches Earth in season 6's "Shadow Play" to obtain more advanced military technology against Kelowna's two rival nations, but the SGC refuse to share their technology. Dreylock becomes Kelowna's new First Minister in season 7's "Homecoming" and ask Earth for help against Anubis. Dreylock subsequently allows Jonas Quinn, whom she previously regarded as a traitor, to remain on Langara. Since the forming of the planet's Joint Ruling Council in the aftermath of the Goa'uld invasion, Dreylock has become concerned with maintaining the uneasy peace between the three nations and again asks for Earth's help in season 7's "Fallout".
Martin Lloyd, played by Willie Garson (seasons 4–5, 10) – A human from another planet who crashed on Earth after deserting from his military fighting a losing war with the Goa'uld. Drugged with pharmaceuticals by his comrades, Martin loses his memories and becomes a paranoid conspiracy theorist who learns of the Stargate Program. In season 4's "Point of No Return", O'Neill helps Martin to slowly regain his memory, and Martin chooses to remain on Earth. By season 5's "Wormhole X-Treme!", Martin has become so disgruntled with his life that he starts taking the drugs again. His latent memories inspire him to create a campy science fiction television show, Wormhole X-Treme!, based on the real Stargate program and SG-1, and O'Neill helps Martin recover his memories once again. A ship approaches Earth to pick up Martin's former comrades, but Martin chooses to stay behind to continue working on Wormhole X-Treme! as a creative consultant. As becomes known in season 10's "200", Martin's show only aired for three episodes but had high DVD sales. Martin approaches the SGC to review a script for a television movie based on the series, and although the movie is eventually cancelled, the series is renewed, ultimately lasting ten years with Martin Lloyd as producer.
Lya, played by Frida Betrani (seasons 1, 3) – A Nox woman. She first appears in season 1's "The Nox", where her family brings her back from the dead after one of Apophis' Jaffa killed her. In season 1's "Enigma", Lya offers the Tollan sanctuary with the Nox. In season 3's "Pretense", Lya serves as the neutral attorney at a Tollan hearing and eventually gives the deciding vote to remove the Goa'uld Klorel from his host Skaara. Lya also enables the Tollan to repel a Goa'uld attack.
Shifu, played by Lane Gates (season 4) – The son of Sha're and of the host of the Goa'uld Apophis, conceived while Sha're was the host to the Goa'uld Amonet. Apophis intended him as his new host. As the offspring of two human hosts, Shifu possesses the Goa'uld genetic memory and is referred to as "Harcesis". After his birth in season 2's "Secrets", the boy is hidden safely on Abydos until Amonet discovers him in season 3's "Forever in a Day". She sends him to Kheb to keep him safe from the Goa'uld who want the child killed. In season 3's "Maternal Instinct", SG-1 finds and leaves him there in the care of a powerful energy being called Oma Desala. In season 4's "Absolute Power", SG-1 encounters Shifu on Abydos and invites him to Earth. After SG-1 acknowledges that Shifu would never reveal his genetic knowledge, Shifu ascends. In season 4's "Absolute Power" Dr. Daniel Jackson translates Shifu into English as "light"; however, in Chinese the word shifu also means "teacher" . In the same episode, Shifu says that all he is doing is teaching Daniel.
Kull Warriors (also known as Supersoldiers), played by Dan Payne and Alex Zahara (seasons 7–8) – Creatures created by Anubis for use as his personal army against minor Goa'uld. The Kull Warriors first appear in the two-part episode "Evolution", where seemingly none of the weapons of SG-1 or the Jaffa are effective against them. In "Death Knell", Samantha Carter and Selmak develop a prototype weapon designed to counteract the energy animating the Kull Warriors. After the apparent defeat of Anubis in "Lost City", Ba'al gains control of the Supersoldiers and thus a significant advantage over his rivals. As a result, in the episode "New Order" the other System Lords approach Earth for a new military arrangement. A simulated invasion of Stargate Command by Kull Warriors is the main premise of the episode "Avatar". In "Threads", the remaining Kull Warriors become aimless and confused after Anubis' final defeat, and are easily dispatched. The Kull Warriors make one appearance in the Stargate Atlantis episode "Phantoms", where they are hallucinations caused by a Wraith device. The Kull Warriors were conceived as a much more powerful adversary than the Jaffa, and one that would be more palatable to fight. The art department developed the final concept while "Evolution" was written; in the original plans, the face looked a lot like that of the Borg, which eventually developed into the idea of the fiber-optic network that ran over the skull. The motion of the Kull Warrior was deliberately styled to be unique and not resemble other robotic characters, such as RoboCop, the Borg, or human-form Replicators. Dan Payne described the suit as the most functional, mobile full-body unit he has ever been in. It took 15 to 30 minutes to get him into the suit, making him about seven feet tall due to the helmet and the boots.
See also
List of Stargate Atlantis characters
List of Stargate Universe characters
References
Lists of Stargate characters |
Aston Unity Football Club was an association football club from Aston, now in Birmingham. The club was one of the first clubs in Birmingham and entered the FA Cup a number of times in the 1880s.
History
The club was founded by members of the Aston Unity cricket club, as a winter activity to keep them fit. The cricket club was founded in 1868, and the cricketers started to play football matches in the winter of 1874–75, at the instance of Sam Durban, the cricket captain and motive force for cricket - and later football - in Birmingham. In its first season, the club played home matches at Aston Park, had 39 members, and won 4 and drew 1 of the five matches in its first season. At the time the club was called Aston Park Unity. For 1875–76 the club had a second team. Before the 1876–77 season the club left Aston Park and changed its name to Aston Unity.
The club was a founder member of the Birmingham & District Football Association and played in the first Birmingham Senior Cup in 1876–77, losing to Saltley College in the first round after a replay. In 1878–79 the club beat Aston Villa in the first round of the competition.
Unity's best run in the Senior Cup, at the time the second-most prestigious tournament for football clubs in the Midlands, came in 1879–80, the club beating Small Heath Alliance and St George's (the latter 9–1 away from home), before losing to Villa at the Aston Lower Grounds in the third round (in that year's competition, the last six). The club's only final came in the Wednesbury Charity Cup in 1882, Unity losing to the defending champions Wednesbury Old Athletic, in a replay held in torrential conditions; Unity had come within three minutes of winning the original tie, only to concede a late equalizer in the final after a defensive mis-kick.
In the 1882–83 season, Unity entered the FA Cup for the first time, and obtained a bye through the first round. The club beat St George's in the second but lost to Villa in the third at the latter's Wellington Road ground, in front of a crowd of 3,000.
However, as the season progressed, the now-professional Aston Villa had built up a squad made of the strongest players in the district, while Unity stayed within the FA rules on amateurism. Villa outpaced Unity by such a degree that, six weeks after the close FA Cup tie, Villa beat Unity by 16 goals to 0. Ten of the goals were scored by Arthur Brown, who had left Unity for Villa the week before, and had persuaded a number of team-mates to join him.
The club entered the FA Cup in the next four years, but suffered heavy defeats in the first round on each occasion. Its financial situation was such that it sold home advantage to Derby County F.C. in 1886–87, and lost 4–1, playing for 70 minutes with ten men due to injury. Unity's last match in the competition was in 1887–88, losing 6–1 to Small Heath Alliance. When the Football Association introduced qualifying rounds in 1888–89, Unity stopped entering senior competition; the club was "a cricket club first and a football club next", and had "great difficulty" in raising a football team "owing to the way in which the promising young players trained in the club have been snapped up by wealthier organisations. At length they have grown tired of acting the lion's [Aston Villa's] provider...most of the Unity football members have joined that club with the object of playing for the reserve team".
The club continued playing football at a junior level until 1908, when the Trinity Road ground was closed, and continues as a cricket club to the present day.
Grounds
The club originally played at Aston Park, and in 1876–77 moved to Aston Lane, using the Witton Arms for its facilities; the ground was used for the first representative match between the Birmingham Football Association and the Sheffield Football Association. As the Aston Lane facilities were not up to scratch, the club played at the Aston Lower Grounds in 1882, then the football club played at Pickwick Park in Balsall Heath for a season, while the cricket club used the Excelsior ground in Aston.
In 1884 both football and cricket clubs moved to a new enclosed ground at Trinity Road in Aston. The Staffordshire County Cricket Club occasionally used it for matches as it was just on the Staffordshire side of the border with Warwickshire.
Colours
The club's colours were described as "blue stripes" or royal blue and white, with brown stockings, until 1886, when they were described as red and black.
The cricket club's colours are claret and blue, and the club claims that Aston Villa derived inspiration from those colours.
Honours and records
FA Cup
Best performance: 3rd round, 1882–83
Birmingham Senior Cup
Best performance: last 6, 1879–80
Wednesbury Charity Cup:
Runners-up 1882–83
Biggest win:
14–0 v Kidderminster Harriers, Birmingham Senior Cup, 1st round, 1 October 1887
Biggest defeat:
0–16 v Aston Villa, Birmingham Senior Cup, 3rd round, 10 February 1883
Notable players
Arthur Brown, later Aston Villa's first international player
Tommy Green, Aston Villa's first goalscorer in the Football League
Jack Devey, Frankie Dawson, John Burton, Charlie Athersmith: all FA Cup winners with Aston Villa
References
Defunct football clubs in England
Defunct football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Association football clubs established in 1874
Association football clubs disestablished in 1908 |
The First Presbyterian Church was built in 1907 and is located just one block west of the current downtown business district in Coweta, Oklahoma. The building was added to the NRHP in 2003.
History
The First Presbyterian Church was built in 1907 in a late Gothic Revival style. By 1908, the building was closed due to the roof falling inward. However, the roof was fixed and a year later it was re-opened. By 1918, there were 34 members of the church. Around the 1950s-60s, the church was closed and abandoned. The building is no longer used as a church, and in 1972, it became the Mission Bell Museum. The building is now home to historic memorabilia and the 36 original church pews.
The chandelier in the center of the room was reportedly brought by boat down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and up the Arkansas River in the spring of 1907. Supposedly, the whole town turned out to meet the boat when it arrived at Coweta landing. The chandelier has since been wired, and rewired, for electricity.
Citations
External links
Coweta's Mission Bell Museum & Information Center - Information from Travel Oklahoma
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Wagoner County, Oklahoma
Presbyterian churches in Oklahoma
Coweta, Oklahoma
History museums in Oklahoma
Museums in Wagoner County, Oklahoma
Gothic Revival church buildings in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Wagoner County, Oklahoma |
Behice Boran (1 May 1910 – 10 October 1987) was a Turkish Marxist politician, author and sociologist. As a dissenting political voice from the left, Boran was repeatedly imprisoned for her work and died in exile after the Turkish military coup of 1980.
Biography
Boran was born in Bursa to Kazan Tatar parents whose families had settled in the Ottoman Empire during the 1890s. She graduated from American College for Girls in Istanbul and studied sociology at the University of Michigan in the United States. She received a PhD on sociology in 1939 from the University of Michigan, and was involved in Marxism. She was nominated to Ankara University, Faculty of Language and History-Geography as an associate professor.
She also joined the clandestine Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) and began publishing left-wing periodicals, Yurt ve Dünya (Turkish: Motherland and World) and Adımlar (Turkish: Steps), which led to her sacking from the university. In 1950, she led the formation of the Turkish Peacelovers Association, which protested against Turkey's participation in the Korean War, which led to her arrest and a sentence of 15 months in prison. In 1965, Boran was elected deputy from the Workers' Party of Turkey in the Turkish parliament. Within the party Boran and Sadun Aren formed an alliance, known as Aren-Boran faction.
In 1970, she assumed the leadership of the party. She was arrested after the military coup of 1971 and sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment. After she was released following an amnesty in 1974, she re-established the TİP in 1975.
After the military coup of 1980, Boran went into exile in Europe, living as a political refugee in Sofia, Brussels and Düsseldorf. In 1987, she announced that TİP and TKP had decided to merge. She died soon after this press conference from heart disease in Brussels, Belgium. She was 77 years old. Her body was brought to Istanbul and her funeral turned into a mass demonstration, the first public show of force of Turkey's left-wing movement after the coup.
References
See also
Politics of Turkey
1910 births
1987 deaths
People from Bursa
People from Hüdavendigâr vilayet
Turkish people of Tatar descent
Communist Party of Turkey (historical) politicians
Workers' Party of Turkey politicians
Deputies of Şanlıurfa
Turkish magazine founders
Turkish prisoners and detainees
Turkish sociologists
Turkish Marxists
Turkish former Muslims
Turkish atheists
20th-century Turkish women politicians
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Female party leaders of Turkey
Burials at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery
Alumni of Arnavutköy American High School for Girls
Politicians arrested in Turkey
Volga Tatar people |
Telemofila is a genus of long-legged cave spiders that was first described by J. Wunderlich in 1995. it contains two species, found on Sumatra and New Caledonia: T. pecki and T. samosirensis.
See also
List of Telemidae species
References
Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of Indonesia
Spiders of Oceania
Telemidae |
A Girl Guide or Girl Scout is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 10 and 14. Age limits are different in each organisation. The term Girl Scout is used in the United States and several East Asian countries. The two terms are used synonymously within this article.
Girl Guides are organised into units/troops averaging 15–30 girls under guidance of a team of leaders. Units subdivide into patrols of about six Guides and engage in outdoor and special interest activities. Units may affiliate with national and international organisations. Some units, especially in Europe, have been co-educational since the 1970s, allowing boys and girls to work together as Scouts. There are other programme sections for older and younger girls.
Foundation
Following the origin of the Boy Scouts in 1907 many girls took up Scouting. A group of Girl Scouts were prominent at the Crystal Palace Rally in 1909. After Robert Baden-Powell formed The Boy Scouts Association in 1910 he formed the Girl Guides and asked his sister Agnes to look after the Girl Guides organisation. A few years later Baden-Powell's new wife Olave St. Claire Baden-Powell (commonly referred to as "Lady Baden-Powell") became involved and, in 1918, was appointed Chief Guide.
Activities
Most activities are similar to those of the (Boy) Scouts, but two central themes have been present from the earliest days of the movement: domestic skills and "a kind of practical feminism which embodies physical fitness, survival skills, camping, citizenship training, and career preparation".
Unit affiliation
Troop
Local groups, called variously units, companies or troops, are the fundamental unit of the Girl Guides. These are run by an adult, normally a woman who is between 18 and 65 years of age. She has responsibility for the girls in her group and plans out activities for the girls as well as leading the meetings. These leaders are supported by assistants. Meetings are held anywhere from weekly to monthly depending on the commitments of the participants and the activities in progress.
See also
World Thinking Day
References |
Trombley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Laura Skandera Trombley (21st century), fifth president of Pitzer College
Mike Trombley (born 1967), American baseball player
Rosalie Trombley (1939–2021), Canadian music director
Stephen Trombley (born 1954), American author, musician, and filmmaker
See also
Trombley, Ohio |
Avatele, formerly known as Oneonepata Matavaihala, is one of the fourteen villages of Niue, located on the southwest coast, with a population of 143 residents as of 2017.
Geography
Avatele Beach, the village's main sea track, stretches along the coast of Avatele Bay and is the largest and most well-known beach on the island. Although the sand is mostly of the coarse kind it is an important swimming and picnic site for both tourists and residents. Prior to the construction of the Sir Robert Rex Wharf and Hannan International Airport in Alofi, Avatele Beach was the principal landing place for many visitors to the island.
History
Avatele, along with the villages Mutalau, Tuapa, Alofi and Hakupu, were the first major village settlements of Niue following settlement by Polynesian voyagers from Samoa, Tonga and Pukapuka before the year 1300.
The beach was also the site of Captain James Cook's third and final landing attempt on the island before naming Niue "Savage Island" in 1774, since then it has been the landing and official welcoming site of many prominent figures from across the Pacific and the world such as missionaries Rev. George Lawes, his brother Dr. Frank Lawes and former Governor-Generals of Niue and New Zealand such as Sir Paul Reeves.
The village was first Christianized in early 1854 when a resident, Muatoga, asked Paulo, the Samoan missionary residing in Mutalau, to bring the gospel to his village in the far-south and Paulo agreed. The village received its first pastor that same year, a Rev. Samuela from Samoa who was sent by Paulo to care for the young church at Avatele, a village of over 1,000 residents at the time. Since 1854, 14 Pastors have been entrusted with the care of the Church in the village both from around Niue and overseas, including the current Rev Petesa Sionetuato. The village has also birthed its own share of missionaries over the years such as the respected ancestor or tupuna Rev. Sionepaea Kinimotu who played a major role in the Christianization of Tuvalu.
In 1888 the village was one of the main harbours of Niue and was the location of the mission training school. In 1889 the village church was destroyed by a tropical cyclone.
People
Avatele has also produced its fair share of prominent Niueans past and present, including Niue's late inaugural Premier Sir Robert Rex, his late brother and long-serving Senior Advisor to Government Leslie Rex OBE, the late Rev. Ikiua Lupo, first President of the Ekalesia Kerisiano Niue, the late Takelesi Lagaluga, first Niuean Head of a Government Department, and his son Hon. Himalea Takelesi, Niue's first High Commissioner to New Zealand and former Member of Parliament. Renowned All Black Frank Bunce is also descended from the village and is the nephew of both Sir Robert Rex and Rev. Ikiua Lupo.
Current prominent and Avateleans of interest include:
Hon. Billy Talagi - Avatele Representative MP (1999–2020)
Rev. Matagi Jessop Vilitama - Ekalesia Avatele Pastor (1996 - 2007)
Rev. Petesa Pokopokotau Sionetuato - Ekalesia Avatele Pastor (2008–present)
References
Populated places in Niue |
Kaykhusraw I ( or Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kaykhusraw ibn Kilij Arslān; ), the eleventh and youngest son of Kilij Arslan II, was Seljuk Sultan of Rûm. He succeeded his father in 1192, but had to fight his brothers for control of the Sultanate, losing to his brother Suleiman II in 1196. He ruled it 1192–1196 and 1205–1211.
Name
The name "Kaykhusraw" is based on the name of the legendary Shahnameh hero Kay Khosrow.
Background
Kaykhusraw's date of birth is unknown. He was the eleventh and youngest son of Kilij Arslan II (). His mother was of Byzantine ancestry. Kaykhusraw received a good education during his upbringing, learning other languages besides his native Turkish, which was Persian, Arabic, and Greek.
Marriage
Kaykhusraw married a daughter of Manuel Maurozomes. Manuel Maurozomes would hold the castles of Chonae and Laodicea as a vassal of Kaykhusraw.
Reign
In 1192/93, Kaykhusraw returned the Byzantine nobleman, Theodore Mangaphas, to Emperor Isaac II after receiving assurances of Mangaphas treatment. With his brother, Rukn ad-Din Suleiman Shah, quickly advancing towards Konya, Kaykhusraw fled to Constantinople in 1196. He lived in Constantinople from 1197–1203, possibly even being baptised. A mathnawi written by Kaykhusraw himself compares his destiny during that period to that of the legendary Iranian hero Jam (Jamshid), who had to go into exile after losing his divine fortune (farr).
After Suleiman's death and Kilij Arslan's ascension to the sultanate, Kaykhusraw forced his way into Konya, removed Kilij from power and was enthroned for a second time.
Kaykhusraw seized Antalya in 1207 from its Niceaen garrison which furnished the Seljuk sultanate with a port on the Mediterranean. It was during this year, Kaykhusraw founded a mosque in Antalya.
Kaykhusraw was killed at the Battle of Antioch on the Meander in 1211. His son Kayqubad I, by Manuel Maurozomes' daughter, ruled the Sultanate from 1220 to 1237, and his grandson, Kaykhusraw II, ruled from 1237 to 1246. Kaykhusraw's body was taken to Konya, where it was buried in the ancestral tomb of his family.
Identity
According to Rustam Shukurov, Kaykhusraw I "had dual Christian and Muslim identity, an identity which was further complicated by dual Turkic/Persian and Greek ethnic identity".
Culture
Kaykhusraw wrote poetry in Persian. Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi (died after 1207) dedicated his historical chronicle of the Seljuk Empire, Rahat al-sudur wa-ayat al-surur, to Kaykhusraw.
References
Sources
1211 deaths
Sultans of Rum
Monarchs killed in action
Byzantine–Seljuk wars
Year of birth unknown
13th-century rulers
12th-century rulers
Persian-language poets
People of Byzantine descent |
Ivana is a female given name.
Ivana may also refer to:
Ivana (singer) (born 1969), Bulgarian pop-folk singer
Ivana (actress), Indian actress
Ivana Alawi (born 1996) Filipino actress
Ivana, Batanes, a municipality in the Philippines
Ivana Helsinki, a Finnish fashion company
Ivana Las Vegas, a cancelled high-rise condominium project by Ivana Trump
Milan Ivana (born 1983), Slovak footballer
See also
Ivan (disambiguation)
Iwana (disambiguation) |
Elliot Bath (born 10 February 1992) is an English cricketer. He played one first-class match for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 2014.
See also
List of Cambridge University Cricket Club players
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Cricketers from Winchester
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge |
Igrici is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary.
External links
Street map
Populated places in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County |
The Independent Subway System (IND or ISS), formerly known as the Independent City-Owned Subway System (ICOSS) or the Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad (ICORTR), was a rapid transit rail system in New York City that is now part of the New York City Subway. It was first constructed as the Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan in 1932.
One of three subway networks that became part of the modern New York City Subway, the IND was intended to be fully owned and operated by the municipal government, in contrast to the privately operated or jointly funded Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) companies. It was merged with these two networks when the subway system was unified in 1940.
The original IND services are the modern subway's A, B, C, D, E, F, and G services. In addition, the BMT's M and R use trackage that was originally built for the IND, while the Q uses the IND Second Avenue Line, which was built after the unification of the three systems. The Rockaway Park Shuttle supplements the A service. For operational purposes, the IND and BMT lines and services are referred to jointly as the B Division.
Nomenclature
Until 1940, it was known as the Independent City-Owned Subway System (ICOS), Independent Subway System (ISS), or Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad. It became known as the IND after unification of the subway lines in 1940; the name IND was assigned to match the three-letter acronyms that the IRT and BMT used.
The first IND line was the Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, opened on September 10, 1932; for a while the whole system was colloquially known as the Eighth Avenue Subway. The original IND system was entirely underground in the four boroughs that it served, with the exception of a short section of the IND Culver Line containing two stations spanning the Gowanus Canal in the Gowanus section of Brooklyn.
History
In the early 1920s, Mayor John Hylan proposed a complex series of city-owned and operated rapid transit lines to compete with the BMT and IRT, especially their elevated lines. The New York City Transit Commission was formed in 1921 to develop a plan to reduce overcrowding on the subways. The original plans included:
Two major trunk lines in midtown Manhattan, with one running under Eighth Avenue and one under Sixth Avenue, which already had an elevated line
A crosstown subway under 53rd Street (connecting with the Eighth and Sixth Avenue subways) running under the East River to Queens Plaza (Long Island City), meeting with a Brooklyn–Queens crosstown line, and continuing under Queens Boulevard and Hillside Avenue to 179th Street, where bus service would converge
A subway under the Grand Concourse in the Bronx, diverging from the Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan at 145th Street and Saint Nicholas Avenue
These lines were completely built as planned. All but a short portion of the Culver Line (over the Gowanus Canal) are underground.
On March 14, 1925, the groundbreaking of the Eighth Avenue subway took place at 123rd Street and St. Nicholas Avenue.
On July 8, 1931, the first train of R1s left Coney Island at 11:35am and ran via the BMT Sea Beach Line to Times Square. The trip took 42 minutes.
Opening and progress through 1933
First Manhattan trunk line, 1932
On September 10, 1932, the Eighth Avenue Line opened from 207th Street to Chambers Street, inaugurating the IND. In February 1933 the Cranberry Street Tunnel opened, along with the Eighth Avenue Line from Chambers Street to Jay Street–Borough Hall. On the northern end of the construction, in the Bronx, the connecting Concourse Line opened on July 1, 1933 from 205th Street to 145th Street. On the IND's opening day, it had a relatively small subway car fleet of 300 cars, while the IRT had 2,281 subway and 1,694 elevated cars, and the BMT had 2,472 cars.
The new IND Eighth Avenue Line was built using of concrete and of steel. The roadbed of the new subway was expected to last 30 years. At the time of the line's opening, other portions of the Independent Subway System were under construction, including five underwater tunnels:
Cranberry Street Tunnel, long
Rutgers Street Tunnel, long
53rd Street Tunnel, long
Concourse Tunnel, long
Greenpoint Tube, long
There was some vandalism on the IND Eighth Avenue Line's opening day, as some of the uptown stations were broken into by people who clogged turnstile slots with gum and other objects. Two months after the IND opened for business, three exits from the 96th Street and 103rd Street stations – at 95th and 97th Streets and at 105th Street, respectively – were closed due to theft.
First branch lines
The Queens Boulevard Line, also referred to as the Long Island City−Jamaica Line, Fifty-third Street−Jamaica Line, and Queens Boulevard−Jamaica Line prior to opening, was of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), planned to stretch between the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens.
The first section of the line, west from Roosevelt Avenue to 50th Street, opened on August 19, 1933. trains ran local to Hudson Terminal (today's World Trade Center) in Manhattan, while the (predecessor to current G service) ran as a shuttle service between Queens Plaza and Nassau Avenue on the IND Crosstown Line, which opened on the same day.
The Cranberry Street Tunnel, extending the Eighth Avenue express tracks east under Fulton Street to Jay Street–Borough Hall in Brooklyn, was opened for the morning rush hour on February 1, 1933. Until June 24, 1933, High Street was skipped.
The first short section of the IND Culver Line opened on March 20, 1933, taking Eighth Avenue Express trains (and for about a month from July to August trains) south from Jay Street to Bergen Street. The rest of the line opened on October 7, 1933 to the "temporary" terminal at Church Avenue, three blocks away from the Culver elevated at Ditmas Avenue. In 1936, the A was rerouted to the IND Fulton Street Line and trains from the Queens Boulevard Line replaced them.
Second Manhattan trunk line, 1936–1940
The first part of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, or what was then known as the Houston–Essex Street Line, began operations at noon on January 1, 1936 with two local tracks from a junction with the Washington Heights, Eighth Avenue and Church Street Line (Eighth Avenue Line) south of West Fourth Street–Washington Square east under Houston Street and south under Essex Street to a temporary terminal at East Broadway. E trains, which ran from Jackson Heights, Queens to Hudson Terminal, were shifted to the new line to East Broadway. Two express tracks were built on the portion under Houston Street until Essex Street-Avenue A; the tracks were intended to travel under the East River and connect with the never-built IND Worth Street Line in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.
Just after midnight on April 9, 1936, trains began running under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel, which connected the Houston-Essex Street Line with the north end of the Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line at a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line north of Jay Street–Borough Hall. E trains were sent through the connection to Church Avenue. Simultaneously, the Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue and the A and C trains, which had used Smith Street, were rerouted to Fulton Street.
During construction, streetcar service along Sixth Avenue was terminated. The city had the choice of either restoring it upon the completion of construction or abandoning it immediately. As the city wanted to tear down the IRT Sixth Avenue Line right away and save on the costs of shoring it up while construction proceeded underneath it, the IRT Sixth Avenue Line was purchased for $12.5 million and terminated by the city on December 5, 1938.
On December 15, 1940, local subway service began on Sixth Avenue from the West Fourth Street subway station to the 47-50th Street subway station with track connections to the IND 53rd Street Line. The Sixth Avenue Line's construction cost $59,500,000. The following routes were added with the opening of service:
The AA Washington Heights Local was brought back for non-rush-hour service between 168th Street and Hudson Terminal via the Eighth Avenue Line.
The Washington Heights Local was added for rush-hour only service between 168th Street and Hudson Terminal via the Sixth Avenue Line.
The Bronx Concourse Express was added for service between Norwood–205th Street and Hudson Terminal via the Sixth Avenue Line.
(Queens–Manhattan Express) service was cut back from Church Avenue to Broadway–Lafayette Street.
(Queens–Manhattan Express) was added for service between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue via the Sixth Avenue Line.
Express service wasn't begun until 1967, after the Chrystie Street Connection opened.
More branch lines open
The Fulton Street Line was opened from Jay Street to Rockaway Avenue on April 9, 1936, including the stub terminal at Court Street. A shuttle was operated between Court Street and Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets.
On December 31, 1936, the Queens Boulevard Line was extended from Roosevelt Avenue to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike.
The Queens Boulevard Line was extended to Hillside Avenue and 178th Street, with a terminal station at 169th Street on April 24, 1937. That day, express service began on the Queens Boulevard Line during rush hours, with E trains running express west of 71st–Continental Avenues, and GG trains taking over the local during rush hours. The initial headway for express service was between three and five minutes.
The entire Crosstown Line was completed and connected to the IND Culver Line on July 1, 1937, whereupon the GG was extended in both directions to Smith–Ninth Streets and Forest Hills–71st Avenue.
From April 30, 1939 to October 28, 1940, the Queens Boulevard Line served the 1939 New York World's Fair via the World's Fair Railroad. The World's Fair line ran via a connection through the Jamaica Yard and through Flushing Meadows–Corona Park along the current right-of-way of the Van Wyck Expressway. Despite calls from public officials such as Queens Borough President George Harvey to make the line a permanent connection to Flushing and northern Queens, the line was demolished in 1941.
Proposed expansion
Mayor John Hylan proposed some never-built lines in 1922 even before the first leg of the IND was completed. These lines included:
A West Side trunk line in Manhattan between 14th Street and the city limits at Yonkers. The line would be 4 tracks between 14th Street and 162nd Street, 3 tracks to Dyckman Street, and 2 tracks to the terminal. There would be a two-track spur from 162nd Street to 190th Street via Amsterdam Avenue. From 14th Street, the line would split; two tracks would connect to the BMT Canarsie Line and two tracks would continue south to a loop at Battery Park and an East River tunnel to Atlantic Avenue and Hicks Street, Brooklyn. Supposedly, there was also a plan of a line to Red Hook.
A trunk line, 4 tracks, on First Avenue from the Harlem River to 10th Street. From 10th Street, the line would split. Two tracks would run via Third Avenue and the Bowery to a new Lafayette Avenue subway in Brooklyn. The other two would run to a loop near City Hall. From the Harlem River, the line would run to 161st Street, and split into two 3-track routes: one to Fordham Road & Southern Blvd and the other to Webster Ave. & Fordham Road, where it would join the current IRT White Plains Road line and continue to 241st Street. Since this portion of the IRT El was already built to BMT clearances, and Hylan's system would consider using BMT clearances as well, all that would have to be done along this section is shave back the platforms.
A line from 125th Street (near today's Henry Hudson Parkway) crosstown, to and across the East River, to Astoria, Queens, likely connecting to the BMT Astoria Line.
A new subway line, with between two and four tracks at various areas, from approximately the Hunters Point Avenue station on today's IRT Flushing Line in Queens, heading in a southeasterly direction to Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn. At Lafayette Avenue, the line would split. Two tracks would turn into a four-track line along Lafayette Avenue. The other two tracks would run to Flatbush and Franklin Avenues.
A 4-track subway line from Brooklyn's Borough Hall via the Lafayette Avenue subway to Bedford Avenue. From there it was three tracks to Broadway to Cypress Hills, Brooklyn where the line would continue on the present-day BMT Jamaica Line. (The line would have ended at 168th Street, where the BMT Jamaica Line once ended.) The subway would have run directly under the line along Broadway giving it direct competition for passengers, and (in Hylan's opinion) draining revenues from the BMT. Two tracks of the Lafayette Avenue subway would connect with the proposed First Avenue line.
A new branch off the IRT Eastern Parkway Line in Brooklyn onto Utica Avenue, running under Utica to Flatlands Avenue.
A 4-track subway under Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn to Nostrand Avenue, to Emmons Avenue in Sheepshead Bay, turning west onto Emmons Avenue to Surf Avenue in Coney Island. A branch of this line would head out to Floyd Bennett Field under Flatbush Avenue.
Extension of the BMT Canarsie Line to the BMT Jamaica Line somewhere beyond 121st Street in Queens.
A new line running from Prospect Avenue via Fort Hamilton Parkway, to 10th Avenue, terminating at 90th Street. BMT Culver Line trains would use this line.
Extension of the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn, south to Bay Ridge – 95th Street. (This was the only other line that was complete.)
Extension of the BMT Fourth Avenue Line east to the Fort Hamilton Parkway Line and the BMT West End Line.
A two-track line from the BMT Fourth Avenue Line at 67th Street to Staten Island via the Staten Island Tunnel.
Extension of the IRT New Lots Line from New Lots Avenue to Lefferts Boulevard.
Extension of the IRT Flushing Line to Bell Boulevard in Bayside via Main Street, Kissena Boulevard, and Northern Boulevard.
A branch off the IRT Flushing Line to Jamaica from Roosevelt Avenue.
A major expansion of the IND was first planned in 1929. It would have added over 100 miles of new routes in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx, merging with, intersecting or extending the existing IND rights-of way. It was claimed that this expansion, combined with the operating IRT, BMT, and IND lines, would provide subway service within a half mile of anyone's doorstep within these four boroughs. Pricing – excluding acquisition and equipment costs – was estimated at US$438 million. The entire first phase had only cost US$338 million, including acquisition and equipment costs.
Not long after these plans were unveiled, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred and the Great Depression was ushered in, and the plans essentially became history overnight. Various forms of the expansion resurfaced in 1939, 1940, 1951, 1968, and 1998 but were never realized. This was the time when the IND had planned widespread elevated construction.
The Second Avenue Subway, one of the main parts of the plan, is open between 63rd and 96th Streets as of January 1, 2017.
Post-unification
The Court Street station on the IND Fulton Street Line was closed on June 1, 1946 due to low ridership. After World War II ended, workers and materials became available for public use again. The badly needed extension to the more efficient terminal at Broadway − East New York (the current Broadway Junction station) opened on December 30, 1946. The extension of the Fulton Street Line, the completion of which had been delayed due to war priorities, was finished by funds obtained by Mayor William O'Dwyer and was placed in operation on November 28, 1948, running along Pennsylvania Avenue and Pitkin Avenue to Euclid Avenue near the Queens border. Forty additional R10 cars were placed into service for the extension. The cost of the extension was about $46,500,000. It included the construction of the new Pitkin Avenue Storage Yard, which could accommodate 585 subway cars on 40 storage tracks.
The existing 169th Street station provided an unsatisfactory terminal setup for a four track line, and this required the turning of F trains at Parsons Boulevard, and no storage facilities were provided at the station. Therefore, the line was going to be extended to 184th Place with a station at 179th Street with two island platforms, sufficient entrances and exits, and storage for four ten-car trains. The facilities would allow for the operation of express and local service to the station. Construction on the extension started in 1946, and was projected to be completed in 1949. The extension was completed later than expected and opened on December 11, 1950. This extension was delayed due to the Great Depression and World War II. Both E and F trains were extended to the new station.
During the 1950s, the IND was extended over two pieces of elevated line that were disconnected from the original BMT system: the BMT Culver Line in 1954, and the Liberty Avenue extension of the BMT Fulton Street Line in 1956. On October 30, 1954 the Culver Ramp opened, connecting the IND Culver Line to the BMT Culver Line at Ditmas Avenue. IND trains begin operating over the BMT Culver Line to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue. On April 29, 1956, the Liberty Avenue Elevated, the easternmost section of the former BMT Fulton Street Line, was connected to the IND Fulton Street Line. IND service was extended from Euclid Avenue out to Lefferts Boulevard via a new station at Grant Avenue.
On June 28, 1956, service on the IND Rockaway Line began between Euclid Avenue and Rockaway Park at 6:38 PM and between Euclid Avenue and Wavecrest at 6:48 PM. A new station at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue opened on January 16, 1958, completing the Rockaway Line.
In November 1967, the first part of the Chrystie Street Connection opened and Sixth Avenue Line express tracks opened from 34th Street–Herald Square to West Fourth Street–Washington Square. With the opening of the connection to the Manhattan Bridge, BB service was renamed B and was extended via the new express tracks and the connection to the West End Line in Brooklyn. In non-rush hours, B service terminated northbound at either West 4th Street (middays and Saturdays) or as the TT shuttle at 36th Street in Brooklyn (nights and Sundays). D service was routed via the connection and onto the Brighton Line instead of via the Culver Line. It only ran express during rush hours. F service was extended from Broadway–Lafayette Street during rush hours, and from 34th Street during other times to Coney Island via the Culver Line.
In July 1968, the 57th Street station opened and the portion of the Chrystie Street Connection connecting the line with the Williamsburg Bridge was opened for regular service (although it had been previously used in passenger service for occasional post-Chrystie Street weekend D maintenance reroutes). Service on the KK was inaugurated, running from 57th Street to 168th Street on the BMT Jamaica Line. B service began running during non-rush hours (local on 6th Avenue) to 57th Street. D trains began running express via the Sixth Avenue Line at all times.
In December 1988 the IND Archer Avenue Line opened from Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer to Jamaica–Van Wyck.
A month shy of twenty years after construction began, the IND 63rd Street Line went into service on October 29, 1989, after an expenditure of $898 million, extending service from 57th Street with new stations at Lexington Avenue, Roosevelt Island, and 21st Street at 41st Avenue in Queens. The IND line was served by trains on weekdays, trains on weekends and trains at night (signed Q northbound from 2nd Avenue and southbound as far as 57th Street), as well as the extended JFK Express. The 1,500-foot connector to the Queens Boulevard Line had not yet started construction. The BMT connection between the new Lexington Avenue station and 57th Street-7th Avenue was not in use at that time; it was built for the future connection to the Second Avenue Subway for BMT Broadway service from the Upper East Side to Lower Manhattan.
Planning for the connection to the IND Queens Boulevard Line began in December 1990, with the final design contract awarded in December 1992. Construction began on September 22, 1994. The remaining section from 21st Street to the Queens Boulevard Line cost $645 million. In December 2000, the 63rd Street Connector was opened for construction reroutes. The Connector came into regular use in December 2001 with the rerouting of F service at all times to 63rd Street. The construction project extended the lower level LIRR tunnel and involved a number of other elements, including the integration of ventilation plants, lowering a sewer siphon 50 feet, rehabilitation of elements of the existing line, mitigating ground water, diverting trains which continued to run through the project area and widening of the entry point to the Queens Boulevard Line to six tracks. This new tunnel connection allowed rerouting the Queens Boulevard Line trains via the 63rd Street Tunnel, which opened up capacity through the 53rd Street tunnel to Manhattan which allowed a new local service, the V train, to provide additional Queens Blvd. service to Manhattan, along Sixth Avenue. This service was discontinued and replaced with an extension of the M train.
As built
The Bronx and Manhattan
Concourse Line (): under the Grand Concourse from 205th Street south to 161st Street, then west under the Harlem River into Manhattan and south to the Eighth Avenue Line (parallel to the IRT Jerome Avenue Line)
Eighth Avenue Line (): from 207th Street, south roughly under Broadway; under Saint Nicholas Avenue, Eighth Avenue, Greenwich Avenue, Sixth Avenue (with a junction with the Sixth Avenue Line/Houston Street Line), Church Street, and Fulton Street; under the East River via the Cranberry Street Tunnel into Brooklyn, to the Fulton Street Line (parallel to the IRT Ninth Avenue Line)
Sixth Avenue Line (): from a split from the Eighth Avenue Line at 53rd Street, two blocks east to Sixth Avenue, then south under Sixth Avenue to a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line north of Houston Street, then east under Houston Street and south under Essex Street and Rutgers Street to the Rutgers Street Tunnel to Brooklyn – parallel to the IRT Sixth Avenue Elevated
Queens Boulevard Line (): from the 53rd Street Tunnel from Queens, west under 53rd Street past a junction with the Sixth Avenue Line to merge with the Eighth Avenue Line – partly parallel to the IRT Sixth Avenue Elevated connection to the IRT Ninth Avenue Elevated along 53rd Street
East River crossings
53rd Street Tunnel () – along the Queens Boulevard Line
Rutgers Street Tunnel () – connecting the Sixth Avenue Line to the Culver Line
Cranberry Street Tunnel () – connecting the Eighth Avenue Line to the Fulton Street Line
Brooklyn and Queens
Queens Boulevard Line (): from 169th Street, west under Hillside Avenue, Queens Boulevard, Broadway, Northern Boulevard and 44th Drive to the 53rd Street Tunnel to Manhattan
Crosstown Line (): from the Queens Boulevard Line at Queens Plaza, south under Jackson Avenue, Manhattan Avenue, Union Avenue, Marcy Avenue and Lafayette Avenue, coming into the middle of the Fulton Street Line and connecting south into the Culver Line
Culver Line (originally the Smith Street Line) (): from the Rutgers Street Tunnel, south under Jay Street and Smith Street, coming to the surface and turning east over the Gowanus Canal at Ninth Street, then back underground, under Ninth Street, Prospect Park West, Prospect Avenue, Fort Hamilton Parkway and McDonald Avenue, ending at Church Avenue (later extended south along the BMT Culver Line)
Fulton Street Line (): from Court Street (now the New York Transit Museum) and the Cranberry Street Tunnel east under Fulton Street to Rockaway Avenue (later extended east along the BMT Liberty Avenue Elevated) – parallel to the BMT Fulton Street Elevated
Extensions after 1940
The following extensions and connections were built after unification in 1940:
Queens Boulevard Line (): extended east to 179th Street
Culver Line (): extended south along the ex-BMT Culver Line
60th Street Tunnel Connection (): connecting the BMT's 60th Street Tunnel to the Queens Boulevard Line
Fulton Street Line (): extended east to and over the BMT Liberty Avenue Elevated
Rockaway Line (): south from the Fulton Street Line east of Rockaway Boulevard
Chrystie Street Connection, connecting the Houston Street Line (Sixth Avenue Line) to the BMT lines over the Williamsburg Bridge () and Manhattan Bridge ()
Archer Avenue Line (): from the Queens Boulevard Line at Van Wyck Boulevard south and east to Jamaica Center
63rd Street Line (): connecting the Sixth Avenue Line and the Queens Boulevard Line through the 63rd Street Tunnel, and connecting to the BMT 63rd Street Line
The following extension is partially open:
IND Second Avenue Line (): from 96th Street to 72nd Street, then connecting with the BMT 63rd Street Line
Line planning
Many IND lines were designed to be parallel to existing IRT and BMT subway lines in order to compete with them.
The IND Concourse Line is within one to three short blocks of the IRT Jerome Avenue Line for most of its length. It was also planned to replace the then-NYW&B-owned line as well as the IRT White Plains Road Line.
The IND Eighth Avenue Line is within of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and the IRT Lenox Avenue Line for most of its length. It was designed to replace the IRT Ninth Avenue Line.
The IND Sixth Avenue Line was designed to replace the IRT Sixth Avenue Line.
The IND Fulton Street Line is within of the IRT Eastern Parkway Line and the IRT New Lots Line for most of its length in Brooklyn. It was designed to replace the BMT Fulton Street Line.
The IND Crosstown Line was designed to replace BMT streetcars.
The Second Avenue Subway is designed to be within 0.25 miles (0.40 km) of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, and to replace the IRT Second Avenue Line and the IRT Third Avenue Line.
Additionally, some never-built lines were designed to replace old elevated lines.
The IRT Dyre Avenue Line and IRT Pelham Line were to be recaptured by the IND Second Avenue Line.
The IND Utica Avenue Line and the IND Archer Avenue Line were both designed to replace parts of the BMT Jamaica Line. The latter would also be planned to replace the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road.
Service letters
As originally designed, the IND train identification scheme was based on three things: the Manhattan trunk line served (8th Avenue or 6th Avenue), the northern branch line served (Washington Heights, Grand Concourse/Bronx, or Queens Boulevard), and the service level (Express or Local). The 8th Avenue routes were A, C, and E. The 6th Avenue routes were B, D, and F. The A and B served Washington Heights. The C and D served the Grand Concourse. The E and F served Queens Boulevard via the 53rd Street Tunnel.
A single letter indicated an express service, while a double letter indicated local service. G was used for Brooklyn-Queens "Crosstown" service. H was used for any service on the extended Fulton Street (Brooklyn) line that did not originate in Manhattan.
The first designations were as follows:
Virtually all possibilities were used at one time or another, either in regular service or as brief special routes. The "G" single-letter service was used for service to World's Fair Station in 1939.
The final pre-Chrystie Street Connection service is shown here; for more details, see the individual service pages. Terminals shown are the furthest the service reached.
After the Chrystie Street Connection opened, the original IND Service Letter scheme was gradually abandoned. All lines, whether local or express, now use a single letter, and only the 8th Avenue/6th Avenue distinction (A, C, E vs. B, D, F) has been maintained. Following consolidation under city ownership, the numbered lines of the former BMT system were also gradually reassigned letters for consistency with the IND system.
Platform lengths
The IND was built with longer platforms than those of the IRT or BMT. Initial plans called for stations to be built with long platforms to accommodate trains of eleven cars. These lengths were shortened, as stations on the IND Eighth Avenue Line between 72nd Street and 163rd Street – Amsterdam Avenue have lengths of exactly . There were two exceptions: 96th Street was on both levels, as that was the standard length of platforms built for the IND after the 1940s.
The 81st Street–Museum of Natural History station had an uptown platform that was long, and a downtown platform that was . Platforms of exactly length can be found on some IND Queens Boulevard Line stations between Elmhurst Avenue and 67th Avenue.
Some of the IND Sixth Avenue Line stations have much greater platform lengths. In 34th Street–Herald Square, the uptown platform was originally , long enough to hold a 12-car train of cars. The downtown platform was originally . Both platforms of the 23rd Street station are . The 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center has platforms that are .
In the IND Second System, planned stations would have been long and tile work would have been more "modern".
Surviving IND equipment
The Independent Subway System operated solely with one family of subway cars, commonly referred to as the Arnines. These include the R1s, R4s, R6s, R7/As and R9s. After the equipment was retired in the 1970s, twenty cars were sent to various museums. Eleven of these cars are preserved by the New York Transit Museum and Railway Preservation Corp. The other nine are on private property or preserved at other museums.
See also
Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT)
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT)
Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)
Notes
References
Sources
Books:
Periodicals:
Electric Railroaders' Association: Headlights Magazine: August 1956, February 1968, February 1973, August 1974, July/September 1977, May/June 1988
Newspapers:
The New York Times (before 1977), most notably: 1929: September 16, 22; 1932: September 4, 8, 9, 10; 1940: June 1, 2, 12, 13; 1967: November 22, 26, 28
Unpublished document from New York City Transit Authority – precursor to "Facts and Figures", 1977
External links
Defunct public transport operators in the United States
History of the New York City Subway |
Popu Lady was a five-member Taiwanese girl group based in Taiwan, formed in 2012 by HIM International Music. The name of the group stands for "popular lady", which expresses the desire of the group to gain popularity through its songs and to give a girly and mature look at the same time.
History
After training for a year in singing and dancing, Popu Lady debuted on December 14, 2012, with an extended play, Keep Keep Loving, and a homonymous song, being a cover of "Pretty Boy", originally recorded by the Norwegian female group M2M. Keep Keep Loving entered the top 10 best-selling chart in Taiwan when it hit the stores, and the title track's music video reached 200,000 views in six days and more than 800,000 after one month. In 2012, Popu Lady also sang "Feel Me" with Jiro Wang for TV series KO One Return soundtrack.
The group released a second EP, Popu Future, on September 13, 2013, and a third one titled More on August 22, 2014. It also sang "Honey" () for the soundtrack of a TV series, Say I Love You. Popu Lady hosted a number of variety shows, including East Network Pop U Show () from August 11, 2014, to July 17, 2015, and occasionally Love Blog (). Many of its songs were featured in TV series, as Spring Love, Fall in Love with Me, and Go, Single Lady.
On August 7, 2015, the group released a digital single, "All About Him" (), for the official soundtrack of a 2015 feature film, Our Times. The lyrics edition of the music video was released three days later, while the official version was uploaded to the label official YouTube channel on October 20. The song ranked 24 on Billboard'''s China V Chart on December 12, 2015.
On September 23, 2015, HIM International Music launched the campaign "Get Out of Popu Lady" to eliminate a member of the group and make it more competitive on the market. For this purpose, an online poll was held from October 2 to November 20, 2015, to allow the public to vote one of the five members of the group out. At the same time, a reality called Get Out of Popu Lady Knockout () was launched, in which the girls displayed their skills in a series of challenges to survive. Netizens believed the poll was merely a viral marketing technique to promote the group and called for its cessation, using the symbol "5-1 = 0"; furthermore, on October 15, 2015, the poll website was hacked and voting was temporarily blocked. The result of the poll was announced on November 22 during a promotional activity of the group's fourth extended play, Gossip Girls, released two days before. According to the announcement, as Dayuan and Yushan tied, none of the five members was removed from the group. The campaign has heavily been criticized by the public as being a fraud, saying such a result was predictable and unsurprising. On the other hand, Bao'er won the survival show and got the chance to release a solo EP.
In the meantime, four songs from Gossip Girls were released as singles: "Excuse Me" was released on September 28, 2015, "Popu OK Boom" () on October 12, "Don't Say Goodbye" () on October 27, with its music video the following day, and "Gossip Girls" on November 16. For its fourth extended play, Popu Lady changed their concept from cute and cheerful to sexy and dark; this reflects in the lead title track, a cover of German duo Symphobia's "I Do", which samples the Dance of the Little Swans from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake. The music video was released on December 18 and the dance version on December 29. In November the group also featured in the soundtrack of Marry Me, or Not? with "Conquered Love" ().
On February 29, 2016, Popu Lady performed the closing act of Taipei's Lantern Festival; the members then embarked in solo activities, from musicals to television series. On September 29, the group released its first photobook, titled Thai HOT! (). On March 7, 2017, Dayuan took a three-month hiatus to film the TV series Private Shusan College in Mainland China. Hongshi did the same on April 13 to shoot Siamese Password. In 2018, Bao'er and Yushan joined Chinese series Produce 101 and got eliminated on episode 4.
As of October 2019, Tingxuan's and Yushan's contracts with HIM International Music have expired, while Dayuan has left the company, and the five members continue their solo activities. In January 2021, with Hongshi, Bao'er and Yushan becoming YouTubers under a new company and using a new group name as a trio, the disbandement of Popu Lady was confirmed.
Members
Hongshi (born January 7, 1988, as 洪詩涵 Hóng Shīhán) graduated in hotel management from Jinwen University of Science and Technology. She entered the entertainment industry in 2005 hosting music programs and being part of the audition show Blackie's Teenage Club. She signed with HIM International Music in 2011. In 2014, she appeared in the music video for Ben Wu's "Don't Cry" and starred in Taiwanese TV series Say I Love You. In 2015 she made a cameo on Love Cuisine as Maggie.
Dayuan (大元, born November 14, 1989, as 林盈臻 Lín Yíngzhēn), the group leader, studied law at Fu Jen Catholic University, but left before graduating. She debuted in 2010 on the talk show University. In 2011, she published a personal photobook, Girl Friend - Vitality Girlfriend (). She debuted as an actress in 2012, starring in TV series Spring Love in 2013 and Love or Spend in 2015.
Bao'er (寶兒, born January 7, 1990, as 吳昀廷 Wú Yúntíng) graduated from the University of Kang Ning. She was a swimsuit model spotted during the show Unbeatable Youth in 2008.
Tingxuan (born March 19, 1990, as 陳庭萱 Chén Tíngxuān) graduated from the National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism in aeronautics and transportation service management system. In 2016 she appeared in the music video for Tian Yahuo's "Our Valentine's Day" ().
Yushan (born June 8, 1991, as 劉宇珊 Liú Yǔshān) studied business at Chung Yuan Christian University. After appearing in Juksy's Street Watch, she debuted on the variety show University in 2011 and joined HIM International Music in 2012. In 2013, she appeared in the music video for Aaron Yan's "Taipei Dreamin'" (). In 2014, she sang "Marching Forward (Retro Version)" ( for a feature film, Dadaocheng''.
Discography
Extended plays
Digital singles
Music videos
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official website
Mandopop musical groups
Taiwanese girl groups
Musical groups established in 2012
2012 establishments in Taiwan |
Russell Reid Ortiz (born June 5, 1974) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Ortiz during his career played for the San Francisco Giants, Atlanta Braves, Arizona Diamondbacks, Baltimore Orioles, Houston Astros and Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball. He is tall, and weighs 220 pounds.
College and high school
Ortiz attended Montclair College Preparatory in Van Nuys, California before he continued on to the University of Oklahoma. In , he pitched for a Sooners squad that would win the College World Series. In 38 innings, he had three saves and 30 strikeouts. In 1994, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox.
Professional career
San Francisco Giants (1998–2002)
The right-hander was selected by the San Francisco Giants in the 4th round of the June 1995 Major League Baseball draft. He was drafted as a closer, but converted to the starting rotation while in the Giants' farm system. On April 2, , Ortiz made his major league debut in relief, collecting four strikeouts over two innings. The rookie bounced all over the Giants pitching staff and between San Francisco and Triple-A Fresno, working in relief, out of the rotation and in the minors as injuries and inconsistency plagued the Giants rotation.
In , Ortiz came into his own and held on to his spot in the Giants' rotation, jumping on the scene as one of the National League's premier starters. His 18 wins was good for a tie of fourth in the NL and was in the top ten in the senior circuit in many other pitching statistics.
was a tale of two seasons for Ortiz, as he was rocked hard before the All-Star break to a tune of three wins, eight losses and 7.55 ERA falling out of favor with manager Dusty Baker. He allowed ten runs in a game versus the Milwaukee Brewers on May 21, 2000. Despite the ten runs, Ortiz won the game as the Giants outslugged Milwaukee 16–10, making Ortiz the first pitcher since Bob Friend in to allow ten or more runs and still earn a win. Injuries in the second half of the season gave Ortiz the opportunity to redeem himself, and the California native shined. His 10–4 record and 3.22 ERA after the mid-summer classic helped San Francisco into the National League playoffs, and Ortiz started Game 3 of 2000 NLDS versus the New York Mets.
Ortiz returned to form in owning a 17–9 record a solid 3.29 ERA, anchoring the pitching staff for a competitive Giants squad. He also set career highs in innings ( innings) and strikeouts (169).
would prove to be another good effort on Ortiz's part as he and the Giants came within one game of a world championship. Yet again, Ortiz had another stellar second half effort helping the Giants capture the 2002 NL Wild Card. His personal six-game winning streak down the stretch propelled San Francisco into the playoffs and Ortiz captured two more victories (with a 2.19 ERA) over Atlanta in the Division Series. He was not as successful however in the NLCS versus St. Louis surrendering four runs in innings in Game 3 of that series. The World Series versus the Angels also featured two polar opposite games for the starter. The Halos shelled him for seven runs in Game 2 of the World Series, as the Giants went on to lose 11–10. He returned to pitch the pivotal Game 6, and again redeemed himself working innings of two-hit baseball before giving up consecutive singles in the seventh inning. Manager Dusty Baker gave him the game ball when he took him out, assuming they would hold on to a 5–0 lead. The Angels came back to win the game by a final score of 6–5, and went on to win the World Series in seven games.
Years later, Ortiz reflected on the moment of getting the ball from Baker, stating that it was an "honor" getting the ball as a sign of Baker's affection for his players, and Ortiz stated that he has it displayed in his office; while he mused that he wish he had not been taken out, he stated that if "You hand it off to those three guys, I guarantee you if there was a chance again, it would’ve gone our way.”
Atlanta Braves (2003–2004)
Ortiz landed on the trade bloc in the 2002 offseason and was dealt to Atlanta for pitchers Damian Moss and Merkin Valdéz on December 17, 2002. United with pitching guru Leo Mazzone, Ortiz put together a spectacular season, going 21–7 with a 3.81 ERA and collecting his only All-Star nod. With Ortiz as staff ace, the Braves won their 12th consecutive NL East title, and Ortiz took fourth place in the NL Cy Young voting. In a demonstration of how far the pitcher had come, Ortiz pitched a 1–0 complete game shutout and knocked in the game's only run against the eventual world champion Florida Marlins. Ortiz lost Game 1 of the 2003 NLDS against Chicago however, but once again bounced back to win Game 4 and force a deciding Game 5 that Atlanta would lose.
Ortiz displayed more pitching prowess in helping Atlanta to another division title while collecting a 15–9 record, with a slightly inflated 4.19 ERA. Another stellar late season game came in Montréal on September 4, as Ortiz carried a perfect game into the 6th inning and allowed only two Expos to reach second base in the complete game 9–0 shutout. That improved Ortiz to 5–0 with 1.13 ERA against the Expos in 2004. Still, Ortiz and the Braves could not advance past the first round of the playoffs as he was clobbered by Houston for 5 runs in 3 innings as the Astros advanced.
Arizona Diamondbacks (2005–2006)
Ortiz was on the move again in , this time to Arizona as the Diamondbacks tried to overhaul their starting rotation and line-up after a 111 loss season the year before. Arizona's hefty four-year, $33 million deal lured the righty to the desert. The pitcher who had never spent as much as a day on the disabled list in the previous seven seasons, battled a rib fracture after winning four of his first six games for the D-Backs. When he returned from the disabled list, Ortiz proceeded to lose six straight decisions and ended the year on a 1–9 slide.
saw another injury (this time to his calf) and more poor pitching performances. On June 13, 2006, Ortiz was designated for assignment by the Diamondbacks as he sunk to 0–5 with an ERA of 7.54. The five losses contributed to 1–14 mark from May 2005 to May 2006, and the Diamondbacks simply could not afford to allow Ortiz to work out his issues at the major league level. With nearly $22 million and over two-and-a-half years remaining on the contract, Arizona's cut of Ortiz is thought to be the most expensive release in Major League Baseball history.
Baltimore Orioles (2006)
On June 25, 2006, the Orioles signed Ortiz to a one-year deal. His first start for Baltimore and in the American League ended in a no decision on July 1 against one of his former clubs, the Atlanta Braves; but by the time the season ended, Ortiz had compiled a record of 0–8 with an ERA of 8.14.
To his credit up to this point, in 251 career games (241 starts) and 1,483.2 IP, Ortiz had 108 career wins to 76 losses, and an overall ERA of 4.28. He also had 1,072 career strikeouts to 773 walks. Ortiz had been a decent batter (for a pitcher) with a .208 lifetime batting average and 96 hits in 462 at-bats. He also had 22 career doubles, 6 career home runs and 44 total RBI. The pitcher also had a solid glove, committing only four errors in over 1,400 innings of work.
Return to San Francisco Giants (2007)
Ortiz was picked up by the Giants on January 9, , and signed to a one-year contract for $380,000 to compete in spring training for the fifth starting position in the Giants' rotation. San Francisco general manager Brian Sabean noted that Ortiz while pitching winter ball in Puerto Rico showed both increased velocity and renewed movement in his pitches and was signed on that basis.
Ortiz won the fifth starter spot with an excellent spring training, posting a 3.00 ERA – over five points lower than his regular season ERA the previous year – in 18 innings pitched. In his second regular start, he posted his first win since 2005, and in his third start, he won again, this time defeating the Diamondbacks, who were still paying Ortiz the large majority of his salary.
However, later in the year, Ortiz was placed on the DL for an inflamed elbow, and when top prospect Tim Lincecum shined in his place, Ortiz was sent to the bullpen after his return. Ortiz was later placed again on the DL for a forearm strain and he returned in early August. On August 21, 2007, Ortiz left a game in the 5th inning after throwing three balls. Ortiz appeared to be suffering from elbow pain. Ortiz had missed 73 games in 2007 before this injury. Ortiz underwent Tommy John surgery, and missed the entire MLB season.
Houston Astros (2009)
On January 13, , the Houston Astros signed Ortiz to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. Ortiz won the job as the fifth starter for the Astros with a 3.18 ERA in seven spring training games. Pitching in relief on April 8, 2009, he gave up a three-run home run to Mike Fontenot on his first pitch in an official major league game in almost two years. However, after struggling in his first outing, Ortiz started this season 2–0. After that he went 1–6. He had a record of 3–6 with a 5.57 ERA on July 30, 2009, when he was released by the Astros.
New York Yankees (2009)
On August 5, 2009, Ortiz signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. He reported to AAA Scranton/Wilkes-Barre and joined a minor league starting rotation. On August 17, Ortiz opted out of his contract with the Yankees to become a free agent.
Colorado Rockies (2009)
On August 22, 2009, Ortiz signed a minor-league deal with the Colorado Rockies and was assigned to the Triple-A affiliate Colorado Springs. After going 0–1 with a 7.07 ERA for Colorado Springs he was released by the Rockies on September 5, 2009.
Los Angeles Dodgers (2010)
On January 8, 2010, Ortiz signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers with an invite to spring training. After good performances in spring training games, Ortiz was added to the Dodgers Major League roster to start the season. He was 0–1 with a 10.29 ERA in six appearances for the Dodgers and then was designated for assignment on April 18. He chose to decline a minor league assignment and became a free agent. He announced his retirement shortly afterward.
Personal life
Ortiz resides in Mesa, Arizona with his wife Stacy, two daughters Grace Elaine and Lilian Reid and son Hudson.
In high school he was a teammate of future major league DH Brad Fullmer. Fullmer's Angels faced off against Ortiz' Giants in the 2002 World Series, and a 7th inning, Game 6 single by Fullmer led to Ortiz's exit from the game (despite the Giants being up 5–0 at the time). Anaheim would rally to win the game 6–5 and eventually the World Series four games to three.
He was the creator/owner of 2nd Guy Golf, a clothing company. One-hundred percent of proceeds from sales went to charity, which ran for seven years. He also has served in volunteer work with youth sports such as athletic director and Little League.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
References
External links
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Major League Baseball pitchers
National League All-Stars
National League wins champions
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
San Francisco Giants players
Houston Astros players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
American baseball players of Mexican descent
Oklahoma Sooners baseball players
San Jose Giants players
Shreveport Captains players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Lancaster JetHawks players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Bellingham Giants players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
1974 births
Living people
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players
Montclair College Preparatory School alumni |
Newbridge, officially known by its Irish name Droichead Nua (), is a town in County Kildare, Ireland. While the nearby Great Connell Priory was founded in the 13th century, the town itself formed from the 18th century onwards, and grew rapidly alongside a military barracks which opened in the early 19th century. Taking on the name Newbridge (An Droichead Nua) in the 20th century, the town expanded to support the local catchment, and also as a commuter town for Dublin. Doubling in population during the 20 years between 1991 and 2011, its population of 24,366 in 2022 makes it the second largest town in Kildare and the sixteenth-largest in Ireland.
Name
The Irish language name of the town is the official name, "An Droichead Nua", meaning simply "The New Bridge" and was introduced in the 1930s. Noble and Keenan's map of Kildare 1752, drawn before the town was started, marks 'The New Bridge' in the vicinity of 'Old Connel'. A number of other places marked on this map, including Ballymany and Morristown Biller, are represented in the names of modern housing estates and streets.
History
Early settlement
Settlement in the area dates from the 13th century (with the foundation of Great Connell Abbey) and the current town is made up of six ancient civil parishes along with portions of others. The parishes are Ballymany, Great Connell, Killashee, Morristown Biller, Old Connell, and Carnalway. Great Connell Priory was an important Priory, founded in 1202 by the Augustinian Canons.
Beginning of the modern town
The earliest known mention of Newbridge was by traveller and bookseller John Dunton in 1698, though he does not refer to any settlement other than at Ballymany. A mass house (Roman Catholic Chapel) was built beside the bridge about 1730 and an inn, called New Bridge Inn, was in existence in 1750. The first bridge was destroyed by floods in 1789 and William Chapman, an engineer on the Grand Canal extension to Naas, was employed to rebuild it the following year. He moved the site from the 'Watering Gates' to its present location and redirected the high road from Buckley's Cross (roundabout at Pfizer) to the new bridge, and continuing as what is today Main Street and Edward Street to the turnpike at Gandogue Lane (behind the modern Credit Union building). The old high road continued in use to serve the village and mass house, which was taken down in 1852 upon the opening of the new church (St Conleth's).
The origin of the modern town lies in the establishment of Cavalry Barracks (1815–1819) on land purchased from three local landlords: Eyre Powell of Great Connell, Ponsonby Moore of Moorefield and William Hannon of Kilbelin. This barracks originally extended from the River Liffey to Cutlery Road, and from Main Street to Military Road, however little of the barracks remains today except the old walls and gateways which can be found on the Athgarvan Road, and to a lesser degree on Cutlery Road. The "Watering Gates" located at the entrance to the Town Park was also constructed as part of the original Barrack building (and as the name suggests this "gate" was used to facilitate access to the river for the horses from the barracks). At the same time, Eyre Powell gave land north of the new high road for building houses and shops to serve the new Barracks. Main Street took shape at the same time as the Barracks were being built. From 1819 various Cavalry Regiments were stationed at Newbridge and brought much business to the town.
Newbridge expanded rapidly after the Curragh Camp was established in 1855. Eyre Street (named after the local landlord Eyre Powell) and Edward Street (named after Prince Edward, later King Edward VII, who was stationed on the Curragh at the time) were built between 1855 and 1870. The new railway opened in 1846 and churches were built at Rosberry Common (1819 – St. Eustace', Dominican), at Moorefield (1828 – St Patrick's, Church of Ireland) and at Chapel Lane (1852 – St Conleth's, Roman Catholic) to cater for the increasing population. A National School was opened on the Railway Road in 1842 (now the Parish Office) and a boarding school at the Dominican Friary in 1852. The town continued to prosper until the withdrawal of the cavalry in May 1922 on the establishment of the Free State. It went into a period of decline thereafter, but since the 1960s has seen considerable growth and has become a shopping catchment and commuter town.
Location
The town is located on the banks of the River Liffey. Upriver are towns such as Athgarvan, Kilcullen and Blessington, while downriver are the towns of Caragh, Clane and Celbridge.
Newbridge is bounded by the Curragh Plains to the west, Pollardstown Fen and the Bog of Allen and Moulds Bog to the northwest. Around the Curragh, and to the east are a number of stud farms. To the south, the motorway now forms a boundary to the town.
Industry
The area's industrial history includes rope making (at Irish Ropes PLC, established 1933, now closed) and carpet manufacturing (Curragh Tintawn Carpets Limited, established 1937, closed 2012). Cutlery and silverware is crafted at the Newbridge Silverware plant. Pharmaceutical companies such as Oral-B and Pfizer have also based themselves in the town, and the latter is located at Little Connell.
Irish chocolatier Lily O'Briens is based in the IDA Business Park on Green Road, Bord na Móna has its headquarters in the centre of Newbridge, and the Department of Defence has a base on Station Road.
The Kildare/Leixlip Branch of the general workers union SIPTU has its headquarters at Georges Street.
Many people living in Newbridge commute to work in Dublin.
Transport
Rail
The town is situated on the main Dublin-Cork railway line which connects the town to Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Westport. A regular commuter train service operates between Newbridge and Dublin. Newbridge railway station opened on 4 August 1846 and was closed for goods traffic on 6 September 1976.
Road
The M7 motorway bypasses the town; the R445 connects the town to the bypass (Junctions 10 and 12 on the M7) along the route previously forming part of the N7. The M9 to Kilcullen, Carlow, Kilkenny and Waterford leaves the M7 west of Naas at Junction 11.
Shopping
Retailers such as Marks and Spencer, and Zara are anchor tenants of the town's shopping centre. The Whitewater Shopping Centre also has a 6 screen cinema, operated now by Odeon Cinemas, which opened in December 2009.
Shops such as Penneys and TK Maxx have also opened in Newbridge within walking distance of the Whitewater Shopping Centre.
Churches
There are a number of churches in Newbridge representing several denominations. In the Roman Catholic divisions, Newbridge is situated in St. Conleth's Parish in the Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin, and the parish has a total of three churches in the town: St Conleth's Parish Church (1852), Cill Mhuire (1983) and the Dominican St. Eustace's Church (1966). A Church of Ireland church (1828) is located in the Moorefield area of town, and is part of St. Patrick's Anglican Parish.
Newbridge Sports Centre hosts the African faith group "The Kingdom of Heavenly Water, Fire and Mountains" and a Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Hall is located just outside the town, near Milltown. Open Arms Church is located within Newbridge Industrial Estate. Newbridge Bible Fellowship Church is located in the Roseberry section of the town.
Education
Primary
Primary schools serving the town include Scoil Mhuire, Gaelscoil Chill Dara (an Irish-medium school), The Patrician Primary School, St Conleth's Infant Primary School, Scoil Mhuire, St Conleth's & St Mary's Primary School, St Patrick's National School, Newbridge Educate Together National School, and Scoil Bride in Athgarvan.
Secondary
Secondary schools in the area are the Patrician Secondary School, the Holy Family Secondary School, St. Conleth's Community College, St. Mark's School, Newbridge College, a fee-paying co-educational secondary school, run by the Dominican Order, Leinster Senior College, a small private fee-paying school and, near the town, Gaelcholáiste Chill Dara, is Kildare's only Irish-speaking second-level school.
St Conleth's is also home to a branch of the National College of Ireland, which offers a small number of "level-five" courses to Leaving Certificate students.
Sundai Ireland International School, a Japanese international school, was previously based in Newbridge.
Adult education
The Kildare VTOS adult education centre is located in the town, and offers programmes to mature students.
Sport and recreation
Clubs and societies
Newbridge is home to Kildare Gaelic Athletic Association's county grounds, and the sport's two local club teams, Sarsfield's GAA and Moorefield GAA.
Active association football clubs include Newbridge Town F.C and Newbridge Colts Football Club, both members of the Kildare and District Football League. Kildare County FC previously fielded teams in the League of Ireland First Division.
Newbridge RFC is the town's only rugby club. Founded in 1996, with the amalgamation of the Curragh RFC and Kilcullen RFC, Newbridge RFC compete in the J1 Division 1 Leinster League.
The Kildare History & Family Research Centre is based at the library in Newbridge and houses a local history collection and genealogical research service.
Newbridge Tidy Towns Association's main aim is to improve the living environment in the town via participation in the national Tidy Towns competition. Since the launching of National Tidy Towns Competitions in 1958, Newbridge has received: the silver medal in 2013 and 2014, Bronze Medals 2008 to 2012 inclusive, and a Race against Waste 2005 Certificate of Excellence / Highly Commended award.
Ryston Sports and Social Club is located on Athgarvan Road and was originally set up for the staff of the Irish Ropes Factory. It is overseen by a voluntary committee with mixed sections of pitch & putt, badminton, boxing, bridge, bowls, and bingo.
Amenities
Newbridge has a public library and an arts centre, the Riverbank Arts Centre.
The Liffey Linear Park is an outdoor amenity alongside the River Liffey. This park, comprising seven acres, stretches from the bridge to Athgarvan Road (Gables Leisure centre). There is also a sports centre (with both indoor and outdoor facilities), three gyms, two swimming pools, a children's playground, and a number of sports and leisure clubs.
There are several golf courses in the area, with water sports, fishing and the Curragh Racecourse all also close by. Newbridge also hosts Kildare's only greyhound racing track.
Nearby (and within walking distance of the town) are the Curragh Plains, Moulds Bog (Roseberry), and Pollardstown Fen.
The Gables Guest House & Leisure Centre is located on Kilcullen Road and has a 20m swimming pool and gym.
International relations
Newbridge is twinned with Bad Lippspringe (Germany), Ocala (Florida, United States, since 2008) and Argentré-du-Plessis (France, since 2017).
People
Luka Bloom (born 1955 as Barry Moore), musician
William Cator (1839–1902), cricketer and clergyman
Clare Daly (born 1968), politician
Pat Eddery (1952–2015), jockey
JyellowL (born 1998), rapper
Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971), scientist
Dónal Lunny (born 1947), musician
Jack McKenna (born 1942), darts player
Christy Moore (born 1945), singer and musician
Sinéad O'Carroll (born 1973), singer
Cian O'Neill, Gaelic footballer and manager
Jarlath Regan (born 1980), comedian
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
External links
Newbridge Tidy Towns Association |
William Bertram may refer to:
William Bertram (MP), in 1431, MP for Northumberland Warden and Governor of Channel Islands 1447
William Bertram (actor) (1880–1933), Canadian-born actor and film director
William Bertram (cricketer) (1883–1959), South African cricketer
William Bertram (politician) (1875–1957), Australian politician
Billy Bertram (1897–1962), English footballer
See also
William Bartram (1739–1823), American naturalist
Bertram (surname) |
Matthew Warren Flinner is an American mandolinist, music transcriber, and ensemble leader.
Mike Marshall has called him "one of the truly great young mandolinists of our generation."
Biography
Early years
Flinner's first musical experiences were in Salt Lake as well. At age 10, his older brother Rex taught him how to play the banjo, and then the mandolin soon after. They formed the original Matt Flinner Trio, and played bluegrass music for tips.
When his father hosted a bluegrass show on KRCL-FM in Salt Lake City, Flinner assisted in music selection.
At age 12, Flinner joined the Peewee Pickers, who play bluegrass festivals and watched heroes perform, including the Osborne Brothers, Ralph Stanley, The Country Gentlemen, J. D. Crowe, and Doyle Lawson.
Flinner won the Walnut Valley National Championship in Winfield, Kansas for bluegrass banjo in 1990 and the following year for mandolin.
Flinner earned a Bachelor of Music degree in composition from University of Utah
, studying with Morris Rosenzweig and performing with the Utah Symphony.
Sugarbeat
Flinner joined banjoist Tony Furtado's band Sugarbeat in the early 90s. Sugarbeat also featured lead vocalist and guitarist Ben Demerath (vocals, guitar), and Sally Truitt (bass). Sugarbeat win first place at the Telluride Bluegrass Festival in 1992.
Modern Mandolin Quartet
Flinner moved to Nashville in 1999, and in 2002 he joined the Modern Mandolin Quartet, a chamber group that uses two mandolins, a mandola, and a mandocello to perform classical and contemporary compositions. With Flinner, they released a re-recorded version of The Nutcracker Suite. Along with Flinner, members include Dana Rath, Paul Binkley, and Adam Roszkiewicz.
In 2013, their album Americana was nominated for three Grammy awards: Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance, Best Engineered Album, and Classical Producer Of The Year.
Matt Flinner Trio
Flinner formed The Matt Flinner Trio in 2006. Besides Flinner, the trio includes Ross Martin (guitar) and Eric Thorin (bass). For their Music du Jour shows, each member of the trio will compose a new song on the night before the performance and perform each new song at the show.
In 2009, their first album Music du Jour included what they considered to be the best songs composed for the Music du Jour shows.
The trio's 2016 album Traveling Roots features 12 more songs from the Music du Jour tours: four from each trio member.
Phillips, Grier & Flinner
Todd Phillips, David Grier, and Matt Flinner perform, record, and tour as a trio. Their first album Phillips, Grier & Flinner was released in 2008.
On their follow-up Looking Back, the trio cover songs such as Bill Monroe's "Tennessee Blues" and "Monroe's Hornpipe," Mongo Santamaría's "Afro Blue," and McCoy Tyner's "Search for Peace."
Recordings
Released in 1999, The View From Here was produced by Todd Phillips (bass) and featured David Grier (guitar), Jerry Douglas (resonator guitar), and fiddlers Stuart Duncan, Darol Anger, and Tim O'Brien.
Latitude in 2001 again included the assistance of Anger, Duncan on fiddle, Douglas, Grier, Phillips.
Matt Flinner Quartet
Flinner plays lead mandolin in his electric rock-influenced band The Matt Flinner Quartet, influenced by Miles Davis and John Scofield. The quartet includes Gawain Mathews (guitar), Sam Bevan (bass), and Aaron Johnston (drums).
Other projects
Flinner was a featured soloist with Trey Anastasio during the Nashville Chamber Orchestra's performance of Don Hart's "Concertino for Strings, Two Mandolins and Guitar" with guitarist Roger Hudson and mandolinist Carlo Aonzo.
When the band Leftover Salmon lost founding member Mark Vann to cancer in 2002, Flinner played banjo as a substitute until the band was able to reorganize.
Flinner was featured on Steve Martin's album The Crow, which won the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.
Flinner also occasionally performs and tours with Darrell Scott, Frank Vignola, David Grier, Alison Brown, Missy Raines, the Nashville Mandolin Ensemble, and the Ying Quartet.
Personal life
Flinner lives with his wife Wendy in Vermont and teaches mandolin through his online Bluegrass Mandolin 101 program.
Discography
Solo albums
1998: The View From Here (Compass)
2001: Latitude (Compass)
Matt Flinner Trio
2009: Music du Jour (Compass)
2012: Winter Harvest (Compass)
2016: Traveling Roots (Compass)
Matt Flinner Quartet
2003: Walking On the Moon (Compass)
Todd Phillips, David Grier, and Matt Flinner
1999: Todd Phillips, David Grier & Matt Flinner (Compass)
2002: Looking Back (Compass)
Modern Mandolin Quartet
2010: The Nutcracker Suite and other arrangements from Delibes, Faure, Llobet & Vivaldi (Sono Luminus)
2012: Americana (Sono Luminus)
Sugarbeat
1993: Sugarbeat (Planet Bluegrass)
Peewee Pickers
1982: Getting Goin''' (self-released)
Also appears on
1994: Douglas Spotted Eagle - Common Ground (Natural Visions)
1994: Tim O'Brien - Away Out on the Mountain (Sugar Hill) with Mollie O'Brien
1995: Kate MacLeod - Trying to Get It Right (Waterbug)
1995: Salamander Crossing - Salamander Crossing (Signature Sounds)
1996: Judith Edelman - Perfect World (Compass)
1997: Nancy Hanson - Drops in a Bucket (Small Box)
1997: Ben Winship - One Shoe Left (Snake River)
1997: Kate MacLeod - Constant Emotion (Waterbug)
1997: Chris Proctor - Only Now (Flying Fish)
1998: Judith Edelman - Only Sun (Compass)
1999: Anke Summerhill - The Roots Run Deep (Independent Songwriters)
2000: Alison Brown - Fair Weather (Compass)
2000: Judith Edelman - Drama Queen (Compass)
2001: Brenn Hill - Call You Cowboy (Real West)
2001: Jake Schepps - An Evening in the Village: The Music of Béla Bartók (Fine Mighty)
2003: Natalie MacMaster - Blueprint (Rounder)
2004: Noam Pikelny - In the Maze (Compass)
2004: K. C. Groves - '"Something Familiar (Skylark Sounds)
2004: Brenn Hill - Endangered (Real West)
2005: Drew Emmitt - Across the Bridge (Compass)
2005: Armando Zuppa - Zupperman (Very Independent)
2007: Tim Carter - Bang Bang (Tree O Music)
2009: John Cowan - Comfort and Joy (eOne)
2009: Steve Martin - The Crow: New Songs for the 5-String Banjo (Rounder)
2009: Missy Raines - Inside Out (Compass)
2009: The Vignola Collective Gypsy Grass (Dance Research)
2011: various artists - Pa's Fiddle: Charles Ingalls, American Fiddler (Thirty Tigers)
2013: Craig Duncan - Blue Suede Bluegrass (Green Hill)
2014: David Benedict - Into the True Country (self-released)
Music Publications
1999: In The Pines: 13 Classic Old-Time Instrumentals (Mel Bay)
2006: Mike Marshall - The Mike Marshall Collection (Mel Bay) - provided transcription
2007: All Star Bluegrass Jam Along for Mandolin Book/CD (Homespun
2009: Roland White & Diane Bouska: The Essential Clarence White Bluegrass Guitar Leads (Diane and Roland Music) - with Steve Pottier and Matt Flinner
2011: The Real Bluegrass Book (Hal Leonard)
References
External links
1969 births
People from Colorado
American jazz musicians
American classical musicians
American bluegrass musicians
American mandolinists
American bluegrass mandolinists
Living people
Leftover Salmon members |
Enos McLeod (born 1946) is a Jamaican reggae singer and music producer whose career dates to the mid-1960s.
Biography
McLeod was born in 1946 in Trenchtown, Kingston, Jamaica, and before his career in music he trained as a cabinet-maker and a boxer. His debut release was "Mackie", which was produced by Sid Bucknor, who at the time was the resident engineer at Studio One. Under Bucknor's tutelage, McLeod learned the basics of record production, soon having success with late 1960s releases such as "Young Love" by Lloyd Clarke. His production work included recordings with some of Jamaica's top singers, including Gregory Isaacs, Ken Boothe, and The Gaylads. McLeod also produced the first recording by Michael Williams credited to Prince Far I, previous recordings being issued under the name King Cry Cry, with the new stage name given to Williams by McLeod. McLeod also produced Augustus Pablo's 1975 album Thriller. McLeod continued to work as a singer, having hits in Jamaica with singles such as "Tel Aviv", "Hi-Jacking", and "If You Love Jah", and the combination hits "Jestering" (with Shorty the President) and "Jericho" (with The Mighty Diamonds).
In the mid-1970s, McLeod's boxing skills saw him employed by Joe Gibbs as a bouncer at the latter's recording studio on Retirement Crescent, also working on recording sessions with resident engineer Errol Thompson, with McLeod vocal sides from this era including "Money Worries", and his biggest hit, "By the Look", a version of the Dennis Brown hit, "Cheater". He also recorded several singles under the name Preacher including "Black Moses", "Psalms of David" and "Rhythm Bible".
McLeod continued recording sporadically, and became based in Europe from the 1990s.
Discography
By the Look in Your Eyes (1978)-Soul Beat
Ram Jam Party (1996)-President
Dance Hall Style (1997)
Love of My Life (2005)-Orbit
Compilations:
Telaviv (1981)-Orbit
Goodies Best (1995)-Century
Enos in Dub (1995)-Century
The Genius of Enos (1996)-Pressure Sounds
Reggae Mix-Tures (2003)-Century
Enos McLeod & Friends
Notes
References
Greene, Jo-Ann "[ Enos McLeod Biography]", Allmusic, Macrovision Corporation
Larkin, Colin (1998) The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae, Virgin Books,
Moskowitz, David V. (2006) Caribbean Music: an Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall, Greenwood Press,
Thompson, Dave (2002) Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books,
External links
Enos McLeod at Roots Archives
1946 births
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican male singers
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican record producers |
The 1981–82 season was the 44th season of competitive association football in the Football League played by Chester, an English club based in Chester, Cheshire.
Also, it was the seventh season spent in the Third Division after the promotion from the Fourth Division in 1975. Alongside competing in the Football League the club also participated in the FA Cup and the Football League Cup.
Football League
Results summary
Results by matchday
Matches
FA Cup
League Cup
Football League Group Cup
Season statistics
References
1981-82
English football clubs 1981–82 season |
Novaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Andreyevskoye Rural Settlement, Sudogodsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 249 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.
Geography
Novaya is located 25 km southeast of Sudogda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mostishchi is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Sudogodsky District |
The Manyas spirlin (Alburnoides manyasensis) is a species of minnow that is endemic to the Simav River drainage of Lake Kuş, also known as Lake Manyas, in Turkey. It may become threatened as its range is densely inhabited and increasingly industrialized.
Further reading
Turan, Davut, et al. Alburnoides manyasensis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae), a new species of cyprinid fish from Manyas Lake basin, Turkey. ZooKeys 276 (2013): 85.
References
Manyas spirlin
Freshwater fish of Turkey
Endemic fauna of Turkey
Manyas spirlin |
Oxathres proxima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1976.
References
Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1976 |
The XXIV International Society for Contemporary Music Festival was held on June 23–30, 1950 in Brussels. All concerts took place at the Institut National de Radiodiffusion's large studio hall.
This edition was notable for the posthumous premiere of Anton Webern's last work, his Cantata No. 2. Other works performed included:
Conrad Beck
Sonatina for Piano No. 2
Niels Viggo Bentzon
Chamber Concerto, Op. 52
Eunice Catunda
Hommage to Schönberg
Klaus Egge
Sinfonia Giocosa, Op. 22
Hanns Eisler
Sinfonietta, Op. 29
Marius Flothuis
Concerto for Piano and Chamber Orchestra
Wolfgang Fortner
Cello Sonata
Peter Racine Fricker
String Quartet No. 1, Op. 8
Karl Amadeus Hartmann
Symphony No. 4
Hans Henkemans
Flute Concerto
Karel Husa
String Quartet No. 1, Op. 8
André Jolivet
Psyché
René Leibowitz
L'Explication des Metaphores, Op. 15
Artur Malawski
Toccata and Fugue in Variation Form for Piano and Orchestra
Darius Milhaud
Les Rêves de Jacob, Dance Suite, Op. 294
Shukichi Mitsukuri
Ten Haikai of Bashō
Roman Palester
Cantata of the Vistula
Fernand Quinet
Three Symphonic Movements
Alan Rawsthorne
Concerto for String Orchestra
Harald Saeverud
Symphony No. 5 'Quasi una Fantasia', Op. 16
Giacinto Scelsi
La Nascita del Verbo, Cantata
References
Music Survey, Summer 1950 (pages 44-46). Review by Humphrey Searle.
Music festivals in Belgium
ISMC 1950 |
Raj Bahadur Gour was a freedom fighter and trade unionist. He was active with the Comrades Association and the Communist Party of India, and at the forefront of the 1946–1947 Telangana Rebellion against the Nizam of the erstwhile Hyderabad state. He was founder general secretary of the AITUC affiliated All Hyderabad Trade Union Council of which Makhdoom Mohiuddin was the president. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952 while in jail.
He died on 7 October 2011.
His body was being donated for research purposes to the Osmania Medical College.
References
2011 deaths
Communist Party of India politicians from Telangana |
Rafik Yakubov (born September 14, 1966) is a Russian and Soviet former professional ice hockey defenceman, who played for the Russia II (Izvestia Trophy 1993) and the first national team of Russia (Deutschland Cup 1993). After completing his playing career, he became a coach and general manager.
Awards and honors
References
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
1966 births
Living people
Ak Bars Kazan players
HC Lada Togliatti players
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
Russian ice hockey defencemen |
Kijkuit is a railway station in the town of Kalmthout, Antwerp, Belgium. The station opened on 15 May 1933 on the Antwerp–Lage Zwaluwe railway, known in Belgium as Line 12.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Local services (L-22) Roosendaal - Essen - Antwerp - Puurs (weekdays)
Local services (L-22) Roosendaal - Essen - Antwerp (weekends)
External links
belgianrail.be
Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1930s
Railway stations opened in 1933
1933 establishments in Belgium
Railway stations in Antwerp Province
Kalmthout |
Livewire, is a segmentation technique which allows a user to select regions of interest to be extracted quickly and accurately, using simple mouse clicks. It is based on the lowest cost path algorithm, by Edsger W. Dijkstra. Firstly convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Each pixel of the resulting image is a vertex of the graph and has edges going to the 4 pixels around it, as up, down, left, right. The edge costs are defined based on a cost function. In 1995, Eric N. Mortensen and William A. Barrett made some extension work on livewire segmentation tool, which is known as Intelligent Scissors.
Livewire segmentation
The user sets the starting point clicking on an image's pixel, known as an anchor. Then, as he starts to move the mouse over other points, the smallest cost path is drawn from the anchor to the pixel where the mouse is over, changing itself if the user moves the mouse. If he wants to choose the path that is being displayed, he simply clicks the image again.
One can easily see in the right image, that the places where the user clicked to outline the desired region of interest are marked with a small square. It is also easy to see that the livewire has snapped on the image's borders.
Livewire algorithm
Convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Using this filtered image create a graph using pixels as nodes with edges in four directions (up, down, left right). Edges are weighted with features gathered from the Sobel filter making it less costly to stay on an edge. Several different cost methods are possible but the most important is the gradient magnitude
Live-Wire 2-D DP graph search algorithm in pseudocode
algorithm Livewire is
input:
s {Start (or seed) pixel.}
l(q, r) {Local cost function for link between pixels q and r.}
data structures:
L {List of active pixels sorted by total cost (initially empty).}
N(q) {Neighborhood set of q (contains 8 neighbors of pixel).}
e(q) {Boolean function indicating if q has been expanded/processed.}
g(q) {Total cost function from seed point to q.}
output:
p {Pointers from each pixel indicating the minimum cost path.}
g(s) ← 0; L ← s; {Initialize active list with zero cost seed pixel.}
while L≠∅ do begin {While still points to expand.}
q ← min(L); {Remove minimum cost pixel q from active list.}
e(q) ← TRUE; {Mark q as expanded (i.e., processed).}
for each r∈N(q) such that not e(r) do begin
gtmp ←g(q) + l(q, r); {Compute total cost to neighbor.}
if r∈L and gtmp < g(r) then {Remove higher cost neighbor's from list.}
r ← L;
if r∉L then begin {If neighbor not on list, }
g(r) ← gtmp; {assign neighbor's total cost, }
p(r) ← q; {set (or reset) back pointer, }
L ← r; {and place on (or return to) active list.}
end
end
end
Extension to 3D
In 2010, Leo Grady extended the Livewire algorithm to 3D. This extension treated the 2D Livewire algorithm as enabling a user to specify a 0-dimensional boundary (two points) and finding the minimal 1-dimensional coboundary (curve) connecting those points, where the minimum is defined in terms of image properties. In order to extend the algorithm to 3D, the user is instead asked to specify one or more 1-dimensional boundaries (closed curves) and the algorithm finds the minimal 2-dimensional coboundary (surface) bounded by the 1-dimensional curves, where the minimum surface is defined in terms of image properties. This 3D extension of Livewire leans heavily on concepts of discrete exterior calculus to reinterpret the 2D Livewire algorithm from the standpoint of boundary/coboundary operators and then apply these concepts in 3D. An efficient algorithm for computing the 3D minimal surface is also provided in the Grady paper.
See also
Segmentation
References
External links
Open Source Java implementation of Livewire Image Segmentation Tool for ImageJ - Daniel Lelis Baggio
Coronary Segmentation video
Open source Python implementation
Image segmentation |
The 1918–19 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1918–19 NCAA college basketball season. John O'Reilly coached the team in his fifth season as head coach. Georgetown was an independent and played its home games at Ryan Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus in Washington, D.C. Amid the raging Spanish influenza pandemic, the Hoyas met only local teams and played a shortened season, which they finished with a record of 9-1.
Season recap
On-campus Ryan Gymnasium, where the Hoyas had played their home games since the 1914-15 season, had no seating, accommodating fans on a standing-room only-basis on an indoor track above the court. This precluded the accommodation of significant crowds, providing the self-sustaining Basketball Association with little revenue with which to fund the teams travel expenses, and Georgetown averaged no more than three road games a year from this season through the 1926-27 season in order to keep travel to a minimum. The 1918-19 teams only road trip outside of Washington was to Annapolis, Maryland, to play a game at Navy.
The 1918–1919 season took place in between a second and third wave of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, the so-called "Spanish flu." In response to the second wave, which spread during September 1918, the District of Columbia government shut down most public activities for a month during September and October, and all team sports at Georgetown went into hiatus during that month. After a shortened football season in 1918, Georgetown turned its attention to basketball, but the customary early December start of the basketball season was delayed, and Georgetown basketball did not begin play until January 1919. To avoid playing during a possible third wave of the pandemic in the spring of 1919 — which, in fact, did occur — Georgetown's schedule was limited to 10 games, which the team completed in only 36 days, playing its final game on February 15, 1919. No Georgetown students died of influenza during the pandemic, but two former Georgetown basketball players — John Martin, a forward on the 1912–1913 team, and Alexander "Pat" Finnegan, a guard on the 1917–1918 team — died of it while serving in the U.S. armed forces during World War I, Finnegan shortly after receiving his United States Army commission.
The Hoyas home winning streak at Ryan Gymnasium reached 17 games at the end of this season, dating back to a victory against Bucknell on the last day of the 1916-17 season; it would reach 52 before finally coming to an end during the 1923-24 season. Georgetown also defeated crosstown rival George Washington twice this season, giving the Hoyas a 10-game winning streak against George Washington – eight of the wins at Ryan Gymnasium – dating back to 1915.
Forward and team captain Fred Fees, a student at Georgetown University Law School, was in his third season with the Hoyas. A free-throw shooting specialist in an era when the rules of college basketball allowed teams to choose which player shot its free throws, Fees had exploited his free-throw prowess to establish himself as one of the top scorers in college basketball in the United States in each of his seasons with the Hoyas. This season he played in all 10 games and scored 163 points, averaging 16.3 points per game.
Freshman forward Jack Flavin joined the team this season. He played in only six games but scored 54 points, an average of 9.0 points per game. He would become a starter the next season on his way to becoming one of the great Georgetown players of the era.
Freshman guard Andrew "Andy" Zazzali also joined the team. He played in all 10 games and averaged 6.2 points per game, and with 62 points was second only to Fees in scoring for the season.
One of the teams scheduled games was cancelled, and its only loss was at Navy in the third game of the year. It won the last seven games of the season to finish with a 9-1 record. Because of the shortened season, varsity players were granted an additional year of college eligibility, allowing Georgetown to return all five starters from the 1918–1919 team for the 1919–1920 season. The 1918–1919 team′s .900 winning percentage was the best in Georgetown men's basketball history at the time, but the Hoyas would exceed it the following year.
Roster
Sources
Georgetown players did not wear numbers on their jerseys this season. The first numbered jerseys in Georgetown mens basketball history would not appear until the 1933-34 season.
Sophomore forward Bill Dudack later served as the Hoyas′ head coach during the 1929-30 season.
1918–19 schedule and results
Sources
Notes
It was common practice at this time for colleges and universities to include non-collegiate opponents in their schedules, with the games recognized as part of their official record for the season, so the two games against a United States Army team from Camp A. A. Humphreys, Virginia, counted as part of Georgetowns won-loss record for 1918-19. It was not until 1952, after the completion of the 1951-52 season, that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ruled that colleges and universities could no longer count games played against non-collegiate opponents in their annual won-loss records.
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#002147; color:#8D817B;"| Regular Season
Notes
References
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball seasons
Georgetown
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team |
The 1991 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship was held in Porto, Portugal for eight days, from 07 to 14 December 1991. This was the second edition of the tournament.
Competition formula
The 12 teams were divided into two pools of six teams each and played a round-robin tournament. The top two teams of each pool progressed to the semifinals.
Pools composition
Final round
1st–4th places
Semifinals
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3rd place match
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Final
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Final standing
See also
1991 FIVB Girls' U18 World Championship
References
External links
Results
FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship
Sports competitions in Porto
2009 in Portuguese sport
International volleyball competitions hosted by Portugal |
The Roswell P. Flower Memorial Library is a historic library building located in Watertown in Jefferson County, New York. The library was built in 1903 through 1904, and completed on November 10, 1904. The library opened on January 4, 1905. It was donated to the city by Emma Flower Taylor as a memorial to her father Roswell P. Flower (1835–1899), the 30th governor of New York. A genealogy department, local history collection and meeting rooms are inside the building. It also contains computers available for public use. The library serves as the primary library in Watertown and surrounding communities as a center for reading, culture and research. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
History
Founding
The Roswell P. Flower Memorial Library was not the first library in Watertown. The Watertown Social Library was created in 1805 and the Watertown Franklin Library stopped functioning in 1834. The Young Men's Association had a library collection, but it was lost to a fire in 1849. In 1890 Watertown had three libraries. These were located in the Watertown High School, St. Joachim's Academy, and the Young Men's Christian Association. Around 1890 Watertown citizens began discussing a public library and applied to the Carnegie Corporation for funding. Living in New York City at the time, Emma Flower Taylor discovered the citizens' wish for a new library. In 1901 she offered to donate the land and fund the building of the library in memory of her father, Roswell P. Flower. On April 8, 1901, her proposal was accepted. The first cornerstone was laid on July 11, 1903, and the library was completed and formally presented to the public on November 10, 1904. The library officially opened on January 4, 1905. The cost of the entire project was $250,000. The library was considered a triumph for Jefferson County as can be seen from this statement from the dedication, "The Flower Memorial Library is unique in that every embellishment is a record of something of importance to Jefferson County. It was a daring thought of the designer to establish such restrictions for artistic inspiration, but the result justifies the idea." The library became known as "the most beautiful small library in the United States". The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1980.
Modern-day
In October 2019 expansion began on the children's room, which added a puppet theater, a costume area, a computer room, and an audio center for listening to audiobooks. For the 100th anniversary of the Kiwanis Club of Watertown, the club donated fifteen thousand dollars (USD) to help fund the expansion.
Architecture
Built in the Grecian style with some Roman features, the library is a two-story, brick, rectangular building faced in marble with a centrally placed octagonal dome. The dome creates a three-story octagonal rotunda, which is the principal interior feature. The main rotunda features bronze zodiac signs inlaid in the marble floor. These signs were done by James C. Kindlund. On the dome above there are four personified figures representing History, Romance, Religion and Science. These are interspersed with more figures personifying Fable, Drama, Lyric and Epic poetry. Each of the figures has the names of two famous individuals who embody that field of knowledge. Fable is surrounded by La Fontaine and Aesop, Religion has St. John and Moses, Lyric has Milton and Virgil, Epic Poetry has Homer and Dante, Science has Darwin and Newton, Drama has Shakespeare and Molière and Romance has Scott and Dumas. The inscription on the frieze under the dome states "To know wisdom and instruction: to perceive the words of understanding". As you enter the library from the front, the words "Salve," Latin for "Welcome" and "Vale," Latin for "Farewell," are inscribed into the marble floor. To the right and left of the rotunda on the first floor are two large reading rooms, as well as two exhibition areas. These display areas showcase antiques featuring local author Marietta Holley, as well as items relating to the French emigres who once lived in the north country. The architects hired for the building were Orchard, Lansing & Joralemon of Niagara Falls, and supervising architect, Mr. A. F. Lansing. The architect of the art was Mr. Charles Rollinson Lamb and the interior decorators were J & R Lamb. One of the unique components of the original library was its separate Children's Room which was set away from the adult areas and was donated by Mrs. Taylor as a way to commemorate her eldest son who died in infancy. A Genealogy department, local history archives and meeting rooms are located in the top floor of the building.
Lions
One of the most prominent details of the library are the two stone lions in front of the library. The lions are not original to the building, they were added in June 1905. The Watertown Herald reported that "The new Flower Library is being further beautified by Mrs. J. B. Taylor. At each side of the front doors and on the front steps, bronze lamps will be placed, while two marble lions will guard the entrance." The two stone lions came from Italy on the order of Emma Flower Taylor. In 1909, One of the lions had a tooth broken off and it was jokingly reported that "the big beast never winced when dentist W. W. Puffer did the job". A lion was damaged in 1925 by a falling maple tree. In 1982, a lion lost his tail when a boy leaned against the lion, which caused the tail to fall onto the library steps and break into several pieces.
Gallery
References
External links
Flower Memorial Library website
Flower Memorial Library Archives
Library buildings completed in 1903
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Education in Jefferson County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Watertown, New York |
Embryonic coelom may refer to:
Extra-embryonic coelom
Intra-embryonic coelom |
Éric Mouquet (born 19 March 1960 in Valenciennes, France), is the co-founder of the band Deep Forest. He won a Grammy Award in 1995, and a World Award for best world music album.
The other half of Deep Forest was Michel Sanchez until 2005, when the latter parted ways with Mouquet in order to pursue his solo career.
Mouquet has composed and produced for different artists such as Josh Groban (Closer), (Awake), Ana Torroja (Mecano), Mell (Japan), Chitose Hajime (Japan), Sa Dingding (Deep China).
In June 2008, he started a new label called Deep Projects, to promote music inspired by travel and the meeting with musicians from around the world. Albums that Mouquet has worked on include Deep Brasil (released 2008), Deep Africa (released June 2013), Deep China (featuring Sa Dingding, currently unreleased), Deep Sky(currently unreleased) and Deep India (released February 2013 feat. Rahul Sharma).
References
External links
Deep Forest website
1960 births
Living people
French musicians
People from Valenciennes
Musicians from Nord (French department) |
The Westminster Palace Hotel was a luxury hotel in London, located in the heart of the political district. Opened in 1860, the hotel was the scene of many significant meetings, including the London Conference of 1866 which finalised the details for the confederation of Canada. It also served as the office building of the India Office of the British government for several years in the 1860s. It was demolished in 1974.
Opening
The hotel opened in 1860 on Victoria Street, directly opposite Westminster Abbey and close to the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place for the Parliament. It had all the latest technology, including being the first hotel in London with hydraulic lifts, advertised as able to "convey the occupant of the highest floor to his resting place with as little fatigue as if he were located on the first floor".
India Office
Shortly after the hotel was built, the newly constituted India Office was looking for office space. In 1860, the India Office leased a 140-room wing at the rear of the building, at a rate of £6,000 per year. Since the Council of India met at the India Office, it meant that India was being governed from the hotel. The India Office remained there for seven years, until it moved to its permanent new offices in Whitehall in 1867
Confederation of Canada: London Conference, 1866
In 1866, the hotel was the location for the London Conference, the third and final conference leading to the Confederation of Canada in 1867. Some contemporary accounts referred to the conference as the Westminster Palace Hotel Conference.
Sixteen delegates from the Province of Canada, :Nova Scotia and :New Brunswick met in London at the end of 1866 to agree upon the final details for Confederation. The delegates from the Province of Canada stayed at the hotel, while the Maritimers stayed at the Alexandra Hotel. The meetings were held in the Conference Chamber of the Westminster Palace Hotel. Based on the agreement reached at the Conference on Christmas Eve, 1866, the Colonial Secretary, the Earl of Carnarvon, introduced the British North America Act, 1867 in Parliament. The bill passed and received royal assent on 29 March 1867, coming into force on 1 July 1867.
Gandhi
In 1909, Mohandas Gandhi stayed at the hotel. He occupied the room which had been the office of Sir Richard Vivian, a former military commander in Madras, as well as a member of the Council of India. It is not known if Gandhi was aware of the former use of the hotel by the India Office.
Closing and demolition
The hotel was converted to offices in the 1920s and demolished in 1974. The site is now occupied by a branch of Barclays Bank.
References
Further reading
Andrew Moseley, "An Outline of the Plan and Construction of the Westminster Palace Hotel", Papers Read at the Royal Institute of British Architects – Session 1861–1862 (London: Royal Institute of British Architects, 1862), pp. 111–115.
Sir John William Kaye, "The House that Scott Built", Cornhill Magazine (1867), vol. XVI, pp. 356–369.
Defunct hotels in London
Canadian Confederation
Demolished buildings and structures in London
Buildings and structures demolished in 1974 |
In these lists of mountains in Ireland, those within Northern Ireland, or on the Republic of Ireland – United Kingdom border, are marked with an asterisk, while the rest are within the Republic of Ireland. Where mountains are ranked by height, the definition of the topographical prominence used to classify the mountain (e.g. the change in elevation required between neighbouring mountains), is noted. In British definitions, a height of is required for a mountain, whereas in Ireland, a lower threshold of is sometimes advocated.
The lowest minimum prominence threshold of any definition of an Irish mountain is (e.g. the Vandeleur-Lynam), however most definitions, including the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) criteria, do not consider prominences below as being mountains (e.g. must at least be an Arderin or a Hewitt). Many British definitions consider a peak with a prominence below , as being a top, and not a mountain (e.g. must be a Marilyn). A widely used definition of an Irish mountain requires a minimum prominence of (e.g. a HuMP), and is the basis for the 100 Highest Irish Mountains.
While Irish mountains are ranked according to Irish classifications, they are also ranked on classifications that cover Britain and Ireland (e.g. Simms and P600s).
Definitions
General concepts
There is no consensus on the definition of "mountain", but in Britain and Ireland it is often taken to be a summit over 2,000 ft, or more latterly, 600 m. There is less consensus about the topographical prominence requirement (e.g. the change in elevation required between neighbouring mountains), which can vary between . Prominence is even strongly debated regarding UIAA classification of Himalayan mountains. In the alps, the UIAA requires a prominence of over 30 m to be a "peak" and over 300 m to be a "mountain".
The lowest threshold of prominence in Britain and Ireland is . The only definition in which prominence is not used, is where topographic isolation is used (e.g. the use of "sufficient separation" for Munros). Most Britain and Ireland definitions no longer categorise prominences below (e.g. no new Nuttalls and Vandeleur-Lynams), and peaks with a prominence between are now defined as tops rather than mountains (e.g. the 227 Munro Tops).
In Ireland, a prominence threshold of is proposed for a mountain.
Main classifications
Other classifications
The term Dillon is used to describe any of the 212 Irish summits in Paddy Dillon's well–regarded Irish 2010 climbing guidebook: "The Mountains of Ireland". All of Dillon's summits are over , and almost all have a prominence above (i.e. they are very similar to the list of 209 Irish Hewitts).
The term Myrddyn Deweys are peaks in Ireland, between 500 metres to in height, with a prominence above , which was published by Michael Dewey and Myrddyn Phillips in 2000. Myrddyn Deweys are the Irish equivalent of Deweys, which extend the Hewitt classification down to 500 metres. There are 200 Myrddyn Deweys.
MountainViews Online Database
MountainViews was created in 2002 by Simon Stewart as a non–profit online database for climbers in Ireland to document and catalogue their Irish climbs. Its main data source are from the Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSI) maps, although it also conducts its own surveys, which the OSI has integrated into its own database, and it also integrates other important Irish mountain databases such as the Paul Tempan's work with the Placenames Database of Ireland (Loganim). Collins Press published the MountainView Online Datase in 2013 in the book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins.
Since 2012, MountainViews has been partnered with the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH), which is the main live database for the categorisation of mountains and hills in Britain and Ireland. However, MountainViews can differ slightly from DoBIH on the measurements for certain Irish mountains.
List of the 10 Highest MacGillycuddy's Reeks
The MacGillycuddy's Reeks range contains Ireland's highest mountain, Carrauntoohil , and the Reeks is the highest range of peaks in Ireland. However, many of its peaks do not meet all classification criteria for a "mountain" (e.g. particularly the in elevation change from neighbouring mountains), and many are not in the 100 Highest Irish Mountains. Regardless, the range contains ten of the thirteen Scottish Furths in Ireland, and given its importance, and as an important example of complexity of mountain classification, the ten highest Reeks are listed below:
100 Highest Irish Mountains
(any height, prominence over 100 m)
This is the MountainViews 100 Highest Irish Mountains list, which was published by Collins Press in the 2013 book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins. It combines Paul Tempan's 2012 research into Irish mountains and Irish mountain names. The list requires a prominence of over , a compromise between the popular British Isles Marilyn criteria of 150 metres (see List of Marilyns in the British Isles for a ranking of Irish Marilyns by height and by prominence), and the Simms–Hewitt–Arderins criteria of 30 metres (see List of mountains of the British Isles by height for a ranking of Irish Simms by height and by prominence). It is a widely used list, and it contains 25 of the 26 Irish P600s (Slieve Snaght, a P600, did not make the 100 Highest).
List of 409 Irish Arderins
(height above 500 m, prominence over 30 m)
A noted definition of an Irish mountain over the lower height threshold of , is the Arderins list, but which meets the minimum requirement for a "mountain" with a prominence above , and is an Irish equivalent of the Hewitt (the 207 Arderins over are the 207–209 Irish Hewitts), or the Simm (the 222 Arderins over are the 222–224 Irish Simms). The 199 Arderins below are the Myrddyn Deweys (e.g. the total of the 207 Irish Hewitts and the 199 Myrddyn Deweys equal the 406 Irish Arderins).
MountainView's Online Database of Arderins was published by Collins Press in the 2013 book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins, and updated in 2015. In 2023, the MountainView Online Database listed 409 Irish mountains as meeting the Arderin definition. Several of the MountainViews.ie users have recorded completing the entire list of Arderins. One user having completed the Arderins within one single year (2014) along with the complete list of Vandeleur-Lynams, county highpoints and the highest 100 list.
MountainViews uses the term Arderin Begs for the additional class of peaks over in height, and with a prominence between . In 2018, Ireland had 124 Arderin Begs.
List of 275 Irish Vandeleur-Lynams
(height above 600 m, prominence over 15 m)
The broadest noted definition of an Irish mountain over is the Vandeleur-Lynam list, as it only requires a prominence of , and is the Irish fully metric equivalent of the England & Wales Nuttall. The 100 Highest Irish Mountains from above, is a subset of this list (e.g. they are all Vandeleur-Lynams). For example, Mweelrea, the highest mountain in Connacht, is 16th on the 100 Highest Irish Mountains list, but 34th on the Vandeleur-Lynam list. MountainView's Online Database of Vandeleur-Lynams was published by Collins Press in the 2013 book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins, and updated in 2015. In 2023, the MountainView Online Database lists 275 Irish mountains as meeting the Vandeleur-Lynam definition.
On 3 October 2018, English Lake District climber, James Forrest, completed all 273 Irish Vandeleur-Lynams in 8 weeks. In 2023, Irish photographer and adventurer Ellie Berry completed the Vandeleur-Lynams, now 275 peaks, in 50 days and 5 hours beating the previous record by 6 days.
Lists of Irish hills
Carns
MountainViews and Database of British and Irish Hills recognise a list of 337 summits as Carns, having height above and below .
Binnions
MountainViews and Database of British and Irish Hills recognise a list of 484 summits as Binnions, having prominence at least and height below .
List of Irish County and Provincial Tops
Provincial Tops
There are 4 Irish Provincial Tops, namely: Carrauntoohil, in Munster, Lugnaquilla in Leinster, Slieve Donard, in Ulster, and Mweelrea in Connacht.
List of Irish counties by highest point, list of Irish Provincial Tops
County Tops
In addition, there are 27 Irish County Tops, as 10 counties share the same county top, namely: Galtymore for Limerick/Tipperary, Mount Leinster for Carlow/Wexford, Sawel for Londonderry/Tyrone, Cuilcagh for Cavan/Fermanagh, Arderin for Laois/Offaly.
List of Irish counties by highest point, list of Irish County Tops
Ranking of Irish mountains in Ireland and Britain
Whereas the MountainViews, Vandeleur-Lynam, and Arderin classifications are unique to Ireland, Irish mountains appear in other similar classifications that have been used in across Britain and Ireland.
Simms
The Britain and Ireland Simms classification (height over 600 m, and prominence above 30 m), is very similar to the Irish Arderin classification (height over 500 m, and prominence over 30 m). , the 2,754 Simms in Britain and Ireland, which include 224 Irish Simms (i.e. the Irish Arderins over 600 m), are ranked by height, and by prominence, on this table:
List of mountains of the British Isles by height, for ranking by height and by prominence, of peaks that are Simms, with prominence over
Hewitts
Irish Hewitts, which have largely been replaced by the metric Simms classification, are ranked against English and Welsh Hewitts on these tables:
List of Hewitt mountains in England, Wales and Ireland, for ranking by height, of peaks that are Hewitts, with prominence over
Marilyns
The popular Britain and Ireland Marilyn classification (any height, and prominence above 150 m), is a more severe prominence threshold than the Irish Mountainviews classification (height over 500 m, and prominence over 100 m). , the 2,011 Marilyns in Britain and Ireland, which include 454 Irish Marilyns (e.g. the amount is larger because Marilyns will take any height, as long as the peak meets the prominence threshold), are ranked by prominence, and by height, here (note that this list is commonly used to rank by prominence, as it includes any peak with prominence above 150 m):
List of Marilyns in the British Isles, for ranking by height and by prominence, of peaks that are Marilyns, with prominence over
P600s
The Britain and Ireland P600 classification require a prominence above 600 m (e.g. and by definition, the height must, therefore, be above 600 m), and are thus called the "Majors". , the 120 P600s in Britain and Ireland, which include 26 Irish P600s, are ranked by height here:
List of P600 mountains in the British Isles, for ranking by height and by prominence, of peaks that are P600s, with prominence over
Furths
Finally, the Scottish Furth classification is for mountains that the Scottish Mountaineering Club ("SMC") identify as meeting the classification for a Scottish Munro, however, they are outside (e.g. they are "furth") of Scotland. , the 34 Furths in Britain and Ireland, which includes 13 Irish Furths, are ranked by height here:
List of Furth mountains in the British Isles, for ranking by height, or peaks that are considered Furths by the SMC
List by province by range
Munster
An Triúr Deirfiúr – County Kerry
Ballyhoura Mountains – Counties Cork and Limerick
Carron Mountain
Seefin (Ballyhoura Mountains)
Boggeragh Mountains – County Cork
Musheramore
Caha Mountains – County Cork
Hungry Hill
Sugarloaf (Cork)
Comeragh Mountains – County Waterford
Fauscoum
Derrynasaggart Mountains – County Cork
Mullaghanish
Devil's Bit – County Tipperary
Dingle Peninsula – County Kerry
Mount Brandon ()
Beenoskee
Mount Eagle
Galty Mountains – Counties Cork, Limerick, Tipperary
Galtymore ()
Temple Hill
Geokaun Mountain – County Kerry
Glanaruddery Mountains – County Kerry
Ivereagh Peninsula – County Kerry
Bentee
Stumpa Dúloigh
Mullaghanattin
Broaghnabinnia
Knockmealdown Mountains – Counties Tipperary and Waterford
Knockmealdown
Sugarloaf Hill (Knockmealdowns)
MacGillycuddy's Reeks – County Kerry
Carrauntoohil ()
Beenkeragh ()
Caher ()
Knocknapeasta ()
Mangerton Group also known as Mangerton Mountains – County Kerry
Mangerton Mountain ()
Torc Mountain ()
Mount Gabriel – County Cork
Mullaghareirk Mountains – Counties Cork and Limerick
Purple Mountain – County Kerry
Shehy Mountains – Counties Cork and Kerry
Knockboy
Silvermine Mountains – Counties Tipperary and Limerick
Slievekimalta (Keeper Hill)
Paps of Anu () – County Kerry
Slieve Aughty – County Clare
Slieve Callan – County Clare
Slieve Mish Mountains – County Kerry
Baurtregaum ()
Caherconree ()
Slieve Miskish Mountains – County Cork
Knockoura
Slieveardagh Hills () – Counties Tipperary and Kilkenny
Slievenamon () – County Tipperary
Stack's Mountains – County Kerry
Leinster
Blackstairs Mountains – Counties Carlow and Wexford
Black Rock Mountain ()
Blackstairs Mountain ()
Croaghaun ()
Mount Leinster ()
Brandon Hill () – County Kilkenny
Carn Clonhugh also known as Corn Hill – County Longford
Cooley Mountains – County Louth
Clermont Carn
Slieve Foy ()
Coppanagh – County Kilkenny
Croghan Hill () – County Offaly
Dalkey Hill () – County Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown (old County Dublin)
Faughan Hill – County Meath
Hill of Allen () – County Kildare
Hill of Ben – County Westmeath
Hill of Tara – County Meath
Hill of Uisneach () – County Westmeath
Hill of Ward – County Meath
Killiney Hill () – County Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown (old County Dublin)
Knockeyon – County Westmeath
Mount Alto – County Kilkenny
Mullaghmeen – County Westmeath
Naul Hills ()
Slieveardagh Hills – County Kilkenny
Clomantagh Hill
Knocknamuck
Shielmartin Hill () – County Fingal (old County Dublin)
Slieve Bloom Mountains – Counties Laois and Offaly
Arderin ()
Barcam
Baunreaghcong ()
Carroll's Hill
Castleconor
Farbreague
Garraunbaun
Ridge of Capard
Stillbrook Hill ()
Wolftrap Mountain
Slieveboy () – County Wexford
Slieve na Calliagh – County Meath
Wicklow Mountains
Annagh Hill
Camaderry ()
Camenabologue
Carrick Mountain
Church Mountain also known as Slieve Gad ()
Cloghernagh ()
Conavalla
Corrigasleggaun
Croghan Mountain
Cupidstown Hill ()
Djouce ()
Duff Hill ()
Gravale ()
Great Sugar Loaf ()
Keadeen Mountain
Kilmashogue
Kippure ()
Larch Hill
Little Sugar Loaf also known as Giltspur Mountain ()
Lobawn
Luggala also known as Fancy Mountain
Lugnaquilla ()
Maulin
Montpelier Hill ()
Mullacor
Mullaghcleevaun ()
Seefingan
Slievemaan ()
Sugarloaf (West Wicklow)
Table Mountain
Tibradden Mountain ()
Tonelagee ()
Two Rock () and Three Rock ()
Ulster
Antrim Hills* – County Antrim
Slemish
Tievebulliagh
Antrim Plateau* – County Londonderry
Binevenagh
Donald's Hill
Belfast Hills* – County Antrim
Black Mountain
Cavehill
Divis
Lisburn* – County Antrim
White Mountain
Belmore Mountain* – County Fermanagh
Bluestack Mountains also known as Croaghgorms – County Donegal
Croaghgorm
Cuilcagh* and Benaughlin* – Counties Fermanagh and Cavan
Derryveagh Mountains – County Donegal
Aghla Beg
Aghla More
Ardloughnabrackbaddy
Crocknalaragagh
Errigal
Mackoght
Muckish
Inishowen
Slieve Snaght
Loughermore* – County Londonderry
Mourne Mountains* – County Down
Slieve Bearnagh
Slieve Binnian
Slieve Commedagh
Slieve Donard ()
Slieve Muck
Ben Crom
Ouley Hill* – County Down
Slieve Beagh* – Counties Fermanagh, Tyrone, Monaghan
Slieve Croob* – County Down
Slieve Gullion* – County Armagh
Sliabh gCuircin* Camlough Mountain () – County Armagh
Slieve Rushen* – Counties Fermanagh and Cavan
Southwest Donegal – County Donegal
Slieve League
Sperrins* – Counties Londonderry and Tyrone
Benbradagh
Dart Mountain
Mullaghcarn
Mullaghmore
Sawel Mountain
Slieve Gallion
Connacht
Achill Island – County Mayo
Croaghaun ()
Slievemore ()
Ben Gorm – County Mayo
Croagh Patrick () – County Mayo
Clare Island – County Mayo
Knockmore ()
Curlew Mountains – Counties Sligo and Roscommon
Dartry Mountains – Counties Sligo and Leitrim
Benbulben
Truskmore
Knocknarea – County Sligo
Maumturks – County Galway
Letterbreckaun
Binn idir an dá Log
BinnMhor
Corcogemore
Lackavrea
Mweelrea () – County Mayo
Nephin Beg Range – County Mayo
Nephin ()
Nephin Beg ()
Slieve Carr ()
Ox Mountains – County Sligo
Knockalongy
Knocknashee
Partry Mountains – Counties Mayo and Galway
Devilsmother ()
Maumtrasna – County Mayo
Sheeffry Range – County Mayo
Barrclashcame
Twelve Bens – County Galway
Benbaun
Bencorr
Bencollaghduff
Errisbeg
Diamond Hill
Tully Mountain
See also
List of long-distance trails in the Republic of Ireland
List of Irish counties by highest point
List of mountains of the British Isles by height
List of mountains of the British Isles by prominence
List of Furths in the British Isles
List of Marilyns in the British Isles
List of P600 mountains in the British Isles
List of Hewitt mountains in England, Wales and Ireland
List of mountain lists
Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles
Notes
References
External links
MountainViews: The Irish Mountain Website
MountainViews: Irish Online Mountain Database
The Database of British and Irish Hills , the largest database of British Isles mountains ("DoBIH")
Hill Bagging UK & Ireland, the searchable interface for the DoBIH
Ordnance Survey Ireland ("OSI") Online Map Viewer
Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland
More Relative Hills of Britain, 2007 Mark Jackson (update to Alan Dawson's books using the DoBIH)
Mountains and hills of Ireland
Ireland
Ireland
Ireland |
```yaml
id: get_original_email_-_gmail
version: -1
name: Get Original Email - Gmail
deprecated: true
fromversion: 5.0.0
description: |
Deprecated. Use Get_Original_Email_-_Gmail_v2 instead.
Use this playbook to retrieve the original email in the thread, including headers and attahcments, when the reporting user forwarded the original email not as an attachment.
You must have the necessary permissions in your Gmail service to execute global search: Google Apps Domain-Wide Delegation of Authority
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type: condition
task:
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version: -1
name: Is Gmail enabled?
description: |
Verifies that there is an active instance of the Gmail integration enabled.
type: condition
iscommand: false
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'#default#':
- "3"
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type: title
task:
id: 185c00fb-4375-4607-8b99-7538c88315bc
version: -1
name: Done
description: ""
type: title
iscommand: false
brand: ""
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 2120
}
}
note: false
"4":
id: "4"
taskid: cc460fc4-1d86-464c-8853-e996eed85049
type: regular
task:
id: cc460fc4-1d86-464c-8853-e996eed85049
version: -1
name: Retrieve the forwarded email from Gmail
description: Get the data and metadata of the forwarded email from the Gmail service.
script: Gmail|||gmail-get-mail
type: regular
iscommand: true
brand: Gmail
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "5"
scriptarguments:
format: {}
message-id:
complex:
root: inputs.EmailID
user-id:
complex:
root: inputs.User
user-key:
complex:
root: inputs.User
reputationcalc: 2
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 265,
"y": 370
}
}
note: false
"5":
id: "5"
taskid: 18de5315-16b2-4d5c-8a81-2c50623ea89d
type: condition
task:
id: 18de5315-16b2-4d5c-8a81-2c50623ea89d
version: -1
name: Was the original email retrieved?
description: Verify that there is a Gmail email object in the context.
type: condition
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#default#':
- "3"
"yes":
- "7"
separatecontext: false
conditions:
- label: "yes"
condition:
- - operator: isExists
left:
value:
complex:
root: Gmail
accessor: ID
iscontext: true
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 265,
"y": 545
}
}
note: false
"6":
id: "6"
taskid: c09ebecb-9dc8-4e00-8fe4-0dbf0cd27d32
type: condition
task:
id: c09ebecb-9dc8-4e00-8fe4-0dbf0cd27d32
version: -1
name: Was the forwarded email data retrieved?
description: Verify that the InReplyTo and Subject fields are in context.
type: condition
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#default#':
- "3"
"yes":
- "8"
separatecontext: false
conditions:
- label: "yes"
condition:
- - operator: isExists
left:
value:
complex:
root: GmailSubject
iscontext: true
- - operator: isExists
left:
value:
simple: InReplyTo
iscontext: true
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 377.5,
"y": 1244
}
}
note: false
"7":
id: "7"
taskid: ea86d0cc-f9dc-4496-812c-bd3f5c52d08c
type: regular
task:
id: ea86d0cc-f9dc-4496-812c-bd3f5c52d08c
version: -1
name: Set context
description: Set the InReplyTo field to context.
scriptName: Set
type: regular
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "9"
scriptarguments:
append: {}
key:
simple: InReplyTo
value:
simple: ${Gmail.Headers(val.Name == "In-Reply-To").Value}
reputationcalc: 1
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 377.5,
"y": 720
}
}
note: false
"8":
id: "8"
taskid: 13ee64a0-66aa-4265-8995-62cf1f44982c
type: regular
task:
id: 13ee64a0-66aa-4265-8995-62cf1f44982c
version: -1
name: Search for original email
description: Search Gmail for the original email.
script: Gmail|||gmail-search
type: regular
iscommand: true
brand: Gmail
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "14"
scriptarguments:
after: {}
before: {}
fields: {}
filename: {}
from: {}
has-attachments: {}
in: {}
include-spam-trash: {}
labels-ids: {}
max-results: {}
page-token: {}
query: {}
subject:
complex:
root: GmailSubject
to: {}
user-id:
complex:
root: inputs.From
user-key:
complex:
root: inputs.From
reputationcalc: 2
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 490,
"y": 1420
}
}
note: false
"9":
id: "9"
taskid: 4bf99d41-0f5c-4f08-8c98-785cb0e5503d
type: regular
task:
id: 4bf99d41-0f5c-4f08-8c98-785cb0e5503d
version: -1
name: Set context
description: Set the Subject field to context stripped of all prefixes.
scriptName: Set
type: regular
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "10"
scriptarguments:
append: {}
key:
simple: GmailSubject
value:
complex:
root: Gmail
accessor: Subject
transformers:
- operator: replaceMatch
args:
regex:
value:
simple: (?i)([\[\(] *)?(RE|FWD?) *([-:;)\]][ :;\])-]*|$)|\]+ *$
replaceWith: {}
reputationcalc: 1
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 377.5,
"y": 895
}
}
note: false
"10":
id: "10"
taskid: 4dbd3cc6-ae7c-4de5-89d2-b3e1b47acec5
type: regular
task:
id: 4dbd3cc6-ae7c-4de5-89d2-b3e1b47acec5
version: -1
name: Delete old context
description: Delete the forwarded Gmail email object from context.
scriptName: DeleteContext
type: regular
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "6"
scriptarguments:
all: {}
index: {}
key:
simple: Gmail
keysToKeep: {}
subplaybook:
simple: "yes"
reputationcalc: 1
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 377.5,
"y": 1070
}
}
note: false
"12":
id: "12"
taskid: 7e75aef4-9998-407c-8ace-b342f3ef812f
type: regular
task:
id: 7e75aef4-9998-407c-8ace-b342f3ef812f
version: -1
name: Set context
description: Set the original email to context.
scriptName: Set
type: regular
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "13"
- "15"
scriptarguments:
append: {}
key:
simple: OriginalEmail
value:
simple: ${.=val.Gmail.filter(g => g.Headers.filter(h => h.Name === "Message-ID" && h.Value == val.InReplyTo).length > 0)}
reputationcalc: 1
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 602.5,
"y": 1770
}
}
note: false
"13":
id: "13"
taskid: 29868c31-fc31-4b25-8523-5a9c937af420
type: regular
task:
id: 29868c31-fc31-4b25-8523-5a9c937af420
version: -1
name: Get attachments of the original email
description: Retrieve the attachments of the original email from Gmail.
script: Gmail|||gmail-get-attachments
type: regular
iscommand: true
brand: Gmail
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "3"
scriptarguments:
message-id:
complex:
root: OriginalEmail
accessor: ID
user-id:
complex:
root: OriginalEmail
accessor: Mailbox
user-key:
complex:
root: OriginalEmail
accessor: Mailbox
reputationcalc: 2
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 387.5,
"y": 1945
}
}
note: false
"14":
id: "14"
taskid: 0ce28338-abb6-4b8d-8155-3444a9df6ca9
type: condition
task:
id: 0ce28338-abb6-4b8d-8155-3444a9df6ca9
version: -1
name: Was the original email retrieved?
description: Verify that the original email is in context (matched by the InReplyTo ID).
type: condition
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#default#':
- "3"
"yes":
- "12"
separatecontext: false
conditions:
- label: "yes"
condition:
- - operator: isExists
left:
value:
simple: ${.=val.Gmail.filter(g => g.Headers.filter(h => h.Name === "Message-ID" && h.Value == val.InReplyTo).length > 0)}
iscontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 490,
"y": 1595
}
}
note: false
"15":
id: "15"
taskid: 7c1f40cb-1a0e-44dd-8d87-ff2fd67e572c
type: regular
task:
id: 7c1f40cb-1a0e-44dd-8d87-ff2fd67e572c
version: -1
name: Set output
description: Set the playbook outputs to context.
scriptName: Set
type: regular
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "3"
scriptarguments:
append: {}
key:
simple: Email
value:
simple: '${OriginalEmail={Subject: val[''Subject''], To: val[''To''], From: val[''From''], Text: val[''Body''], HTML: val[''HTML''], Headers: val[''Headers''], CC: val[''CC''], BCC: val[''BCC'']}}'
reputationcalc: 1
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 817.5,
"y": 1945
}
}
note: false
view: |-
{
"linkLabelsPosition": {},
"paper": {
"dimensions": {
"height": 2135,
"width": 1147.5,
"x": 50,
"y": 50
}
}
}
inputs:
- key: EmailID
value:
complex:
root: incident
accessor: emailmessageid
required: false
description: Email ID of the forwarded message.
- key: User
value:
complex:
root: incident
accessor: emailto
transformers:
- operator: replaceMatch
args:
regex:
value:
simple: (?i).*<([A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z]{2,})>
replaceWith:
value:
simple: $1
required: false
description: Email address of the reporting user.
- key: From
value:
complex:
root: incident
accessor: emailfrom
transformers:
- operator: replaceMatch
args:
regex:
value:
simple: (?i).*<([A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z]{2,})>
replaceWith:
value:
simple: $1
required: false
description: Email address of the thread originator.
outputs:
- contextPath: Email
description: The email object
type: unknown
- contextPath: Email.To
description: The recipient of the email
type: string
- contextPath: Email.From
description: The sender of the email
type: string
- contextPath: Email.CC
description: The CC address of the email
type: string
- contextPath: Email.BCC
description: The BCC address of the email
type: string
- contextPath: Email.HTML
description: The email HTML
type: string
- contextPath: Email.Body
description: The email text body
type: string
- contextPath: Email.Headers
description: The email headers
type: string
- contextPath: Email.Subject
description: The email subject
type: string
- contextPath: File
description: Original attachments
type: unknown
tests:
- No test
``` |
Mirecourt () is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Mirecourt is known for lace-making and the manufacture of musical instruments, particularly those of the violin family. Inhabitants are called Mirecurtiens.
Geography
Mirecourt is the administrative capital of a canton positioned in the Xantois district at the heart of the Vosges plain, at the confluence of the River Madon with the Arol Valley. Most of the town is laid out on the west side of the Madon on a succession of levels. Visitors are attracted by the richness of the town's architecture and by the natural advantages of the site.
Mirecourt is also at the heart of a road crossing, 24 kilometres (15 miles) from Vittel, from Épinal to the east by southeast, from Neufchâteau and from Nancy. For much of the twentieth century Mirecourt was a staging post on the RN66, a major road towards Paris. Following improvements to the autoroute network towards the end of the twentieth century, the nearest major routes to Paris are now, the A31 autoroute and the RN57 respectively some fifteen kilometres (9 miles) to the west and to the east. The RN 66 has been correspondingly declassified: elements of the economic focus that once followed the old route nationale has followed the traffic away to the newer routes: in the final forty years of the twentieth century the registered population declined by around 25%, though the level appears subsequently to have plateaued at around 6,400.
Economy
Artisanal
An unusual feature of Mirecourt is the extent to which the local economy continues to be underpinned by the same skilled crafts that have supported the local community for centuries. Both musical instrument and lace making bring significant amounts of wealth and employment to twenty-first century Mirecourt.
String instruments
Mirecourt's tradition of luthierie seems to date back to the end of the sixteenth century and the travels of the Dukes of Lorraine and their retinues to Italy. The first violin makers date back to as early as 1602 with Mr. Clabec, Jean de Fourcelle and Barbelin, followed by Nicolas Gérard and Demange Aubertin in 1619 and 1623; during the Thirty Years' War (1631–1661), violins were no longer mentioned in city records, but by 1673 four families of violin makers were in Mirecourt. It was particularly in Mirecourt that the business of making stringed instruments took off, with 43 luthiers in 1635, and the business continued to grow into the twentieth century, by when it was claimed that Mirecourt was producing more than 80,000 instruments annually. This is frequently a family business which can grow into a dynastic one: numbered among Mirecourt's Lutherie dynasties have been the Derazey, Mennégand, Aldric, Lupot, Langonet, Gand, Bernard, Jacquot, Nicolas, Mougenot, Charotte, Apparut, Hilaire, Buthod, Collin, Laberte, Magnié, Peccate, Bazin, Ouchard and Vuillaume families including, most famously, Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume 1798 - 1875. Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume worked with famous violinist Niccolo Paganini.
Luthier Didier Nicolas (1757–1833) is most likely the first violin maker to manufacture violins repeatedly in Mirecourt. Born and raised in Mirecourt, he did his apprenticeship here and founded his shop A la Ville de Cremonne. He also founded a workshop, called D. Nicolas Aine, which became one of the most successful in Mirecourt.
At the end of the 19th century, H. R. Haweis wrote "Mirecourt now stands out as perhaps the greatest and most excellent emporium of modern violin manufacture," and "the names of Maucotel, Medard, Mennegand, Silvestre, and Derazay, and above all Vuillaume, must always shed an imperishable lustre upon the little town in the Vosges mountains."
By 1925 the craft was organised into 18 workshops and 4 factories employing 680 workers. The economic and political hardships of the mid-twentieth century coincided with the disappearance of the workshops. However, the creation in the 1970s at Mirecourt of the National School of Lutherie (École nationale de lutherie) National School of Violin Making signaled a renaissance which has endured into the present century. Notably, Jean-Jacques Pages has produced outstanding instruments by copying famous eighteenth century models by the likes of Stradivarius and Amati. The Gérome brothers, now retired from making guitars and mandolins, have had their work endorsed by Georges Brassens who has purchased one of their guitars.
The industry is celebrated by the presence in Mirecourt of the Musée de la Lutherie et de l'Archèterie françaises.
Lace
Lace making is believed to have been introduced to Lorraine only in the sixteenth century, when the art arrived from Lombardy with the violin makers sponsored by the Dukes of Lorraine. Peter Fourier, the priest at nearby Mattaincourt, who would subsequently become a saint in recognition of his energetic work resisting the Protestant currents from east of the River Rhine, established the Convent of Notre-Dame (Our Lady) and there encouraged instruction in lace making both at the school which was operated by the Sisters and at the orphanage. The project was a great success with daughters of rich families and with girls of the peasant class. By 1790 lace makers from Mirecourt were supplying merchants from abroad, and despite the political and social turbulence of the early nineteenth century, the lace business continued to flourish and grow, with the middle of the nineteenth century a golden age. Nevertheless, by the middle of the twentieth century lace had fallen out of favour and the industry locally was much diminished. It has nevertheless survived, and today, supported by 140 participants, the Mirecourt lace business has recovered some of its international reputation. Lace making courses and permanent exhibitions of the craft remain a feature of the town.
Public and service sectors
The Vosges psychiatric hospital (le centre hospitalier psychiatrique/CHS) remains the largest employer in the commune of Mirecourt, with over 1,000 salaried staff on the payroll.
The commune's territory also contains the Mirecourt-Epinal aerodrome, which is managed by the departmental Chamber of Commerce.
History
Mirecourt was founded during the first millennium. Mercuri Curtis was dedicated by the Romans to the cult of the god Mercury. Early on, the town was part of the property of the Counts of Toul.
The first surviving written record of Mirecourt dates from 960. This is the text of a donation made by a man called Urson who transferred his domain of Mirecourt (two farmsteads and environs) to the Abbey of Bouxières-aux-Dames.
The heirs to the Counts of Toul were the Dukes of Lorraine who owned the little town during the thirteenth century. An act of 1284, during the time of Duke Frederick III, confirms the annexation of Mirecourt and its lands to the Duchy of Lorraine. Mirecourt, the main town in the important Vôge Bailiwick, was above all a great trading centre. A European focus of economic and commercial energy during the sixteenth century was Lombardy from where the Dukes of Lorraine introduced to Mirecourt the manufacture of string instruments, a tradition which continues to flourish. At the same time Mirecourt became a centre of organ building.
The last Duke of Lorraine to rule the territory was the former Polish king, Stanisław Leszczyński. He died early in 1766 and Lorraine passed to his grandson, by now King of France. In this way the long struggle to control the territories between France and the Rhine was settled in a manner which no doubt would have pleased Le Grand Monarque. Ten years later, in 1776, the office of Lieutenant-General of the Bailiwick was sold to the young François de Neufchâteau.
Under the secular regime established in the wake of the French Revolution, Mirecourt became the administrative centre of the district and then of the entire arrondissement. This last distinction was lost in 1926, and today Mirecourt falls within the Arrondissement of Neufchâteau.
One of the first boys' primary schools in France was founded at Mirecourt in 1828.
Personalities
Louis Buffet (1818–1898), statesman
Charles Louis Buthod (1810–1889), French violin maker, became director of the Thibouville-Lamy firm
François Perrin (1754-1830), French violin maker
Charles Jean Baptiste Collin-Mezin (1841–1923), French violin maker
Peter Fourier (1565–1640), scholar, saint and Counter-Reformation campaigner
François Chamoux (1915–2007), Hellenist, archaeologist
(born 1923), biblical scholar
Charles Jean-Baptiste Jacquot (1812–1880), writer, known under the pen name Eugène de Mirecourt
Jack Lang (born 1939), Socialist Party politician
Bernard Ouchard (1925–1979), bow maker
Émile Auguste Ouchard (1900–1969), bow maker
Jérôme Thibouville-Lamy, French mass production musical instrument maker, had his factory there from 1860
Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume (1798–1875), French violin maker
Nicolas François Vuillaume (1802–1876), French violin maker
See also
Communes of the Vosges department
References
The first Krzyzewskiville
External links
Official website
Mirecourt: the spacious home of French violin making
Story of the Poirot organ builders
Communes of Vosges (department)
Duchy of Lorraine |
Antonín Hrabě (born 1902, date of death unknown) was a Czech weightlifter. He competed for Czechoslovakia in the men's featherweight event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1902 births
Year of death missing
Czech male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak male weightlifters
Weightlifters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing |
Cooks Valley may refer to:
Cooks Valley, California
Cooks Valley, Wisconsin |
The allotment system (; ) was a system used in Sweden for keeping a trained army at all times. This system came into use in around 1640, and was replaced by the modern Swedish Armed Forces conscription system in 1901. Two different allotment systems have been in use in Sweden; they are the old allotment system (äldre indelningsverket) and the new allotment system (yngre indelningsverket), the latter often referred to as just "the allotment system". The soldiers who were part of these systems were known as "croft soldiers" (indelta soldater, the Swedish term, does not have the same meaning) due to the small crofts allotted to them.
Originally, the allotment system was the name for a system used to pay servants of the state, like officers and clergy. It was introduced because of an often felt shortage of money, and the allotment system tried to solve this by localising taxes; meaning that payment consisted of an individual's right to collect certain taxes. Later on it referred to an organisation created to provide soldiers to the armed forces, properly known as det ständiga knektehållet (literally "the permanent soldier household"). The reason for this development of the term is that a large part of the allotment system was used to support det ständiga knektehållet.
Background
After the Swedish secession from the Kalmar Union in 1523, the infantry of the Swedish Army consisted of conscripted soldiers and enlisted mercenaries, both of whom would be called up in wartime only. The units were disbanded in peacetime to reduce costs, and only a few garrison units were present in towns and fortresses. This made it impossible to quickly mobilise a trained army. At the same time, land tax exemption (frälse) was given to those who equipped horsemen for cavalry service, according to the Decree of Alsnö. Coastal defence was provided by several skeppslag (literally "ship teams"), a number of farms located in a coastal district that had to furnish both ships and shipmen for service. After the birth of the Swedish Navy in 1522, the system for recruiting shipmen was changed to rely on forced conscription.
Old system
In the 16th century, the system was changed with regard to both cavalry (1536) and infantry (1544), to provide an army that could be quickly mobilized. This was still done through impressment for the infantry, and tax exemptions for those who financed horsemen. The new system gave the conscripted soldiers a means of subsistence between campaigns, by making a whole group of farmers responsible for the keep of each soldier. While the soldiers would be hired and salaried full-time if at war, they lived at home and off duty in peacetime. This meant that it would always be possible to raise a trained army in case of war.
The impressment of the foot soldiers was called utskrivning (literally "writing out"), and was based on a grouping, called a rote (similar to an English "file" or "ward"; in the eastern parts of the Swedish realm, this became the Finnish ruotu), of ten men from an estate or a few farms, fit for military service and between the ages of 15 and 40. One randomly chosen man from each rote was forced to serve in the province's or county's regiment in case of war.
The organisation of the cavalry was based on a slightly different grouping. This grouping was known as a rusthåll (literally "arm household"), a bigger farm or estate (practically a peasant manor) that could support a horseman with his horse and equipment in exchange for tax exemption. The horseman who volunteered for service was often the estate master himself or a close relative. This option resembled the medieval origin of knighthood but no longer carried the Swedish noble status with it, as the cavalryman was not permanently stationed in war, but was allowed to remain home at peacetime. In particular cases, the estate owner received some taxes from neighbours to augment his own tax exemption: as the burden of a cavalryman with horse and equipment was deemed considerable, compensation needed to be commensurate.
The infantry was organized in units of 525 (later 300) men called a landsfänika and the cavalry in units of 300 horsemen called a landsfana. Later on, this was changed to a company—battalion—regiment organisation. The system, used and refined by Gustav Vasa and Gustavus Adolphus, was later to be known as the old allotment system. Many people disliked forced conscription, though, and the peasantry in some provinces soon wrote contracts with the state to provide a certain number of soldiers in exchange for being spared from conscription.
There were a number of reasons for the dislike of the system. First, any of the ten men in each rote could be picked to serve in case of war, which made it hard for the generals to estimate the knowledge and level of practice their soldiers would have. Secondly, the richest of the men in the rote could buy their way out, which in turn sometimes led to the "10th man" being the poorest or weakest in the rote, which of course was not good for the army. The system of forced conscription also often led to desertions.
New system
Foot
A complete reorganisation of the military system was made at the end of the 17th century. In 1682 Charles XI decided to reorganise the army, and introduced the new allotment system, often referred to as just "the allotment system". The system was to remain in effect for over 200 years. One of the main reasons for the reorganisation was the bad condition the army had been in during the Scanian War (1674–1679). In this system, the overall structure of the old system was retained, but contracts such as those described above were used instead of forced conscription. Contracts were written with counties and provinces, stating that they would have to raise and supply a regiment of 1,000 or 1,200 men in both wartime and peacetime. Usually, four farms (there were exceptions) were to join forces and equip a soldier. Those farms were the rote, and they also provided a croft (soldattorp), farmland, and equipment for one volunteer soldier who could then make a military career, while the rest of the men in the rote escaped conscription. The soldier's duty was to attend military drills, and in time of war was to report for duty, wherever that might be. Royal manors, farms owned by the nobility, and farms used as salary to government officials were exempted and did not need to provide soldiers to the system. While most regiments were allotted in the late 17th century—Dalarna Regiment and a few others were allotted earlier.
Horse
The cavalry was conscripted in the same way as in the old system, with each rusthåll providing a horse and horseman. In later years, contrary to the early times when the rider was often the farmer himself, the horseman was a volunteer in the same way as in the infantry, and he was also supplied with a croft (ryttartorp) and pay from the farmer, who in turn gained a large tax reduction and also did not need to serve in the army. This was mainly done because it was easier to replace a fallen horseman than replace the master of the estate. Usually, the rusthåll was made up of only one estate, and possibly another supporting farmer. In exceptional cases, one rusthåll could support as many as seven horsemen.
Enlisted regiments
The guards regiments, the garrison regiments, and the artillery recruited its soldiers through volunteer enlistment by the regiment itself. Many new regiments of enlisted mercenaries were also raised in wartime; for example, only one-fifth of soldiers in the Swedish army at the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631 were of Swedish or Finnish origin. The rest of the army was made up of German, Scottish and other European mercenaries. This would however change during the Great Northern War, in which a majority of the regiment's soldiers were from Sweden (including Finland) or its dominions.
Allotment for the army was only applied to the countryside and not to the towns, where people were exclusively recruited to the navy. Each province had its own regiment consisting of 1,200 soldiers (and thus also 1,200 rotar, not counting officers) for an infantry regiment, or 1,000 horsemen (and 1,000 rusthåll) for a cavalry regiment. Thus, a rote did not necessarily consist of ten men fit for military service as in the old system; it could instead consist of a single wealthy estate or several small farms, all depending on the tax amount and the number of soldiers the farms or estates would be able to provide.
Navy system
The Swedish Navy recruited their seamen using the same system as the army, but from coastal provinces and towns (including non-coastal towns). As with the infantry, the farms in coastal areas were organized into rotar, which would each provide a croft (båtmanstorp) for a navy volunteer. Recruits only had duties on board the ships, for example as artillerymen or sailors, and were not used for other combat duties, such as boardings and landings, which were executed by army units transported on the ships. The seamen often served in the navy six months over the summer of every third year. Later, from the middle of the 18th century, some of the rotar in the cities would pay a fee equal to the approximate cost of providing a boatsman, instead of providing one from among themselves.
There were several problems with this system, relating to the fact that a large proportion of the seamen did not live anywhere near the largest naval ports of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Karlskrona. Many seamen had their crofts along the coast of Norrland and Finland, and thus had several hundred kilometres to travel when called into service. Originally, the seamen had to walk the long way to the nearest port; later, they were transported by horse and carriage. Even the latter method of transport, however, took a long time, and soon the state began to provide tools and materials, excepting the actual timber, to the rote so that the farmers could build a large rowing/sailing boat called a lodja. These boats could transport up to 25 men, and could ease the transport to the naval ports.
Crofts and soldiers
Each rote in the new allotment system had the responsibility to recruit a soldier for the army, provide his croft with a patch of land, a cow, a few chickens and few pigs or sheep so he could support a family, pay him his salary, and supply him with necessities such as hay and seed. The rote also had to provide the soldier with the uniform. The croft and land, located on the land of the rote, only belonged to the soldier as long as he was fit for service. If he died or had to retire, the croft would have to be returned to the rote, even if it made his family homeless; the rote in turn had to find a new recruit. It sometimes happened that a widow of a dead soldier married the rote's new recruit, as the rote was regarded as responsible to take care also of the remaining family of its fallen serviceman. The soldier lived at his croft for large parts of his life, mostly working at the farms that supported his household, and went away to a few training camps a year, honing his tactics and skills with his regiment. When at war, the soldier could be away for years at a time, leaving all of the chores to his wife and children, if he had any. Otherwise, the rote farmers would take over the work themselves.
Recruits in the early 18th century had to be physically and mentally fit, between 18 and 36 years old (18–30 years from 1819, 18–25 years from 1871) and at least 172 centimeters tall (175 cm from 1775, lowered to 167 cm from 1788 as the army was in dire need of soldiers during Gustav III's Russian War). Many soldiers served in the army for more than 30 years, as there was no service time stated in the contract; instead, being discharged required a reason, such as old age, injury, sickness, or the commission of a crime. Discharges were generally only given at general musters, held once a year, or even more sparsely, even though an interim discharge could be given by the regimental commander if the discharge was supported by the soldier. The interim discharge had to be confirmed at the next general muster.
From the 1680s (army) and early 18th century (navy), all soldiers in a given company were required to have a unique name, to make it easier to give specific orders. This could be problematic when several soldiers had the same name (being usually from rural background, they generally had just a patronymic, and such were often very common, e.g. Andersson, Eriksson, Olsson or Persson), giving rise to the Swedish soldier names. When a soldier appeared before the military scribe, he was given a soldier's name (often, a rote's new soldier received his predecessor's name), which he kept during his service. Those surnames also tended to become hereditary, as the soldier often retained it when he was pensioned or left the service, and his children were also registered under it in census lists and church books—this is the origin of many present-day Swedish surnames. The name was usually short, consisting of only one syllable—to make it easy and rapid to say. The names could be taken from a trait, such as the surname Stolt ("Proud") or from military terms, such as Svärd ("Sword"), but were often related to the rote. A soldier from a rote located in the village of Sundby, for example, could be given the surname Sundin. This meant that surnames often stayed with the croft, rather than with the soldier. Common practice amongst discharged soldiers in the 18th century was to reassume their original name. This changed in the 19th century, and many soldiers kept their old soldier names, passing it on to their children. Each soldier in the regiment also had a unique number, between 1 and 1,200, the number of the rote and croft he belonged to (for example nummer 15 Stolt, number 15 Stolt).
Officers
Officers were provided with a large farm or a small manor house directly from the Crown, not from a rote. They did not, however, receive a salary from the state, but were instead paid by the rotar around the province, as part of the rote members' tax payments, and by farmers who worked the land belonging to the officer's farm. The officers' homes were loans, rather than outright gifts, and their size and quality was proportionate to the occupants' military rank. It was this system that was originally called the "allotment system". A condition for the system to work was the reductions carried through by the state, expropriating land and farms from the nobles, which were then provided to the officers. The officers' homesteads would be located in the same part of the province as the soldiers whom the officer would command in battle, often close to the rote. The officer thus knew the men he would lead, contrary to the practice in many other countries where the army officers would live on estates that were separated from the soldiers by both distance and lifestyle.
Military impact
The Swedish military had a unique position in Northern Europe at the time of the new system, being the only army that did not rely only on enlisted soldiers, mercenaries or conscripted soldiers. In relation to population size, the Swedish army was also the largest in Europe. Because of the allotment system, mobilisation was quick. It took time, weeks and months, to enlist, equip, train and organize a unit of mercenaries, while the Swedish croft soldiers gathered at the company meeting place in a couple of days, and then at the regimental meeting place in around a week. The soldiers were already trained and equipped, and knew their precise spot in the formation. Marching routes to the borders or to harbours had already been prepared, and supplies had been gathered at important places.
Swedish battle tactics relied on a high level of organisation and the large-scale use of swords and pikes. Other armies had stopped using pikemen in the late 17th century, solely relying on the bayonet of the musketeer to protect against cavalry attacks. Reasons for the Swedish obstinacy in keeping the pikes and making large use of swords in battle include the Swedish loss in the Battle of Kircholm in 1605, where a modernised Swedish army was severely beaten by Polish hussars—partly due to being equipped with the latest muskets which were hard to handle—and the fact that pikemen were very expensive to hire to armies that were formed by mercenaries; however, as Sweden had the allotment system and thus did not pay a higher salary to pikemen, they were kept.
The high level of organisation and morale made it possible to base the combat tactics on close combat, rather than long-range shooting. A regular attack would look like the following: When the enemy musketeers started firing, at ranges up to 100 metres, the Swedish infantry would not answer but keep a swift marching pace, not stopping until the range was as little as 40 metres, where the musketeers in the back of the formation would fire their only salvo. At an even closer range, the musketeers in the front would fire their only salvo, and immediately after that, break into the enemy lines—musketeers using their swords, and pikemen using their pikes. This tactic would often result in a fleeing enemy force, which probably stood terrified when their opponent's companies were not stopped by continuous musket fire, but kept marching on towards them in sinister silence.
Civil impact
During the time of the old allotment system, Sweden's involvement in the Thirty Years' War and the Northern Wars did not have a very large impact on the population in general. The armies of Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus and later Charles X had relatively large success due to the superior tactics used, and foreign mercenaries comprised large parts of the armies. Gustavus Adolphus had, when he entered the Thirty Years' War, an army of 14,500 Swedish and Finnish conscripts and more than 20,000 enlisted foreigners, and deaths in the latter group did not affect the Swedish population. Charles XI's new allotment system did not have to see use in the first 20 years of its existence, which was also the longest time of peace Sweden had seen since its independence. Thus, the population continued to grow at a steady rate between 1620 and 1700.
The new system was put to the test for the first time in 1700, when Sweden, under the reign of Charles XII, was attacked by a coalition of its neighbours Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland in the Great Northern War. The mobilisation of the soldiers worked well thanks to the new system, with Sweden mobilising 43,000 men in allotted regiments, and another 33,000 men from various enlisted regiments. The army was one of the largest in Europe at the time, having modern equipment and being very well-trained and organised. However, three enemies were too much, even though Charles XII forced Denmark to leave the war the same year it started, and forced Saxony to leave the war in 1706. After these successful blows to the coalition, Charles XII had the opportunity to sign a peace with the remaining opponent, Russia. He did not, and this decision would have immense effects on the population. Russia's vast plains did not give Charles XII the possibility to beat his enemy with his superior army; instead, he was forced into a war of attrition, a war he could not win.
As the war finally ended in 1721, Sweden had lost an estimated 200,000 men, 150,000 of those from present-day Sweden and 50,000 from the Finnish part of Sweden. This made a huge impact on a population that before the war had barely reached 2 million. The total population did not grow during the 21 years of the war; it was even reduced, according to some sources, as the massive losses outnumbered overall births. For example, the province of Östergötland was supposed to support 2,200 croft soldiers, making up one infantry and one cavalry regiment. Losses had to be replaced, and during the first years of the war, another 2,400 men were conscripted. After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, both regiments had to be completely reraised. At the end of the war, a total of 10,400 soldiers had been conscripted from the province that was meant to support only a fifth, or 2,200. Another regiment, Hälsinge Regiment, had to be completely raised three times during the war. The lack of soldiers became so critical that in the period 1714–1715, the army had to return to the old method of conscripting men by force.
Conscription
In 1812, a new system was introduced, requiring all males between age 20 and 25 to serve in the armed forces twelve days a year, changing in 1858 to four weeks per two years. At the same time, the new allotment system remained in use up until 1901, when mandatory conscription, with 8–9 months of military service, was introduced. The allotment system was finally abolished in 1901. From that time, regiments began to be garrisoned in towns instead of being spread all over the province with a training ground as the only common meeting place. As croft soldiers were contracted by the government for as long as they wanted and were fit for service, and as they could not be dismissed, some soldiers lived under the allotment system long after 1901, the last one retiring as late as 1961. Through the reform, the regiments' local connections were partially lost, as conscripts were not necessarily from the regiments' respective provinces. Before the reform, soldiers of the same company generally stemmed from the same village and region.
See also
History of Sweden
Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
List of Swedish regiments
List of Swedish wars
Knight's fee
Byzantine Themata
Caroleans
References
Print
Braunstein, Christian (2003). Sveriges arméförband under 1900-talet. Stockholm: Statens Försvarshistoriska Museer.
Nelsson, Bertil (1993). Från Brunkeberg till Nordanvind: 500 år med svenskt infanteri. Stockholm: Probus.
Notes
External links
The Allotment System - at Hans Högman's site
Some Notes on Swedish Names - section on military names
Military history of Sweden |
Henry Wilkins may refer to:
Henry St Clair Wilkins (1828–1896), British Army general, engineer and architect in India
Hank Wilkins (born 1954), American politician, member of the Arkansas General Assembly
Henry Wilkins (basketball) (born 1990), British basketball player
See also
Henry Wilkens (1855–1895), German-born American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient in the Nez Perce War |
```sqlpl
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pg_catalog.citus_validate_rebalance_strategy_functions(
shard_cost_function regproc,
node_capacity_function regproc,
shard_allowed_on_node_function regproc
)
RETURNS VOID
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT VOLATILE;
COMMENT ON FUNCTION pg_catalog.citus_validate_rebalance_strategy_functions(regproc,regproc,regproc)
IS 'internal function used by citus to validate signatures of functions used in rebalance strategy';
``` |
Saint-Guillaume-Nord () is the southernmost unorganized territory in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Matawinie Regional County Municipality.
Its only community is the hamlet of Saint-Guillaume-Nord, located at confluence of the Matawin River and Cypress Creek, a dozen miles west of Saint-Michel-des-Saints and just east of the north-east entrance to the Mont-Tremblant National Park.
History
The hamlet of Saint-Guillaume-Nord was formed in the early twentieth century, when some thirty lots were granted for agricultural purposes in the geographic Township of Gouin. A mission was established on January 21, 1916, dedicated to St. William (French: saint Guillaume). This name was most likely chosen to honour Joseph-Guillaume-Laurent Forbes (1865-1940), pastor at Kahnawake and Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, bishop of Joliette in 1913, and subsequently Archbishop of Ottawa in 1928. After the closure of the Northwood Lumber Company, the little parish went into decline since the soil was of too poor quality to meet the former expectations.
Demographics
Population
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 64 (total dwellings: 153)
Language
Mother tongue:
English as first language: 0%
French as first language: 100%
English and French as first language: 0%
Other as first language: 0%
See also
List of unorganized territories in Quebec
References
Unorganized territories in Lanaudière
Matawinie Regional County Municipality |
The Hellenic Astronomical Society (Hel.A.S.), in greek Ελληνική Αστρονομική Εταιρεία (ΕΛ.ΑΣ.ΕΤ.), is a scientific non profit society of professional astronomers in Greece. Its formal headquarters are at the Dept. of Physics of the University of Athens. The main goal of the Society is to advance the research in astronomy, astrophysics and space physics, as well as to support all educational astronomical activities. As is typical for scientific societies it consists of ordinary members, who have a PhD degree in astrophysics and closely related fields, as well as junior and associate members.
History
Hel.A.S. was formally founded on May 25, 1993. John Hugh Seiradakis, professor of astronomy at the University of Thessaloniki, was the driving force in drafting the constitution of the Society, with the support from Dr. D. Sinachopoulos and Profs. S. Avgoloupis, V. Barbanis, S. Persides, N. Spyrou and H. Varvoglis. The final form of the constitution was presented during the 1st Hellenic Astronomical Conference that took place on 21–23 September 1992 in Athens, and it was supported by 66 founding members. In January 1994 the Society membership rose to 140 and the first elections for the governing council took place on June 2, 1994. Hel.A.S. is also an affiliate of the European Astronomical Society.
Nearly 40% of the members of the Society work outside Greece, including prominent members of the Greek diaspora such as Prof. Yervant Terzian, Prof. Chryssa Kouveliotou, Prof. Vicky Kalogera, etc.
Officers
The following University Professors served as Presidents of the Society:
George Contopoulos (University of Athens), 1994-1996 & 1996-1998
John Hugh Seiradakis (University of Thessaloniki), 1998-2000 & 2000-2002
Paul Laskarides (University of Athens), 2002-2004 & 2004-2006
Kanaris Tsinganos (University of Athens), 2006-2008 & 2008-2010
Nick Kylafis (Univ. of Crete), 2010-2012 & 2012-2014
Loukas Vlahos (University of Thessaloniki), 2014-2016
Apostolos Mastichiadis (University of Athens), 2016-2018 & 2018-2020
Vassilis Charmandaris (Univ. of Crete), 2020–present
Publications, Conferences and Events
The Society publishes annually a magazine, "Hipparchos" containing scientific articles and news related to greek astronomy in english. Since March 1998 it also issues a monthly electronic newsletter, also in english, which is distributed by e-mail to all members and it is also available in the webpage of the Society.
The Society also organises, since its creation, an international astrophysics conference which takes place every two years in different cities of Greece.
On June 7, 2021 the Council of the Society decided to honour the memory of Prof. John H. Seiradakis, a past president of Hel.A.S. who had contributed substantially to the establishment of the Society, by naming one of the plenary lectures of the conference as "John H. Seiradakis Plenary Lecture". The "J.H. Seiradakis" lecturers have been:
2021 - Dr. Francisco (Paco) Colomer, JIVE Director (The Netherlands)
2023 - Prof. Dr. Michael Kramer, Director Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy (Germany)
A number of public outreach activities are supported by the Society and its members throughout Greece, often is close collaboration with amateur astronomy clubs. A large number of them took place in 2009 to celebrate the Unesco International Year of Astronomy and many others in 2019 on the occasion of the 100 year anniversary of the International Astronomical Union.
Prizes
Hel.A.S. awards every two years the "Best PhD prize of the Society" to a member who has successfully completed their dissertation in astrophysics during the previous 2 years. The person selected is invited to present the results of her/his thesis to the Conference of the Society. The individuals awarded the best PhD prize are the following:
2023: Raphael Skalidis (University of Crete, Greece)
2021: Georgios Valogiannis (Cornell University, USA)
2019: Georgios Vasilopoulos (MPE and Technical University of Munich, Germany)
2017: Ioannis Liodakis (Univ. of Crete, Greece) and Antonios Nathanail (Univ. of Athens, Greece)
2015: Maria Petropoulou (Univ. of Athens, Greece)
2013: Emmanouil Papastergis (Cornell University, USA)
2000: Spyros Basilakos (Univ. of Athens, Greece)
1999: Emmanuel Xilouris (Univ. of Athens, Greece)
1998: Markos Georganopoulos (Boston University, USA)
In September 2020, the Governing Council of the Society decided to rename the prize to "Best PhD thesis prize - Emilios Harlaftis", in honour of the late astrophysicist and member of the Society, Dr. Emilios Harlaftis.
External links
Non-profit organizations based in Greece
Astronomy in Greece |
Box Brazil Play is a Brazilian streaming platform. It is the first streaming platform dedicated exclusively to national content, in addition to content, the platform also broadcasts live programming from several channels, including SBT, CNN Brasil, RedeTV! and Record News. The streaming platform was launched in April 2017 and is operated by the Box Brazil group in partnership with Now from Claro Brasil, the development of the platform was carried out by Container Media Corp.
History
The streaming platform was launched on April 20, 2017, only for some users in the beta version, in May of the same year it was launched only for Box Brazil subscribers and on February 4, 2021, it was launched without restrictions throughout Brazil.
In February 2021, Claro announced a partnership with Box Brazil Play to make all platform content available to Now subscribers, the operator had already done this with STARZPLAY. With the launch on a larger scale, Box Brazil Play made available more than 1500 VOD contents and 20 national TV channels, including Prime Box Brazil, Music Box Brazil, Travel Box Brazil, FashionTV, CNN Brasil, COM Brasil TV.
In August 2020, Box Brazil signed a contract with new broadcasters and also began broadcasting programming from BandSports, BandNews, Band, AgroMais, Sabor & Arte, Arte 1, SBT, Record News and RecordTV.
Content
The platform has exclusive content from several national production companies, making available films, documentaries, series and concerts by Brazilian artists, in addition to including original programming from the Music Box, FashionTV and Prime Box Brazil channels. Among the productions available in the streaming catalog are: A Estrada 47, Amores Urbanos, Paula, Tribos & Impérios, and Through Sombra Não.
Content provider channels
BandSports
BandNews
Record News
CNN Brasil
SBT
RecordTV
RedeTV!
Band
Fish TV
AgroMais
Canal Rural
Canal do Criador
Sabor & Arte
Travel Box Brazil
Arte 1
Prime Box Brazil
Music Box Brazil
FashionTV
Yeeaah
COM Brasil TV
TV Brasil 2
TV Escola
TV Senado
References
2017 establishments in Brazil
Streaming television |
Samy El-Shall (Mohamed Samy El-Shall) is an Egyptian-American physical chemist and a researcher in nanoscience, heterogeneous catalysis, molecular clusters and cluster ions, nucleation and ion mobility. He is the Mary Eugenia Kapp Endowed Chair in Chemistry and Commonwealth Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).
Early life and education
El-Shall was born in Cairo, Egypt, and spent his early life in Cairo. He is the grandson of Sheikh Mahmud Shaltut. He earned his B.S. degree in chemistry in 1976, and M.S. degree in physical chemistry in 1980 both from Cairo University. El-Shall earned his doctoral degree in physical chemistry from Georgetown University in 1985.
Career
El-Shall started his academic career in 1986 as a research associate at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) while working with Howard Reiss on vapor phase nucleation and with Robert L. Whetten on molecular clusters and cluster ions. Since 1989, he has been on the faculty of the Chemistry Department, and has served as the Chair of the Chemistry Department at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) from 2015 to 2021. He is the Mary Eugenia Kapp Endowed Chair in Chemistry and Commonwealth Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).
El-Shall served as a Senior Science Advisor in the Bureau for the Middle East, Middle East Regional Cooperation (MERC) Program of the USAID. He focused on enhancing and expanding joint Arab-Israeli research activities through MERC projects, and has also conducted site project reviews in Israel, Jordan and Egypt to improve collaborative research opportunities across borders and enhance implementation of research results. He also worked on creating new initiatives for young investigators in order to catalyze the next generation of Arab-Israeli research cooperation, and to create long-term sustainable collaborations between Arab and Israeli scientists.
Research
El-Shall's research interests include nanostructured materials, graphene and nanocatalysis for energy and environmental applications, gas phase clusters and vapor phase nucleation. El-Shall is the architect of the concept of cluster polymerization, and intracluster polymerization was first demonstrated in his lab at VCU.
As of 2021, El-Shall has written over 290 publications in refereed journals in the areas of physical chemistry, catalysis and nanoscience. He also holds 11 US patents on the synthesis of nanomaterials, nanoparticle catalysts, graphene, graphene-supported catalysts and graphene-based materials for the removal of pollutants from water.
Nucleation
El-Shall was the first to apply the Resonant Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) technique to selectively generate molecular ions within supersaturated host vapors and study the phenomena of ion-induced nucleation on well-defined ions. He also focused his study on the formation mechanisms of gold–zinc oxide hexagonal nanopyramids through heterogeneous nucleation using microwave synthesis. In 2018, he demonstrated nucleation and growth process of gold nanoparticles initiated by nanosecond and femtosecond laser irradiation of aqueous solutions of [AuCl4]−.
Nanoparticles
His group has also been involved in the development of a novel technique: Laser Vaporization Controlled Condensation (LVCC) for the synthesis of a variety of semiconductor, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. His research lab is currently focused on the applications of graphene in heterogeneous catalysis and energy conversion, and he developed novel microwave and laser methods for the synthesis of nanoparticle catalysts supported on graphene. The recent discovery of efficient photo-thermal energy conversion by graphene-based materials by El-Shall's group has resulted in the development of new materials for efficient solar water desalination and the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water.
Awards and honors
1999 - Outstanding Faculty Award, State Council of Higher Education of Virginia (SCHEV)
2007 - Jabir Ibn Hyyan (Geber) Award, Saudi Chemical Society
2008 - SAE International Award for Research on Automotive Lubricants, Society of Automotive Engineering
2012–13 - Jefferson Science Fellow (JSF), U.S. Department of State and USAID
2012 - Fellow, American Physical Society (APS) "For pioneering contributions to the fields of ion-induced nucleation, ion mobility, thermochemistry and structures of molecular cluster ions, gas phase cluster polymerization, nanostructured materials and nanocatalysis"
2013 - Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) "For Distinguished contributions to the fields of clusters, nucleation, nanostructured materials and nanocatalysis, particularly for the novel synthesis of advanced nanomaterials"
2018 - Virginia Outstanding Scientist, Awarded by the Virginia Governor
2021 - Distinguished Service Award, Virginia Section of the American Chemical Society
Bibliography
Wang, W., Germanenko, I., & El-Shall, M. S. (2002). Room-temperature synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline CdS, ZnS, and Cd x Zn1-x S. Chemistry of Materials, 14(7), 3028–3033.
Panda, A. B., Glaspell, G., & El-Shall, M. S. (2006). Microwave synthesis of highly aligned ultra narrow semiconductor rods and wires. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(9), 2790–2791.
Hassan, H. M., Abdelsayed, V., Abd El Rahman, S. K., AbouZeid, K. M., Terner, J., El-Shall, M. S., Al-Resayes, S. I. & El-Azhary, A. A. (2009). Microwave synthesis of graphene sheets supporting metal nanocrystals in aqueous and organic media. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19(23), 3832–3837.
Abdelsayed, V., Moussa, S., Hassan, H. M., Aluri, H. S., Collinson, M. M., & El-Shall, M. S. (2010). Photothermal deoxygenation of graphite oxide with laser excitation in solution and graphene-aided increase in water temperature. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 1(19), 2804–2809.
Siamaki, A. R., Abd El Rahman, S. K., Abdelsayed, V., El-Shall, M. S., & Gupton, B. F. (2011). Microwave-assisted synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on graphene: A highly active and recyclable catalyst for carbon–carbon cross-coupling reactions. Journal of Catalysis, 279(1), 1–11.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American people of Egyptian descent
Virginia Commonwealth University faculty
Cairo University alumni
Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Physical chemists
Fellows of the American Physical Society |
Oluseyi Ajirotutu (born June 12, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver and special teamer. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Fresno State. He is of Nigerian origin.
Ajirotutu has also played for the Carolina Panthers and Philadelphia Eagles.
Early years
Ajirotutu attended Oak Ridge High School in El Dorado Hills, California from 2001 to 2005. As a junior, Ajirotutu was selected to the First-Team All-League as a defensive back after making 70 tackles and picking off five passes. As a senior during the 2004-2005 season, he caught 77 passes for 1,205 yards and 17 touchdowns, leading all divisions in the Sac-Joaquin section. Ajirotutu had a monster game in the section championship against Del Oro with six receptions for 194 yards and three touchdowns, and at safety he made 15 tackles, eight of them solo. At season's end, he was selected as the Most Valuable Player on the Sacramento Bee All-Metro team after leading Oak Ridge to the Sac-Joaquin Section Division II championship. Additionally, Ajirotutu was selected as the Sierra Conference co-Defensive Player of the Year after tallying 95 tackles, five interceptions and a blocked punt. Ajirotutu was a two-year varsity letter winner and was selected to both the Cal-Hi Sports second-team all-state and the first-team All-NorCal.
College career
In 2005, he redshirted as a freshman. In 2009, he was selected Second Team All-Western Athletic Conference as voted on by the WAC head coaches. Ajirotutu led the Bulldogs with 48 receptions for 671 yards and seven touchdowns.
Professional career
San Diego Chargers (2010)
Ajirotutu was not selected in the 2010 NFL Draft but joined the team shortly after as an undrafted free agent. Ajirotutu received playing time due to the many injuries. He had a breakout game during week 9 on November 7, 2010 when he caught 4 catches for 111 yards and two touchdowns in the Chargers win over the Houston Texans. He ended the season with 13 catches for 262 yards and two touchdowns, and he was waived on September 3, 2011.
Carolina Panthers (2011)
On September 4, 2011, he was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers.
On August 31, 2012, the day directly following their final preseason game in 2012, he was cut by the Panthers.
San Diego Chargers (2012−2014)
On October 29, 2012, Ajirotutu was again signed by the Chargers after Richard Goodman was put on injured reserve for the remainder of the season. Ajirotutu would later be placed on injured reserve for the remainder of the 2012 season.
On August 16, 2013, Ajirotutu was re-signed by the San Diego Chargers. On November 24, he caught a game-winning touchdown pass with 24 seconds left on the clock against the Kansas City Chiefs.
In 2014, he was voted by his teammates as the Chargers' Special Teams Player of the Year
Philadelphia Eagles (2015)
On April 7, 2015, the Philadelphia Eagles signed Ajirotutu to a one-year deal.
Career Statistics
Personal life
Seyi has been married to Autumn Ajirotutu since 2012, who appeared on the E! reality show WAGS for 3 seasons. They are the parents to twin girls Londyn and Laiyah. The couple divorced in 2020 and it was finalized in 2021. His father, Leke, was born in Nigeria.
References
External links
Fresno State Bulldogs football bio
San Diego Chargers bio
cbssports.com
1987 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Fresno State Bulldogs football players
San Diego Chargers players
Sportspeople from Greater Sacramento
Carolina Panthers players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from El Dorado County, California
People from El Dorado Hills, California
American sportspeople of Nigerian descent
Oak Ridge High School (El Dorado Hills, California) |
This is a list of members of Parliament (MPs) elected in the 1835 general election.
List
References
External links
See also
List of parliaments of the United Kingdom
List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (1832–1868) by region
1835 United Kingdom general election
1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
1835-related lists |
Kala Suri Alhaj Kareem Mohideen Baig (, ; 5 December 1919 – 4 November 1991), popularly as Mohideen Baig, was a Sri Lankan musician. One of the most influential singers in Sinhala music, Baig is known particularly for his Buddhist devotional music. He is a Muslim who moved to Sri Lanka from Salem in Tamil Nadu, but of a Hyderabadi Muslim origin. He was considered a highly influential multicultural figure in the country's arts history. Baig is the first award winning citizen of Sri Lanka.
Personal life
Born on 5 December 1918 in Salem South India as the third of the family, Baig belonged to an Indian tribe called Pathan. Baig's paternal lineage is descended from a pro-Islamic lineage with a centuries-old history. His father Kareem Baig served as a police officer in Salem. Bijan B was his mother. He was educated at a school in Salem and received his primary education in music from several music teachers in Salem particularly talented in singing Urdu and Qawali songs.
Kareem and Bijan were the parents of fourteen children, three of whom died in infancy. Baig came to Ceylon in 1931. During this time, Baig's grandfather, Halaldine worked for the Grandpass police and Mohideen's older brother, Aziz worked for the Harbor police. He returned Sri Lanka (then as Ceylon) due to untimely death of his brother Aziz by a boat accident in 1931. At the age of 18, Baig joined the Sri Lanka Army.
Baig was married in 1947 to his own cousin, Sakina Baig. They had 8 children, which include 5 sons – Usman, Haider, Mubarak, Ishaq and Ilyas; and 3 girls –
Rabia, Salima and Moina. His two sons, Ishaq and Ilyas are popular singers who continue the father's legacy.
He also visited Mecca in 1987 under the patronage of Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. It is said that the president invited him to return to his permanent residence in Pakistan. Baig got his name "Alhaj" after his journey to Mecca.
Baig was scheduled to perform in England on 13 and 14 November 1991. Before that he thought of curing his eye ailment. On 3 November 1991, Baig was admitted to a private hospital in Colombo for cataract removal surgery. On the next day, Baig died from an unexpected infection during the surgery. Medical reports stated that the cause of his death was a complication caused by a mismatch between blood pressure and anesthesia. Following Islamic traditions, his funeral was organized within a day and buried at Kuppiyawatta Muslim Cemetery.
Career
During Baig's arrival, he met another Indian Mohammed Gauss, who was born in South India and came to Sri Lanka. Beg participated in the dignitaries' conclave in Colombo with Gauss master. Around that time, Beg was inspired to sing Sinhala songs composed to Hindi tunes at the request of Gauss Master and U.D. Perera. In 1932, Beg was fortunate to sing on Gramophone disc produced by Columbia Records. His first recorded song is Karuna Muhude Namu Gilila sung with K. K. Rajalakshmi at the age of 18. He was a Grade A Singer of the Radio Ceylon who had the ability to singing songs in about four languages.
In 1947, Baig made his singing and acting debut with Shanthi Kumar Seneviratne's film Asokamala and sang the popular song Preethi Preethi. He was given the opportunity to playback singing for the film Umathu Vishwasaya by renowned actor and songwriter Herbert M. Seneviratne. In that film, he made the duet song Sudata Sude with Rukmani. However, he did not get a chance to sing with Rukmini on gramophone discs as they both belong to two competing disc companies – Colombia and HMV respectively. Later, he made several playback duets with songstress and actress Rukmani Devi for the films Iranganie, Mathabedhaya, Perakadoru Bena and Daivayogaya.
In 1956, Baig was fortunate enough to sing the song 2500 Buddha Jayanthi Babalewa Lanka during the Buddha Jayanthi celebrations. Later, Prime Minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike awarded Baig with a Distinguished Citizenship in the same year. Meanwhile he sung Buddhist devotional music and achieved fame with songs such as Buddham Saranam, Maayaa, Giri Hel Mudune, Aadara Nadiya Gala, Pem Mal Maala, Wella Simbina Rella, Anna Sudo, Thaniwai Upanne, and Loke Sihinayak Wageya. This popularity led to appearances at distinguished events such as the country's first Independence Day Ceremony. His Buddhist song Suwande Mata Seethala has been highly popularized in Sri Lanka, where there is hardly a Vesak, Poson festival, pandal, lantern, dansal or any other Buddhist festival in the country where this song is not heard.
In 1956, to celebrate the 2500th Buddha Jayanthi, the Thai government created the Hindi film Angulimala. Baig was the pioneer to screened the film in Sri Lanka with Sinhala dialogues and sang the popular song Buddham Saranam previously sung by Indian singer Manna Dey. Baig went to India and successfully sang the song which lasted for 13.5 minutes. Meanwhile, he also sang a lot of radio simple songs including, Tikiri Menike and Awilla Awilla Sinhala Awurudda. Baig has dueted with H. R. Jothipala, G.S.B. Rani Perera, Latha Walpola, Sujatha Attanayake and K. Jamuna Rani among others.
In 1956, Baig also won the Sarasaviya Award for the Best Playback Singer for the film Allapu Gedara for the song "Piya Salamu Igilli" In the same year, Baig also sang the welcome song in Urdu at the 1976 Non-Aligned Movement Conference in Sri Lanka. In 1982, country's first Kala Suri Award was given to Baig and seven other artists. For the film Sujatha, he playback songs Narilatha Pushpe, Prema Gange Menik and Mayawathi Me Loke were highly popularized. He is also the only Sri Lankan to duet with Lata Mangeshkar in the film Seda Sulang for the song "Idiriyata Yamu Sawoma". At the 1974 Deepashika Awards, he won the Deepashika Award for Best Singer for a most number of films.
Baig has participated in several foreign concerts including 1986 London Music Concert. He last attended an outdoor concert in Wanathamulla, three days before the death in 1991. Baig was an indispensable artist in Sinhala cinema at that time where his voice brought great grandeur to the creation. As a result, he has sung in about 450 Sinhala films with over 9000 songs on the radio, including simple songs and cassettes.
Legacy
On 14 July 2018, The University Arts Association has decided to hold a national commemoration ceremony to mark the first birth centenary of Mohideen Baig. The event was held free of charge at 5.00 pm at the "Govisevana" Grounds in Singakkuliya.
On 20 February 2020, a commemorative stamp was issued in memory of Baig at the Postal Headquarters under the patronage of Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa.
References
External links
අත් දෙක එකතු කරලා කියන්නේ
සිංහල සමාජයේ ගෞරවයට පත් මුස්ලිම්වරු
මොහිදින් බෙග් කලාකරුවා වෙනුවෙන් සමරු මුද්දරයක්
මිනීමරලා අපරාධකරලා ස්වර්ගයට යන්න බෑ
දේශීය සංගීතය ගොඩනැඟූ විදේශීය සංගීතවේදියා
දන මන පිනවන බොදු ගීතය
Sri Lankan playback singers
Sri Lankan Muslims
Sri Lankan people of Indian descent
20th-century Sri Lankan male singers
Sri Lankan Moors
1919 births
1991 deaths |
The Armenian Air Force () is the air arm of the Armed Forces of Armenia formed by independent Armenia in 1992 in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Outside its conventional name, it has also been referred to as the Aviation Department of the Armenian Armed Forces. It is organized and equipped principally to provide Armenian ground forces with tactical air support in the form of ground attack and airlift in mountainous terrain. It provided effective support during the battles with Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh region from 1992 to 1994.
Since 2003, the Armenian government has been funding a modernization and enlargement of the air fleet. The Armenian Air Force sports the Armenak Khanperyants Military Aviation University.
History
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Although Armenia began taking over Soviet weapons shortly following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, it would not be until October 1992 that its nascent air force was able to conduct offensive combat operations. The first Armenian combat loss was suffered on 12 November 1992, when an Mi-24 gunship operating in support of the Armenians' Martuni Offensive was shot down near the village of Kazakh. On 23 November, two Mi-8 transports were hit by ground fire, downing one and seriously damaging another; another Mi-8 was lost on 30 December.
The Azeris initiated a new offensive on 1 January 1993, successfully cutting the Lachin corridor the following day and isolating Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh from resupply from Armenia proper. The Armenian Air Force helped bring up reinforcements for a counterattack that began 7 January. The first day of this action, the Armenian Air Force suffered its worst single-day losses with an Mi-8, Mi-24 and a (possibly Russian) Su-25 shot down; the Su-25 may have been brought down by friendly fire. By the time the Azeri attack had been defeated at the end of the month, another three helicopters and possibly another fighter – reportedly a MiG-21 (and therefore probably Russian) – were lost.
In late March 1993, the Armenians kicked off a new offensive in the north aimed at opening a second supply route from Armenia. Operation Kelbajar involved a four-prong attack which was successful in routing Azerbaijan's 2nd Army Corps and securing control of the region. Armenian Air Force losses for amounted to one Mi-8 helicopter (on 16 April). No aircraft losses were suffered during the subsequent summer offensives of 1993 or in the next year's actions preceding the ceasefire of 16 May 1994.
Although Armenia began working to establish an independent Armenian armed forces as early as 1989, due to a lack of resources, suitably trained personnel and useful infrastructure, the government delayed formally creating an air force until August 1992, and commenced combat operations in October. However, this may not represent the first use of armed aircraft by the Armenians; an Azeri report states that the Armenians allegedly used modified civilian Mi-8 helicopters for bombing civilian targets in the Geranboi region of Azerbaijan in January 1990. The Azeris also claimed Armenian Mi-24 attack helicopters were employed in support of an assault on Shusha in February 1992. Azerbaijani helicopter gunships were also used in fighting in the region.
Establishment of an air force
In January 1992, the General Directorate of Aviation and Air Defense Forces was created as part of the newly created Ministry of Defense of Armenia. In 1992, by order of Minister of Defense Vazgen Sargsyan, the aviation department was separated from the air defense department and became a separate structure, with a separate aviation units and subunits being created. In subsequent years, in parallel with the stages of army construction, various programs for the development and improvement of the air force were implemented. As a result of the reorganization and restructuring of the DOSAAF flying club and the "Arzni" airport and their transfer in 1992 to the Ministry of Defense, the Aviation Training Center was founded. According to its December 1992 declaration for the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, Armenia had inherited only three operational combat aircraft and at least 13 armed helicopters from the former Soviet Union, along with a portion of its air defense network. The armed helicopter came from the former 7th Guards Helicopter Regiment and were taken over in 1991. The identities of the three combat aircraft are uncertain, but may have included one MiG-25 interceptor and two Su-25 ground-attack aircraft, probably from the former Soviet 80th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment at Sitalçay air base in Azerbaijan; the helicopter force comprised Mi-8 transport and Mi-24 attack versions that had been based near Yerevan, Armenia. Other aircraft reportedly taken over by the Armenians in 1991 include six An-2, one An-24 and one An-32 transports, as well as ten Yak-52 trainers.
Territorial conflicts with Azerbaijan instigated a major expansion of Armenia's air and air defense forces in 1993–1994. The bulk of Armenia's aviation-related investment, however, went to greatly strengthening the Armenian Air Defense organization. With Russian technical assistance and contributions of anti-aircraft weapons and equipment, within a year Armenia was able to integrate most of the Soviet radars and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) left in its territory into a coherent and effective air defense system, which it officially declared operational in April 1994. Aircraft additions were few, but by the end of 1994 the Armenian Air Force's inventory had reached an estimated 5–6 operational Su-25s (one has long been non-operational) and possibly one MiG-25 combat aircraft; two L-39 and ten Yak-52 trainers; six An-2, two An-72, one Tu-134, one Tu-154 transport aircraft; and two Mi-2, seven Mi-8/Mi-17, 15 Mi-24 helicopters.
21st century
The Armenian Air Force experienced a major expansion and modernization in 2004–2005. It tripled its fixed-wing combat arm through the procurement of ten surplus Su-25 from Slovakia for a total of US$1 million in August 2004. These twenty-year-old aircraft – which had not been flown for a decade and required work to re-certify their flightworthiness – were delivered in September 2005. The Su-25 receipt was also originally mis-reported as an acquisition of ten Su-27 air superiority fighters, an aircraft the Slovak Air Force never operated. Also in 2004, Armenia received a pair of L-39C trainers from each of Russia and the Ukraine, as well as two Il-76 transports from Russia in May.
Recently, there have been unverified reports that Armenia received up to ten Su-27s from Russia in 2006. This may have been presaged by an Azeri source which reported in October 2005 that Armenia had bought "10 fighter jets", but that, according to Azeri military sources, only 2-3 of the aircraft were Su-27s; the remainder were purportedly Su-25 jets and Mi-24 attack helicopters. Ostensibly, these would have been procured on preferential terms under the provisions of the 2002 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) agreement. To date, however, there has been no confirmation of the receipt of any of these aircraft, and it is possible that any appearance of Su-27s in Armenia may have been a deployment of Russia's own aircraft to its airbase at Yerevan. (It has also been pointed out that the Soviets never based Su-27s in Transcaucasia because it was too difficult an environment for them to operate in. Armenia's small size limits operational maneuver room and makes it difficult for them to climb to sufficient altitude.)
In January 2016, Armenian Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan mentioned that Russia had discussed the possibility of supplying Su-30 fighters to Armenia during a four-day Russian-Armenian intergovernmental commission on bilateral military-technical cooperation. Armenia has ordered four Su-30SMs in February 2019, with deliveries expected to begin in 2020. The country plans to acquire additional Su-30SM aircraft, according to the Armenian Defense Minister David Tonoyan. On 27 December 2019, Armenia has received all four aircraft ahead of schedule. In August 2020, negotiations were under way to acquire a new batch of Su-30SM fighters, according to Armenian Defense Minister David Tonoyan. In March 2021, Nikol Pashinyan, Prime Minister of Armenia, confirmed that Armenia bought Su-30SM fighters without a missile package from Russia.
Organization
Little information has been made public about the Armenian Air Force's organization. It is known that the Air Force operates within a joint Air and Air Defense Force structure, and in 2004 the Air Force comprised four functional units:
121st Ground Attack Aviation Squadron (Gyumri Aviation Military Unit), based at Gyumri
15th Mixed Aviation Regiment, a composite helicopter squadron based at Yerevan
60th Aviation Training Squadron, a training center at Arzni.
Airbases
Armenia's main airbases are located at Erebuni Airport in Yerevan and Shirak Airport in Gyumri, with the addition of a training base at Arzni Airport.
Air Defense Force
The Air Defence Force is part of the Armenian Air Force. It was equipped and organized as part of the military reform program of Ter-Grigoriants. Armenian Air Defence forces comprise an anti-aircraft missile brigade and two regiments armed with 100 missile launchers of mostly Soviet and now Russian manufacture. The previous commander of the Russian Air Force, General Vladimir Mikhaylov, said:"On the one hand, Armenia’s national system of air defence makes us happy", [he said]. "On the other, we will keep helping you, including with means and forces existing at the Russian military base No. 102 which is stationed here".In 1992, the Air Defense Department is established by the order of the Minister of Defense. At the time, about 400 non-commissioned officers were drafted. At the same time, light anti-aircraft defense units were formed in the motorized rifle regiments and brigades, which later turned into batteries and divisions.
Personnel
In the summer of 1993, the Armenian Air Force had a personnel strength of 2,000; this had grown to 3,000 by 2004. Originally dependent on small numbers of returning experienced Armenian military personnel, reservists, conscripts, and contract foreign nationals, during 1993–1994 Armenia established its own military institutions from scratch, among which were its own aviation vocational institute at Yerevan and related training facilities. It remains reliant on conscripts, who serve for 24 months, but also employs volunteers on a contract basis with terms of 3–15 years.
Pilots and technical personnel begin their training at the Military Aviation Institute in Yerevan, which was established in 1993. Pilot candidates undertake a basic and primary flying training course which includes 80 hours on the Yak-52 and is followed by 60 hours of jet conversion and advanced training on the L-39. This training is conducted at the airbase at Arzni (sometimes misidentified as Areni), a former Soviet DOSAAF base located northeast of Yerevan. In 2005, the facility also operated a single Yak-18 aerobatic trainer for drop training of paratroopers. A pair of Mi-2 helicopters were also kept available for training helicopter air crews. Type conversion and advanced tactical training are conducted at operational units.
International cooperation
Armenian and Russian air and air defense forces are closely integrated. To help redress its relative military weaknesses compared to Azerbaijan and Turkey, on 16 March 1995 Armenia signed a treaty with Russia giving the latter a 25-year-long military presence in Armenia. A follow-on agreement defining terms and conditions was signed 27 September 1996 which authorized the establishment of Russian aviation bases at Gyumri and Yerevan. Russian aviation forces in Armenia comprise 18 MiG-29 fighters of the 426th Fighter Squadron and the 700th Air Traffic Control Center, both at the 3624th Air Base at Erebuni Airport outside Yerevan. Russian MiG-29s arrived in four separate batches: five on 16 December 1998, five on 26 February 1999, four more on 18 June and the final four on 22 October 1999. This serial deployment of Russian aircraft to their Armenian base was initially misinterpreted as deliveries to the Armenian Air Force. The Russian MiG-29s may have supplanted an earlier deployment of MiG-23 fighters, as there have been unconfirmed reports of the latter being in service around that time, with the combined number of MiG-23s and MiG-29s at Yerevan possibly reaching as many as 30 aircraft. (There have also been unsubstantiated rumors of Armenian MiG-23 receipts.)
The Armenian Air Force participates in the CSTO's annual air defense exercises.
Commanders
General Stepan Galstyan (2003-2009)
Major General Avetik Muradyan (until March 2019)
Equipment
Aircraft
In February 2019, Armenia contracted to purchase 4 Su-30SM fighters for $100 million without missiles package. The aircraft were built by the Irkutsk Aviation Factory and were delivered in late December 2019. These Su-30 were left unused in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war as a result of the purchase of aircraft without missiles.
Air Defense
Accidents and Incidents
4 November 2008: An Armenian Air Force Mi-24 attack helicopter crashed as it was preparing for a training flight, killing pilot Captain Arshak Nersisyan.
12 November 2014: 2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown.
15 May 2017: 9K33 Osa of Armenian short-range air defence system was destroyed by Azerbaijani Armed Forces on Khojavand-Fizuli direction in Karabakh.
4 December 2018: An Armenian Air Force Su-25UBK two-seater trainer crashed near the town of Maralik in the Shirak region of Armenia, killing both pilots, Lieutenant Colonel Armen Babayan and Major Movses Manukyan.
29 September 2020: During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict an Armenian Su-25 was allegedly shot down by a Turkish F-16, showing the pictures of the crash site. The Turkish and Azerbaijani governments denied the Armenian claim, saying that two Armenian Su-25 crashed due to non-combat related causes.
See also
Armenian Army
Military history of Armenia
1958 C-130 shootdown incident
References
Military units and formations established in 1992 |
Zigmas Angarietis (born Zigmontas Antanas Aleksa, ; June 13, 1882 – May 22, 1940) was a Lithuanian communist and revolutionary, one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Lithuania. He was one of the main people behind the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919) and Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel). Angarietis was arrested in 1938 during the Great Purge and executed two years later. During his lifetime he wrote over a hundred Marxist–Leninist works.
Early life and education
Angarietis was born in in the Suwałki Governorate of Vistula Land (present-day Lithuania) to a family of wealthy landowners. His brothers Jonas Aleksa became Lithuanian Minister of Agriculture and Konradas Aleksa was a professor at the Lithuanian Agricultural Academy. After graduation from Marijampolė Gymnasium, Angarietis enrolled at the Warsaw Veterinary Institute in 1902. In his memoirs, Angarietis claimed that at the age of 15 he read The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State by Friedrich Engels which left a lasting impression on him and turned him to socialism. In Warsaw, he became acquainted with activists from the Polish Socialist Party and the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia. For anti-Tsarist protests leading to the Revolution of 1905, he was arrested, expelled from the institute, and served a 6.5-month prison sentence in 1904. The experience prompted Angarietis to devote his life for communist causes.
Active revolutionary
Angarietis returned to Lithuania. His family did not approve his revolutionary activities and he severed all ties with them after workers at his father's farm staged a strike and his father called the police to subdue the protest. Angarietis joined the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania in 1906 and was elected to its Central Committee in 1907. He believed that the Lithuanian party should merge with the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and become its territorial organization (similar to the Social Democracy of the Latvian Territory). In 1908–1909, he organized publication of illegal newspaper Darbininkų žodis (Voice of Workers) in Marijampolė. For that he was arrested in June 1909 and received a four-year sentence in September 1911. During his arrest and trial, he was imprisoned in Suwałki where he had access to a library and was able to write. His works were smuggled out of the prison and later published in the United States. According to communist historian , 13 works by Angarietis were published in the United States in 1909–1917. In October 1911, he was transferred to Pskov where living conditions were considerably worse. Yet he still continued to write letters and articles, often using pieces of newspapers or packaging for paper.
Upon his release in 1915, he was exiled near Minusinsk in the Yeniseysk Governorate. In the exile, Angarietis got acquainted with Elena Stasova and other communists and became involved with the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolsheviks) (RSDLP(b)) joining its ranks in 1916. He wrote many articles to communist and social democratic press using the pen name Angarietis (from the Angara River) which later became his last name. After the February Revolution, he moved to Petrograd and became actively involved with the Central Bureau of Lithuanian Sections of RSDLP(b). Together with Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas he planned a socialist revolution in Lithuania. In March 1918, Angarietis was sent to Voronezh and tasked with printing communist literature at a nationalized Lithuanian press. He edited newspaper Tiesa, published numerous books, and otherwise spread the communist ideology among Lithuanian war refugees.
In November 1918, Angarietis returned to Lithuania and helped organizing the Communist Party of Lithuania (CPL) and Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belorussia. He became People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919) and Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel). However, when Soviet Russia lost the Polish–Soviet and Lithuanian–Soviet Wars, these communist states collapsed and CPL was outlawed in Lithuania.
Ideological work
After the failure to establish the communist rule in Lithuania, Angarietis retreated to Russia to never visit Lithuania again. First he lived in Smolensk (1920–1922) then in Moscow. Angarietis remained involved with CPL, remaining a member of its Politburo and supervising its underground activities. He wrote numerous books, essays, and pamphlets – his typewritten manuscripts were collected in 48 volumes of 200–300 pages each. Šarmaitis counted a total of 147 works published as separate works, mostly booklets and brochures, before 1940. However, attribution is sometimes difficult as Angarietis wrote under a plethora of pseudonyms. Many of his works were devoted to the history of the Communist Party and the revolutionary movement tracing the class conflict since the feudalism. In 1921, he wrote a 480-page manuscript on the history of CPL and accused Kapsukas of many practical and ideological mistakes that led to their failure. The conflict was quickly suppressed by Russian communist leaders.
He also edited 18-volume collected works by Lenin and various newspapers, including Komunistas (Communist, 1918–1939), Kibirkštis (Spark, 1924–1926), Balsas (Voice, 1929–1933), Partijos darbas (Work of the Party, 1931–1933). He also taught party history and other subjects to Lithuanian communists at the Communist University of the National Minorities of the West and the International Lenin School.
Angarietis was a CPL representative and contact person at the Comintern. He was a delegate at the 3–7th Congresses of the Comintern. During the 5–7th Congresses he was elected to the International Control Commission, of which he was secretary in 1926–1935. He was also a delegate to the 6th, 8th, 10th, 12–17th Congresses of the Russian Communist Party.
Death and legacy
Angarietis was arrested in March 1938 during the Great Purge and died two years later in a Moscow prison. He was rehabilitated in 1956 during the de-Stalinization campaign. A monument to Angarietis by sculptor Alfonsas Vincentas Ambraziūnas was unveiled in Vilnius in 1972, his 90th birth anniversary. A school in Šakiai, kolkhoz in his native Obelupiai, and streets in Vilnius, Panevėžys, and Kalvarija were named in his honor. After Lithuania restored independence in 1990, the streets were renamed and the monument was moved to the Grūtas Park.
In popular culture
Angarietis is portrayed by the actor Milan Marić in the Serbian television series Vreme zla (Times of Evil) based upon a series of novels of the same name by Dobrica Ćosić.
References
1882 births
1940 deaths
People from Vilkaviškis District Municipality
People from Suwałki Governorate
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania politicians
Old Bolsheviks
Left communists
Communist Party of Lithuania politicians
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19) people
Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic people
Comintern people
Lithuanian Marxists
20th-century Lithuanian historians
Marxist historians
Lithuanian exiles
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
Great Purge victims from Lithuania
Soviet rehabilitations
Tiesa editors
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union |
Saint-Goazec (; ) in commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.
Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Goazec are called in French Saint-Goaziens. The commune's population peaks in 1906.
Geography
Saint-Goazec lies on the northern slope of the Montagnes Noires (french, Black Mountains). The canal de Nantes à Brest, which is the canalized river Aulne, forms the commune's northern border.
Map
See also
Communes of the Finistère department
Listing of the works of the atelier of the Maître de Tronoën
References
External links
Official website
Mayors of Finistère Association
Communes of Finistère |
The 2018 Hardee's Pro Classic was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the eighteenth edition of the tournament and was part of the 2018 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Dothan, United States, on 16–22 April 2018.
Singles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings as of 9 April 2018.
Other entrants
The following players received a wildcard into the singles main draw:
Sophie Chang
Ashley Kratzer
Katerina Stewart
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Francesca Di Lorenzo
Deniz Khazaniuk
Marine Partaud
Camilla Rosatello
Champions
Singles
Taylor Townsend def. Mariana Duque Mariño, 6–2, 2–6, 6–1
Doubles
Alexa Guarachi / Erin Routliffe def. Sofia Kenin / Jamie Loeb, 6–4, 2–6, [11–9]
External links
Official website
2018 Hardee's Pro Classic at ITFtennis.com
2018 ITF Women's Circuit
2018 in American tennis
Hardee's Pro Classic
Hardee's Pro Classic |
Francisco Urroz may refer to:
Francisco Urroz (footballer)
Francisco Urroz (rugby union) |
Gardinerichthys is an extinct genus of freshwater actinopterygian bony fish from the Cisuralian (early Permian) epoch of Germany (Rhineland-Palatine, Saarland), and the middle Permian of India (Jammu and Kashmir). The type species, G. latus, was discovered in Asselian aged layers (Rotliegend).
The genus is named after British palaeontologist and zoologist Brian G. Gardiner (1932 - 2021), the second part of the name means 'fish' in ().
See also
Prehistoric fish
List of prehistoric bony fish
References
External links
Bony fish in the online Sepkoski Database
Palaeonisciformes
Permian fish
Permian Germany
Asselian life
Paleozoic fish of Europe
Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera |
Lavertezzo is a municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
History
Lavertezzo is first mentioned in 1327 as Laverteze. In the Middle Ages, Lavertezzo was a Squadra of the Vicinanza of Verzasca. For centuries, the people lived in the summer months in the Verzasca valley and migrated in the winter, with their cattle, to the lower valleys. After the dissolution of Terricciole in 1920, a shared territory between Locarno, Minusio and Mergoscia, the settlement of Riazzino was allocated to Lavertezzo.
The parish church of Madonna degli Angeli was built in the 18th century. Lavertezzo became an independent parish in the 16th century, when it separated from Vogorno. It was granted a provost in 1806.
The double arch stone bridge was built in the 17th century and is one of the most distinctive sights in the village. The economy in the valley consisted mainly of farming and grazing. There was added income, from emigrants who went to Italy, especially Palermo. In 1873, they began to systematically produce granite from quarries in Lavertezzo. In the last decades of the 20th century Riazzino developed into a shopping and recreation center. By 2000, the agricultural sector still provided a good one-tenth of the jobs in Lavertezzo.
Geography
Lavertezzo has an area, , of . Of this area, or 1.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 50.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 0.9% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.7% is either rivers or lakes and or 39.3% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.1%. Out of the forested land, 36.8% of the total land area is heavily forested, while 11.4% is covered in small trees and shrubbery and 2.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.4% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 23.4% is unproductive vegetation and 15.9% is too rocky for vegetation.
The municipality is located in the Locarno district. It consists of the village of Lavertezzo in the Verzasca valley (with the hamlets of Aquino, Rancone and Sambugaro) and the exclave of Lavertezzo Piano in the Magadino valley (with the village sections of Riazzino, Montedato and Bugaro).
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a pelican in her piety argent voulned gules. The coat of arms comes from the arms of Bishop Aurelio Bacciarini.
Demographics
Lavertezzo has a population () of . , 23.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 15.1%.
Most of the population () speaks Italian (82.6%), with German being second most common (9.2%) and Serbian or Croatian language being third (2.6%). Of the Swiss national languages (), 101 speak German, 11 people speak French, 907 people speak Italian. The remainder (79 people) speak another language.
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.7% male and 50.3% female. The population was made up of 439 Swiss men (35.8% of the population), and 170 (13.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 489 Swiss women (39.9%), and 128 (10.4%) non-Swiss women.
In , there were 11 live births to Swiss citizens and 3 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 7 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 4 while the foreign population increased by 2. There were 3 Swiss men and 2 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 6 non-Swiss men and 4 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 15 and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.2%.
The age distribution, , in Lavertezzo is; 134 children or 10.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 127 teenagers or 10.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 146 people or 11.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 181 people or 14.8% are between 30 and 39, 231 people or 18.8% are between 40 and 49, and 149 people or 12.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 120 people or 9.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 90 people or 7.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 48 people or 3.9% who are over 80.
, there were 450 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. there were 374 single family homes (or 82.0% of the total) out of a total of 456 inhabited buildings. There were 52 two family buildings (11.4%) and 14 multi-family buildings (3.1%). There were also 16 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).
The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.13%. there were 709 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 4 room apartment of which there were 223. There were 39 single room apartments and 116 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 450 apartments (63.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 250 apartments (35.3%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (1.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 7.4 new units per 1000 residents.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Sights
The entire village of Lavertezzo is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 26.19% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (25.45%), the SP (18.51%) and the Ticino League (12.87%). In the federal election, a total of 266 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 36.3%.
In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 713 registered voters in Lavertezzo, of which 401 or 56.2% voted. 2 blank ballots and 2 null ballots were cast, leaving 397 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 104 or 26.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 79 or 19.9%), the SSI (with 74 or 18.6%) and the PS (with 58 or 14.6%).
In the Consiglio di Stato election, 2 blank ballots and 3 null ballots were cast, leaving 396 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PPD which received 97 or 24.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the LEGA (with 93 or 23.5%), the PLRT (with 69 or 17.4%) and the PS (with 62 or 15.7%).
Economy
, Lavertezzo had an unemployment rate of 4.71%. , there were 27 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 344 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 21 businesses in this sector. 228 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 59 businesses in this sector. There were 523 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.5% of the workforce.
, there were 579 workers who commuted into the municipality and 384 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.5 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 40.2% of the workforce coming into Lavertezzo are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 8.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 67.9% used a private car.
, there were 2 hotels in Lavertezzo.
Religion
According to the , 840 or 76.5% were Roman Catholic, while 119 or 10.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 96 individuals (or about 8.74% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 43 individuals (or about 3.92% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Lavertezzo about 61.7% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
In Lavertezzo there were a total of 221 students (). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Lavertezzo there were 44 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the village, 74 students attended the standard primary schools and 3 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 50 students in the two-year middle school, while 6 students were in the four-year advanced program.
The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 15 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 28 who attend part-time.
The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There was 1 student in the professional program.
, there were 99 students from Lavertezzo who attended schools outside the municipality.
References
Municipalities of Ticino |
The Ghirardelli Chocolate Company is an American confectioner, wholly owned by Swiss confectioner Lindt & Sprüngli. The company was founded by and is named after Italian chocolatier Domenico Ghirardelli, who, after working in South America, moved to California. The Ghirardelli Chocolate Company was incorporated in 1852, and is the third-oldest chocolate company in the US, after Baker's Chocolate and Whitman's.
History
Origins
In 1817, Domenico Ghirardelli was born in Rapallo, Italy, to an "exotic foods importer" and his wife. Domenico received his first education in the chocolate trade when he was apprenticed to a local candymaker as a child. By the time he was 20, Ghirardelli had sailed to Uruguay with his wife to work in a chocolate and coffee business. A year later, Ghirardelli moved to Lima, Peru, and opened a confectionery store. In 1847, nine years later, James Lick (Ghirardelli's neighbor) moved to San Francisco, California, with of Ghirardelli's chocolate. Ghirardelli remained and continued to operate his store in Peru.
The move to California
In 1849, Ghirardelli received news of the gold strike at Sutter's Mill and sailed to California. After doing some prospecting, Ghirardelli opened a general store in Stockton, California, offering supplies and confections to fellow miners. Ghirardelli's tent-based store was one of the first shops set up in the area.
Several months later, Ghirardelli opened a second store on the corner of Broadway and Battery in San Francisco, which became, in 1850, his first establishment in that city.
Ghirardelli had a general store in Hornitos, California, between 1856 and 1859, during a gold rush, where he perfected his chocolate recipes. The remains of the store can still be seen in town.
Early history in San Francisco
A fire on May 3, 1851, destroyed Ghirardelli's San Francisco business, and a few days later, his Stockton store also burned down. However, in September of the same year, Ghirardelli used his remaining assets to open the Cairo Coffee House in San Francisco. This business venture proved unsuccessful, and Ghirardelli opened a new store, named Ghirardely & Girard, on the corner of Washington and Kearny Streets in San Francisco. Soon afterward, Ghirardelli was making enough money to send for his family, who were still living in Peru. He changed the company's name to D. Ghirardelli & Co. and, in 1852, imported of cocoa beans. The company was incorporated in 1852 and has been in continuous operation since.
The next year, in 1853, the business relocated to the corner of Jackson and Mason Streets. By 1855, a larger manufacturing facility was needed, and so the factory was moved to the corner of Greenwich and Powell Streets, while the office remained at the previous location. During this time, the company sold liquor, but dropped their line of alcoholic products sometime after 1871. By 1866, the company was importing of cocoa seeds a year. By that time, the company not only sold chocolate, but also coffee and spices to the United States, China, Japan, and Mexico. In 1885, the company imported of cocoa seeds.
In 1892, Ghirardelli retired as head of the company and was replaced by his three sons. Two years later, on January 17, 1894, Ghirardelli died at age 77 in Rapallo, Italy.
1900-present
By 1900, Ghirardelli's company was selling only chocolate and mustard, having sold its coffee and spices businesses. Further expansion over the years into different buildings allowed the company to expand into new markets and grow financially. In 1965, San Francisco declared Ghirardelli Square (where many of the Ghirardelli buildings were constructed) an official city landmark. Two years later, production facilities moved to San Leandro, California ().
Since the 1960s Ghirardelli has also moved to focus on a restaurant division by selling ice cream sundaes, complete with their famous hot fudge chocolate sauce. In one of their earliest menus from the 1960s they featured five "Nob Hill Sundaes" all named after different landmarks, historical aspects, or local figures from San Francisco (Twin Peaks, Golden Gate Banana Split, Strike it Rich, The Rock, and the Emperor Norton). As of 2019, they featured over 15 different sundaes.
In 1963, Ghirardelli Chocolate Company was bought by the Golden Grain Macaroni Company, maker of Rice-A-Roni. Later, in 1986, Quaker Oats bought Golden Grain, and thus Ghirardelli. In 1992, Quaker Oats sold the Ghirardelli Chocolate division to a private investment group. John J. Anton, from that group, became the president and CEO of the newly independent Ghirardelli Chocolate Company. In 1998, Lindt and Sprüngli, from Switzerland, acquired Ghirardelli Chocolate Company as a wholly owned subsidiary of its holding company.
Production
According to their own website, Ghirardelli is one of the few chocolate companies in the United States to control every aspect of its chocolate manufacturing process, rejecting up to 40% of the cocoa seeds shipped in order to select what the company calls the "highest quality" seeds. The company then roasts the cocoa seeds in-house by removing the outer shell on the seed and roasting the inside of the seed, or the nibs. The chocolate is then ground and refined until the particles are in size.
Products
Ghirardelli produces several flavors of chocolate. The chocolate is sold in bar form or in miniature squares.
Ghirardelli also sells food service items, like chocolate beverages and flavored sauces, to other retailers.
Issues found
In 2015, an independent laboratory tested over 120 chocolate products for lead and cadmium, and found that 96 of the 127 of them contained lead and/or cadmium above the safety threshold defined by California's Proposition 65.
Based on these results, As You Sow filed notices with over 20 companies, including Ghirardelli and Trader Joe's, for failing to provide the legally required warning to consumers that their chocolate products contain cadmium, lead, or both. The suit was settled in 2018.
See also
Abuelita, brand name of Mexican-based hot chocolate
Ibarra, brand name of Mexican-based hot chocolate
List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers
References
External links
Lindt website
Images of the Ghirardelli factory ca. 1919, The Bancroft Library
Companies based in San Leandro, California
Brand name chocolate
Disney California Adventure
Food and drink in the San Francisco Bay Area
Chocolate companies based in California
Food and drink companies established in 1852
1852 establishments in California
Manufacturing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
American chocolate companies
American subsidiaries of foreign companies |
Vatica latiffii is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is endemic to Sarawak on Borneo.
It is a Critically endangered species threatened by habitat loss.
References
latiffii
Endemic flora of Borneo
Trees of Borneo
Plants described in 2015 |
```yaml
Parameters:
Param1:
Type: String
Param2:
Type: String
BucketName:
Type: String
Conditions:
condition1:
Fn::Equals:
- Ref: Param1
- "1"
condition2:
Fn::Equals:
- Ref: Param2
- "1"
condition3:
{{ intrinsic_fn }}:
- Condition: condition1
- Condition: condition2
Resources:
MyBucket:
Type: AWS::S3::Bucket
Properties:
BucketName: !Ref BucketName
Condition: condition3
``` |
Jana Andrsová (Večtomová; 8 August 1939 – 16 February 2023) was a Czech ballerina and actress. In 1957 she graduated from the Dance Conservatory in Prague and began to work with the Vitus Nejedly Army Art Ensemble.
Laterna Magika
From 1959 to 1978, Andrsová worked with Josef Svoboda's avant-garde multimedia company Laterna Magika, initially as a chorus girl and later (beginning in 1973) as a prima ballerina. In Allen Hughes' review of the company's August 1964 Carnegie Hall debut of a presentation that gave 23 performances at that venue under the direction of Miloš Forman, they are described as "a Czech theatrical spectacle that first came to international attention at the Brussels World's Fair." In 1966 Andrsová starred in Alfréd Radok's choreographed multimedia production Laterna Magika: Variation 66, The Opening of the Wells, cowritten by Forman in collaboration with Jan Švankmajer.
Retirement and death
In retirement, Andrsová continued to make stage appearances. In 2014 (also a 2016 reprise) she performed as elderly virtuous heroine Madame de Rosemonde in the National Theatre Ballet world premiere production of Valmont, choreographer Libor Vaculík's adaptation of Les Liaisons dangereuses.
Andrsová died on 16 February 2023, at the age of 83.
Filmography
Strakonický dudák (1955) – wood nymph
Jak se Franta naučil bát (1959) – miller's daughter Veronika
Rusalka (1962) – Rusalka (part sung by Milada Šubrtová)
Hoffmannovy povídky (1962) – Olympia
Dvanáctého (1963) – dancer
Svět je báječné místo k narození (1968) – herself
Bludiště moci (1969) – ballerina
Kočičí princ (1978) – mother
Notes
References
External Links
1939 births
2023 deaths
20th-century Czech actresses
Czechoslovak actresses
Czech dancers
Actresses from Prague
Prima ballerinas
Czech ballerinas |
Aleksey Yuryevich Nagin (; 21 March 1981 – 20 September 2022) was a Russian army officer. He was the commander of one of the assault detachments of the Wagner Group. He was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation posthumously when he was killed in action in the Battle of Bakhmut, as well as the Hero of the Donetsk People's Republic.
Biography
Aleskey Nagin was born on 21 March 1981 in Vertyachy in the Gorodishchensky district of the Volgograd Oblast, to his father, Yury Viktorovich, who is a former military man, and Galina Andreevna Zayler-Ivanova.
As a child, he did karate. After graduating from high school, he studied at a technical school.
Nagin was drafted into the Armed Forces of Russia, and was a participant in the hostilities in Chechnya. After completing his military service, he signed a contract.
Nagin was part of the fighting in the Russo-Georgian War. Then he moved to the FSB special forces in Volgograd as a reconnaissance sniper. From 2014 to 2016, he was an instructor for training scouts in Crimea. In the end, Nagin quit the FSB and joined the Wagner Group. He was participating in the Syrian civil war, as he spent 3 years there, and the Second Libyan Civil War.
In 2022, Nagin participated in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 12 May he was seriously wounded. After a long treatment in August he returned to the service. On 20 September 2022, Nagin was killed in action in the Battle of Bakhmut. He was buried in Volgograd at the Dimitrievsky cemetery.
Personal life
He was not married. In battles, he was repeatedly wounded and shell-shocked. Co-author of the films "Sunshine" and "Best in Hell".
References
1981 births
2022 deaths
Russian screenwriters
Russian propagandists
People of the Wagner Group
Military snipers
People of the Federal Security Service
Military personnel of the Russo-Georgian War
Russian military personnel of the Syrian civil war
Heroes of the Russian Federation
People from Volgograd Oblast
Battle of Bakhmut
Russian military personnel killed in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Recipients of the Order of Courage (Russia) |
```css
/*
This stylesheet includes all classes rendered by the feed
as well as most useful element/childelement/pseudoelement
relationships
*/
/* Holds the entire list */
.tweets {
position:relative;
max-width:100%;
}
/* All links in the feed */
.tweets a {
}
.tweets a:hover {
text-decoration:underline;
}
/* Outer tweet wrapper */
.tweet {
border-top:1px solid #ededed;
padding:16px 5px 8px;
}
.tweet:first-child {
border-top:none;
}
.tweet:nth-child(even) {
}
/* Inner tweet wrapper */
.tweet_content {
padding-left:55px;
}
/* The profile pic
Default size of said pic is 48px by 48px */
.tweet_profile_img {
position:absolute;
margin:0 0 0 -55px;
}
.tweet_profile_img a {
}
.tweet_profile_img a img {
border:1px solid #dbdbdb;
}
/* Display name/@screen name */
.tweet_header,
.tweet_primary_meta {
font-weight:bold;
}
.tweet_user {
}
.tweet_screen_name {
opacity:0.6;
}
/* The tweet text */
.tweet_text {
margin:3px 0 7px;
}
/* Tweet footer */
.tweet_footer,
.tweet_secondary_meta {
font-size:79%;
}
/* Tweet meta info */
.tweet_footer a,
.tweet_seondary_meta a {
}
.tweet_date {
display:inline-block;
color:#a0a0a0;
}
.tweet_retweet {
display:block;
color:#a0a0a0;
}
.tweet_retweet a {
}
.tweet_retweet .tweet_icon_retweet {
background-position:-80px -3px;
}
/* Tweet actions */
.tweet_intents {
height:auto;
}
.tweet_intents .tweet_intent {
display:inline-block;
margin-left:10px;
}
.tweet_intents .tweet_intent:first-child {
margin-left:0;
}
.tweet_intents .tweet_intent b {
font-weight:normal;
}
.tweet_intent_reply .tweet_icon_reply {
background-position:-1px -1px;
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.tweet_intent_reply:hover .tweet_icon_reply {
background-position:-17px -1px;
}
.tweet_intent_retweet .tweet_icon_retweet {
background-position:-80px -3px;
}
.tweet_intent_retweet:hover .tweet_icon_retweet {
background-position:-96px -3px;
}
.tweet_intent_retweet:active .tweet_icon_retweet {
background-position:-112px -3px;
}
.tweet_intent_favourite .tweet_icon_favourite {
background-position:-33px -1px;
}
.tweet_intent_favourite:hover .tweet_icon_favourite {
background-position:-49px -1px;
}
.tweet_intent_favourite:active .tweet_icon_favourite {
background-position:-65px -1px;
}
/* Icon styling */
.tweet_icon {
margin-right:3px;
}
.tweet_icon_reply,
.tweet_icon_retweet,
.tweet_icon_favourite {
display:inline-block;
background-image:url('intent-icon-sprite.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}
.tweet_icon_reply {
position:relative;
width:13px;
height:13px;
top:1px;
}
.tweet_icon_retweet {
width:16px;
height:10px;
}
.tweet_icon_favourite {
position:relative;
width:15px;
height:15px;
top:3px;
}
@media screen and (max-width:400px) {
.tweet_intents .tweet_intent {
padding:2px 12px;
}
.tweet_icon {
margin:0;
}
.tweet_intent_txt {
display:none;
}
}
``` |
The Way of All Men is a 1930 American Pre-Code drama film directed by Frank Lloyd and starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Dorothy Revier and Noah Beery. It was produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. The film was based on the story entitled "The Sin Flood", by Henning Berger and appeared as a silent in 1922 also directed by Frank Lloyd. In 1931, the studio remade the film in German as The Mask Falls.
Plot
Billy Bear (Fairbanks) is a broker's clerk who has recently been fired because some information has been leaked to a rival broker. Billy goes to work with the rival broker, offering him valuable information about his former employer. Fairbanks falls in love with his employer's daughter, Edna (Mathews), a wealthy socialite. Billy abandons his old girlfriend, Poppy (Revier), who is a showgirl.
One a hot summer's day, Billy goes to a luxurious underground bar, run by Stratton (Beery). A tornado descends on the town, the river rises, and suddenly they find themselves trapped in the bar by a break in the levee which pours the flood waters through the streets of the town, which is situated below sea level.
A number of people flee into the bar just before the steel flood doors are closed and locked tight, making the place air-tight and safe from water. The film now focuses on the people trapped in the bar and how they act when they are facing circumstances where they are all facing death in a matter of hours. The majority of the trapped people completely change their normal way of acting and attempt to make amends for the things they regret having done. Billy asks Poppy for her forgiveness and professes his love for her. The two brokers, who have been lifelong enemies, shake hands. An ex-minister converts a crooked politician who had destroyed his home. Stratton's bartender confesses to him that he has been stealing money from the cash register. Stratton confesses that perhaps he hasn't been paying his bartender as much as he should have.
As everyone begins to realize that their oxygen is running out, they decide to open the flood gates, preferring a quick death to a drawn-out one. When the gates are open, everyone is surprised to find that the sun is shining and they are free from danger. The majority of those that were trapped quickly return to their original traits and old enmities are renewed once again. Billy, however, does not go back on his promise of marrying Poppy and the two are happily united.
Cast
Douglas Fairbanks Jr. as Billy Bear
Dorothy Revier as Poppy
Noah Beery as Stratton
Dorothy Mathews as Edna
Robert Edeson as Swift
Anders Randolf as Frazer
Ivan F. Simpson as Higgins
William Orlamond as Nordling
Wade Boteler as Charlie
William Courtenay as Preacher
Foreign-language versions
One foreign-language version of the 1930 version of The Way of All Men was produced. The German version was titled Die Maske fällt and was directed by William Dieterle.
Preservation status
No film elements are known to survive. Only stills and advertising material like lantern slides, lobby posters and window cards survive as visual elements. The soundtrack, which was recorded on Vitaphone disks, may survive in private hands.
See also
List of lost films
List of early Warner Bros. sound and talking features
References
External links
1930 films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Frank Lloyd
Lost American drama films
American multilingual films
American black-and-white films
1930 drama films
Warner Bros. films
1930 multilingual films
1930 lost films
1930s American films |
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