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Nevoľné () is a village and municipality in Žiar nad Hronom District in the Banská Bystrica Region of central Slovakia, 6 kilometres from Kremnica town. The village is mentioned first in archive documents in 1487.
Notable people
Blažej Baláž, artist
Rudolf Baláž, Roman Catholic bishop
External links
Nevoľné official site
Google satellite spot of Nevoľné
Villages and municipalities in Žiar nad Hronom District |
James Richard Geoffrey Lawrence (born 29 November 1976 in Portsmouth) is a former English cricketer. He was a right-handed tail-end batsman and a left-arm medium-fast bowler who played first-class cricket for Durham in 1995 and British Universities in 1998.
James Lawrence represented Durham in one match during the 1995 County Championship. From 1997 to 1999 he played in three consecutive finals in the Halifax British Universities Sports Association Championship, two of which were won by his Durham University team. He also played two matches in the Benson & Hedges Cup competition in 1998, before making his second and final first-class appearance, for British Universities against the New Zealanders.
References
External links
James Lawrence at CricketArchive
1976 births
English cricketers
Durham cricketers
Living people
Cricketers from Portsmouth
British Universities cricketers
Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham
Durham MCCU cricketers |
Barbara Petrongolo is an Italian economist, professor, researcher, and writer. She is currently a professor at Queen Mary University of London, Director of the Labour Economics Programme at the Centre for Economic Policy Research, Research Associate at the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics, and Co-editor of the Economic Journal which is world renowned for being one of the founding economic journals. Petrongolo previously worked at the London School of Economics, the Paris School of Economics and the Universidad Carlos III (Madrid). Petrongolo's economic research focuses on labour economics.
Education and work
Petrongolo was born in Pisa, Italy. She began studying economics at the University of Pisa and Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, where she acquired her Bachelor of Arts in 1993. She continued her studies in economics through the London School of Economics. Petrongolo obtained her Masters of Science (MSc) in Economics in 1994 and her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Economics in 1998. Her doctoral thesis was titled Job matching and unemployment: Applications to the UK labour market and international comparisons.
In 1997, Petrongolo became employed as an assistant professor in economics at the Universidad Carlos III in Madrid. Petrongolo later returned to the London School of Economics in 2001 as a lecturer in economics. Between 2009-2012, Petrongolo held the Chaire Ile de France at the Paris School of Economics. She then joined Queen Mary University of London in 2010 as a professor of economics, where she currently teaches.
Selected publications
"How Local Are Labour Markets? Evidence from a Spatial Job Search Model" (2017)
Barbara Petrongolo and co-author Alan Manning analyzed search strategies of the unemployed to determine if labour markets were local or not. They discuss how local labour market policies must be appropriate for the size of the market it is targeting in order to be effective. They also created their own model to address the fact that the economy cannot be separated into non-overlapping segments, as previous models have done. This allowed them to test how local shocks effect labour demand and labour mobility.
As previous literatures evaluated the economy as non-overlapping segments, it did not lead to the correct conclusion of whether labour markets were local or not. With Petrongolo and Manning's new overlapping model, they were able to characterize the job searching strategies of the unemployed. They found that job seekers are influenced by the cost of the distance to the job as well as their applications expected success rate. Their expected success rate is determined by how many other job seekers in the market are interested in the same job as them. They used the UK labour market to conduct their empirical research. The study found that distance, which is measured using commuting cost or time, discourages workers from applying for jobs. Areas with high application competition also discouraged people from applying for jobs. The study concluded that local location-based labour policies are not effective in decreasing unemployment because labour markets overlap. A more effective alternative is to provide hiring subsidies to the unemployed as it increases their chances of beating the competition.
"Gender Gaps and the Rise of the Service Economy" (2017)
Petrongolo co-authored this research paper with L. Rachel Ngai. This paper looked at the post World War II era and how the female participation in the U.S. labour market has changed. More specifically, they looked at how structural transformation and marketization has increased female work hours and wages causing an increase in the role of services as well as an increase in female workforce participation.
The study found that the increase in female labour force participation was closely related to structural transformation and marketization and that the fall in male work has partially contributed to the rise in female work. Historically, men have had a comparative advantage in good-producing sectors such as manufacturing, construction, and utilities because men are better endowed with "brawn" skills. This was accompanied with women having a comparative advantage in the services sector because it required "brain" skills, not "brawn" skills. With a structural transformation causing the services sector to broaden, women were able to get more work hours. Secondly, women generally specialized in home production. It was suggested in the paper that home production activities and market services were close substitutes. Therefore as the service market expanded, women would shift out of home production and into the services sector. Petrongolo and Ngai found that marketization attracts women into the workforce while structural transformations creates the job openings that women need. These effects are able to partially explain the decrease in the gender wage gap and the increase in female workforce participation.
"The Economic Consequences of Family Policies: Lessons from a Century of Legislation in High-Income Countries" (2017)
Petrongolo and Claudia Olivetti co-authored this paper together. The paper aimed to analyze the effects that family policies have on female workforce participation. The researchers studied the consequences that past policies have had on female workforce participation using tools such as parental leave and other forms of family aid, beginning from the end of the 19th century.
Petrongolo and Olivetti found that within the last century, labour markets have been changing in high-income nations. There has been an increase of females in the workforce which has led to a decrease in the gender wage gap. Petrongolo and Olivetti looked at events such as industrialization and demographic transitions and how they impacted women's workforce participation. Petrongolo and Olivetti found that by the beginning of the 21st century, most high-income nations have implemented some sort of parental leave and family benefit policies in hopes of increasing fertility and child development. They concluded that the most effective family policies to increase female workforce participation and decrease the gender wage gap, are policies that increase early childhood spending. Such policies focus on increasing spending of early education and childcare.
References
Italian women economists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Economics journal editors
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academic staff of the Paris School of Economics
Academic staff of the Charles III University of Madrid
Labor economists
Italian economists
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Italian expatriates in England |
The Belgian Judicial Code (, , ) is a code of law in the country of Belgium, formally adopted on 10 October 1967 and currently still in force. The Judicial Code governs the organisation of the courts and tribunals of the Belgian judiciary, their jurisdiction, as well as the applicable rules of civil procedure. As such, the Judicial Code is one of the important codes of law in the Belgian legal system.
In criminal proceedings however, the jurisdiction and rules of procedure of the courts and tribunals of Belgium are governed by the Belgian Code of Criminal Procedure.
History
The proposed law containing the Judicial Code was passed by the Belgian Chamber of Representatives on 22 June 1967 and by the Belgian Senate on 29 June 1967.
The adopted law was subsequently promulgated by the King of the Belgians on 10 October 1967, and entered into force on 1 November 1970. The Judicial Code has been amended many times since.
Contents
Part I: General principles
This part of the code (articles 1–57) contains general provisions regarding the adjudication of cases and the value of judgments and rulings.
Part II: Judicial organization
This part of the code (articles 58–555/16) consists of six 'books':
Book I: Bodies of the judiciary (articles 58–287novies) establishes the bodies that constitute the judiciary, and governs the appointment and career of judicial officers and court personnel;
Book II: Judicial offices (articles 288–427quater) governs the duties, the remuneration and the retirement of judicial officers and court personnel, as well as disciplinary procedures regarding their offices and professions;
Book III: Bar (articles 428–508) governs the practice of the profession of attorney, and establishes their professional bodies;
Book IIIbis: First-line and second-line legal aid (articles 508/1–508/25) regulates the provision of first-line and second-line legal aid;
Book IV: Court bailiffs (articles 509–555quinquies) governs the practice of the office of court bailiff, and establishes their professional bodies;
Book V: Court experts and sworn translators, interpreters and translator-interpreters (articles 555/6–555/16) governs the practice of the professions of court expert, translator, interpreter and translator-interpreter.
Part III: Competence
This part of the code (articles 556–663) lays down the jurisdiction of each of the courts and tribunals, and the procedures to settle jurisdictional conflicts between them.
Part IV: Civil procedure
This part of the code (articles 664–1385octiesdecies) consists of four 'books':
Book I: Legal aid (articles 664–699ter) regulates the provision of legal aid;
Book II: Proceedings (articles 700–1041) governs the manner in which actions ought to be brought and adjudicated, and the applicable rules of evidence;
Book III: Means of recourse (articles 1042–1147bis) establishes the legal remedies against judgments and rulings (including opposition, appeal, appeal in cassation, third-party opposition, retraction and judicial misconduct proceedings);
Book IV: Particular procedures (articles 1148–1385octiesdecies) establishes a number of procedures for specific cases (including amongst other things: surveys, court auctions, probate proceedings, adoptions, deferral of payment, tenancy matters, ...).
Part V: Provisional seizures, means of execution and collective debt settlement
This part of the code (articles 1386–1675/27) governs the manner in which to conduct sequestrations, seizures and attachments of property, lays down the procedures for collective debt settlements, and establishes central registers for seizure and debt settlement records.
Part VI: Arbitration
This part of the code (articles 1676–1723/1) governs the practice and conduct of out-of-court arbitration proceedings, as well as the value of and means of recourse against arbitral awards.
Part VII: Mediation
This part of the code (articles 1724–1737) governs the practice and conduct of both court-ordered and out-of-court mediation, as well as the value of settlements.
Part VIII: Collaborative law
This part of the code (articles 1738–1747) governs the practice and conduct of collaborative law.
Annex: Territorial boundaries and seats of courts and tribunals
This annex to the code (articles 1–6) prescribes the territorial boundaries of the judicial cantons, arrondissements ("districts") and areas, as well as the seat of the courts and tribunals of these territories.
References
Legal codes
Judicial Code |
Detlef Struve (May 12, 1903 – May 25, 1987) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.
Life
Struve belonged to the district council of the district of Rendsburg and was president of this local parliament from May 1950. From 1947 to 1949, he was a member of the Economic Council for the Bizone and was a member of the German Bundestag from its first election in 1949 to 1972. There he represented the electoral district of Rendsburg and from 1965 the electoral district of Rendsburg-Neumünster. Most recently he achieved 49.4% of the first votes there.
From 1957 to 1972 Struve was deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group in the Bundestag.
Literature
References
1903 births
1987 deaths
Members of the Bundestag for Schleswig-Holstein
Members of the Bundestag 1969–1972
Members of the Bundestag 1965–1969
Members of the Bundestag 1961–1965
Members of the Bundestag 1957–1961
Members of the Bundestag 1953–1957
Members of the Bundestag 1949–1953
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany |
Eye injuries during general anaesthesia are reasonably common if care is not taken to prevent them.
Incidence of eye injuries
The incidence of eye injuries during general anaesthesia has been studied, and different methods of eye protection have been compared.
When eyes are untaped during general anaesthesia, the incidence of ocular injury has been reported to be as high as 44%. If tape is used to hold the eyes closed, ocular injury occurs during 0.1-0.5% of general anaesthetics, and is usually corneal in nature.
Intraoperative eye injuries account for 2% of medico-legal claims against anaesthetists in Australia and United Kingdom, and 3% in the USA.
Effect of general anaesthesia on eyes
General anaesthesia reduces the tonic contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle, causing lagophthalmos i.e. the eyelids do not close fully in 59% of patients.
In addition, general anaesthesia reduces tear production and tear-film stability, resulting in corneal epithelial drying and reduced lysosomal protection. The protection afforded by Bell's phenomenon (in which the eyeball turns upwards during sleep, protecting the cornea) is also lost during general anaesthesia.
Mechanism of injury
Corneal abrasions are the most common injury; they are caused by direct trauma, exposure keratopathy/keratitis
or chemical injury.
An open eye increases the vulnerability of the cornea to direct trauma from objects such as face masks, laryngoscopes, identification badges, stethoscopes, surgical instruments, anaesthetic circuits, and drapes.
Exposure keratopathy/keratitis refers to the drying of the cornea with subsequent epithelial breakdown.
When the cornea dries out it may stick to the eyelid and cause an abrasion when the eye reopens.
Chemical injury can occur if cleaning solutions such as povidone-iodine (Betadine), chlorhexidine or alcohol are inadvertently spilt into the eye, for example when the face, neck or shoulder is being prepped for surgery.
Therefore, the anaesthetist ensures that the eyes are fully closed and remain closed throughout the procedure. Seemingly trivial contact can result in corneal abrasions and the risk of this occurring is markedly increased if exposure keratopathy is already present.
Corneal abrasions can be excruciatingly painful in the postoperative period, may hamper postoperative rehabilitation and may require ongoing ophthalmological review and after care. In extreme cases there may be partial or complete visual loss.
Iatrogenic injury of the eyelids is also common. Bruising (frequently) and tearing (rarely) of the eyelid can occur when the adhesive dressing used to hold the eye closed is removed. Removal of eyelashes can also occur.
Methods available for eye injury prevention
Methods to prevent intraoperative corneal injuries include
simple manual closure of the eyelids
holding the eyelids shut with tape or a general purpose adhesive dressing
use of a specially designed eyelid occlusion dressing
use of eye ointment (although this is controversial, see below)
bio-occlusive dressings
suture tarsorrhaphy
However, none of the protective strategies are completely effective; vigilance is always required i.e. the eyes need to be inspected regularly throughout surgery to check they are closed.
Discussion of methods
The most commonly employed method is to use tape or a general purpose adhesive dressing. Unfortunately the adhesive used on the tape or dressing will generally be inappropriate for this use. The adhesive strength may change when reaching body temperature, or over time.
As the operation progresses this can cause the adhesive to stop working and become gooey, allowing the eyelids to move apart, and leaving behind a sticky residue. This leaves the cornea exposed to epithelial drying and/or abrasions, sometimes caused by the tape that was originally applied to protect the cornea. Alternatively, the adhesive strength may increase, which upon removal can result in eyelid bruising, tears, or eyelash removal.
Rolls of tapes are often “laying around” the operating theatre or kept in health care workers' pockets.
Therefore, they can be a source of hospital-acquired infections (HAI's) such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) & Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), with a 2010 study showing that 50% of partially used tape rolls tested positive for MRSA, VRE or both.
Most tapes and dressings are non-transparent and so it is not possible to see if the patient’s eyes are opened or closed throughout the case. It is not uncommon for the eyelids to move open as the case progresses, even with adhesive tapes stuck onto them. In a practical sense, these medical tapes/dressings may be difficult to remove from a patient because their ends can become stuck flush with the skin. The possibility of tape removal causing trauma is also significantly increased in older people, people with sensitive skin, dermatitis, dehydration or side effects of medications.
As noted above, there have been several studies looking at the efficacy and safety of eye ointments/lubricants as adjuncts with tape or as a stand-alone management for intra-operative eye closure. Unfortunately many in common use have problems. Petroleum gel is flammable and is best avoided when electrocautery and open oxygen are to be used around the face. Preservative-free eye ointment is preferred, as preservative can cause corneal epithelial sloughing and conjunctival hyperemia.
They have been implicated in blurred vision in up to 75% of patients and they do not protect from direct trauma.
Specially made eyelid occlusion dressings are available commercially, such as EyeGard (manufactured in the USA by KMI Surgical and marketed by Sharn Anesthesia), EyePro (Innovgas Pty Ltd, Australia) and Anesthesia-Aid (Sperian Protection). These dressings overcome most of the problems associated with tape or general purpose dressings.
Adverse outcomes associated with intra-operative eye injuries
Some of the adverse outcomes associated with intra-operative injuries include:
Increased length of stay. This is due to ophthalmology consults required, associated infections and treatment.
Increased costs. This is due to increased length of stay, cost of treating the complications.
Pain and discomfort for the patient. Corneal abrasions are extremely painful for the patient and the treatment consists of drops and ointments applied in the eye which may cause further discomfort for the patient.
References
Anesthesia
Eye injury
Eye diseases |
Mujinga Kambundji (born 17 June 1992) is a Swiss sprinter. She won the bronze medal in the 200 metres at the 2019 World Championships. Kambundji is the 60 metres 2022 World indoor champion, becoming the joint fourth-fastest woman of all time in the event, after earning a bronze in 2018. She is a three-time European Championships medallist, with gold for the 200 m and silver for the 100 m in 2022, and bronze for the 100 m in 2016. At the European Indoor Championships, she earned gold in the 60 m in 2023 and bronze in 2017.
Kambundji is the Swiss record holder for the 100 m and 200 m, and the Swiss indoor record holder for the 60 m. She won almost 30 national titles.
Early life and family
Mujinga Kambundji was born on 17 June 1992 in Bern to a Congolese father, Safuka, and a Bernese mother, Ruth. Mujinga is the second of four children. Her younger sister Ditaji is also an international athlete and has represented Switzerland at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Her older sister, Kaluanda, was the first to enrol in a track programme, followed by Mujinga, then Muswama, and finally Ditaji.
Career
2009—2010
In 2009, Kambundji won the silver medal in the 100 metres and the gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the European Youth Olympic Festival, and gold medals in the 100 and 200 metres at the Swiss championships. For this, she was elected Swiss Athlete of the Year by the Swiss Athletics Association.
In 2010, she won the 200 m in the Second League of the European Team Championships, and broke the Swiss U20 record in the event at the U20 World Championships.
2013—2014
Kambundji trained with the ST Bern athletics club and was coached by Jacques Cordey. In the autumn of 2013 she moved to Mannheim to train under coach Valerij Bauer alongside former European champion Verena Sailer.
At the 2014 European Athletics Championships in Zürich, she broke her own national record in the heats and semi-finals of the 100 metres competition before finishing fourth in the final. She subsequently finished fifth and broke Regula Aebi's 26-year-old national record in the 200 metres final.
2016—2017
Kambundji qualified for the Swiss team at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, reaching the semi-finals of both the 100 m and the 200 m events. Earlier in the same year, she had won bronze in the 100 m competition at the European Championships in Amsterdam.
At the 2017 World Championships in London, Kambundji finished 10th in the 100 m competition. In the 4 × 100 m relay event, she and her teammates Ajla Del Ponte, Sarah Atcho and Salomé Kora improved the national record in the semi-finals and finished fifth in the final. At the end of the year, Kambundji announced that she will work with Dutch coach Henk Kraaijenhof in the future. Their working relationship was terminated after only two months, however. She switched coaches again to Adrian Rothenbühler who trained her for five years until November 2022 when her partner Florian Clivaz, a former sprinter, replaced Rothenbühler as Kambundji's coach.
2018—2019
At the 2018 World Indoor Championships in Birmingham, Kambundji finished third in the 60 m final to win bronze. At the European Championships in Berlin, she finished fourth in the 100 m as well as in the 200 m and in the 4 × 100 m relay (with Ajla Del Ponte, Sarah Atcho and Salomé Kora).
At the 2019 World Championships held in Doha, Qatar, Kambundji finished third in the 200 m competition. Later, she was named the Swiss Sports Personality of the Year.
2021—2022
At the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Kambundji qualified for the finals in both 100 m and 200 m sprints, finishing sixth in the former and seventh in the latter event. She was also part of the Swiss 4 x 100 m relay team that finished fourth in the final.
She won the gold medal in the 60 m at the 2022 World Indoor Championships held in Belgrade in a time of 6.96 seconds, putting her joint-fourth on the world all-time list; a rare feat racing from lane eight. No woman had run faster over the distance since 1999. She received another award for being the Swiss Sportswoman of the Year in December.
On 19 August 2022, Kambundji won the gold medal in the 200 m at the European Athletics Championships in Munich with a time of 22.32 s, after winning silver in the 100 m in 10.99 s behind Germany's Gina Lückenkemper three days earlier.
Miscellaneous
ETH Zurich student organization Swissloop's entry to the 2018 edition of the Hyperloop competition was a transport capsule named Mujinga, after Kambundji.
Achievements
Personal bests
International competitions
1Did not finish in the final
Circuit wins and titles
Diamond League
(4 x 100 metres relay wins, other events specified in parentheses)
2013: Lausanne Athletissima
2015: Lausanne Athletissima
2017: Lausanne Athletissima
2018: Lausanne Athletissima
2021: Eugene Prefontaine Classic (200 m)
2022 (2): Stockholm Bauhaus-Galan (), Lausanne Athletissima
World Athletics Continental Tour
(200 metres wins, other evets specified in parentheses)
2021: Bellinzona Galà dei Castelli
World Athletics Indoor Tour
(60 metres wins, other events specified in parentheses)
2023: Toruń Copernicus Cup
National titles
Swiss Athletics Championships (19)
100 metres: 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023
200 metres: 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019
Swiss Indoor Athletics Championships (9)
60 metres indoor: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023
200 metres indoor: 2011
Recognition
2019
Swiss Sports Personality of the Year
2022
Swiss Sports Personality of the Year
See also
List of Swiss records in athletics
Switzerland at the Olympics
List of World Athletics Championships medalists (women)
100 metres at the World Athletics Championships
European Athletics Indoor Championships
2019 in 100 metres
2020 in 100 metres
2021 in 100 metres
2022 in 100 metres
References
External links
Competition records of Mujinga Kambundji, European Athletics Association
Competition records of Mujinga Kambundji, ST Bern
Living people
Swiss female sprinters
Sportspeople from Bern
1992 births
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Switzerland
Swiss people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
World Athletics Championships athletes for Switzerland
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
European Athletics Championships winners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic female sprinters
21st-century Swiss women
21st-century Swiss people |
Tingvoll is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Nordmøre region. The administrative centre is the village of Tingvollvågen. Other villages include Meisingset, Kvisvik, and Torjulvågen. The municipality covers a peninsula on the mainland as well as a few surrounding islands. Norwegian National Road 70 and European route E39 both run through the municipality.
The municipality is the 253rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Tingvoll is the 226th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,960. The municipality's population density is and its population has decreased by 4.5% over the previous 10-year period.
General information
The parish of Tingvoll was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1866, the northern part of the municipality (population: 1,222) was separated to form the new Straumsnes Municipality. On 1 January 1874, a part of Stangvik Municipality (population: 61) was transferred to Tingvoll. On 1 January 1877, the Tiltereidet and Meisalstranden part of Tingvoll (population: 212) on the west side of the Sunndalsfjorden was transferred to Nesset Municipality. On 1 January 1880, the Torjulvågen area of Halsa Municipality (population: 240) was transferred to Tingvoll. On 1 January 1890, the Rausand area of Tingvoll (population: 101) was transferred to Nesset Municipality.
During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Straumsnes (population: 1,160) and the part of Frei Municipality on the island of Aspøya (population: 147) were merged into Tingvoll. On 1 January 1965, the part of Tingvoll located on the western side of the Tingvollfjorden (population: 778) was transferred to Gjemnes Municipality and the Åsprong-Sandnes area near Meisingset (population: 26) was transferred from Stangvik Municipality to Tingvoll.
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Tingvoll farm () since the first Tingvoll Church was built there. The first element is which means "thing" or "assembly". The last element is which means "meadow" or "flat ground" (so Tingvoll means "meeting place", like Þingvellir in Iceland). Before 1918, the name was written Tingvold.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 7 September 1984. The official blazon is "Argent, five oak leaves vert in annulo stems to centre" (). This means the arms have a field (background) has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The charge is a group of five oak leaves arranged in a circle with their stems pointing to the centre. The oak leaves were chosen as a symbol since Norway's northernmost autochthonous oak forests can be found in the municipality. Each leaf represents one of the five main villages in the municipality: Tingvollvågen, Straumsnes, Gyl, Torjulvågen, and Meisingset. The arms were designed by Alvhild Ulseth. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.
Churches
The Church of Norway has two parishes () within the municipality of Tingvoll. It is part of the Indre Nordmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre.
History
Eight or nine centuries ago, Tingvoll was the site of the Nordmøre Ting. There was a flat field there, which in Norwegian is called voll. It was here that meetings were held, called ting, thus the name Tingvoll. The name has the same origin as the Scottish town of Dingwall, the parliament of the Isle of Man Tynwald, the English town of Thingwall (which Norwegian Vikings colonised), Wirral Peninsula, and Þingvellir in Iceland.
Tingvoll Church, also known as the Nordmøre Cathedral (Nordmørsdomen), was built around 1180 at the village of Tingvollvågen.
Government
All municipalities in Norway are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality falls under the Møre og Romsdal District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.
Municipal council
The municipal council () of Tingvoll is made up of 25 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:
Mayors
The mayors of Tingvoll:
1838-1839: Anders Larsen
1840-1843: Fanejunker Bjerkhol
1844-1847: J. Bugge
1848-1851: P. Hofflund
1852-1854: A. Bjerkhol
1854-1855: Peder I. Kjærivik
1856-1856: Karlsen
1856-1857: Markus Sæthem
1858-1861: H. Brodkorp
1862-1863: Markus Sæthem
1864-1873: Anders Koksvik
1874-1877: John Sæther
1878-1879: Lars A. Koksvik
1880-1883: Lars Solli
1884-1887: L. Nilsen
1888-1895: Hans Meisingset
1896-1897: Lars Meisingset
1898-1898: Lars Koksvik
1899-1904: Lars Meisingset
1905-1922: Lars Gjøvik
1923-1925: A.L. Koksvik
1926-1928: Lars Gjøvik
1929-1934: O.K Varvik
1935-1937: Magnus Skeid
1938-1940: O.H. Drøpping
1941-1943: Petter Grinde
1943-1945: Kristian Kindsbekken
1945-1945: O.H. Drøpping
1946-1951: Magnus Skeid
1952-1955: L.B. Flemmen
1956-1959: Steinar Stomsvik
1960-1963: John Th. Angvik
1964–1965: Steinar Stomsvik
1966–1967: Sverke Romundstad
1968–1969: Oddmund Tveikra
1970–1971: Jon Resell
1972–1975: Sverke Romundstad
1976–1979: Per Kamsvåg
1980–1983: Ivar Bølset
1984–1987: Rasmus Sørheim
1988–1995: Einar Lund
1996–1999: Lars Jostein Holten
1999-2007: Kristin Sørheim
2007–2011: Ole Morten Sørvik (H)
2011–2015: Peder Hanem Aasprang (Sp)
2015–2019: Milly Bente Nørsett (Ap)
2019–present: Ingrid Waagen (Sp)
Geography
Tingvoll Municipality is a peninsula surrounded by the Tingvollfjorden, Vinjefjorden, Freifjorden, Halsafjorden, and Trongfjorden. The municipality also includes some islands including Aspøya. The Bergsøysund Bridge (part of the European route E39 highway) connects Aspøya to the neighboring island of Bergsøya to the west.
Climate
Tingvoll has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification), also known as a marine west coast climate. The wettest season is autumn and early winter. The driest season is spring. The average daily high temperature varies from about in January and February to in July. The all-time high is recorded 9 July 2014. In February 2001 a low of was recorded. Earlier weather stations have recorded colder lows. The Tingvoll weather station started recording January 1992.
Eco-municipality
Tingvoll has been a self declared eco-municipality since 1990, when the municipal council () signed the declaration. The movement of eco-municipalities started among rural municipalities in Finland and later in Sweden in the 1980s. The idea was to inspire local economic and cultural development within a sustainable framework. In Tingvoll, the work started with a program for environmental education of the members of the council and the executive officers. The schools adapted national programs for environmental education.
A main part of the early years of eco-municipality, was the program for composting waste from the households. A new type of insulated bin was developed (Hagakompen) to assure composting could handle meat and fish waste, and work well in wintertime as well.
The Bioforsk Organic Food and Farming Division is located at Tingvoll.
Notable people
Martha G. Thorwick (1863 in Tingvoll — 1921) an American clubwoman and medical doctor based in San Francisco
Gunvor Hals (born 1953 in Tingvoll) a Norwegian television personality
Nils Erik Ulset (born 1983 in Tingvoll) a Norwegian biathlete, cross-country skier and three time Paralympic Champion
Sister cities
Tingvoll has sister city agreements with the following places:
Bunda Town, Bunda District, Tanzania
References
External links
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
Regional tourist information
Nordmøre
Municipalities of Møre og Romsdal
1838 establishments in Norway |
The Chapel of Russia's Resurrection is a sect from Russia that views President and ex-Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the reincarnation of Paul the Apostle.
History
The sect was founded in 2007 by a person known as Mother Fotina, whose real name is thought to be Svetlana Frolova; she is also thought to have been a former convict who had been a railroad worker. It is a schism away from the Russian Orthodox Church. The sect lives in an sanctuary located in Bolshaya Yelnia, near the Volga River and Nizhny Novgorod, established by Mother Fotina.
Beliefs
The sect believes that Russian Prime Minister and now Russian President Vladimir Putin is the reincarnation of Paul the Apostle, sent to Russia to prepare its people for the Second Coming of Christ; Putin is also thought to have joined with seven other reborn apostles to fight the antichrists. Mother Fotina notes the similarities between Paul and Putin's careers, including being an early "persecutor of Christians" before becoming imbued with the Holy Spirit; the group believes that Putin received the Holy Spirit after becoming president. Putin is also said to be a reincarnation of Vladimir the Great.
Putin is the first Russian leader to be religiously worshiped while still alive.
Devotions
The group, consisting entirely of women, dress as nuns when giving services to pray for Putin in a three-story brick building called the Chapel of Russia's Resurrection. They have put a picture of him, said to have appeared miraculously one day, together with traditional Russian Orthodox figures. At the services, they also sing patriotic Russian songs, as well as the children's song "May There Always Be Sunshine".
Reactions
The Russian government is aware of the sect, and Putin's press agent Dmitry Peskov has stated that "it is impressive that [the sect] think so highly of [Putin's] work." Although he notes that the group has not broken any laws, he reminds them that one of the commandments in the Bible is that "thou shalt not worship false idols". The sect has arisen amid a personality cult centered on Putin, which includes popular songs, and nightclub parties.
Father Alexei, a local Russian Orthodox priest, has denounced the sect as a mix of "Orthodoxy, Catholicism, the occult, Buddhism and political information." A neighbour of Mother Fotina's has opined that the sect was started to keep the Federal Security Service from investigating its founder.
See also
Putinism
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Vladimir Putin
Sects
Christian denominations in Russia
2007 establishments in Russia
Paul the Apostle |
The Lola B03/51 is an open-wheel formula racing car, designed, developed and built by Lola for the Japanese Formula Nippon championship series, in 2003. It was powered by a naturally aspirated Mugen MF308 engine that produced around @ 13,500 rpm.
References
Open wheel racing cars
Super Formula cars
Lola racing cars |
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Schlumbergera is a small genus of cacti with six to nine species found in the coastal mountains of south-eastern Brazil. These plants grow on trees or rocks in habitats that are generally shady with high humidity, and can be quite different in appearance from their desert-dwelling cousins. Most species of Schlumbergera have stems which resemble leaf-like pads joined one to the other and flowers which appear from areoles at the joints and tips of the stems. Two species have cylindrical stems more similar to other cacti.
Common names for these cacti generally refer to their flowering season. In the Northern Hemisphere, they are called Christmas cactus, Thanksgiving cactus, crab cactus and holiday cactus. In Brazil, the genus is referred to as (May flower), reflecting the period in which they flower in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the popular houseplants are cultivars of Schlumbergera, rather than species, with flowers in white, pink, yellow, orange, red or purple. The Easter cactus or Whitsun cactus, placed in the genus Rhipsalidopsis, is also called a holiday cactus and has flowers in red, orange, pink and white.
The cultivars of the Christmas cactus fall into two main groups:
The Truncata Group contains all cultivars with features derived mainly from the species S. truncata: stem segments with pointed teeth; flowers held more or less horizontally, usually above the horizontal, whose upper side is differently shaped from the lower side (zygomorphic); and pollen which is yellow. They generally flower earlier than members of the Buckleyi Group and, although common names are not applied consistently, may be distinguished as Thanksgiving cactus, crab cactus or claw cactus.
The Buckleyi Group contains all cultivars with at least some features clearly showing inheritance from S. russelliana: stem segments with rounded, more symmetrical teeth; more or less symmetrical (regular) flowers which hang down, below the horizontal; and pollen which is pink. They generally flower later than members of the Truncata Group and are more likely to be called Christmas cactus.
Description
In the wild, the species of Schlumbergera grow either on trees (epiphytic) or on rocks (epilithic) and can form sizeable shrubs with woody bases; a height of up to has been reported for one species (S. opuntioides). They are leafless, the green stems acting as photosynthetic organs. The stems are composed of segments, which take one of two forms. In most species the segments are strongly flattened (cladodes), being made up of a central core with two (or more rarely three) "wings". Special structures characteristic of cacti, called "areoles", then occur at the ends of the segments of the stem. In two species the stems are less flattened, more cylinder-shaped, and the areoles are arranged in a more or less spiral pattern all over the segments. In both cases, the areoles, which may have wool and bristles, are where the flower buds appear.
The flowers either hang downwards and are almost regular (radially symmetrical or actinomorphic) or, as in most species, are held more or less horizontally with the higher side of the flower different from the lower side (radially asymmetrical or zygomorphic). In those species whose flowers are held up, their angle with the horizontal is relatively constant and is characteristic of the species. Each flower has 20–30 tepals. The outer tepals – those closer to the base of the flower – are short and unconnected, and spread out or curve backwards. The inner tepals – those towards the tip of the flower – are longer and in most species become progressively more fused together at the base to form a floral tube. In some species the difference between the outer and inner tepals creates the appearance of a "flower within a flower". The flowers produce nectar in a chamber at the base of the floral tube.
In most species, the many stamens are arranged in two series, with the inner stamens being fused at the base to form a short tubular structure and the outer stamens arising from along the floral tube. The style is usually dark red and has a stigma with 6–8 lobes; the style plus stigma is roughly the same length as the stamens. If the flower is fertilized, a fleshy fruit forms, either smooth or with ribs. The brown or black seeds are about 1 mm in diameter.
Taxonomy
The genus is one of a small number belonging to a group of cacti classified as the tribe Rhipsalideae. Species of cacti belonging to this group are quite distinct in appearance and habit from most other cacti since they grow on trees or rocks as epiphytes or lithophytes. Although the species are easy to identify as members of the Rhipsalideae, for many years there was confusion as to how they should be divided into genera. This confusion extended to Schlumbergera, whose complicated taxonomic history has been detailed by McMillan and Horobin. The modern genus Schlumbergera was created by Charles Lemaire in 1858. The name commemorates Frédéric Schlumberger, who had a collection of cacti at his chateau near Rouen. Lemaire placed only one species in his new genus – a plant discovered in Brazil in 1837 which had been named Epiphyllum russellianum by William J. Hooker. Lemaire renamed it Schlumbergera epiphylloides (under the current rules of botanical nomenclature it should have been called Schlumbergera russelliana, which is its current name).
Lemaire noted the similarity of his Schlumbergera epiphylloides to a species first described as Epiphyllum truncatum by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1819, but did not accept that the two species should be included in the same genus. In 1890, Karl Moritz Schumann created the new genus Zygocactus, transferring Epiphyllum truncatum to Zygocactus truncatus. Although he later placed it back in Epiphyllum, abandoning Zygocactus, the generic name Zygocactus continued to be widely used.
In 1913, Nathaniel Britton and Joseph Rose followed Lemaire in keeping Schlumbergera russelliana and Zygocactus truncatus in separate genera. They also transferred the Easter cactus to Schlumbergera as S. gaertneri, initiating a lasting confusion between these two genera.
In 1953, Reid Venable Moran placed both Schlumbergera russelliana and Zygocactus truncatus in the genus Schlumbergera. Other species were added later by David Hunt, including those formerly placed in Epiphyllanthus.
Schlumbergera and Hatiora have long been confused. Species in the former genus generally have flowers that are zygomorphic with a distinct floral tube, while those in the latter have actinomorphic flowers with inconspicuous tubes. DNA data showed that as previously circumscribed the two genera are not monophyletic and the three species in Hatiora subgenus Rhipsalidopsis were transferred into Schlumbergera, although this change has not been universally adopted, with other sources placing two in the genus Rhipsalidopsis.
Synonymy
The following genera are now synonyms of Schlumbergera (i.e. they have no species not moved into Schlumbergera):
Epiphyllanthus A.Berger
Opuntiopsis Knebel (nom. inval.)
Zygocactus K.Schum.
Zygocereus Frič & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
Epiphyllum Pfeiff. but not Epiphyllum Haw.
The case of Epiphyllum is complex. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus created the genus Cactus. As more species were discovered this proved too broad, and new genera were set up to subdivide the cacti. The genus Epiphyllum was created in 1812 by Haworth, based on Linnaeus's Cactus phyllanthus. In 1831, Johann Link created the genus Phyllocactus based on the same species. Following Ludwig Pfeiffer in 1837, the European tradition was to use Phyllocactus for epiphytic cacti with large regular flowers and Epiphyllum for the irregular-flowered species now called Schlumbergera truncata. Under modern rules, Phyllocactus is an illegitimate name, as is Epiphyllum in the sense of Pfeiffer; thus Epiphyllum Pfeiff. is a synonym of Schlumbergera. The true genus Epiphyllum Haw. now has around 19 species.
Species
Between six and nine species are currently recognized. In the narrowest circumscription, Schlumbergera sensu stricto, six species are accepted. Only synonyms which have been widely used (and their basionyms) are given in the list below.
Schlumbergera kautskyi (Horobin & McMillan) N.P.Taylor
syn. S. truncata subsp. kautskyi Horobin & McMillan
Schlumbergera microsphaerica (K.Schum.) Hoevel
syn. Cereus microsphaerica K.Schum., Epiphyllanthus microsphaericus (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Cereus obtusangulus K.Schum., Epiphyllanthus obtusangulus (K.Schum.) A.Berger, Zygocactus obtusangulus (K.Schum.) Loefgr., S. obtusangula (K.Schum.) D.R.Hunt
Schlumbergera opuntioides (Loefgr. & Dusén) D.R.Hunt
syn. Epiphyllum opuntioides Loefgr. & Dusén, Zygocactus opuntioides (Loefgr. & Dusén) Loefgr., Epiphyllanthus opuntioides (Loefgr. & Dusén) Moran
Schlumbergera orssichiana Barthlott & McMillan
Schlumbergera russelliana (Hook.) Britton & Rose
syn. Epiphyllum russellianum Hook., S. epiphylloides Lemaire, nom. illeg.
Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran
syn. Epiphyllum truncatum Haw., Zygocactus truncatus (Haw.) K.Schum., nom. illeg.
In a wider circumscription, one species formerly placed in Hatiora is transferred into Schlumbergera.
Schlumbergera lutea Calvente & Zappi, syn. Hatiora epiphylloides (Porto & Werderm.) P.V.Heath
Two species that have been placed in Hatiora or Schlumbergera are placed in Rhipsalidopsis by Plants of the World Online :
Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri (Regel) Linding. (Easter cactus, Whitsun cactus)
syns. Hatiora gaertneri (Regel) Barthlott, Schlumbergera gaertneri (Regel) Britton & Rose
Rhipsalidopsis rosea (Lagerh.) Britton & Rose
syns. Hatiora rosea (Lagerh.) Barthlott, Schlumbergera rosea (Lagerh.) Calvente & Zappi
Four hybrids of Schlumbergera s.s. have been named, all made in cultivation (although the first may possibly occur in the wild). The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants recommends that cultivated plants should be named under its rules, not those appropriate for natural species and hybrids. The Group names given below were provided by McMillan and Horobin.
Schlumbergera × buckleyi (T.Moore) Tjaden = S. russelliana × S. truncata; S. Buckleyi Group
syn. Epiphyllum buckleyi T.Moore, E. rollissonii T.Moore, S. bridgesii (Lemaire) Loefgr.
Schlumbergera × eprica Süpplie = S. orssichiana × S. russelliana
Schlumbergera × exotica Barthlott & Rauh = S. truncata × S. opuntioides; S. Exotica Group
Schlumbergera × reginae McMillan = S. truncata × S. orssichiana; S. Reginae Group
Distribution, habitat and ecology
Schlumbergera occurs only in the coastal mountains of south-east Brazil, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. Sites where it has been found range from close to the Tropic of Capricorn northwards to 20°S, i.e. in the southernmost part of the tropics. Plants grow at altitudes from in the case of S. truncata to in the case of S. microsphaerica, either in the coastal moist forests or in rocky areas. The natural distribution of Schlumbergera species has become confused because European cultivars were deliberately introduced into some areas, including the Serra dos Órgãos National Park, by the Brazilian Agricultural Department, to compensate for over-collecting of wild plants.
Because of their height and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the coastal mountains produce high altitude moist forests – warm moist air is forced upwards into higher, colder locations where it condenses. Schlumbergera species grow in habitats which are generally relatively cool, shaded and of high humidity. David Hunt describes collecting specimens in conditions of cloud, drizzle and overnight temperatures down to . Plants are epiphytic or lithophytic, growing on moss-covered tree branches or in rock crevices, often in small pockets of substrate formed from decayed leaves and other vegetation. S. microsphaerica is found at higher altitudes, above , in barren rocky habitats, and tolerates higher light levels.
The flowers of Schlumbergera have adaptations for pollination by hummingbirds: tubular flowers with abundant nectar, and colours towards the red end of the spectrum. Most species require cross-pollination to set seed. The exceptions are S. kautskyi and S. microsphaerica; as noted above, the latter is found at higher altitudes where hummingbirds may be absent or less common.
The fruits of Schlumbergera do not open spontaneously when ripe, and appear to be adapted for distribution by birds, which eat the seeds and pulp contained in the fruit. Birds have been observed removing seeds which had stuck to their beaks by rubbing them on tree branches, where the seeds might be able to germinate. Segments may also break off from the stems and take root, thus enabling plants to propagate vegetatively.
Cultivation of Christmas cacti
History
Schlumbergera truncata was in cultivation in Europe by 1818, and S. russelliana was introduced in 1839. The two species were deliberately crossed in England by W. Buckley resulting in the hybrid now called S. × buckleyi, first recorded in 1852. By the 1860s, a substantial number of cultivars (cultivated varieties) were available in a range of colours and habits, and were used as ornamental plants in "stoves" (heated greenhouses) and in houses, where they were popular for their autumn and winter flowering. Many cultivars were selected seedlings of S. truncata, but at least three S. × buckleyi hybrids were available, of which one, now called S. 'Buckleyi', is thought to be the original Christmas cactus. By the early part of the 20th century, the genus had become less popular, and many of the early cultivars were lost.
From around the 1950s onwards, breeding resumed in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. New plants were produced by crossing among the species and existing cultivars of S. truncata, S. russelliana and the hybrid S. × buckleyi. Treatments which induced mutations were also used. The result was a wide range of flower colours which had not been available before, including the first true yellow to be sold commercially, S. 'Gold Charm' (which was a sterile triploid). Breeders aimed for plants which grew strongly, were upright at the point of sale rather than pendulous, had many flowers or buds, and were adapted to living as house plants.
In the 1980s the species S. orssichiana was also used in crosses. The hybrid of S. truncata and S. orssichiana has been named S. × reginae or S. Reginae Group; one of the first cultivars was S. 'Bristol Queen'. S. opuntioides crosses have also been made, but have not resulted in commercially available cultivars.
Modern cultivars
McMillan and Horobin have listed hundreds of modern European, North American and Australian cultivars of the Christmas cactus, which they put into a number of cultivar groups:
The Truncata Group contains all cultivars with mainly S. truncata characteristics: stem segments with pointed teeth (dentate); zygomorphic flowers held more or less horizontally, usually above the horizontal; and pollen which is yellow.
The Buckleyi Group contains all cultivars with at least some features clearly showing inheritance from S. russelliana: stem segments with rounded, more symmetrical teeth (crenate); more regular flowers which hang down, below the horizontal; and pollen which is pink. There is considerable variation within this Group; McMillan and Horobin introduced subcategories: "TB" for those more like S. truncata and "BT" for those more like the classic S. × buckleyi, with "B" reserved for the first generation (F1) S. × buckleyi hybrids.
The Reginae Group contains cultivars known to be derived from hybrids with S. orssichiana.
The Exotica Group is used for the small number of hybrids involving S. opuntioides.
Attempts have also been made to classify cultivars by colour. A difficulty is that the flowers of many cultivars exhibit different colours depending on the temperature during bud formation and growth. In particular, temperatures below produce pink tones in otherwise white and yellow cultivars, and deepen the colour in pink and red cultivars. The availability of iron to the plant has also been suggested to affect flower colour.
In the United States, cultivars are propagated in large numbers for sale before Thanksgiving Day (the fourth Thursday in November). In Europe, plants are mainly sold later in the year, in the period before Christmas. A single Dutch grower (de Vries of Aalsmeer, the Netherlands) was reported in 1989 as producing 2,000,000 plants per year.
Common names
Plants are offered for sale under a variety of common names. The earliest English common name was "Christmas cactus". In Europe, where plants are largely produced for sale in the period before Christmas, this remains the most widely used common name in many languages for cultivars of all groups (e.g. in German, in French, and in Spanish). This is also the name used in Canada. In the United States, where plants are produced for the Thanksgiving holiday in November, the name "Thanksgiving cactus" is used; "Christmas cactus" may then be restricted to cultivars of the Buckleyi Group, particularly the very old cultivars such as 'Buckleyi'. In Russia they are known as dekabrist ("decembrist") and rozhdestvennika ("nativity"). The name "crab cactus" (referring to the clawed ends of the stems) is also used for the Truncata Group. "Link cactus" is another common name, describing the way that the stems of the genus as a whole are made up of linked segments. The name "chain cactus" is common in New Zealand, and may also refer to Hatiora or Rhipsalidopsis species.
The Easter cactus or Whitsun cactus was placed in the genus Rhipsalidopsis , but was at one time included in Schlumbergera (or one of its synonyms). The name "holiday cactus" has been used to include both Schlumbergera and Rhipsalidopsis cultivars.
Care of cultivars
When grown as house plants, Schlumbergera cultivars are said to be relatively easy to care for. McMillan and Horobin describe in detail their cultivation in both commercial and domestic conditions. Their specific recommendations include:
Growing medium: Free-draining, humus-rich, somewhat acid growing media are used for commercial production, such as a mixture of peat or leafmould and an inert material such as grit, sharp sand or polystyrene beads. It is recommended that plants should be grown in relatively small pots; half-height pots are suitable.
Watering: They are more tolerant of drought than many house plants, thou not as drought tolerant as the desert cactus. They can be damaged by both under- and over-watering. Keeping the growing medium just moist throughout the year avoids either extreme.
Light: They can be damaged by exposure to more than small amounts of sunlight. Members of the Buckleyi Group, such as the old-fashioned Christmas cactus with pendant flowers, are more tolerant of high light levels than members of the Truncata Group, such as most of the modern cultivars. Too much light causes stems to take on a reddish colouration; however, very low light levels will prevent flowering. Day length is important in controlling flowering; continuous darkness for at least 12 hours is necessary to induce bud formation. A period of about 8 days with 16 hours of darkness at has been shown to cause flower buds to form. Lower temperatures slow this process. The advice sometimes given to withhold water to produce flower buds has been shown to be incorrect.
Temperature: Holiday cacti grow best when they are placed in a location with partial shade, with a temperature between 70° and 80℉. They can not tolerate temperature less than 10 °C (50 °F).
Propagation: Both commercially and in the home, propagation can be achieved by using short pieces of stem, one to three segments long, twisted off rather than cut. Cuttings are allowed to dry for 1–7 days, forming a callus at the broken end, and then rooted in an open growing medium. Temperatures above and up to in long day/short night conditions speed rooting.
Pests and diseases
In cultivation, these plants have been described as "remarkably free from pests and diseases". Two significant insect pests are aphids on young shoots, buds and flowers, and root mealybugs which attack below soil level. Stems and roots can be rotted by diseases caused by fungi and similar organisms; these include infections by species of Fusarium (a fungus), and Phytophthora and Pythium (both water moulds). Approved chemical treatments can be used in the case of insect attack or these diseases.
Aphids, mealybugs and other invertebrate pests can spread viruses. Symptoms vary with the species, but a loss of vigour is usual. Cactus virus X has been isolated from S. truncata. There is no treatment for virus diseases; it is recommended that infected plants be destroyed.
References
Bibliography
External links
Schlumbergera growing information, species, cultivar varieties, pictures and videos
Time-lapse video of Schlumbergera flower opening
Cacti of South America
Cactoideae genera
Christmas plants
Endemic flora of Brazil
Epiphytes
Flora of the Atlantic Forest
Garden plants of South America |
The 2019 Russian Men's Curling Cup () was held from December 2 to December 6 at the Ice Cube Curling Center arena in Sochi.
All games played are 8 ends.
All times are listed in Moscow Time (UTC+03:00)
Teams
Round robin results and standings
Group A
Group B
Playoffs
Semifinals
December 6, 10:00 am
Third place
December 6, 3:00 pm
Final
December 6, 3:00 pm
Final standings
References
External links
Video: on (live commentary on Russian)
See also
2019 Russian Women's Curling Cup
Russian Men's Curling Cup
Russian Men's Curling Cup
Men's Curling Cup
Russian Men's Curling Cup
Sports competitions in Sochi |
Guenter Karl Butschek (born 21 October 1960) is a German businessman and the current CEO and Managing Director of Indian automotive company Tata Motors. Apart from managing Tata Motors' India business, Butschek is also responsible for all other domestic and overseas subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates of Tata Motors. He took over on February 25, 2016, after a global search spanning almost two years. He is the highest paid CEO among Indian auto companies. Before this he was the COO of Airbus for four years and previously he worked at Daimler AG for 25 years.
References
Chief operating officers
German chief executives
Living people
Chief executives in the automobile industry
1960 births |
Eilema proleuca is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1914. It is found in Ghana.
References
Endemic fauna of Ghana
proleuca
Moths described in 1914 |
Cordelia is a rural locality in the Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. In the , Cordelia had a population of 210 people.
Geography
Cordelia has the following mountains:
Mount Catherina ()
Mount Cordelia ()
History
Cordelia Provisional School opened circa 1891 and closed circa 1893.
Cordelia State School opened on 13 April 1918 and closed on 15 March 1993. The school was at 15 Cordelia School Road ().
In the , Cordelia had a population of 210 people.
References
Shire of Hinchinbrook
Localities in Queensland |
The 1969 South Australian National Football League season was the 90th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.
Ladder
Finals Series
Grand Final
References
SANFL
South Australian National Football League seasons |
"Angels Would Fall" is a song by American musician Melissa Etheridge, released as the first single from her sixth album, Breakdown (1999), in August 1999.
Song information
The song was written by Melissa Etheridge with the main guitar loop contributed by John Shanks. It is one of her darkest songs as the singer says herself on the bonus DVD of her album Greatest Hits: The Road Less Traveled:
"Angels Would Fall" is about a desperate crush Etheridge had on someone else's girlfriend during her shattered relationship with Julie Cypher. In the verses, she describes the pain she feels because she can tell nobody about her feelings ("The rope that's wrapped around me is cutting through my skin..."), while in the chorus she is singing the desired person's praises ("Angels never came down [...] but if they knew, if they knew you at all, angels would fall...").
Music video
The music video was shot in 1999 and shows Etheridge playing her song in a dark, empty, saloon-styled bar where the furniture is destroyed like after a fight. In retrospective scenes, nebulous images of people in white dresses come down from the ceiling symbolising the fallen angels. While they fall down, they cause the damage described above. These angels find love in each other, both homosexual and heterosexual couples are formed. Towards the end, the door of the bar opens and the angels go into the light.
Track listings
All song were written by Melissa Etheridge except "Angels Would Fall", written by Etheridge and John Shanks.
US and Australian CD single
"Angels Would Fall"
"Into the Dark"
"Beloved"
US 7-inch single and European CD single
"Angels Would Fall" – 4:17
"Into the Dark" – 4:58
Personnel
Melissa Etheridge – acoustic guitar, vocals
Kenny Aronoff – drums, marimba, shaker
Jon Brion – guitar
Mark Browne – bass
Matt Chamberlain – drums
Steve Ferrone – percussion, drums
Rami Jaffee – keyboard
Jim Keltner – drums
Greg Leisz – guitar, mandolin, lap steel guitar, pedals
Brian MacLeod – percussion, drum loop
Pino Palladino – bass
John Shanks – dulcimer, guitar, harp, marimba, background vocals
Patrick Warren – keyboard
Gota Yashiki – drum loop
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Sources
Melissa Etheridge and Laura Morton: The truth is..., Random House 2002
Greatest Hits: The Road Less Traveled bonus DVD
Lyrics
1999 singles
Melissa Etheridge songs
Songs written by Melissa Etheridge
Songs written by John Shanks
1999 songs
LGBT-related songs
Island Records singles |
V Coronae Australis (V CrA) is a R Coronae Borealis variable (RCB) star in the constellation Corona Australis. These are extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiants thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012. V Coronae Australis dimmed in brightness from 1994 to 1998.
The visual apparent magnitude of V CrA has been observed to vary between magnitudes 9.4 and 17.9. A maximum magnitude of 8.3 has been estimated from photographic plates. It has around 60% the mass of the Sun and an effective (surface) temperature of around 6250 K.
The spectral class of R0 is typical of a carbon star, but the RCB stars are considered to a separate class of hydrogen-deficient stars, not normal asymptotic giant branch giants.
References
Corona Australis
R Coronae Borealis variables
Coronae Australis, V
Carbon stars
092207
173539
Durchmusterung objects |
The Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit (; ) was established on 1 August 1911 by King Rama VI of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to reward personal service to the sovereign. Members are entitled to use the postnominals ร.ว.
Insignia
The decoration consists of a single class (Knight). The insignia for this class is a pendant on the order chain or on neck ribbon.
The Order chain consists of the royal monograms in white enamel, which are interrupted with gold Thai royal crowns, and with the royal emblems in blue enamel. The central locket of chain is the royal emblem made from diamonds.
The pendant has a dark-blue enamel field, surrounded by a ring of diamonds. The ring is surrounded by four small sceptres with elephant tusks, eight diamond leaves and four gold cyphers. The pendant is crowned with the royal crown, with a beam of sunlight at the tip.
Selected recipients
King Prajadhipok
Queen Savang Vadhana
Prince Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
Princess Indrasakdi Sachi
Prince Boworadet
Princess Suvadhana
Princess Bejaratana
Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram
Prince Aditya Dibabha
References
External links
Pendant Image
Orders of chivalry of Thailand
Awards established in 1911
1911 establishments in Siam |
Elizabeth Johnston Patterson (November 18, 1939 – November 10, 2018) was an American politician from South Carolina. A member of the Democratic Party, she was a three-term member of the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 1993.
Early life and education
Elizabeth Johnston, known as "Liz", was born into a Democratic political family. Her father, Olin D. Johnston, was Governor of South Carolina from 1935 to 1939 and again from 1943 to 1945. He then served in the United States Senate from 1945 until his death in 1965.
Her family lived outside Washington, D.C. in Kensington, Maryland, where she grew up during those years. She returned to South Carolina for college, graduating from Columbia College and doing graduate work at the University of South Carolina.
Career
Early in her career, Johnston worked in Washington, D.C. for the Peace Corps and the Office of Economic Opportunity during the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Patterson also worked as the South Carolina director of the Head Start Program and as an assistant to Congressman James R. Mann.
She returned to live in Spartanburg County, where she was elected to the County Council, serving from 1975 to 1976. In 1978 she was elected to the South Carolina State Senate, serving from 1979 to 1986. She was the second woman in the South Carolina Senate, after Mary Gordon Ellis.
In 1986 Patterson was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district in 1986, succeeding Carroll A. Campbell Jr., who had given up the seat to make a successful run for governor of South Carolina. She narrowly defeated Bill Workman, the mayor of Greenville, despite Campbell's presence at the top of the Republican ticket. Patterson was the first woman elected to Congress from South Carolina in her own right; the previous three, Elizabeth Hawley Gasque, Willa L. Fulmer, and Corinne Boyd Riley, had been elected in special elections after their husbands had died in office. She served on the House committees on Banking and Veterans Affairs, as well as the Select Committee on Hunger.
Bill Workman's father, W. D. Workman Jr., a journalist and author, had been her father's Republican opponent in the 1962 general election, when Johnston won his last term in the U.S. Senate.
Patterson was narrowly reelected in 1988, when she defeated Republican attorney and city councilman Knox H. White. George H. W. Bush carried the 4th district by the largest margin in the state. She won a third term with a greater margin in 1990 over Terry Haskins, a state Representative from Greenville. That year Campbell, as the Republican incumbent, won reelection as governor in a landslide.
Although Patterson represented a district that had been trending Republican for some time, she was thought to be a fairly secure incumbent, given her family ties and her victory in three successive elections under difficult conditions. She was narrowly defeated for re-election in 1992 by Republican Bob Inglis, an attorney who had never run for office before. As in 1988, George H. W. Bush carried the 4th with his largest margin in the state. After Patterson left office in 1993, no woman would serve in Congress from South Carolina until 2021, when Nancy Mace took office following her defeat of Joe Cunningham in 2020, and Democrats have only tallied more than 40 percent in the 4th district once since 1992.
Patterson was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in 1994. She taught political science at Spartanburg Methodist College, as well as being on the board of trustees, and was the chairwoman of the Spartanburg County Democratic Party.
Paterson died on November 10, 2018, just eight days shy of her 79th birthday.
See also
Women in the United States House of Representatives
References
External links
Elizabeth "Liz" Patterson Papers at South Carolina Political Collections, University of South Carolina
South Carolina Legislative Manual.
|-
|-
1939 births
2018 deaths
County council members in South Carolina
Democratic Party South Carolina state senators
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Peace Corps people
University of South Carolina alumni
Columbia College (South Carolina) alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
21st-century American women
Women in the South Carolina State Senate |
```php
<?php
/*
* This file is part of Piplin.
*
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace Piplin\Http\Requests;
use Piplin\Http\Requests\Request;
/**
* Request for validating patterns.
*/
class StorePatternRequest extends Request
{
/**
* Get the validation rules that apply to the request.
*
* @return array
*/
public function rules()
{
return [
'name' => 'required',
'copy_pattern' => 'required',
'build_plan_id' => 'required|integer|exists:build_plans,id',
];
}
}
``` |
is one of ten wards of the city of Saitama, in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and is located in the northern part of the city. , the ward had an estimated population of 163,869 and a population density of 5300 persons per km². Its total area was .
Geography
Mimuna-ward is located in the northern side of the city of Saitama.
Neighboring Municipalities
Saitama Prefecture
Iwatsuki-ku
Midori-ku
Urawa-ku
Kita-ku
Ōmiya-ku
Ageo
Hasuda
History
The villages of Katayanagi and Ōsato were created within Kitaadachi District, Saitama with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The village of Haruoka was created in 1892 and the village of Nanasato in 1912. On November 3, 1930 the village of Ōsato was merged with Ōmiya Town in 1940, becoming part of the city of Ōmiya. On January 1, 1955, Ōmiya annexed Katayanagi, Haruoka, and Nanasato. On May 1, 2001, Ōmiya merged with Urawa and Yono cities to form the new city of Saitama. When Saitama was proclaimed a designated city in 2003, this area of former Ōmiya city became Minuma Ward.
Education
Shibaura Institute of Technology
Minuma-ku has eleven elementary schools, seven junior high schools, and three high schools.
Municipal junior high schools:
Haruno (春野中学校)
Harusato (春里中学校)
Katayanagi (片柳中学校)
Nanasato (七里中学校)
Omiya Yahata (大宮八幡中学校)
Osato (大砂土中学校)
Oya (大谷中学校)
Municipal elementary schools:
Ebinuma (海老沼小学校)
Haruno (春野小学校)
Haruoka (春岡小学校)
Hasunuma (蓮沼小学校)
Higashi Miyashita (東宮下小学校)
Katayanagi (片柳小学校)
Minuma (見沼小学校)
Nanasato (七里小学校)
Osato Higashi (大砂土東小学校)
Oya (大谷小学校)
Shima (島小学校)
Transportation
Railway
JR East – Utsunomiya Line
Tōbu Railway - Tōbu Urban Park Line
-
Highway
Shuto Expressway Saitama Shintoshin Route
Local attractions
, referring to a vast green area of nearly 1260 hectares left within 20 to 30 kilometers from central Tokyo.
References
External links
Wards of Saitama (city) |
```xml
import React from 'react'
import { StyleProp } from 'react-native'
import { Theme, ThemeColors, ThemeTransformer } from '@devhub/core'
import {
TouchableWithoutFeedback,
TouchableWithoutFeedbackProps,
} from '../common/TouchableWithoutFeedback'
import { useTheme } from '../context/ThemeContext'
import { getThemeColorOrItself } from './helpers'
export interface ThemedTouchableWithoutFeedbackProps
extends Omit<TouchableWithoutFeedbackProps, 'style'> {
backgroundColor?: keyof ThemeColors | ((theme: Theme) => string)
style?: StyleProp<
Omit<TouchableWithoutFeedbackProps['style'], 'backgroundColor'>
>
themeTransformer?: ThemeTransformer
}
export const ThemedTouchableWithoutFeedback = React.forwardRef<
TouchableWithoutFeedback,
ThemedTouchableWithoutFeedbackProps
>((props, ref) => {
const {
backgroundColor: _backgroundColor,
style,
themeTransformer,
...otherProps
} = props
const theme = useTheme({ themeTransformer })
const backgroundColor = getThemeColorOrItself(theme, _backgroundColor, {
enableCSSVariable: true,
})
return (
<TouchableWithoutFeedback
{...otherProps}
ref={ref}
style={[style, { backgroundColor }]}
/>
)
})
ThemedTouchableWithoutFeedback.displayName = 'ThemedTouchableWithoutFeedback'
export type ThemedTouchableWithoutFeedback = TouchableWithoutFeedback
``` |
Frederick Henry Jackson (January 27, 1938 – February 28, 2003) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1991 to 1996, as a NDP member for the constituency of Kamloops-North Thompson.
References
British Columbia New Democratic Party MLAs
1938 births
2003 deaths |
Amos Owens (ca. 1822 – 1906), aka The Cherry Bounce King, was a nineteenth and early twentieth century moonshine producer who lived in Rutherford County, North Carolina. Of Irish descent, his grandfather fought in the Battle of King's Mountain in the Revolutionary War. He was renowned for the mixture of whiskey, honey and cherries and "[p]eople from all over the South visited him to taste his celebrated beverage." At its peak, the "cherry bounce" that Owens produced on his Cherry Mountain, North Carolina estate was served as far west as the Mississippi River.
Early life
Owens was born around 1822 in North Carolina, where he grew up without receiving any formal education, other than a few days of organized schooling. At age nine, he was hired out as a "drawer of water and hewer of trees", an occupation that he held for thirteen years and that provided him enough money to buy 100 acres on Cherry Mountain at the age of 23. Shortly after buying this first tract on Cherry Mountain, he married a local woman named Mary Ann Sweezey, paying the justice of the peace who oversaw their vows in brandy. At age 29, he'd earned enough from distilling to purchase all of Cherry Mountain, where he would live for the remainder of his life.
During this time, he also developed his renowned "cherry bounce", a liqueur consisting of corn whiskey, cherries, and either sourwood honey or sugar water.
Civil War years
Like many other moonshiners from western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and Kentucky, Owens joined the Confederate Army during the Civil War, fighting in the Battle of Bull Run and later serving in the 56th North Carolina Regiment. During the War, he served time in Union stockades. When he returned home to Cherry Mountain, he vowed never to pay the federal excise tax on distilled spirits which President Lincoln had reintroduced in 1862 to help fund the Union's war efforts.
Post-Civil War years
For a number of years, Owens hosted an annual celebration on the second Sunday of June that included as much food and cherry bounce as a person could consume for 25 cents. Activities during the celebration included boxing, dancing, "gander pulling", and dog fighting. After the celebration ended each year, Owens often buried the proceeds. During this time, his cherry bounce became popular across much of the Southeast, reaching as far west as the Mississippi River "where bartenders kept a few jugs in the luxury paddle wheelers that plied the river from Cincinnati to New Orleans."
Owens often used a telescope to spot IRS revenue agents before they reached his stills. However, he was not always successful in evading the agents. Over the course of his more than fifty years distilling spirits, Owens spent time in the federal penitentiary three times, and appeared in court four times for illegal distilling activities. He last appeared in court for illegal distilling at the age of sixty-eight. Following this last appearance, evidence suggests he ceased all distilling activities.
References
Moonshine producers
People from Rutherford County, North Carolina
1822 births
1906 deaths
American drink distillers
Businesspeople from North Carolina
19th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople
American businesspeople convicted of crimes |
Elgar Graeme Watts (born 24 September 1985) is a South African professional rugby union player who played for the , , and domestically and for the and the in Super Rugby. His usual position is fly-half.
Career
Maties
Watts started his career playing rugby for University of Stellenbosch side , representing them at the 2006 National Club Championships held in Stellenbosch.
Boland Cavaliers
Watts made his first class debut in 2008 for Wellington-based side , coming on as a replacement in their first match in the 2008 Vodacom Cup against the . Just a quarter of an hour into his debut, he scored his first points for the Cavaliers, kicking a drop goal in the 78th minute to help his side to a 31–22 victory. He also played off the bench in their second match of the campaign, a 29–25 victory over the in Potchefstroom before making his first start for his side in a 45–7 win over the , kicking five conversions in that match. He also started their remaining four matches in the round-robin stage of the competition, scoring a further 12 points to help the Cavaliers finish in third spot on the Southern Section log to qualify for a quarter final match away to the . He started that match as fly-half, but could not prevent Free State running out 35–20 winners to eliminate Boland from the competition.
Watts made his Currie Cup debut two months later, starting the Boland Cavaliers' first match of the 2008 Currie Cup Premier Division, a 48–42 win over the in Brakpan. He started 11 of their 14 matches during the season and played off the bench in a further two matches. He scored his first senior try in their Round Four match against the in a 17–57 defeat and also converting his own try. He scored further tries against the , the and the to help the Cavaliers finish seventh (and second-last) on the log. This meant that they had to play in a relegation play-off match against the side that finished second on the 2008 Currie Cup First Division log, Welkom-based side the . Watts scored four tries and kicked one conversion in the first leg of the play-off to set up a 54–15 win for the side from Wellington; they remained in the Premier Division for 2009 despite a 42–50 loss in the second leg of the play-off.
Watts didn't feature in the 2009 Vodacom Cup competition, but returned to action for Boland in the 2009 Currie Cup Premier Division. He started 13 of their 14 matches and came on as a replacement in their final match of the season against the . He contributed 13 points during the season with the boot as the Cavaliers had a very disappointing season, finishing last on the log with just one victory all season, a 26–18 defeat of the on the opening day of the season. This meant they had to participate in another relegation play-off, this time against the . Despite winning the first leg 36–35, they lost the second leg 3–40 in Witbank to be relegated to the First Division for 2010.
Pumas
Watts remained in the Premier Division of the Currie Cup, as he joined the team that replaced the Boland Cavaliers in that division, Witbank-based outfit the . He started the Pumas' first two matches of the 2010 Vodacom Cup competition, a 52–17 win over the and a 15–29 defeat to the . He was used as a replacement for the remainder of the competition, playing off the bench on four occasions as the Pumas finished fifth on the log to miss out on a quarter final spot.
However, Watts was very much a key player in their 2010 Currie Cup Premier Division campaign; he featured in all fourteen of their matches, starting eleven of those. He came on as a late replacement in their Round One 15–38 defeat to the , but started their second match against the – he contributed 27 points in this match, scoring a hat-trick of tries, three conversions and two penalties in a 37–32 victory. Over the course of the season, he helped them to further victories against the , the return match against the Leopards and the as the Pumas finished seventh in the competition. Watts finished the season as the top scorer for the Pumas with 104 points, which consisted of nine tries, 16 conversions and nine penalties. He scored a try and a conversion against the in a 36–36 draw in the first leg of their relegation play-off match and also started the second leg, where a 46–28 victory for the Pumas ensured they remained in the Currie Cup Premier Division in 2011.
Return to Boland Cavaliers
Watts returned to Wellington for 2011 to rejoin the . He was included in the 2011 Super Rugby squad, but failed to make an appearance. Instead, he started all seven of the ' matches in the 2011 Vodacom Cup competition. He scored tries against Namibian side and against the as the Boland Cavaliers finished sixth on the log, three log points off a quarter final spot.
After playing in a compulsory friendly match against Western Cape rivals in June 2011, he featured in the most high-scoring season of his career; he scored 185 points in twelve appearances in the 2011 Currie Cup First Division to finish as the top scorer in the competition. He set the tone in their opening match, kicking nine conversions and two penalties in a 69–12 victory over the . His best personal haul came in their 47–29 win over the , scoring a try, five conversions and four penalties for a personal tally of 27 points. The Boland Cavaliers won nine of their ten matches during the regular season – the only defeat being a 17–23 loss to the – to finish top of the log and secure a home semi-final against the Griffons. Watts scored a try, six conversions and a penalty in a 50–20 win and also contributed 12 points in the final, a 43–12 victory over the Eastern Province Kings to help them win the First Division title for the second time in their history. Due to the Premier Division being reduced from eight teams to six for 2012, there was no possibility of promotion to that league.
Watts scored 49 points in his seven appearances – all with the boot – during the 2012 Vodacom Cup competition, again just missing out on the play-offs by finishing fifth, with Argentine side edging them out on points differential after they finished level on 21 log points.
In June 2012, he was also named as the starting fly-half for a South African Barbarians (South) team that played against during their 2012 tour of South Africa. Watts kicked three conversions in a 26–54 defeat in Kimberley.
Watts started nine of the Boland Cavaliers' fourteen matches during the season, with a thigh injury ruling him out of five matches. He still finished the season as his side's top scorer with 115 points, sixth overall in the competition. It turned out to be a disappointing season for the defending champions as they finished in sixth spot in the competition to miss out on the play-off altogether.
Watts left Boland Cavaliers at the end of the 2012 season, having scored 445 points in 75 matches in his two separate spells in Wellington, making him the fifth-highest points scorer in the team's history.
Free State Cheetahs / Cheetahs
Watts made the move to Bloemfontein to join the prior to the 2013 Super Rugby season. He was named on the bench for their first match of the season against the , but was an unused replacement in their 22–29 defeat, before dropping out of their matchday squads altogether, with Johan Goosen, Burton Francis and Riaan Smit ahead of him in the pecking order. He made two appearances for a in the 2013 Vodacom Cup, starting in their 26–25 victory over the in Alice and their 32–38 defeat to the in Stellenbosch. He was again named on the bench for the Cheetahs in their Round Eleven Super Rugby match against the and he made his Super Rugby debut by coming on as a second-half replacement. After another appearance off the bench against the which saw him score his first Super Rugby points by kicking two conversions and a penalty in a 34–39 defeat, Watts was elevated to the starting line-up for their match against the and contributed 17 points (through five penalties and a conversion) in a 27–13 victory. He contributed 14 points in his side's 34–22 victory over the in his second start a week later, but reverted to the bench for the remainder of the competition, making appearances against the and the to help the Cheetahs qualify for the play-off stage of the competition for the first time in their history. He was an unused replacement in their 13–15 defeat to the in Canberra in the qualifier.
Watts was the undisputed first choice fly-half for the in the 2013 Currie Cup Premier Division, starting all eleven of their matches during the competition. He shared the kicking duties with right winger Riaan Smit, contributing 63 points which included four tries to finish as the Cheetahs' second-highest scorer behind Smit who scored 70. The Free State Cheetahs finished the season in third spot on the log to qualify for the semi-finals, but lost at that stage of the competition against eventual champions the , going down 22–33 in a match in Durban.
Watts moved up the pecking order for the 2014 Super Rugby season, being named the regular replacement for first-choice fly-half Johan Goosen. Watts started three matches against the , and and played off the bench on ten occasions. In total, he contributed 49 points – the second-highest by a Cheetahs player behind Goosen – which also included his first Super Rugby try in a match against the in a 33–43 defeat in Brisbane. In July 2014, he was rewarded with a contract extension, committing him to the Cheetahs until 2016.
However, he made just two appearances in the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division – against the in Nelspruit and in Bloemfontein – before suffering a knee injury which ruled him out of the remainder of the campaign and the entire 2015 Super Rugby season.
Griffons
Upon returning to fitness, he was loaned to the and he made one appearance for the Welkom-based side, scoring 12 points consisting of a try, two conversions and a penalty in a 25–21 victory over the in the 2015 Currie Cup qualification competition.
Eastern Province Kings
In June 2015, he was released from his contract with the to join the Port Elizabeth-based prior to the 2015 Currie Cup Premier Division, signing a deal until October 2017.
References
External links
itsrugby.co.uk Profile
South African rugby union players
Living people
1985 births
Boland Cavaliers players
Pumas (Currie Cup) players
Free State Cheetahs players
Cheetahs (rugby union) players
Rugby union players from Paarl
Rugby union fly-halves
Southern Kings players |
The Greek Harehound (; FCI No. 214) is a rare breed of dog that only comes in a black and tan color, originally bred as a scenthound for tracking and chasing hare in Southern Greece.
Appearance
The Greek Harehound is a scenthound with a short-haired black and tan coat. It is a medium-sized dog, weighing between . Males and females should have a height of and at the withers respectively.
Head: The skull, which is relatively flat, is the same or slightly shorter than the muzzle's length. Its forehead is generally broad.
Jaws: The Greek Harehound has powerful jaws. Its teeth should either be in a scissor or pincer bite and evenly spaced.
Eyes: This breed possess bright brown-colored eyes that are medium-sized. The eyes should neither be set too deep or bulging.
Ears: The ears are set high, and should hang down halfway along the head.
Coat: The Greek Harehound has a short, dense coat that has a slightly hard texture. Its coat is usually only black and tan in color, yet a small white patch may be present in some individuals. No trimming or stripping is required.
Tail: The tail's length should not exceed the point of the hock. It is set high, thick at the base and tapering by a little at the tip.
Temperament
The Greek Harehound has a lively, confident and outgoing temperament. These dogs are skilled, fearless hunters, and have a keen sense of smell as well as excellent strength and stamina. Their activity level is high and they require daily exercise and opportunities to exercise their hunting instincts, for example through hunting or scentwork games. The Greek Harehound is also devoted to its owner, and generally makes a fine family pet, although they are better with older children. Since the Greek Harehound was originally bred to hunt in packs, it is placid with other dogs, yet may be wary and suspicious around strangers.
Like other scenthound breeds, the Greek Harehound is independent and strong-willed at times. These dogs can have a short attention span and are easily distracted, so they should be trained from an early age. Positive reinforcement and consistency is necessary when training a Greek Harehound and rough handling should be avoided. Due to their original hunting purposes, the Greek Harehound can be vocal and extremely loud, and may enjoy chasing small animals and moving things. They may also show destructiveness when bored or left alone for a prolonged period of time.
These dogs are active working-type hounds. They can be challenging to train and are not recommended for the less active dog owner or for apartment life.
Health
The Greek Harehound is a healthy breed with no known genetic defects. But like other dogs with pendulous ears, their ears are more prone to infections and need to be cleaned frequently, they also experience hip dysplasia.Their life span is around 11 years.
References
Dog breeds originating in Greece
FCI breeds
Scent hounds
Rare dog breeds |
Social security in Germany is codified on the Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB), or the "Social Code", contains 12 main parts, including the following,
Unemployment insurance and public employment agencies (SGB II and III)
Health insurance (SGB V)
Old age, widow's/widower's, orphans and disability pension insurance (SGB VI)
Invalidity insurance (SGB VII and IX)
Child support (SGB VIII)
Social care (SGB XI)
Unemployment
Unemployment benefit I
The unemployment benefit I in Germany is also known as the unemployment insurance. The insurance is administered by the Bundesagentur für Arbeit (Federal Employment Agency, BA) and funded by employee and employer contributions. This in stark contrast to FUTA in the US and other systems; where only employers make contributions. Participation (and thus contributions) are generally mandatory for both employee and employer. All workers with a regular employment contract, except freelancers and certain civil servants, contribute to the system. Since 2006, certain previously excluded workers have been able to opt into the system on a voluntary basis.
The system is financed by contributions from employees and employers. Employees pay 1.2% of their gross salary below the social security threshold and employers pay 1.2% contribution on top of the salary paid to the employee. The contribution level was reduced from 1.3% for employees and employers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contributions are paid only on earnings up to the social security ceiling (2021: 7,100 EUR in western Germany and 6,700 EUR in the former GDR). The system is largely self-financed but also receives a subsidy from the state to run the Job centers.
Unemployed workers are entitled to:
Living allowance known as unemployment benefit
Help in finding work
Training
Unemployed benefit is paid to workers who have contributed at least during 12 months in a 30 month period preceding their loss of a job. The allowance is paid for 12 months to claimants below the age of 50. Above the age of 50 the allowance period climbs up to 24 months at the age of 58, provided the claimant has contributed for at least 48 months. Claimants get 60% of their previous net salary (capped at the social security ceiling), or 67% for claimants with children. The maximum benefit is therefore 2382,60 euros (in 2021).
Unemployment benefit II
If a worker is not eligible for the full unemployment benefits or after receiving the full unemployment benefit for the maximum of 12 months, he is able to apply for benefits from the so-called Hartz IV programme, an open-ended welfare programme. A person receiving Hartz IV benefits is paid 432 EUR (2020) a month for living expenses plus the cost of adequate housing (including heating) and health care. Couples can receive benefits for each partner including their children. Additionally, children can get "benefits for education and participation". Germany does not have an EBT (electronic benefits transfer) card system in place and, instead, disburses welfare in cash or via direct deposit onto the recipient's bank account.
Health insurance
Germany has a universal multi-payer health care system with two main types of health insurance: "Statutory Health Insurance" () known as sickness funds (Krankenkasse) and "Private Health Insurance" ().
Health insurance is compulsory for the whole population in Germany. Salaried workers and employees below the relatively high income threshold of more than 60,000 euros per year are automatically enrolled into one of currently around 105 public non-profit "sickness funds" at common rates for all members, and is paid for with joint employer-employee contributions. Provider payment is negotiated in complex corporatist social bargaining among specified self-governed bodies (e.g. physicians' associations) at the level of federal states (Länder). The sickness funds are mandated to provide a unique and broad benefit package and cannot refuse membership or otherwise discriminate on an actuarial basis. Social welfare beneficiaries are also enrolled in statutory health insurance, and municipalities pay contributions on behalf of them.
Besides the "Statutory Health Insurance" () covering the vast majority of residents, the better off with a yearly income above almost €50,000 (), students and civil servants for complementary coverage can opt for private health insurance (about 11% of the population). Most civil servants benefit from a tax-funded government employee benefit scheme covering a percentage of the costs, and cover the rest of the costs with a private insurance contract. Recently, private insurers provide various types of supplementary coverage as an add upon of the SHI benefit package (e.g. for glasses, coverage abroad and additional dental care or more sophisticated dentures).
The health economics of Germany sector was about US$368.78 billion (€287.3 billion) in 2010, equivalent to 11.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) this year and about US$4,505 (€3,510) per capita. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2004. In 2004 Germany ranked thirtieth in the world in life expectancy (78 years for men). It had a very low infant mortality rate (4.7 per 1,000 live births), and it was tied for eighth place in the number of practicing physicians, at 3.3 per 1,000 persons. In 2001 total spending on health amounted to 10.8 percent of gross domestic product.
Pensions
Child support
The child care system in Germany can be seen as universal in coverage, though regulations may vary from Land to Land, and between west Germany and east Germany. It is viewed as a public problem shared by multiple roles of the society: parents, regional and local governments, non-profit organizations (usually churches) etc. Germany offers a wide range of child care programs for parents: day care centers (Krippe) for children up to age 3, preschool programs (Kindergarten) for children from age 3 to 6, primary schools (Hort) for school-age children. Around ninety-eight per cent of German daycare is non-for-profit and is heavily funded by the government. Ninety per cent of the costs are paid by state, regional and local governments through public taxes while the rest of the cost is paid by the parents. In western Germany, regulations of day care are enforced by state youth office (Landesjugendamt) in each Land, which distributes funds to day care centers according to a certain amount. Even though the enforcement is in a relatively decentralized form, there is still high conformity on regulatory requirements of the day care centers among different Land. For example, child/staff ratios vary from 17/1 to 25/1; group sizes of 25 in kindergartens; and training requirements for teachers. German child care system values highly of the quality of teaching staffs. In every German Land, a teacher must complete four to five years of training requirements, usually composed of one to two years of praktikum, two years of college, and one year of additional praktikum (Berufspraktikum). The tougher regulation on teachers' training requirements ensures the quality of child care service to some extent. There is no big market for private day care in Germany. Only 4% to 10% of mothers employ child minders (Tagespflege) in 1995. The main reason for this is that private child care providers cannot maintain profitability when facing the competition from the public providers which are generously funded by the government. And the high barrier to enter the market set by the government becomes one of the hinders.
Although general condition of the child care system can be applied to most of the cases and regions in Germany, there are noticeably big regional differences, especially between west and east Germany. The regional variations in child care supply reflect the fact that regulations are being made at the local community level. According to Tietze, Rossbach & Roitsch survey in 1994, there are variations in the supply of day care services between rural and urban areas, with rural areas being at a disadvantage. In east Germany, there are much larger number of day care slots than in west Germany and higher rate of child care provision, as an inheritance from its former socialist German Democratic Republic. The opening hours of the day-care centers vary as well. In west Germany the opening hours of Kindergarten are short, only for half of the day; while in east Germany 97% of the kindergarten offers all-day care including lunch. Child care policies in Germany focus more on children's development and equal opportunities to succeed after kindergarten rather than focusing on helping to solve the compatibility of work and family for parents. Thus it explains the fact that Germany aims to provide high-quality early education for children but set the opening hours of day care centers to be short and not convenient to the working parents.
In many social studies, child care policy together with social norms about gender roles have cast big impact on women's participation in labor force and fertility choice. Having one of the lowest fertility rate among European countries, Germany has on average 1.38 children per woman in 2008 and it keeps on having high level of childlessness among parents. Women in Germany, as in many other countries, face the dilemma between work and family. In west Germany, female participation in labor market is low as German income tax system discourages women from labor market due to high unemployment rate. Even for women who have jobs, they usually stop working at the birth of the child because mothers are seen as the best child care providers. 3-year period of parental leave is provided by the government, with low cash benefits paid under the terms of health insurance. Women tend to stay as housewives when kids are young and return to part-time works after their children grow older. Full-time employment rates are even lower. In east Germany, however, it witnesses one of the highest female labor participation rate among European countries. As high as 85 per cent of adult women, including those with young kids, participate in labor market. For working mothers, there are several informal child care arrangements they could have. Usually they have their children to be cared for by grandparents or other close relatives. Others send their kids to day care centers. 60% of east German children under age 3 are cared for by the day centers and over 90% of children aged 3 to 6 attend full-day preschool program.
Apart from maternity leave, parents are also entitled to a paid leave if their children are ill at home.
Funding
The social security system in Germany is funded through contributions paid by employees and employers. The contributions are paid on all direct wages as well as indirect wages up to a ceiling.
Notes
External links
Social Security at a Glance, brochure by the German Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, 2017 |
Red Bank is a commuter train station located in Red Bank, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is one of 20 NJ Transit commuter rail stations on the North Jersey Coast Line. It is located on Bridge Avenue between Monmouth and Oakland Streets, just south of the Navesink River, and consists of two high-level platforms on either side of grade crossings.
History
Red Bank station was built by Central Railroad of New Jersey in 1875, has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1976 and is part of the Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource. Notable visitors included Presidents Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and King George VI of the United Kingdom. The 1876 station house was renovated in 2012–2014 to its appearance when built, including historically correct material, reconstruction of "Yankee" gutters, installation of new downspouts, and replacement of historic windows, shutters and gingerbread trim. Repairs were made to roof soffits and wood framing of the structure, and to repoint the brick foundation wall and the brick chimney, and to recreate a brick "crown" atop the chimney. Exterior paint of the station matches its original color scheme.
Station layout
The station has two high-level side platforms that are eight cars long.
See also
List of New Jersey Transit stations
National Register of Historic Places listings in Monmouth County, New Jersey
References
External links
Red Bank Station Platform Improvement Project - UPDATE - Phase III Begins in February 2006
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Red Bank, New Jersey
Stations on the North Jersey Coast Line
Former New York and Long Branch Railroad stations
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Railway stations in Monmouth County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1875
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
NJ Transit bus stations
1875 establishments in New Jersey |
The Composers' Quarter (Danish: Komponistkvarteret or Komponistbyen) or Strandvej Quarter (Danish: Strandvejskvarteret), confusingly also known as the Kildevæld Quarter, or the Svanemølle Quarter (Danish: Svanemøllekvarteret), is an enclave of terraced houses located just west of Svanemøllen Station, between Østerbrogade and Kildevækd Park, in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. Most of the streets in the area are named after Danish or Nordic composers. The 393 townhouses were originally built by the Workers' Building Society (Danish: Arbejdernes Byggeforening) to provide affordable and healthy housing for working-class families, though latterly they have become very desirable middle-class homes.
History
The name Kildevæld Quarter refers to Kildevækrd, a country house and inn which had been located at the site since the eighteenth century. The house was located at the corner of Kildevækrdsgade and Østerbrogade. The site was acquired by Arbejdernes Byggeforening in the 1890s. The building society had already created a number of similar developments, including Kartoffelrækkerne while Humleby in Vesterbro was still under construction. The architect Frederik Bøttge was charged with designing the buildings. Construction took place between 1892 and 1903.
Layout and street names
The Composers' Quarter is surrounded by the streets Thomas Laubs Gade, Edvard Griegs Gade, Hornemangade, Østerbrogade and Landskronagade. The houses are built in yellow brick with bands of red brick. Properties with street-facing gables are mixed with more common houses featuring dormer windows to provide variation along the long, straight streets.
The central thoroughfare of the area is Kildevældsgade, a 600 metre long street that runs from Østerbrogade in the east to Vennemindevej at Kildevæld Church in the east. After 190 metres, the street widens into a small square with a central garden complex, which features a memorial to Frederik Ferdinand Ulrik and Moses Melchior, two of the founders of Arbejdernes Byggeforening. The building society houses give way to taller apartment buildings just before Thomas Laubs Gade.
Street names
The other streets in the Composers' Quarter (apart from Kildevældsgade) are all named after Danish composers:
Berggreensgade, named after Andreas Peter Berggreen
Niels W Gades Gade, named after Niels Gade
Heisesgadem named after Peter Arnold Heise
Hornemansgade, named after Emil Horneman
Kuhlausgade, named after Friedrich Kuhlau
Thomas Laubs Gade, named after Thomas Laub
H. C. Lumbyes Gade, named after Hans Christian Lumbye
Weysesgade, named after Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse
A couple of neighbouring streets are also named after Nordic composers:
Bellmansgade, named after Carl Michael Bellman
Edvard Griegs Gade, named after Edvard Grieg
Sibeliusgade, named after Jean Sibelius
Notable residents
Former prime minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt lived at Kuhlausgade 40 from 2004 to 2017.
References
External links
Official website of the Strandvejskvarteret (Danish only)
Source
Østerbro |
Once Upon a Crime... is a 1992 ensemble black comedy mystery film, starring Richard Lewis, John Candy, James Belushi, Cybill Shepherd, Sean Young and Ornella Muti. The film was directed by Eugene Levy. It is the remake of Mario Camerini's 1960 Italian comedy film Crimen.
Plot
A series of couples are in Monte Carlo, Monaco and their lives get intertwined during a murder investigation. Augie Morosco is a reformed gambler whose wife Elena Morosco is concluding a business deal, while Neil Schwary is a gambler looking to strike it big and whose wife Marilyn Schwary is hoping to buy some designer clothes. Julian Peters and Phoebe met each other in Rome and are attempting to return a dachshund to the wealthy Madam Van Dougan.
Madam Van Dougan is found murdered and the interactions between Julian and Phoebe and the other couples begin to look increasingly suspicious, as Inspector Bonnard needs to unravel the clues. Over the course of the film, Augie returns to gambling, Elena has an affair and Julian sells and repurchases the dog.
Cast
John Candy as Augie Morosco
James Belushi as Neil Schwary
Cybill Shepherd as Marilyn Schwary
Sean Young as Phoebe
Richard Lewis as Julian Peters
Ornella Muti as Elena Morosco
Giancarlo Giannini as Inspector Bonnard
George Hamilton as Alfonso de la Pena
Roberto Sbaratto as Detective Toussaint
Joss Ackland as Hercules Popodopoulos
Ann Way as Housekeeper
Geoffrey Andrews as Butler
Caterina Boratto as Madame de Senneville
Elsa Martinelli as Carla the Agent
Eugene Levy as Casino Cashier (uncredited)
Reception
Janet Maslin of The New York Times said the film was not funny, and adding "As a general rule, films whose plots revolve around lost dogs are apt to be short on comic inspiration, and this one is no exception."
The film was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress for Sean Young, which she lost to Estelle Getty in Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot.
Adaptation
In 2006, Abbas–Mustan known for directing thriller movies in Bollywood, adapted this movie as 36 China Town starring Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor. It is a frame-by-frame, shot-for-shot imitation of Once Upon a Crime.
References
External links
1992 films
1992 comedy films
1992 black comedy films
1990s comedy mystery films
1992 directorial debut films
American black comedy films
American comedy mystery films
American remakes of Italian films
Films directed by Eugene Levy
Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis
Films scored by Richard Gibbs
Films set in Monaco
Films shot in Monaco
Films with screenplays by Nancy Meyers
Films with screenplays by Charles Shyer
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Films based on works by Luciano Vincenzoni |
Sylvan James Anderton (born 23 November 1934) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Chelsea, Queens Park Rangers and Reading.
References
1934 births
Living people
Footballers from Reading, Berkshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football wing halves
Reading F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Dover F.C. players
English Football League players |
The 1994 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) All-Filipino Cup was the first conference of the 1994 PBA season. It started on March 6 and ended on May 27, 1994. The tournament is an All-Filipino format, which doesn't require an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.
Format
The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:
The teams were divided into 2 groups.
Group A:
Coney Island Ice Cream Stars
Sta. Lucia Realtors
Tondeña 65 Rhum Masters
San Miguel Beermen
Group B:
Alaska Milkmen
Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs
Shell Rimula X Turbo Chargers
Pepsi Mega Bottlers
Teams in a group will play against each other twice and against teams in the other group once; 10 games per team; Teams are then seeded by basis on win–loss records. Ties are broken among point differentials of the tied teams. Standings will be determined in one league table; teams do not qualify by basis of groupings.
The top five teams after the eliminations will advance to the semifinals.
Semifinals will be two round robin affairs with the remaining teams. Results from the elimination round will be carried over. A playoff incentive for a finals berth will be given to the team that will win at least five of their eight semifinal games.
The top two teams (or the top team and the winner of the playoff incentive) will face each other in a best-of-seven championship series. The next two teams will qualify for a best-of-five playoff for third place.
Elimination round
Team standings
Semifinals
Team standings
Cumulative standings
Semifinal round standings:
Finals berth playoff
Third place playoffs
Finals
References
External links
PBA.ph
All-Filipino Cup
PBA Philippine Cup |
Swami Gagangiri Maharaj was an Indian Hindu saint and Guru of the Nath Sampradaya. He is one of the most influential Hathayogis of modern India. Gagangiri Maharaj was particularly known for his water penance and intense meditation practices. He is considered the incarnation of Adi Dattatreya himself. Swamiji was a widely revered figure amongst Indian sadhus, yogis , and saints.
Life
Shri Gagangiri Maharaj was born as Shripad Patankar in a village named Mandure in Patan, Satara district of Maharashtra. Patankar family is an imperial family and are direct descendants of the Chalukya dynasty which once ruled much of South and Central India. At the tender age of seven, he left home and went to a Matha of Nath sampradaya which was located at Battees-Shirala. At a very early age he took Sannyasa.
After getting initiated in a monastic order he started travelling with various Mahants, sages of Nath Sampradaya. Gagangiri maharaj was a child prodigy and mastered several shastras,yoga and various Tantras at a very young age. He travelled to far and wide places such as Nepal, Bhutan, Manas Sarovar, Gaurishankar, Gorakshdarbar, Gorakhpur, Pashupatinath and returned to Almora. Finally, he travelled through the Valley of Ganga, Himachal Pradesh and reached Badrika Ashram.
Gagangiri Maharaj was extremely tired as a result of his peregrinations and he decided to rest in a cave. When he was relaxing, a sage wearing saffron robes came there from the mountains. He sprinkled water from his kamandalu, on the face of Gagangiri Maharaj. He also gave him some kind of green grass to eat which resembled coriander leaves. For his penance, he had prepared mattresses of grass. He found his mattresses growing like living vegetation. This was considered as an experience, where Tantrik technique is perfected. He did a number of Kaya Kalpas. In this process he invented several new concepts in Tantrik techniques and proved them true. He did penance at a number of places like Mauli Kund, Mauli Kada, Zanzu water, Mausame Kada, Kasarbari, Ginger water, Sat-barkund, Holi Kada, Margaj water, Jungledeo patti, Shirale etc.
During monsoon, he stayed in the cave at Garbhagiri, Gagangiri. He did penance in a pond near the river at Sangashi, Vazar, Vesraf, Palsambe, Ramling etc. Later he went to Vijaydurg, in the Konkan area from where he reached Bombay by steamer. During 1945 to 1948, he did Kayakalpa at Angale, near Rajapur in Konkan. As more and more people benefited by his meditation, more and more people started worshipping and respecting him, and his reputation spread all around. Maharaj ji was followed by various high-ranking officials and ministers like Yashwantrao Chavan, Balasaheb Desai, Rajarambapu Patil, Patangrao Kadam
Swamiji then decided to travel all over India alone on foot and accordingly his journey started. At this time, his fair skin was glowing with health. Attired in saffron robes of a sanyasi, young and wise, Swamiji was revered by people. He travelled on foot from Haridwar to Delhi, Bhopal, etc.
At Bhopal while he was taking rest after bath near a tank, the princely ruler of Kolhapur and his retinue happened to be nearby while on a brief visit. Swamiji's mother tongue being Marathi, a conversation between him and Kolhapur ruler's retinue ensued resulting in the ruler requesting Swamiji to accompany him to Kolhapur. In 1932 the Raja of Kolhapur had been to Dajipur jungle for hunting. Swamiji who had accompanied him stayed back in the jungle, where he lived from 1932 to 1940. He spent these years in meditation and deep reflection. In Bombay between 1948 and 1950, he stayed in Dadi Hirji Parsi graveyards, near the temple of Maruti, at shidi near Walkeshwar. Guru pournima (full moon day of Ashadha month for worshipping the Guru) used to be celebrated on a big scale at Birla Kreeda Kendra in Mumbai. In spite of all these preoccupations in respect of the society, he continued his penance for over 60 years. Maharaj also called upon thwasuth to come forward and revive the glory of Hinduism. He was awarded "Vishwagaurav Vibhushan" by the Parliament of the World's Religions.
Teachings
Gagangiri Maharaj was an active environmentalist seer. He preached and spread awareness about the conservation and protection of the environment. His teachings emphasized on living in a harmonious relationship with nature and preserving it.
Ashrams and devotees
Gagangiri Maharaj used to travel between his ashrams in Khopoli and Gaganbawda. In Malad Ashram, devotees light lamps on the occasion of Kojagiri Purnima each year. He has a huge number of devotees in the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka, Telangana , and Andhra Pradesh. His ashrams are located in Maharashtra, Goa, and Andhra Pradesh. He had devotees like Dhirubhai Ambani, Bal Thackeray, Mamata Kulkarni. Interestingly, the rosary of rudraksha which Balasaheb generally held in his hands was a blessing given to him by Gagangiri Maharaj.
Maharaj took Mahasamadhi on 4 February 2008 at 3:30 a.m.during Brahmamuhurtha at his Ashram in Khopoli.
References
External links
Gagangiri Maharaj Official Website
2008 deaths
20th-century Indian philosophers
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Hindu revivalists
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
Indian Hindu saints |
Anne Mattocks Strieber (August 25, 1946 – August 11, 2015) was an American author, known for her thrillers An Invisible Woman (2004) and Little Town Lies (2005).
Biography
Before becoming a writer, she was a schoolteacher. She married fellow novelist, Whitley Strieber; they have one son, Andrew.
She was the managing editor of her husband's Web site, unknowncountry.com and was also a host of the Dreamland radio show podcast presented there.
She was portrayed by Lindsay Crouse in the film adaptation of her husband's nonfiction work Communion.
Anne Strieber died on August 11, 2015.
References
External links
unknowncountry.com
1946 births
2015 deaths
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers |
Bitkub is a Thailand-based cryptocurrency exchange, operated by Bitkub Online Co., Ltd. () under its parent group Bitkub Capital Group Holdings (Bitkub Capital Co., Ltd.). It was founded in 2018 by Jirayut Srupsrisopa, and was among the first exchanges to receive a digital asset license from the country's Securities and Exchange Commission, in 2019. It claims to be the largest cryptocurrency exchange in the country, with a share of 90% of crypto transactions based on 2021 data from regulated exchanges. In November 2021, SCB announced that it would acquire a 51-percent stake in the company for 17.85 billion baht (US$537 million), valuing the company at over $1 billion and making it one of Thailand's first unicorn start-up companies. However, on 25th August 2022, the deal was cancelled. The SCB stated that the reason for cancellation was due to Bitkub's ongoing lawsuit with Thailand's Securities and Exchange Commission for the alleged involvement in wash and inside trading.
History
Jirayut Srupsrisopa, the main co-founder of Bitkub and CEO of Bitkub Capital, was one of Thailand's first tech entrepreneurs to enter the cryptocurrency business. He had previously co-founded the Bitcoin wallet operator Coins.co.th (a partner of Philippines-based Coins.ph, which was acquired by Go-Jek in 2019), before leaving to raise funding for Bitkub, which was founded in February 2018 with a registered capital of 50 million baht, backed mainly by mobile operator DTAC. By the end of the year, it had become Thailand's second-largest digital currency exchange, after BX.in.th. It was one of the first four exchanges to receive operating licences from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), in January 2019, when the Ministry of Finance began regulating digital asset services.
The company reported rapid growth in revenue, from 3 million baht in 2018 to 30 million and 300 million over the next two years, and 3.28 billion during the first three quarters of 2021. It benefited from the abrupt closure of BX.in.th in 2019, and the rush into cryptocurrency trading as the price of Bitcoin surged from late 2020, but the spike in activity overwhelmed its systems, causing multiple crashes in January 2021, prompting the exchange to temporary shutdown; the SEC ordered rectification of the issues. The SEC also ordered a suspension of new user registration until the company could demonstrate the resilience of its systems, which was lifted in April. In May, the company introduced its own cryptocurrency, Bitkub Coin (KUB).
In November 2021, Siam Commercial Bank Group announced an acquisition deal in which it would (pending regulatory approval) acquire a 51-percent stake in Bitkub Online for 17.85 billion baht ($535 million), placing its total valuation at over $1 billion and making it one of Thailand's first unicorn start-up companies. This deal was later scrapped in August 2022, with Siam Commcercial Bank Group abandoning this due to unresolved regulatory issues.
The company has announced plans for international expansion in Southeast Asia.
In December 2021, Bitkub was fined a total of 3.9 million baht for eight infractions including system outages and disruptions, violating trading rules, insufficient customer support, insufficient market surveillance, improper customer asset storage, and improper compliance system.
References
Digital currency exchanges
Financial services companies of Thailand
2018 establishments in Thailand |
Munírih K͟hánum (; 1847April 28, 1938) was the wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, a prominent figure in the Baháʼí Faith. She was entitled the Holy Mother. Her memoirs, first published in 1924, are regarded as one of the first published memoirs by a Persian woman in the 20th century.
Childhood and early years
Munírih Khánum was born Fáṭimih Nahrí, the eldest child of Muhammad ʻAlí Nahrí and his wife, Zahrá of Isfahán in Isfahan. The Nahrí family were a prominent family in the city, and her family were one of the first Bábís of Isfahan who later became eminent Baháʼís of Persia. The family were also highly connected with high-ranking nobles and clerics of the city. Her maternal uncle was killed at the age of fourteen in Persia because of his religion. Munírih's birth came as a surprise to her parents. Her father was previously married and had no issue and upon his wives death, he remarried Zahrá Khánum. Munírih's birth in 1847 did not occur until some ten years after the parents marriage, when the couple had assumed they would never have children.
Education
Her father was one of the first Bábís in her city of birth, and Munírih was brought up as a devout Bábí and later Baháʼí under her parents care. Though it was customary not to educate girls, even of noble birth, her father had his daughter educated and she was a fine writer and poet. Her poetry was reported to be beautiful and she wrote many during her marriage and later years. Munírih was also fluent in her native Persian and also Arabic and Turkish. She was also well versed in Persian literature, in the works of Rumi and Nizami which she refers to in her later writings. According to her later memoirs her father died shortly after her eleventh birthday and she was left to the care of both her maternal and paternal extended families.
First marriage
As a young woman, Munírih was regarded as a suitable match for marriage to Baháʼí families throughout Persia. However, in her infancy as was the Persian custom her parents had betrothed her to a young man.
Some time after the death of her father, her family thought she had come of age for a marriage. They arranged that she be wedded to the young Mírzá Kázim, the youngest brother of the King and Beloved of Martyrs. Munírih was reluctant at first, but due to familiar pressure she begrudgingly consented to the marriage despite her misgivings.
The two were married in an extravagant wedding with the crescendo being the young couple led to the bedchamber. However, Mírzá Kázim fell ill during the wedding ceremony and avoided his bride. The same night he left the house to the horror and consternation of his family. After six months his maid found him dead in the home of the young couple. Munírih was humiliated and overwhelmed. Perplexed, she resolved she would never marry again, instead she spent her days in prayer and meditation.
Marriage
In 1871, Baháʼu'lláh and Navváb expressed interest in Munírih to become the wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and she made a wearisome journey to Acre, Israel. The sister of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá says that her parents wanted Munírih because she was "very beautiful and amiable, and in every way a suitable match". The parents of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had believed that it was time for him to marry, and though several young women were thought of as potential brides ʻAbdu'l-Bahá explained that he did not want to marry. Munírih's journey began with the departure from Isfahan with the company of her younger brother. She then went on pilgrimage to the house of the Báb and visited the wife of the Báb, Khadíjih-Bagum. Khadíjih related a great number of stories to Munírih about the life of the Báb. She became acquainted with the Báb's family members too (most of which were resentful or indifferent to his religion). The trip to Shiraz was a great delight to the young Munírih.
She arrived in mid-1872 and lived in the house of Mírzá Músá for the time of the betrothal. Munírih later reminisced how she fell instantly in love with the young ʻAbdu'l-Bahá when they met one another. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had showed little inclination of marriage until he met 24-year-old Munírih Khánum in 1872. After five months betrothal the couple were finally married. Baháʼu'lláh entitled Fáṭimih with the name Munírih (Illumined).
The couple married on March 8, 1873 in the house of ʻAbbúd. Munírih K͟hánum was twenty-five, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was twenty-eight. The marriage was a happy union. They had nine children: Ḥusayn Effendi (d. 1305/1887, aged five), Mihdí (died aged two-and-a-half), Ṭúbá (died sometime in Akka), Fu'ádíyyih (died in infancy), and Ruḥangíz (died in 1893, she was the favorite grandchild of Baháʼu'lláh) "five of my children died in the poisonous climate of 'Akká" she later bitterly reflected. Four children survived to adulthood – all daughters; Ḍíyáʼíyyih K͟hánum (mother of Shoghi Effendi) (d. 1951) Túbá K͟hánum (1880–1959) Rúḥá K͟hánum and Munavvar K͟hánum (d. 1971). Munírih Khánum was very emotionally attached to her children and devoted to her husband.
Family
The oldest of these was Ḍíyáʼíyyih, who married Mírzá Hádí Shírází (1864–1955) in 1895; their children were Shoghi Effendi, Rúḥangíz, Mihrangíz, Ḥusayn, and Riyáḍ, who all took the surname Rabbání. The second daughter, Ṭúbá Khánum, married Mírzá Muḥsin Afnán (1863–1927); their children were Rúḥí (1899–1971), Thurayyá, Suhayl, and Fu'ád (d. 1943), who all took the surname Afnán. The third daughter of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Rúḥá, married Mírzá Jalál, the son of Mírzá Muḥammad Ḥasan, King of Martyrs; their children were Maryam (d.1933), Muníb, Zahrá and Ḥasan, who all took the surname Shahíd. The fourth daughter, Munavvar, married Mírzá Aḥmad, the son of Mírzá ʻAbdu'r-Raḥím Yazdí; they were childless. In the 1930s and 1940s a series of marriages linked the sons of Sayyid 'Alí Afnán and Furúghíyyih, who had been supporters of Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, with the grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. As a result of these marriages, other inappropriate marriages, or refusal to break ties with Covenant-breakers in the family, Shoghi Effendi, in the 1940s and early 1950s, reluctantly declared all the surviving grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (except himself) Covenant-breakers.
Life in a prison city
During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime
In the 1870s, Munírih and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá lived in the House of ʻAbbúd in the prison city of Akko as political prisoners. Though technically not a prisoner under the Ottoman Empire, she nevertheless was married to one which put her safety in risk. She grew a close attachment with the mother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Navváb and with his sister Bahíyyih Khánum who became her closest friend. The four, along with their brood of children all lived together in the house of ʻAbbúd. The imprisonment was trying times for Munírih Khánum. She witnessed the machinations of her husband's enemies and the death of five of her nine children. The death of her most beloved child, a son named Husayn, caused her unbearable grief and anguish. To console her Baháʼu'lláh wrote a number of prayers for her to read in times of sadness. Husayn's death came at a bad time, as the previous year Navvab had died from a fall, and in 1888 Baháʼu'lláh's brother Mírzá Músá also died.
The death of Baháʼu'lláh in 1892 caused hardship for ʻAbdu'l-Bahá again and his family, after all of his half-siblings turned against him and Munírih too.
Appointment of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as Head of the Faith
In the Kitáb-i-ʻAhd ("Book of the Covenant"), Baháʼu'lláh named ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as his successor and head of the Baháʼí Faith. However, Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, the half brother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, was resentful at the authority of his brother. He began a secret correspondence with Baháʼís of Iran and Ottoman authorities allegedly stating that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had claimed a station equal to a Manifestation of God and was conspiring with foreign authorities to overthrow the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's whole family was in danger.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá quietly went for a short trip to the Tiberias leaving Munírih and her family in Akko. Munírih mourned the separation from her husband. Furthermore, restrictions placed upon women added further hardship. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote to his wife:
The restrictions culminated in the family not able to attend affairs outside of the home. A male figure was needed. A member of the Afnan family of which Baháʼu'lláh had kept in high regard was proposed as a match for Munírih's eldest daughter was proposed. Therefore, her daughter Ḍíyáʼ Khánum was married to Hádí Shírází Afnán in 1895. The young couple were the parents of Shoghi Effendi. Munírih Khánum relied heavily on the support of her sister-in-law Bahíyyih Khánum and the two shared a deeply close friendship. The two also stood firmly beside ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in times of difficulty.
Western pilgrims
However, there were happy times for the family too. The birth of her first grandchild Shoghi Effendi in 1897 offered comfort for the family and he was doted on. In late 1898 the first pilgrims from the West arrived in Akko to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Munírih Khánum also became acquainted with them, and she mostly spent her time with the female pilgrims (though Baháʼí teachings emphasize the equality of the sexes, the Baháʼís of the time had to uphold local customs for the sake of harmony). The pilgrimage bought happiness into the family's life after the harsh previous years. The years followed with a flood of pilgrims from both the East and West, of which Munírih and Bahíyyih Khánum looked after.
Danger
The influx of Western pilgrims offered happiness for the family. However, with the outbreak of World War I the family became almost severed from the world wide Baháʼí community. Trying times followed, especially with Jamal Pasha becoming an enemy of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá who promised to crucify him on Mount Carmel. The enemies of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had united with Jamal Pasha to slay him. His family were all aware of the grim future, that Sultán ʻAbdu'l-Hamíd's desired to banish ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to the deserts of North Africa where he was expected to perish. Munírih Khánum suffered emotionally and physically from this news, and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá sent her outside of Akko for a break from the stress. News of these threats affected the prosecution of the war in the Palestine theatre (see Battle of Megiddo (1918)) and with the defeat of Jamal Pasha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was safe as was his family.
Death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
In 1921, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá died unexpectedly. Munírih was devastated at the loss of her husband; they had been married for nearly 50 years. She poured her grief in several letters and poems which she composed. In one letter she wrote following the one-year anniversary of her husband's death she writes "should I wish to describe fully this miserable year...I would need seventy reams of paper, and seas of blood." She did console herself with Bahíyyih Khánum and the other mourners, such as Lady Blomfield, who records the aftermath of his death in her famous book The Chosen Highway.
Munírih also firmly backed Shoghi Effendi after he was named head of the religion following the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. In a letter dated December 1924 Munírih, writes to her grandson calling him her "pearl" and beloved. She asks him to pray that she dies peacefully and in "absolute detachment and utter sincerity."
Munírih was a passionate patroness in funding education for girls. Lady Blomfield described Munírih K͟hánum as "a majestic woman, stately yet simple, with an innate dignity and strength of character". Putting much of her energy towards women, she worked to try to open schools for girls and encouraged the Baháʼís of Persia to include women in Baháʼí activities. In one letter she wrote, "thus the education of girls is a matter of the greatest importance and is regarded as an obligatory law. Hence, the friends of the All-Merciful, and the beloved maidservants of the Lord, in all cities and countries must take action and endeavor to their utmost capacity to carry out this weighty injunction."
The death of Munírih's confidante and closest friend Bahíyyih Khánum in 1932 was a further blow, after which she secluded herself from society. Describing her sorrow, she wrote in a poem, "I can endure no more. My patience is ended. My powers have declined. I live on Mount Carmel friendless and alone." She did, however, show great fondness and affection to her eldest grandson and head of the Baháʼí Faith, Shoghi Effendi, and remained faithful to the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh despite years of infighting within Baháʼu'lláh's family that saw many of them expelled from the religion.
Death
Munírih K͟hánum died in April 1938 aged 91. Shoghi Effendi cabled the Baháʼís:
She is buried near the vicinity of the Shrine of the Báb in the Monument Gardens at the Baháʼí World Centre.
Notes
References
External links
A play about Munirih Khanum, includes her picture on this page
Episodes in the Life of Moneerah Khanum (1924, reprinted 2004).
Family of Baháʼu'lláh
Palestinian Baha'is
Burials at Monument Gardens, Haifa
People from Acre, Israel
Writers from Isfahan
Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire
Iranian prisoners and detainees
1847 births
1938 deaths
19th-century Iranian women
20th-century Iranian women writers |
Grandstand (also known as Grandstand Leisure Products) is a video game console and electronic game manufacturer and distributor. It was based in the United Kingdom and New Zealand and was active in the 1970s and 1980s.
Overview
The company initially behind the Grandstand label was Adam Imports Ltd., (from 1980 Adam Leisure Group Ltd. and by 1983 Adam Leisure Group PLC) founded in 1973 by Chris Rycroft and Les Kenyon of Harrogate, UK. The company initially started as a mail order company and was the single largest supplier of calculators in the UK by 1974. By August 1978, George Bassett had acquired a 75% holding in the capital of Adam Imports for £750,000 cash, plus 60p in the pound of profits before tax in excess of £500,000 for year to December 31, 1978. Adam Imports was re-acquired from George Bassett by Chris Rycroft in 1980. It chiefly imported electronic products from other manufacturers such as VTech, Epoch, Tomy & Entex, selling them in the UK re-branded under the Grandstand name.
Some imported products' names were changed for the UK market. For example, the Tomy tabletop electronic game sold in the US as Pac Man (and in Japan as Puck Man) was released by Grandstand in the UK re-badged as Munchman.
Products
Grandstand released numerous products over the years of which some are listed below. There were large numbers of similar variations, alternative names and model numbers typically referring to multiple evolutionary versions of the various game consoles and electronic games. Particularly, this is found with the Pong type game consoles as the semiconductor technology rapidly progressed during the period that the Grandstand brand was active.
Video game consoles
Integrated pong consoles
Processor-cartridge based consoles
Subsequently, the primitive cartridge-based Grandstand Colour Programmable video game console (sold in New Zealand as the Mark III Video Game) and several compatible Grandstand programmable video game cartridges were introduced. These consoles, belonging to the PC-50x Family, were still essentially Pong type affairs, but had a limited selection of cartridges available, each housing a different General Instruments processor chip AY-3-8xxx. This arrangement allowed for some variation in gameplay including the implementation of simple racing games featuring Pong-era graphics. However, these systems lack the flexibility found in later ROM cartridge based consoles, and there were never more than a few such processor-based cartridges released.
ROM-cartridge based consoles
Later, the potentially more versatile ROM Cartridge based Fairchild Channel F was licensed, rebadged and released under the Adman Grandstand label as the Video Entertainment Computer in the UK (pictured). The company sold rebadged SG-1000s in New Zealand.
Tabletop electronic games
Astro Wars, Munchman, Caveman, Scramble, Firefox F-7 and The Big Game: Soccer amongst others were popular VFD-based tabletop electronic games released by Grandstand in the early 1980s.
Handheld electronic games
Grandstand also produced LCD-based handheld electronic games such as Mini-Munchman, Scramble, Caveman and Crazy Kong.
In addition Grandstand released 4 different games (6 total including name variations), including BMX Flyer, in the Multicolorlaser 6000 series. Manufactured by Tomy these were licensed for sale in the UK and featured a multi-colored backlit LCD.
Projector-based 'Light' games
The projector-based game system was developed by Hong Kong company Playtime Products, and was released in other regions where it is known as the Light Games Color LCD Projector. It was Playtime's only console to be sold. Fantastiko released the "PROJECTOR MEGA VIDEO GAME Color LCD system" in Italy in 1988, while Grandstand rebranded it as "Light Games LCD Colour Projection System" for the UK, and Hunter Caesar Toys (Defunct in 1996) released it for Australia. It was a tabletop projector based machine with built-in controller, that ran games on small cartridges with LCD windows. Light would be directed through the LCD window and magnified onto a wall. The window was painted with a semi-transparent background and the black LCD display would block the light from passing through. This provided 'big screen' entertainment and was a novelty at the time. The visual design and 'animation' being projected from these game carts were somewhat reminiscent of Nintendo's popular Game & Watch series of electronic handheld game devices that consisted of a segmented LCD display being pre-printed with an overlay. The machine ran from D sized batteries and was available for sale in various parts of Europe including the UK. 13 games were developed for it.
Pinball Machines
Grandstand Pinball Wizard
In the mid-late 1980s Grandstand collaborated with Tomy to release the Grandstand Pinball Wizard, a rebranded version of Tomy's popular Tomy Astro Shooter Pinball, an electric wall-plug based pinball machine.
Accessories
Accessories were also marketed under the Grandstand name, such as the Universal Mains Adaptor.
External links
Fantastiko Projector Mega Video Game - Unboxing, Gameplay, & Review | Retro Game Living Room at YouTube (Sep 24, 2017. 6 games shown.)
References
Electronic games
Toy companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom |
Tosseta Rasa is a mountain of Catalonia, Spain. It has an elevation of 1,219 metres above sea level.
See also
Mountains of Catalonia
Mountains of Catalonia |
Hello Rockview is the third studio album by ska punk band Less Than Jake, released on October 6, 1998. Produced by Howard Benson, it is the band's second and final album on Capitol Records, and recorded at Mirror Image Studios in Gainesville, Florida. The album is the first to feature trombonist Pete Anna, who joined the band during its recording. The album is dedicated in memory of Niki Wood.
The album yielded two singles, "History of a Boring Town" and "All My Best Friends Are Metalheads", with "History of a Boring Town" reaching #39 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks Chart.
Writing and composition
The lyrics of Hello Rockview follow four years of drummer and lyricist Vinnie Fiorello's life when arranged in a non-studio order and is named after one of Vinnie's oldest friends who was imprisoned at Rockview State Correctional Institution.
Artwork
The CD booklet had the unorthodox format of a comic book. It was illustrated by Steve Vance, who would later illustrate the song artwork for "The Ghosts of Me and You" on Anthem. Stylistically, it is similar to Dick Tracy. Each page is a separate song, with all dialog, thoughts, and captions being the lyrics to each song. The lyrics themselves all appear in proper order, but the order of the individual songs is different from that of the track list.
Reception
NME listed the album as one of "20 Pop Punk Albums Which Will Make You Nostalgic", saying that it is "A soundtrack to shoving your friends, listening to 'All My Best Friends Are Metalheads' and wondering how you ever liked pop punk which didn't have a trombone." Cleveland.com ranked "All My Friends are Metalheads" at number 58 on their list of the top 100 pop-punk songs.
Track listing
"Last One Out of Liberty City" – 2:01
"Help Save the Youth of America from Exploding" – 2:53
"All My Best Friends Are Metalheads" – 3:31
"Five State Drive" – 2:48
"Nervous in the Alley" – 2:54
"Motto" – 3:14
"History of a Boring Town" – 3:22
"Great American Sharpshooter" – 1:28
"Danny Says" – 2:51
"Big Crash" – 2:43
"Theme Song for H Street" – 2:43
"Richard Allen George... No, It's Just Cheez" – 1:46
"Scott Farcas Takes It on the Chin" – 2:34
"Al's War" – 3:04
(In 2000, Hello Rockview was re-released with a bonus disc of Less Than Jake's 1996 release Losing Streak)
Personnel
Less Than Jake
Chris DeMakes – vocals, guitar
Roger Manganelli – vocals, bass
Vinnie Fiorello – drums, lyrics
Buddy Schaub – trombone
Pete Anna – trombone
Derron Nuhfer – saxophone
Additional musicians
Howard Benson – additional keyboards
Production
Howard Benson – producer, editing
Less Than Jake – producer
Steve Kravac – engineer
Ronny Cates – assistant engineer
Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
Mike – assistant mixing engineer
Terry – assistant mixing engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Danny O'Bryan – production coordination
Steve Vance – illustration and design
Less Than Jake – art direction
Chart positions
References
1998 albums
Less Than Jake albums
Albums produced by Howard Benson
Capitol Records albums
Concept albums |
Khalil Sweileh (; born 1959) is a Syrian journalist and novelist. He was born in Al-Hasakah and studied literature at Damascus University. He has since worked for a number of cultural publications in various capacities.
Sweileh received the Naguib Mahfouz Medal in 2009 for his novel The Scribe of Love. In his acceptance speech, Sweileh mentioned that as a village boy, his chance discovery of a tattered copy of Mahfouz's novel Khufu's Wisdom was partly responsible for inspiring his love of literature.
His previous novels include Express Mail (2004), Do Not Blame Me (2006), and Zuhur, Sara, and Nariman (2008). Sweileh's novels have yet to be translated into English.
He won the Arab Journalism Award in 2010, and the Literature Award from the Sheikh Zayed Book Award in 2018 for his novel Ikhtibar al-Nadam (Remorse Test).
References
1959 births
People from Al-Hasakah
Damascus University alumni
Syrian novelists
Living people |
The blue-bearded bee-eater (Nyctyornis athertoni) is a species of bee-eater found in much of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. This bee-eater is found in forest clearings. It is found mainly in the Malayan region but extends west into peninsular India. The blue feathers of its throat are elongated and often fluffed giving it its name. They have a loud call but are not as gregarious or active as the smaller bee-eaters, and their square ended tail lacks the typical "wires" made up of the shafts of the longer central tail feathers found in many other bee-eaters.
Description
This is probably the largest species of the bee-eater family. Adults measure in length and weigh . This species has a large sickle shaped bill and the square ended tail lacks the "wires" that are typical of smaller bee-eaters. The bird is grass green with a turquoise forehead, face and chin. The feathers of the throat are elongated giving it a bearded appearance when they are fluffed out. The belly is yellowish to olive with streaks of green or blue. The peninsular Indian populations are said to be paler green than the northeast Indian populations. Although males and females appear similar, the blue throat feathers of the male show higher ultraviolet reflectivity than those of the female.
The species is named after Lieut. John Atherton (13th Light Dragoons, died in 1827) a nephew of Mrs. P. J. Selby who obtained a specimen of the bird. Selby described the species in "Illustrations of Ornithology" published along with Sir William Jardine in 1828. Jardine and Selby described it in the Illustrations of Ornithology (Series 1, Volume 2 part 4, November 1828, plate 58) and the type locality (holotype is in the Selby Collection, UMZC, 25/Mer/7/b/2) was said to be Cachar District Assam by E. C. Stuart Baker but Sir N B Kinnear re-designated Bangalore as the type locality for the species based on the fact that Atherton was posted in Bangalore when he wrote to Selby and noted that he was helped by a French collector (thought to be Leschenault). However the species is rare in that region. Atherton informed Selby that the bird was very rare, found in the thickest jungles, feeding at night and noisy with "curr, curr" calls.
The nominate form is found in India and parts of mainland Southeast Asia while brevicaudatus is an insular population from Hainan. A subspecies bartletti from northeastern India, described by W. N. Koelz, is usually considered part of the nominate population.
Distribution and habitat
This species is found in a variety of habitats mostly at medium altitudes but below 2000m altitude. Thin to fairly thick forest in medium elevations with clearings is the typical habitat. It is found singly or in small groups of up to three and is very patchily distributed. Their presence in an area can easily be missed. It has been reported from the hill regions of the Satpuras, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Nilgiris, Chota Nagpur and from the Sub-Himalayan forests.
Behaviour and ecology
This bird has a loud call, but does not call frequently. It is also not as active as the smaller bee-eaters. The calls include cackling hornbill like calls, a dry "Kit-tik... Kit-tik" in a series or hollow nasal "kyao" calls. Pairs may engage in duets of cackling and rattling which ends in short purring notes. The flight is undulating and very barbet-like.
The breeding season is February to August in India and courtship involves ritual feeding, bowing and tail fanning. Nest excavation may begin a month before the laying of eggs. The nest is a deep tunnel in a mud bank within which four very spherical and white eggs are laid.
The species appears to feed mainly on bees. It exploits the defensive behavior of Giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) colonies by provoking the mass release of guard bees which are then caught in the air and eaten as they pursue the bird. Although mainly foraging using aerial sallies, it is known to sometimes glean from bark. They may sometimes associate with mixed-species foraging flocks. Birds have been seen at flowers of Erythrina and Salmalia although it is unclear whether they fed on nectar or insects attracted to the flowers.
A blood parasite Leucocytozoon nyctyornis has been described from this species and feather parasites in the genus Brueelia are also known.
References
External links
Internet Bird Collection
Calls
Specimen photos
blue-bearded bee-eater
Birds of Bhutan
Birds of India
Birds of Nepal
Birds of Hainan
Birds of Yunnan
Birds of Southeast Asia
blue-bearded bee-eater
Taxa named by Sir William Jardine
blue-bearded bee-eater
Articles containing video clips |
Marian Bille Carlson is a geneticist and the Director of Life Sciences at the Simons Foundation. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a past president of the Genetics Society of America.
Education and career
Carlson received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University. There, she spent a summer working in the laboratory of David Hubel after taking a neurobiology course and decided to become a biologist. She then attended Stanford University where she received a Ph.D. working on satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster under the supervision of Douglas Brutlag. She then became a postdoctoral researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, working in the laboratory of David Botstein, where she began to work on yeast genetics and gene regulation.
Carlson became a faculty member at Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons in 1981, and was promoted to a professor of genetics and development. In 2008, she took a position at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute before moving to the Simons Foundation in 2010.
Carlson was elected to the Board of the Genetics Society of America in 1994 alongside Eric Lander. In 2001, she became president of the Genetics Society of America.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 1993, Carlson was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004, Carlson was named a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2009, she was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and received the Genetics Society of America Medal. In 2012, Carlson was elected to the American Academy of Microbiology.
References
Stanford University alumni
Harvard College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Columbia University faculty
American geneticists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology |
State v. Stone is a popular mock trial case published by the National Institute for Trial Advocacy. Set in the fictional town of "Nita City", the case is about a man named James Stone who is charged with the rape of a 21-year-old college student named Marilyn Miller.
Facts of the Case
On a December afternoon in Nita City, the police receive a call from a 21-year-old college student named Marilyn Miller, who explains that a man broke into her apartment and raped her. Miller is taken in for medical treatment, which confirms forcible rape, and on the ride back to her apartment she tells the police officer that she remembers seeing her attacker before. Miller explains that the previous night, she was at a bar called "Rocco's" where she had an encounter with a twenty-something male who grabbed her hand and said "you need some loving." She tells the officer that this man was the one who attacked her.
Police find a small blue book in Marilyn Miller's apartment, which they trace to a 28-year-old man with a criminal record named James Stone. The book was a notebook used and carried around by Stone. Stone is subsequently arrested; at his residence, police find clothing matching Miller's description of what the attacker wore. The police show Miss Miller a series of photographs, one of which is Stone's, asking if she can identify her attacker. Miller states that she thinks the photograph of Stone is her attacker, but wants to see him in person to be sure. A police officer then takes her to James Stone's arraignment, where he is escorted before the judge in the courtroom. Upon seeing James Stone, Marilyn Miller confirms that he was the one who attacked her.
James Stone admits that he was the one said "you need some loving" to Marilyn Miller at Rocco's the previous night, but he denies that he raped her, and insists that he lost his blue book at the bar. James Stone's friends, Thomas Mitchell and Edward Lindsay, testify for him as alibi witnesses, saying that they were with Stone at the Nita University cafeteria around the time the attack took place. James Stone also insists that he is happily married, though some evidence suggests that he was unhappy in his relationship with his wife and that he had a rather strong sexual desire.
Important facts tending to incriminate James Stone
Marilyn Miller identified Stone as her attacker.
Stone's blue notebook was found at Miller's apartment.
Stone had clothing matching the description of the attacker given by Miller, including a red bandana that Miller said her attacker wore over his face.
Stone has a criminal record.
Common defenses to these
Marilyn Miller didn't identify Stone as her attacker until the ride back to her apartment, which was after she had been given medication.
Stone claims he lost the blue book at Rocco's and that she must have taken it home with her. A waitress from Rocco's testifies that she saw James Stone and his friends searching for something at the end of the night. However, they never told her at the time what they were searching for.
The clothing worn by the attacker was not particularly uncommon for a person to have.
Stone's past criminal record involves a burglary and an incident where he drove the getaway car in an armed robbery; nothing on the order of rape.
Witnesses
There are a total of ten witness characters in the case.
Witnesses for the State
Marilyn Miller. The woman who accuses James Stone of raping her.
Detective Wasilewski. The detective who led the investigation of the rape.
Dr. Madden. The OB/GYN who treated Marilyn Miller.
Diana Samuels. A woman with whom James Stone was having an affair. Her note to her therapist suggests that Stone had very strong sexual urges.
Officer Pace. The police officer who responded to the rape call.
Witnesses for the Defense
James Stone. The defendant.
Florence Stone. James Stone's wife, who defends his good and moral character.
Edward Lindsey. A friend of Stones, who claims he was with him around the time of the rape.
Thomas Mitchell. Another friend of stones who also claims to have been with him around the time of the rape.
Esther Boothe. A waitress who testifies that she saw James Stone and his friends searching for something before they left Rocco's on the night before the rape.
Aspects of the Case
Like most cases designed for mock trials, State v. Stone has many nuances.
Character of James Stone
James Stone is designed to be a "scum of the earth" type of character, a man with a multiple felony convictions who is cheating on his wife, and who would accost a young girl in a bar and tell her "you need some loving." Indeed, his very name "Stone" seems to be something of a character pun, much like his counterpart "John Diamond", the unblemished police officer and former Marine who is the defendant in the NITA case State v. Diamond. An important part of the defense's case is the rehabilitation of Stone's character, or alternatively, keeping this out of the case.
The Blue Book
There is no dispute that the blue notebook belonging to James Stone was found inside Marilyn Miller's apartment. According to the prosecution's theory of the case, Stone accidentally dropped it there when he raped Miller.
The defense is thus shouldered with offering an alternate explanation for how the book ended up in Miller's apartment. A popular argument is that she somehow accidentally took it home with her from Rocco's the previous night; perhaps it was dropped in her purse when Stone accosted her, or that she took it back thinking it was hers, and forgot after being given medication after her rape.
Marilyn Miller's Apartment
An important hole for the prosecution to fill is how James Stone found Marilyn Miller's apartment. Miller lived in a multiple-dwelling residence, with doors leading to two different apartments inside of a main door (one upstairs, one downstairs). Miller testified that she heard a crash and that the next thing she knew, her rapist was standing in the doorway. Her rapist thus must have known which apartment inside the building was hers.
One theory might be that James Stone followed Miller home, and after she entered her apartment building, saw her turn on the light through the window - indicating that Marilyn lived in the upstairs apartment in the building.
Witness Credibility versus Alibi Strength
Thomas Mitchell and Edward Lindsey both testify that they were with James Stone at a cafeteria around noon on the day of the rape. The victim call and reported the rape at 12:45 p.m., meaning that Mitchell's testimony still leaves time, albeit not much, for James Stone to have potentially committed the rape.
Both sides have something of a dilemma with Mitchell and Lindsey because, on one hand, if their testimony still leaves room for Stone to commit the crime, then this makes their testimony more reliable. If Thomas Mitchell and Edward Lindsey were lying to protect Stone and give him an alibi, then logically, they would alibi him for the entire time period. The fact that their testimony doesn't completely exonerate Stone suggests that Mitchell and Lindsey are telling the truth. On the other hand, if their alibi is imperfect, then it still leaves room for the crime to be committed.
Both sides should ideally argue for their version of the facts under both potential sets of facts. In other words, the prosecution should ideally argue that, either Mitchell and Lindsey are being untruthful - meaning that their testimony doesn't exonerate Stone - or that they are being truthful, but the alibi they present is imperfect.
DNA Evidence
State v. Stone was written before DNA was widely used as evidence, and there is no discussion of any attempt to recover genetic material from the victim in the original publication. Some courses and competitions may add the fact that no material containing DNA was discovered or that the case should be considered as though genetic testing has not yet been developed.
Legal education |
The 1960 International Cross Country Championships was held in Hamilton, Scotland, at the Hamilton Park on 26 March 1960. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.
Complete results, medallists,
and the results of British athletes were published.
Medallists
Individual Race Results
Men's (9 mi / 14.5 km)
Team Results
Men's
Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 71 athletes from 8 countries.
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(8)
(9)
See also
1960 in athletics (track and field)
References
International Cross Country Championships
International Cross Country Championships
Cross
International Cross Country Championships
International Cross Country Championships
Cross country running in the United Kingdom
Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Sport in South Lanarkshire
20th century in South Lanarkshire |
Saraceno is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Benedetto Saraceno (born 1948), Italian psychiatrist
Blues Saraceno (born 1971), American rock musician
Clara Saraceno (born 1983), Argentine-born laser scientist
Giovanni Saraceno (died 1280), Italian Catholic archbishop
Joe Saraceno (1931–2015), American record producer
Sigismondo Saraceno (died 1585), Italian Catholic archbishop
Tomás Saraceno (born 1973), Argentine contemporary artist
Vittorio Saraceno, 18th-century Italian economist and numismatist
See also
Villa Saraceno, 16th-century Palladian villa in Italy commissioned by the Saraceno family |
In linguistics, referential indeterminacy is a situation in which different people vary in naming objects. For example, William Labov studied this effect using illustrations of different drinking vessels to see what people would label as "cups" and what people would label as "mugs".
See also
Idiolect
Linguistics |
George Dow (30 June 1907 – 28 January 1987) was an employee of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and British Railways known for his public relations work and railway maps produced for his employers, and also a writer of railway literature, in particular his three-volume history of the Great Central Railway.
Biography
George Dow joined London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) as a grade five clerk at Kings Cross railway station in London, England. He held many offices on the LNER (particularly as Press Relations Officer throughout the Second World War) and British Railways.
He is perhaps best known as a draughtsman for his diagrammatic railway maps for the LNER and London, Midland and Scottish Railway and as an inspiration to the celebrated designer Harry Beck on the tube map. Their work led to a style of design which has revolutionised the world of urban rail and metro maps.
On the creation of British Railways in 1948, he was appointed Public Relations and Publicity Officer for the Eastern and North Eastern Regions. In 1949 he took the same post at the larger London Midland Region. He rose to Divisional Manager, Birmingham, and later Stoke-on-Trent, and retired in 1968.
He also wrote twenty-one railway histories, starting with studies for the LNER, and later including his three-volume history of the Great Central Railway and a two-volume work on the carriages of the Midland Railway.
He was the founding President of the Model Engineering Trade Association in 1944, and of the Historical Model Railway Society in 1950.
He died on 28 January 1987 aged 79 years.
Bibliography
, 3 Volumes
Republished by Ian Allan 1985: Vol.1 ; Vol.2 ; Vol.3
A fuller bibliography is given in:
References
Biographical material
Further reading
Telling the Passenger Where to Get Off by Andrew Dow, Capital Transport, London, 2005.
1907 births
1987 deaths
20th-century British historians
British graphic designers
London and North Eastern Railway people
Rail transport writers |
Osayomore Joseph (29 October 1952 – 11 June 2022) was a Nigerian musician who was one of the early pioneers of African popular Highlife music, known for his anti-corruption and government critical lyrics.
Career
Osayomore Joseph was born in Ugha village near Benin City, Nigeria, on 29 October 1952. He started his music career in the Nigerian Army Band during the 1970s.
Death
Osayomore Joseph died at University of Benin Teaching Hospital in Nigeria as a result of stroke.
Discography
References
External links
Osayomore and the creative 7 at Allmusic.com
Osayomore Joseph Discography
1952 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Nigerian musicians
Musicians from Edo State |
"I Surrender" is a song recorded by Canadian country music artist Michelle Wright. It was released in 2000 as the second single from her first greatest hits album, The Greatest Hits Collection. It peaked at number 10 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in April 2000. In 2001, it was named by SOCAN as one of the most performed Canadian country songs.
Chart performance
References
2000 singles
Michelle Wright songs
Songs written by Michelle Wright
2000 songs |
Olav Solgaard is a Professor in the Stanford Department of Electrical Engineering. He was the Director of the Ginzton Lab from 2008 until 2014.
Education
Olav Solgaard completed a B. S. Electrical Engineering, from the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway in 1981. He completed degrees in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1987 (MS) and 1992 (PhD).
Prior to joining Stanford’s Department of Electrical Engineering in 1999, Olav was a faculty member at the University of California, Davis. His work at UC Davis led to the invention of the multi-wavelength, fiber-optical switch.
Research
Solgaard's research is in the areas of semiconductor fabrication techniques; specifically, microfabrication and integration of optical devices and systems.
As of 2019, Olav Solgaard has been issued more than 70 patents.
Awards and honors
2008 - Fellow of the Optical Society of America
2008 - Member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
2010 - Fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
2017 - Fellow of the IEEE
See also
Grating light valve
References
External links
Stanford profile, Olav Solgaard
Google Scholar, Olav Solgaard
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Living people
American electrical engineers
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Stanford University alumni
Electrical engineering academics
Stanford University faculty
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Spartak! were a musical collective from Alcobaça, Portugal. Although Alcobaça is relatively small, it maintains a music scene including Loto, The Gift and Samuel Jerónimo. Spartak's debut EP Spartak! One (released in May 2006) was produced by Ricardo Coelho of Loto.
History
The band did not maintain a "fixed" lineup, but recorded as a collective of various members in order to accommodate a variety of artistic ideas. The live band generally performed with one lead vocalist, two guitarists, bass, a keyboardist, and a drummer, and occasionally an image projectionist. In addition to founding members Tiago Matos, Márcio Duarte, Wagner Fernandes, and Carlos Sousa, other live band members have included JT (Loto), Nuno Ruas, and Nuno Oliveira.
Nuno Galopim (national radio broadcaster and journalist with Diário de Notícias) wrote an editorial upon their debut, stating "By their own hand, Spartak! signal with their debut EP the best moment of pop we've heard since 2004. It's great to discover such a good cocktail of references inside a collection of five songs; this EP demonstrates just why it's a good idea to keep one's eye trained on the center of the country [Portugal]". The EP also received airplay on Portuguese national radio stations Rádio Radar, Coimbra University Radio and via DJs Fernando Alvim and Henrique Amaro on RDP Antena 3. The band completed a Portuguese national tour in 2006.
In 2008, Spartak! recorded their final single "Hyperspace". As with the original EP, "Hyperspace" was also produced by Ricardo Coelho, with mixing by Armando Teixeira (Balla, Bulllet). Spartak! disbanded in May 2008.
Discography
Spartak! One (EP) - 2006
Other projects
2006 - CD Acorda! Nova Música Portuguesa - "King Tubby", "Spartak!One"
2007 - CD Novo Rock Português (Chiado Records) - "King Tubby"
References
External links
Spartak!'s Official Myspace Page
Portuguese musical groups
People from Alcobaça, Portugal |
George Bent, also named Ho—my-ike in Cheyenne (1843 – May 19, 1918), was a Cheyenne-Anglo (in Cheyenne: Tsėhésevé'ho'e - ″Cheyenne-whiteman″) who became a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War and waged war against Americans as a Cheyenne warrior afterward (particularly due to the Sand Creek Massacre perpretrated by the US Army, which he survived). He was the mixed-race son of Owl Woman, daughter of White Thunder (and Tall Woman), a Cheyenne chief and keeper of the Medicine Arrows, and the American William Bent, founder of the trading post named Bent's Fort and a trading partnership with his brothers and Ceran St. Vrain. Bent was born near present-day La Junta, Colorado, and was reared among both his mother's people, his father and other European Americans at the fort, and other whites from the age of 10 while attending boarding school in St. Louis, Missouri. He identified as Cheyenne.
After the Indian Wars, Bent worked for the United States government as an interpreter. Starting in 1870 with the US Indian agent to the Cheyenne and Arapaho, he lived on the reservation in present-day Oklahoma, where he stayed to the end of his life. Although a member of the Cheyenne because he was born to his mother's clan, in the tension of the postwar years Bent felt an outsider to both Cheyenne and whites because of his dual heritage. Some Cheyenne blamed him for losses to communal land suffered by the tribe when it was forced to accept allotment of lands to individual households under the Dawes Act.
In the early twentieth century, Bent became an important source, or informant, for James Mooney and George Bird Grinnell, anthropologists studying and recording Cheyenne culture, as he was bilingual and knew the culture well. Anxious to get a book on the Cheyenne completed, Bent encouraged Grinnell to work with George E. Hyde, who probably wrote most of Grinnell's book The Fighting Cheyennes. Through Bent's letters to him, Hyde wrote his biography: Life of George Bent: Written from His Letters. It was not published until 1968.
Early life and education
Bent was born at Bent's Fort, owned and operated by his father William Bent, a major fur trader from St. Louis, Missouri. His mother was Owl Woman, daughter of White Thunder (and Tall Woman), a Cheyenne chief and keeper of the Medicine Arrows, and he was born into her clan under the matrilineal kinship system. Bent and his three siblings grew up speaking both Cheyenne and English at home. He learned much about Cheyenne culture from his mother and her family, and in their culture was considered Cheyenne.
She died about 1847, by which time his father had already taken her two younger sisters as secondary wives, in the Cheyenne traditional way of successful men. The youngest, Island, essentially reared Owl Woman's four children. Yellow Woman had a son by William Bent; Charles Bent, a half-brother to the others, was born in 1845. These two women had both left William Bent by 1867. He married the 20-year-old Adaline Harvey in 1869, the educated mixed-race daughter of a fur trader friend from Kansas City. Their daughter (George's half sister) was born after William Bent's death later that year.
When George was 10 years old, his father sent him to Kansas City, to an Episcopal boarding school for a European-American education. By the time the American Civil War began, Bent was a student at Webster College for Boys (unrelated to the later Webster University) near St. Louis.
Confederate military service
Bent served in the Missouri State Guard with the Confederate Army. The Missouri State Guard was commanded by outgoing Missouri Governor Sterling Price, who had avenged George's uncle Charles's killing as part of the Taos Revolt during the U.S. invasion and occupation of Nuevo México as part of the Mexican-American War.
George saw fighting at the Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield, Missouri, on August 10, 1861; and at the First Battle of Lexington near Lexington, Missouri, on September 20, 1861; both were Confederate victories. As a member of the 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment, he fought at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas, March 6–8, 1862, which was a Union victory. When the Missouri cavalry was converted to infantry, Bent became attached to Landis' Battery, Missouri Light Artillery, the horse artillery of General Martin E. Green's Missouri Brigade; this was part of General Sterling Price's division. His artillery unit participated in the siege and retreat from Corinth, Mississippi, where it stayed behind to cover the retreat of 66,000 Confederates under the command of P.G.T. Beauregard.
Later that summer, Bent either was captured or deserted. After his return to St. Louis, which was Union-controlled, he was briefly confined in the Gratiot Street Prison, but was allowed to swear an oath of allegiance to the Union and be released. His guardian, Robert Campbell, a prominent St. Louis citizen assigned to him when George was in school, had eased his way.
Bent returned to his father's ranch in Colorado Territory, but anti-Confederate sentiment was intense there. For safety, he went to live with his maternal Cheyenne relatives. From that time on, Bent lived among the Cheyenne and identified with them.
Sand Creek Massacre and aftermath
Bent had helped draft the letters sent by Cheyenne chief Black Kettle to Major Edward Wynkoop at Fort Lyon in Colorado to propose a return of settler hostages if discussions would take place about a peace treaty with Black Kettle's band. This led to four hostages (a young woman and three children) being returned, and to Black Kettle and other Cheyenne chiefs being escorted into Denver to start negotiations with the Governor. Bent was at Black Kettle's camp of Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek about north of Lamar, Colorado, on November 29, 1864. The Indians in the camp had initiated peace negotiations with the U.S. Army, and believed they were under its protection, but Colonel John Chivington and his force of 700 Colorado volunteers attacked the village. They killed about 150 Indians. Bent's brother Charles was nearly killed by the soldiers, but was rescued by friends. Jack Smith, another young mixed-race Cheyenne man, was killed in the soldiers' attack.
Bent was among the Indians who fled upstream and found shelter in sandpits dug in the creek bed beneath a high bank. Wounded in the hip, he was with about 100 survivors who crossed the plains to the Indian camps on the Smoky Hill River. He was found there by his friend Edmund Guerrier, who accompanied him back to the Bent Ranch at Big Timbers, where Bent recovered. The Cheyenne and Arapaho planned revenge for the Sand Creek Massacre.
The Bent brothers and Charles' mother Yellow Woman joined the Dog Soldiers band. In January 1865, the young men rode with an Indian army of 1,000 warriors in a successful attack on Julesburg, Colorado, in which they killed many townspeople and soldiers. (See Battle of Julesburg) Most of the Cheyenne went north to join Red Cloud on the Powder River in Wyoming. Before leaving the area, they burned many homesteads in the South Platte River valley. "At night the whole valley was lighted up with the flames of burning ranches and stage stations, but these places were soon destroyed and darkness fell on the valley."
Throughout 1865, George Bent fought with Cheyennes, participating in the Battle of Mud Springs, and the Battle of Rush Creek, near present-day Broadwater, Nebraska, the Battle of Platte Bridge Station/Red Buttes on July 26, 1865, near present-day Casper, Wyoming, and the three-day Battle of Bone Pile Creek in August, near present-day Wright, Wyoming. In the summer, the U.S. Army sent the Powder River Expedition, under Brigadier General Patrick E. Connor into the Powder River Country to punish the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho, with orders to kill all men and boys over the age of 12. On September 8, 1865, the Bents were camped with the Cheyenne at the confluence of the Big and Little Powder Rivers, near present-day Broadus, Montana, when soldiers were sighted only a few miles away. The soldiers were the Eastern and Central columns of the Powder River Expedition under Colonel Nelson D. Cole, and Brevet Brigadier General Samuel Walker respectively. The Cheyennes led by Roman Nose, attacked the moving column to protect their village, in what would later be called the Battle of Dry Creek/Ford, or Roman Nose's Fight, possibly preventing another Sand Creek Massacre.
Bent later wrote about this period, saying he believed that the "savages" in the conflict were the U.S. soldiers. Bent participated in 27 Cheyenne war parties, but never gave many details about his personal role in the Indian wars.
George's brother Charles was described and pictured in the March 1868 edition of Harper's Magazine.
Many Dog Soldiers, including George's brother Charles, were killed in 1869, at the Battle of Summit Springs in Colorado.
Interpreter
Bent began his return to a peaceful world as an interpreter at the Medicine Lodge Treaty Council of October 1867. Bent impressed the U.S. soldiers and officials with his negotiating skills. Soon after, his brother Charles, a well-known and feared Cheyenne warrior, was killed in a skirmish with soldiers.
In 1868, Bent was hired by the U.S. government as an interpreter, first at Fort Larned and later for the newly created Indian Agency headed by Brinton Darlington, the first US Indian Agent for the Cheyenne and Arapaho. In 1870, the Agency was located at El Reno, Oklahoma. Bent lived on the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation near the town of Colony and worked as a U.S. government employee for most of the rest of his life.
Because of his knowledge of both European-American and Cheyenne culture, Bent became a prominent and powerful person on the reservation. During the first several years, he tried to moderate hostilities between the two cultures. He learned that, as a half-breed or mixed-race man, he was an outsider to both.
Bent developed a serious problem with alcohol during this period. He became prosperous by assisting European-American cattlemen to obtain grazing leases on Indian land. Because of his influence peddling, he lost the trust of some Cheyenne and was fired as a U.S. interpreter. But in 1890, he was the crucial go-between to persuade the Cheyenne and Arapaho to accept plans for allotment of land by individual households under the Dawes Act. Presented as a way for Indians to assimilate by adopting Euro-American farming styles, the allotment plan caused the loss of considerable tribal land. The former communal tribal land was allocated to households of members, and any remaining land was declared "surplus" by the government, making it available for sale to non-Indian parties. Many Cheyenne and Arapaho held Bent responsible for the ill effects of the transition to allotments, including the loss of substantial amounts of tribal lands from the reservation. Allotment would have happened without Bent's assistance, but he was considered partially responsible.
Family
Bent was married three times. In the spring of 1866, he first married Magpie (Mo-he-by-vah; May 10, 1886), a niece (raised as a daughter) of Black Kettle of the Southern Cheyenne tribe. As a marriage gift, Black Kettle gave George the fine bay horse that General William S. Harney had given Black Kettle during the negotiations preceding the Little Arkansas Treaty when Black Kettle's wife showed her nine wounds from the Sand Creek Massacre.
His other wives were Kiowa Woman (d. 1913) and Standing Out (d. 1945). With them Bent had a total of six children: Mary, William, Daisy, Lucy, George Jr., and Charlie. Daisy gave birth to a child named Smoke Woman and from her lineage came some of the recent and present Chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne.
Cheyenne historian
By 1901 Bent was at a low stage in his life. He had stopped drinking, but his influence with the Cheyenne was largely gone, as was his earlier prosperity. His meeting with the anthropologist George Bird Grinnell was beneficial for both. Grinnell realized that Bent, who spoke both Cheyenne and English, was literate, and could write passable English, would be invaluable for his research into Cheyenne culture. (Bent had been an informant of James Mooney earlier, but he had little respect for Mooney.) Bent told Grinnell what he knew and arranged interviews with other Cheyenne for what he did not know.
He wanted the story of the Cheyenne told in a book. In Bent's opinion, Grinnell was too slow to finish his book about the Cheyenne. Bent began collaborating with the deaf, nearly blind, and reclusive George E. Hyde. Eventually, at Bent's recommendation, Hyde became a ghost writer for Grinnell and probably wrote most of The Fighting Cheyennes, published in 1915. Grinnell mentioned Bent as a source in the book, but did not give him full credit for his assistance and contributions. Later, Grinnell wrote The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways, in which he was more generous in crediting Bent. Cheyenne culture is unusually well described in Grinnell's books, thanks largely to Bent's insights and Hyde's writing.
Although the two never met, Hyde and Bent became close collaborators. Bent wrote 340 letters to Hyde between 1904 and 1918. From these letters, Hyde distilled a book, Life of George Bent: Written from His Letters. Hyde finished the book but, still unknown in the anthropological fraternity, he could not find a publisher. Hyde and Bent's collaboration is the principal source for the Cheyenne side of the wars of the 1860s and subsequent events.
Bent died on May 19, 1918, at Washita, Oklahoma in the 1918 flu pandemic. At the time, his dream of a well-written book about the history and culture of the Cheyenne was unrealized.
In 1968, George E. Hyde's book, Life of George Bent: Written from His Letters was published, and in 2005, David F. Halaas, and Andrew E. Masich published a book on George Bent, entitled Halfbreed: The Remarkable True Story of George Bent-- Caught Between the Worlds of the Indian and the White Man.
References
External links
Bent-Hyde Papers, University Archives, University of Colorado Boulder
B.W. Butler Papers, Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Georgetown University Library, Washington, D.C. This collection comprises the unpublished, typescript autobiography of George Bent, "50 Years Among the Cheyenne", edited by B.W. Butler and George E. Hyde.
1843 births
1918 deaths
Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in Oklahoma
Cheyenne people
People from Otero County, Colorado
Confederate States Army soldiers |
Hakimpet Air Force Station (Hakimpet AFS) is an Indian Air Force (IAF) base under the Training Command. It is located 25 kilometres north of Hyderabad Central Nampally Railway Station, and 18 km north of Secunderabad Railway Junction in the state of Telangana. It houses the Fighter Training Wing, the Helicopter Training School, No. 43 Equipment Depot and ancillary units.
There is one runway, aligned east–west (09-27), of length x width.
History
Hakimpet AFS was used during the Second World War as a transit airfield by the Royal Air Force. The Nizam of Hyderabad never acceded power following Indian independence until after Operation Polo. Hakimpet AFS fell into disuse. The Conversion and Training Unit (CTU) was established in 1951 to provide Fighter Conversion Training to newly commissioned pilots in the IAF. CTU was renamed as the Jet Training Wing (JTW) in 1958 after the phase out of prop aircraft. In June 1964 it was merged with No. 2 JTW (based in Bidar) and was renamed as Fighter Training Wing. Hakimpet AFS was elevated to 'Air Force Station' status in December 1984. The Station Museum was established in 2001.
See also
Begumpet Airport
References
Indian Air Force bases
Airports in Telangana
World War II sites in India |
Minnie Pallister (12 March 1885 – 26 March 1960) was an English political activist, political writer, self-described "Socialist propagandist", unsuccessful political candidate for the Independent Labour Party, and radio personality.
Pallister was born in Cornwall, and was the daughter of a clergyman. She was trained as a teacher at Cardiff University, and worked for a decade as a schoolteacher in a Welsh elementary school. She joined the Independent Labour Party during its affiliation to the Labour Party, and in 1914 became the president of the party's federation in Monmouthshire.
During World War I, Pallister helped organise the pacifist organization No-Conscription Fellowship. Also during the war, she was an active orator for the causes of peace and labour. In the general elections of 1923 and 1924, Pallister was an unsuccessful candidate for the Bournemouth constituency in Hampshire.
Due to health problems, Pallister retired from active politics in the 1920s. In the 1920s, she wrote a number of books on the topic of socialism. In the 1930s, she wrote books about gardening. In 1936, Pallister joined the pacifist organisation Peace Pledge Union, and in 1945 she was elected as a member of the organization's council. In the 1950s, Pallister was affiliated with BBC Radio as a regular contributor in the radio magazine programme Woman's Hour. She died in 1960, at the age of 75.
Early life and education
Minnie Pallister was born in Kilkhampton, Cornwall, the middle of three daughters of William and Rose (Parsons) Pallister. Her father was a clergyman. She attended Tasker's High School for Girls and earned a teaching credential at Cardiff University.
Career
Minnie Pallister taught for ten years in an elementary school in Brynmawr, where she became familiar with Welsh working lives. Her piano skills were also welcomed by local musicians. By 1914 she was president of the Monmouthshire Federation of the Independent Labour Party (the first woman elected to that position), and serving on the Breconshire Education Committee. Keir Hardie described her "like a new meteor on the horizon" for her eloquence.
In World War I and later she was busy as a speaker for the peace and labour movements, and organised the No-Conscription Fellowship in Wales. In 1922, as ILP organiser for South Wales, she was quoted on the front page of the Labour Leader declaring: "We were right on the War. We were right on the Peace. We were right on Reparations." She was advertised as "Wales' Greatest Woman Orator" in newspaper announcements. She also ran for office several times in the 1920s, and was quoted about Ramsay MacDonald in The New York Times in 1924.
Pallister stood in Bournemouth at the general elections in 1923 and 1924. In 1923, Pallister gained 5,986 votes, 19.5% of the votes cast. She finished third among the candidates, behind Henry Page Croft of the Unionist Party (with 50.4% of the votes) and Cyril Berkeley Dallow of the Liberal Party (with 30.1% of the votes). In 1924, Pallister gained 7,735 votes, 27.3% of the votes cast. She finished second among candidates, behind Henry Page Croft of the Unionist Party (with 72.7% of the votes).
Pallister's health suffered from her constant activity, and she was advised by doctors to change her schedule. She became a full-time writer, though she remained interested in political matters. "My politics are me," she said, "it seems almost impossible that there should still be people who believe that politics do not matter." A lifelong pacifist, she joined the Peace Pledge Union in 1936, was elected to its Council in 1945 and later became a Sponsor. She was a regular contributor to the Woman's Hour BBC radio programme in the 1950s.
Works
Books by Minnie Pallister include Socialism for Women (pamphlet, 1923); The Orange Box: Thoughts of a Socialist Propagandist (1924); Socialism, Equality and Happiness (pamphlet, 1925); Rain on the Corn and Other Sketches (1928); Gardener's Frenzy: Being an Alphabet of the Garden (1933); and A Cabbage for a Year (1934).
Death
Minnie Pallister died on 26 March 1960, aged 75. Towards the end of her life, an unspecified illness had forced her to retire from political activities. At the time of her death, she was mainly active as a radio broadcaster.
References
Sources
British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press, revised edition 1977)
External links
Historian Alun Burge wrote a four-part profile of Minnie Pallister on his blog in March 2016.
1885 births
1960 deaths
19th-century English people
19th-century English women writers
20th-century English educators
20th-century English politicians
20th-century English women politicians
20th-century English writers
20th-century English women writers
20th-century British women educators
English activists
English women activists
Schoolteachers from Cornwall
Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members
People from Kilkhampton
British women in World War I
English pacifists
Alumni of Cardiff University
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
BBC people
English pamphleteers
Writers from Cornwall
English political writers
British propagandists
English radio personalities |
Crash's Greatest Hits is a greatest hits album by the rockabilly (later country) singer Billy "Crash" Craddock. The album contains rockabilly songs that were recorded between 1957 and 1961. The songs were originally released on the Colonial, Date and Columbia labels. The album was released on the Colonial label in 1986.
Track listing
"Boom Boom Baby"
"Ah, Poor Little Baby"
"I Want That"
"Letter of Love"
"Sweetie Pie"
"Good Time Billy (Is a Happiness Fool)"
"Millionaire"
"Heavenly Love"
"One Last Kiss"
"Don't Destroy Me"
"Is It True or False (That I'm in Love With You)"
"All I Want Is You"
"Well Don't You Know"
"Bird Doggin'"
1986 greatest hits albums
Billy "Crash" Craddock compilation albums |
The snowplough turn, snowplow turn, or wedge turn is a downhill skiing braking and turning technique. It is the first turn taught to beginners, but still is useful to advanced skiers on steep slopes.
Technique
The front ski tips of the skis are together and the tails wide apart, with the knees rolled inwards slightly. By applying pressure against the snow with the inside edges of the skis speed is reduced, making turning in such a configuration and stopping completely possible. To turn, weight is shifted from the downhill, outside-of-the-turn ski to the uphill, inside-of-the-turn ski. As the turn is completed, the old uphill, inside ski then becomes the new downhill, outside ski. Successful completion of the technique in both directions leads to linked turns.
Applications
In ski instruction, the snowplough is a primary building block of skiing proficiency. Under the Arlberg technique for teaching skiing, beginners start with the snowplough then proceed to Stem Christie and then the parallel turn as their skills improve. It may be thought of as the foundation for controlling individual skis. A ski coach can analyze the underlying abilities of expert skiers by watching them do a snowplow. Proficient skiers may apply the technique with a narrower angle between the skis as a "wedge turn".
In ski mountaineering, the snowplough is recognized as an important way to come to a complete stop on steep slopes. On steep slopes, a wedge turn can also provide a safe way to transition through the fall-line.
References
Skiing techniques |
```objective-c
//
// DecelerateInterpolator.h
// ReactNativeNavigation
//
// Created by Marc Rousavy on 06.10.20.
//
#import "Interpolator.h"
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface DecelerateInterpolator : NSObject <Interpolator>
@property(readonly) CGFloat factor;
- (instancetype)init:(CGFloat)factor;
@end
``` |
The Winnipeg Police Service is the police force of the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
History
When Winnipeg became a city, in 1873, an election was held to select the city's new mayor and aldermen. Those appointed decided to hire city officials, including a chief constable. On February 23, 1874, John S. Ingram was appointed the first Chief of Police of Winnipeg.
During the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike, most of the force was replaced with 2000 better-paid special constables, for refusing to sign a declaration promising to not belong to a union or participate in a sympathy strike, even though they remained on duty during the strike. The union was thus broken, and Chris H. Newton became the acting chief constable.
In 1972, Winnipeg merged with its eight neighbouring communities, causing their amalgamation, but still having eight police services with different uniforms and radio channels. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) contract for Charleswood and Headingley was cancelled, and that area fell under the inner city patrol area. On October 21, 1974, the amalgamation of the services was complete, and the remaining eight services formed into six districts. On January 1, 1975, all police officers in Winnipeg started to wear the same uniform with matching shoulder flashes that stated, "One, with the strength of many".
In the early 1990s, J.B. Dale Henry, a retired RCMP officer and former commander of the Manitoba "D" Division, was selected as the first chief of police not from the service's own ranks. Henry was well respected amongst minorities and sought to change and improve the image of police in Winnipeg. One of the most noticeable changes was the name for the police, from the "Winnipeg Police Force" (which it had been for 120 years), to the "Winnipeg Police Service". Another change was the addition of the motto "Community Commitment".
Henry also changed the department crest to the one known today and pictured above. The 13 golden stars on the badge represent the 13 communities that came together to form Winnipeg during the amalgamation in the 1970s, and the crocus is the provincial flower.
In 2003, city council approved a plan by the Winnipeg Police Service to go from six districts, to four. This plan involved three new police facilities. The new East District Station was completed in 2008, and the West District Station was completed in November 2013.
Administration
The Winnipeg Police Service is headed by Chief of Police Danny Smyth, appointed November 4, 2016, succeeding Chief Devon Clunis who retired July 9, 2016. The three deputy chiefs are Art Stannard, Scot Halley, and Gene Bowers. The service has 1,355 officers of which approximately 20% are on the front lines, known as "general patrol" (uniform operations). The WPS also has 562 civilian workers.
Operations
The Winnipeg Police Service headquarters is located at 245 Smith Street, in the former Canada Post sortation facility, in the downtown area. The previous headquarters was the Public Safety Building, built in 1966, and has been demolished to make way for the Marketlands development.
Organization
The City of Winnipeg is divided into four policing districts: Downtown, West, North and East. Each district contains several generalized and specialized police units.
Specialized units include:
Bicycle patrol
Bomb disposal
Canine
Central traffic
Crowd management
Photo enforcement
Pawn
River patrol
Underwater search and recovery
Victim services
Street crime
Tactical support team (TST) – formerly the part-time emergency response unit (ERU) made up of officers trained for special circumstances, such as hostage situations, armed and barricaded incidents and search warrants
Training – includes, police vehicle operations instructors, policy and law instructors, firearms instructors, and use of force instructors – located at the WPS Training Academy
Division 40 – criminal investigation bureau – homicide, drugs, hate crimes, major crimes, morals, integrated proceeds of crime (IPOC), organized crime and Crime Stoppers
Division 41 – criminal investigation bureau – missing persons, child abuse, Internet child exploitation (ICE), domestic violence, high risk offenders, sex crimes, vulnerable persons, and youth crime
Division 42 – criminal investigation bureau – arson, commercial crime, stolen auto, pawn, surveillance and forensic services
Flight operations
Auxiliary force cadet section
Fleet
Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (Majority of Fleet)
Ford Police Interceptor Utility
Chevrolet Tahoe Police Package
Terradyne Armored Vehicle Gurka
EC120 Colibri
Ranks and Insignia
Recruitment
Potential trainees must be at least eighteen years old with a high school diploma, and able to complete the Police Officer's Physical Aptitude Test (POPAT), which determines a recruit's physical ability. Training is salaried and takes 37 weeks consisting of classroom time, use of force and in the field training with assigned field training officers who supervise them while they carry out all regular duties. After this process is finished the recruit is inducted into the police service. After five years of general patrol service, officers may apply for specialty divisions like those listed above.
Winnipeg Police Museum
The Winnipeg Police Museum is a museum that displays the history of the Winnipeg Police Service from 1874 to the present. Pictures, equipment, vehicles and other artifacts are presented within the museum. An original 1911 jail cell from the North End Station is one of the highlights of the museum. In June 2016, the museum moved to a new location inside police headquarters at 245 Smith Street.
Criticism
A 2020 Angus Reid poll of ten major cities in Canada found that Winnipeg had the sixth most favourable view of police in their community, and the third least favourable view, after Vancouver and Montreal.
Racism
From the years 2000-2017, the Winnipeg Police killed 19 people; 11 of those 19 people killed were Indigenous. Mi’kmaq lawyer and professor Pam Palmater has said in response to this finding that “the statistics really confirm that there is a high level of police racism abuse and violence towards Indigenous peoples.”
The group Justice 4 Black Lives Winnipeg launched a petition in 2020 that calls for defunding and abolishing the Winnipeg Police Service. Their petition states, "No reform can come from these colonial practices.... The system must be rebuilt and include marginalized voices in the process in order to protect all BIPOC to this city's full capability."
In 2022 and 2023, the Winnipeg Police Service faced widespread criticism for its refusal to search a city landfill for the remains of three Indigenous women who are believed to be the victims of an alleged serial killer.
Community members, Indigenous leaders, victims’ family members, and family members of 2SMMIWG+ condemned the decision to not search the landfill sites during a press conference in Ottawa on December 8, 2022. One of the demands arising from the press conference was that Danny Smyth resign from his position as chief of police. The Assembly of First Nations National Chief RoseAnne Archibald spoke about the Winnipeg Police Service’s refusal to search the site at the United Nations on International Women’s Day 2023, saying, “There can be no greater metaphor for how Indigenous women are treated and viewed in Canada than this particular case.” Despite the Winnipeg Police Service saying the search couldn't be done, advocacy efforts led to the creation of an Indigenous-led working group tasked with evaluating the feasibility of the search.
Budget
The allocation of Winnipeg’s municipal budget towards the Winnipeg Police has drastically increased since the year 2000. While the Winnipeg Police consumed 17 percent of the City’s total operating budget in the year 2000, by 2020 this had risen to over 25% with a police budget of $304.1 million. This represents the highest proportion of funds that the City of Winnipeg gives towards any municipal department. In the same year, the City reduced funding for community groups, the maintenance of transit routes, and the Millennium Library.
Advocacy groups such as Winnipeg Police Cause Harm, Justice 4 Black Lives Winnipeg, Police-Free Schools Winnipeg, the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, and the Police Accountability Coalition, which represents over 90 community-based organizations, have called for the funds allocated to the Winnipeg Police Services to be reallocated towards social services and infrastructure. A survey conducted by the Social Planning Council of Winnipeg found that Winnipeg residents are “three times as likely to favour spending more on poverty reduction than on investing in additional police services” in order to address crime.
Officer involved shootings
On March 9, 1988, Winnipeg Police constable Robert Cross attempted to detain John Joseph Harper, believing Harper was an auto theft suspect. According to Cross, Harper refused to provide identification, and was shot during a scuffle when he attempted to grab Cross's gun. Initially, the shooting was ruled as justified by the internal firearms board of enquiry. The shooting and other events led to the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry, a comprehensive investigation into the treatment of First Nations people within the Manitoba justice system. In 1991, the inquiry concluded that the WPS internal investigation was faulty and intended more to exonerate Cross than to discover the truth. The report recommended that officer-involved shootings be investigated by independent parties.
Recent cases
On January 31, 2005, 18-year-old Matthew Dumas was armed with a screwdriver and was confronted by Constable Dennis Gbarek (a Metis officer). At the time, police were investigating a home invasion and Dumas was believed to be involved. The constable ordered Dumas to drop the screwdriver several times while Dumas responded by lunging at the constable and was shot. Dumas died from his injuries, It was later determined he was not involved in the home invasion. Two reviews of the shooting were performed by the Calgary Police Service in August 2006 and by the Ontario Crown Attorney's Office in May 2007 at the Manitoba government's request. Both reviews concluded the Winnipeg Police investigation of the shooting was handled properly. In June 2008, an inquest was held into Dumas's death. The inquest's report, released in December 2008, ruled that racism was not a factor in the incident.
In July, 17-year-old Michael Langan, a Métis, died after being tasered by police. Witnesses had reported a youth breaking into a vehicle, and police encountered Langan several blocks away, allegedly wielding a knife and refusing to surrender. David Chartrand, president of the Manitoba Metis Federation, suggested that racial profiling may have resulted in police using excessive force, an accusation that Police Chief Keith McCaskill denied. In August, Craig McDougall, a member of Wasagamack First Nation and nephew of John Joseph Harper, was tasered then shot by police responding to a disturbance call in the city's West End. Police reported that McDougall was brandishing a knife, though family members have disputed that claim, saying McDougall was carrying a cellular phone.
In 2020, 16-year-old Eishia Hudson was shot dead by Winnipeg Police after attempting to drive into police officers in a stolen Jeep.
Other incidents
In February 2005, a truck driven by off-duty WPS constable Derek Harvey-Zenk, reportedly drunk after having attended an all-night party, rear-ended and killed Crystal Taman, a 40-year-old woman, while she was stopped at a red light. The incident was initially investigated by East St. Paul Police. Harvey-Zenk was originally charged with "impaired driving causing death" and numerous other charges. In July 2007, however, Harvey-Zenk was pled down to "dangerous driving causing death" (a lesser charge) and given a conditional sentence of "two years less a day", to be served at his home.
Public outcry over the plea and allegations that the investigation had been botched led to a provincial inquiry, which began in June 2008. At the inquiry, multiple police officers testified that they did not notice Harvey-Zenk drinking, leading to allegations of a police cover-up. Furthermore, a waitress who served the officers liquor throughout the evening testified that she was pressured to not "remember too much" by the restaurant's manager, who was friends with the officers. Officers involved in the investigation have denied they gave preferential treatment to Harvey-Zenk.
Chiefs of Police
Chief Constables of the Winnipeg Police Force
John S. Ingram 1874–1875
B. Murray 1875–1887
John C. McRae 1887–1911
Donald Macpherson 1911–1919
Christopher H. Newton 1919–1934
George Smith 1934–1947
Charles McIver 1947–1953
Robert T. Taft 1953-1965
George S. Blow 1965–1970
Norman M. Stewart 1970-1974
Chiefs of the Winnipeg Police Department
Norman M. Stewart 1974-1981
Kenneth Johnston 1981-1984
Herb B. Stephen 1984-1991
Dale Henry 1991-1995
Chiefs of the Winnipeg Police Service
Dale Henry 1995-1996
David A. Cassels 1996-1998
Jack Ewatski 1998-2007
Keith McCaskill 2007-2012
Devon Clunis 2012-2016
Danny Smyth 2016-
Source: Winnipeg Sun and WPS
References
External links
The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission
Winnipeg Police Annual Reports
Law enforcement agencies of Manitoba
Municipal government of Winnipeg |
Majors Place is an unincorporated community in White Pine County, Nevada. It is at the junction of U.S. Route 6, U.S. Route 50 and U.S. Route 93. It includes a bar, restaurant, two hotel rooms, and an RV park. Fuel is no longer available.
In 1933, the location was known as Connors Station. In 1938, Majors Place was known as Conners Station.
Majors Station is east Connors Pass on U.S. Route 50. Connors Pass takes its name from Colonel P.E. Connors, who established Fort Ruby. The Conners variant name is said to take its name for a Mrs. Conners.
References
Unincorporated communities in White Pine County, Nevada
Unincorporated communities in Nevada
Great Basin National Heritage Area |
Frederick "Fred" Peralta (born October 8, 1945) is an American politician who served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives for the 42nd district from 1987 to 1994.
Career
Peralta was born in San Francisco on October 8, 1945, but moved to New Mexico two months later. He graduated from Taos High School before studying at the Aquinas Institute in River Forest, Illinois. Peralta served on the Taos Planning and Zoning Commission from 1974 to 1984 as well as the Taos Historical Commission from 1980 to 1984.
As a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, Peralta served concurrently as the mayor of Taos from 1994 to 2003. He was also a member of the Taos City Council. During the administration of Governor Bill Richardson, Peralta served as secretary of the New Mexico Tourism Department and manager of the New Mexico State Fair. Peralta is the namesake of Fred Peralta Hall, a building on the University of New Mexico–Taos campus.
References
Living people
1945 births
New Mexico Democrats
New Mexico Independents
Members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
People from Taos, New Mexico
People from Taos County, New Mexico
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Mayors of places in New Mexico
Politicians from San Francisco |
The Progressive People's Party of Christian Inspiration (Partito Popolare Progressista di Ispirazione Cristiana), also known as Progressive People's Party (Partito Popolare Progressista, shortened as PPP), was a Christian-democratic political party active in Molise. Its leader and founder was Tonino Martino.
History
The party was founded in 1993 by the lawyer and Christian-democratic regional councillor of Molise Tonino Martino, disappointed by the proposals of the DC's National Secretary Mino Martinazzoli.
In the 1995 regional election the party ran within the centre-right coalition in support of the candidacy of Quintino Pallante obtaining the 2.96% of the vote and Martino was re-elected at the Regional Council.
In the 2000 regional election the party always ran within the centre-right coalition in support of Michele Iorio, obtaining the 2.18% of the vote and reconfirming its leader Martino at the Regional Council. Martino acted with a legal recourse against the outcome of election (ended with the victory of the centre-left candidate Giovanni Di Stasi) and in 2001 the TAR of Molise annulled the election for inherent vices, a sentence that was subsequently confirmed by the Council of State. The regional election was repeated in 2001 and this time the winner was Iorio. The PPP did not participate in this election.
In 2002 Martino was candidate with the PPP for the presidency of the province of Campobasso, obtaining the 2,23% of the vote and remaining excluded from the provincial council. This was the last electoral contest in which participated the party.
In 2013 the founder of the PPP Tonino Martino died.
References
Political parties in Molise
Christian democratic parties in Italy
Defunct Christian political parties
Catholic political parties
Political parties established in 1993
1993 establishments in Italy
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing |
CapitaSpring is a skyscraper in Downtown Core, Singapore. The building was designed by architectural firm BIG and architect Carlo Ratti. With a height of , as of 2022, the building is the joint second-tallest in Singapore, with One Raffles Place, United Overseas Bank Plaza One, and Republic Plaza.
History and construction
The project's developers are CapitaLand and Mitsubishi Estate. JPMorgan announced it would take space in the building in 2018, and is the anchor tenant for the project. Other tenants include IBM subsidiary Red Hat, law firms and financial companies.
The building appeared "in the background" of the third season of the television show Westworld.
On 8 April 2022, an engineer died after stepping on a false ceiling panel, which collapsed under her weight. The engineer fell some thirty meters, from the 16th to the 9th floor. Access to the maintenance level was stopped as a result.
Usage
The building is primarily devoted to conventional office space, although about ten percent of the building will contain coworking space. The building also contains a food centre on the second and third floors, including a hawker centre similar to the previous Golden Shoe Car Park, as well as various food and retail options, including a Japanese restaurant, Oumi, on the 51st floor.
There are two gardens in the building, one being 100 metres aboveground and the other Singapore's highest rooftop urban farm, with serviced residences by Citadines taking up the rest of the space.
Access to the offices is via an RFID tag, a QR code from a phone app, a QR code provided by the concierge, or via facial recognition at the turnstiles.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Singapore
References
Skyscrapers in Singapore
Office buildings in Singapore
Downtown Core (Singapore)
2021 establishments in Singapore
Office buildings completed in 2021 |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#include "config.h"
#if USE_LIBPQXX
#include <Core/BaseSettings.h>
namespace DB
{
class ASTStorage;
#define LIST_OF_MATERIALIZED_POSTGRESQL_SETTINGS(M, ALIAS) \
M(UInt64, materialized_postgresql_max_block_size, 65536, "Number of row collected before flushing data into table.", 0) \
M(String, materialized_postgresql_tables_list, "", "List of tables for MaterializedPostgreSQL database engine", 0) \
M(String, materialized_postgresql_schema_list, "", "List of schemas for MaterializedPostgreSQL database engine", 0) \
M(String, materialized_postgresql_replication_slot, "", "A user-created replication slot", 0) \
M(String, materialized_postgresql_snapshot, "", "User provided snapshot in case he manages replication slots himself", 0) \
M(String, materialized_postgresql_schema, "", "PostgreSQL schema", 0) \
M(Bool, materialized_postgresql_tables_list_with_schema, false, \
"Consider by default that if there is a dot in tables list 'name.name', " \
"then the first name is postgres schema and second is postgres table. This setting is needed to allow table names with dots", 0) \
M(UInt64, materialized_postgresql_backoff_min_ms, 200, "Poll backoff start point", 0) \
M(UInt64, materialized_postgresql_backoff_max_ms, 10000, "Poll backoff max point", 0) \
M(UInt64, materialized_postgresql_backoff_factor, 2, "Poll backoff factor", 0) \
M(Bool, your_sha256_hasher, false, "Should a unique consumer be registered for table replication", 0) \
DECLARE_SETTINGS_TRAITS(MaterializedPostgreSQLSettingsTraits, LIST_OF_MATERIALIZED_POSTGRESQL_SETTINGS)
struct MaterializedPostgreSQLSettings : public BaseSettings<MaterializedPostgreSQLSettingsTraits>
{
void loadFromQuery(ASTStorage & storage_def);
};
}
#endif
``` |
Ketchikan ( ; ) is a city in and the borough seat of the Ketchikan Gateway Borough of Alaska. It is the state's southeasternmost major settlement. Downtown Ketchikan is a National Historic Landmark District.
With a population at the 2020 census of 8,192, up from 8,050 in 2010, it is the sixth-most populous city in the state, and thirteenth-most populous community when census-designated places are included. The surrounding borough, encompassing suburbs both north and south of the city along the Tongass Highway (most of which are commonly regarded as a part of Ketchikan, albeit not a part of the city itself), plus small rural settlements accessible mostly by water, registered a population of 13,948 in that same census.
Incorporated on August 25, 1900, Ketchikan is the earliest extant incorporated city in Alaska, because consolidation or unification elsewhere in Alaska resulted in the dissolution of those communities' city governments. Ketchikan is located on Revillagigedo Island, so named in 1793 by Captain George Vancouver.
Ketchikan is named after Ketchikan Creek, which flows through the town, emptying into the Tongass Narrows a short distance southeast of its downtown. "Ketchikan" comes from the Tlingit name for the creek, , the meaning of which is unclear. It may mean "the river belonging to Kitschk"; other accounts claim it means "Thundering Wings of an Eagle". In modern Tlingit, this name is .
History
Ketchikan Creek served as a summer fish camp for Tlingit natives for untold years before the town was established by Mike Martin in 1885. He was sent to the area by an Oregon canning company to assess prospects. He established the saltery Clark & Martin and a general store with Nova Scotia native George Clark, who had been foreman at a cannery that burned down.
Ketchikan became known as "Alaska's first city" due to its strategic position at the southern tip of the Inside Passage, connecting the Gulf of Alaska to Puget Sound.
In 1905 a mission house was built, which in 1909 became the Yates Memorial Hospital. In 2020, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named the former hospital as one of America's most endangered historic places.
Totem poles
Ketchikan has the world's largest collection of standing totem poles, found throughout the city and at four major locations: Saxman Totem Park, Totem Bight State Park, Potlatch Park, and the Totem Heritage Center. Most of the totems at Saxman Totem Park and Totem Bight State Park are recarvings of older poles, a practice that began during the Roosevelt Administration through the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Totem Heritage Center displays preserved 19th-century poles rescued from abandoned village sites near Ketchikan. The Chief Kyan pole in Whale Park in the city center is one of the featured background images in most US passports.
Geography
Ketchikan's GPS geographic coordinates are latitude 55.342 (slightly south of both Copenhagen, Denmark at 55.676 and Glasgow, Scotland at 55.864) and longitude -131.648. The city is located in southernmost Southeast Alaska on Revillagigedo Island, northwest of Seattle, Washington, southeast of Juneau, Alaska, and northwest of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada. It is surrounded by the Tongass National Forest, which is managed by the United States Forest Service from its headquarters in the Ketchikan Federal Building downtown, and to the south by the Tongass Narrows, a narrow east-west saltwater channel, which is part of the Inside Passage.
Due to its steep and forested terrain, Ketchikan is long and narrow with much of the built-up area being located along, or no more than a few city blocks from, the waterfront. Elevations of inhabited areas range from just above sea level to about . Deer Mountain, a peak, rises immediately east of the city's downtown area.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (29.14%) is water.
The half-mile (800 m) wide channel called the Tongass Narrows separates Ketchikan from Gravina Island, where Ketchikan International Airport is located.
Climate
Ketchikan has a mild maritime or oceanic climate, characterized by heavy cloud cover and high humidity through much of the year and abundant rainfall throughout the year (even in the driest month), earning it the nickname of the "Rain Capital of Alaska". Ketchikan’s climate is classified as Köppen Cfb (“Marine West Coast”). Winters are chilly but milder than its latitude alone may suggest: January has a 24-hour average of with an average daytime high of and an overnight low of . Summers are mild, as August's temperature averages with an average daytime high of and an overnight low of . Rainfall averages per year, falling more heavily in autumn and winter. On average, the growing season (non-freezing temperatures) lasts about 6.3 months or 191 days, extending from about April 19 to about October 27.
Further east and away from moderating maritime influence, winters on these parallels in inland North America are much colder.
The record high temperature in Ketchikan was on June 25, 1913. The record low temperature was on January 23, 1916. The wettest year was 1949 with and the driest year was 1995 with . The most rainfall in one month was during November 1917 and the most rainfall in 24 hours was on October 11, 1977. The most snowfall in one month was in January 1971.
Demographics
Ketchikan first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Kichikan." Of its 40 residents, 26 were Native, nine were White and five were Creole (Mixed Russian & Native). It returned as Ketchikan beginning in 1900 and in every successive census. It incorporated as a city also in 1900.
, there were 8,050 people, 3,259 households, and 1,885 families residing in the city. As of 2017, The population density was 1,829.5 per square mile (714.1/km2). There were 3,731 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 60.7% White, 16.7% Native American (8.3% Tlingit-Haida, 1.9% Tsimshian), 10.8% Asian (9.4% Filipino), 10.0% from two or more races, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 0.7% some other race. 4.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (2.6% Mexican) of any race.
There were 3,259 households. 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were headed by married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.2% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 3.07.
The population was spread by age ranges, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.
In 2017, the ACS-estimated median and average annual incomes for a household in the city were $56,372 and $70,490, respectively. The median and average incomes for a family were $68,438 and $84,518, respectively. The per capita income for the city was $30,474. About 12.4% of the population, including 19.8% of those under 18-years old, were below the poverty line. 90.0% spoke English, 6.0% Tagalog, 1.8% Spanish, and 0.7% Tsimshian as their first language.
Media
Ketchikan is home to four radio stations: KTKN-AM 930, KGTW-FM 106.7, KFMJ-FM 99.9, and community-owned NPR-affiliated KRBD-FM 105.3.
Ketchikan has one over-the-air broadcast television station, KUBD (TV), Channel 13 digital and 4 visual, a CBS network affiliate.
Ketchikan also houses the publishing offices of the Ketchikan Daily News.
The region has local cable television programming provided by Ketchikan Public Utilities, including public meetings, Southeast Alaska programming, Ketchikan High School sports and events, local history, gardening and scenes, and a calendar of upcoming local events; local television signals carried on the cable system are also translations of Seattle and Anchorage stations.
Government and infrastructure
The City of Ketchikan operates under a council-manager form of government. In 2018, Robert Sivertsen replaced Lew Williams III, who had served as mayor or councilmember for 28 years, as mayor of the City of Ketchikan. The current city mayor is Dave Kiffer who was elected in 2021. The Ketchikan Gateway Borough includes both the City of Ketchikan and the City of Saxman and encompasses more than from the Canada–US border to just south of Wrangell. Rodney Dial is the current Mayor of the Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska. The Alaska Marine Highway System has its headquarters in Ketchikan.
Ketchikan has long loomed heavy in Alaska's political landscape, though the increasing population in Southcentral Alaska has led to a diminishment of its influence since the 1980s. Following a round of redistricting, the convening of the 28th Alaska State Legislature in January 2013 marked the first time in the state's history that no residents of Ketchikan or the surrounding area serve as members of the Alaska Legislature. Ketchikan is represented in the Alaska Senate by Bert Stedman, who lives in Sitka, and in the Alaska House of Representatives by independent Dan Ortiz, a former schoolteacher who taught at Ketchikan High School.
Over the decades, Ketchikan has produced a number of political figures of note to Alaska in general. In territorial days, Norman Ray "Doc" Walker, a Canadian-born pharmacist practicing in Ketchikan, was arguably the first career member of the Alaska Legislature. Walker served in the territorial Senate for 16 years before losing reelection in 1948 following a feud with territorial governor Ernest Gruening. During the first governorship of Walter Hickel in the 1960s, two members of his cabinet (Frank Murkowski and Robert W. Ward) held strong ties to Ketchikan. Following Hickel's resignation, Ward ascended to the office of secretary of state when Keith H. Miller became governor. Ketchikan native Walter L. Kubley, deputy commissioner of commerce under Hickel, became commissioner of the department under Miller. Another Ketchikan native, Terry Gardiner, was notable as the youngest person elected to the Alaska House of Representatives (at age 22), as well as the youngest person elected Speaker of the House (at age 28).
The United States Coast Guard maintains a large shore installation, Coast Guard Base Ketchikan, south of the downtown area, which serves as a homeport to three cutters and as a regional maintenance base for Alaska.
According to the U.S. Postal Service, one of Ketchikan's two zip codes, 99950, is the highest-numbered in the United States.
Economy and industries
A major and first port of entry into Alaska, Ketchikan's economy has been based on fishing industries, canneries in particular, tourism, government, and forestry. Average annual civilian employment in 2017 was 4,070, with a substantial seasonal work force peaking in July.
The area near the mouth of Ketchikan Creek earned Ketchikan a measure of infamy during the first half of the 20th century for a red-light district known as Creek Street, with brothels aligned on either side of the creek.
Ketchikan's economy is currently based upon government services, tourism and commercial fishing. Civic boosters have dubbed the community the "Salmon Capital of the World."
Ketchikan also receives a large number of tourists, both by air and sea, due to its popularity as a cruise ship stop. In 2018, Ketchikan Harbour saw 40 different cruise ships making more than 500 stops in the harbour and bringing more than 1,073,000 visitors to Ketchikan.
The Misty Fiords National Monument is one of the area's major attractions, and the Tongass National Forest has long been headquartered in Ketchikan, mostly in the city's historic Federal Building. For most of the latter half of the 20th century, a large portion of Ketchikan's economy and life centered on the Ketchikan Pulp Company pulp mill in nearby Ward Cove. The mill closed in 1997 in the wake of the passage of the Tongass Timber Reform Act of 1990, which reduced timber harvest targets in the national forest.
Lumber
Ketchikan Pulp Company (KPC), a subsidiary of Louisiana-Pacific Corp., was headquartered just outside Ketchikan's city limits on the shores of Ward Cove. The company's pulp mill opened in the cove in 1954. A 1995 joint EPA and FBI investigation of the company revealed it had dumped contaminated wastewater and sludge in the waters around Ward Cove, leaving them classified as "impaired" by the EPA. KPC plead guilty to the charges and agreed to pay a $3 million fine.
In 1996, following the Clinton Administration's refusal to reinstate the original terms of KPC's timber contract, Louisiana-Pacific Corp. announced it would be shutting down the pulp mill, and did so in March 1997. A total of 514 direct year-round jobs and more than 500 indirect jobs were lost as a result.
Marine
The Ketchikan Shipyard consists of two dry-docks (10,000 ton and 2,500 ton) owned and operated by Alaska Ship & Drydock, a subsidiary of Vigor Industrial. It successfully launched the M/V Susitna in April 2010. A prototype ferry craft for use by Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the Susitna is the result of planning by Admiral Jay M. Cohen, former chief of the Office of Naval Research, and former Navy captain Lew Madden, then working as a project manager for Lockheed Martin.
Dubbed E-Craft (for Expeditionary use), the Susitna will serve as the engineering and feasibility platform for a Navy vessel of approximately double the size to assist troops in landing at undeveloped beaches around the world.
The contract for two new Alaska-class day ferries in the Alaska Marine Highway was awarded to the shipyard on September 20, 2014,at a cost of $101 million.
Power and telecom
Companies involved in power and telecommunications include Ketchikan Public Utilities (KPU), which is city-owned, as well as GCI and Alaska Power and Telephone Company (AP&T).
Transportation
Ketchikan serves as both an air and marine transportation hub for southern Southeast Alaska.
The Ketchikan International Airport serves as both a gateway for Alaska Airlines nonstop jet service to and from Seattle, Juneau, Sitka and Wrangell, with direct service to Anchorage, and as a bush carrier and charter aircraft hub for destinations such as Hyder, Metlakatla and Prince of Wales Island communities. Flying time to/from Seattle, Washington is approximately ninety minutes, making Ketchikan easily accessible to travelers from the continental U.S. Delta Air Lines began operating seasonal service to Seattle in May 2015.
Ketchikan receives service from two separate ferry lines. Ketchikan is a major port along the Alaska Marine Highway System's Inside Passage route. Vessels depart northbound to Alaskan ports of call and southbound to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, a six-hour trip, — where a connection can be made to the BC Ferries system — and Bellingham, Washington, a thirty-six-hour voyage. Sailings depart several times each week. Ketchikan also sees regular day service from the Alaska Marine Highway vessel M/V Lituya, a day boat that shuttles between its homeport in Metlakatla, AK and Ketchikan.
The Inter-Island Ferry Authority serves Ketchikan with daily service from its homeport in Hollis on Prince of Wales Island.
Education
Colleges and universities
The former Ketchikan Community College became the Ketchikan campus of the University of Alaska Southeast during the late 1980s restructuring of the University of Alaska System. The campus is located on the uphill side of Ketchikan's West End neighborhood and consists of two buildings, the Paul Building and the Ziegler Building. Both are named for prominent Ketchikan residents of the early and mid 20th century, William Lewis Paul and Adolph Holton Ziegler, respectively.
Public education
Ketchikan Gateway Borough School District
Ketchikan High School
Revilla Junior/Senior High School
Schoenbar Middle School
Health care
The city of Ketchikan and its surrounding areas are primarily served by the PeaceHealth Ketchikan Medical Center, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Sister cities and twin towns
Palm Desert, California
Kanayama, Gifu, Japan [former]
Ketchikan's former sister city of Kanayama, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, was incorporated along with four other cities into the larger city of Gero on March 1, 2004. An educational exchange program has been active between the two towns since 1986. Every year, Ketchikan and Kanayama exchange one teacher each to instruct middle-school level language classes in their respective tongues. In addition, Kanayama sends a group of students to Ketchikan during the spring, and students from Ketchikan travel to Kanayama the following summer. Ketchikan students travel across Japan, with the majority of their time spent in Kanayama with home-stay families, attending classes and touring the town.
Notable people
Danny Edwards (born 1951), professional golfer
Nathan Jackson (born 1938), Tlingit artist famous for his carving of totem poles
Roy Jones (1893–1974), first person to fly commercially in Alaska
Jerry Mackie (born 1962), Alaska state legislator and businessman, born in Ketchikan
Tallie Medel, actress
Frank Murkowski (born 1933), former United States Senator and Governor of Alaska; Murkowski grew up in Ketchikan, where his father was vice-president of the First National Bank of Ketchikan, which exists today as a Southeast regional bank called First Bank
Lisa Murkowski (born 1957), second daughter of Frank Murkowski and his successor as U.S. Senator, born in Ketchikan
Rudy Pankow (born 1998), American actor
William Paul (1885–1977), (Shgúndi), Tlingit statesman and leader in the Alaska Native Brotherhood born near Ketchikan. Paul was the first Alaska Native to become an attorney and first elected to the Alaska Territorial legislature
Ray Troll (born 1954), artist famous for blending art and science in his fish-laden drawings
Don Watts (born 1956 or 1957), farmer and entrepreneur
In popular culture
Several movies have been shot in Ketchikan, including The Silver Horde, Spawn of the North, Timber Tramps and Cry Vengeance, plus episodes of the television programs The Love Boat and Baywatch. An episode of Mythbusters where the team sees if a ship made out of ice and sawdust can really float was filmed in Ketchikan in 2009. The National Geographic Channel series Alaska Wing Men in the episode "Fatal Crash" follows a National Transportation Safety Board investigator's site visit of a July 2010 bush pilot fatal crash near Ketchikan.
In The Young Pope TV series, the character Pope Pius XIII as a punishment sends several cardinals who upset him to Ketchikan, which is depicted as a frozen wasteland.
In Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman, Uncle Ben must leave Willy to go to Ketchikan, where he presumably made part of his fortune.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska
Seathwaite, Allerdale, wettest settlement in the United Kingdom
References
External links
Ketchikan Visitor's Bureau
Catching a Can in Ketchikan, A History of the Canned Salmon Capital of the World, by Dave Kiffer
borough seats in Alaska
cities in Alaska
cities in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska
micropolitan areas of Alaska
populated coastal places in Alaska on the Pacific Ocean
populated places established in 1885 |
Cabeza del Caballo is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 338 people.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca |
The year 1903 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Aeronautics
June 27 – 19-year-old American socialite Aida de Acosta becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, "No. 9", from Paris to Château de Bagatelle in France.
December 17 – First documented, successful, controlled, powered flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft with a petrol engine by Orville Wright in the Wright Flyer at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of liquid fuel rockets to reach outer space, space suits, and colonization of the Solar System.
Biology
The type specimen of the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) is described by Carl Chun.
Fauna and Flora International is founded as the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire by a group of British naturalists and American statesmen in Africa.
Chemistry
Peter Cooper Hewitt demonstrates the mercury-vapour lamp.
Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet invents chromatography, an important analytic technique.
The International Committee of Atomic Weights publishes the inaugural atomic weights report.
Mathematics
October – Frank Nelson Cole demonstrates that the Mersenne number 267-1, or M67, is composite by factoring it as 193,707,721 * 761,838,257,287.
Fast Fourier transform algorithm presented by Carle David Tolmé Runge.
Edmund Georg Hermann Landau gives considerably simpler proof of the prime number theorem.
Physics
George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat.
Prosper-René Blondlot claims to have detected N rays.
Physiology and medicine
March–April – David Bruce identifies the parasitic Trypanosoma protist as the source of African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness").
May 10 – Antoni Leśniowski publishes the first article implicating what will later be known as Crohn's disease, in the Polish weekly medical newspaper Medycyna.
Alfred Walter Campbell divides the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 14 areas.
Ernest Fourneau synthesizes and patents Amylocaine, the first synthetic local anesthetic, under the name Stovaine at the Pasteur Institute.
Willem Einthoven discovers electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
Percy Furnivall carries out the first known case of cardiac surgery in Britain.
The 12th and final edition of Dr Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie ("Sexual Psychopathy: a Clinical-Forensic Study") published during the author's lifetime introduces the term paedophilia erotica.
Formal opening of the Johnston Laboratories at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
Technology
November – Windscreen wiper for automobiles is first patented by Mary Anderson in the United States.
The first diesel-powered ships are launched, both for inland waters: Petite-Pierre in France, powered by Dyckhoff-built diesels, and the tanker Vandal in Russia, powered by Swedish-built diesels with an electrical transmission.
Norwegian engineer Ægidius Elling builds the first gas turbine to generate power, using a centrifugal compressor.
Laminated glass is invented by Edouard Benedictus.
Baker valve gear for steam locomotives is first patented in the United States.
The Lune Valley boiler is patented by John G. A. Kitchen and Ludlow Perkins.
Institutions
June 28 – Deutsches Museum founded in Munich.
Awards
Nobel Prizes
Physics – Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie
Chemistry – Svante August Arrhenius
Medicine – Niels Ryberg Finsen
Births
January 22 – Fritz Houtermans (died 1966), Danzig-born Dutch physicist.
January 27 – John Eccles (died 1997), Australian-born psychologist.
January 28 – Kathleen Lonsdale, née Yardley (died 1971), Irish-born crystallographer.
February 2 – Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (died 1996), Dutch mathematician.
February 22 – Frank P. Ramsey (died 1930), English mathematician.
April 6 – "Doc" Harold Eugene Edgerton ("Papa Flash", died 1990), American electrical engineer.
April 9 – Gregory Goodwin Pincus (died 1967), American biologist, co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill.
April 25 – Andrey Kolmogorov (died 1987), Russian mathematician.
May 2 – Benjamin Spock (died 1998), American pediatrician and writer.
June 14 – Alonzo Church (died 1995), American mathematician.
July 16 – Irmgard Flügge-Lotz (died 1974), German-American mathematician and aerospace engineer
August 7 – Louis Leakey (died 1972), British East African paleoanthropologist.
October 4 – Cyril Stanley Smith (died 1992), English-born metallurgist.
October 5 – M. King Hubbert (died 1989), American geophysicist.
October 10 – Bei Shizhang (died 2009), Chinese biologist and founder of the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
November 7 – Konrad Lorenz (died 1989), Austrian zoologist.
November 27 – Lars Onsager (died 1976), Norwegian-born chemist.
December 19 – George Davis Snell (died 1996), American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.
December 28 – John von Neumann (died 1957), Hungarian-born mathematician.
Deaths
February 1 – Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (born 1819), Anglo-Irish mathematician and physicist.
February 7 – James Glaisher (born 1809), English meteorologist and balloonist.
March 28 – Émile Baudot (born 1845), French telegraph engineer.
April 28 – J. Willard Gibbs (born 1839), American physical chemist.
June 14 - Karl Gegenbaur (born 1826), German anatomist.
July 21 – Henri Alexis Brialmont (born 1821), Belgian military engineer.
August 2 – Edmond Nocard (born 1850), French veterinarian and microbiologist.
August 27 – Kusumoto Ine (born 1827), pioneering Japanese woman physician.
November 8 – Vasily Dokuchaev (born 1846), Russian geologist.
References
20th century in science
1900s in science |
Siraj ul Haq (Pashto: سراج الحق ; born 5 September 1962) is a Pakistani politician who was elected as the chief of Jamaat-e-Islami, a religious political party in Pakistan which seeks to establish an Islamic legal system. He also served as the senior minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in the Pervez Khattak administration.
Early years
Siraj ul Haq was born in Meerzo village of Shabqadar Tehsil in Charsadda District. However, he paternally belongs to Samarbagh in Lower Dir District. His father was a graduate of Darul Uloom Deoband and the superintendent (مہتمم) of a Madrassa. He received his early education in local regional schools and studied political science in the University of Peshawar and MA (Education) from University of Punjab in (1990). At university, he studied the books of Maulana Syed Abul Aala Maududi and Maulana Naeem Siddiqui. He joined Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba and was the chief of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba from 1988 to 1991. He has been elected twice as MPA from PK-95 constituency.
Political career
He was elected to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly in the 2002 election from the platform of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal and was made finance minister in the provincial cabinet under the leadership of Akram Khan Durrani. However, he allegedly resigned in protest against the deadly US drone strike on a madrassa in Bajaur Agency which resulted in the deaths of 86 children. Though the then Ameer Jamat e Islami, Qazi Hussain Ahmad, claimed that it was the party decision to vacate one of the two offices i.e. Ministry and Ameer Jamat e Islami Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, then N.W.F.P. His party boycotted the 2008 election. In 2013, he contested on Jamaat-e-Islami's ticket and was elected to the assembly.
He remained the Deputy Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami until 30 March 2014 when he was elected as the Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. In accordance with party rules whereby intra-party elections are held every five years, he was re-elected as Ameer (chief) of Jamaat-e-Islami in March 2019, until March 2024. He remains immensely popular in his constituency and is known for his modesty among friends and foes alike.
He resigned from the Ministry of Finance in June 2014 right after the budget because, according to party rules, one person cannot hold two offices at the same time. At that time, he was Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami and Senior Minister in KPK Assembly.
He gained immense popularity when Imran Khan and Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri announced the Long March against Prime Minister Muhammad Mian Nawaz Sharif. He acted as a neutral figure. He convinced the government and Imran Khan to negotiate and due to his efforts the government became stable. He said that the Jamaat-e-Islami would not let democracy be derailed and, political differences aside, democracy would be saved. For his efforts, he received an award from the government of Pakistan on 14 August 2014 from President Mamnoon Hussain.
In 2015, he fought and won the election for senate. He is considered to be a senior member of the Parliament of Pakistan.
During the 2018 general elections, he lost the national assembly seat NA-7 Lower Dir II to his rival candidate, Muhammad Bashir Khan of PTI, by a margin of 16,144 votes and was the runner up.
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
People from Lower Dir District
Pashtun politicians
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan politicians
University of Peshawar alumni
University of the Punjab alumni
Pakistani senators (14th Parliament)
Emirs of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan |
Stephen Hung (born 1959, ) is a Hong Kong businessman.
He was the joint chairman of Hong Kong-listed The 13 Holdings Limited. He is the chairman of The Taipan Investment Group and vice-chairman of Rio Entertainment Group, which operates the Rio Hotel & Casino in Macau.
Career
Hung was educated at Columbia University and the University of Southern California, where he earned a master's degree in business administration.
Operations
He later formed his own investment company. Hung has also previously served as the Vice Chairman of eSun Holdings and as a non-executive director of Lippo Group's AcrossAsia Limited.
In 2013 he set about developing a luxury casino-resort in Macau, under the name Louis XIII, with the help of Princess Tania de Bourbon Parme. By 2017, the project was lavishly built and under a new name 'The 13', but was in financial difficulties, having neither opened nor been awarded a casino licence.
Hung's main vehicle and the operating company for the project, 13 Holdings Limited, had targeted extremely wealthy officials and the business elite from the People's Republic of China. However, in 2014, Chinese Communist Party's general secretary Xi Jinping, in Macau for its 15th anniversary as an SAR, announced his government's displeasure at such ostentatious excess, as part of his crackdown on corruption, which severely impacted the project's ambitions. The company sold a 52 percent stake in its engineering subsidiary Paul Y Engineering.
Family
Hung's parents were property agents.
References
Living people
1959 births
Hong Kong businesspeople
Columbia University alumni
Marshall School of Business alumni |
Rolling Acres is a former shopping district in Akron, Ohio, surrounding the now-demolished Rolling Acres Mall. Planning for the area began in 1960s with Forest City Enterprises, a Cleveland real estate company and the powerful Buchholzer family, whose previous endeavors involved financing much of the Chapel Hill Mall area. Despite warnings by civic leaders and former Mayor Edward O. Erickson that the addition of a third mall in the Akron area would harm downtown department stores, the Rolling Acres area was born with Rolling Acres Mall serving as its anchor. Pulling from a diverse population of blue collar workers in Barberton, Ohio and Kenmore, and inner city neighborhoods such as West Akron and Lane-Wooster, the Rolling Acres shopping district blossomed. At its peak it was the most visited mall in Northeast Ohio. Today, Rolling Acres stands as a skeleton of what it once was, mirroring many other parts of the Midwest that have suffered from stagnant economic conditions, saturated markets, and unprofitable foot traffic.
The shopping district is located in the City of Akron proper, and encompasses most of the area. It had a number of large big box retailers including:
Handy Andy Home Improvement Center (formerly Forest City) – closed 1996
Ames (formerly Hills & Gold Circle) - closed 2002
Apples Grocery Store- Closed 2000
Pet Supplies Plus – closed 2002
Fretter – defunct 1996
Toys "R" Us – closed 2006
Kids "R" Us – site closed
Officemax – closed 2003
Coconuts Music – site closed
Marc's (former Children's Palace) – Closed 2004
Several of the buildings have been condemned, while other are taking transient uses such as fronts for flea markets, and mattress liquidators. The Target closed in February 2006, with a new store being opened in the western suburb of Wadsworth, Ohio. Toys R’ Us closed as part of a larger consolidation plan by its new owners. The city of Akron no longer views the area as viable for retail. As Rolling Acres got smaller, the nearby Montrose area got larger, and now has many of its former anchors.
References
External links
Site dedicated to the Rolling Acres mall and retail corridor of Akron, including historical images, store lists, etc.
Geography of Akron, Ohio
Forest City Realty Trust |
```yaml
id: DNSDB - IPs from Hostname
version: -1
name: DNSDB - IPs from Hostname
description: A playbook that uses DNSDB to retrieve all IPs seen for a given hostname
around the time of observation.
starttaskid: "0"
tasks:
"0":
id: "0"
taskid: 1ce924ef-17a1-4aea-866c-ab68c0916fe3
type: start
task:
id: 1ce924ef-17a1-4aea-866c-ab68c0916fe3
version: -1
name: ""
iscommand: false
brand: ""
description: ''
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "8"
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 50
}
}
note: false
timertriggers: []
ignoreworker: false
skipunavailable: false
quietmode: 0
"1":
id: "1"
taskid: 7a13431f-be65-4b4b-8edc-86716e86ba92
type: regular
task:
id: 7a13431f-be65-4b4b-8edc-86716e86ba92
version: -1
name: DNSDB Lookup RRSet/A
description: Lookup RRset records
script: DNSDB_v2|||dnsdb-rrset
type: regular
iscommand: true
brand: DNSDB_v2
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "3"
scriptarguments:
aggr: {}
bailiwick: {}
extend-context:
simple: resolvedIPs=RData
limit: {}
offset: {}
owner_name:
simple: ${inputs.Domain}
rrtype:
simple: A
time_first_after: {}
time_first_before:
complex:
root: incident
accessor: occurred
transformers:
- operator: toUnix
- operator: addition
args:
by:
value:
simple: "86400"
time_last_after:
complex:
root: incident
accessor: occurred
transformers:
- operator: toUnix
- operator: addition
args:
by:
value:
simple: "-15552000"
time_last_before: {}
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 172.5,
"y": 720
}
}
note: false
timertriggers: []
ignoreworker: false
skipunavailable: false
quietmode: 0
"3":
id: "3"
taskid: 552152ce-fbbc-4379-8685-e6eba78f1559
type: title
task:
id: 552152ce-fbbc-4379-8685-e6eba78f1559
version: -1
name: Done
type: title
iscommand: false
brand: ""
description: ''
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 162.5,
"y": 895
}
}
note: false
timertriggers: []
ignoreworker: false
skipunavailable: false
quietmode: 0
"4":
id: "4"
taskid: c5ecf748-2269-4416-8b3f-44ac2e338d41
type: regular
task:
id: c5ecf748-2269-4416-8b3f-44ac2e338d41
version: -1
name: DNSDB Lookup RRSet/AAAA
description: Lookup RRset records
script: DNSDB_v2|||dnsdb-rrset
type: regular
iscommand: true
brand: DNSDB_v2
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "3"
scriptarguments:
aggr: {}
bailiwick: {}
extend-context:
simple: resolvedIPs=RData
ignore-outputs:
simple: "false"
limit: {}
offset: {}
owner_name:
simple: ${inputs.Domain}
rrtype:
simple: AAAA
time_first_after: {}
time_first_before:
complex:
root: incident
accessor: occurred
transformers:
- operator: toUnix
- operator: addition
args:
by:
value:
simple: "86400"
time_last_after:
complex:
root: incident
accessor: occurred
transformers:
- operator: toUnix
- operator: addition
args:
by:
value:
simple: "15552000"
time_last_before: {}
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 602.5,
"y": 720
}
}
note: false
timertriggers: []
ignoreworker: false
skipunavailable: false
quietmode: 0
"5":
id: "5"
taskid: f8ea69e9-5a17-4fee-88b0-533cece470d1
type: condition
task:
id: f8ea69e9-5a17-4fee-88b0-533cece470d1
version: -1
name: Is DNSDB v2 Enabled?
type: condition
iscommand: false
brand: ""
description: ''
nexttasks:
'#default#':
- "3"
"Yes":
- "7"
separatecontext: false
conditions:
- label: "Yes"
condition:
- - operator: isExists
left:
value:
complex:
root: modules
filters:
- - operator: isEqualString
left:
value:
simple: modules.brand
iscontext: true
right:
value:
simple: DNSDB_v2
- - operator: isEqualString
left:
value:
simple: modules.state
iscontext: true
right:
value:
simple: active
accessor: brand
iscontext: true
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 370
}
}
note: false
timertriggers: []
ignoreworker: false
skipunavailable: false
quietmode: 0
"7":
id: "7"
taskid: d61c298a-48d7-467d-8d3e-6502f088e33a
type: condition
task:
id: d61c298a-48d7-467d-8d3e-6502f088e33a
version: -1
name: Are there any domains?
type: condition
iscommand: false
brand: ""
description: ''
nexttasks:
'#default#':
- "3"
"yes":
- "1"
- "4"
separatecontext: false
conditions:
- label: "yes"
condition:
- - operator: isExists
left:
value:
simple: inputs.Domain
iscontext: true
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 172.5,
"y": 545
}
}
note: false
timertriggers: []
ignoreworker: false
skipunavailable: false
quietmode: 0
"8":
id: "8"
taskid: 59cd0dba-5193-4605-81e9-072726c40d8f
type: regular
task:
id: 59cd0dba-5193-4605-81e9-072726c40d8f
version: -1
name: DeleteContext
description: Delete field from context
scriptName: DeleteContext
type: regular
iscommand: false
brand: ""
nexttasks:
'#none#':
- "5"
scriptarguments:
all: {}
index: {}
key:
simple: resolvedIPs
keysToKeep: {}
subplaybook: {}
separatecontext: false
view: |-
{
"position": {
"x": 50,
"y": 195
}
}
note: false
timertriggers: []
ignoreworker: false
skipunavailable: false
quietmode: 0
view: |-
{
"linkLabelsPosition": {},
"paper": {
"dimensions": {
"height": 910,
"width": 932.5,
"x": 50,
"y": 50
}
}
}
inputs:
- key: Domain
value:
complex:
root: Domain
accessor: Name
required: false
description: "The domain name to enhance with IP addresses from Farsight DNSDB."
playbookInputQuery:
outputs:
- contextPath: resolvedIPs
description: An array of one or more IP addresses that the input domain names have
resolved to.
type: string
tests:
- No tests (auto formatted)
fromversion: 5.0.0
``` |
```xml
import getModerationLink from "./getModerationLink";
describe("getModerationLink", () => {
it("renders the default", () => {
expect(getModerationLink()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"/admin/moderate"`);
});
it("renders with a specific queue", () => {
expect(getModerationLink({ queue: "pending" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
`"/admin/moderate/pending"`
);
});
it("renders with a specific story", () => {
expect(getModerationLink({ storyID: "story_123" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
`"/admin/moderate/stories/story_123"`
);
});
it("renders with a specific story", () => {
expect(getModerationLink({ siteID: "site_123" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
`"/admin/moderate/sites/site_123"`
);
});
it("renders with only one story or site", () => {
expect(
getModerationLink({ storyID: "story_123", siteID: "site_123" })
).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"/admin/moderate/stories/story_123"`);
});
it("renders with a specific story with a queue", () => {
expect(
getModerationLink({ queue: "pending", storyID: "story_123" })
).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"/admin/moderate/pending/stories/story_123"`);
});
it("renders with a specific story with a queue", () => {
expect(
getModerationLink({ queue: "pending", siteID: "site_123" })
).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"/admin/moderate/pending/sites/site_123"`);
});
it("renders with only one story or site with a queue", () => {
expect(
getModerationLink({
queue: "pending",
storyID: "story_123",
siteID: "site_123",
})
).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"/admin/moderate/pending/stories/story_123"`);
});
});
``` |
Abacetus convexicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1949.
References
convexicollis
Beetles described in 1949 |
Leopold Krakauer (March 1890 – December 1954) was an architect and a painter. He was one of the most prominent architects who worked in Israel in the mid-twenties. He was also a painter who presented drawings and paintings at exhibitions in Israel and all over the world. Krakauer lived in Israel from 1924 until his death.
Biography
Leopold Krakauer was born in Vienna, the capital of Austria on March 30, 1890. He attended the Royal Imperial High School in Vienna. Then, from 1907 to 1912, Krakauer was a student at the Department of Engineering and Architecture, the Technical College, in Vienna.
In 1909, he studied architecture at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Vienna. In World War I, he served on the Italian front. During the war, he worked on his own designs. In 1919, Krakauer had an exhibition in Vienna. At this exhibition, he met his wife, Greta Wolfe. From 1920–1921, Krakauer participated in the planning of the parliament building in Belgrade.
Being one of the finest architects of the International Style of his time, Krakauer immigrated to Palestine with his wife in 1924 after winning an architectural competition for Palestine and soon became involved in architectural projects. He began to work under the leadership of Alexander Baerwald in Haifa. Later, Krakauer moved to Jerusalem. He worked on designing many houses in Jerusalem as well as in other parts of Israel. He was prominent in planning dining rooms and other public buildings. Krakauer was the first to bring modern architecture to Israel. Krakauer was particularly inspired by the architect Adolf Loos, who was also a frequent visitor to his home in Vienna.
In 1948, he was appointed as a member of the Committee of the Flag Symbol, under the Provisional State Council. Krakauer helped choose the symbol of Israel.
His daughter Trude Dothan was an archaeologist. His grandson is Danny Dotan, a singer and songwriter.
Works
Most of Krakauer's work focuses on field drawing. Many of his works depict Jerusalem and its landscapes. His works can be found in museums in Amsterdam, Munich, and Zurich, as well as all over Europe.
His most famous architectural works include:
"Bunam House", "The Boksboim" and "Kisher House" in the Rehavia neighbourhood of Jerusalem
Beit Ussishkin museum on Kibbutz Dan
Dining rooms in Beit Alfa, Tel Yosef 1933
Hotel Talpash in Haifa
External links
Leopold Krakauer Memorial Exhibition, Davar, January 21, 1955
Extraordinary artist: Memorial Exhibition of the Krakauer Haifa Museum, Maariv, August 5, 1955
Article on the remodeling of Beit Bunem
Stamp issued by the Philatelic Service in 1990 showing the dining room designed by Krakauer at Kibbutz Tel Yosef
Hecht Museum Exhibition
Chapters in the making and shaping of the collective dining room (1926–1935), Cathedra 70, January 1994 (article deals with, among other things, the planning of the dining rooms at the Alpha and Tel Yosef)
The Last Supper: The historic dining room at Tel Yosef becomes a warehouse, February 8, 2015
Architecture February 24, 2015
Review on Building architecture – The Teltsch Haifa Hotel May 14, 2015
1890 births
1954 deaths
Austrian Jews
Artists from Vienna
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
TU Wien alumni
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Jewish painters
Israeli painters
Jewish Israeli artists
International style architects
Jewish architects
Architects from Mandatory Palestine
Israeli architects
Burials at Har HaMenuchot |
Krasny Dvor () is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolo-Ramenskoye Rural Settlement, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was six, as of 2002. There are two streets.
Geography
Krasny Dvor is located southwest of Cherepovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nikolo-Ramenye is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Cherepovetsky District |
The 1999–2000 Asian Club Championship was the 19th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the AFC region (Asia). It determined that year's club champion of association football in Asia.
Al-Hilal of Saudi Arabia won the final and became Asian champions for the second time, beating Júbilo Iwata 3–2 in the final.
First round
West Asia
|}
1 Al-Qadisiya withdrew.
East Asia
|}
1 Dalian Wanda withdrew.
2 Happy Valley withdrew.
3 Valencia had been drawn against the champions of Nepal, but the Nepalese FA did not send a team.
Second round
West Asia
|}
East Asia
|}
1 The match was played over one leg by mutual agreement.
2 The first leg was cancelled due to the condition of the pitch at Valencia's home ground.
Quarter-finals
West Asia
East Asia
Semi-finals
Third place match
Final
References
Asian Club Competitions 2000 at RSSSF.com
2000 in Asian football
1999 in Asian football
1999-2000 |
PlayStation Portable homebrew refers to the process of using exploits and hacks to execute unsigned code on the PlayStation Portable (PSP).
Applications
Additional features added including the ability to emulate and play the ROMs of other consoles, play homebrew games, share music, print photos, watch videos from streaming sites such as YouTube, and run additional video formats originally unsupported by the device.
Emulation
Homebrew emulators were created for NES, SNES, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Sega Genesis and Nintendo 64 console systems among others. Numerous different emulators were created for the most popular consoles. PlayStation 1 emulation was native, made by Sony.
Demoscene
The reverse engineering process to understand the PSP hardware started shortly after the advent of homebrew unsigned code execution. This effort led to development of Toolchain and SDK by enthusiasts and paved the way to utilise vector floating point co-processor, GPU and audio capabilities of the device without asking Sony for permission. Several demoscene non-interactive creations were released targeting PSP such as Suicide Barbie, purely to demonstrate optimisation skills of the developers and the power of the handheld.
History
Soon after the PSP was released, hackers began to discover exploits in the PSP that could be used to run unsigned code on the device. Sony released version 1.51 of the PSP firmware in May 2005 to plug the holes that hackers were using to gain access to the device. On 15 June 2005 the hackers distributed the cracked code of the PSP on the internet. Hackers refused to apply updates which would render their hacks unusable so Sony attempted to convince users that there was a benefit to upgrading by including new features in the firmware updates, such as a web browser, and not just security patches to plug the vulnerabilities. BusinessWeek dubbed this the "carrot-and-stick" approach.
In August 2005 Sony released version 2.0 of the firmware which included the web browser, file compatibility updates and other features. Hackers and other homebrew enthusiasts then encountered the first trojan for the PSP. Symantec called this trojan "Trojan.PSPBrick". Users attempting to downgrade their PSP using this software instead found that it was rendered inoperable as this software deleted mandatory/important system files. Over the course of 2005 Sony released six different versions of the firmware and hackers typically responded to it by downgrading to avoid the new security updates.
In mid-2006, after several months of problems in defeating the PSP's firmware a file was posted online which allowed new PSPs running firmware version 2.6 to downgrade to 1.5 so they could then be hacked using older methods. This reportedly caused more buzz in the community than any recent official offerings for the device.
Dark_AleX
Dark AleX (aka Dark_AleX, Dax) was a Serbian programmer who wrote homebrew applications for the PlayStation Portable. Dark AleX, as well as other variations of the name, is a pseudonym under which he worked. One of the drawbacks of downgrading the PSP is that new official media may require the presence of a new firmware edition. Dark_Alex had released a Custom Firmware called "Dark Alex's Open Edition firmware" or "Custom Firmware (CFW)" which opens the firmware and allows users to use the existing feature set of the current edition. Sony quickly patched the firmware again, continuing the cat-and-mouse game with the hackers and users. In 2006, Sony released six updates to the system firmware and in 2007 they released another six updates. In July 2007 Dark_AleX officially stopped his work on the PSP, citing perceived problems with Sony as one of the reasons for his departure.
Some people even suggested that Dark_AleX was paid by Sony not to release any more custom firmware, but Sony denied this.
Custom Firmware allows the running of unsigned code such as homebrew applications and UMD backups, emulators for other consoles, as well as PlayStation games when the disc images are converted into PSP format.
Half Byte Loader
Half Byte Loader (also known as HBL) is an open source software project that aims at loading homebrew for PlayStation Portable handheld console through user-mode exploits. It does not provide any mechanism for loading official games or ISO images. HBL was built from scratch to be easily portable to any user-mode exploit. The project was created and started by m0skit0 and ab5000.
It is currently maintained by wololo.
HBL was created initially for the Medal of Honor Heroes exploit. An alpha version was released as open source by m0skit0 and ab5000 in November 2009, which ran very simple homebrews. When the Patapon 2 demo exploit was found and leaked, wololo joined the project and proposed to port HBL to this new exploit. The AdvancedPSP forums, which hosted the project, were shut down by the hosting and the project moved to wololo/talk forums. wololo also created a new public SVN repository for HBL at Google Code. Other PSP hackers such as Davee and neur0n joined in to help the development of this port. HBL for Patapon 2 passed to beta version, and can be considered the first useful HBL version, released in March 2010. HBL was subsequently ported to several other user-mode exploits, and also served as base for other projects, like the PRO CFW project.
HBL was also ported to run on Sony PlayStation Vita's PSP emulator with very little modifications. This project was named Vita HBL (VHBL) and was uploaded to HBL's public repository by wololo in March 2012.
Latest CFW
Nowadays, the most used and recent PSP CFWs are PRO, ME and ARK-4.
An exploit called Infinity allows the user to permanently run a previously installed CFW (like PRO, ME and ARK-4) on a PSP, i.e., after restarting the PSP, the previously installed CFW remains activated without the user having to do any previous step.
Statements
Motivation for homebrew
Hackers have stated that the motivation for unlocking the PSP has nothing to do with piracy, but allowing individuals full access to the products they've purchased and the freedom to do what they want with the item as well as the interest in exploring something unknown. Fanjita, a member of the hacker group "N00bz!", stated, "Everyone has the right to do what they want with their own hardware. Piracy does upset me, and because what we are doing opens the way to piracy it's harder to justify it morally. But our stance on piracy is clear, and we hope to be role models. Sony have never been in touch with me, so I am confident that what we are doing is legal."
Sony's position
Sony has told the media that any issues resulting from running modified code on the device would void the warranty. They have also stated that the problem is not with homebrew but piracy. However their constant firmware updates have been seen as attempts to hamper homebrew development. According to Phillip Torrone from Make magazine, this hampering could be due to the attempts to curb piracy and may cause more harm than good. He thinks that "the really smart companies should release their products to the alpha geeks for six months and let the alpha geeks play around with them. It seems to me they'd save a lot of money on R&D, and they'd come out with much more solid products."
However, Sony has also said that, when questioned about homebrew game support, Jack Tretton, who was Sony Computer Entertainment America's President and CEO at the time replied with,
"I think that is something that is in the works. We certainly see some of the stuff that has been done via homebrew, and it's incredibly creative. And I think we'd like to try and tap into that a little bit more."
References
External links
Homebrew
Homebrew software
Custom firmware |
The Air National Guard (ANG), also known as the Air Guard, is a federal military reserve force of the United States Air Force, as well as the air militia of each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories of Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It, along with the Army National Guard component of each state, district, commonwealth or territory, makes up the National Guard of each region as applicable.
When Air National Guard units are used under the jurisdiction of the state governor they are fulfilling their militia role. However, if federalized by order of the President of the United States, ANG units become an active part of the U.S. Air Force. They are jointly administered by the states and the National Guard Bureau, a joint bureau of the Army and Air Force that oversees the U.S. National Guard.
Air National Guard operating forces are structured where each U.S. region houses at least one wing. Each wing is either assigned aircraft, or aircraft are shared with a unit of the active-duty Air Force or the Air Force Reserve under an "Associate" arrangement. The ANG of the territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands have no aircraft assigned and perform ground support functions. ANG activities may be located on active-duty air force bases, air reserve bases, naval air stations/joint reserve bases, or air national guard bases and stations which are either independent military facilities or collocated as tenants on civilian-controlled joint civil-military airports.
ANG units typically operate under Title 32 USC. However, when operating under Title 10 USC all ANG units are operationally gained by an active-duty major command of the Air Force or the U.S. Space Force. ANG units of the Combat Air Forces (CAF) based in the Continental United States (CONUS), plus a single air control squadron of the Puerto Rico ANG, are gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC). CONUS-based ANG units in the Mobility Air Forces (MAF), plus the Puerto Rico ANG's airlift wing and the Virgin Islands ANG's civil engineering squadron are gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).
The vast majority of ANG units fall under either ACC or AMC. However, there remain a few exceptions, such as the Alaska ANG, Hawaii ANG and Guam ANG, whose CAF and MAF units are operationally gained by Pacific Air Forces, while a smaller number of ANG units in CONUS are operationally gained by Air Education and Training Command, Air Force Global Strike Command, Air Force Special Operations Command, and U.S. Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa.
Overview
Established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, the Air National Guard is part of the state National Guard and is divided up into units stationed in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia (D.C.), the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the two U.S. territories. Each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have at least one Air National Guard wing level unit with a flying mission, while the Air National Guard in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands are strictly non-flying support organizations at the group or squadron level.
When not in a "federal" status, the Air National Guard operates under their respective state, commonwealth or territorial governor. The exception to this rule is the District of Columbia Air National Guard (DC ANG). As a federal district, the units of the DC ANG are under the direct jurisdiction of the President of the United States through the office of the Commanding General, District of Columbia National Guard.
In their "state" role, the Air National Guard may be called up for active duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as those caused by hurricanes, floods, fires, and earthquakes. In the case of the D.C. Air National Guard in this role, the D.C. Adjutant General of the District of Columbia reports to the Mayor of the District of Columbia, who may only activate DC ANG assets for local purposes after consulting with the President of the United States.
With the consent of state governors or equivalents, members or units of the Air National Guard may be appointed, temporarily or indefinitely, to be federally recognized members of the armed forces, in the active or inactive (e.g., reserve) service of the United States. If federally recognized, the member or unit becomes part of the Air National Guard of the United States, which is one of two reserve components of the U.S. Air Force, and part of the U.S. National Guard. Because both state and federal ANGs go relatively hand-in-hand, they are both usually referred to collectively.
Air National Guardsman who become members of the Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) receive full active duty pay and benefits just like active duty members of any branch of the armed forces.
U.S. ANG units or members may be called up for federal active duty in times of Congressionally sanctioned war or national emergency. The President may also call up members and units of the Air National Guard using a process called "federalization", with the consent of state governors or equivalents, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or execute federal laws if the U.S. or any of its states or territories are invaded or is in danger of invasion by a foreign nation, or if there is a rebellion or danger of a rebellion against the authority of the federal government, or if the president is unable to execute the laws of the U.S. with the regular armed forces.
As of 30 September 2019, the U.S. Air National Guard has about 107,100 men and women in service. Like the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), most ANG members serve part-time at least one weekend a month and an additional two weeks a year (e.g., 38 days). However the demands of maintaining modern aircraft mean that many AFRC and ANG members work full-time, either as full-time Air Reserve Technicians (ART) or Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) personnel. Even traditional part-time air guardsmen, especially pilots, navigators/combat systems officers, air battle managers and enlisted aircrew, often serve 100 or more man-days annually.
The ANG, in tandem with the U.S. Air Force's other reserve component, the strictly "federal" Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), comprise the "Air Reserve Component" of the U.S. Air Force under the "Total Force" construct.
Many ANG pilots work for commercial airlines, but in the ANG they may train to fly any of the aircraft in the USAF inventory, with the current exception of the B-1B Lancer and B-52 Stratofortress bombers, E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft, KC-10 Extender and the AC-130 Gunship. The Georgia Air National Guard and the Kansas Air National Guard previously flew the B-1B Lancer prior to converting to the E-8 Joint STARS and KC-135R Stratotanker, respectively. In addition, the 131st Fighter Wing of the Missouri Air National Guard transitioned from flying the F-15C/D Eagle at St. Louis International Airport/Lambert Field Air National Guard Station to the B-2 Spirit at Whiteman Air Force Base as an "Associate" unit of the Regular Air Force's 509th Bomb Wing and was re-designated as the 131st Bomb Wing.
In 2012, General Norton A. Schwartz, the then-Chief of Staff of the Air Force, defended cutting nearly twice as many service members from the Air National Guard and the AFRC as from the active duty Regular Air Force in order to maintain the service's surge and rotational capabilities in the Active Component. These proposals were eventually overruled and cancelled by the U.S. Congress.
Chain of command
As state militia units, the units in the Air National Guard are not in the normal U.S. Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the United States National Guard Bureau unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States.
The Air National Guard Readiness Center, a field operating center of the U.S. Air Force at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland, performs operational and technical functions to ensure combat readiness of ANG units and is a channel of communication between the Air Force and the National Guard Bureau regarding readiness and operations.
Air National Guard units are trained and equipped by the U.S. Air Force. The state (or equivalent) ANG units, depending on their mission, are operationally gained by a major command of the USAF if federalized. In addition, personnel and equipment are routinely federalized and deployed by the USAF as part of Air Expeditionary Forces.
Air National Guard personnel are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their "full-time" active duty Air Force and "part-time" Air Force Reserve federal counterparts. The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Air Force are used by the ANG, and Air National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all U.S. military awards. The ANG also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in a service member's home state or equivalent.
History
Origins
The modern day National Guard in the U.S. traces its origins to 13 December 1636, when the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court passed an act calling for the creation of three regiments, organizing existing separate militia companies in and around Boston. The creation of the militia regiments was caused by the perceived need to defend the Bay Colony against American Indians and from other European countries operating in North America. This organization formed the basis of subsequent colonial and, post-independence, state and territorial militias which later became the Army National Guard.
Being "local" ground forces affiliated with the Army, militias were considered state-centric/territorial-centric in nature, this versus naval forces, which were considered wholly activities of the federal government. This distinction accounts for why there are no National Guard components in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps or U.S. Coast Guard. Because the present day U.S. Air Force evolved from the U.S. Army, it was only natural that a separate Air National Guard would be established with the divestiture of the former U.S. Army Air Forces and its establishment as a separate and independent U.S. Air Force in 1947.
The Air National Guard was officially established in law as a separate reserve component on 18 September 1947, concurrent with the establishment of the U.S. Air Force. However, National Guard aviation emerged before World War I with aviation units in Army National Guard organizations.
In April 1908, a group of enthusiasts organized an "aeronautical corps" at the Park Avenue Armory in New York City to learn ballooning. They were members of the 1st Company, Signal Corps, New York National Guard. Although they received instruction and assembled a balloon, it was not clear whether members of the unit had ever actually ascended in it. In 1910 the unit raised $500 to finance its first aircraft.
During the Mexican Border Crisis of 1915 Captain Raynal Cawthorne Bolling organized and took command of a unit that became the 1st Aero Company, New York National Guard. It trained at Mineola Field, Mineola, Long Island. It is recognized as the ANG's oldest unit and its lineage is carried by the 102nd Rescue Squadron of the New York Air National Guard. On 13 July 1916, the 1st Aero Company mobilized during the border crisis with Mexico. the unit was called into federal service when the Mexican revolution spilled over the border into the United States. Bolling's unit was joined at Mineola by the 2nd Aero Company of Buffalo and 12 Guard officers from other states. Both air units remained at Mineola during the crisis.
When the U.S. entered World War I in April 1917, the War Department decided that it would not mobilize National Guard air units. Instead, individual Guard volunteers provided a major pool for the Army to draw aviators from. They were required to leave the Guard and enter the Signal Corps Reserve if they wished to fly in the war. About 100 National Guard pilots joined the newly formed U.S. Army Air Service. Guardsmen also played prominent roles in air operations in France. On 14 April 1918, Tennessee Guardsman Reed Chambers flew with Eddie Rickenbacker and David Peterson of the 94th Pursuit Squadron from Villeneuve, France on the first combat mission ever ordered by an American commander of a U.S. squadron of American pilots. At least four Guardsmen—Chambers, Field Kindley (Kansas), Reed Landis (Illinois), and Martinus Stenseth (Minnesota) – became aces. 2nd Lieutenant Erwin R. Bleckley of Kansas was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroism as an aerial observer. After the armistice and the return of the American Expeditionary Force in 1919, the wartime squadrons were demobilized and inactivated.
Interwar period
After the war, National Guard aviation was placed on a permanent basis over the initial opposition of the Army's General Staff. In 1920, the Militia Bureau and the Army Air Service agreed on a plan for re-organizing National Guard aviation units. On 17 January 1921, the 109th Observation Squadron of the Minnesota National Guard (1921–1941) became the first post World War I air unit to receive federal recognition. During the interwar period, 29 observation squadrons were established. They were either integral elements of National Guard infantry divisions or assigned to Army corps aviation.
An aviator in the 110th Observation Squadron of the Missouri National Guard (1923–1943) became the most famous National Guard pilot during the interwar period: Captain Charles A. Lindbergh. His service illustrated the close ties between military and commercial aviation. Trained to fly by the Army, he joined the 110th Observation Squadron in November 1925. The following year, he became chief pilot for an airmail venture started by fellow 110th pilots Major William Robertson and his brother Frank. After Lindbergh made his historic solo trans-Atlantic flight in May 1927, he recalled his service in the Guard fondly.
After the Fall of France, during 1940–1941, approximately 4,800 experienced National Guard aviation personnel were mobilized from their observation squadrons. They provided a significant augmentation of the Army's rapidly expanding air arm during a critical period. Most Guard air units were stripped of many key personnel, and the units were federalized into the regular Army Air Corps and were re-equipped with more modem aircraft. Some of the early-deploying squadrons maintained a degree of unit integrity and cohesion. But, most lost their character and identity as Guard organizations during World War II.
The units were transformed from observation organizations into reconnaissance, liaison, fighter, and bombardment squadrons. They served in every major combat theater during the war. The most significant wartime contribution of National Guard aviators was to train and lead the large numbers of volunteer airmen who had entered the AAF. That role was epitomized by Lt Col Addison E. Baker, a Guardsman from Akron, Ohio. On 1 August 1943, Baker commanded the VIII Bomber Command's 93rd Bombardment Group on a daring but ill-fated low-level attack against enemy oil refineries at Ploiești, Romania. Baker was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic leadership.
Post-World War II Air National Guard
The Air National Guard as it exists today, a separate reserve component of the United States Air Force in addition to the purely "federal" Air Force Reserve, was a product of the politics of postwar planning and inter-service rivalry during World War II. The Army Air Forces leaders who planned and maneuvered for an independent postwar Air Force during World War II had little confidence in the reserves of the U.S. Army, especially the state-dominated National Guard. On the contrary, those leaders expected to build the largest and most modern standing air force possible. However, domestic politics and American history forced them to significantly alter their plans.
Determined to include an Air Force National Guard in the postwar U.S. military establishment during World War II, the National Guard Association of the United States flexed its considerable political muscle. It compelled the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) to plan for a significant Air Force National Guard once the overseas fighting ended. General of the Army George C. Marshall, the Army Chief of Staff, also pressured the USAAF to revise its ambitious plans for a large postwar active duty force. When President Harry S. Truman instituted dramatic postwar military budget cuts, he split defense dollars evenly among the Army, Navy, and Air Force. That move also required the Air Force to plan for a far smaller active duty service than it had envisaged. As a result, the Air Force needed both reserve components, the Air National Guard and the Air Force Reserve, to help fill the gap.
As the wartime Army Air Forces demobilized in 1945 and 1946, inactivated unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State and Territorial Air National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units. Initially, the National Guard Bureau (NGB) developed a table of organization for the Air National Guard to include at least one unit allocation per state. In addition, the territories of Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico were allocated one unit designation each. A table of organization was developed in which a series of twelve ANG Wings were allocated to provide command and control over separate regions of the United States; each Wing controlled three or four Groups within the region, and the Groups controlled squadrons within the region, sometimes distributed over several states.
On 21 August 1946, inactivated USAAF group and squadron designations were transferred from the Department of the Army to the National Guard Bureau. The units were re-designated with unit designations within the 101–299 range and allotments were made to Adjutant General of the states and territories whose mission it was to organize the units being allocated and prepare them for federal recognition by the NGB.
The combat element was organized into twelve wings which were then divided into 20 fighter groups totaling 62 squadrons, two light bombardment groups comprising four squadrons, and five composite groups with twelve fighter squadrons and six bombardment squadrons. Command and control organizations were:
52nd Fighter Wing, New York
Replaced by 106th Bombardment Wing, 1 November 1950
Replaced by 107th Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
106th Bombardment Group, New York
107th Fighter Group, New York
108th Fighter Group, New Jersey
53rd Fighter Wing, Pennsylvania
Replaced by 111th Air Defense Wing, 1 November 1950
Replaced by 113th Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
111th Bombardment Group, Pennsylvania
112th Fighter Group, Pennsylvania
113th Fighter Group, District of Columbia
54th Fighter Wing, Georgia
Replaced by 116th Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
116th Fighter Group, Georgia
117th Fighter Group, Alabama
118th Fighter Group, Tennessee
55th Fighter Wing, Ohio
Replaced by 121st Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
121st Fighter Group, Ohio
122nd Fighter Group, Indiana
123rd Fighter Group, Kentucky
60th Fighter Wing, Washington
Replaced by 142nd Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
142nd Fighter Group, Oregon
61st Fighter Wing, California
Replaced by 144th Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
144th Fighter Group, California
62nd Fighter Wing, California
Replaced by 146th Composite Wing, 1 November 1950
146th Fighter Group, California
63rd Fighter Wing, Texas
Replaced by 136th Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
136th Fighter Group, Texas
137th Fighter Group, Oklahoma
66th Fighter Wing, Illinois
Replaced by 126th Composite Wing, 1 November 1950
126th Bombardment Group, Illinois
127th Fighter Group, Michigan
128th Fighter Group, Wisconsin
67th Fighter Wing, Massachusetts
Replaced by 102nd Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
101st Fighter Group, Maine
102nd Fighter Group, Massachusetts
103rd Fighter Group, Connecticut
71st Fighter Wing, Missouri
Replaced by 131st Composite Wing, 1 November 1950
131st Fighter Group, Missouri
132nd Fighter Group, Iowa
133rd Fighter Group, Minnesota
86th Fighter Wing, Colorado
Replaced by 140th Fighter Wing, 1 November 1950
140th Fighter Group, Colorado
Individual state squadrons were assigned to either Groups or Wings, depending on circumstances, allocations, and gaining commands of the Army Air Forces. As individual units were organized, federally recognized, and activated, the Army Air Forces provided them airfields, equipment and surplus aircraft. Once formed, the units began obtaining federal recognition, and the state Air National Guard units were established. Its primary units were 84 flying squadrons, mostly equipped with P-51 Mustang and P-47 Thunderbolt fighters with air defense of the continental United States as their main mission, its units under the jurisdiction of the USAAF Air Defense Command. Tactical Air Command also had several ANG units being assigned B-26 Invader medium bombers.
18 September 1947, however, is considered the Air National Guard's official birth, concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act. The postwar Air National Guard force of the late 1940s included 58,000 members. Between 1946 and 1949, all of the initial allotment of units received federal recognition in the CONUS. The Hawaii Territory ANG received recognition and was activated on 4 November 1946; the Puerto Rico ANG on 23 November 1947, and the Alaska Territory ANG on 15 September 1952.
At the end of October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the former Army Air Forces Wings which were allocated were inactivated by the National Guard Bureau returned to the control of the Department of the Air Force on 31 October 1950. The personnel and equipment of the inactivated wings were transferred to new Air National Guard wings which were established, recognized and activated on 1 November 1950.
After World War II, the Air National Guard developed an unfortunate reputation as a glorified "flying club" for World War II combat veterans. Not only did the units and individuals lack specific wartime missions, their equipment, especially aircraft, was obsolete and their training was usually deplorable. Once mobilized, those Air National Guardsmen proved to be almost totally unprepared for combat. Regardless of their previous training and equipment, Air National Guard units were assigned almost at random to major air commands. It took months and months for ANG units to become combat ready; some units never succeeded.
Korean War
During the Korean War, some 45,000 Air Guardsmen, 80 percent of the force, were mobilized. That callup exposed the weaknesses of the United States' various military reserve programs, including the ANG. Sixty-six of the Air Guard's ninety-two flying squadrons, along with numerous support units, were mobilized. Once in federal service, they proved to be unprepared for combat. Many key Air Guardsmen were used as fillers elsewhere in the Air Force. It took three to six months for some ANG units to become combat ready. Some never did.
Eventually, they made substantial contributions to the war effort and the Air Force's global buildup. In the Far East, the ANG's 136th and 116th Fighter-Bomber Wings compiled excellent combat records flying F-84 Thunderjets. Air Guardsmen flew 39,530 combat sorties and destroyed 39 enemy aircraft. But, 101 of them were either killed or declared missing in action during the conflict. Four Air Guardsmen—Captains Robert Love (California), Clifford Jolley (Utah), and Robinson Risner (Oklahoma), plus Major James Hagerstrom (Texas) – became aces, with some, such as Risner, later transferring to the Regular Air Force. Largely as a result of the Korean War experience, senior ANG and Air Force leaders became seriously committed to building the Air National Guard as an effective reserve component.
With the reinforcement of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF), Air National Guard squadrons were deployed to Europe in late 1950, being assigned to newly constructed bases in France as part of United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). These deployments helped reinforce the NATO commitment of the United States in case the combat in Korea became part of a wider conflict with the Soviet Union. Beginning in February 1951, mobilized units were assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), Strategic Air Command (SAC) and Tactical Air Command (TAC), replacing or augmenting active duty units. Air National Guardsmen assigned to ADC also were assigned to various aircraft control and warning as well as radar calibration units. Their organizations either strengthened American air defenses or were converted to tactical air control units that directed Air Force fighter aircraft in the continental United States, Alaska, Newfoundland, Europe, and French Morocco.
As a result of the federalization of the Air National Guard, ADC, SAC and TAC established additional wings for command and control of the federalized units. These were as follows:
101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing (ADC)
Federalized Maine ANG, 10 February 1951
103rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing (ADC)
Federalized Connecticut ANG, 2 March 1951
108th Strategic Fighter Wing (SAC)
Federalized New Jersey ANG, 1 March 1951
122nd Fighter-Interceptor Wing (ADC)
Federalized Indiana ANG, 10 February 1951
128th Fighter-Interceptor Wing (ADC)
Federalized Wisconsin ANG, 10 February 1951
133rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing (ADC)
Federalized Minnesota ANG, 2 March 1951
137th Fighter-Bomber Wing (TAC)
Federalized Oklahoma ANG, 26 October 1950
142nd Fighter-Interceptor Wing (ADC)
Federalized Oregon ANG, 2 March 1951
Air National Guardsmen began to be demobilized in July 1952, with their units being inactivated by the active duty air force. Subsequently, the individual state Air National Guard bureaus reactivated and reformed the units beginning in January 1953. The USAF-established wings were also allocated to their states.
Runway alert program
Although Korean War hostilities ended in July 1953, the Cold War with the Soviet Union persisted.
The initial mobilization fiasco forced the Air Force to achieve an accommodation with the Air National Guard and to thoroughly revamp its entire reserve system. Because of the problems associated with the Korean War mobilizations, the Air Force and its reserve components pioneered new approaches like the runway alert program to reserve training and management.
The Air Division chief at the National Guard Bureau wanted to find an innovative way to provide additional training for fighter pilots after their units were demobilized. At the same time, Air Defense Command could not call upon sufficient active duty Air Force units to defend the continental United States against the Soviet air threat. It was proposed to employ ANG pilots full-time from "strategically placed" Air National Guard units to perform "air intercept missions" against unidentified aircraft entering United States airspace. In addition they would "provide simulated fighter attacks against the Strategic Air Command's nuclear-capable bombers."
Using Air National Guardsmen from the 138th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Hancock Field, Syracuse, New York, and the 194th Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Hayward, California, the experiment began on 1 March 1953. It proved a great success and in August eight squadrons began "standing alert" using volunteer aircrews on a rotating basis for 14 hours a day. In October, nine more squadrons joined the program. The ANG runway alert program required some planes and pilots to be available around-the-clock to become airborne within minutes of being notified to scramble. At its peak in the mid-1950s, all 70 Air National Guard fighter squadrons participated in that program, although that number was reduced to 25 by 1961 due to budget constraints. Most of the runway alert exercises involved interceptions of SAC bombers; although a few actual scrambles turned out to be interceptions of late or off-course commercial airliners. The runway alert experiment in 1953 marked the beginning of the Air National Guard's modern homeland defense role. Moreover, it was the first broad effort to integrate reserve units into a major Air Force combat mission in peacetime on a continuing basis using volunteers.
Aircraft modernization
Originally the Air National Guard was designed as a combat reserve force. After World War II, its flying units consisted of 72 fighter and 12 light bomber squadrons equipped with obsolescent World War II propeller-driven aircraft while the active duty Air Force transitioned to jet fighters. Although it had no airlift or tanker units, the Air National Guard's flying units were equipped with a small number of liaison, trainer, and transport planes, and the Air National Guard actively sought out new missions and aircraft.
With the end of World War II, the Air Force dropped "Air Commando" or special operations units from its rolls, although they were revived for the Korean War. After that conflict, in April 1955, the Air National Guard acquired its first special operations unit when the 129th Air Resupply Squadron was federally recognized and two C-46 Commandos were delivered to it at Hayward, California. It was allocated to the Air Resupply And Communications Service (ARCS), a predecessor organization of today's Air Force Special Operations Command
As its P-51 Mustangs and P-47 Thunderbolts became more and more obsolescent in the jet age of the 1950s, the force structure gradually changed to include a significant number of airlift, tanker, and specialized combat-support units. As the Air National Guard expanded, additional squadrons, including airlift units as well as Air Resupply and Communications units, were established. Additional command and control groups and wings were also established by the National Guard Bureau and allocated to the states. The ANG however, unlike the active duty USAF, did not inactivate its combat groups during the 1950s as part of the tri-deputate organization. Many of the combat groups remained assigned to the wings from which they were derived. It was not until 1974 that the ANG fully adapted the USAF tri-deputate organization and inactivated its combat groups, assigning its operational squadrons directly to the wings.
The Air National Guard aggressively worked to preserve its existing flying units by obtaining the most modern aircraft available. Some existing Air National Guard fighter units equipped with piston-driven fighters, however, could not convert to jets because the runways at the local airports where they were based were too short. In addition, some local leaders simply did not want jet fighters operating in their communities.
The ANG considered replacing the fighter squadrons in these instances with transport aircraft a viable option for overcoming runway issues or community objections and also was a way to keep experienced senior aviators in the cockpit. During the late 1950s, the Air Force allowed several Air National Guard units to trade in their aging piston-driven fighters for second-line transports. New Jersey's newly organized 150th Air Transport Squadron (Light) became the first pure airlift unit in the Air National Guard on 1 February 1956. It received Curtiss C-46D Commandos. Two other aeromedical transport squadrons followed that year, primarily because of the impracticality of converting their locations to modern jet fighter operations. In 1959, the Air Force, in order to save operating funds, planned to phase out 48 C-97 Stratofreighters before their replacements were available to the active force. The Air National Guard requested these aircraft be sent to ANG units, and in January 1960, units in California, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, and Oklahoma began trading in their obsolete fighters for C-97s.
Additionally, the Air National Guard also took on an air refueling mission. The Air National Guard received its first KC-97 Stratofreighter aerial tankers in July and August 1961. During that period, the 108th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in Illinois, the 126th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in Wisconsin, and the 145th Air Transport Squadron in Ohio, converted to KC-97Fs and were redesignated air refueling squadrons.
Cold War
World War II had left the city of Berlin 100 miles deep within East German territory, controlled by the Soviet Union, and divided into Soviet, British, French, and United States zones of occupation, administered under local agreements which did not guarantee Western access to the city. Responding to a series of Soviet actions in 1948, the three western allies consolidated their zones and formed the city of West Berlin. For fifteen years the western powers maintained a tenacious hold on West Berlin under periodic harassment of the Soviets. On 13 August 1961, Berliners woke up to find they lived in a divided city. A wall now separated East Berlin from West Berlin. With that provocative act, the Soviet Union ratcheted up the Cold War.
President John F. Kennedy mobilized a limited number of Reserve and Guard units, dispatching 11 ANG fighter squadrons to Europe. All the Guard units were in place within a month of their respective mobilization days, although they required additional training, equipment, and personnel after being called up. In all, some 21,000 Air Guardsmen were mobilized during the 1961 Berlin Crisis.
By August 1962, the units mobilized for the Berlin Crisis returned to state control. They had hardly resumed normal operations when President Kennedy announced on 22 October 1962 that the Soviet Union had placed nuclear warheads in Cuba, only 90 miles from Florida. With the Cuban Missile Crisis, Air National Guard fighter units trained for "no notice" deployments, and volunteer ANG airlift crews and their aircraft augmented Air Force global airlift operations. Air National Guard bases hosted Air Force fighters and bombers dispersed there to avoid a possible Soviet nuclear response to the crisis. But in the end, no ANG unit was federalized.
As a result of these two Cold War incidents, from January through December 1963, for the first time Air National Guard airlift units began routinely deploying overseas during their annual training periods, primarily to Europe, to exercise their wartime missions. Air National Guard transport units hauled cargo for the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) while training for their wartime global airlift role.
With the Regular Air Force tanker fleet being used more and more in Southeast Asia after 1965 to support combat operations in South Vietnam, combined with the concurrent demands of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) for performing its nuclear deterrence mission, both volunteer Air Force Reservists and Air National Guardsmen in air refueling units participated in worldwide air refueling missions during their Annual Training or other additional active duty periods in order to supplement the active duty tanker force. The Texas Air National Guard's 136th Air Refueling Wing inaugurated Operation Creek Party on 1 May 1967, because the Regular Air Force did not have enough KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft available in Europe to train its fighter pilots in USAFE. The operation eventually involved nine ANG air refueling groups that rotated approximately every two weeks to Rhein-Main Air Base in West Germany.
The Vietnam War provided the next significant test for the Air National Guard. However, for largely domestic political reasons, President Lyndon B. Johnson chose not to mobilize most of the nation's reserve forces before 1968. His reasons for not mobilizing reserve forces were many. Primarily, he did not believe that the war in Vietnam justified the dramatic act of mobilizing Reserve and National Guard forces. He accepted the need to fight the war, but he wanted to prosecute it as quietly as possible, not attracting too much attention at home and risk jeopardizing his domestic programs. He also wanted to avoid drawing the Communist Chinese into the war or the attention of the Soviet Union, the latter which might view the mobilization of Reserve and National Guard units as "escalatory" within a larger Cold War context. Moreover, recalling Reservists' complaints of inactivity following the Berlin mobilization of 1961, he was also reluctant to recall Reservists and National Guardsmen without the assurance that their employment would significantly affect the course of the war, an assurance no official in his administration could provide. As a result, even though still populated by many World War II and Korean War combat veterans, the Reserves and the National Guard acquired ill-deserved reputations during this period as havens for relatively affluent, young white men with no prior active duty military service to serve as officers or enlisted personnel as a means to avoid the draft into the active duty U.S. Army in an enlisted status.
Air National Guard airlift units, however, began flying regularly to Japan and South Vietnam beginning in 1966 to support Military Airlift Command (MAC) operations. These flights continued on a regular basis until 1972. In addition, between August 1965 and September 1969, Air National Guard domestic and offshore aeromedical evacuation flights freed active duty Air Force resources for such missions in Southeast Asia (SEA).
Moreover, after the 1968 Tet Offensive in which the Communist North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops attacked positions throughout the Republic of Vietnam, the Pentagon dispatched four Air National Guard fighter squadrons to that nation. In addition, the Pueblo Crisis in Korea also saw mobilized Air Force Reservists, Air National Guardsmen and Naval Reservists in flying units. That crisis prompted the third partial Air National Guard mobilization since the end of World War II, and eventually two ANG fighter squadrons were dispatched to South Korea. However, the Pueblo crisis ended without a resort to combat.
In July 1970, two EC-121 "Super Constellations" from the Pennsylvania ANG's 193rd Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron departed their home station for Korat RTAFB, Thailand. During the next six months, approximately 60 Air National Guardsmen were rotated through the latter installation on 30- to 60-day tours in Operation "Commando Buzz," their aircraft serving as flying radar stations and airborne control platforms for U.S. air operations in Southeast Asia (SEA) until January 1971.
The 355th Tactical Fighter Squadron (355th TFS) in 1967 was a Regular Air Force squadron assigned to the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing at Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina. From January 1968 until June 1969, the 355th TFS changed from a Regular Air Force unit composed almost entirely of recent SEA returnees to a composite squadron consisting of approximately 50% of whose personnel assets were composed of activated ANG members from the 119th TFS of the New Jersey ANG) and the 121st TFS of the District of Columbia ANG). The 355th deployed on temporary duty (TDY) to Phù Cát Air Base on 14 May 1968 with 13 of its 30 pilots being ANG members. The transfer became permanent on 26 June 1968, at which time all TDY members were offered the opportunity to volunteer for a full year's tour. All 13 ANG pilots volunteered, one of whom was killed in action a month later. By Christmas 1968, 87% of the squadron's support personnel were ANG members. Five of the ANG pilots also volunteered as Misty Forward Air Controllers (FACs) flying the F-100 Super Sabre. In all, ANG pilots were awarded 23 Silver Stars, 47 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and 46 Bronze Stars with Combat V for valor while stationed at Phu Cat.
Total Force Concept
As part of the re-thinking of military concepts after the Vietnam War, beginning in the early 1970s with the establishment of the All-Volunteer Armed Forces, both the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve force planning and policymaking were influenced by the "Total Force" Concept and have remained so to this day. The concept sought to strengthen and rebuild public confidence in the reserve forces while saving money by reducing the size of the active duty force. In practical terms, the Total Force policy sought to ensure that all policymaking, planning, programming, and budgetary activities within the Defense Department considered active and reserve forces concurrently and determined the most efficient mix of those forces in terms of costs versus contributions to national security. The policy also insured that Reservists and Guardsmen, not draftees, would be the first and primary source of manpower to augment the active duty forces in any future crisis.
With the active forces being reduced after the end of the Vietnam War, a significant number of older C-130A Hercules tactical airlifters became available for the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve, which allowed the Korean War-era C-119 Flying Boxcars and C-124 Globemasters to be retired. However, the Total Force Concept led to pressure to upgrade the reserve forces to front-line aircraft and beginning in 1974, new Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) A-7D Corsair II ground attack aircraft began to be sent to Air National Guard units directly from the LTV manufacturing plant in Dallas. As A-10 Thunderbolt IIs began to replace the A-7Ds in the Regular Air Force in the mid and late 1970s, additional A-7D aircraft were transferred to the ANG. F-4 Phantom IIs began to be received by the ANG in the late 1970s with the F-15A Eagle and F-16A Fighting Falcons coming into the active inventory and ANG's F-100 Super Sabres being retired.
Starting in 1975, the ANG began conducting operations in Latin America and by the late 1970s to defend the Panama Canal and to provide training support, embassy resupply, search and rescue, and counterdrug operations. In addition, the ANG airlifted supplies and hardware to remote radar sites and performed aerial mapping operations.
In June 1979, the 137th Tactical Airlift Wing of the Oklahoma Air National Guard marked the first time an ANG airlift unit was equipped with brand new transport aircraft: it received four factory-fresh C-130H Hercules aircraft. Several years later, Congress institutionalized the practice of purchasing limited amounts of new weapons and equipment for the reserve components via National Guard and Reserve Equipment (NG&RE) funding allocations. Under the auspices of this separate appropriation for Guard and Reserve equipment established in 1982 under President Ronald Reagan, 69 brand new C-130s entered the ANG's inventory from 1984 to 1991.
In July 1972, Air National Guard units began supporting Air Force tanker task forces overseas with second-line KC-97 Stratofreighter propeller-driven tankers and volunteer crews when needed. Triggered by a 1974 decision by Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger to save money, the Ohio Air National Guard's 145th Air Refueling Squadron acquired the ANG's first jet tanker in April 1975 when it began converting from KC-97Ls to KC-135A Stratotankers. Altogether, the Air Force transferred 128 older KC-135s to the air reserve components to retire the slow prop-driven tankers, which modern fighters had to reduce speed to nearly stall speed in order to refuel from.
During the 1980s, changes in the Air National Guard's force structure and readiness were primarily driven by President Reagan's military buildup and the need to prepare for a possible war between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact in Central Europe. The ANG focused on modernization, more realistic combat training, increased readiness, and personnel growth, primarily in nonflying, mission support units. In 1979, Tactical Air Command assumed the atmospheric air defense mission of the United States with the inactivation of Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM or ADC). ADC fighter interceptor units were initially realigned into a component called Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), at the level of an Air Division. In 1985, First Air Force (1 AF) was reactivated by TAC and given the mission to provide, train and equip ADTAC combat ready forces. Upon its reactivation, First Air Force was composed of units of both the active Air Force and the Air National Guard. In the years since its third activation, more of the responsibility for the defense of American air sovereignty was shifted to the Air National Guard. By the 1990s, 90 percent of the air defense mission was being handled by the Air National Guard. In October 1997, First Air Force became an Air National Guard numbered air force, charged with the air defense of the North American continent.
Instead of increasing the number of units, the National Guard Bureau authorized units to increase the number of aircraft assigned to them when the Air Force made those planes available. In 1982, the South Carolina Air National Guard's 169th Tactical Fighter Group began receiving new General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcons. In Air Force-wide competitions, ANG units and individuals frequently placed high or won. This was due in no small part to the ANG units being manned by more senior pilots and weapon systems officers, most of whom had recent combat experience as prior active duty officers in the Regular Air Force and who continued to hone their skills in fighter aircraft while their active duty contemporaries had to leave the cockpit for career enhancing non-flying staff assignments. The 169th Tactical Fighter Group garnered top team honors in the Air Force's worldwide gunnery contest, Gunsmoke '89. During the late 1980s, the Air National Guard's F-106 Delta Darts, F-4 Phantom IIs and A-7D Corsair IIs were being replaced by F-15A and F-15B Eagles and F-16A and F-16B Fighting Falcons as more advanced models such as the F-15C/D and F-16C/D were brought into active service with the Regular Air Force.
Post Cold War era
The expiration of the Soviet Union, beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall and Glasnost in 1989 and culminating in the USSR's breakup into its republics in 1991, constituted a major upheaval that continued to influence global politics into the 21st century.
Panama
In December 1989 and January 1990, ANG volunteers participated in Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama, to secure the arrest of Panamanian dictator and accused drug lord, General Manuel Noriega. Air National Guard aircrews already deployed TDY to Howard AFB, Panama also participated in Just Cause. Volunteer C-130 crews completed 181 sorties moving 3,107 passengers and 551.3 tons of cargo. In addition, Air National Guard A-7 Corsair II attack jets from the South Dakota Air National Guard's 114th Tactical Fighter Group and the Ohio Air National Guard's 180th Tactical Fighter Group flew 34 combat missions in support of the invasion. However, the Air National Guard and the Total Force concept would be fully tested in the two major operations of the 1990s: Operation Desert Shield and the first Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm.
In August 1990, ANG F-15 and F-16 fighter units initiated similar rotational service for Operation Coronet Nighthawk, the successor to Operation Volant Oak, out of Howard Air Force Base, Panama. Those units monitored suspected airborne drug traffickers transiting Central America as well as the adjacent oceans. As the 1999 transfer of the Panama Canal to Panama approached, the Air National Guard began turning the operation over to civilian contractors. The last Air National Guardsmen completed their deployments to these South American sites in 1999.
Persian Gulf crisis
Following the seizure of Kuwait by Iraqi forces in August 1990, the Air Force turned to both of its reserve components for help and was swamped with volunteers. Before President George H. W. Bush mobilized Reservists and National Guardsmen on 22 August 1990, nearly 1,300 Air National Guardsmen actually entered active duty as volunteers. Initially, most of them concentrated on aerial refueling and airlifting American forces to the Persian Gulf region. The first two ANG units to volunteer before the President's mobilization order were the 105th Military Airlift Group of the New York Air National Guard, and the 172nd Military Airlift Group of the Mississippi Air National Guard. Respectively, they flew the C-5A Galaxy and the C-141B Starlifter.
Altogether, 12,456 Air National Guardsmen participated in Air Force operations during the Persian Gulf crisis/first Gulf War. When called upon, Air National Guardsmen were immediately prepared to perform their missions alongside their active Air Force counterparts. They did not need additional training or new equipment to do their jobs. They were integrated into most of the Air Force's operational missions, flying strategic airlift and aerial refueling sorties, and manning aerial ports. Air National Guardsmen also flew fighter, attack, aerial reconnaissance, special operations, and tactical theater airlift missions.
Compared to previous mobilizations, ANG units and individuals during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm were much better prepared to perform their missions upon entry into federal service. Units were well equipped and well trained. As planned, they were able to respond much more rapidly and effectively than in previous call-ups. They were integrated into operations with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts with a minimum of disruption and delay.
In a new concept at the time, relatively few ANG outfits were mobilized as units. Instead, the Air Force called up packages of equipment and personnel that were developed after the crisis began. Mobilizing entire flying units and maintaining their integrity while in federal service, although desirable, would no longer be the only acceptable approach to supporting the Air Force in a crisis. Instead the Air National Guard would be flexible in its response in order to fit the situation. That could involve individual volunteers, tailored packages of volunteers, or mobilized Air National Guardsmen developed in response to specific contingencies.
After the first Gulf War ended in 1991, air power continued to play a significant role in containing Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, as did a naval blockade and United Nations economic sanctions. Together those forces also crippled the economic and military foundations of Hussein's power. The Air National Guard participated widely in that long campaign, which featured U.S. and Coalition aircraft maintaining two no-fly zones over portions of Iraq: Operation Southern Watch (OSW) and Operation Northern Watch (ONW). In addition, ANG units provided humanitarian aid to the Kurdish population in northern Iraq. Later deploying units to Turkey participated in Operation Northern Watch that was focused strictly on enforcing the no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq as mandated by the UN and did not include humanitarian relief for the Kurds.
Front-line aircraft
Following the first Gulf War, the Air National Guard's senior leadership in the National Guard Bureau began to adapt their organization for the post-Cold War era in a series of far-reaching discussions with top echelon Air Force personnel, state officials, unit leaders, and members of Congress. Essentially, the Air Force agreed it would attempt to retain all ANG and Air Force Reserve flying units, while reducing its own as a cost-effective way to maintain a post-Cold War force structure. However, as limited amounts of newer equipment became available from a smaller Air Force, and budgets tightened, the ANG would reduce the numbers of aircraft assigned to each unit. If necessary, it would combine units at the same locations. Some organizations would close down, but only as a last resort.
Aided by the newer aircraft from the shrinking Air Force inventory, the Air National Guard modernized and reshaped its fleet after the Cold War. The size and composition of the ANG's aircraft inventory changed significantly after 1991. From 1991 to 2001 the ANG experienced an enormous growth in large aircraft including C-130H Hercules tactical airlifters, upgraded KC-135E and KC-135R Stratotankers, and B-1B Lancer strategic bombers at the expense of smaller fighter planes. One of the most critical modernization challenges facing the ANG involved its extensive fleet of older model F-16As and F-16Bs. As its goal, the ANG sought to acquire F-16C Block 25/30/32 aircraft, enabling ANG fighter units to have around-the-clock, all-weather, precision strike capabilities against surface targets. The first F-16As and F-16Bs to be retired from service entered storage with AMARC at Davis-Monthan AFB during 1993, with three aircraft from the 138th Fighter Squadron of the New York Air National Guard, followed by 17 examples from the 160th Fighter Squadron of the Alabama Air National Guard, which were updated with F-16Cs and F-16Ds from the shrinking active duty force.
In the general military drawdown following the end of the Cold War, many European-based F-15C Eagles previously assigned to USAFE were also transferred stateside. The 101st Fighter Squadron of the Massachusetts Air National Guard received new F-15Cs that were previously with the 32nd Fighter Group, Soesterberg AB, Netherlands in 1994. Other F-15A / F-15B units were upgraded to the F-15C and F-15D as they became available during the mid-1990s.
In the early 1990s, with the disestablishment of Strategic Air Command (SAC), Tactical Air Command (TAC) and Military Airlift Command (MAC) and their replacement with Air Combat Command (ACC) and Air Mobility Command (AMC), all Air National Guard units transitioned to the objective wing organization. Most flying unit designations were simplified to "Airlift" or "Fighter" or "Air Refueling" or "Rescue", with flying squadrons being assigned to Operations Groups. Also, on 1 October 1994, in accordance with the USAF "one base-one wing" policy, all Air National Guard flying units previously designated as a "group" had their status changed to a "wing" no later than 1 October 1995. Additionally, ANG stations hosting flying units were re-designated as an "Air National Guard Base" if they were not collocated on an active duty installation.
Balkans operations
Other overseas operations during the 1990s took Air National Guardsmen to Somalia, the former Yugoslavia, Haiti, and Rwanda to augment the Air Force in a series of contingencies and humanitarian relief operations. Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve units would generally assume responsibility for an operation for 30 to 90 days, and then rotate their personnel on 15- to 30-day tours to a given location until the commitment ended.
In July 1992, crews and C-130s from West Virginia's 167th Airlift Group inaugurated ANG involvement in Operation Provide Promise by flying food and relief supplies from Rhein-Main AB, Germany to Sarajevo, Bosnia's capital, which had a population of 380,000. That operation expanded significantly the following February to include airdrops of food and medicine to Muslim enclaves in eastern Bosnia blockaded by Bosnian Serbs. Altogether, personnel and C-130s from 12 ANG units participated in Provide Promise. During the operation, Air Force, ANG, and Air Force Reserve transports flew 4,533 sorties and delivered 62,802 metric tons of cargo. They performed airlift, airdrop, and medical evacuation missions. The Americans made a major contribution to the overall allied effort, which involved airmen from 21 nations. The humanitarian airlift operation accounted for about 95 percent of the aid delivered during the -year siege of Sarajevo.
On 2 April 1993, NATO troops from Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Germany, and Italy as well as the United States launched Operation Deny Flight, a no-fly zone for Serbian aircraft over Bosnia-Herzegovina. It enforced a March 1993 UN Security Council Resolution passed to help prevent the war from spreading. The operation also provided close air support to UN Protection Force ground troops serving as peacekeepers, and airstrikes against Serb weapons threatening UN-designated safe areas in Bosnia. The first ANG fighter unit involved was the Connecticut Air National Guard's A-10-equipped 103rd Fighter Group. Aircraft and personnel from the Maryland Air National Guard's 175th Fighter Group and Michigan Air National Guard's 110th Fighter Group joined the contingent from Connecticut. Along with unit personnel, the six Air National Guard and six Air Force Reserve A-10s returned to their home stations in mid-January 1994 after flying 520 sorties and accumulating over 1,400 hours of Deny Flight flying time. Air National Guard tanker support of Deny Flight began in June 1994 with the dispatch of 10 KC-135s and 18 aircrews from six units to Istres Air Base, France, and Pisa Airport, Italy. By the time Deny Flight ended on 20 December 1995, elements of seven Air Guard fighter and 11 air refueling units had participated in it.
Operation Deliberate Force, was initiated in August 1995 after the Bosnian Serb army shelled a Sarajevo marketplace killing 43 civilians and wounding 75 more. A contingent from the 104th Fighter Wing participated in the action. The intensity of the bombing stunned the Serbs. Coupled with victories of an American-trained Croatian-Muslim army in western Bosnia, that operation forced the Serbs to sue for peace. NATO halted the bombing on 14 September 1995, and ended Deliberate Force six days later.
The Air National Guard returned to the Balkans in the mid-1990s as part of the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Bosnia, Operation Joint Guard, and its successor, Operation Joint Forge. Volunteers from 13 Air National Guard airlift units provided 71 C-130s to Joint Forge. On average, ANG airlift deployment packages consisted of approximately 75 personnel and two C-130 aircraft. They were based at Ramstein AB, Germany, to provide the necessary airlift support for U.S. military forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina and other locations across Europe.
Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) Concept
In August 1998, the Air Force inaugurated a new concept. Based on experiences during the Persian Gulf War and numerous deployments to the Balkans and other contingency operations, it organized more than 2,000 aircraft, including those of Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units, into 10 Air Expeditionary Forces (AEFs), later designated as the Aerospace Expeditionary Forces, and, in 2007, the Air Expeditionary Forces. AEFs would rotate in order to ease the strain of increased post-Cold War operations overseas. The AEF promised to spread the burden of deployments more widely among flying units, Active Duty, Air Force Reserve or Air National Guard. Moreover, the timing of rotations became more predictable. Greater predictability would enable Airmen, especially those in the Air Reserve Component, to better manage the competing demands of families, civilian careers, and military service. Air National Guard aviation units would be expected to deploy overseas once every 15 months while support units would do so at 30-month intervals. Driven by those requirements, Air National Guard planners in the National Guard Bureau began to "reengineer" ANG units to better participate in their expeditionary roles. The benefits of this concept became apparent in the events of the early 2000s.
Global war on terrorism
11 September 2001
The defining events for the Air National Guard (ANG) as well as for the United States occurred with the al Qaeda attacks of 11 September 2001 on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The only air defense fighter units stationed within the entire northeastern United States belonged to the Air National Guard.
At 8:38 am, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in Boston, Massachusetts, reported a possible hijacking and called the Otis Air National Guard Base control tower on Cape Cod, home to the Massachusetts ANG's 102nd Fighter Wing, to request military assistance. At that time, Major Dan Nash and Lieutenant Colonel Tim Duffy had air defense alert duty for the 102nd. At 8:40 am Colonel Bob Marr, a Massachusetts Air National Guardsman serving as NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector commander, learned from the FAA that American Airlines Flight 11 might have been hijacked. The two pilots immediately suited up and headed for their F-15s. Marr ordered Nash and Duffy into the air; their F-15s were airborne within six minutes and as directed, headed for New York City, 153 miles away. Unknown to the pilots, American Airlines Flight 11 had crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City just as Colonel Marr was delivering his order. Meanwhile, at 8:43 am, the FAA reported another possible hijacking to the Northeast Air Defense Sector. That was Boston to Los Angeles United Airlines Flight 175. At 9:02 am, with the F-15s still 71 miles away, that plane crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower.
At 9:09 am the pilots of the North Dakota Air National Guards F-16s of the 119th Fighter Wing were standing by, ready to launch, at their forward alert operating location at Langley AFB, Virginia, located about 130 miles southeast of Washington, DC. They were at their battle stations because of a growing general concern about the situation that morning. Seven minutes later, the FAA reported that United Airlines Flight 93, outbound from Newark, New Jersey, to San Francisco, California, might also have been hijacked. The FAA notified the Northeast Air Defense Sector eight minutes later that American Flight 77, a flight from Dulles International Airport, Virginia, near Washington, DC, to Los Angeles, California, also appeared to be the victim of hijackers. At 9:24 am Colonel Marr ordered three F-16s (two alert aircraft and a spare) scrambled from Langley AFB to check out an unidentified intermittent aircraft track heading toward Washington DC. In six minutes, the Langley F-16s were airborne.
In accordance with established NORAD procedures, the F-16s were initially directed to head northeast to avoid some of the most heavily traveled commercial airline routes rather than to fly directly to the Washington, DC, area. Major Dean Eckmann and Major Brad Derrig, plus Captain Craig Borgstrom of the 119th Fighter Wing were directed to fly at maximum subsonic speed, 660 miles per hour. At about 40 miles away, they saw the billowing smoke of American Airlines Flight 77, which had crashed into the Pentagon at 9:43 am. As the North Dakota Air Guardsmen neared Washington, DC, Major Eckmann, the flight lead, set up a patrol over the nation's capital with the help of air traffic controllers at the Northeast Air Defense Sector.
On 22 May 2002, a Joint Resolution was passed by the Congress of the United States recognizing the members of the 102nd Fighter Wing for their actions on 11 September 2001. The resolution in part states:
Whereas on the morning of 11 September 2001, the 102nd Fighter Wing of the Massachusetts Air National Guard became the Nation's first airborne responder to the terrorist attacks of that day when it scrambled two F-15 fighter aircraft just six minutes after being informed of the terrorist hijackings of commercial airliners.
Operation Noble Eagle
As a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001, homeland defense became the top national defense priority the enhanced defense of North America and military support to civilian government agencies, known as Operation Noble Eagle, began early the next day.
During the first 24 hours of the crisis, 34 Air National Guard fighter units flew 179 missions. Eighteen tanker units generated 78 aircraft in the same time period. Through 28 September, for example, the Alabama Air National Guard's 117th Air Refueling Wing kept aircraft aloft on a continuous basis. Air National Guard units also contributed 111 C-130 aircraft for movement of personnel and equipment to needed locations, and more than 3,000 ANG security forces personnel supported the mission, augmenting civilian security police as necessary. A week after the attacks, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced the call up of over more than 5,000 members of the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve to support the nation's increased security requirements. On 22 September, President George W. Bush mobilized about 5,100 more members of the air reserve components, including approximately 3,000 air refueling and about 130 security specialists.
Guardsmen gained national visibility starting 27 September when President George W. Bush asked the governors for their temporary help at commercial airports, which had reopened a few days after 9/11 with new security restrictions. In the airports they would "Temporarily augment the civilian airport security function of the nation's commercial airports with a trained, armed, and highly visible military presence." For more than seven months, several thousand Guardsmen performed those security duties, with additional Guardsmen called into service during the Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year holiday period. Although the Army Guard provided the vast majority of the enhanced airport security force, several hundred Air National Guard personnel also participated.
Combat Air Patrols (CAPs) began to be flown 24/7 over major cities in the United States. ANG squadrons at 26 bases were put at tremendous strain to support the operations. The Air National Guard ran continuous round-the-clock combat air patrols over New York City and Washington, D.C., until spring 2002. In addition, when key events occurred such as the 2002 Winter Olympics in Utah, Space Shuttle launches in Florida, baseball's World Series and football's Super Bowl, similar air patrols helped provide security. The Air National Guard also flew random patrols over various urban areas; nuclear power plants; major military installations such as MacDill AFB, Florida, Peterson AFB, Colorado, Offutt AFB, Nebraska and Scott AFB, Illinois that were home to various combatant command headquarters; weapons storage facilities and laboratories. Because estimates of the nation's security situation became more optimistic, in spring 2002, the Air Force eliminated the continuous patrols and substituted random ones by the summer.
Operation Enduring Freedom
On 20 September 2001, President Bush told a televised joint session of Congress and the American people that Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda network were responsible for the recent terrorist attacks on the United States. The refusal of the Taliban to comply resulted in the United States taking military action to achieve the president's demands, the action given the name Operation Enduring Freedom.
The ANG was involved even before the fighting in Afghanistan began. With the war imminent, the Air Force quickly established an airlift operations plan that included active duty, Guard, and Reserve components. It became one of the most extensive operations in Air Force history. Furthermore, the Air Force met the logistical needs of that operation despite the severe shortage of strategic airlift and troublesome maintenance needs of the older planes.
Shortly after the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and weeks before the first U.S. bomb was dropped over Afghanistan, the Air Force established air bridges to help funnel material and personnel overseas to support multiple operations in conjunction with Enduring Freedom. Air National Guard tanker units received orders by 20 September 2001, to be in their deployed locations before the start of their air bridge operations. Some ANG tanker units also flew humanitarian support missions. By using European bases, the Air Force could transfer cargo from the larger aircraft to smaller planes, refuel aircraft on the ground, exchange flight crews, give crews rest opportunities, and repair broken aircraft.
The Air National Guard contributed two C-141 Starlifter units, the 155th Airlift Squadron / 164th Airlift Wing, Tennessee Air National Guard; and the 183rd Airlift Squadron / 172nd Airlift Wing, Mississippi Air National Guard, to the strategic airlift mission. The Air National Guard's sole C-5 Galaxy unit, the 137th Airlift Squadron / 105th Airlift Wing, New York Air National Guard at Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh, New York, also contributed to the operation. Through the ANG's airlift participation in Europe, the Regular Air Force and Air Force Reserve (Associate) C-17 Globemaster IIIs could support Enduring Freedom directly.
When the war began, only Air National Guard units assigned to Air Force Special Operations Command deployed directly to Afghanistan to support combat operations. Typically, ANG special operations units in 13-man teams first went to active duty bases in the United States, and later to overseas locations.
The 169th Fighter Wing, South Carolina Air National Guard, was the first ANG fighter unit to deploy to Southwest Asia in direct support of the air war over Afghanistan. It sent over 200 personnel and six F-16CJs in January 2002 to Al Udeid Air Base in Doha, Qatar, to assist air combat operations over Afghanistan. In particular, they provided Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs) against Taliban and al Qaeda positions, the only Air Force fighter unit in the theater to do so. F-16s sometimes were also configured for Cluster Bomb Units (CBUw). In addition, F-16 pilots sometimes fired their 20mm gun against ground targets. Missions could last up to 10 hours with multiple air refuelings. After so many hours strapped in their seats, pilots generally received one to three days of crew rest. The unit returned to South Carolina on 3 April 2002.
The Pennsylvania Air National Guard's 103rd Fighter Squadron of the 111th Fighter Wing, became the first A-10 ANG unit to deploy directly to Afghanistan. From December 2002 to January 2003, the 111th Fighter Wing deployed personnel and sent its aircraft to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan to carry out ground support missions for both United States as well as Afghan Northern Alliance ground forces. In March 2003, the 104th Fighter Squadron of Maryland's 175th Wing deployed to Afghanistan. While there, it flew all the A-10 combat missions for Operation Enduring Freedom.
Takur Ghar
For Operation Anaconda, its commander, Army Major General Franklin L. Hagenbeck, directed coalition forces, U.S. soldiers and Afghan forces, to destroy remaining al Qaeda and Taliban forces in an area located roughly 65 nautical miles south of the Afghan capital, Kabul. One reconnaissance team in two helicopters landed on Takur Ghar, Ghar, a snowcapped, 10,200-foot mountain where temperatures at the top reached during the day and dropped to a negative five at night.
One helicopter carried a Navy SEAL team and an Air Force combat controller, Technical Sergeant John Chapman. As the SEAL team disem-barked, automatic weapons fire laced the helicopter's side while a rocket propelled grenade ripped into it. The crew chief yelled, "We're taking fire! Go! Go! Go!" and the SEAL team rushed back inside. As the pilots added power to evade the heavy ground fire, the damaged helicopter bucked violently, causing Navy SEAL Petty Officer 1st Class Neil Roberts, who was standing on the ramp, to fall about 12 feet to the ground below. The helicopter escaped the ambush and crash-landed about seven kilometers north of where Petty Officer Roberts fell. The second helicopter rescued the other SEALs and Sergeant Chapman but after returning to their base, they decided to try and rescue Petty Officer Roberts.
Regardless of the danger they knew the al Qaeda would treat Roberts badly and time was running out for him. Despite intense ground fire, the six men successfully returned to Takur Ghar. Nevertheless, the battle continued and Sergeant Chapman was killed along with several enemy fighters. Surrounded by gunfire, the men on the ground called upon a Quick Reaction Force (QRF), designed for such emergencies. Those forces consisted of 23 men and two helicopters. The team included Tech Sergeant Miller. "We were notified that we would be launching in 45 minutes," he recalled, "and were going into [an al Qaeda and Taliban] infested area." Also on the team were Army Rangers. During Operation Enduring Freedom, Rangers and special operations formed the focal point of the U.S. ground campaign. Because of communications failures, the Quick Reaction Force landed in the same spot as the previous helicopters and, like them, was greeted with gunfire. Miller's helicopter managed to land, and the QRF called in close air support. For the next five and a half hours, they battled with the enemy. Three Rangers died and others were wounded.
According to Sergeant Miller, "We continued to treat the patients, continued moving ammunition and grenades to where they were needed. I grabbed a radio … and set up satellite communication and then returned to the rear." Tech Sergeant Miller and Senior Airman Jason Cunningham, like Miller, a pararescueman, worked hard to keep the patients from succumbing to hypothermia. They put them in the helicopter and removed its insulation and wrapped it around the wounded Rangers. In addition, they used the majority of the fluids available in the medical kits and anything else, including the heaters packed in their food rations. With the help of the additional Rangers and more air strikes, they took the hill, killing many al Qaeda combatants. They also recovered the bodies of Petty Officer Roberts and Sergeant Chapman.
Approximately 10 minutes after the Rangers took control of the hill, they began to receive more frequent enemy mortar and automatic weapons fire. Although combat air support prevailed, the enemy wounded an Army medic and fatally wounded Airman Cunningham. At that point the Quick Reaction Force had 11 wounded and seven dead. After 17 hours on the mountaintop, a nighttime rescue took place and the ordeal was over. Operation Anaconda continued for another 19 days.
By March 2002, ANG C-130 units had flown 55 percent of the missions for the Afghanistan war. The 193rd Special Operations Wing of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, using the EC-130E Commando Solo aircraft, performed an unusual mission in Afghanistan: psychological operations (PSYOPS). Since 1968, the 193rd had been handling airborne psychological operations missions. The EC-130E acquired the mission name Commando Solo during the 1990s, when the aircraft was modified to handle color television operations. One of the first ANG flying units deployed to the area, the 193rd began transmitting by the end of October 2001. For almost six months the unit relayed broadcasts of Voice of America in the Dari and Pashtu languages and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Uzbek, Tajik, and Persian. According to a White House spokesman, the Commando Solo missions gave the Afghan people "full knowledge about what is happening in Afghanistan from a source other than a repressive Taliban regime." The 193rd remained in the region until ground psychological warfare operations stations were safely established.
Once the Iraq conflict began in March 2003, the military began to reduce its resources in Afghanistan. Yet the reliance on using the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve units, aircraft and personnel there continues to the present supporting the combat operations under United States Air Forces Central (USAFCENT). Air National Guardsmen and aircraft deploy to Afghanistan routinely as part of the Air Expeditionary Units at bases there.
Operation Iraqi Freedom
On 18 March 2003, the United States and coalition forces launched the invasion of Iraq in order to remove Saddam Hussein's regime from power, the invasion being designated Operation Iraqi Freedom. In addition to flying units, such as fighter, air refueling, airlift, special operations and rescue, the ANG also provided a robust force of over 3,530 additional personnel for the expeditionary combat support functions and many Air National Guard senior officers held command positions during the war.
Siege of the Haditha Dam
As operations began, Army Rangers embarked on a mission to protect the Haditha Dam from being destroyed by Iraqi forces. The Rangers expected the operation to last approximately 24 hours. Instead it took them more than 12 days. The dam is a critical source of water and electrical in western Iraq. If the Iraqis succeeded in blowing up the dam, the releasing waters would flood the down-river areas, causing a humanitarian and environmental disaster.
The Rangers expected the dam to be well defended. In preparation for the assault on the dam, fighters assigned to the 410th Air Expeditionary Wing (410 AEW) conducted preparatory air strikes against Iraqi forces in the dam's vicinity. Air support for Special Forces in the battle came from various coalition aircraft including U.S. Army Special Operations Aviation units. However, that battle became one of the defining operations for the AEW, and in particular, Air National Guard pilots. The 410th was responsible for providing combat search and rescue capability for western and central Iraq. During the month-long air campaign over the western Iraqi desert, the A-10 and F-16 Air National Guard pilots assigned to the AEW were involved in countless missions supporting Special Forces teams in need of close air support. The highly experienced Air National Guard pilots assigned to the AEW, especially the A-10 pilots, helped insure the successful employment of close air support for friendly forces fighting to retain the Haditha Dam.
AH-6 helicopters of the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment and F-16s from the 410 AEW provided air cover as the Rangers took their convoy to Haditha. During the night of 1 April 2003, with support from the 410th, the Rangers seized the dam, a power station, and a transformer yard while facing light to moderate enemy resistance. Several Iraqis were killed and wounded; others, including 25 civilian workers, were taken prisoner. As daylight broke over the dam, the Rangers began taking increasing enemy fire from the south as well as coordinated attacks at both ends of the dam. Although the Rangers repelled the initial assault, Iraqi counterattacks continued with heavy mortar and artillery shells that rained down on the Rangers. Fortunately, the Rangers had ample air support from the 410th which attacked several mortar positions. Even without the protection of darkness, the Air National Guard A-10s attacked numerous enemy positions. At nightfall the Iraqis resumed their attacks against the Rangers, but once again close air supported the U.S. forces. A single bomb obliterated the attackers and shattered every window in the dam complex. Nevertheless, the siege continued for ten more days.
The Rangers on the dam were greatly outnumbered. Nevertheless, the combined efforts of a Forward Air Controller-qualified pilot (FAC), a Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) pilot, and observation posts manned by additional Rangers and Air Force enlisted terminal attack controllers (who cleared airborne weapons for release) ensured the Rangers on the dam would not be overrun. That operation reflected the typical attitude held by Air National Guard aviators, especially A-10 pilots, who believed that when ground troops needed help, the pilots would remain as long as possible to, "...lay it on the line more and expose themselves more over the target area." Even when the Rangers were not taking enemy fire, the A-10s provided cover so the Rangers could catch a few hours of sleep. The 410th fighters also supplied air cover during medical evacuation missions for killed and wounded Rangers.
During the twelfth day of the siege, the outnumbered Rangers continued to face repeated attacks by the enemy force. The Air National Guard A-10 and F-16 pilots realized early in the battle that the close air support they provided was the vital element that kept the Iraqi forces at bay, a matter of life and death for the Rangers. In the end the coalition forces prevailed. Military experts believed that without the air support, especially the A-10s, the Rangers would not have won the battle. Not only did the coalition forces secure the Haditha Dam complex, but they seriously reduced the fighting effectiveness of the Iraqi Armored Task Force in the Haditha area.
Intelligence operations
Air National Guard intelligence personnel deployed overseas and supported the war effort in signals intelligence by flying Senior Scout missions and augmented RC-135V/W Rivet Joint ELINT crews to "monitor the electronic activity of adversaries." Although their pilots sat at controls in the United States, Air National Guardsmen also "flew" RQ-4 Global Hawk and MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicle intelligence missions in Southwest Asia.
Operation Iraqi Freedom's intelligence collection efforts were enhanced by the initial combat employment of the Air Force's first and only "blended" wing: the newly formed 116th Air Control Wing, composed of both ANG and active duty Air Force personnel based in Robins AFB, Georgia. The wing deployed nine of its 11 assigned E-8 Joint STARS aircraft to the Iraqi Freedom theater as well as over 600 unit personnel including one-tenth of the aircrews. Air National Guardsmen composed about one-fourth of the Wing's deployed personnel. Although the wing has since reverted to an all-ANG organization, it continues to be integral to operation of the E-8 Joint STARS weapon system.
The 193rd Special Operations Wing of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard deployed its EC-130 Commando Solo aircraft for a variety of PSYOPS support to coalition agencies in Iraq. Flying from March to June 2003, its missions apparently fulfilled their goals. According to an Iraqi prisoner of war and former mid-level intelligence officer, the population in southern Iraq considered the coalition radio broadcasts more truthful than state-owned media. The leaflets also had a significant impact on the morale of Iraqi military and prompted considerations to surrender. The Iraqis concluded that U.S. planes could as easily target them with bombs as leaflets if their intent was lethal.
Support operations
As in Afghanistan, the Air National Guard contributed significant airlift capability to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Thirteen of ANG's 25 airlift units participated, including 72 of 124 Air Force C-130s. Among their missions, Air National Guard C-130 crews airlifted elements of the 82nd Airborne Division and the 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force. Those crews also flew one of the first day/night airlift missions into an Iraqi air base and delivered the first humanitarian supplies into Baghdad International Airport. During Operation Iraqi Freedom's first six months, Air National Guard C-130 crews airlifted 22,000 tons of cargo, 47,000 passengers, and flew 8,600 sorties in 21,000 hours.
As essential to the war effort as were C-130s, A-10s, and piloted reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft, they could not have completed their missions efficiently without aerial refueling. During the war in Iraq, the Air Force deployed 200 tanker aircraft based at 15 locations. Air National Guard KC-135 tankers provided one-third of the Air Force refueling aircraft deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom, and an additional 35 ANG tanker aircraft conducted air bridge operations.
The Air National Guard also deployed air traffic control personnel, maintainers, and airspace managers. Over 27 percent of the total Air Force civil engineering force in Iraq came from the ANG; other Air Guard engineers supported Iraqi Freedom while operating in several other countries.
The Iraqi conflict continued through 2011 and the Air National Guard continued its involvement. By 2004 nearly 40 percent of the total Air Force aircraft deployed for overseas operations were assigned to the Air National Guard. The ANG supported Air Expeditionary Force deployments to Iraq throughout the 2000s, until the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq in 2011.
State and local government support
Natural disasters
Traditionally, governors called out National Guard units when faced with natural but localized disasters such as blizzards, earthquakes, floods, and forest fires. The president could also federalize them in major disasters that threatened to overwhelm the resources of individual states or communities. According to the National Guard Bureau, "The indigenous skills and capabilities National Guardsmen to respond to natural disasters are the same skills and capabilities that enable us to successfully respond to potential terrorist threats."
The Air National Guard's main tool for fighting forest fires is the Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System (MAFFS), which has undergone several updates since its first use in September 1971 by the California Air National Guard's then-146th Tactical Airlift Wing and the North Carolina Air National Guard's then 145th Tactical Airlift Group. Housed in C-130s, MAFFS could disperse up to 27,000 pounds ... almost 3,000 gallons ... of commercial fire retardants or an equivalent amount of water. Newer aircraft like the C-130J carry the MAFFS II, which carry even more fire retardant, can disperse it more rapidly over a wider area, and is easier to recharge after a mission than its predecessor.
Blizzards also created the need for National Guard support. Often both Army National Guard and Air National Guard units assisted with health and welfare matters, conducted debris removal and power generation, and provided supply and transportation support in connection with snowstorms. For example, a Christmas-time 2006 blizzard at the airport hub of Denver International Airport closed that facility down for two days. Army and Air National Guardsmen took food and water to thousands of travelers trapped there. In the same storm, western Kansas received between 15 and 36 inches of snow with drifts as high as 13 feet. The Air National Guard not only assisted people, but also dropped bales of hay to feed stranded cattle.
Hurricane Katrina
On 29 August 2005, the largest natural disaster the Air National Guard faced in its then 58-year history began when Hurricane Katrina hit the United States Gulf Coast. The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans. Several weeks later Hurricane Rita devastated portions of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, and then the less severe Hurricane Wilma damaged Florida.
By the time Katrina made landfall, the Air National Guard had mobilized 840 personnel in Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Although the Air National Guard had a domestic mission to support local authorities in rescue and relief operations following a natural disaster, its utilization for such missions had been limited primarily to a select group of career fields such as civil engineers, medical personnel, and services. In response to Hurricane Katrina, ANG units in all 54 states and territories responded to the recovery efforts in the Gulf States, with the Mississippi Air National Guard's Jackson Air National Guard Base serving as a hub and operating location for numerous active duty, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, Naval Reserve and Army National Guard aircraft. The ANG flew 73 percent of the airlift for the relief operations including its brand new C-130J and C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. In addition, ANG Combat Search and Rescue pararescuemen and Combat Controllers saved over 1,300 victims.
ANG personnel arrived on the Gulf Coast on 29 August, a few hours after the storm's arrival. Personnel from the Florida Air National Guard's 202nd RED HORSE Squadron of the 125th Fighter Wing were some of the first to enter the area. Seventy-three engineers from this unit worked in hard-hit Hancock County, Mississippi. Initially establishing a basecamp for other emergency personnel, the unit began repairs in Hancock County communities working nearly around-the-clock on multiple construction projects to restore power, clean and repair schools, and refurbish electrical supplies. As a Florida unit, the 202nd had worked many other hurricanes. However, Katrina's devastation surpassed anything in their previous experience.
To support rescue and relief operations in New Orleans, the Air National Guard used Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans, in Belle Chasse, Louisiana, on the Mississippi River's West Bank. Within five hours of its orders, the 136th Airlift Wing of the Texas Air National Guard deployed 41 Air National Guardsmen to Belle Chasse. Less than 24 hours later, a C-130H landed at the air station with members of the Louisiana Air National Guard's 159th Fighter Wing. Soon more aircraft arrived, delivering troops and supplies for New Orleans; offloaded pallets were stacked 10 deep on the aircraft parking ramp. Instead of heading into the flooded city, the 136th team remained at Belle Chasse and, within 36 hours of arriving, it established a fully functioning Air Terminal Operations Center and was keeping pace with the demanding mission schedule. That Aerial Port team, augmented by U.S. Navy cargo handlers and members of the 133rd Aerial Port Squadron, 133rd Airlift Wing of the Minnesota Air National Guard, handled over 124 missions with 1.5 million pounds of cargo and 974 passengers in one day. As one of its most crucial tasks, the Texas squadron downloaded the German pump system used to drain the city of New Orleans because its own pumps were inundated. It also uploaded two KC-135s with 140 kennels filled with rescued dogs bound for adoption in Arizona.
Operation Deep Freeze
The Air National Guard also participates in noncombat support missions that sometimes take it beyond the U.S. boundaries. For example, in Operation Winter Freeze, from November 2004 through January 2005, nearly 250 Army and Air National Guardsmen provided assistance to U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) along 295 miles of the United States-Canada border. That operation included military personnel from U.S. Northern Command's Joint Task Force North who helped the Border Patrol to, "...keep potential terrorists out of the country and to break up smuggling rings that try to get them in." [In order] to detect, deter, and monitor suspicious actions ... Air Guard crews flew twin-engine, C-26 airplanes out of Syracuse, New York"
The New York Air National Guard's 109th Airlift Wing operates ski-equipped LC-130 Hercules transports that fly into arctic regions. In 2006, two LC-130s closed the 2006 Operation Deep Freeze located at McMurdo Station near the South Pole. The mission ended because the temperature dropped to almost minus in three days. Since 1988, the squadron had provided the air supply bridge to McMurdo, landing with wheels on an ice runway near the station. However, as it got colder, the ski-equipped LC-130s landed on a snow-covered skiway on the Ross Ice Shelf a few miles from the station.
In the spring and summer, the 109th heads toward the North Pole where it supports the National Science Foundation and several other nations in Greenland and above the Arctic Circle.
Leak of classified information
In April 2023, Jack Teixeira, a 21-year-old member of the intelligence wing of the Massachusetts Air National Guard, was arrested for unauthorized removal and transmission of classified US intelligence related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The leaked documents, which first appeared in an online group linked to Teixeira, strained relations with American allies and exposed weaknesses in the Ukrainian military. The arrest was conducted by the FBI at Teixeira's residence in North Dighton, Massachusetts.
Air National Guard units (headquarters, wing and group level)
National
Air National Guard Readiness Center, Joint Base Andrews, Maryland
Air National Guard Air Force Reserve Command Test Center, Tucson ANGB, Arizona
Air National Guard Weather Readiness Training Center, Camp Blanding, Florida
I.G. Brown Air National Guard Training and Education Center, McGhee Tyson ANGB, Knoxville, Tennessee
States
Alabama Air National Guard
117th Air Refueling Wing, Birmingham ANGB
187th Fighter Wing, Montgomery ANGB/Dannelly Field
226th Combat Communications Group, Abston ANGS, Montgomery
Alaska Air National Guard
168th Air Refueling Wing, Eielson AFB
176th Wing, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (aka Elmendorf AFB)
176th Wing Rescue Alert Detachment, Eielson AFB
Arizona Air National Guard
161st Air Refueling Wing, Barry M. Goldwater ANGB
162nd Fighter Wing, Tucson ANGB
162nd Fighter Wing Aerospace Control Alert Detachment, Davis-Monthan AFB
214th Attack Group, Davis-Monthan AFB
Arkansas Air National Guard
188th Wing, Ebbing ANGB
189th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB
California Air National Guard
129th Rescue Wing, Moffett Federal Airfield (former NAS Moffett Field)
144th Fighter Wing, Fresno Air National Guard Base
144th Fighter Wing Alert Detachment, March ARB (former March AFB)
146th Airlift Wing, NAS Point Mugu/Channel Islands ANGS
162nd Combat Communications Group, North Highlands ANGS
163rd Attack Wing, March ARB
Band of the Southwest, 562nd Air Force Band, NAS Point Mugu/Channel Islands ANGS
Band of the West Coast, 561st Air Force Band, Moffett Federal Airfield
Colorado Air National Guard
140th Wing, Buckley Space Force Base
Connecticut Air National Guard
103rd Airlift Wing, Bradley ANGB
Delaware Air National Guard
166th Airlift Wing, New Castle ANGB
Florida Air National Guard
Headquarters, St. Francis Barracks, St. Augustine
125th Fighter Wing, Jacksonville ANGB
125th Fighter Wing, Detachment 1, Homestead ARB (former Homestead AFB)
Camp Blanding Joint Training Center, Starke
Georgia Air National Guard
116th Air Control Wing, Robins AFB
165th Airlift Wing, Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport
Georgia ANG Combat Readiness Training Center, Savannah/Hilton Head IAP
Air Force Band of the South, 530th Air Force Band, Dobbins ARB (former Dobbins AFB)
Hawaii Air National Guard
154th Wing, Hickam AFB
Idaho Air National Guard
124th Fighter Wing, Gowen Field ANGB
Illinois Air National Guard
126th Air Refueling Wing, Scott AFB
182nd Airlift Wing, Peoria ANGB
183rd Fighter Wing, Capital Airport ANGS
Air Force Band of the Midwest, 566th Air Force Band, Peoria ANGB
Indiana Air National Guard
122nd Fighter Wing, Fort Wayne ANGS
181st Intelligence Wing, Terre Haute ANGB
Iowa Air National Guard
132nd Fighter Wing, Des Moines ANGB
185th Air Refueling Wing, Sioux City ANGB
Kansas Air National Guard
184th Intelligence Wing, McConnell AFB
190th Air Refueling Wing, Forbes Field ANGB (former Forbes AFB)
Kentucky Air National Guard
123rd Airlift Wing, Louisville ANGB/Standiford Field
Louisiana Air National Guard
159th Fighter Wing, NAS JRB New Orleans
Maine Air National Guard
101st Air Refueling Wing, Bangor ANGB (former Dow AFB)
Maryland Air National Guard
175th Wing, Martin State Airport/Warfield ANGB
Massachusetts Air National Guard
102nd Intelligence Wing, Otis ANGB (former Otis AFB)
104th Fighter Wing, Barnes ANGB
253rd Cyberspace Engineering Installation Group, Otis ANGB
Air Force Band of Northeast, 567th Air Force Band, Milford
Michigan Air National Guard
127th Wing, Selfridge ANGB (former Selfridge AFB)
110th Attack Wing, Battle Creek ANGB
Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Alpena
Minnesota Air National Guard
133rd Airlift Wing, Minneapolis-St. Paul ARS
148th Fighter Wing, Duluth ANGB
Mississippi Air National Guard
172nd Airlift Wing, Jackson ANGB
186th Air Refueling Wing, Key Field ANGB
Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Gulfport–Biloxi International Airport
Missouri Air National Guard
131st Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base
139th Airlift Wing, Rosecrans ANGB
Air Force Band of the Central States, 571st Air Force Band, Bridgeton
Montana Air National Guard
120th Airlift Wing, Great Falls ANGB
Nebraska Air National Guard
155th Air Refueling Wing, Lincoln ANGB (former Lincoln AFB)
Nevada Air National Guard
152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada ANGB
New Hampshire Air National Guard
157th Air Refueling Wing, Pease ANGB (former Pease AFB)
New Jersey Air National Guard
108th Air Refueling Wing, McGuire AFB
177th Fighter Wing, Atlantic City ANGB
New Mexico Air National Guard
150th Special Operations Wing, Kirtland AFB
New York Air National Guard
105th Airlift Wing, Stewart ANGB (former Stewart AFB)
106th Rescue Wing, Francis S. Gabreski ANGB(former Suffolk County AFB)
107th Attack Wing, Niagara Falls ARS
109th Airlift Wing, Stratton ANGB
174th Attack Wing, Syracuse/Hancock Field ANGB
Eastern Air Defense Sector, Rome
North Carolina Air National Guard
145th Airlift Wing, Charlotte ANGB
North Dakota Air National Guard
119th Wing, Fargo ANGB
Ohio Air National Guard
121st Air Refueling Wing, Rickenbacker ANGB (former Rickenbacker AFB)
178th Wing, Springfield ANGB
179th Airlift Wing, Mansfield Lahm ANGB
180th Fighter Wing, Toledo ANGB
251st Cyberspace Engineering Installation Group, Springfield ANGB
Camp Perry Joint Military Training Center, Port Clinton
Band of the Great Lakes, 555th Air Force Band, Swanton
Headquarters, Ohio Air National Guard, Columbus
Oklahoma Air National Guard
137th Air Refueling Wing, Tinker AFB
138th Fighter Wing, Tulsa ANGB
138th Fighter Wing, Detachment 1 (Alert Det), Ellington Field JRB, Texas
Oregon Air National Guard
142nd Fighter Wing, Portland ANGB
173rd Fighter Wing, Kingsley Field ANGB
Pennsylvania Air National Guard
111th Attack Wing, Biddle ANGB
171st Air Refueling Wing, Pittsburgh IAP ARS
193rd Special Operations Wing, Harrisburg ANGB (former Olmstead AFB)
Air Force Band of the Mid-Atlantic, 553rd Air Force Band, Annville
Rhode Island Air National Guard
143rd Airlift Wing, Quonset Point ANGS (former NAS Quonset Point)
South Carolina Air National Guard
169th Fighter Wing, McEntire ANGB
South Dakota Air National Guard
114th Fighter Wing, Joe Foss Field ANGS
Tennessee Air National Guard
118th Airlift Wing, Berry Field ANGB
134th Air Refueling Wing, McGhee Tyson ANGB (former McGhee Tyson AFB
164th Airlift Wing, Memphis ANGB
Air Force Band of the Smoky Mountains, 572nd Air Force Band, McGhee Tyson ANGB
Texas Air National Guard
136th Airlift Wing, NAS JRB Fort Worth (former Carswell AFB)
147th Attack Wing, Ellington Field JRB (former Ellington AFB)
149th Fighter Wing, Lackland AFB/Kelly Field Annex (former Kelly AFB)
254th Combat Communications Group, Grand Prairie AFRC
Band of the Southwest, 531st Air Force Band, NAS JRB Fort Worth
Headquarters, Texas Air National Guard, Camp Mabry, Austin
Utah Air National Guard
151st Air Refueling Wing, Roland R. Wright ANGB
Vermont Air National Guard
158th Fighter Wing, Burlington ANGB (former Ethan Allen AFB)
Virginia Air National Guard
192nd Fighter Wing, Langley AFB
Washington Air National Guard
141st Air Refueling Wing, Fairchild AFB
194th Regional Support Wing, Joint Base Lewis-McChord (aka McChord AFB)
Air Force Band of the Northwest, 560th Air Force Band, Fairchild AFB
West Virginia Air National Guard
130th Airlift Wing, Charleston ANGB
167th Airlift Wing, Shepherd Field ANGB
Wisconsin Air National Guard
115th Fighter Wing, Truax Field ANGB
128th Air Refueling Wing, General Mitchell ANGB
Volk Field Combat Readiness Training Center, Volk Field ANGB
Wyoming Air National Guard
153rd Airlift Wing, Cheyenne ANGB
Camp Guernsey Joint Training Center, Guernsey
Federal District and Territories
District of Columbia Air National Guard
113th Wing, Joint Base Andrews (former Andrews AFB), Maryland
Guam Air National Guard
254th Air Base Group, Andersen AFB, Joint Region Marianas
Puerto Rico Air National Guard
156th Airlift Wing, Muniz ANGB
141st Air Control Squadron, Rafael Hernández Airport (former Ramey AFB)
Virgin Islands Air National Guard
285th Civil Engineering Squadron, St. Croix ANGS
Notable Air National Guardsman
43rd President George W. Bush served in the National Guard in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and he was the first Air National Guard member to attain the presidency.)
Col Lindsey Graham, United States Senator
List of Air National Guard Leaders
This is a list of the senior leaders or Generals of the Air National Guard. The title has changed over time: The Assistant Chief, National Guard Bureau for Air,; Chief, Air Force Division, National Guard Bureau; Director Air National Guard.
See also
Space National Guard
Air National Guard Readiness Center
I.G. Brown Air National Guard Training and Education Center
Flying Squadrons of the Air National Guard
Comparable organizations
Army National Guard (U.S. Army)
United States Army Reserve
United States Marine Corps Reserve
United States Navy Reserve
United States Coast Guard Reserve
Air Force Reserve Command (U.S. Air Force)
References
Sources
External links
Official site
Official factsheet
Air National Guard Human Factors Safety Portal
National Guard (United States)
Reserve air forces
1947 establishments in the United States |
Cagayan de Oro National High School or City High is a public high school located in Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental, Philippines.
History
On August 2, 1965, at the heart of City Central School at Velez Street, Cagayan de Oro rose City High School, manned by the school administrator, Mr. Pedrito D. Acac. Part-time faculty members held classes from five o'clock in the afternoon to eight-thirty in the evening daily, and offered non-academic subjects during Saturdays, in a five-year curriculum.
City High School transferred to its new site at 8th-2nd Streets at Barangay Nazareth in 1990 where the DSWD-X and South City Central extension were stationed at that time. By that time, City High School ran day and night sessions, thereby catering not only to the working students, but also to the full-time professionals.
In February 1993, Mr. Rogelio Q. Mabao took over as the school administrator of Cagayan de Oro National High School. During that time, the school offered SEDP, science school for future curricula which brought in its laurel as "The Most Effective and Efficient Secondary Public High School" in the Division of Cagayan de Oro. An annex was opened at Macanhan in 1999 through the initiative of Ms. Fe L. Pajo, the school administrator who assumed office in January 1997. It continued to offer three curricula, namely Revised Basic Education, Special Science Curriculum and Special Education for the deaf students in the city.
Cagayan de Oro maintained its title for two years as "The Most Effective and Efficient Secondary Public High School" in the division from 2001-2003. Five of its teachers were named as "Outstanding Teacher in Division and District" – Ms. Tersita L. Jacobe, Ms. Fe A. Elevado, Ms. Jesusa R. Saloma, Ms. Sandy A. Flores, and Ms. Cristine J. Arjona.
Curricula
The school day is divided into three class shifts – morning, afternoon and night.
Information
The school appeared in the local show Mag TV Na Ato Ni!.
The school appeared in the local news TV Patrol Northern Mindanao
High schools in the Philippines
Schools in Cagayan de Oro |
Western Expressway may refer to:
Florida State Road 429, also known as the Western Expressway, Orlando, United States
Massachusetts Turnpike, originally proposed as the Western Expressway, Boston, United States
See also
Western Freeway (disambiguation) |
The 1934 North Dakota Agricultural Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1934 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Casey Finnegan, the team compiled a 5–3–2 record (2–1–1 against NCC opponents) and tied for second place out of five teams in the NCC. The team played its home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota.
Schedule
References
North Dakota Agricultural
North Dakota State Bison football seasons
North Dakota Agricultural Bison football |
Peter und Ännchen (Peter and Annie) is an opera (singspiel) in one act composed by Ludwig Abeille to a German libretto by Franz Carl Hiemer (1768–1822). The libretto was based on Charles Simon Favart and Marie Favart's text for Annette et Lubin, a comédie mêlée d'ariettes with music by Adolphe Benoît Blaise, which was in turn based on Jean-François Marmontel's morality tale of the same name. In Marmontel's story two orphaned cousins, Annette and Lubin, are raised together and later fall in love. When Annette becomes pregnant, the village priest and the magistrate forbid them to marry on the grounds of incest, but the local lord eventually persuades the Pope to allow the marriage.
Peter und Ännchen premiered on 29 September 1809 in the theatre of the Ludwigsburg Palace near Stuttgart. The opera was popular in Germany in its day and a version of the score for voice and piano was published by Breitkopf & Härtel. It was also performed in Paris in 1810 as Pierre et Annette. Franz Carl Hiemer had written the libretto for Abeille's first opera, Amor und Psyche (1800) as well as the libretti for Carl Maria von Weber's operas Silvana and Abu Hassan.
Sources
Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (December 26, 1810). "Recension: Peter und Ännchen", No. 65, p. 1050
Grove, George ed. (1900). "Abeille, Joh. Chr. Ludwig", Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. 1, p. 4. MacMillan & Co. Ltd.
Hardin, Richard F. (2000). Love in a Green Shade: Idyllic Romances Ancient to Modern. University of Nebraska Press, p. 75.
Iacuzzi, Alfred (1978). The European Vogue of Favart: The Diffusion of the Opéra-comique. AMS Press, p. 363.
Operas
German-language operas
1809 operas
Singspiele |
Wú is the pinyin transliteration of the Chinese surname 吳 (Simplified Chinese 吴), which is a common surname (family name) in Mainland China. Wú (吳) is the sixth name listed in the Song Dynasty classic Hundred Family Surnames. In 2019 Wu was the ninth most common surname in Mainland China. A 2013 study found that it was the eighth most common surname, shared by 26,800,000 people or 2.000% of the population, with the province having the most being Guangdong.
The Cantonese and Hakka transliteration of 吳 is Ng, a syllable made entirely of a nasal consonant while the Min Nan transliteration of 吳 is Ngo, Ngoh, Ngov, Goh, Go, Gouw, depending on the regional variations in Min Nan pronunciation. Shanghainese transliteration of 吳 is Woo.
吳 is also one of the most common surnames in Korea. It is spelled 오 in Hangul and romanized O by the three major romanization systems, but more commonly spelled Oh in South Korea.
It is also related far back in Chinese history with the name "Zhou (周)" and "Ji (姬)". The Vietnamese equivalent of the surname is Ngô.
Several other, less common Chinese surnames are also transliterated into English as "Wu", but with different tones:
武 Wǔ,
伍 Wǔ,
仵 Wǔ,
烏 Wū (also Wù),
鄔 Wū
and 巫 Wū.
Wu (or Woo or Wou) is also the Cantonese transliteration of the Chinese surname 胡 (Mandarin Hu), used in Hong Kong, and by overseas Chinese of Cantonese-speaking areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, and/or Hong Kong/Macau origin.
History of the surname Wu (吳)
The name originates from the ancient state of Wu in present-day province of Jiangsu.
In the 13th century BC, the state of Zhou (which will later become the Zhou Dynasty) was ruled by Tai Wang (King Tai of Zhou). His surname was originally Ji (姬). He had three sons: Taibo, Zhongyong, and Jili. King Tai of Zhou favored the youngest son, Jili to inherit the reins of power, therefore Taibo and his brother Zhongyong voluntarily left Zhou with a group of followers and headed southeast where they established the state of Wu. Taibo and Zhongyong's descendants eventually adopted Wu (吳) as their surname. The state of Wu later became a powerful kingdom of its own with the help of Generals Wu Zixu and Sun Tzu, the latter best known as the author of the military treatise The Art of War, both serving under King Helü of Wu. King Helü is considered to be one of the Five Hegemons of China during the Spring and Autumn period.
Taibo and Zhongyong's youngest brother Jili stayed to rule the Zhou state and was the grandfather of Wu Wang (King Wu of Zhou) who started the Zhou Dynasty after successfully overthrowing the Shang Dynasty. The descendants of Wu Wang eventually changed their surname from Ji (姬) to Zhou (周) during the Qin Dynasty to commemorate the merits and virtues of their ancestors.
Therefore, the surnames Wu (吳), Zhou (周), and Ji (姬) are historically related.
Notable people
(in alphabetical order according to their names as spelled in Pinyin, or if unavailable, in English)
Historical figures
姬 吳泰伯 – Taibo of Wu, eldest son of King Tai of Zhou and the legendary founder of the State of Wu, and the propagator of all people with the surname Wu (吳). Ancestral name is Ji (姬).
吳起 (吴起) – Wu Qi, famous Chu general who wrote the Wuzi
吳漢 (吴汉) – Wu Han (Han dynasty), military general of Eastern Han
吳景 (吴景) – Wu Jing (Han dynasty), military general under Warlord Sun Jian
吳瑞 – Wu Rui (eunuch), Chinese eunuch in Lê Dynasty Annam (Vietnam)
吳三桂 (吴三桂) – Wu Sangui (1612–1678), Ming Dynasty general
吳梅 (吴梅) – Ng Mui (Wu Méi), one of the legendary Five Elders of the Shaolin Temple
吳懿 (吴懿) – Wu Yi (Three Kingdoms), general of Shu Han
吴藻 – Wu Zao (1799–1862), Chinese poet
Modern figures
吳廷琰- Ngô Đình Diệm (Wú Tíngyǎn), First president of South Vietnam (1955-1963)
Wu Chen-huan, Political Deputy Minister of Justice of the Republic of China (2012–2015)
Wu Chien-Shiung, Chinese-American experimental physicist (1912-1997)
Wu Chih-chung, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (2016–2018)
Wu Ching-ji, Deputy Mayor of Taipei (2006–2009)
Wu Den-yih, chairperson of Kuomintang
Wu Hong-mo, Minister of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China (2018)
Wu Hsin-hsing, Minister of Overseas Community Affairs Council of the Republic of China
Wu Mei-hung, Political Deputy Minister of Mainland Affairs Council of the Republic of China (2013–2015)
Wu Ming-ji, Deputy Minister of Council for Economic Planning and Development of the Republic of China (2012–2013)
Wu Rong-i, Vice Premier of the Republic of China (2005–2006)
Wu Se-hwa, Minister of Education (2014–2016)
Wu Shiow-ming, Chairperson of Fair Trade Commission of the Republic of China (2009–2017)
Wu Tang-chieh, Political Deputy Minister of Finance of the Republic of China (2013–2016)
Wu Tiecheng, Vice Premier of the Republic of China (1948–1949)
Wu Tsung-tsong, Minister of National Science Council of the Republic of China (2006–2008)
Wu Tze-cheng, Governor of Taiwan Province (2017–2018)
Wu Tzu-hsin, Administrative Deputy Minister of Finance of the Republic of China
Wu Ying-yih, Minister of Overseas Community Affairs Council of the Republic of China (2008–2013)
Wu Yuhong (born 1966), Chinese badminton player
吳恬敏 – Constance Wu, American actress
Harry Wu (1937–2016), human rights activist
吴倩 – Wu Qian (actress), Chinese actress
Adrienne Wu (born 1990), Canadian fashion designer
Brianna Wu, American video game developer and commentator
Billy Goh
吳辰君 (吴辰君) – Annie Wu (actress), Taiwanese actress
吳庚霖 – Wu Geng Lin, birth name of Aaron Yan 炎亞綸, actor and singer in Taiwanese band Fahrenheit
吳清源 (吳清源) – Wú Qīngyuán (Go Seigen), Chinese-born Japanese Go player
Frank Wu, American artist and husband of Brianna Wu
伦纳德·吴 – Leonard Wu, American actor
吳百福 (吴百福) – Go Pek-Hok (Momofuku Ando) (1910–2007), Taiwanese-born Japanese inventor of instant noodles
吳邦國 (吴邦国) – Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
吳尊 – Wu Chun, Brunei-born actor and singer in Taiwanese band Fahrenheit
吳健雄 (吴健雄) – Wu Chien-Shiung, Chinese scientist
吳彥祖 (吴彦祖) – Wu, Daniel, American actor
吳凱文 (吴凯文) – Wu, Kevin, American internet personality
吳振偉 (吴振伟) – Wu, David, congressman from the 1st district of Oregon
吴虹霓 – Wu, Hongni (born 1994), Chinese mezzo-soprano opera singer
吳憲 (吴宪) – Wu, Hsien (1893–1959), an early protein scientist
吳季剛 (吴季刚) – Jason Wu, Taiwanese Canadian fashion designer
吳迪 -Di Wu (pianist), American-Chinese concert pianist
吳鑑泉 (吴鉴泉) – Wu Jianquan (1870–1942), Taijiquan teacher
吴立红 – Wu Lihong, environmental activist
吴乐宝 – Wu Lebao, Chinese cyber-dissident
吳蠻 (吴蛮) – Wu Man, pipa and ruan player
吳弭 - Michelle Wu (born 1985), mayor of Boston (2021–)
() – Wu Qingrui (Goh Keng Swee, 1918–2010), former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore
() – Wu Ruisi (Goh, Theresa Rui Si), Singaporean Paralympic swimmer
吳詩聰 – Shin-Tson Wu (born 1953), American physicist and professor
Wu Shoei-yun
吴水娇 – Wu Shuijiao (born 1992), Chinese track and field hurdler
吳天明 (吴天明) – Wu Tianming, Chinese film director
吳文俊 – Wu Wenjun (1919–2017), Chinese mathematician
吳儀 (吴仪) – Wu Yi (politician), vice-premier of the People's Republic of China
呉子良 – Wu Ziliang, the birthname of Emi Suzuki, Japanese model of Chinese descent
吳作棟 (吴作栋) – Wu Zuodong (Goh Chok Tong), former Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, current Senior Minister of Singapore and the chairman of the Central Bank of Singapore
吴亦凡 – Kris Wu, ex-member of the Chinese-South Korean boy group EXO, Chinese actor and Singer-songwriter
吴宣仪 – Wu Xuanyi, member of South Korean–Chinese girl group Cosmic Girls, contestant on Produce 101 China, and member of Chinese girl group Rocket Girls 101
吳奇隆 – Wu Qilong (Nicky Wu), Chinese actor/singer
吴映洁 – Wu Ying Chieh (Gui Gui), Taiwanese mandopop singer and actress
吳天恩 – Andrew Gotianun (1927–2016), Chinese Filipino businessman
吳奕輝 – John Gokongwei (1926-2019), Chinese Filipino businessman
吴非 – Wu Fei, Beijing composer and guzheng performer and improviser
Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior, 2006 movie
Wendy Wu, performer with The Photos
William F. Wu – American science-fiction writer
吳漢潤 – Haing S. Ngor, doctor, actor and author
吳耀漢 – Richard Woo, Hong Kong actor
吳宇森 – John Woo, Hong Kong director
呉由姫 – Yuki Kure, manga artist
吳光正 Peter Woo Hong Kong business magnate
吴军 Wu Jun (victim), Chinese survivor and victim of a robbery-murder case. His friend Cao Ruyin was murdered; their two attackers were separately sentenced to death and to 18.5 years' jail for murder and robbery with hurt respectively.
吳漢章 - James Hong, Chinese American actor
吳青峰 - Wu Qing-feng (Wu Tsing-Fong), Taiwanese singer and vocalist for Sodagreen band
Other surnames
Wū ()
It is the 78th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.
() – Wu Junmei (Vivian Wu), Chinese actress
Wū ()
() – Wu Guoqing, police detective and forensic scientist
Wū ()
巫 wū ("shaman") rarely occurs as a surname although it's more commonly associated with Malaysians of Chinese descent, or Chinese people that share connections with Malaysia. It is generally related to the Chinese compound surname Wuma 巫馬 (lit. "horse shaman; equine veterinary"), but can also be regarded as a shortened term for 巫来由/巫來由 (wūláiyóu''), a transcription of Malay Melayu.
Eric Moo 巫啟賢 - Malaysian Chinese singer
Boo Tiang Huat 巫镇发 - Singaporean Chinese policeman
References
Chinese-language surnames
Multiple Chinese surnames
ru:У (фамилия)
vi:Ngô (họ) |
The winter white dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus), also known as the Russian dwarf hamster, Djungarian hamster, Dzungarian hamster, striped dwarf hamster, Siberian hamster, or Siberian dwarf hamster, is one of three species of hamster in the genus Phodopus. It is ball-shaped and typically half the size of the Syrian hamster, so is called a dwarf hamster along with all Phodopus species. Features of the winter white hamster include a typically thick, dark grey dorsal stripe and furry feet. As winter approaches and the days shorten, the winter white dwarf hamster's dark fur is almost entirely replaced with white fur. In captivity, this does not usually happen as animals maintained as pets are generally housed indoors and exposed to artificial light that prevents the recognition of short winter daylengths. In the wild, they originate from the wheat fields of Kazakhstan, the meadows of Mongolia and Siberia, and the birch stands of Manchuria.
Winter white dwarf hamsters are common as pets in Europe and North America, and exhibit greater variance in their coats than those found in the wild. They reproduce often—more so than Syrian hamsters, and as they have no fixed breeding season, can continue to produce some numbers of offspring all year round. Young pups act aggressively to one another, while breeding females may show similar aggression to males. The winter white is known to be one of the most tameable types of hamsters.
Naming
The hamster has no fully accepted common name, winter white dwarf hamster and Russian dwarf hamster are among the most often used. Confusion arises because of their physical similarity to Campbell's dwarf hamster, consequently, the name Djungarian hamster and Russian dwarf can refer to both winter white and Campbell's dwarf hamsters. The term "winter white" derives from the fact that in the wild the hamster changes its fur colour to white for the winter months, this camouflages the hamster and reduces predation when snow is on the ground. Campbell's dwarf hamsters do not change fur colour during the winter and can only be described as being "winter white" erroneously.
The binomial name for the hamster is Phodopus sungorus. The hamster was first described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1773 as a mouse. The name sungorus derives from the geographic region Dzungaria. In 1778, Pallas renamed the hamster to Mouse songarus.
In 1912 Ned Hollister ordered the "Mouse songarus" to the genus Phodopus. A. I. Argiropulo, in 1933, changed the name to priority sungorus and determined the hamster as a subspecies of Campbell's dwarf hamster called Phodopus sungorus sungorus. Today winter white dwarf hamsters and Campbell's dwarf hamsters are considered separate species with the winter white officially known as Phodopus sungorus.
Physical description
The coat of the winter white dwarf hamster is less woolly than that of Campbell's dwarf hamster, and apart from the normal colouring, they can be coloured sapphire, sapphire pearl, or normal pearl. The head and body length of the winter white dwarf hamster is 70–90 mm, the length of the tail is 5–15 mm, and the hind legs are 11–15 mm. The body weight changes dramatically throughout the year. It is at its lowest during the winter. In males, the body weight ranges from , and in females, . In human care, they are slightly heavier. The average lifespan of the winter white dwarf hamster is one to three years in captivity, though they can live longer. In the wild, they are known to live as little as one year.
In summer, the fur of the winter white hamster on the back changes from ash-grey to dark brown, or sometimes pale brown with a tint. The face changes to grey or brown, while the mouth area, the whisker area, and the ears are slightly brighter. The outer ears and the eyes have black edges. The rest of the head is dark brown or black. From the head to the tail runs a black-brown dorsal stripe. The throat, belly, tail and limbs are white. The ears are grey with a pinkish tint with scattered black hairs. The hairs on the underside are completely white.
The bright coat the bottom extends to the shoulders, flanks, and hips in three arches upward. It is distinguished from the darker fur on the top of the existing black-brown hair, three curved line.
Apart from the typical colouration, winter white dwarf hamsters can also be coloured pearl, sapphire, sapphire pearl, and marbled. Other colorations are available, but these are strongly suspected to appear only in hybrid crossings with Campbell's dwarf hamsters. Some of these colorations are mandarin, blue, argente, yellow blue fawn, camel, brown, cream, merle, and umbrous.
In the winter, the fur is more dense.
They sometimes have a grey tint on their heads.
More than 10% of the hamsters kept in the first winter develop the summer coat. In the second winter, only a few change into the winter coat and winter colour is less pronounced. The moulting in the winter fur starts in October or November and is completed in December, while the summer coat begins in January or February and is completed in March or early April. The ears are grey with a pinkish tint.
Moulting both run jobs on the head and the back of the spine to the sides, the legs and the underside. The hairs grow longer in the summer, to about ten millimetres long.
The pigmentation of hair is controlled by the hormone prolactin and colour genetics.
Day length can be less than 14 hours to initiate the change to winter coat, though it is possible they may be able to sense a directional change in photoperiod length, such as in one experiment that demonstrated a transition from 16 hours of light to 14 hours initiates a change to the winter coat. The change to the winter coat can be triggered in the summer by the short day lengths. The change occurs back to the summer coat in the autumn, when the length of the days change again. At internal temperatures hamsters in captivity start later with the changes. The winter colour is less pronounced in them. The eyes of the winter white hamster are black, unless it is albino in which case they are red.
In the wild
In the wild, the hamster's fur changes colour in the winter. This adaptation helps them to evade predators in the snow-covered steppes. The hamster digs tunnels one metre deep leading to ground burrows where they can sleep, raise their young and hide from predators. The weasel is one of the hamster's main predators. Most of these burrows have six entrances. In the summer, the burrows are lined with moss. To keep the burrow warm in the winter, the hamster closes all but one entrance and lines the burrows with animal fur or wool that it finds. The temperature inside the burrow is usually . The hamsters sometimes live in the semideserts in Central Asia. They also live in the dry steppes and wheat or alfalfa fields, as well as on small fields in the forests of the region around Minusinsk. The fur on the hamster's feet protect the feet from the cold ground in the cold climates in the wild. The population density is highly varied. In 1968, the first four examples of the hamster were caught in Western Siberia and brought to the Max Planck Institute in Germany.
Pet ownership
The hamsters are often found on the pet market in Europe, Japan, and North America. Care of the hamster is similar to all other species of Phodopus. The hamsters, along with most rodents, are prone to tumours. They can also receive injury in the cheek pouch by sharp objects damaging the fragile inner lining. Other health problems include bite wounds, broken teeth, constipation, dehydration, dental malocclusion, diarrhea, and ear problems.
Breeding
Winter white dwarf hamsters reproduce at a faster rate than Syrian hamsters. Phodopus species are able to become pregnant again on the same day that they have given birth. This can all happen within a 36-day period. This is done as a survival strategy to produce large numbers of offspring in a short period of time. This places tremendous demands on the mother. Research suggests biparental care in Campbell's hamsters (P. campbelli) but not in winter white hamsters (P. sungorus). Frequent fighting can occur between the pups and as soon as they are weaned from their mother, they are separated from her. Most of the dwarf hamsters grow to 3 to 4" long. Hamsters maintained indoors that get artificial illumination during autumn and winter are likely to breed all year round, whereas in the wild and in animals maintained in captivity but under entirely natural light-dark cycles, breeding is restricted to the long days of spring and summer.
During the breeding time, the hamster may become aggressive. After mating, the female may want to attack the male to protect her babies. The male usually hides in holes or caves to escape the vicious bite of the female. The hamster's estrous cycle lasts four days; every four days, the female may accept the male back to breed again. This usually occurs when the darkness of the evening sets in. If male and female hamsters are not housed together from a young age, determining if the female is willing to breed with the male is difficult.
Hybrids
Of the five species of hamsters kept commonly as pets, only Campbell's dwarf hamster and the winter white dwarf hamster are able to interbreed and produce live hybrid offspring. Although hybrids make suitable pets, the breeding of hybrids and cloning can cause health and reproduction problems. In addition, the widespread breeding and distribution of hybrids could threaten the existence of both pure species and subspecies of the ecosystem, resulting in only mongrels. Hybridizing causes each litter to become smaller and the young begin to form congenital problems.
Conservation status
This hamster is listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The population and distribution size are large, and no major or widespread threats to the species are known. Population numbers in the wild are not recorded.
References
External links
Phodopus
Rodents of Asia
Mammals described in 1773
Mammals of Siberia
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas |
From Dreams or Angels is the fifth album by Abney Park released in 2001.
Track listing
All information from band's website.
"The Root Of All Evil" - 4:07
"Tiny Monster" - 2:58
"Holy War" - 4:24
"Kine" - 4:30
"Breathe" - 3:52
"Hush" - 3:14
"Thorns & Brambles" - 3:42
"Child King" - 5:02
"The Box" - 2:59
"Twisted & Broken" - 3:58
"Breathe (acoustic)" - 3:42
Twisted & Broken
A companion remix album, Twisted & Broken, was released in 2003.
Track listing
"Holy War (remix by Gossamer)"
"The Wake (remix by the Mercy Cage)"
"Tiny Monster (cover by Xanther)"
"Vengeance (remix by Sinforosa)"
"The Wake (remix by Hanging Man)"
"Hush (remix by Falling You)"
"Black Day (cover by Dark Aeons)"
"Twisted & Broken (remix by Lethargic Dance)"
"Vengeance (remix by Mephisto Walz)"
Credits
Robert Brown - Vocals
Kristina Erickson - Keyboards
Josh Goering - Guitar
Rob Hazelton - Additional Guitar
Robert Gardunia - Bass
Madame Archel - Flute and Backing Vocals
References
Abney Park (band) albums
2001 albums |
The 1956–57 season was Manchester City's 55th season of competitive football and 40th season in the top division of English football. In addition to the First Division, the club competed in the FA Cup and the FA Charity Shield.
First Division
League table
Results summary
FA Charity Shield
References
External links
Manchester City F.C. seasons |
The Suspens (English: Suspense) is a French sailboat that was designed by Joubert Nivelt Design as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1979.
Production
The design was built by Archambault Boats of Dangé-Saint-Romain, France. The production run was eight years, from 1979 to 1987, with 63 boats completed, but it is now out of production.
Design
The Suspens is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass. It has a 7/8 fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars, a keel-stepped mast, wire standing rigging and a single set of swept spreaders. The hull has a raked stem, a sharply reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of cast iron ballast.
The boat has a draft of with the standard keel.
The boat is fitted with a French Renault Couach diesel engine of for docking and manoeuvring. The fuel tank holds and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .
The design has sleeping accommodation for six people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, an "L"-shaped and a straight settee in the main cabin around a drop leaf table and two aft quarter berths. The galley is located on the starboard side just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is equipped with a two-burner stove and a stainless steel sink. A navigation station is opposite the galley, on the port side. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side.
For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of . It has a hull speed of .
See also
List of sailing boat types
References
Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Joubert-Nivelt
Sailboat types built by Archambault Boats |
Efflatounaria is a genus of soft corals in the family Xeniidae.
Species
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species:
Efflatounaria alba Verseveldt, 1977
Efflatounaria nana Hickson, 1931
Efflatounaria tottoni Gohar, 1939
References
Xeniidae
Octocorallia genera |
The 1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1990.
Incumbent Democratic Governor Bill Clinton won re-election in a two-way race against Democrat turned Republican Sheffield Nelson with more than 57% of the vote. This was Clinton's fourth consecutive, and fifth overall, term as Governor of Arkansas, as well as his final term (he was elected to the presidency in 1992). Nelson had defeated Representative Tommy F. Robinson for the Republican nomination.
References
1990
Arkansas
Gubernatorial
Bill Clinton
1990 in Arkansas
November 1990 events
November 1990 events in North America
November 1990 events in the United States |
The Slovak Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Hungary, or Slovak Executive Committee, was a Slovak social democratic political party in the Kingdom of Hungary, existing as an independent party from June 1905 to March 1906 and affiliated with the Hungarian Social Democratic Party an autonomous Nationality Committee from 1906 to 1918. Emanuel Lehocký was the chairman of the party. The central organ of the party was Slovenské robotnícke noviny.
The Slovak social democrats had decided at their first congress in Pressburg in June 1905 to form a party of their own, breaking out of the fold of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party. However the Slovak social democrats were unable to wrest control over trade unions, the main source of financial means for the social democratic parties, from the Hungarian Social Democratic Party. Thus the following year the Second Slovak Social Democratic Congress, held in March 1906, resolved to reunite with the Hungarian party as the Slovak Executive Committee. The Slovak Executive Committee rallied Slovak workers in Hungary for the social democratic cause. The organization had a high degree of political autonomy. It sent its own delegations to the congresses of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party. There was however criticism within the Hungarian Social Democratic Party that the Slovak Executive Committee espoused separatism and were funded by the Czechoslav party leadership in Prague.
The 1906 annual congress of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party confirmed the role of the nationality committees in the party. At the time of the Third Slovak Social Democratic Congress held in March 1908 the Slovak Executive Committee represented 6,346 members, organized in trade union organizations in 35 localities and Slovak committees in six cities.
The party merged with the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Labour Party on December 15, 1918. After integration into the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Labour Party in 1918, the Slovak Executive Committee enjoyed substantial autonomy. However, by 1920 the party leadership in Prague curtailed the autonomy of the Slovak branch. It also reduced the number of Slovak representatives in the party leadership from three to one.
References
Political parties in Austria-Hungary
1905 establishments in Slovakia
Political history of Slovakia
Social Democratic Party of Hungary
Social democratic parties in Slovakia |
Benin Marina is a four-star hotel in Cotonou, Benin. It is located at Boulevard De La Marina, B.P. 1901 in the Haie Vive neighborhood, near the Cardinal Bernardin Gantin International Airport and the Supercenter Erevan. It is the largest hotel in the country. It is located in a large building which was formerly a Sheraton hotel, west of the old port of Cotonou. Set in landscaped gardens, the hotel contains two swimming pools, three tennis courts and small 9-hole golf course. The building is only four storeys high but covers a significant area of land. The swimming pool is located next to the beach. The hotel has 200 rooms, 1 Royal Suite, 8 Junior Suites and 12 bungalows. The hotel contains the 'Le Popo' Coffeeshop Restaurant, 'Les Tanekas' Grill Bar by the pool, 'Le Nokoué' Pianobar and the 'Le Tèkè' Night Club / Karaoke Bar. The hotel is occasionally used for important diplomatic meetings in Cotonou and contains 1 conference room and 6 meeting rooms.
The hotel was closed and demolished in 2019.
References
External links
Official site
Hotels in Benin
Buildings and structures in Cotonou
Hotel buildings completed in 1982 |
Henryk Młynarczyk (born 25 November 1955 in Krasnystaw) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 13,633 votes in 7 Chełm district as a candidate from Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej list.
See also
Members of Polish Sejm 2005-2007
External links
Henryk Młynarczyk - parliamentary page - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
1955 births
Living people
People from Krasnystaw
Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007
Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland politicians
Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011
AGH University of Science and Technology alumni |
Eastman is a village in Crawford County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 428 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Eastman.
Geography
Eastman is located at (43.163664, -91.019442).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 428 people, 168 households, and 117 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 179 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.8% White and 1.2% from two or more races.
There were 168 households, of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.4% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.13.
The median age in the village was 37.8 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.3% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.2% male and 48.8% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 437 people, 163 households, and 109 families living in the village. The population density was 122.2 people per square mile (47.1/km2). There were 170 housing units at an average density of 47.5 per square mile (18.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.25% White, 0.23% Native American, 0.23% Asian, and 2.29% from two or more races. 1.83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 163 households, out of which 37.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 0.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.43.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $32,321, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $29,583 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,922. About 5.7% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Barbara Bedford, actress featured in films from 1920 to 1945, was born in Eastman.
References
Villages in Crawford County, Wisconsin
Villages in Wisconsin |
The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (HKGCC; ) was founded on 29 May 1861, and is the oldest and one of the largest business organizations in Hong Kong. It has around 4,000 corporate members, who combined employ around one-third of Hong Kong's workforce. It is a self-funding, not-for-profit organization that promotes and represents the interests of the Hong Kong business community. A core function of its work is to formulate recommendations on improving the business environment, which its 23 industry-specific committees constantly analyze and make regular submissions to HKSAR Government officials and policy makers.
The Chamber's key services are advocacy, events, networking and business services. It also issues Certificates of Origin, ATA Carnet, and Certificate of Business Identity among other business documentation services via its six branches around Hong Kong.
History
Foundation
The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce was founded on 29 May 1861, just 20 years after the foundation of the Colony of Hong Kong with Alexander Perceval of British owned trading conglomerate Jardine, Matheson & Co as its first chairman. The original membership consisted of 62 companies.
At that inaugural meeting, the Chamber's role was stated to be:
"... to watch over and protect the general interests of Commerce, to collect information on all matters of interest to the Mercantile Community, and to use every means within its power for the removal of evils, the redress of grievances, and the promotion of the common good; to communicate with authorities and other thereupon; to form a code of practice whereby the transaction of business may be simplified and facilitated; to receive references; and to arbitrate between disputants -- the decisions in such references to be recorded for future guidance."At the Chamber's inauguration the annual subscription fee was HK$100 for firms and HK$50 for individuals. At that time a box at the theatre cost HK$20, chair coolies took C25 to hire, C10 bought one pound of steaks or one dozen eggs. The Chamber's first secretary, J.C. Baldwin, received a salary of HK$125 per month.
At the General Meeting held in May 1863 the Chairman, James Macandrew, proposed that specialist groups be established to address subjects affecting various industries. The idea continues to this day in the form of 23 special interest committees within the Chamber.
In 1867 the Chamber's Annual General Meeting was open to the press. From that year, Chamber matters were brought into the public domain.
2 January 1884, at a special General Meeting held at City Hall, Thomas Jackson, chief manager of the Hongkong Bank, was elected the first Chamber Legco representative, and the Chamber became the first "functional constituency" in Hong Kong's law making body.
Structure
HKGCC is a member-led organization dedicated to improving the business environment in Hong Kong and its competitiveness. The General Committee is the governing body of the Chamber responsible for Chamber policies and fiscal management. Its membership comprises 24 members drawn from Hong Kong's leading business executives, professionals, bankers and industrialists.
Under the General Committee are 23 industry and specialist committees, whose members are experts in their particular industries. They provide advice and guidance to the General Committee on policy formation for Hong Kong.
Members who are eligible also elect HKGCC's representative to the Legislative Council to the Commercial (First) Functional Constituency.
Business Knowledge
HKGCC regularly organizes seminars, roundtable forums and conferences, as well as company visits, overseas business missions and networking events. On average it organizes around 500 events every year. It also regularly holds training programs to allow member companies’ staff to upgrade their skills and knowledge.
Greater Bay Area Survey 2020
HKGCC, KPMG China, and HSBC commissioned YouGov to conduct a survey of 747 business executives in mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao to gauge their expectations for opportunities in Mainland China's rapidly developing Greater Bay Area (GBA). The technology and innovation sector is expected to benefit most from the development of the region, with most firms in this industry aiming to take advantage of the deep pool of talent the GBA offers. Financial services and trade and logistics complete the top three sectors seen as major beneficiaries of the GBA initiative.
Membership
HKGCC's membership is composed of around 4,000 companies, which include multinational companies, SMEs and start-ups, from Hong Kong, Mainland China and internationally. Collectively they employ around 1 million people, or roughly one-third of Hong Kong's workforce. Over 50% of flagship corporations listed on the Hang Seng Index are members of HKGCC.
Membership Categories
The HKGCC offers 4 different membership categories for businesses and individuals.
1) Full Membership: Covers all employees in the member company. Full members can apply to join and vote in committee elections, and the LegCo elections.
2) Individual Associate: Provides access to certain information and opportunities.
3) Overseas Associate: For companies from Mainland China and around the world.
4) CO Subscriber: Provides discounts for trade documentation services provided by HKGCC.
Business Documentation Services
The Chamber provides certification services in 5 districts in Hong Kong, and is the biggest location network in Hong Kong. It began issuing Certificates of Origin in 1920, and is the sole authorised organisation for issuing ATA Carnet documents. It also provides Document Endorsement, Consulate Endorsement Facilitation and Paper to EDI Conversion issued are fully recognized by consulates, banks and customs houses throughout the world.
Community engagement
Good Citizen Award
HKGCC has been the sole sponsor of the Good Citizen Award since its inception in 1973. The Award rewards citizens who have contributed to the safety of the community by assisting the police catch criminals. The scheme was set up as part of the first Fight Crime Campaign, funded by donations from Chamber members and the community. Over the years, more than 3,600 citizens have been commended for their bravery in combating crime.
Business-School Partnership Programme
Established in 2001, the programme matches secondary schools with companies to allow students to get hands-on experience to gain a better understanding of the commercial world. Participating schools and companies jointly develop regular activities during an academic year and include company visits, leadership talks, interview workshops and internships.
Business Case Competition
The annual Business Case Competition encourages university students and fresh graduates to use their creativity and knowledge to solve cases set by some of the Chamber's member companies. Each year the themes have a strong environmental and sustainability element.
List of Chairpersons
CEPA
In HKGCC's report “China’s Entry into the WTO and its Impact on Hong Kong Business”, released on 18 January 2000, one of the key recommendations was to explore the possibility of setting up a regional trade agreement (RTA), also sometimes called a “free trade agreement”, as a concrete means to enhance further integration of trade and economic relations between Hong Kong and Mainland China. After China's accession to the WTO in 2001, HKGCC once again presented the idea to Tung Chee-hwa, the then HKSAR Chief Executive. The idea struck a chord with Tung who then put forward the RTA concept to the Central Government. On 20 December 2001, Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, told Tung that the Central Government formally agreed to the suggestion, and consultation would begin immediately.
In January 2002, discussions between the HKSAR and the Central governments formally began, and a regional trade agreement was hammered out and formally named “Mainland/Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement” or CEPA. HKGCC then submitted a paper entitled “Topwards a Regional Trade Agreement between China and HKSAR” to Antony Leung on 21 January 2002, put forward seven principles to guide the discussions on the RTA, emphasizing that CEPA must be compliant with WTO principles.
Despite being put on hold for months due to the outbreak of SARS during March – June 2003, negotiations resumed and CEPA's text was finally concluded by the Central and HKSAR government negotiators, and signed on 29 June 2003.
Environmental policy
The Chamber claims to support environmental protection. In partnership with Hong Kong Business Coalition on the Environment, the Clean Air Charter was introduced in 2005 to encourage Hong Kong and Guangdong companies to reduce air pollution. More than 600 companies have endorsed the Charter.
References
External links
The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce Official website
Clean Air Charter Official website
Certificates of Origin Services, HKGCC Official website
Customs & Excise Department, HKSAR Government Official website
Chambers of commerce in Hong Kong
1861 establishments in Hong Kong |
Nga Tangata Toa (The Warrior People) is a 1994 play by New Zealand playwright Hone Kouka. The play has themes of revenge, family honour, and long-held secrets.
Nga Tangata Toa was heralded as a masterpiece in New Zealand theatre. Directed by veteran theatre director Colin McColl (NZ Laureate), Nga Tangata Toa was first staged at Taki Rua Theatre in Wellington in 1994 and won numerous awards at the prestigious Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards. In the lead role of Rongomai was award winning actress Nancy Brunning. Nga Tangata Toa was inspired by Henrik Ibsen's play The Vikings at Helgeland.
Further productions of Nga Tangata Toa took place in Auckland in 1995, Dunedin in 1997, also involving a three night tour to Timaru, and in Wellington at Downstage Theatre in 2006.
History
The play was written by Hone Kouka and first performed in Wellington in 1994. Director Colin McColl had directed Henrik Ibsen's The Vikings at Helgeland in Norway, and suggested to Kouka that he adapt it. The play moves through the traditional stages of Māori ceremony from pōwhiri (welcome) to poroporoaki (farewell). In the original staging, the audience is placed either side of a transverse stage with regular floor-to-ceiling posts, reminiscent of a wharenui (meeting-house), and a mirror was placed so that the audience could see itself. In the 2006 revival, Kouka added that a karakia (prayer) be offered before the final curtain-call, in accordance with Māori tikanga, to "close the door" to the spirit-world that had been opened by Rongomai's death.
The play was published by Victoria University Press in 1994, with notes on the characters and first production details.
Characters
Paikea – rangatira (leader) of the hapū (sub-tribe)
Te Riri – Paikea's youngest son, aged about 15 years
Te Wai – Paikea's daughter
Taneatua – Te Wai's husband
Wi (William) – Taneatua's close friend, from when they were whalers together
Rongomai – Wi's wife, Paikea's niece and foster daughter
Rose – Paikea's daughter-in-law
Houhou (Tom) – Rongomai's child
Synopsis
The play is set in 1919, shortly after the end of the First World War. Taneatua, who has been serving with the Pioneer Battalion in Europe, returns as a hero. Te Wai meets Taneatua in Auckland to travel back to Onehora (a fictional place on the East Coast) with him. During the journey, Te Wai shows Taneatua a letter from her sister Rongomai, revealing that Rongomai and Wi will be at Onehora. Taneatua checks that Te Wai still has a pounamu he gave her, and is reassured that nobody has seen she has it. He wants her to give the pounamu back to him so he can get rid of it, but she refuses because he won't tell her why it is bad luck.
On a sheep station in the Kaikōura Ranges in the South Island. Rose has a letter from Kahu, her husband who was killed during the war. The letter describes how as a child Kahu had seen the death of Rongomai's father, Whai. Paikea could have saved Whai from drowning but did not even try. Rongomai reveals that she knew this version of events as a child but had forgotten. Rose has told Rongomai of Kahu's letter because she is seeking revenge for having been thrown off the marae by Paikea when Kahu died. Rongomai decides to avenge her father's death.
On the beach in Onehora, Paikea and Te Riri are practising the taiaha with rākau. Paikea admonishes Te Riri for getting angry. Te Riri wants to be like his brothers, nga tangata toa (the warrior people) but he is too young and small to have fought in the war. He performs a haka but gets breathless doing it. The following day at the beach, Rongomai, Wi and their son Houhou are waiting for dawn before approaching the marae. Wi explains to Houhou that Rongomai had not returned for any of her uncles' funerals, nor kept in touch with anyone except Te Wai, so it is strange she has been in a hurry to get back this time. Wi and Rongomai discuss how Wi had saved Taneatua's life when they were whaling together. Entering the marae, Rongomai insists they take Rose with them, despite Paikea's protestations. Rongomai promises to find some herbs to help Te Riri with his breathing.
During the pōwhiri, Taneatua gives his bayonet as koha (gift). Taneatua asks Te Wai for the pounamu again. He explains that on the night he and Wi left Onehora for the war, they had got drunk and determined not to leave without a wife. Rongomai had announced no one could marry her unless they could creep into her room without waking her. Wi had silently killed the two dogs that guarded Rongomai and so the two had married. Taneatua reveals now that it was he that killed the dogs on Wi's behalf and also spent the night with Rongomai, who he says was drunk and thought he was Wi. Taneatua took Rongomai's pounamu, which he gave to Te Wai. Te Wai is happy that Taneatua chose to marry her instead of Rongomai, and refuses to return the pounamu.
During the night, Taneatua, Te Riri and Rongomai all have premonitions of their own death.
At the feast, Paikea has gone for a walk on the beach. Rongomai insults Paikea, and although the others choose to ignore it, Te Riri cannot, and Rongomai and Te Riri fight with rākau. Wi takes over from Rongomai, but Te Riri becomes breathless, and Wi and Te Wai ask Rongomai to help him with herbs. After ordering everyone but Rose to leave, Rongomai gets her revenge on Paikea by letting Te Riri die without assistance. A week after Te Riri's tangi (funeral), the women are arguing while planting potatoes. Paikea is sick with grief and refusing to eat. Rongomai reveals that she knows Paikea let her father drown, and Te Riri's death is her revenge. Te Wai shows Rongomai her pounamu, to reveal the trick that Taneatua and Wi played on the night the dogs were killed.
Te Wai and Taneatua persuade Paikea not to give up on life. Rongomai enchants Taneatua, and persuades Wi to challenge him. Rose tells Rongomai she knows that Rongomai is trying to harm Taneatua, and the two decide to burn down the marae. Te Wai and Rongomai meet on the beach, Rongomai is seeing ghosts, her curse has turned on her. The marae burns. Taneatua stops Rongomai walking into the sea, and she asks him to come away with her. He refuses and she stabs him with the bayonet. Rongomai walks into the sea, called by her tīpuna.
Productions
Critical reception
The Evening Post said of the original production of the play that "Kouka has written a brooding, intense and complex epic tragedy that is both enormously challenging and satisfying." "Nga Tangata Toa's exploration of utu, of loyalty-driven revenge, and its no-win outcomes (as old as ancient Greek and Roman theatre, very present in Shakespeare's tragedies and Jacobean theatre's most popular genre) has far more relevance and resonance than anyone would wish." For Laurie Atkinson of the Dominion Post, it is "one of the best Māori plays in my opinion because it does not attempt to contain or water down the fiery emotional forces that drive the central characters, and it tells a melodramatic story with a daring flamboyant style that uses both English and Māori to telling effect".
Of the original production Brunning's performance as Rongomai was especially noted. Atkinson called her "this Lady Macbeth of the marae smoulders with dark passions and her hatred...is blood-chilling". It was noted that despite the violence of her actions, Brunning was able to garner sympathy for Rongomai's situation. To Susan Budd, Brunning gave an "incandescent performance". Carnegie and O'Donnell assert that it is through creating sympathy for the character of Rongomai, based on the villain Hjordis, that Kouka changes Ibsen's melodrama into a "full-blown tragedy".
Reviews of the 2006 Downstage production Monastra's set was seen as "strangely straight-edged", and "(too) austere", although Atkinson considered it had the necessary classical simplicity. Lynn Freeman considered that "the play screams out for atmosphere and menace".
Awards
Nga Tangata Toa won the New New Zealand Play of the Year award at the 1994 Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards, as well as the Taki Rua Production of the Year award. Dorita Hannah won the Costume Designer of the Year award.
References
New Zealand plays
Plays based on other plays
Plays about families
1994 plays
Works about Māori people |
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This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pratt County, Kansas. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pratt County, Kansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.
There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
|}
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Kansas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas
References
External links
Pratt |
Karl S. Rosengren is an American psychologist, academic, author and researcher. He is a professor with a joint appointment in the brain and cognitive science department and the psychology department at the University of Rochester.
Rosengren's research falls into areas encompassing developmental psychology, motor development, and cognitive science. He has authored several books and monographs including Research Methods: From Theory to Practice, Children's Understanding of Death: Toward a Contextualized and Integrated Account, Evolution Challenges: Integrating Research and Practice in Teaching and Learning about Evolution, and Imagining the Impossible: Magical, Scientific, and Religious Thinking in Children.
Rosengren is a Fellow of Association for Psychological Science.
Education
Rosengren received his bachelor's degree in chemistry with minors in mathematics and psychology from the College of Wooster in 1981. He then enrolled at the University of Minnesota and earned his doctoral degree in child psychology in 1989.
Career
Following his postdoctoral fellowship, Rosengren held a brief appointment as an adjunct assistant professor of psychology at the University of Michigan before joining the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1992 as assistant professor of kinesiology, and psychology. In 1998, he held joint appointments as an associate professor in the department of psychology, the department of kinesiology, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. Rosengren was promoted to full professor in these departments in 2004. In 2008, he accepted a position as a visiting professor in the department of psychology at Northwestern University before joining that department as a professor of psychology. In 2014, Rosengren became a professor in the department of psychology, and an investigator at Waisman Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In 2019 he joined University of Rochester and held appointments as a professor in the brain and cognitive science department and the psychology department.
Rosengren also held a variety of administrative appointments in his career. At Northwestern University, he served as the director of undergraduate studies in the department of psychology, as vice-chair of Social-Behavioral Institutional Review Board till 2014. He also served on Northwestern's undergraduate research grant committee, a committee that funded undergraduate research. He served as the chair of this committee during his last 3 years at Northwestern, for which he was honored with the establishment of the Karl Rosengren Undergraduate Mentoring Award given annually to a faculty member for their excellence in mentoring undergraduate research.
Research
Rosengren has worked extensively on two areas of research: children's cognitive development and motor development, and control across the life span. In his research, he has regarded humans as complex systems and investigated how multiple factors (both internal and external to the individual) interact and influence the current state of behavior.
Cognitive development
Rosengren explored conceptual processes that enable individuals to endorse seemingly inconsistent epistemologies, discussed secularization hypothesis, and highlighted the work of Eugene Subbotsky and Piaget in this context. He also conducted a study to demonstrate how symbolic relations can be quite challenging for young children. In 1994, he investigated children's magical explanations and beliefs, and found out that majority of 4-year-olds perceive magic as a plausible mechanism, but magical explanations for certain real world events violate their causal expectations. He co-edited a book entitled Imaging the Impossible: Magical, Scientific, and Religious Thinking in Children, based on the development of human thinking that goes beyond the ordinary boundaries of reality. David Shih reviewed the book as containing "many informative chapters", and "discussions of high academic caliber on various aspects, such as magical thinking, how children’s religious beliefs differ from adults, empirical and metaphysical questions used by children..."
Motor development and control
Rosengren's work in this area focused on the development and control of balance and walking across the life span. He conducted research on balance control in children, and determined the age at which the integration of sensory information in unperturbed stance in children is comparable to that of adults. He along with co-authors introduced new methods to improve quantitative assessment of human movement, and described their characteristics and advantages. Furthermore, he demonstrated the reliability of COP measures of quiet standing, and developed an optimal measurement protocol using the tools of Generalizability Theory (G-Theory).
Interaction of cognitive and motor development
Rosengren also examined how cognitive and motor factors interact in the performance of every task. This work focused primarily on two tasks: children's drawings and young children's action errors. In the drawing domain, he explored how cognitive and biomechanical constraints influence children's drawing production. With respect to action errors, attempts by young children to perform actions not afforded by the context they are in (e.g., attempting to sit in a tiny chair or grasp an object in a photograph) he has used a wide range of methods (lab-based experimental studies, observational studies in preschools, prospective parental diary studies, and retrospective parental reports) to explore the contexts where these behaviors occur.
Bibliography
Books
Beyond labeling: The role of maternal input in the acquisition of richly structured categories (1998) ISBN 9780226287072
Imagining the Impossible: Magical, Scientific, and Religious Thinking in Children (2000) ISBN 9780521665872
Evolution Challenges: Integrating Research and Practice in Teaching and Learning about Evolution (2012) ISBN 9780199730421
Children's Understanding of Death: Toward a Contextualized and Integrated Account (2014) ISBN 9781118913918
Research Methods: From Theory to Practice (2017) ISBN 9780190201821
Selected articles
Rosengren, K. S., Gelman, S. A., Kalish, C. W., & McCormick, M. (1991). As time goes by: Children's early understanding of growth in animals. Child Development, 62(6), 1302–1320.
DeLoache, J. S., Pierroutsakos, S. L., Uttal, D. H., Rosengren, K. S., & Gottlieb, A. (1998). Grasping the nature of pictures. Psychological Science, 9(3), 205–210.
Gelman, S. A., Coley, J. D., Rosengren, K. S., Hartman, E., Pappas, A., & Keil, F. C. (1998). Beyond labeling: The role of maternal input in the acquisition of richly structured categories. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child development, i-157.
McAuley, E., Konopack, J. F., Motl, R. W., Morris, K. S., Doerksen, S. E., & Rosengren, K. R. (2006). Physical activity and quality of life in older adults: influence of health status and self-efficacy. Annals of behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 99–103.
Legare, C. H., Evans, E. M., Rosengren, K. S., & Harris, P. L. (2012). The coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations across cultures and development. Child development, 83(3), 779–793.
References
Living people
21st-century American psychologists
University of Illinois faculty
College of Wooster alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Rochester faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Mazurek is a variety of cake baked in Poland for Easter. It has a flat shape and is very sweet.
According to Polish gastronomy coursebooks, typical mazurek is a cake that can be made of one or two sheets of short (or half-short) pastry or one sheet of short (or half-short) pastry covered with a sheet of butter sponge cake. The two sheets are fixed together with a help of a layer of marmalade. In case of one-sheet version, marmalade is skipped or goes on top, under the layer of icing. The top of mazurek is covered with a layer of icing (i.e. sugar icing or fudge caramel cream) or jelly. It is also decorated with nut-based icing or almond-based icing and candied fruits. Traditionally, home-baked mazurek cakes are often decorated with dried fruits and nuts.
In the one-sheet version, the cake includes the borders made of rolled half-short pastry. Sometimes the shortcrust base is crowned with a lattice made of half-short or macaroon pastry.
Among other versions, often to be found in popular cook books and gastronomy coursebooks is "Gypsy mazurek" (mazurek cygański). A sheet of half-short pastry is half-baked, covered with a layer made of dried fruit, almonds, egg yolks creamed with sugar and whipped egg white and baked again.
Mazurek tradition
Name and origin
The cake's name may have its origins in the Masovians (old Mazurzy) tribe inhabiting the Mazovia region of central Poland. Another theory says it might originate from the word mazurek (Polish for mazurka), traditional folk dance in triple metre from Poland. A shortcrust pastry, Mazurek is considered one of the primary desserts of Easter across Poland. What distinguishes it from other festive dessert cakes is the abundance of decoration with dried fruit and nuts, its overall sweetness, and chocolate icing, contributing to its prolonged freshness.
Although considered uniquely Polish, almost a seasonal national dessert, the recipe for Mazurek came to Poland most likely from the East, via the spice trade-route from Turkey in the early 17th century.
Appearance and symbolism
Its symbolism is closely associated with the period of Wielki Post (Polish for Lent) thus marking its successful completion. In fact, after a 40-day fast (not a total abstinence from food by any means), which is celebrated in Christian liturgy in memory of the Temptation of Christ, mazurek was supposed to be the rich reward for adherence to faith and tradition. Although today, the religious meaning of mazurek is virtually lost in Poland, the cake is closely associated with the seasonal celebrations nevertheless.
Usually, the decorative patterns includes Easter symbols like hares, pussy willows and Easter greetings.
News portal Wirtualna Polska insisted that mazurek cannot resemble any other regular cake. It is supposed to be flat in multitude of varieties, each with different flavour and lavishly decorated. Twelve of them (served side by side, as claimed by the magazine), would not be entirely out of line traditionally.
At Christmas, the emphasis on a symbolic number twelve is closely related to the Twelve Apostles at the Last Supper, celebrated by Catholics by twelve different food offerings.
Mazurek on the List of (Polish) traditional products
The nutty mazurek ("nutty Easter shortcake", pol. mazurek orzechowy) was entered onto the list of Polish traditional bakery and confectionery products for the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MRiRW) on 3 November 2011, described in a particular way. The shortcrust (half-short) base is prepared from ground walnuts, flour, sugar, margarine, small number of eggs and a little bit of sour cream. The frosting is a walnut cream or, according to Polish Food magazine published by MRiRW, icing made of sugar, water and milk powder melted together. The thick layer of icing is spread over baked cake and finally decorated with dried fruit (raisins), almonds and walnuts into a pattern. "Nutty mazurek" is supposed to be considerably flat, rectangular, by in size, very sweet with distinct aroma of walnuts, golden or golden-brown in colour.
See also
Simnel cake
List of desserts
List of Polish desserts
List of cakes
Notes
References
External links
Cookbook: Mazurek Cake recipe at Wikibooks
The Polish edition of Newsweek magazine offered a gallery of ideas about how to decorate mazurek with slivered almonds and sliced dates including chocolate-written greetings.
Polish desserts
Easter cakes
Christmas food
Marmalade
Walnut dishes
Polish pastries
Easter traditions in Poland |
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