text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Schulman is a surname, usually that of a Jewish or a German person. Some well-known people with this name are:
Alex Schulman, Swedish journalist, blogger, radio and television personality
Allan Schulman, Swedish journalist and television producer
Ari Schulman, American journalist and editor of The New Atlantis
Arnold Schulman, American writer
Dan Schulman (born 1958), American businessman, CEO of PayPal
Daniel Schulman (disambiguation), several people
Dennis Schulman, Rabbi, democratic congressional candidate for NJ 5th district
Frank Schulman, Unitarian Universalist minister, theologian, and author
Kalman Schulman, Lithuanian writer and translator
Mark Schulman, Canadian chess master
J. Neil Schulman, American author, journalist, and filmmaker
Lawrence Schulman, music producer, critic, and translator
Leonard Schulman, professor of computer science
Roger S. H. Schulman, American film and television screenwriter and producer
Sarah Schulman, writer and activist
Schulman family, a Baltic German and Swedish noble family now mainly found in Finland and Canada
Susan H. Schulman, American theatre director
See also
Shulman
Schulmann
German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Yiddish-language surnames |
The Suzuki–Kasami algorithm is a token-based algorithm for achieving mutual exclusion in distributed systems. The process holding the token is the only process able to enter its critical section.
This is a modification to Ricart–Agrawala algorithm in which a REQUEST and REPLY message are used for attaining the critical section, but in this algorithm, a method was introduced in which a seniority vise and also by handing over the critical section to other node by sending a single PRIVILEGE message to other node. So, the node which has the privilege it can use the critical section and if it does not have one it cannot. If a process wants to enter its critical section and it does not have the token, it broadcasts a request message to all other processes in the system. The process that has the token, if it is not currently in a critical section, will then send the token to the requesting process. The algorithm makes use of increasing Request Numbers to allow messages to arrive out-of-order.
Algorithm description
Let be the number of processes. Each process is identified by an integer in .
Data structures
Each process maintains one data structure:
an array (for Request Number), being the ID of the process containing this array, where stores the last Request Number received by from
The token contains two data structures:
an array (for Last request Number), where stores the most recent Request Number of process for which the token was successfully granted
a queue , storing the ID of processes waiting for the token
Algorithm
Requesting the critical section (CS)
When process wants to enter the CS, if it does not have the token, it:
increments its sequence number
sends a request message containing new sequence number to all processes in the system
Releasing the CS
When process leaves the CS, it:
sets of the token equal to . This indicates that its request has been executed
for every process not in the token queue , it appends to if . This indicates that process has an outstanding request
if the token queue is not empty after this update, it pops a process ID from and sends the token to
otherwise, it keeps the token
Receiving a request
When process receives a request from with sequence number , it:
sets to (if , the message is outdated)
if process has the token and is not in CS, and if (indicating an outstanding request), it sends the token to process
Executing the CS
A process enters the CS when it has acquired the token.
Performance
Either or messages for CS invocation (no messages if process holds the token; otherwise requests and reply)
Synchronization delay is or ( requests and reply)
Notes on the algorithm
Only the site currently holding the token can access the CS
All processes involved in the assignment of the CS
Request messages sent to all nodes
Not based on Lamport’s logical clock
The algorithm uses sequence numbers instead
Used to keep track of outdated requests
They advance independently on each site
The main design issues of the algorithm:
Telling outdated requests from current ones
Determining which site is going to get the token next
References
Distributed algorithms |
Dil Tanha Tanha is a Pakistani drama television series produced by Moomal Shunaid under her banner Moomal Productions and aired on Hum TV from 18 November 2020 to 1 April 2021. It stars Kiran Haq, Nazish Jahangir, Mohsin Abbas Haider and Ali Ansari in leading roles.
Premise
The series revolves around the constant sufferings and despairs of women in our society due to inequality and unfair treatment. It tells that how man has taught to win in any case.
Cast
Mohsin Abbas Haider as Adeel
Kiran Haq as Tooba
Ali Ansari as Asfand
Nazish Jahangir as Mirha
Arez Ahmed as Sohail
Fareeha Jabeen as Adeel's mother
Farah Nadeem as Ammi
Zubair Akram
Kanwal Khan as Nimra
Michalle Mumtaz as Maria
Mehak Ali as Zeeshan's mother
Shahzad Malik
References
Pakistani drama television series
Hum TV original programming
2020 Pakistani television series debuts |
Otites cinerosa is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Otites of the family Tephritidae.
References
cinerosa |
Christian William Hansez (6 May 1910 – 6 June 1983) was a Belgian bobsledder who competed in the early 1930s. He finished tenth in the two-man event at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York.
References
1932 bobsleigh two-man results
Photo showing Hansez on right
Christian Hansez's profile at Sports Reference.com
Belgian male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders for Belgium
Bobsledders at the 1932 Winter Olympics
1910 births
1983 deaths |
Strelitsa-Pervaya () is a rural locality (a selo) in Shebekinsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 297 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Strelitsa-Pervaya is located 57 km northeast of Shebekino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zalomnoye is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Shebekinsky District |
Amherst is a city in Lamb County, Texas, United States. The population was 721 at the 2010 census.
History
Amherst, on U.S. Route 84 and the BNSF Railway in west central Lamb County, began in 1913 as a Pecos and Northern Texas Railway station for William E. Halsell's Mashed O Ranch. A townsite was platted a mile from the Santa Fe depot in 1923 and named for Amherst College by a railroad official. The post office opened in 1924. By 1930 thirty-five businesses and 964 people constituted a lively trade center, and amenities included a newspaper, the Amherst Argus. For many years the Amherst Hotel, the town's first permanent building, was the most popular stopping place between Clovis, New Mexico and Lubbock, Texas. The population in Amherst was 749 in 1940, when the first co-op hospital in Texas was built there. Incorporation came in 1970, when the population was 825. In 1980 the population was 971, and businesses included five cotton gins and two grain elevators. Sod House Spring Monument, commemorating the first cow camp in the area, is located northwest of Amherst, and Plant X, one of Southwestern Public Service's largest generating plants, is nine miles north.
Geography
Amherst is in central Lamb County, northwest of Littlefield, the county seat, and southeast of Muleshoe. U.S. Route 84 passes just southwest of Amherst, connecting Littlefield and Muleshoe.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Amherst has an area of , all land.
Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Amherst has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 791 people, 269 households, and 210 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 341 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 68.90% White, 9.36% African American, 0.25% Native American, 21.11% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.95% of the population.
There were 269 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $24,276, and the median income for a family was $25,714. Males had a median income of $22,625 versus $19,063 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,911. About 25.0% of families and 31.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.8% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The city is served by the Amherst Independent School District.
Notable people
Dan Hewitt Owens, actor; born in Amherst in 1947
Gary Painter, sheriff of Midland County, who warned in 2014 about ISIS terrorism, was born in Amherst in 1947
See also
Earth, Texas
Plant X
Yellow House Draw
References
External links
Cities in Texas
Cities in Lamb County, Texas |
Center for Inspired Teaching (or simply Inspired Teaching) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C.
Inspired Teaching offers professional development for pre-K-12 teachers via improvisational theater-based instruction. Inspired Teaching "seeks to transform the school experience for students from compliance-based to engagement-based."
History
Aleta Margolis founded Center for Artistry in Teaching in 1995, which changed its name to Center for Inspired Teaching in 2004. The organization was officially incorporated as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit in 1996. Margolis began the organization after working as a public school teacher and professor of education at American University, and as a teacher for court-involved youth.
Inspired Teaching began offering professional development workshops for teachers in 1996.
In 2009, Inspired Teaching became the first Washington, DC nonprofit organization authorized to license teachers through the Inspired Teaching Certification Program, in partnership with AmeriCorps. Beginning in 2013, Inspired Teaching partnered with Trinity Washington University to offer Inspired Teaching Fellows a Master of Arts in Teaching while earning their teaching licenses.
In 2010, Inspired Teaching was awarded $1.29M from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to implement student-centered literacy programming in Washington, D.C.
In 2011, Inspired Teaching entered into a two-year partnership with the Baltimore City Public Schools to train the system’s middle school math teachers in the Inspired Teaching Approach as part of BCPS’ initiative to implement the Common Core State Standards.
In 2012, Inspired Teaching entered into a multi-year partnership with the District of Columbia Public Schools as part of DCPS’ initiative to implement the Common Core State Standards.
In 2014, Inspired Teaching’s program, Creative Classrooms Through Empowered Teachers, was named one of 10 Re-Imagine Learning Champions by the LEGO Foundation and Ashoka Changemakers.
In 2014, Inspired Teaching’s high school history program, Real World History, won an LRNG Challenge grant from the National Writing Project, MacArthur Foundation, and John Legend’s Show Me Campaign. Real World History teaches DC-area students about the Great Migration, connecting them with local residents who experienced the event first-hand. Real World History students record oral histories for inclusion in the DC Public Library’s DIG DC collection and complete internships at DC-area cultural institutions.
In 2015, Inspired Teaching partnered with National Center for Teacher Residencies as a Transformation Center Provider through a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Aleta Margolis was featured on Comcast Newsmakers in April 2021. Inspired Teaching leadership is also frequently quoted in the Washington Post.
In 2022, Center for Inspired Teaching’s digital resource, Hooray For Monday, won silver at the inaugural Anthem Awards, the Webby Awards' social-impact recognition program. The organization’s Instigator of Thought Challenge was awarded bronze at the 2023 Anthem Awards.
The May 2023 issue of Kappan magazine, a publication from Phi Delta Kappa, includes an article on professional development for teachers written by Aleta Margolis.
References
501(c)(3) organizations |
The Princess Alice Bank () is a submerged seamount located southwest of the island of Pico and southwest of the island of Faial in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The western area of the bank has a minimum depth of , with clear waters allowing observation of the ocean floor from the surface. With an abundance of biodiversity, the bank is a fishing area, in addition to being an important diving spot of the Atlantic Ocean.
History
The bank was named after the oceanographic campaign of Prince Albert I of Monaco, whose research vessel Princess Alice was involved in its discovery on 9 July 1896. On that day, at 6:00 a.m., at the beginning of a deep water exploration, rocky ledges were discovered deep. After scouring the area, the group discovered an extensive "platform", with a perimeter of about , and two extensions of in length. The platform was below the surface, although the peak is only from the surface.
The bathymetric survey was entrusted to captain Charlwood Henry Carrd (1848-1918), who was also the prince's field assistant and navigator of the Princesse Alice. Carr was responsible for the original depth measurements at Princess Alice Bank.
On 13 July 1896, from Faial, Prince Albert telegrammed King Carlos I of Portugal announcing the discovery and informing him of the usefulness of the bank for fishing. Returning to Monaco, on 21 August, the prince circulated a press statement reporting the discovery and stressing its importance to Azorean fisheries. In gratitude for the discovery, King Carlos awarded the prince with the "grand collar" of the Order of Santiago, having already granted Captain Carr the honorific degree of master of the Order of St. Benedict in 1894. Increasingly Princess Alice Bank has become one of the main areas for fishing exploration within the Central Group of the Azorean islands.
Geography
An area of around the bank, measured from the coasts of the closest islands, was established by the European Union as a reserve for Azorean fishermen. Princess Alice Bank is one of the main points of friction, or disagreement, in the current dispute between the Regional Government of the Azores and the European Union regarding the reform of the common fisheries policy.
External links
Dive at Princess Alice Bank
The ships of Albert I, including the Princesse Alice
Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas (DOP) da Universidade dos Açores - Department of Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of the Azores
Geology of the Azores
Fishing areas of the Atlantic Ocean
Seamounts of the Atlantic Ocean
Undersea banks of the Atlantic Ocean |
```objective-c
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
==============================================================================*/
#ifndef TENSORFLOW_GRAPPLER_CLUSTERS_VIRTUAL_CLUSTER_H_
#define TENSORFLOW_GRAPPLER_CLUSTERS_VIRTUAL_CLUSTER_H_
#include <unordered_map>
#include "tensorflow/core/grappler/clusters/cluster.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/grappler/costs/op_level_cost_estimator.h"
#include "tensorflow/core/protobuf/device_properties.pb.h"
namespace tensorflow {
namespace grappler {
// Create a simple cluster that lists the devices (and their properties)
// available in a TensorFlow session. This cluster simulates the execution of
// actual graphs.
class VirtualCluster : public Cluster {
public:
VirtualCluster(const std::unordered_map<string, DeviceProperties>& devices);
VirtualCluster(const std::unordered_map<string, DeviceProperties>& devices,
OpLevelCostEstimator* node_estimator);
~VirtualCluster() override;
Status Provision() override;
Status Initialize(const GrapplerItem& item) override;
Status Run(const GraphDef& item,
const std::vector<std::pair<string, Tensor>>& feed,
const std::vector<string>& fetch, RunMetadata* metadata) override;
private:
std::unique_ptr<OpLevelCostEstimator> node_estimator_;
};
} // end namespace grappler
} // end namespace tensorflow
#endif // TENSORFLOW_GRAPPLER_CLUSTERS_VIRTUAL_CLUSTER_H_
``` |
Court-bouillon or court bouillon (in Louisiana, pronounced coo-bee-yon) is a quickly-cooked broth used for poaching other foods, most commonly fish or seafood. It is also sometimes used for poaching vegetables, eggs, sweetbreads, cockscombs, and delicate meats. It includes seasonings and salt but lacks animal gelatin.
Description
Court bouillon loosely translates as 'briefly boiled liquid' (French court) or "short broth" because the cooking time is brief in comparison with a rich and complex stock, and generally is not served as part of the finished dish. Because delicate foods do not cook for very long, it is prepared before the foods are added. Typically, cooking times do not exceed 60 minutes.
Although a court bouillon may become the base for a stock or fumet, in traditional terms it is differentiated by the inclusion of acidulating ingredients such as wine, vinegar, or lemon juice. In addition to contributing their own flavor, acids help to draw flavors from the vegetable aromatics during the short preparation time prior to use. Court bouillon also includes salt and lacks animal gelatin.
Types
Traditionally, court bouillon is water, salt, white wine, vegetable aromatics (mirepoix of carrot, onion, and celery), and flavored with bouquet garni and black pepper.
Court-bouillon need not be elaborate. Court bouillon used to prepare lobster may be as simple as water, salt, lemon juice, and perhaps thyme and bay leaf; that for poached eggs may be salt, water, and vinegar.
In Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisines, court-bouillon — often spelled "courtbouillon" — refers to a thick, rich fish stew most often prepared with redfish and thickened with roux.
See also
Nage
References
Further reading
McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. (, 2004)
Larousse Gastronomique
Oxford Companion to Food
French cuisine
Cajun cuisine
Food ingredients |
James Merritt, (born December 22, 1952), is a U.S. religious leader and was president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 2000 to 2002.
Biography
James G. Merritt is the senior pastor of Cross Pointe Church. He was born and raised in Oakwood, Georgia and surrendered his life to Christ as a 9-year-old boy. At age 21, he committed to full-time Christian ministry, and went on to pastor five churches. He has preached around the world to hundreds of thousands of people through television and radio.
As a popular Bible teacher and respected voice of the Christian faith, James has been interviewed by media outlets including 60 Minutes, The New York Times, ABC World News Tonight, Time Magazine, and Hannity and Colmes. Each week, Merritt's messages are broadcast in all 50 states and 122 countries around the world through Touching Lives, a television and media ministry.
Merritt earned his bachelor's degree from Stetson University and his Master of Divinity degree and Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. He has published several books including Friends, Foes and Fools, and How to Be a Winner and Influence Anybody, with Broadman and Holman publishers. His heart for pastors has also resulted in PastorsEdge.com, a ministry resource and PastorsEdge Mentoring Conferences.
Family
Merritt has been married to his wife, Teresa, for over 40 years and they have three sons and four grandchildren.
See also
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention Presidents
External links
Profile at Cross Pointe Church website
1952 births
Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Living people
Promise Keepers
Southern Baptist ministers
Southern Baptist Convention presidents
Stetson University alumni
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni
People from Hall County, Georgia |
The Lok Rajputs are Hindu caste found in the state of Rajasthan in India.
History and origin
The Lok Rajput claims to descent from a small number of Panwar Rajputs that settled in the hill of Mount Abu. Owing to their isolation from Rajput groups, they evolved into a distinct community.
Present circumstances
The community is endogamous, and divided into fourteen exogamous gotras. These are involved in the regulating of marriages. They are a community of mainly small peasant farmers, with animal husbandry being their main secondly occupation.
See also
Natrayat Rajput
Rajput
References
Rajput clans |
Anmol is a 1973 Pakistani Urdu romantic drama film directed by Parvez Malik. The lead cast included Shabnam, Shahid, Afzaal Ahmad, Munawar Saeed, and Allauddin. Anmol is considered the third diamond jubilee hit in the history of Lollywood. Anmol won 2 Nigar Awards in the best actress/supporting actor categories. The film is also remembered for its popular music composed by Nisar Bazmi.
Plot
The story is about a brave girl Bano who fights for her right to marry her fiancé, suffering from immature personality disorder.
Cast
Shabnam
Shahid
Afzaal Ahmad
Munawar Saeed
Allauddin
Abbas Nosha
Jameel Bismil
Tamanna
Khalid Saleem Mota
Chakram
Release and box office
Anmol was released on 10 August 1973. It was a diamond jubilee hit at the box office and completed 117 weeks at theaters.
Music and soundtracks
The playback music was composed by Nisar Bazmi and lyrics were penned by Masroor Anwar:
Abhi Aap Ki Umar Hi Kya Hay, Aji Pyar Mein Kya Rakha Hay... Singer(s): Ahmad Rushdi, Runa Laila
Aisi Chal Main Chalun, Kaleja Hil Jaye Ga... Singer(s): Tasawar Khanum
Hey Mera Naam Jawani... Singer(s): Runa Laila
Ho Mila Kaisa Anari Sajna... Singer(s): Runa Laila
Mera Mann Lehraya... Singer(s): Runa Laila
Mujhay Nachnay Do Keh Shaid Yeh Ghunghroo... Singer(s): Runa Laila
Pyar Insaan Ko Insaan Bana Deta Hay... Singer(s): Mehdi Hassan
Takhti Peh Takhti, Takhti Peh Til Ka Dana Hay... Singer(s): Runa Laila
Awards
References
1973 films
Pakistani musical films
1970s Urdu-language films
Nigar Award winners
1973 romantic drama films
Pakistani romantic drama films
Urdu-language Pakistani films |
Maya Kingma (born 8 September 1995) is a Dutch triathlete. She represented the Netherlands at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo 2021, competing in triathlon. She competed in the women's and mixed relay events.
Her achievements include winning the World Triathlon Series race in Leeds on 6 June 2021, and placing third in the race in Yokohama on 15 May 2021, thus ranking number 1 on the World Triathlon Championship Rankings per June 2021.
References
1995 births
Living people
Dutch female triathletes
Triathletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic triathletes for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from Breda
21st-century Dutch women |
Borhanabad (, also Romanized as Borhānābād) is a village in Kuh Sefid Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 106, in 23 families.
References
Populated places in Khash County |
Garrett is an unincorporated community and coal town in Floyd County, Kentucky, United States. It is located at the intersection of Kentucky Route 80 and Kentucky Route 7. CSX E&BV Subdivision also passes through the center of town between Front Street and State Route 7.
The town was founded by the Elk Horn Coal Company.
A post office was established in 1910 and named "Ballard". In 1914 the name was changed to Garrett, for brothers John and Robert Garrett, both Baltimore bankers and coal company financiers.
Between July 26 and July 28 the nearby town of Jackson, KY recorded 8 inches of precipitation leading to widespread destruction and loss of life in and around Garrett.
References
Unincorporated communities in Floyd County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Coal towns in Kentucky |
The 2020–21 Kayserispor season was the club's 55th season in existence and the club's sixth consecutive season in the top flight of Turkish football. In addition to the domestic league, Kayserispor participated in this season's editions of the Turkish Cup. The season covered the period from July 2020 to 30 June 2021.
Players
First-team squad
Out on loan
Transfers
In
Out
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overview
Süper Lig
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Turkish Cup
Statistics
Goalscorers
References
External links
Kayserispor seasons
Kayserispor |
Eupithecia severa is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to central China (Shaanxi).
The wingspan is about .
References
External links
Moths described in 2006
Endemic fauna of China
Moths of Asia
severa |
Nathan Stooke (born May 28, 1976, in Southern Illinois) is a male freestyle swimmer from the United States who was part of a World Aquatic team championship bronze medal for America in the 25 Km Open Water Swim in Perth, Australia in 1998. In August 1997, after winning an individual Bronze medal at the Pan Pacific Championships in Japan, he was rated third best in the world in the 25 Km (15.5 mile) Open Water event. In 2003, he founded Wisper Internet, an Illinois-based wireless high speed provider of internet service to rural areas, and has served as their CEO.
Early swim career
Born on May 28, 1976, Nathan was the son of Nick and Michaele Stooke.
Swim lessons for Nathan began as early as three and four years of age, but he did not begin competitive swimming until the summer of 1991, swimming for Montgomery, Alabama's local YMCA Barracuda's team. With the Barracudas, he was coached by Chris Snyder, though he swam well at a much earlier age. Showing early skills, he set his eye on the Atlantic Olympics, and confined his sports endeavors to competitive swimming. His father was in the Air Force, so the family moved frequently in Nathan's early years. Stooke began weight training early in his swim career, and attended daily practices, and monthly competitive meets. Stooke, showing considerable discipline, maintained an "A" average, despite having to study twice as long due to his dyslexia. He swam year-round, and advised beginning swimmers to avoid missing practice, and to be flexible when advised to adapt or change their stroke.
Coached by Chris Snyder, while Nathan was swimming with the Montgomery YMCA Barracuda Team in Prattville, Alabama, the team took a first place finish in the State Championship meet in July 1991, having placed first the year before. Nathan, though not yet breaking records, took a third place in the 100 meter butterfly for the 15-18 year old boys division, demonstrating the ability to perform a difficult stroke requiring practice, attention to technique, and strength.
On October 12, 1991, competing at age 15 for the Montgomery YMCA team, at the Great Pumpkin meet in Birmingham, Alabama, Nathan placed first in the 100 backstroke in the C-division, first in the 100 butterfly, and second in the 200 IM for the B-division. Nathan had a solid foundation in swimming fundamentals, and performed well in a number of diverse strokes in his youth, demonstrating attention to technique and consistent practice time.
Showing early swimming strengths, the following year he competed just before his sixteenth birthday, at the Greater Pensacola Aquatic Club Long Course Invitational on May 24, 1992, where he placed third in the 50 free, third in the 200 free with a 2:15:21, and first in his strength, the 800 free with a 9:57:62. Nathan already had an interest in distance events. Showing versatility, he also placed in the 100 and 200 Back as well as the 200 IM. His times were not exceptional for an adult competitive swimmer, but for his age they showed considerable promise.
Seahawk Swim Team
By 1993 at 16, Nathan was competing for the Seahawk Swim Team of Belleville, Illinois, coached by Karen Kaiser. Coach Kaiser noted that the team's practices were often more challenging than those of a college swimmer. Stooke attended O'Fallon High School, graduating in 1994. He often woke up at 4:30 to begin swimming at 5:30, completing the program's demanding two hour practices and swimming as much as eleven months a year. Unlike most of the team, as one of the older and fastest swimmers, as a high school swimmer he would put in a practice both before and after school, completing as much as 8000 yards in a day, a challenging workout for a college-age competitor.
High School
He would attend and graduate O'Fallon High School in 1994, where he was a member of the band, National Honor Society, math team, a Junior Achievement Business teacher, a Student Council representative, and was a member of the Illinois High School All-State Swim Team. He was a recipient of the Belleville News-Democrat's Academic Excellence Awards for graduating Seniors.
Southern Illinois University
Attending between 1994-98, Stooke would swim and compete for Southern Illinois University of Carbondale, majoring in Computer Science. A gifted mentor to Nathan, Rick Walker, Southern Illinois's head coach has won nine conference championships, and notably was head coach and director for twelve years for the USA Swimming Open Water National Team. Walker began head coaching the men's team at SIU in 1992, not long before Nathan attended, but had worked as an assistant coach for several years earlier. Walker also chaired the USA Swimming Open Water Committee. Competing in college at Texas A&M, Walker set records for distance events, particularly the 500, 1000, and 1650 free.
At a College meet for Southern Illinois in November of 1996, Stooke took third in the 100 backstroke, and showing a proclivity for distance swimming, took third in the 500 Freestyle with a competitive time of 4:50.82. For 1995, around his Sophomore year, Stooke achieved academic honors for maintaining a 4.0 grade point average at Southern Illinois as part of an All-academic first team for college swimmers.
1997 Pan Pacific 25 Km bronze
As a college Senior, swimming as part of the U.S. National Team, on August 10, 1997, at the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships held in the Sea of Japan in Fukuoka, Japan, Nathan took third, winning a bronze medal in the 25 Km Open Water Competition. He had a great time of 4:57:37.92. A considerable accomplishment, Stooke became the first American since 1991 to complete the distance in under five hours. The bronze medal set his place at the time as the third fastest 25 Km swimmer in the world. Stooke had to contend with salt water in his eyes and stings from jelly fish on his face and nose. The demanding race took place on a 5 Km course shaped like a triangle off Oburu Bay, which required multiple laps to complete the course. The race was particularly demanding with choppy, 30-degree water, and strong currents. The race leader, Australian Grant Robinson, dominated the second and third place finishers with a twelve-minute lead.
The weather was largely the result of the late effects of Typhoon Tina. Though the Australians performed well in several distance events, the American team took the most medals in the meet.
1998 World Aquatics Championship, team bronze
On January 11, 1998, he represented America at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships in Perth, Western Australia, taking 13th place in the individual (25 km) with a time of 5:32:21, and taking a bronze in the team competitions with the American team. As previously noted, Nathan swam as part of the mixed 25 Km (15.5 Miles) Open water competition. The four member American team of Chuck Wiley, Tobey Smith, Karen Burton, and Nathan (one swimmer may have been a back-up) took a bronze, having a combined time of 16:46:13.30, which placed them 35:55 minutes behind the winning Italian team.
On April 18, 1998, his University, Southern Illinois took first place team honors at the 25 Km Open Water Event at the US National Championships at Melbourne, Florida.
In early June of 1999, Stooke took fifth place at the USA 25 Km Open Water Swim in Honolulu, Hawaii, with a good time of 4:42:57, qualifying him to swim in the USA Open Water National Championships in Honolulu in November of 1999.
In August of 2015, he took sixth place in the 35-39 age groups in the 3 Km Open Water Swim at the 16th FINA World Masters Championships in Russia's Kazan River.
Supporting swimming
In 2023 he served as an assistant coach and president of the Belleville, Illinois Seahawks Swim Club. He has competed in local triathlon and placed well.
Wisper Internet founder and CEO
He has served as the Chief Executive officer of Wisper Internet, a residential internet provider which also services businesses, which he founded around 2003, initially funded to a large extend with his own credit cards. Wisper initially headquartered in Shiloh, and then Mascoutah, Illinois but much of its work is in Missouri with six offices in the state. The Internet provider received sizable FCC subsidies in 2018 to help assist in their growth and their ability to service more customers. Stooke is particularly skilled in wireless communications and internet. He remains an advocate for dyslexia, and competed as a professional swimmer. Wisper had rapid early growth, and was initially based in Shiloh, Missouri, 150 miles West of St. Louis. The company aims to provide high speed internet connectivity to homes and businesses in rural areas. To extend service to rural areas, the company builds their own towers, or leases space on the antennas of existing internet providers. A progressive CEO in tune with his workers, by 2011 Stooke had arranged for many of his employees, who complained of personal and student loan debt, to take courses in managing their personal finances as part of their company training. Completion of the training could earn employees a bonus or raise if the company reached set financial growth goals. Stooke has written he learned that a successful startup requires a great team, a shared vision, the right time and location, some initial funding, and a thirst to learn a great deal quickly. A small, but successful company, Wisper as of September 2023 had 48 employees, but had over 100 in 2021.
References
External links
US World Team Roster 1998
1998 FINA World Championship 25 Km Bronze Team Medal
Interview with Nathan Stooke of Wisper Internet
Hiring for Growth with Nathan Stooke
1976 births
Living people
American male freestyle swimmers
American long-distance swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in open water swimming
Sportspeople with dyslexia |
Thomas Mann Baynes (1794–1876) was an English artist and lithographer. He is known for his drawings and watercolours of landscapes, buildings and outdoor events.
Life
He was London born, and is probably the son of James Baynes, a noted watercolour artist. He produced views of Liverpool and Ireland, and appears to have made a successful living as a printer.
Works
Thomas Mann Baynes' works include:
Views on the River Thames in London
View of the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway From Over the Tunnel, Taken on the Opening Day, May 3, 1830
The Giant's Causeway
Phenakistiscope discs
Many of his subjects were engraved and published, generally in London. A notable panorama of the River Thames was drawn from nature and engraved on stone.
Family
Fredrick Thomas Baynes (1824–1874) also a watercolour artist, was probably his son.
Notes
External links
The Landing of Dona Maria (1828 lithograph - Falmouth Art Gallery)
View of Greenwich Hospital (1823 watercolour - Courtauld Institute of Art)
2 works by Baynes (Brighton & Hove museums)
Paintings for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books with poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon:
1832: An engraving by J Davies of
1832: An engraving by W Le Petit of
1836: An engraving by Samuel Lacey of
1794 births
1876 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Landscape artists
English watercolourists
English lithographers
19th-century English male artists |
The Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis), Cape crested porcupine or South African porcupine, is a species of Old World porcupine native to central and southern Africa.
Description
Cape porcupines are the largest rodents in Africa and also the world's largest porcupines. Cape porcupines are amongst the largest living rodents in the world; a few other rodents appear to be larger in body mass such as the capybara and the Eurasian and North American beavers. They are similar in appearance to, the slightly smaller and close relatives, the crested porcupines. They can most easily be distinguished from them by the presence of a band of short white spines along the midline of the rump. Indian porcupines are almost the same size on average as well, being slightly heavier on average than crested porcupine but slightly lighter than Cape porcupines.
Cape porcupines measure long from the head to the base of the tail, with the tail adding a further . They weigh from , with exceptionally large specimens weighing up to ; males and females are not significantly different in size. The average weight of males from Zimbabwe was and while the average for females there was while in the Orange river valley of South Africa males averaged and females averaged .
They are heavily-built animals, with stocky bodies, short limbs, and an inconspicuous tail. The body is covered in long spines up to in length, interspersed with thicker, sharply pointed, defence quills up to long, and with bristly, blackish or brownish fur. The spines on the tail are hollow, and used to make a rattling sound to scare away predators. An erectile crest of long, bristly hairs runs from the top of the head down to the shoulders. The spines and quills cover the back and flanks of the animal, starting about a third of the way down the body, and continuing onto the tail. The quills have multiple bands of black and white along their length, and grow from regularly spaced grooves along the animal's body; each groove holding five to eight quills. The remainder of the animal, including the undersides, is covered with dark hair.
The eyes and ears are relatively small, and the mobile whiskers are short. The feet have five clawed toes, although the first toes on the forefeet are vestigial. Females have two pairs of teats.
Distribution and habitat
Cape porcupines are found across the whole of southern and central Africa, to southern Kenya, Uganda, and Congo at the northern edge of their range. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from sea level to , although they are only marginally present in dense forests and the driest of deserts, and are not found in swampland. There are no currently recognised subspecies.
Diet and behaviour
Cape porcupines eat mostly plant material: fruits, roots, tubers, bulbs, and bark. They have a long small intestine and large caecum, employing hindgut fermentation to break down the tough materials in their food. They have also been reported to gnaw on carrion and bones. They are often considered pests by local farmers, because they can feed on crops and damage trees. However, their debarking of trees may also play a role in the maintenance of local savannah ecosystems, helping to prevent the development of denser forested environments.
Cape porcupines are nocturnal and monogamous, typically living as mated pairs of adults, caring for any young together. Each pair may inhabit up to six burrows, jointly defending their shared territory, although they typically forage as individuals. Both sexes scent mark their territory, although males do so more frequently, and may play a more active role in its defence. The size of the home range varies depending on the local habitat and availability of food, but can range between at least .
When attacked, the porcupine freezes. If cornered, it turns vicious and charges to stab its attacker with its quills. Otherwise, the porcupine may retreat into its burrow, exposing only its quills and making it hard to dislodge.
Reproduction
Cape porcupines mate throughout the year, although births are most common during the rainy season, between August and March. Unless a previous litter is lost, females typically give birth only once each year. Oestrus lasts for an average of nine days, during which a membrane across the vagina opens to allow insemination. After mating, a copulatory plug forms, which is expelled about 48 hours later.
Gestation lasts around 94 days, and results in the birth of a litter of up to three young, although over half of births are of singletons. Newborn young weigh , and initially have soft quills. Although they are born with their incisor teeth fully erupted, the remaining teeth begin to appear at 14 days, with the full set of adult teeth present by 25 months. They are weaned at around 100 days of age, and grow rapidly for the first twenty weeks, reaching the full adult size, and sexual maturity, at the end of their first year.
Relative to most other rodents, Cape porcupines are long-lived, surviving for ten years in the wild, or up to twenty years in captivity.
References
Cape porcupine
Mammals of Zambia
Mammals of South Africa
Mammals of Southern Africa
Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa
Cape porcupine
Cape porcupine |
Bulbophyllum singaporeanum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. This species has leaves that are about 30 cm long and 4 cm wide, glossy green on top and slightly purple below. The inflorescence bears a cluster of small flowers. They are a pale purplish-green, with dark purple spotsand a magenta coloured lip. They emit an unpleasant odour of rotting fish or the smell of anchovies which leads to believe that they are pollinated by flies. The first specimen was collected in Singapore in 1889 and they are native to Borneo and Malaysia.
References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia
singaporeanum |
The Banggai jungle flycatcher (Cyornis pelingensis) is a species of passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.
It is endemic to Peleng in Indonesia where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
References
Banggai jungle flycatcher
Birds of the Banggai Islands
Banggai jungle flycatcher |
IPS'AIR is a French airshow started in 2020. It is located in Ivry-sur-Seine, close to Paris. It is organized by the grande école Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées, one of the most important aerospace College in France. It is held yearly in February. The 4th edition took place from the 9 to the 21st of February 2023.
Presentation
The flight simulators are representative of the world of aviation, from the Dassault Mirage 2000 to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, through the Airbus A320, the Boeing 777 and the Bell 206. Some engines, such as those of the Dassault Rafale or the Jaguar are also exposed thanks to a partnership with Safran.
Conferences related to the aeronautical current events take place. For example, in 2023 Yann Arthus-Bertrand was invited to talk about his book "Mars Terre, destins croisés".
An art exhibition completes the festival. In 2023, visitors could admire the works dedicated to the legends of the sky created by the graffiti artist C215.
History
The first show took place in 2020. Philippe Willekens, head of communication of the European Space Agency came to talk about the future of space exploration.
See also
Airexpo
Paris Air Show
List of airshows
References
External links
Air shows
Trade fairs in France
Aviation in France
Val-de-Marne |
Świelubie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołczygłowy, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Kołczygłowy, north-west of Bytów, and west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
Villages in Bytów County |
The 17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings were two attacks in Baghdad, Iraq. The first attack in the morning was when a suicide bomber detonated his explosives outside the Iraqi Army division headquarters on potential recruits to the army, some of whom had queued for hours prior to the bombings, that killed over 60 and wounded more than 100. The second attack took place in the evening when a fuel truck exploded in a Shia neighbourhood, killing 8 and wounding 44.Islamic State of Iraq claimed the first of the two attacks.
Background
The bombing came amid uncertainty over the future government in Iraq following the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election. One day before the attack former Iraqi Interim Prime Minister Iyad Allawi pulled out of coalition talks with Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki following claims that al-Maliki was pushing for a sectarian division of government.
Security forces have been targets of attack in the months prior to this bombing. The United States began to reduce its troop strength in Iraq, from just under 60,000 at the time of this bombing, to about 50,000 by 31 August, which was scheduled to be the formal end of combat operations.
The bombing was the first major attack of the year's Ramadan, the most venerated month in the Islamic calendar.
Bombings
First bombing
Unemployed people had queued for hours outside an Army recruiting centre when a suicide bomber approached and detonated his explosives. The recruiting location is near the Bab al-Muadhan (Great Gate) by the Tigris River and the former Iraqi Ministry of Defense building in downtown Baghdad.
An interior ministry official said the majority of the victims were army recruits but there were also some soldiers who were protecting the recruitment centre among the casualties. The casualties among these soldiers were at least three dead and eight wounded, with the overall total killed at over 60.
Second bombing
On the same day another attack occurred at 21:30 in the majority Shia neighbourhood of Hay Ur. A bomb attached to a fuel truck loaded with kerosene exploded, killing eight people and wounding 44 more.
Perpetrators
Iraqi spokesman Gen. Al-Moussawi immediately blamed al-Qaeda in Iraq for the bombings.
Islamic State of Iraq, which includes al-Qaida in Iraq, within three days claimed the first of the two attacks, saying it targeted "a group of Shias and apostates who sold their faith for money and to be a tool in the war on Iraqi Sunnis",
and boasting that its operative easily passed through checkpoints before detonating his explosives belt in a crowd of officers and recruits outside army headquarters.
Reaction
A White House spokesman said "There obviously are still people who want to derail the advances that the Iraqi people have made toward democracy. But they are firmly on track. And we're confident that we're moving toward the end of our combat mission. The fact that there is a lot of competition for who is going to be running that country is a good thing."
See also
List of terrorist incidents, 2010
References
2010 murders in Iraq
21st-century mass murder in Iraq
Mass murder in 2010
Suicide bombings in Baghdad
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2010
Car and truck bombings in Iraq
2010s in Baghdad
Terrorist incidents in Baghdad
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2010
Violence against Shia Muslims in Iraq
August 2010 events in Iraq
Building bombings in Iraq |
The Uzbekistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan Railway Project is an extensive project undertaking with the objective of creating a direct railway link between Uzbekistan and Pakistan, passing through Afghanistan's territory. This project aims to enhance trade and logistics efficiency by establishing a 573-km rail connection that would connect Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, to Kabul and Peshawar, the capitals of Afghanistan and a province of Pakistan, respectively.
Project Details
The estimated cost of the project is US$4.8 billion, and its implementation is anticipated to strengthen trade relations between Pakistan and South Asia. The trilateral agreement spanning 760 kilometers was signed by Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan, aiming to significantly reduce cargo delivery times between Uzbekistan and Pakistan by approximately five days.
The railway route will traverse through Termez, Mazar-i-Sharif, and Logar in Afghanistan, and continue to the Kharlachi border crossing in Pakistan's northwestern Kurram district. Designed to facilitate both passenger and freight services, the railway is poised to foster regional trade and contribute to overall economic growth in the area.
Gauge
Three different gauges are involved:
Iran in the West (1435mm)
Afghanistan in the middle (1435mm)
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in the North (1520mm) with dual gauge (1435mm) to bypass two breaks of gauge.
Pakistan in the South (1676mm)
China in the East (1435mm)
References
Cross-border railway lines in Pakistan
International railway lines
Transport in Central Asia
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations
Afghanistan–Uzbekistan relations
Foreign relations of Pakistan
Foreign relations of Afghanistan
Foreign relations of Uzbekistan |
Andriūnai is a village in Varėna district municipality, in Alytus County, in southeastern Lithuania. According to the 2001 census, the village has a population of 22 people.
References
Villages in Varėna District Municipality |
Credit Union SA is a South Australian Credit Union headquartered in Adelaide, with a branch at 400 King William Street, Adelaide. Credit Union SA is South Australia's third largest Credit Union, with over 50,000 members and more than $1 billion in assets. Credit Union SA offers a range of financial services to South Australians, including transaction and saving accounts, fixed term investments, home loans, personal loans, credit cards and insurance.
Credit Union SA is a supporter of the South Australian education community. Credit Union has also formed a partnership with St John's Youth Youth Services in support of at risk young people.
History
Credit Union SA was formed on 1 October 2009 by a merger between former South Australian credit unions Satisfac and Powerstate. These credit unions had their origins in the education and industrial sectors respectively. Both Credit Unions have roots in the South Australian community, with Satisfac dating to the 1950s.
In March 2012, Grant Strawbridge was appointed CEO of Credit Union SA.
Credit Union Christmas Pageant
Credit Union SA, along with several other South Australian credit unions, was a naming rights sponsor of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant.
References
Credit unions of Australia
Companies based in Adelaide
Australian companies established in 2009 |
Woodrow Wilson High School is a public high school located in East Dallas, Texas (U.S.). Woodrow enrolls students in grades 9–12 and is a part of the Dallas Independent School District (DISD). It is located adjacent to the Junius Heights historic district.
It was named in honor of former U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, who died just three years before the school building was completed. The structure is a Dallas Landmark, as well as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, the highest honor the state can bestow on a historic structure. The National Trust for Historic Preservation wrote that the Woodrow Wilson school "defines how a historic neighborhood school can remain a vital and integral part of the educational process and continue to serve surrounding historic neighborhoods."
In 2009, DISD authorized Woodrow to apply to become certified as the first Dallas school to be authorized as an IB World School offering the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IB degree). It earned its official designation as an IB World School on March 18, 2011. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.
History
Early history
Designed by Dallas architect Mark Lemmon, the school opened in 1928, and was constructed in the Elizabethan style. At the cornerstone-laying ceremony in April 1927, a piece of the wedding cake of Woodrow Wilson's second daughter, Jessie, was included in the cornerstone "in memory of Mr. Wilson." At US$700,000, the school's cost exceeded that of the district's previous four high schools by at least $100,000. The ornamental lighting was made by Potter Art Metal Studios of Dallas; a 90-year company still in existence. Special features of the building included a gymnasium boasting "one entire wall of glass windows" and an auditorium that was to be the "best equipped and best lighted" in the district, with footlights and a separately ventilated orchestra pit. A theater organ was later placed in the pit and pipes put in special lofts on the third level. The September 1928, Dallas Herald said the school "presents a rare spectacle from afar." Photos and the original blueprints of the school building were featured in an exhibition celebrating the works of Mark Lemmon at The Meadows Museum.
The school has been colloquially called "Woodrow" by students and community members from its beginning, fostered by first principal G.L. "Pop" Ashburn, who led the school until 1956. The mascot of the school is the Wildcat. A Parent Teacher Association chapter was formed for the school even before its 1928 opening.
Until 1957 (when Bryan Adams High School opened), Woodrow was the only "East Dallas" high school.
The original principal of Woodrow Wilson served for 30 years.
1970s through early 2000s
Woodrow Wilson integrated in the 1970s as the percentage of black and Hispanic students increased year after year. Gene Lyons of Texas Monthly stated in 1979 that "In short, everything that has been happening demographically within the DISD and, by extension, within U.S. big-city high schools has been happening to Woodrow Wilson." In 1976 federal judge William McLaughlin Taylor Jr. wrote a school integration order for Dallas. This initial order stated that the enrollments should be balanced by closing Woodrow Wilson. The school remained open after residents of Lakewood protested, saying that it would close an already-integrated school. His order did not require education levels after grade 8 to use integration busing. Lyons wrote that therefore Woodrow Wilson was "one of the few "naturally integrated" schools in Dallas."
In 1981, interiors for the movie Crisis at Central High starring Joanne Woodward, were filmed at the school. Many students, including the late Lance Bircher '83 (cited for his scene by imdb.com), were used in the filming. Of course, Woodrow students (actually the old alumni) were thrilled to receive a visit from Miss Woodward's husband, Paul Newman.
In 1979, Woodrow Alums planned and held Woodrow's 50th Anniversary Celebration, established the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, and inducted the Hall of Fame's first class of members. Nine years later, in 1988, Woodrow Alums formalized their activities by creating the Woodrow Wilson High School Alumni Association, Inc. as an IRS-approved 501(c)(3) Texas nonprofit corporation, to maintain and improve communications for and among Woodrow Alums. In 1989 and 1999, the Alumni Association held Woodrow's 60th and 70th Anniversary Celebrations and, at each, inducted additional members into Woodrow's Hall of Fame. Since the 70th, Woodrow's Anniversary Celebrations have been held at 5 year intervals.
In 2004, thousands attended Woodrow's 75th Anniversary Celebration, which included a parade (from Lakewood to the school, with Congressman Sam Johnson as Grand Marshal, chauffeured in a new Ford Mustang driven by fellow alumnus Carroll Shelby, the legendary auto designer and builder), followed by an auditorium-packed program at which a new group of members was inducted into the Hall of Fame. Scores of "mini-reunions" also were held during that day in assigned rooms throughout the school.
In October 2007, the school was cited as one of 39 model schools in Science and Math by the Texas Public Policy Foundation.
Choose Woodrow and Rod Dreher's article
Around 2008, Woodrow parents launched "Choose Woodrow," a program aimed towards attracting families in the Lakewood neighborhood towards Woodrow.
Rod Dreher, a politically conservative columnist in The Dallas Morning News, argued that the program was unfair. Dreher argued that even if the campaign attracted more white students who would raise the school's test scores overall, it would not help lower performing minority students who are enrolled at Woodrow.
Rick Wamre, the president of Advocate Media, wrote in the Lakewood Advocate that Dreher had wrongly insinuated that the "Choose Woodrow" parents were racists. Jim Schutze of Dallas Observer wrote that the article had accurate observations about the campaign targeting white persons and the disparity of the school, but he criticized what he called the piece's "painting a picture of the white people who send their kids to Woodrow as somehow racist, because their kids are mainly in the advanced placement classes and the kids of color are mainly not." Michael Landauer wrote an editorial in the Dallas Morning News stating that Dreher made an "unfair" accusation against the Woodrow Wilson parents and that he "actively chooses to assign dark motives to people who are taking an active role in their neighborhood school."
In response to the above articles, Dreher defended his column and posted rebuttals against his critics' arguments.
Late 2000s to present
In 2009, Woodrow celebrated its 80th Anniversary. In honor of alumnus Carroll Shelby's designation as Grand Marshal of the 80th Anniversary Parade, scores of non-Woodrow graduates joined the parade — most showing off their Ford/Shelby Mustangs or Cobras, but a few were driving Dodge Vipers (another vehicle Shelby helped develop). During the main ceremony in the school's packed auditorium, the Alumni Association inducted twenty more individuals into Woodrow's Hall of Fame. The celebration concluded with an "Alumni Band Roundup" at Eddie Deen's Ranch that evening, where hundreds of Woodrow alums ate, drank, and enjoyed each other while listening and dancing to music played by eight bands, each composed of Woodrow Alums (with a few ringers here and there) from various classes between 1960 and 2008. A documentary video of the 80th Anniversary Celebration was produced by Michael Barnes and Kathy Kilmer Moak, both from the class of 1967. It featured historical photographs and interviews with many alums interspersed with clips of events during the 80th Anniversary Celebration. It premiered at the Lakewood Theater in the fall of 2009.
In the fall of 2009, Woodrow became one of four high schools in Texas to be designated as candidates for designation as an IB World School. In March 2011, the school earned the IB designation after a rigorous three-year application process, including an extensive site visit by the IB Organization.
In December 2009, Woodrow earned the Texas ACT College Readiness Award, the only Dallas comprehensive high school to receive that honor.
The Woodrow Wilson High School Community Foundation was formed in 2009. The Community Foundation's purpose is to raise funds, grants, and scholarships to support the faculty, students, and programs at Woodrow and its feeder schools. It also exists to cultivate other area programs and projects.
In 2011, The Washington Post ranked high schools based on the quantity of AP/IB exams taken per graduating senior, without taking scores on those exams into account. In the so-called "challenge index", Woodrow finished at 588 out of the top 1,900 high schools in the nation. In 2012, the school moved up 157 places to 431 out of the top 1,900 high schools in America, or the top 9%. In 2015, the school moved up to 271 out of the top 2,300 high schools in the country. This placed Woodrow above all area suburban comprehensive high schools except Highland Park and Colleyville Heritage
In 2015, D Magazine put Woodrow and its feeders at the top of the list in a real estate analysis, "Where to Buy for the Best Schools"
Kyle Richardson, who served as principal for a five-year period, left in 2016. In May of that year was replaced by Michael Dang, previously principal of Judge Barefoot Sanders Law Magnet. However Dang resigned in June of that year, Steve Ewing served as principal for 2016–17. Roxanne Cheek served as principal for the 2017–18 school year; she left DISD and became a principal at Aikin Elementary School in the Richardson Independent School District. In 2018 Michael Moran, previously an assistant principal at Bryan Adams High School, became the principal of Woodrow Wilson. In July 2022, former J.L. Long principal Chandra Hooper-Barnett became Woodrow's new principal.
Campus
The three story main campus building, made of brick, uses the Neo-Gothic architectural style. The school library is on the third floor. Gene Lyons of Texas Monthly wrote that the design features "all reflect the college-prep institution the school was intended to be" when it was first built, citing the library's bay windows and the large lawn. This building is across from Randall Park.
In 1979 the school was developing its permanent shop facilities in an addition that had a cost of several million dollars. Previously the school had few industrial education course offerings, and no permanent shop facility was available.
A ground-breaking ceremony for the new science/performing arts wing at Woodrow was held on May 23, 2011. The $14 million, structure was authorized in a 2008 DISD bond election. It is only the third expansion of the school's facilities in its 83-year history. (A boys' gym was added in 1953 and another addition was opened in 1979 in time for the school's 50th Anniversary Celebration.) The addition is three stories tall and located at the rear of the campus near "Downtown Lakewood". It houses the new Performing Arts Academy and three laboratories for the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) Academy. These academies are part of the school's redesign into four college prep academies which began implementation in the fall of 2010 as a four-year roll-out (the other two academies are the IB Academy and the Business & Entrepreneurship Academy).
The building addition was designed by Brown Reynolds Watford Architects with offices in Dallas, Houston, College Station and San Francisco. Principal Architect Craig Reynolds is a current Woodrow parent. It features two-story separate choir and drama rooms. The choir room has practice rooms and the drama room features a black-box theater, costume shop and prop facilities. A large dance rehearsal hall is also on the first floor. Three large science labs are on the third floor, along with new restroom facilities. The new addition replaces part of the 1979 wing, which cost $1 million. The areas replaced are former wood and metal shops - no longer needed with the school's new college-prep curriculum. The rest of the 1979 addition is being remodeled into a larger band hall and athletic facilities. There is room left for a future competition-size gymnasium to connect to this area.
As part of this same project, Woodrow's main 1928 building had its original windows restored and HVAC replaced, including new air exchangers in the auditorium courtyards. The first-floor restrooms were restored to the historic marble and wood and the second and third level facilities were gutted and replaced with modern fixtures. Electrical fixtures and computer lines throughout the campus were brought up to current standards. Drainage and landscaping improvements were also included in the construction, along with resurfacing of the parking lots and the Tim Brown-Davey O'Brien Track.
As of January 2013, the wing has been occupied by students; the official ribbon-cutting ceremony was held on March 23, 2013.
An addition, also with three stories, and a new gymnasium for athletic games are scheduled to be finished on June 27, 2019.
School operations
The Texas Education Agency campus profiles state that the funds spent per student at Woodrow are similar in amount to those spent per student at Highland Park High School. Woodrow receives financial support from Alumni, its Parent Teacher Organization, and the Community Foundation. As of 2011, due to budget cuts, the school ended its "Professional Learning Community" and reduced its custodial staff to two employees.
Attendance zone
As of 2019 Woodrow serves: most of the upper east side of East Dallas, including:
Caruth Terrace, Greenland Hills (the "M Streets") Hollywood Heights/Santa Monica, Junius Heights, Lakewood, Lakewood Heights, Lower Greenville, most of Munger Place, almost all of Swiss Avenue, Vickery Place, Wilshire Heights, Mount Auburn, the Belmont Addition, Glencoe, and Stonewall Terrace,
As of 1979 the attendance boundary included wealthy, middle class, and working class areas: the wealthiest areas were in the north of the zone, the poorest to the south, and the middle-to-upper income ones to the west. Within the boundary was Lakewood, several condominiums on Bob-O-Links drive, and shotgun shacks in the industrial district.
Academics and history of student performance
In addition to its regular program, Woodrow offers the IB program to students.
History of academic performance
In 1979 Gene Lyons wrote that academic performance at Woodrow Wilson had declined in the 1970s; he wrote that when comparing performances of Woodrow to those of other schools as well Woodrow's younger students to its older ones, the trends together suggest "an incipient decline."
Lyons stated that in 1971 "People who measure quality by the number of graduates who go to college considered it one of the best public high schools in the city." In April 1977 a series of standardized tests was given out to students in DISD high schools. The 9th grade (freshman) students were in the following national percentiles: 23rd in language, 27th in reading, and 35th in mathematics. 11th and 12th grade (junior and senior) students together had the 38th national percentile in reading and the 41st percentile in language and math. These scores were below that of W. T. White High School, which had percentile scores in the 60s and 70s; and Bryan Adams High School, which had percentile scores in the fifties and sixties. In 1978, 34.9% of students graduating from Wilson attended universities, colleges, and/or community colleges, lower than the DISD average of 37.2%.
In 1979 the PTA requested that the scores from the April 1977 test be broken down by race, but principal Wayne Pierce stated he did not have access to the figures but that DISD did. The parents wanted to reassure the community that college-bound students were still well-served by the school. Lyons wrote that based on studies reporting that integrating and segregating students by race has "little to no effect upon individual achievement levels" and low test scores in majority black and majority Hispanic schools in Dallas, "there is little doubt that the figures would support such a contention".
In the 2005–06 school year, almost 60% of White students took Advanced Placement classes. During the same year, 7% of Hispanic students and 4% of black students had TAKS scores at the "college ready" level, or a level for beginning university studies. In 2008 Kent Fischer of The Dallas Morning News wrote "State accountability reports show that white students at Woodrow are generally successful" and that "minority students at Woodrow struggle" as they do at other DISD schools.
In November 2011 the Texas Education Agency ranked Woodrow Wilson "Academically Unacceptable". At the time 68% of its students were categorized as at risk. Nearby Highland Park High School in University Park was 7.9% at risk. The Daily Campus compared and contrasted the two schools' situations that year.
In 2014 Woodrow Wilson was one of three DISD comprehensive high schools which had a percentage of tested students with a 990 or higher on the SAT higher than the DISD overall average of 13.3%. It had 204 students, 21.1% of the tested students, at that level in 2013. In 2014 it was 354 students, 28.8% of the total tested students, an increase by 59 students. The DISD administration stated that students who score 990 or above on the SAT are likely to not require remedial classes when attending universities and colleges.
In 2014–15 Woodrow students earned an average SAT score of 898 out of 1600, however that number masks the large variation in scores between subgroups. White students scored an average of 1105 out of 1600, while African American students scored 856, and Hispanic students 818. On the ACT, Woodrow students earn an average score of 18 out of 36, similarly there was wide variation in subgroup scores. White students averaged a score of 24, African American students averaged 18, and Hispanic students averaged 17.
Also in 2014–15, students took a combined 1,174 AP exams, with 25.9%, 304, scoring higher than 3 out 5 (considered passing). In 2014, the school improved its number of college ready students (defined by DISD as a 990 SAT score) by 137% despite the fact that 150 more juniors took the test.
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
The Woodrow Wilson Wildcats compete in the following sports:
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Football
Golf
Soccer
Softball
Swimming and Diving
Tennis
Track and Field
Volleyball
Wrestling
Woodrow has been called the "High School Home of the Heisman" because it was the first high school in the nation to be the alma mater of two Heisman Trophy winners: Davey O'Brien (1938) and Tim Brown (1987), and it remains the only public high school in the U.S. to have that distinction. As a relatively small inner-city Dallas public school that is coeducational and builds its athletic teams from the ethnically and economically diverse students within its tight attendance zone, Woodrow was proud to remain unparalleled among all public and private U.S. high schools as to the number of its graduates who had won the Heisman among until 1995, when Eddie George's Heisman Trophy win allowed Fork Union Military Academy in Virginia (a private school that build teams from "[y]oung men, from around the country and the world") to share the distinction with Woodrow. And in 2004, private, Catholic, Mater Dei High School of Santa Ana, California gained its second Heisman Trophy winner in Matt Leinart. Nevertheless, Woodrow achieved this distinction first and it remains the only public high school in the U.S. with two Heisman winners.
In 1979 the school played in the AAAA (4A) division of the University Interscholastic League (UIL), the public school athletic league of Texas. Woodrow Wilson, with 1,450 students chose to play in League 4A, with high schools enrolling around 3,000 students, due to what Lyons called "community pride"; it was eligible to play in the less competitive AAA (3A) league but instead played in 4A.
Notwithstanding Tim Brown's efforts, from about the 1980s until fairly recently, Woodrow's football program struggled. However, the Wildcats made the state playoffs in 1991, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, advancing to the second round in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2011. Previous Woodrow teams made state semi-finals in 1951 and 1969, and even earlier teams of the 1930s and 1940s were successful and produced such stars as O'Brien, I. B. Hale '35, Mal Kutner '38, Herschel Forester '48, and Bill Forester '49.
Woodrow's basketball team won state back in 1938, and later produced Alton Lister '76, a pro player on five different teams. Recent Woodrow graduate Anthony Randolph was one of the nation's top recruits, according to Rivals.com. He was a small forward for the LSU Tigers during his freshman year in college. Currently, Randolph is a professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was selected as the 14th overall draft pick in the 2008 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors. Woodrow's 2011 basketball team lost in the Regional Quarterfinals to Kimball (62-57), after leading most of the game. Kimball eventually won the state championship. The Wildcats, however finished ahead of Kimball with the number one total team offense in the Dallas Morning News' rankings.
In 1953, Woodrow Wilson won the city and state golf championships with brothers Gene and Ross Teter.
In 2007, Woodrow's athletics program was ranked No. 6 out of all 4-A high schools in the Dallas Morning News All-Sports competition. The Wildcats' score of 81 was better than 95 other local 4-A and 5-A high schools. That year, seven Woodrow football players made the state all-academic team: Thomas Simpson, Sam Ashbrook, Ian Mackinnon, and Jared Muston on the first team; and Ryan Gunter, Jack Hlavaty, and Preston Richmond on the second team.
In 2010, Woodrow placed 19th in 4-A All Sports Award competition sponsored by The Dallas Morning News - out of 62 4-A schools. Its score of 74 was higher than that of 88 4-A and 5-A schools. The girls' volleyball team and the boys' basketball team went deep into state playoffs with the basketball team being ranked 7th in the state. The tennis team, girls' swimming and both golf teams also did well in playoffs. In 2011 the school moved into the top ten out of 70 ranked schools from Wichita Falls to Texarkana. Its score of 91 points ranked ahead of 133 4-A and 5-A schools. In 2012, Woodrow won nine district titles and several teams advanced in the playoffs, which should have moved the school up in ranking (but the newspaper discontinued the awards).
Bill and Herschel Forester were Wildcats who played college football at SMU as well as in the pros. Dallas' Forester Field was named for their father, Herschel, who taught at Woodrow from the opening of the school until the late 1950s.
In March 2010, Freshman Grace Choi was ranked first in Texas in girls' golf.
In April 2014, Seniors Barrett Blaker and Javier Gonzalez were ranked 12th out of hundreds of policy urban debate teams across the country at the Urban Debate National Championships in Washington D.C.
Military
From the school's beginning, a Junior ROTC program has been part of Woodrow's high school program. In the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s, the school had the largest JROTC program in the nation, with 16 different companies and an ROTC band; a May 1941 article declared the program "largest of its kind in the world."
Performing Arts
The Performing Arts Department got its start from a member of the original faculty, H. Bush Morgan. Mr. Morgan was also sponsor of the Senior Publication. J. William Brown, a math teacher who joined the faculty in 1952, subsequently took that sponsorship until the late 1980s. Morgan originally produced class plays and in 1929 "Giants Stairs" swept all the city contests. In the 1940s, some musical productions were added, such as "Best Foot Forward". In the 1957–58 school year, drama teacher Helen Eckleman started producing Broadway musicals each year with the first being "Oklahoma". She continued until 1971, when choir teacher Jerry McKinney took over the productions with "Calamity Jane". Marca Lee Bircher took over from McKinney in 1975–76 with her first production "Oliver!". She continued for 28 years, assisted by choreographer Patricia Hardman. Following this team, John Beaird and alumnus Sean Morrison '98 took over the program. Morrison left to earn his doctorate and Beaird continues. The 56th production was "Anything Goes" April 18–21, 2013. This was Woodrow's third production of that show. The 1980 effort produced American Ballet Theatre star Margie Hardwick. The 1999 show spawned Travis Willingham to a successful career in television, movies and anime.
The Bircher-Hardman era went from flying monkeys in "The Wizard of Oz" to a real rain storm onstage for "Singing in the Rain". In 1979, Bircher formed the school's award-winning show choir, Variations. The group was originally formed just to perform at the school's 50th Anniversary Celebration, but continues to this day. Bircher and Hardman finished out in 2003 with a book-end production of the school's first annual musical, "Oklahoma". "School Zone Dallas" did an extensive television show on this production and the history of the duo's reign. Many of their students have moved to New York and Los Angeles to pursue careers in theater, writing and acting.
Business
By 2019 the school established a special education program, called the "Percolators," where special education students operate a coffee shop for the school community.
Student body
As of 2015, 66.3% of the total student body was Hispanic, 22.2% White, 9% African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.4% Native American. 0.8% of students were of two or more races. 61.5% of the students are classified as economically disadvantaged, about the average for Texas public high schools. Woodrow Wilson, of all DISD high schools sans magnet or choice programs, had the highest number of transfers. That year it had 595 students living outside of the Woodrow Wilson zone.
As of 2008, 68% of the students are Hispanic, mainly of Mexican origins. Many of them had immigrated from central Mexico, including Guanajuato. 18% of the students were white, most of them being middle class and some being upper class. Some white students had politically progressive/liberal parents and some had have more moderate political stances and were part of families who had attended Woodrow Wilson for generations. Many white students go on to attend colleges and universities across the United States. 12% of Woodrow students were black, including those residing in East Dallas apartments and some commuting from South Dallas.
Demographic history
In 1928 the students attending Woodrow were of upper middle class and wealthy class families.
In 1971 75-80% of Woodrow Wilson's students were Anglo White. By 1979 the percentages were 51% Anglo White, 27% Mexican American, and 22% Black. In 1979 the school had 1,450 students.
By 1979 multiple generations of Anglo White families in Lakewood had attended Woodrow Wilson. That year Gene Lyons of Texas Monthly wrote that "Woodrow is seen as a community school" in the Lakewood community. As of 1979 the parent-teacher association (PTA) largely originated from wealthier neighborhoods in the north of the Woodrow Wilson attendance zone.
School uniforms
Students are required to wear school uniforms. The Texas Education Agency specifies that the parents and/or guardians of students zoned to a school with uniforms may apply for a waiver to opt out of the uniform policy so their children do not have to wear the uniform; parents must specify "bona fide" reasons, such as religious reasons or philosophical objections.
Feeder patterns
As of 2015, J.L. Long Middle School (6-8) feeds into Woodrow Wilson.
Mockingbird (ex-Stonewall Jackson) (K-5), Lakewood (K-5), Geneva Heights (ex-Robert E. Lee) (PK-5), William Lipscomb (PK-5), and Mount Auburn (PK-5) Elementary Schools feed into Woodrow Wilson High School.
Notable alumni
Len Akin 1936, former NFL player (Chicago Bears)
Tim Brown 1984, Hall of Fame professional football player and 1987 Heisman Trophy winner
Trammell Crow 1932, major Dallas builder and real estate mogul
Jack Wilson Evans 1940, Mayor of Dallas (1981–1983), CEO of Cullum Companies (Tom Thumb Grocery Stores)
Burton Gilliam 1956, character actor in films and television
Bob Goodrich 1963, 15-time Emmy award-winning producer best known for Monday Night Football also one of Woodrow's many members of the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame
Ralph Guldahl 1930, professional golfer - winner of the Masters and U.S. Open
Jack Halliday, football player
Alfred C. Haynes, 1948, retired aviator and airline captain, most famous for the crash landing of United Airlines Flight 232.
Jerry Haynes 1944, actor and former children's television host "Mr. Peppermint"
Dusty Hill, bassist for ZZ Top
Curley Johnson 1953, punter on New York Jets Super Bowl III championship team
Sam Johnson, United States Congressman
Georgia Carroll 1937, model, actress and singer. Posed for "The Spirit of the Centennial" statue at the 1936 Dallas World's Fair and Texas Centennial.
Alton Lister 1976, professional basketball player
Jim Mattox 1961, former Attorney General of Texas and U.S. Congressman
Steve Miller 1961, Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame musician, known for his Steve Miller Band.
Davey O'Brien 1935, professional football player and 1938 Heisman Trophy winner
William O'Neil 1951, founder and publisher Investor's Business Daily
Marvin Runyon 1942, former U.S. Postmaster General, Ford VP of Assembly and Parts, CEO of Nissan USA and Head of the Tennessee Valley Authority.
Carroll Shelby 1940, race car driver, 1959 24 Heures du Mans Winner & Founder of Shelby-American Co.
Anthony Randolph 2005, NBA player
Sergio Kindle 2006, former NFL player and All-Big 12 linebacker for the Texas Longhorns.
Wallace H. Savage 1929, Mayor of Dallas, 1949–1951
William M. Steger 1938, former judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
Matt Tolentino 2003, musician and bandleader of The Singapore Slingers
Travis Willingham 1999, anime and video game voice actor.
Lawrence Wright 1965, Pulitzer Prize-winning author
Malcolm Wallace 1939, economist for the United States Department of Agriculture and press secretary to then-United States Senator Lyndon B. Johnson.
Fredd Young 1980, ap All-American at NMSU, All-Pro, Pro Bowl Seattle Seahawks 1984-87 .Indianapolis Colts 1988-90
See also
List of schools of the Dallas Independent School District
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Dallas County
List of Dallas Landmarks
References
Further reading
Sessions, Pete (in the U.S. House of Representatives). "In Honor of Woodrow Wilson High School Celebrating Its 90th Anniversary." In: "Extensions of Remarks, Vol. 155, Pt. 7". United States of America Congressional Record 111th Congress. Government Printing Office, March 30, 2009. p. 9134.
Visser, Nancy. "International Baccalaureate program helping raise expectations at Woodrow Wilson High" (Archive). The Dallas Morning News. September 10, 2010. Updated November 26, 2010.
External links
Woodrow Wilson High School Alumni
Woodrow Wilson High School Parent website
Woodrow Wilson High School Foundation
Woodrow Wilson High School Class Reunion Center
City of Dallas website on the school building
National Trust for Historic Preservation pages for Woodrow (PDF file)
Woodrow Wilson Class of 1987 Official Website
Woodrow Wilson Class of 1967 Official Website
Southern Methodist University - Meadows Museum exhibit celebrates "The Architecture of Mark Lemmon”
Dallas Independent School District high schools
Public high schools in Dallas
1928 establishments in Texas
Educational institutions established in 1928
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Dallas Landmarks
International Baccalaureate schools in Texas |
Historia destructionis Troiae ("History of the destruction of Troy"), also called Historia Troiana, is a Latin prose narrative written by Guido delle Colonne, a Sicilian author, in the early 13th century. Its main source was the Old French verse romance by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Roman de Troie. The author claims that the bulk of the work was written in 71 days, from September 15 to November 25 of an unspecified year, with the full text being completed some time in 1287. As a result of this hasty composition, the work is sloppy at points and prone toward anacoluthon.
In later centuries several translations of Guido's work appeared, in Catalan, Dutch, English, French, Polish, Czech, German and Italian:
Històries troianes, translated to Catalan by Jaume Conesa, in 1367
John Lydgate, Troy Book, written in English around 1412-1420
The gest hystoriale of the destruction of Troy, in English alliterative meter
Jacques Milet, La destruction de la Troye, in French, between 1450 and 1452
Historia (...) o zburzeniu a zniszczeniu onego sławnego a znamienitego miastha y państwa trojańskiego, in Polish, published at Kraków, 1563
Historische, warhaffte und eigentliche Beschreibung von der alten Statt Troia, in German, published at Basle, 1599
La storia della guerra di Troia, in Italian, published at Naples, 1665
Editions
References
13th-century Latin books
Trojan War literature |
DVH may refer to
Darent Valley Hospital, an acute district general hospital in Dartford, Kent, England
Desert Valley Hospital
Dose-volume histogram
Dove Holes railway station, Derbyshire, England (National Rail station code)
See also
DVHS (disambiguation) |
The Department of Health and Aged Care was an Australian government department that existed between October 1998 and November 2001.
The Department was created after the 1998 federal election, named to reflect new departmental responsibilities and functions.
Scope
Information about the department's functions and/or government funding allocation could be found in the Administrative Arrangements Orders, the annual Portfolio Budget Statements, in the Department's annual reports and on the Department's website.
According to the Administrative Arrangements Order (AAO) made on 21 October 1998, the Department dealt with:
Services for the aged, including carers
Public health and medical research
Health promotion and disease prevention
Primary health care of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
Pharmaceutical benefits
Health benefits schemes
Specific health services, including human quarantine
National drug abuse strategy
Regulation of quality of therapeutic goods
Structure
The Department was an Australian Public Service department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for Health and Aged Care, Michael Wooldridge.
The Secretary of the Department was Andrew Podger.
References
Ministries established in 1998
Health and Aged Care
1998 establishments in Australia
2001 disestablishments in Australia |
Kodchakorn Songsaengterm (; nickname: Gookgiik; กุ๊กกิ๊ก) is a Thai actress under Channel 7.
Biography
Songsaengterm was born in Bangkok on August 21, 1992. She entered the showbiz after entering the Dream Star Search 2010 contest and received first runner-up.
Her role is known as a protagonist in Thai folklore dramas such as Krai Thong, Jao ying Tang On, Uttai Tawee, including baddie role or supporting actress in other genres. Songsaengterm had her first acting role in 2011 on Channel 7 to date.
She graduated from Sainampeung Under the Royal Patronage of Princess Petcharat Rajsuda Sirisopaphannawadee School, Khlong Toei and graduated with a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Communication Arts, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce.
Television Presenter (MC)
Television
20 : ทุกวัน เวลา น.-น. On Air () ร่วมกับ
Online
2021 : GG CHANNEL EP.1 On Air YouTuber:GG Channel Gookgiik
References
External links
Official twitter
1994 births
Living people
Kodchakorn Songsaengterm
Kodchakorn Songsaengterm
Kodchakorn Songsaengterm
Kodchakorn Songsaengterm
Kodchakorn Songsaengterm
Kodchakorn Songsaengterm |
Gary Greinke is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer and coach. He played for Brisbane Souths in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership and later coached the London Broncos in the 1994-95 Second division and the 1995–96 Championship.
He also coached the Ipswich Jets and Brisbane Norths in the Queensland Cup, coaching Greg Inglis alongside many others. Greinke took the Jets to their maiden Queensland Cup grand final appearance, and later became Chairman of rugby league Ipswich.
He coached at representative level with the Queensland under-18s and under-19s in the State of Origin series.
In 2012 he was accused of stealing $65,000 from Maroons State of Origin coach Mal Meninga.
References
External links
CLUB HISTORY
FOGS Queenslander Magazine
Living people
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
Ipswich Jets coaches
London Broncos coaches
Norths Devils coaches
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Souths Logan Magpies players |
Latvian Footballer of the Year is an association football award for Latvia. It is held by the Latvian Football Federation. Since 2005, there has also been an award for the top female player.
Winners
Women
2005: Sintija Grāviņa-Grēve
2006: Guna Āboliņa
2007: Guna Āboliņa
2008: Ieva Bidermane
2009: Sintija Greijere
2010: Anna Propošina
2011: Olga Ivanova
2012: Guna Āboliņa
2013: Olga Ivanova
2014: Olga Matīsa
2015: Ieva Bidermane
2016: Marija Ibragimova
2017: Olga Ševcova
2018: Olga Ševcova
2019: Olga Ševcova
2020: Sandra Voitāne
2021: Sandra Voitāne
2022: Olga Ševcova
See also
List of sports awards honoring women
References
External links
uefa.com
Association football player of the year awards by nationality
Footballers in Latvia
Awards established in 1995
Latvian awards
Annual events in Latvia
Women's association football player of the year awards
Association football player non-biographical articles |
Johann Christoph (von) Jordan (died 1748) was a German bureaucrat and antiquary. He wrote in Latin, and his most important work was a history of the Slavic peoples, De Originibus Slavicis, published in 1745.
Originally from the Rhineland, Jordan served as a senior official in the Bohemian Court Chancery (Böhmische Hofkanzlei).
Notes
External links
De Originibus Slavicis
1748 deaths
18th-century writers in Latin
18th-century German male writers |
Eois amydroscia is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in China (Hainan).
References
Moths described in 1922
Eois
Moths of Asia |
Rusca may refer to:
Places
Romania
Rusca, a village in Teregova Commune, Caraş-Severin County
Rusca, a village in Dorna-Arini Commune, Suceava County
Rusca, a village in Pădureni Commune, Vaslui County
Rusca Montană, a commune in Caraş-Severin County
Rusca (Bistrița, left bank), a left bank tributary of the river Bistrița in Suceava County
Rusca (Bistrița, right bank), a right bank tributary of the river Bistrița in Suceava County
Rusca, a tributary of the Sucevița in Suceava County
Rusca (Bistra), a right tributary of the river Bistra in Caraș-Severin County
Moldova
Rusca, a village in Lăpușna Commune, Raionul Hîncești
Ukraine
Rusca, the Romanian name for Ruska village, Seliatyn, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine
People
Claudia Rusca (1593–1676), Italian nun and musician
Francesco Carlo Rusca (1693–1769), Swiss-Italian portrait painter
Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca (1759–1814), French general of the Napoleonic period
Nicolò Rusca (1563–1618), Italian priest beatified in 2013
See also
Rus (surname)
Rusu (disambiguation)
Ruseni (disambiguation)
Rusești (disambiguation)
Rusciori (disambiguation) |
```makefile
################################################################################
#
# dbus-triggerd
#
################################################################################
DBUS_TRIGGERD_VERSION = ba3dbec805cb707c94c54de21666bf18b79bcc09
DBUS_TRIGGERD_SITE = git://rg42.org/dbustriggerd.git
DBUS_TRIGGERD_LICENSE = GPL-2.0+
DBUS_TRIGGERD_LICENSE_FILES = dbus-triggerd.c
DBUS_TRIGGERD_DEPENDENCIES = host-pkgconf dbus
define DBUS_TRIGGERD_BUILD_CMDS
$(TARGET_MAKE_ENV) $(TARGET_CONFIGURE_OPTS) $(MAKE) -C $(@D) all
endef
define DBUS_TRIGGERD_INSTALL_TARGET_CMDS
$(TARGET_MAKE_ENV) $(MAKE) DESTDIR="$(TARGET_DIR)" -C $(@D) install
endef
$(eval $(generic-package))
``` |
Gazaupouy (; ) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
Geography
Population
See also
Communes of the Gers department
References
Communes of Gers |
Pedro Sánchez Rendón (c.1590–1658) was a Spanish politician, who served during the Viceroyalty of Peru as Mayordomo of Hospital, and Protector of Natural resources and minors of Buenos Aires.
Born in Jerez de la Frontera, was the son of Ramón Palomino Sarmiento and Ana Sánchez, belonging to distinguished lineages. His wife was Catalina Tapia, daughter of Ñuño Fernández Lobo, a nobleman born in Olivenza, and Juana de Valdenebro Guillen, born in Talavera de la Reina.
References
External links
er-saguier.org
1590s births
1658 deaths
Spanish colonial governors and administrators
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Spanish nobility |
Hamblin Glacier () is a glacier flowing to the southeast side of Widmark Ice Piedmont, in Graham Land, Antarctica. It was photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1955–57, and mapped from these photos by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Theodore Hamblin (1873–1952), an English optician who in the 1930s helped in the evolution of the first satisfactory snow goggle design.
References
Glaciers of Loubet Coast |
A Very Very Very Dark Matter is a 2018 play by Martin McDonagh.
Production history
The play made its world premiere the Bridge Theatre in London from 19 October 2018 (previews from 12 October) to 6 January 2019. The production starred:
Jim Broadbent as Hans Christian Andersen
Johnetta Eula’Mae Ackles as Marjory
Phil Daniels as Charles Dickens
Elizabeth Berrington as Catherine Dickens
Lee Knight as Edvard
Ryan Pope as Dirk
Tom Waits as Narrator
Paul Bradley as Press Man
Graeme Hawley as Barry
Kundai Kanyama as Ogechi
Jamie McKie, Alice Selwyn, Anthony Taylor as Crowd
Alistair Benson, Noah Brignull, James Roberts as Charles Jr
Audrey Hayhurst, Amelia Walter, Annabelle Westenholz-Smith as Kate / Ingrid
Regan Garcia, Leo Hart, Austin Taylor as Walter
It was directed by Matthew Dunster, designed by Anna Fleischle with lighting by Phillip Gladwell, sound by George Dennis and video by Finn Ross.
References
2018 plays
Plays set in Denmark
Hans Christian Andersen
Charles Dickens
Plays by Martin McDonagh |
Ranuccio Farnese (1509–1529) was the natural son of Alessandro Farnese by Silvia Ruffini, born before his father was elected pope as Paul III. His siblings were Pier Luigi, Paolo and Costanza.
External links
Ranuccio on the Farnese family tree
1509 births
1529 deaths
Ranuccio
Papal family members |
Palace Hotel, also known as Hudson School, Hudson Community Center, Brown's Chapel, Methodist Episcopal Church, and Hudson Methodist Church, is a historic one-room school building located near Appleton City, Bates County, Missouri. It was built in 1891, and originally housed a Methodist church. It was purchased and reconfigured for use as a school in 1911. It is a one-story, frame building with a cross-gable roof. It measures 45 feet, 6 inches, by 38 feet, 6 inches. It was last used as a schoolhouse in 1952.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
References
One-room schoolhouses in Missouri
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
School buildings completed in 1911
Buildings and structures in Bates County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Bates County, Missouri
1911 establishments in Missouri |
Crăciunești (Hungarian: Nyárádkarácson; Hungarian pronunciation: ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Budiu Mic (Hagymásbodon), Ciba (Csiba), Cinta (Fintaháza), Cornești (Somosd), Crăciunești, Foi (Folyfalva), Nicolești (Káposztásszentmiklós) and Tirimioara (Kisteremi). Ciba, Foi and Nicolești were established in 2006.
See also
List of Hungarian exonyms (Mureș County)
References
Communes in Mureș County
Localities in Transylvania |
is a Japanese record label founded in the late 1980s as a subsidiary of the entertainment company VAP, based in Japan. On May 30, 1990, it was established as an independent company.
Toy's Factory, as of the first half of 2012, is the fourth-biggest Japanese record label.
Sub-labels
Bellissima!
BMD Fox Records
Carnage
Deep Blue
Idyllic
Jūonbu Records
Kimi
Meme Tokyo
Noframes Recordings
Notable artists
Armageddon
Babymetal – on Jūonbu Records and then BMD Fox Records
Brahman - on Noframes
Bump of Chicken
Daoko
Dempagumi.inc
Ego-Wrappin'
Eve
Livetune
Meme Tokyo
Mr. Children
Reol
Riria.
Salyu
Sekai no Owari
Shōnan no Kaze
Taichi Mukai
Toshiki Masuda
Unison Square Garden
Yuzu
References
External links
Japanese record labels
Record labels established in 1990
1990 establishments in Japan
Mass media companies based in Tokyo
Shibuya |
Uta no Ki – Gift is an album recorded by the female Japanese pop artist Watanabe Misato. It was released on December 6, 2000, by Sony Music Entertainment.
Track listings
Sotsugyo (=Graduation)
Sakura no Hana no Saku koro ni (=When Cherry Blossoms bloom)
Boku de Nakutcha (=I've gotta do by myself)
Sugao (=Natural face)
Sincerely [Sincerely]
Welcome
37.2 °C (Yume miru you ni Utai tai (=I want to sing like dreaming))
Runner
Green Green
Itsuka Kitto (=Someday, surely)
The Rose
My Love Your Love (Tatta Hitori sika inai Anata he (=To the one and only you))
Gift
External links
Sony Music Entertainment - Official site for Watanabe Misato.
Album Page - Direct link to page with song listing and music samples.
2000 albums
Misato Watanabe albums |
Les Angles (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. It is part of the agglomeration of Avignon.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
Methods of divination can be found around the world, and many cultures practice the same methods under different names. During the Middle Ages, scholars coined terms for many of these methods—some of which had hitherto been unnamed—in Medieval Latin, very often utilizing the suffix when the art seemed more mystical (ultimately from Ancient Greek , , 'prophecy' or 'the power to prophesy') and the suffix when the art seemed more scientific (ultimately from Greek , , 'to observe'). Names like drimimantia, nigromantia, and horoscopia arose, along with other pseudosciences such as phrenology and physiognomy.
Some forms of divination are much older than the Middle Ages, like haruspication, while others such as coffee-based tasseomancy originated in the 20th and 21st centuries.
The chapter "How Panurge consulteth with Herr Trippa" of Gargantua and Pantagruel, a parody on occult treatises of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, contains a list of over two dozen "mancies", described as "common knowledge".
A
abacomancy (also amathomancy): by dust (Hebrew , dust + Greek , prophecy)
acultomancy (also acutomancy): by needles (from acutomancy below, influenced by Latin , needle, or , prickle or thorn)
acutomancy → see (Latin [], needle + Greek , prophecy)
adromancy → see (from idromancy below, influenced by alomancy)
adryomancy→ see (metathesis of hydromancy)
aeromancy : by atmospheric conditions (Greek , air + , prophecy)
agalmatomancy : by statues (Greek [], statue + , prophecy)
aichmomancy : by sharp objects (Greek , spearhead + , prophecy)
ailuromancy/aeluromancy → see
alectormancy/alectromancy : by rooster sacrifice (Greek , rooster + , prophecy)
alectryomancy/alectoromancy: by rooster divination → see
aleuromancy¹ : by flour; see also (Greek , meal + , prophecy)
alomancy/Halomancy (also adromancy): by salt (Greek , salt + , prophecy)
alphitomancy: by barley (Greek [], barley + , prophecy)
alveromancy : by sounds
amathomancy → see by sand (Greek , sandy soil + , prophecy)
ambulomancy : by walking (Latin , to walk + Greek , prophecy)
amniomancy : by placenta (Greek , amnion + , prophecy)
anemoscopy/anemomancy : by wind (Greek , wind + , observation)
anthomancy : by flowers (Greek , flower + , prophecy)
anthracomancy : by burning coals (Greek [], charcoal + , prophecy)
anthropomancy : by human sacrifice (Greek , human being + , prophecy)
anthroposcopy : by physical appearance (Greek , human being + , observation)
apantomancy : by chance encounters with animals (Greek , to encounter + , prophecy)
arachnomancy : by spiders (Greek , spider + , prophecy)
archeomancy/archaeomancy : by sacred relics (Greek , ancient + , prophecy)
ariolation : by altars (Latin , , prophet)
arithmancy: assigning numerical value to a word or phrase
armomancy : by one's own shoulders (Latin , shoulder + Greek , prophecy)
Årsgång, archaic form of Swedish divination
aruspicina: study of entrails
aspidomancy : by sitting in a drawn circle or on a shield (Greek [{{transl|grc|aspid-], shield + , prophecy)
astragalomancy/astragalamancy → see
astragyromancy → see (from astragalomancy above, perhaps influenced by Greek , spiral, circle, and therefore vertebra)
astrapomancy : by lightning (Greek , lightning flash + , prophecy)
astrology/astromancy/ : by celestial bodies (Greek , star + , study). This method was widespread in medieval period, particularly in Mesopotamia.
augury → see
auramancy : by auras (Greek , breath + , prophecy)
auspicy/auspication → see (Latin , bird + , to look at)
austromancy → see : by wind (Latin , south wind + Greek , prophecy)
avimancy → see (Latin , bird + Greek , prophecy)
axiomancy/axinomancy : by axes (Latin , axis + , prophecy)
B
batraquomancy/batrachomancy : by frogs (Greek , frog + , prophecy)
belomancy/bolomancy : by arrows (from bolomancy below, influenced by Greek , javelin, or , needle)
bibliomancy → see
biorhythmic divination: by biorhythms
bletonism/bletonomancy : by water current (named for Monsieur Bleton, a French bletonist)
bolomancy → see (Greek , arrow + , prophecy)
bone-throwing the tossing of pieces of bone or wood practiced by various cultures
botanomancy : by burning sage or figs (Greek , flora + , prophecy)
brizomancy → see (Greek , to be sleepy + , prophecy)
brontomancy/brontoscopy : by thunder (Greek , thunder + , prophecy)
bumpology : by bumps on the skin (English bump + Greek , study)
C
cabala → see
canomancy or : by dogs (Latin , dog + Greek , prophecy)
capnomancy : by smoke (Greek , smoke + , prophecy)
libanomancy : by smoke or ash from incense (Greek , frankincense + , prophecy)
carromancy : by melting wax (Greek , of wax + , prophecy)
cartopedy → see (Latin , papyrus paper + [], foot)
cartomancy → see
catoptromancy/captromancy → see
causimancy/causimomancy : by burning (Greek [], to burn + , prophecy)
cephalomancy → see
cephaleonomancy/cephalonomancy: by boiling a donkey's head (Greek , head [with meaning influenced by Greek , donkey] + , prophecy)
ceraunoscopy : by thunder and lightning (Greek , thunderbolt + , observation)
ceromancy/ceroscopy : by dripping wax in water (Greek , wax + , prophecy)
chalcomancy: by striking gongs or copper bowls (Greek , copper + , prophecy)
chaomancy : by aerial visions (Greek , primordial space + , prophecy)
chartomancy : by things on paper (Greek , papyrus paper + , prophecy)
cartomancy : by cards (Latin , papyrus paper + Greek , prophecy)
taromancy/tarotmancy : by tarot (English tarot + Greek , prophecy)
Parrot astrology: by parrots picking cards
stichomancy : by books or lines (Greek , line of verse + , prophecy)
aleuromancy² : by fortune cookies (of the same origin as ¹)
bibliomancy : by the Bible (Greek , book + , prophecy)
I Ching divination: by the I Ching or the accompanying I Ching manual
stoicheomancy/stoichomancy: by the Iliad and the Odyssey or the Aeneid (Greek , element + , prophecy; to the Greeks, Homer's writings were held in similar esteem to the Christian Bible or the Muslim Quran, as were Virgil's writings to the Romans, making them the basic — or elementary — reading material in each culture)
cheiromancy/chiromancy→ see
cheirognomy/chirognomy → see
→ see
choriomancy : by pig bladders (Greek , placenta + mantiea, prophecy)
chresmomancy : by the ravings of lunatics (Greek , oracular utterance, chresm + , prophecy)
chronomancy : by apt occasion (Greek , time + , prophecy)
cineromancy/ceneromancy → see (Latin [], ashes + Greek , prophecy)
clamancy (see also Fāl-gūsh): by random shouts and cries heard in crowds, at night, etc. (Latin , to cry out + Greek , prophecy)
cledonism/cledonomancy : by chance events or overheard words (Greek , rumor)
cleidomancy/clidomancy : by keys (Greek [], key + , prophecy)
cleromancy : by casting (Greek , lot + , prophecy)
astragalomancy/astragalamancy (also cubomancy): by dice (Greek , vertebra + , prophecy)
domino divination: by dominoes
favomancy : by beans (Latin , bean + Greek , prophecy)
Ogham casting: by Ogham letters
runecasting/runic divination
cometomancy : by comet tails (Greek , comet + , prophecy)
colormancy/coloromancy: by colors (English color + Greek , prophecy)
conchomancy : by shells (Greek , mussel + , prophecy)
cosquinomancy/coscinomancy : by hanging sieves (Greek , sieve + , prophecy)
cottabomancy/cottobomancy : by wine in a brass bowl (Greek , cottabus + , prophecy)
craniognomy or → see (Greek , skull + , interpretation)
the crawling baby: by a baby's crawling
crithomancy/critomancy : by barley cakes (Greek , barley + , prophecy)
cromnyomancy/cromniomancy : by onion sprouts (alteration of Greek , onion + , prophecy)
cryptomancy : by omens (Greek , hidden + , prophecy)
cryomancy : by ice (Greek , ice )
crystal ball gazing → see
crystal gazing → see
crystallomancy → see (Greek , crystal + , prophecy)
cubomancy → see (Greek , cube + , prophecy)
cyathomancy : by cups (Greek , cup + , prophecy)
cybermancy : by computer oracles (English + Greek , prophecy)
cyclicomancy : by swirling water in a cup (Greek , cyclical, circular + , prophecy)
cyclomancy or : by wheels (Greek , circle + , prophecy)
D
dactyliomancy : by finger rings (Greek , finger ring + , prophecy)
dactylomancy : by means of finger movements (Greek , finger + , prophecy)
daphnomancy : by burning laurel wreaths (Greek , laurel + , prophecy)
demonomancy : by demons (Greek , divine power + , prophecy)
dendromancy : by trees, especially oaks, yews, or mistletoe (Greek , tree + , prophecy)
deuteroscopy : by second glance or double take (Greek , secondary + , observation)
dianomancy : by delivery, esp. by the randomly-generated words found on Whole Foods grocery bags to identify orders (Greek , delivery + , prophecy)
dictiomancy : by randomly opening a dictionary (English + Greek , prophecy)
divining → see
djubed→ see
: by animal horoscope (Japanese , animal + , prognostication)
domino divination → see
dowsing (also divining, water witching): by a divining rod (of unknown origin)
dracomancy : by dragons (Greek , dragon + , prophecy)
Dream interpretation
dream questions: by dreaming
dririmancy/driromancy : by dripping blood (alteration of drimimancy, influenced by Middle English , blood)
drimimancy/drymimancy : by bodily fluids (Greek , pungent + , prophecy)
E
electromancy: by lightning and electricity (Greek electric + prophecy)
eleomancy/elaeomancy: by oil (Greek , olive oil + , prophecy)
emonomancy → see
empirimancy: by experiment/experience
empyromancy : by burning (Greek , fiery + , prophecy)
encromancy: by oil ink stains (Greek oil ink + prophecy)
enochian chess: by playing a four·handed variant of the game
enoptromancy → see (Greek , looking glass + , prophecy)
enthusiasm: speeches by those supposed to be possessed by a divine spirit
entomomancy/entomancy: by insects (Greek , insect + , prophecy)
eromancy : by water vessels exposed to air (Greek , air + , prophecy) — cf. aeromancy
extispicy/extispication : by the remains of sacrificed animals (Latin , entrails + , to look at)
F
favomancy → see
felidomancy → see (Latin [], cat + Greek , prophecy)
feng shui → see
floriography/floromancy : by flowers' feelings (Latin [flōr-], flower + Greek , representation)
fractomancy : by fractals (English + Greek , prophecy)
fructomancy/fructimancy: by fruit (Latin , fruit + Greek , prophecy)
G
galvanoscopy : by galvanism (English + Greek , observation)
gastromancy¹ → see
gastromancy² : by guttural sounds (Greek , belly + , prophecy)
geomancy : by earth (Greek |, earth + , prophecy)
feng Shui divination: by Feng Shui
geloscopy : by laughter (Greek , laughter + , observation)
gematria: by the Hebrew alphabet (Greek , earth + , measurement)
genethlialogy: by birth dates (Greek , birthday + , study)
grammomancy : by writing individual letters (Greek , letter + , prophecy)
graphology (also graptomancy): by studying handwriting (Greek , writing + , study)
graptomancy → see (Greek , written + , prophecy)
gyromancy : by dizziness (Greek , spiral + , prophecy)
H
hagiomancy: by saints (Greek , holy + , prophecy)
halomancy → see
: by bones or dice
haruspicy/haruspication → see (Latin , entrails + , to look at)
hematomancy/haematomancy : by blood (Greek [], blood + , prophecy)
hepatoscopy/hepatomancy (also haruspicy, haruspication): by liver (Greek [], liver + , observation)
hieromancy/hieroscopy : by studying sacrifices' entrails (Greek , holy + , prophecy)
hippomancy → see
horoscopy : aspect of the Stars at nativity (Greek , season + , observation)
hydatomancy: by rainwater (Greek , raindrop + , prophecy)
hydromancy/hydroscopy → see
hyomancy: by wild hogs (Greek , swine + , prophecy)
hypnomancy : by sleep (Greek , sleep + , prophecy)
I
I Ching divination → see
ichnomancy : by footprints (Greek , track + , prophecy)
ichthyomancy → see
iconomancy : by icons (Greek , image + , prophecy)
idolomancy : by idols (Greek , phantom + , prophecy)
idromancy → see (Greek , sweat + , prophecy)
: geomancy patterns generated with palm nuts, opele, cowrie shells, etc... that refer to divination texts; a collection of verses
iridology: by eye color (Greek [], iris + , study)
isopsephy: by numbers and letters (Greek , equal + , pebble)
J
Vedic system of astrology
K
kabbalah/qabalah/cabala: by the Kabbalah (Hebrew , tradition)
: by bamboo
: by rice gruel
kephalonomancy → see
keraunomancy → see
knissomancy : by incense (Greek [kniss-], vapor + , prophecy)
kypomancy → see (akin to Greek , goblet + , prophecy)
L
labiomancy : by lips (Latin , lip + Greek , prophecy)
lampadomancy : by flame (Greek [], light + , prophecy)
lecanomancy/lecanoscopy : by a basin of water (Greek , basin + , prophecy)
letnomancy: by secrets (English let no (man see) + Greek , prophecy)
libanomancy → see and (Greek , frankincense + , prophecy)
literomancy : by a letter in a written language (Latin , letter + Greek , prophecy)
lithomancy : by gems or stones (Greek , stone + , prophecy)
logarithmancy : by logarithms (English logarithm + Greek , prophecy)
logomancy : by words (Greek , word + , prophecy)
lots: divination through chance, or the drawing or tossing of lots
lunamancy → see (Latin , moon + Greek , prophecy)
lychnomancy : by candles (Greek , lamp + , prophecy)
M
macharomancy: by swords or knives (Greek , dirk + , prophecy)
macromancy : by large objects (Greek , large + , prophecy)
maculomancy : by spots on the skin (Latin , spot + , prophecy)
mahjong divination: by Mahjong tiles
margaritomancy : by bouncing pearls (Greek , pearl + , prophecy)
mathemancy : by mathematics (English + Greek , prophecy)
mazomancy : by nursing (Greek , breast + , prophecy)
meconomancy : by sleeping (Greek , poppy [i.e., an opiate] + , prophecy)
megapolisomancy: by large cities (English megalopolis + Greek , prophecy)
meilomancy: by moles
metagnomy or : by magic (Greek , beside + , interpretation)
meteormancy : by meteors (English meteor + Greek , prophecy)
meteoromancy : by thunder and lightning (Greek , heavenly phenomenon + , prophecy)
metoposcopy/metopomancy : by the lines of the forehead (Greek , forehead + , observation)
micromancy : by small objects (Greek , small + , prophecy)
moleosophy or : by blemishes (English mole + Greek , knowledge)
molybdomancy : by molten metal (Greek , lead + , prophecy)
moromancy : by foolishness (Greek , dull + , prophecy)
myomancy → see
myrmomancy → see
N
narcomancy : by sleep (Greek , numbness + , prophecy)
natimancy → see (Latin , buttock + Greek , prophecy)
necromancy¹ : by speaking to the dead, by corpses (Greek , corpse + , prophecy)
necyomancy : by summoning damned souls (Greek , invocation + , prophecy)
nephomancy : by clouds (Greek , cloud + , prophecy)
nigromancy : by black magic (Latin , black + Greek , prophecy)
nomancy or → see (variant of onomancy, influenced by Latin , name)
notarikon/netrikon: by initials (Latin , in shorthand)
nggàm → see
numerology : by numbers (Latin , number + Greek , branch of study)
numismatomancy: by coins (Greek [], coin + , prophecy)
O
oculomancy : by eyes (Latin , eye + Greek , prophecy)
odontomancy : by teeth (Greek [], tooth + , prophecy)
oenomancy/oinomancy : by wine (Greek , wine + , prophecy)
ololygmancy : by the howling of dogs (Greek [], howl + , prophecy)
omoplatoscopy → see (Greek , shoulder blade + , observation)
omphalomancy : by navels (Greek , navel + , prophecy)
oneiromancy/oneiroscopy : by dreams (Greek , dream + , prophecy)
onimancy → see
onomancy/onomomancy/nomancy : by letters in a name (Greek , name + , prophecy)
onomomancy → see
onychomancy/onymancy/onimancy : by finger· and toenails (Greek [], nail + , prophecy)
onymancy → see
oomancy/ooscopy (also ovomancy): by eggs (Greek , egg + , prophecy)
ophidiomancy/ophiomancy → see
ophthalmomancy → see (Greek , eye + , prophecy)
organoscopy → see (Greek , organ + , observation)
orniscopy/ornithomancy → see
oromancy: by mountains (Greek , mountain + , prophecy)
oryctomancy: by minerals (Greek , dug + , prophecy)
ossomancy → see (Latin [], bone + Greek , prophecy)
osteomancy: by bones (Greek , bone + , prophecy)
Ouija/Ouije: by ouija board (French , yes + German , yes)
ouranomancy → see
ovomancy → see (Latin , egg + Greek , prophecy)
P
Pagtatawas by reading melted alum
pallomancy: by pendulums (Greek , to sway + , prophecy)
palmistry/palm reading → see (Latin , palm)
papyromancy: by folding paper, especially paper money (Greek , papyrus paper + , prophecy)
pedomancy → see (from podomancy, influenced by Latin [], foot)
pegomancy: by fountains (Greek , spring + , prophecy)
pessomancy: by pebbles (Greek , oval pebble + , prophecy)
pecthimancy/petchimancy: by brushed cloth (possibly akin to Greek , to card wool, or , netting + , prophecy)
phallomancy: by swing of the phallus (Greek , phallus + , prophecy)
phobomancy: by feelings of fear (Greek , fear + , prophecy)
photomancy: by fields of light (Greek [phōt-], light + , prophecy)
phrenology (also organoscopy): by the configuration of one's brain (Greek , mind + , study)
phyllomancy: by leaves (Greek , leaf + , prophecy)
sycomancy: by fig leaves (Greek , fig + , prophecy)
tasseography/tasseomancy (also kypomancy): by tea leaves or coffee grounds (French , cup + Greek , representation)
phyllorhodomancy: by rose petals (Greek , leaf + , rose + , prophecy)
physiognomy/physiognomancy: by faces (Greek , nature + , interpretation)
phytognomy: by the appearance of plants (Greek , plant + , interpretation)
plastromancy: by cracks formed by heat on a turtle's plastron (English plastron + , prophecy)
pilimancy: by observing the patterns produced by a collection of human hair
plumbomancy: by observing shapes molten lead makes when poured in water (Latin , lead + Greek , prophecy)
pneumancy: by blowing (Greek , breath + , prophecy)
podomancy/pedomancy → see
poe divination: by throwing stones on the floor, practised at Taoist temples
(also ): study of natural phenomena
psephomancy: by lots or ballots (Greek , pebble + , prophecy)
pseudomancy: by false means, such as Peter Answers (Greek , false + , prophecy)
psychognomy: by phrenological notations (Greek , soul + , observation)
psychomancy → see ¹ (Greek , soul + , prophecy)
ptarmoscopy/ptarmoscopie: from ancient Greek the interpretation of sneezes
pyromancy/pyroscopy: by fire (Greek , fire + , prophecy)
Q
→ see
R
radiesthesia: by rods, pendulums, or other cylindrical tools (Latin , spoke + Greek , sensing)
retromancy: by looking over one's shoulder (Latin , behind + Greek , prophecy)
rhabdomancy/rabdomancy: by rods, sticks, or wands (Greek , rod + , prophecy)
rhapsodomancy: by poetry (Greek , verse + , prophecy)
roadomancy: by constellations (apparently from Old English , firmament + Greek , prophecy)
rumpology → see
runecasting → see
S
scapulimancy/scapulomancy (also spatulamancy, omoplatoscopy): by bovine or caprid shoulder blades (Latin , shoulder blade + Greek , prophecy)
scarpomancy: by old shoes (Italian , shoe + Greek , prophecy)
scatomancy: by excrement (Greek [], excrement + , prophecy)
schematomancy → see
sciomancy¹ (also shadowmancy): by shadows (Greek , shadow + , prophecy)
sciomancy²: by spirits (of the same origin as sciomancy¹)
scrying: by gazing (shortened from descrying)
crystal gazing: by reflective objects
catoptromancy/captromancy (also enoptromancy, djubed): by mirrors (Greek , mirror + , prophecy)
gastromancy¹ (also crystallomancy, spheromancy, crystal ball gazing): by crystal ball (Greek , belly [i.e., round object] + , prophecy)
hydromancy (also ydromancy): by water (Greek , water + , prophecy)
selenomancy: by the moon (Greek , moon + , prophecy)
shadowmancy → see ¹ (English shadow + Greek , prophecy)
Shufflemancy: by the use of an electronic media player such as an electronic playlist, iPod, or other medium wherein one skips a certain number of songs and the lyrics and/or tune of the song is the answer to the divinatory question
sideromancy: by burning straw with an iron (Greek , iron + , prophecy)
: by drawing sixteen lines in sand (perhaps a Malagasy transliteration of English sixteen)
skatharomancy: by beetle tracks (Greek , spot + , prophecy)
/: by animal shoulder blades (Scottish Gaelic , shoulder blade)
solaromancy: by the sun (Latin [{{wikt-lang|la|sōlāris|sōlār-], sun + Greek , prophecy)
somatomancy: by the human form (Greek [], body + , prophecy)
cephalomancy (also craniognomy): by skulls (Greek , head + , prophecy)
cheiromancy/chiromancy (also palmistry, palm reading): by palms (Greek , hand + , prophecy)
cheirognomy/chirognomy : by hands (Greek , hand + , interpretation)
podomancy/pedomancy (also cartopedy): by the soles of one's feet (Greek [], foot + , prophecy)
rumpology (also natimancy): by buttocks (English rump + Greek , study)
schematomancy: by the face (Greek [], figure + , prophecy)
sortilege: by the casting of lots, or sortes
sortes virgilianae: by Vergil's Aeneid
spasmatomancy: by convulsions (alteration of spasmodomancy, from Greek [], spasm + , prophecy)
spatilomancy: by animal excrement (Greek , excrement + , prophecy)
spatulamancy → see (from scapulimancy, influenced by Latin , splint)
spheromancy → see (Greek , sphere + , prophecy)
sphondulomancy: by spindles (Greek , spindle + , prophecy)
splanchnomancy → see (Greek , innards + , prophecy)
spodomancy: by soot (Greek , wood ashes + , prophecy)
cineromancy/ceneromancy: by the ashes of a specifically sacrificial or ritual fire
libanomancy : by smoke or ash from incense (Greek , frankincense + , prophecy)
tephramancy/tephromancy: by tree bark ashes, by sacrificial or ritual fire ashes, or human sacrificial victim ashes (Greek , ash + , prophecy)
stareomancy: by the four elements (Greek [], dough + , prophecy)
stercomancy: by seeds in bird excrement (Latin , excrement + Greek , prophecy)
sternomancy: by ridges on the breastbone (Greek , breastbone + , prophecy)
stichomancy → see
stigonomancy: by burning writing onto bark (Greek [], to brand + , prophecy)
stoicheomancy/stoichomancy → see
stolisomancy: by fashion (Greek , garment + , prophecy)
styramancy: by observing patterns produced by chewing gum, gum wax, or products produced by the L. styraciflua tree
sycomancy → see
symbolomancy: by things found on the road (Greek , sign + , prophecy)
T
taromancy → see
tasseography/tasseomancy → see
technomancy: by technology (English + Greek , prophecy)
temurah: → see
tephramancy/tephromancy: → see (Greek , ash + , prophecy)
theomancy: foretelling events, prophecy (Greek , god + , prophecy)
theriomancy : (also zoomancy): by animal behavior (Greek , wild animal + , prophecy)
ailuromancy/aeluromancy (also felidomancy): by cats (Greek , cat + , prophecy)
alectryomancy/alectoromancy : by rooster behavior (Greek , cockerel + , prophecy)
augury: by bird formations (Latin , diviner)
hippomancy : by horse behavior (Greek , horse + , prophecy)
ichthyomancy : by fish behavior (Greek , fish + , prophecy)
myomancy : by rodent behavior (Greek , mouse + , prophecy)
myrmomancy : by ant behavior (Greek , ant + , prophecy)
nggàm: by spider or crab behavior (Mambila , divination)
ophidiomancy/ophiomancy: by snakes behavior (Greek [], snake + , prophecy)
orniscopy/ornithomancy (also auspicy/auspication, avimancy): by bird migration (Greek [], bird + , observation)
thumomancy : by one's own soul, presage (Greek , soul + , prophecy)
topomancy : by geography and geological formations (Greek , place + , prophecy)
transataumancy: by things accidentally seen or heard
trochomancy : by wheel ruts (Greek , wheel + , prophecy)
turifumy: by shapes in smoke (Latin [], incense + , vapor)
tyromancy/tiromancy : by cheese (Greek , cheese + , prophecy)
U
umbilicomancy: by umbilical cords (English + Greek , prophecy)
umbromancy: by shade (Latin , shadow + Greek , prophecy)
uranomancy/ouranomancy: by the sky (Greek , firmament + , prophecy)
uromancy/urimancy: by urine (Greek , urine + , prophecy)
urticariaomancy: by itches (Neo-Latin , hives + Greek , prophecy)
V
Vastu shastra East Indian version of feng shui geomancy
videomancy: by films (English video + Greek , prophecy)
W
water witching → see
wishbone → see
X
xenomancy: by strangers (Greek , stranger + , prophecy)
xylomancy: by the shape or texture of wood, or the appearance of burning wood (Greek , wood + , prophecy)
Y
ydromancy¹ → see
ydromancy² → see (from idromancy above, influenced by alomancy)
Yes No Oracle
Answering Oracle: Full responses to more detailed questions
Z
zoomancy → see (Greek , being + , prophecy)
zygomancy: by weights (Greek , yoke, balance + , prophecy)
See also
Divination
List of astrological traditions
Wiktionary category:English words suffixed with -mancy
References |
Birkenhead () is a constituency in Merseyside represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Mick Whitley of the Labour Party.
Profile
The constituency of Birkenhead covers the town of Birkenhead, on the Wirral Peninsula, and the Birkenhead suburbs of Bidston, Claughton, Oxton, Prenton, Rock Ferry and Tranmere. It forms the relatively densely populated mid-east of four parliamentary constituencies within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, itself a major contributor to (and the ex-Cheshire part of) the Metropolitan County of Merseyside envisaged in 1958 and created in 1974, considered as any other county (albeit with very limited powers and no elected councillors) for the enacted purposes of the Boundary Commission in its periodic reports.
The urban parts of the town unite with Liverpool on the opposite side of the narrows of the estuary in having an early socially reformist movement in local measures, and its choice of many elected representatives since the 1850s. The work was evidenced in the building of large public buildings and institutions and the creation of supported workers' housing, creating Port Sunlight to the south, among other such estates. The southern border of the borough controversially avoids the near-circular suburbs of the cathedral city of Chester, thereby creating a jagged boundary in local and national government; nonetheless, the Wirral has scenic shores and large golf courses including to the west one which regularly hosts The Open. Transcending the dense 20th-century urban-semi-rural divide of Merseyside is the largely Victorian era-built town of Birkenhead, at the centre of which lies the archetype of city parks, Birkenhead Park, a social gift and early publicly subscribed community asset in the area.
The seat is almost square and bounded by its sole motorway to the west. Its homes were (at the 2011 UK Census) 53% owner-occupied compared to 60% in the region. The seat's entirely left-wing victories nationally since 1945 evidence commitment locally to public services and wealth redistribution, rather than laissez-faire economics and low taxation. The 2015 general election result made the seat the fifteenth-safest of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority.
History
Birkenhead was enfranchised in 1861 by the Appropriation of Seats (Sudbury and Saint Alban's) Act 1861 as a single-member Parliamentary Borough. It was first contested at the 1865 general election and continued as a single-seat constituency until it was split between Birkenhead East and Birkenhead West under the terms of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which took effect for the 1918 general election.
Under the Representation of the People Act 1948, coming into effect at the 1950 general election, the constituency was re-established with revised boundaries.
Boundaries
1861–1918: The enfranchising Act provided that the constituency was to consist of the Extra-parochial Chapelry of Birkenhead, the several townships of Claughton, Tranmere, and Oxton, and so much of the township of Higher Bebington as lies to the eastward of the road leading from Higher Tranmere to Lower Bebington.
The boundaries were not altered by the Boundaries Act 1868 or the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
1950–1974: The County Borough of Birkenhead, except the wards included in the Bebington constituency (i.e. the wards of Bebington, Devonshire, Egerton, Mersey, and Prenton).
Comprised the majority of the expanded County Borough, incorporating Birkenhead West, parts of Birkenhead East and parts transferred from Wirral.
1974–1983: The County Borough of Birkenhead wards of Argyle, Bebington, Cathcart, Claughton, Cleveland, Clifton, Devonshire, Egerton, Gilbrook, Grange, Holt, Mersey, Oxton, and St James.
Gained the Bebington, Devonshire, Egerton and Mersey wards from the abolished constituency of Bebington. Upton ward transferred to Wirral.
From 1 April 1974 until the next boundary review came into effect for the 1983 general election, the constituency comprised parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside but its boundaries were unchanged.
1983–2010: The Metropolitan Borough of Wirral wards of Bidston, Birkenhead, Claughton, Egerton, Oxton, and Tranmere.
Boundaries broadly unchanged.
2010–present: The Metropolitan Borough of Wirral wards of Bidston and St James, Birkenhead and Tranmere, Claughton, Oxton, Prenton, and Rock Ferry.
Boundaries changed to reflect new ward boundaries. Prenton transferred from Wirral West.
Political history
1865–1918
The seat's elections were won by Conservatives with one exception, the 1906 landslide victory for the Liberal Party.
1918–1950 (seats split)
The two seats alternated frequently between the three largest parties in the 1920s, before the 1931 and 1935 general elections, which saw a major Conservative and Unionist Party victory (standing as Unionist in this area) in Birkenhead West, the latter election heralding a ten-year Parliament. However, the Liberal Graham White, of the more radical faction, won the eastern seat at both elections, echoing his victory in 1922. Having had predominantly marginal majorities, the seats were firmly won by the Labour Party in their nationwide landslide victory of 1945.
Since 1950 re-creation
Since 1950, Birkenhead has returned Labour MPs with large and generally increasing majorities — apart from a 7% majority in 1955.
Frank Field, who represented the constituency from 1979 to 2019, was appointed as Welfare Reform Minister in the First Blair ministry in 1997 but served for just for one year. He chaired the Work and Pensions Select Committee from 2015 to 2019. In the 2017 general election he received 77% of the vote, achieving a majority of 58%. However, he resigned from the Labour whip in August 2018, citing anti-semitism in the party. In the 2019 general election he stood as a candidate of the Birkenhead Social Justice Party but he lost easily to the Labour Party candidate, gaining only 17% of the vote.
Minor party candidates
Two Communist candidates, including Barry Williams, stood between 1950 and 1970, obtaining a high point of 1.5% of the votes cast.
More recently, at the 2001, 2005 and 2010 general elections no candidates apart from those selected by the Labour, Conservative, and Liberal Democrat parties contested the seat. The 2015 general election result saw the Liberal Democrat candidate fall behind the Green candidate, with both parties narrowly losing their deposits, as they did in 2017 and 2019. The Brexit Party stood at the 2019 general election, also losing its deposit.
Members of Parliament
MPs 1861–1918
MPs since 1950
Elections
Elections in the 2010s
Elections in the 2000s
Elections in the 1990s
Elections in the 1980s
Elections in the 1970s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1890s
Elections in the 1880s
Elections in the 1870s
Caused by Laird's death.
Elections in the 1860s
While the seat was created in 1861, it is considered a new seat for the purposes of the 1865 general election.
See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in Merseyside
History of parliamentary constituencies and boundaries in Cheshire
Notes
References
Sources
Parliamentary constituencies in North West England
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1861
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1950
Birkenhead |
John Sackett (June 3, 1944 – March 3, 2021) was an American politician who served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971 and in the Alaska Senate from 1973 to 1987.
He died on March 3, 2021, at age 76.
References
1944 births
2021 deaths
Republican Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives
Republican Party Alaska state senators
People from Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska |
In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers , , and satisfy the equation for any integer value of greater than 2. The cases and have been known since antiquity to have infinitely many solutions.
The proposition was first stated as a theorem by Pierre de Fermat around 1637 in the margin of a copy of Arithmetica. Fermat added that he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin. Although other statements claimed by Fermat without proof were subsequently proven by others and credited as theorems of Fermat (for example, Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares), Fermat's Last Theorem resisted proof, leading to doubt that Fermat ever had a correct proof. Consequently the proposition became known as a conjecture rather than a theorem. After 358 years of effort by mathematicians, the first successful proof was released in 1994 by Andrew Wiles and formally published in 1995. It was described as a "stunning advance" in the citation for Wiles's Abel Prize award in 2016. It also proved much of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, subsequently known as the modularity theorem, and opened up entire new approaches to numerous other problems and mathematically powerful modularity lifting techniques.
The unsolved problem stimulated the development of algebraic number theory in the 19th and 20th centuries. It is among the most notable theorems in the history of mathematics and prior to its proof was in the Guinness Book of World Records as the "most difficult mathematical problem", in part because the theorem has the largest number of unsuccessful proofs.
Overview
Pythagorean origins
The Pythagorean equation, , has an infinite number of positive integer solutions for x, y, and z; these solutions are known as Pythagorean triples (with the simplest example 3,4,5). Around 1637, Fermat wrote in the margin of a book that the more general equation had no solutions in positive integers if n is an integer greater than 2. Although he claimed to have a general proof of his conjecture, Fermat left no details of his proof, and no proof by him has ever been found. His claim was discovered some 30 years later, after his death. This claim, which came to be known as Fermat's Last Theorem, stood unsolved for the next three and a half centuries.
The claim eventually became one of the most notable unsolved problems of mathematics. Attempts to prove it prompted substantial development in number theory, and over time Fermat's Last Theorem gained prominence as an unsolved problem in mathematics.
Subsequent developments and solution
The special case , proved by Fermat himself, is sufficient to establish that if the theorem is false for some exponent n that is not a prime number, it must also be false for some smaller n, so only prime values of n need further investigation. Over the next two centuries (1637–1839), the conjecture was proved for only the primes 3, 5, and 7, although Sophie Germain innovated and proved an approach that was relevant to an entire class of primes. In the mid-19th century, Ernst Kummer extended this and proved the theorem for all regular primes, leaving irregular primes to be analyzed individually. Building on Kummer's work and using sophisticated computer studies, other mathematicians were able to extend the proof to cover all prime exponents up to four million, but a proof for all exponents was inaccessible (meaning that mathematicians generally considered a proof impossible, exceedingly difficult, or unachievable with current knowledge).
Separately, around 1955, Japanese mathematicians Goro Shimura and Yutaka Taniyama suspected a link might exist between elliptic curves and modular forms, two completely different areas of mathematics. Known at the time as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture (eventually as the modularity theorem), it stood on its own, with no apparent connection to Fermat's Last Theorem. It was widely seen as significant and important in its own right, but was (like Fermat's theorem) widely considered completely inaccessible to proof.
In 1984, Gerhard Frey noticed an apparent link between these two previously unrelated and unsolved problems. An outline suggesting this could be proved was given by Frey. The full proof that the two problems were closely linked was accomplished in 1986 by Ken Ribet, building on a partial proof by Jean-Pierre Serre, who proved all but one part known as the "epsilon conjecture" (see: Ribet's Theorem and Frey curve). These papers by Frey, Serre and Ribet showed that if the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture could be proven for at least the semi-stable class of elliptic curves, a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem would also follow automatically. The connection is described below: any solution that could contradict Fermat's Last Theorem could also be used to contradict the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture. So if the modularity theorem were found to be true, then by definition no solution contradicting Fermat's Last Theorem could exist, which would therefore have to be true as well.
Although both problems were daunting and widely considered to be "completely inaccessible" to proof at the time, this was the first suggestion of a route by which Fermat's Last Theorem could be extended and proved for all numbers, not just some numbers. Unlike Fermat's Last Theorem, the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture was a major active research area and viewed as more within reach of contemporary mathematics. However, general opinion was that this simply showed the impracticality of proving the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture. Mathematician John Coates' quoted reaction was a common one:
"I myself was very sceptical that the beautiful link between Fermat's Last Theorem and the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture would actually lead to anything, because I must confess I did not think that the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture was accessible to proof. Beautiful though this problem was, it seemed impossible to actually prove. I must confess I thought I probably wouldn't see it proved in my lifetime."
On hearing that Ribet had proven Frey's link to be correct, English mathematician Andrew Wiles, who had a childhood fascination with Fermat's Last Theorem and had a background of working with elliptic curves and related fields, decided to try to prove the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture as a way to prove Fermat's Last Theorem. In 1993, after six years of working secretly on the problem, Wiles succeeded in proving enough of the conjecture to prove Fermat's Last Theorem. Wiles's paper was massive in size and scope. A flaw was discovered in one part of his original paper during peer review and required a further year and collaboration with a past student, Richard Taylor, to resolve. As a result, the final proof in 1995 was accompanied by a smaller joint paper showing that the fixed steps were valid. Wiles's achievement was reported widely in the popular press, and was popularized in books and television programs. The remaining parts of the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture, now proven and known as the modularity theorem, were subsequently proved by other mathematicians, who built on Wiles's work between 1996 and 2001. For his proof, Wiles was honoured and received numerous awards, including the 2016 Abel Prize.
Equivalent statements of the theorem
There are several alternative ways to state Fermat's Last Theorem that are mathematically equivalent to the original statement of the problem.
In order to state them, we use the following notations: let be the set of natural numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., let be the set of integers 0, ±1, ±2, ..., and let be the set of rational numbers , where and are in with . In what follows we will call a solution to where one or more of , , or is zero a trivial solution. A solution where all three are nonzero will be called a non-trivial solution.
For comparison's sake we start with the original formulation.
Original statement. With , , , ∈ (meaning that n, x, y, z are all positive whole numbers) and , the equation has no solutions.
Most popular treatments of the subject state it this way. It is also commonly stated over :
Equivalent statement 1: , where integer ≥ 3, has no non-trivial solutions , , ∈ .
The equivalence is clear if is even. If is odd and all three of are negative, then we can replace with to obtain a solution in . If two of them are negative, it must be and or and . If are negative and is positive, then we can rearrange to get resulting in a solution in ; the other case is dealt with analogously. Now if just one is negative, it must be or . If is negative, and and are positive, then it can be rearranged to get again resulting in a solution in ; if is negative, the result follows symmetrically. Thus in all cases a nontrivial solution in would also mean a solution exists in , the original formulation of the problem.
Equivalent statement 2: , where integer ≥ 3, has no non-trivial solutions , , ∈ .
This is because the exponents of and are equal (to ), so if there is a solution in , then it can be multiplied through by an appropriate common denominator to get a solution in , and hence in .
Equivalent statement 3: , where integer ≥ 3, has no non-trivial solutions , ∈ .
A non-trivial solution , , ∈ to yields the non-trivial solution , ∈ for . Conversely, a solution , ∈ to yields the non-trivial solution for .
This last formulation is particularly fruitful, because it reduces the problem from a problem about surfaces in three dimensions to a problem about curves in two dimensions. Furthermore, it allows working over the field , rather than over the ring ; fields exhibit more structure than rings, which allows for deeper analysis of their elements.
Equivalent statement 4 – connection to elliptic curves: If , , is a non-trivial solution to , odd prime, then (Frey curve) will be an elliptic curve.
Examining this elliptic curve with Ribet's theorem shows that it does not have a modular form. However, the proof by Andrew Wiles proves that any equation of the form does have a modular form. Any non-trivial solution to (with an odd prime) would therefore create a contradiction, which in turn proves that no non-trivial solutions exist.
In other words, any solution that could contradict Fermat's Last Theorem could also be used to contradict the Modularity Theorem. So if the modularity theorem were found to be true, then it would follow that no contradiction to Fermat's Last Theorem could exist either. As described above, the discovery of this equivalent statement was crucial to the eventual solution of Fermat's Last Theorem, as it provided a means by which it could be "attacked" for all numbers at once.
Mathematical history
Pythagoras and Diophantus
Pythagorean triples
In ancient times it was known that a triangle whose sides were in the ratio 3:4:5 would have a right angle as one of its angles. This was used in construction and later in early geometry. It was also known to be one example of a general rule that any triangle where the length of two sides, each squared and then added together , equals the square of the length of the third side , would also be a right angle triangle.
This is now known as the Pythagorean theorem, and a triple of numbers that meets this condition is called a Pythagorean triple; both are named after the ancient Greek Pythagoras. Examples include (3, 4, 5) and (5, 12, 13). There are infinitely many such triples, and methods for generating such triples have been studied in many cultures, beginning with the Babylonians and later ancient Greek, Chinese, and Indian mathematicians. Mathematically, the definition of a Pythagorean triple is a set of three integers (a, b, c) that satisfy the equation
Diophantine equations
Fermat's equation, xn + yn = zn with positive integer solutions, is an example of a Diophantine equation, named for the 3rd-century Alexandrian mathematician, Diophantus, who studied them and developed methods for the solution of some kinds of Diophantine equations. A typical Diophantine problem is to find two integers x and y such that their sum, and the sum of their squares, equal two given numbers A and B, respectively:
Diophantus's major work is the Arithmetica, of which only a portion has survived. Fermat's conjecture of his Last Theorem was inspired while reading a new edition of the Arithmetica, that was translated into Latin and published in 1621 by Claude Bachet.
Diophantine equations have been studied for thousands of years. For example, the solutions to the quadratic Diophantine equation x2 + y2 = z2 are given by the Pythagorean triples, originally solved by the Babylonians (). Solutions to linear Diophantine equations, such as 26x + 65y = 13, may be found using the Euclidean algorithm (c. 5th century BC).
Many Diophantine equations have a form similar to the equation of Fermat's Last Theorem from the point of view of algebra, in that they have no cross terms mixing two letters, without sharing its particular properties. For example, it is known that there are infinitely many positive integers x, y, and z such that xn + yn = zm where n and m are relatively prime natural numbers.
Fermat's conjecture
Problem II.8 of the Arithmetica asks how a given square number is split into two other squares; in other words, for a given rational number k, find rational numbers u and v such that k2 = u2 + v2. Diophantus shows how to solve this sum-of-squares problem for k = 4 (the solutions being u = 16/5 and v = 12/5).
Around 1637, Fermat wrote his Last Theorem in the margin of his copy of the Arithmetica next to Diophantus's sum-of-squares problem:
After Fermat's death in 1665, his son Clément-Samuel Fermat produced a new edition of the book (1670) augmented with his father's comments. Although not actually a theorem at the time (meaning a mathematical statement for which proof exists), the marginal note became known over time as Fermat's Last Theorem, as it was the last of Fermat's asserted theorems to remain unproved.
It is not known whether Fermat had actually found a valid proof for all exponents n, but it appears unlikely. Only one related proof by him has survived, namely for the case n = 4, as described in the section Proofs for specific exponents.
While Fermat posed the cases of n = 4 and of n = 3 as challenges to his mathematical correspondents, such as Marin Mersenne, Blaise Pascal, and John Wallis, he never posed the general case. Moreover, in the last thirty years of his life, Fermat never again wrote of his "truly marvelous proof" of the general case, and never published it. Van der Poorten suggests that while the absence of a proof is insignificant, the lack of challenges means Fermat realised he did not have a proof; he quotes Weil as saying Fermat must have briefly deluded himself with an irretrievable idea.
The techniques Fermat might have used in such a "marvelous proof" are unknown.
Wiles and Taylor's proof relies on 20th-century techniques. Fermat's proof would have had to be elementary by comparison, given the mathematical knowledge of his time.
While Harvey Friedman's grand conjecture implies that any provable theorem (including Fermat's last theorem) can be proved using only 'elementary function arithmetic', such a proof need be 'elementary' only in a technical sense and could involve millions of steps, and thus be far too long to have been Fermat's proof.
Proofs for specific exponents
Exponent = 4
Only one relevant proof by Fermat has survived, in which he uses the technique of infinite descent to show that the area of a right triangle with integer sides can never equal the square of an integer. His proof is equivalent to demonstrating that the equation
has no primitive solutions in integers (no pairwise coprime solutions). In turn, this proves Fermat's Last Theorem for the case n = 4, since the equation a4 + b4 = c4 can be written as c4 − b4 = (a2)2.
Alternative proofs of the case n = 4 were developed later by Frénicle de Bessy (1676), Leonhard Euler (1738), Kausler (1802), Peter Barlow (1811), Adrien-Marie Legendre (1830), Schopis (1825), Olry Terquem (1846), Joseph Bertrand (1851), Victor Lebesgue (1853, 1859, 1862), Théophile Pépin (1883), Tafelmacher (1893), David Hilbert (1897), Bendz (1901), Gambioli (1901), Leopold Kronecker (1901), Bang (1905), Sommer (1907), Bottari (1908), Karel Rychlík (1910), Nutzhorn (1912), Robert Carmichael (1913), Hancock (1931), Gheorghe Vrănceanu (1966), Grant and Perella (1999), Barbara (2007), and Dolan (2011).
Other exponents
After Fermat proved the special case n = 4, the general proof for all n required only that the theorem be established for all odd prime exponents. In other words, it was necessary to prove only that the equation an + bn = cn has no positive integer solutions (a, b, c) when n is an odd prime number. This follows because a solution (a, b, c) for a given n is equivalent to a solution for all the factors of n. For illustration, let n be factored into d and e, n = de. The general equation
an + bn = cn
implies that (ad, bd, cd) is a solution for the exponent e
(ad)e + (bd)e = (cd)e.
Thus, to prove that Fermat's equation has no solutions for n > 2, it would suffice to prove that it has no solutions for at least one prime factor of every n. Each integer n > 2 is divisible by 4 or by an odd prime number (or both). Therefore, Fermat's Last Theorem could be proved for all n if it could be proved for n = 4 and for all odd primes p.
In the two centuries following its conjecture (1637–1839), Fermat's Last Theorem was proved for three odd prime exponents p = 3, 5 and 7. The case p = 3 was first stated by Abu-Mahmud Khojandi (10th century), but his attempted proof of the theorem was incorrect. In 1770, Leonhard Euler gave a proof of p = 3, but his proof by infinite descent contained a major gap. However, since Euler himself had proved the lemma necessary to complete the proof in other work, he is generally credited with the first proof. Independent proofs were published by Kausler (1802), Legendre (1823, 1830), Calzolari (1855), Gabriel Lamé (1865), Peter Guthrie Tait (1872), Günther (1878), Gambioli (1901), Krey (1909), Rychlík (1910), Stockhaus (1910), Carmichael (1915), Johannes van der Corput (1915), Axel Thue (1917), and Duarte (1944).
The case p = 5 was proved independently by Legendre and Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet around 1825. Alternative proofs were developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss (1875, posthumous), Lebesgue (1843), Lamé (1847), Gambioli (1901), Werebrusow (1905), Rychlík (1910), van der Corput (1915), and Guy Terjanian (1987).
The case p = 7 was proved by Lamé in 1839. His rather complicated proof was simplified in 1840 by Lebesgue, and still simpler proofs were published by Angelo Genocchi in 1864, 1874 and 1876. Alternative proofs were developed by Théophile Pépin (1876) and Edmond Maillet (1897).
Fermat's Last Theorem was also proved for the exponents n = 6, 10, and 14. Proofs for n = 6 were published by Kausler, Thue, Tafelmacher, Lind, Kapferer, Swift, and Breusch. Similarly, Dirichlet and Terjanian each proved the case n = 14, while Kapferer and Breusch each proved the case n = 10. Strictly speaking, these proofs are unnecessary, since these cases follow from the proofs for n = 3, 5, and 7, respectively. Nevertheless, the reasoning of these even-exponent proofs differs from their odd-exponent counterparts. Dirichlet's proof for n = 14 was published in 1832, before Lamé's 1839 proof for n = 7.
All proofs for specific exponents used Fermat's technique of infinite descent, either in its original form, or in the form of descent on elliptic curves or abelian varieties. The details and auxiliary arguments, however, were often ad hoc and tied to the individual exponent under consideration. Since they became ever more complicated as p increased, it seemed unlikely that the general case of Fermat's Last Theorem could be proved by building upon the proofs for individual exponents. Although some general results on Fermat's Last Theorem were published in the early 19th century by Niels Henrik Abel and Peter Barlow, the first significant work on the general theorem was done by Sophie Germain.
Early modern breakthroughs
Sophie Germain
In the early 19th century, Sophie Germain developed several novel approaches to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for all exponents. First, she defined a set of auxiliary primes constructed from the prime exponent by the equation , where is any integer not divisible by three. She showed that, if no integers raised to the power were adjacent modulo (the non-consecutivity condition), then must divide the product . Her goal was to use mathematical induction to prove that, for any given , infinitely many auxiliary primes satisfied the non-consecutivity condition and thus divided ; since the product can have at most a finite number of prime factors, such a proof would have established Fermat's Last Theorem. Although she developed many techniques for establishing the non-consecutivity condition, she did not succeed in her strategic goal. She also worked to set lower limits on the size of solutions to Fermat's equation for a given exponent , a modified version of which was published by Adrien-Marie Legendre. As a byproduct of this latter work, she proved Sophie Germain's theorem, which verified the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem (namely, the case in which does not divide ) for every odd prime exponent less than , and for all primes such that at least one of , , , , and is prime (specially, the primes such that is prime are called Sophie Germain primes). Germain tried unsuccessfully to prove the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem for all even exponents, specifically for , which was proved by Guy Terjanian in 1977. In 1985, Leonard Adleman, Roger Heath-Brown and Étienne Fouvry proved that the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem holds for infinitely many odd primes .
Ernst Kummer and the theory of ideals
In 1847, Gabriel Lamé outlined a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem based on factoring the equation in complex numbers, specifically the cyclotomic field based on the roots of the number 1. His proof failed, however, because it assumed incorrectly that such complex numbers can be factored uniquely into primes, similar to integers. This gap was pointed out immediately by Joseph Liouville, who later read a paper that demonstrated this failure of unique factorisation, written by Ernst Kummer.
Kummer set himself the task of determining whether the cyclotomic field could be generalized to include new prime numbers such that unique factorisation was restored. He succeeded in that task by developing the ideal numbers.
(Note: It is often stated that Kummer was led to his "ideal complex numbers" by his interest in Fermat's Last Theorem; there is even a story often told that Kummer, like Lamé, believed he had proven Fermat's Last Theorem until Lejeune Dirichlet told him his argument relied on unique factorization; but the story was first told by Kurt Hensel in 1910 and the evidence indicates it likely derives from a confusion by one of Hensel's sources. Harold Edwards says the belief that Kummer was mainly interested in Fermat's Last Theorem "is surely mistaken". See the history of ideal numbers.)
Using the general approach outlined by Lamé, Kummer proved both cases of Fermat's Last Theorem for all regular prime numbers. However, he could not prove the theorem for the exceptional primes (irregular primes) that conjecturally occur approximately 39% of the time; the only irregular primes below 270 are 37, 59, 67, 101, 103, 131, 149, 157, 233, 257 and 263.
Mordell conjecture
In the 1920s, Louis Mordell posed a conjecture that implied that Fermat's equation has at most a finite number of nontrivial primitive integer solutions, if the exponent n is greater than two. This conjecture was proved in 1983 by Gerd Faltings, and is now known as Faltings's theorem.
Computational studies
In the latter half of the 20th century, computational methods were used to extend Kummer's approach to the irregular primes. In 1954, Harry Vandiver used a SWAC computer to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for all primes up to 2521. By 1978, Samuel Wagstaff had extended this to all primes less than 125,000. By 1993, Fermat's Last Theorem had been proved for all primes less than four million.
However, despite these efforts and their results, no proof existed of Fermat's Last Theorem. Proofs of individual exponents by their nature could never prove the general case: even if all exponents were verified up to an extremely large number X, a higher exponent beyond X might still exist for which the claim was not true. (This had been the case with some other past conjectures, and it could not be ruled out in this conjecture.)
Connection with elliptic curves
The strategy that ultimately led to a successful proof of Fermat's Last Theorem arose from the "astounding" Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture, proposed around 1955—which many mathematicians believed would be near to impossible to prove, and was linked in the 1980s by Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet to Fermat's equation. By accomplishing a partial proof of this conjecture in 1994, Andrew Wiles ultimately succeeded in proving Fermat's Last Theorem, as well as leading the way to a full proof by others of what is now known as the modularity theorem.
Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture
Around 1955, Japanese mathematicians Goro Shimura and Yutaka Taniyama observed a possible link between two apparently completely distinct branches of mathematics, elliptic curves and modular forms. The resulting modularity theorem (at the time known as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture) states that every elliptic curve is modular, meaning that it can be associated with a unique modular form.
The link was initially dismissed as unlikely or highly speculative, but was taken more seriously when number theorist André Weil found evidence supporting it, though not proving it; as a result the conjecture was often known as the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture.
Even after gaining serious attention, the conjecture was seen by contemporary mathematicians as extraordinarily difficult or perhaps inaccessible to proof. For example, Wiles's doctoral supervisor John Coates states that it seemed "impossible to actually prove", and Ken Ribet considered himself "one of the vast majority of people who believed [it] was completely inaccessible", adding that "Andrew Wiles was probably one of the few people on earth who had the audacity to dream that you can actually go and prove [it]."
Ribet's theorem for Frey curves
In 1984, Gerhard Frey noted a link between Fermat's equation and the modularity theorem, then still a conjecture. If Fermat's equation had any solution (a, b, c) for exponent p > 2, then it could be shown that the semi-stable elliptic curve (now known as a Frey-Hellegouarch)
y2 = x (x − ap)(x + bp)
would have such unusual properties that it was unlikely to be modular. This would conflict with the modularity theorem, which asserted that all elliptic curves are modular. As such, Frey observed that a proof of the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture might also simultaneously prove Fermat's Last Theorem. By contraposition, a disproof or refutation of Fermat's Last Theorem would disprove the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture.
In plain English, Frey had shown that, if this intuition about his equation was correct, then any set of 4 numbers (a, b, c, n) capable of disproving Fermat's Last Theorem, could also be used to disprove the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture. Therefore, if the latter were true, the former could not be disproven, and would also have to be true.
Following this strategy, a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem required two steps. First, it was necessary to prove the modularity theorem, or at least to prove it for the types of elliptical curves that included Frey's equation (known as semistable elliptic curves). This was widely believed inaccessible to proof by contemporary mathematicians. Second, it was necessary to show that Frey's intuition was correct: that if an elliptic curve were constructed in this way, using a set of numbers that were a solution of Fermat's equation, the resulting elliptic curve could not be modular. Frey showed that this was plausible but did not go as far as giving a full proof. The missing piece (the so-called "epsilon conjecture", now known as Ribet's theorem) was identified by Jean-Pierre Serre who also gave an almost-complete proof and the link suggested by Frey was finally proved in 1986 by Ken Ribet.
Following Frey, Serre and Ribet's work, this was where matters stood:
Fermat's Last Theorem needed to be proven for all exponents n that were prime numbers.
The modularity theorem—if proved for semi-stable elliptic curves—would mean that all semistable elliptic curves must be modular.
Ribet's theorem showed that any solution to Fermat's equation for a prime number could be used to create a semistable elliptic curve that could not be modular;
The only way that both of these statements could be true, was if no solutions existed to Fermat's equation (because then no such curve could be created), which was what Fermat's Last Theorem said. As Ribet's Theorem was already proved, this meant that a proof of the modularity theorem would automatically prove Fermat's Last theorem was true as well.
Wiles's general proof
Ribet's proof of the epsilon conjecture in 1986 accomplished the first of the two goals proposed by Frey. Upon hearing of Ribet's success, Andrew Wiles, an English mathematician with a childhood fascination with Fermat's Last Theorem, and who had worked on elliptic curves, decided to commit himself to accomplishing the second half: proving a special case of the modularity theorem (then known as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture) for semistable elliptic curves.
Wiles worked on that task for six years in near-total secrecy, covering up his efforts by releasing prior work in small segments as separate papers and confiding only in his wife. His initial study suggested proof by induction, and he based his initial work and first significant breakthrough on Galois theory before switching to an attempt to extend horizontal Iwasawa theory for the inductive argument around 1990–91 when it seemed that there was no existing approach adequate to the problem. However, by mid-1991, Iwasawa theory also seemed to not be reaching the central issues in the problem. In response, he approached colleagues to seek out any hints of cutting-edge research and new techniques, and discovered an Euler system recently developed by Victor Kolyvagin and Matthias Flach that seemed "tailor made" for the inductive part of his proof. Wiles studied and extended this approach, which worked. Since his work relied extensively on this approach, which was new to mathematics and to Wiles, in January 1993 he asked his Princeton colleague, Nick Katz, to help him check his reasoning for subtle errors. Their conclusion at the time was that the techniques Wiles used seemed to work correctly.
By mid-May 1993, Wiles was ready to tell his wife he thought he had solved the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, and by June he felt sufficiently confident to present his results in three lectures delivered on 21–23 June 1993 at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences. Specifically, Wiles presented his proof of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture for semistable elliptic curves; together with Ribet's proof of the epsilon conjecture, this implied Fermat's Last Theorem. However, it became apparent during peer review that a critical point in the proof was incorrect. It contained an error in a bound on the order of a particular group. The error was caught by several mathematicians refereeing Wiles's manuscript including Katz (in his role as reviewer), who alerted Wiles on 23 August 1993.
The error would not have rendered his work worthless: each part of Wiles's work was highly significant and innovative by itself, as were the many developments and techniques he had created in the course of his work, and only one part was affected. However, without this part proved, there was no actual proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Wiles spent almost a year trying to repair his proof, initially by himself and then in collaboration with his former student Richard Taylor, without success. By the end of 1993, rumours had spread that under scrutiny, Wiles's proof had failed, but how seriously was not known. Mathematicians were beginning to pressure Wiles to disclose his work whether it was complete or not, so that the wider community could explore and use whatever he had managed to accomplish. But instead of being fixed, the problem, which had originally seemed minor, now seemed very significant, far more serious, and less easy to resolve.
Wiles states that on the morning of 19 September 1994, he was on the verge of giving up and was almost resigned to accepting that he had failed, and to publishing his work so that others could build on it and fix the error. He adds that he was having a final look to try and understand the fundamental reasons for why his approach could not be made to work, when he had a sudden insight: that the specific reason why the Kolyvagin–Flach approach would not work directly also meant that his original attempts using Iwasawa theory could be made to work, if he strengthened it using his experience gained from the Kolyvagin–Flach approach. Fixing one approach with tools from the other approach would resolve the issue for all the cases that were not already proven by his refereed paper. He described later that Iwasawa theory and the Kolyvagin–Flach approach were each inadequate on their own, but together they could be made powerful enough to overcome this final hurdle.
"I was sitting at my desk examining the Kolyvagin–Flach method. It wasn't that I believed I could make it work, but I thought that at least I could explain why it didn't work. Suddenly I had this incredible revelation. I realised that, the Kolyvagin–Flach method wasn't working, but it was all I needed to make my original Iwasawa theory work from three years earlier. So out of the ashes of Kolyvagin–Flach seemed to rise the true answer to the problem. It was so indescribably beautiful; it was so simple and so elegant. I couldn't understand how I'd missed it and I just stared at it in disbelief for twenty minutes. Then during the day I walked around the department, and I'd keep coming back to my desk looking to see if it was still there. It was still there. I couldn't contain myself, I was so excited. It was the most important moment of my working life. Nothing I ever do again will mean as much."
— Andrew Wiles, as quoted by Simon Singh
On 24 October 1994, Wiles submitted two manuscripts, "Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem" and "Ring theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras", the second of which was co-authored with Taylor and proved that certain conditions were met that were needed to justify the corrected step in the main paper. The two papers were vetted and published as the entirety of the May 1995 issue of the Annals of Mathematics. The proof's method of identification of a deformation ring with a Hecke algebra (now referred to as an R=T theorem) to prove modularity lifting theorems has been an influential development in algebraic number theory.
These papers established the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves, the last step in proving Fermat's Last Theorem, 358 years after it was conjectured.
Subsequent developments
The full Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture was finally proved by Diamond (1996), Conrad et al. (1999), and Breuil et al. (2001) who, building on Wiles's work, incrementally chipped away at the remaining cases until the full result was proved. The now fully proved conjecture became known as the modularity theorem.
Several other theorems in number theory similar to Fermat's Last Theorem also follow from the same reasoning, using the modularity theorem. For example: no cube can be written as a sum of two coprime n-th powers, n ≥ 3. (The case n = 3 was already known by Euler.)
Relationship to other problems and generalizations
Fermat's Last Theorem considers solutions to the Fermat equation: with positive integers , , and and an integer greater than 2. There are several generalizations of the Fermat equation to more general equations that allow the exponent to be a negative integer or rational, or to consider three different exponents.
Generalized Fermat equation
The generalized Fermat equation generalizes the statement of Fermat's last theorem by considering positive integer solutions a, b, c, m, n, k satisfying
In particular, the exponents m, n, k need not be equal, whereas Fermat's last theorem considers the case
The Beal conjecture, also known as the Mauldin conjecture and the Tijdeman-Zagier conjecture, states that there are no solutions to the generalized Fermat equation in positive integers a, b, c, m, n, k with a, b, and c being pairwise coprime and all of m, n, k being greater than 2.
The Fermat–Catalan conjecture generalizes Fermat's last theorem with the ideas of the Catalan conjecture. The conjecture states that the generalized Fermat equation has only finitely many solutions (a, b, c, m, n, k) with distinct triplets of values (am, bn, ck), where a, b, c are positive coprime integers and m, n, k are positive integers satisfying
The statement is about the finiteness of the set of solutions because there are 10 known solutions.
Inverse Fermat equation
When we allow the exponent to be the reciprocal of an integer, i.e. for some integer , we have the inverse Fermat equation
All solutions of this equation were computed by Hendrik Lenstra in 1992. In the case in which the mth roots are required to be real and positive, all solutions are given by
for positive integers r, s, t with s and t coprime.
Rational exponents
For the Diophantine equation with n not equal to 1, Bennett, Glass, and Székely proved in 2004 for n > 2, that if n and m are coprime, then there are integer solutions if and only if 6 divides m, and , and are different complex 6th roots of the same real number.
Negative integer exponents
n = −1
All primitive integer solutions (i.e., those with no prime factor common to all of a, b, and c) to the optic equation can be written as
for positive, coprime integers m, k.
n = −2
The case n = −2 also has an infinitude of solutions, and these have a geometric interpretation in terms of right triangles with integer sides and an integer altitude to the hypotenuse. All primitive solutions to are given by
for coprime integers u, v with v > u. The geometric interpretation is that a and b are the integer legs of a right triangle and d is the integer altitude to the hypotenuse. Then the hypotenuse itself is the integer
so (a, b, c) is a Pythagorean triple.
n < −2
There are no solutions in integers for for integers n < −2. If there were, the equation could be multiplied through by to obtain , which is impossible by Fermat's Last Theorem.
abc conjecture
The abc conjecture roughly states that if three positive integers a, b and c (hence the name) are coprime and satisfy a + b = c, then the radical d of abc is usually not much smaller than c. In particular, the abc conjecture in its most standard formulation implies Fermat's last theorem for n that are sufficiently large. The modified Szpiro conjecture is equivalent to the abc conjecture and therefore has the same implication. An effective version of the abc conjecture, or an effective version of the modified Szpiro conjecture, implies Fermat's Last Theorem outright.
Prizes and incorrect proofs
In 1816, and again in 1850, the French Academy of Sciences offered a prize for a general proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. In 1857, the Academy awarded 3,000 francs and a gold medal to Kummer for his research on ideal numbers, although he had not submitted an entry for the prize. Another prize was offered in 1883 by the Academy of Brussels.
In 1908, the German industrialist and amateur mathematician Paul Wolfskehl bequeathed 100,000 gold marks—a large sum at the time—to the Göttingen Academy of Sciences to offer as a prize for a complete proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. On 27 June 1908, the Academy published nine rules for awarding the prize. Among other things, these rules required that the proof be published in a peer-reviewed journal; the prize would not be awarded until two years after the publication; and that no prize would be given after 13 September 2007, roughly a century after the competition was begun. Wiles collected the Wolfskehl prize money, then worth $50,000, on 27 June 1997. In March 2016, Wiles was awarded the Norwegian government's Abel prize worth €600,000 for "his stunning proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by way of the modularity conjecture for semistable elliptic curves, opening a new era in number theory."
Prior to Wiles's proof, thousands of incorrect proofs were submitted to the Wolfskehl committee, amounting to roughly of correspondence. In the first year alone (1907–1908), 621 attempted proofs were submitted, although by the 1970s, the rate of submission had decreased to roughly 3–4 attempted proofs per month. According to some claims, Edmund Landau tended to use a special preprinted form for such proofs, where the location of the first mistake was left blank to be filled by one of his graduate students. According to F. Schlichting, a Wolfskehl reviewer, most of the proofs were based on elementary methods taught in schools, and often submitted by "people with a technical education but a failed career". In the words of mathematical historian Howard Eves, "Fermat's Last Theorem has the peculiar distinction of being the mathematical problem for which the greatest number of incorrect proofs have been published."
In popular culture
The popularity of the theorem outside science has led to it being described as achieving "that rarest of mathematical accolades: A niche role in pop culture."
Arthur Porges' 1954 short story "The Devil and Simon Flagg" features a mathematician who bargains with the Devil that the latter cannot produce a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem within twenty-four hours.
In The Simpsons episode "The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace", Homer Simpson writes the equation on a blackboard, which appears to be a counterexample to Fermat's Last Theorem. The equation is wrong, but it appears to be correct if entered in a calculator with 10 significant figures.
In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Royale", Captain Picard states that the theorem is still unproven in the 24th century. The proof was released 5 years after the episode originally aired.
See also
Euler's sum of powers conjecture
Proof of impossibility
Sums of powers, a list of related conjectures and theorems
Wall–Sun–Sun prime
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Blog that covers the history of Fermat's Last Theorem from Fermat to Wiles.
Discusses various material that is related to the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem: elliptic curves, modular forms, Galois representations and their deformations, Frey's construction, and the conjectures of Serre and of Taniyama–Shimura.
The story, the history and the mystery.
The title of one edition of the PBS television series NOVA, discusses Andrew Wiles's effort to prove Fermat's Last Theorem.
Simon Singh and John Lynch's film tells the story of Andrew Wiles.
1637 in science
1637 introductions
Pythagorean theorem
Theorems in number theory
Conjectures that have been proved
1995 in mathematics |
Charles Alden Black (March 6, 1919 – August 4, 2005) was an American businessman known for his work in aquaculture and oceanography as well as his marriage to Shirley Temple.
Early Life
Black was born in Oakland, California, son of James Byers Black (1890-1965) and his wife, Katharine McElrath Black (1889-1984). He had two siblings, James Byers Black Jr. and Kathryn Black Burk. Through his mother, he was a 4th great-grandson of John Sevier, a governor of Tennessee. He also descends from Mayflower passenger John Alden, which is where his middle name comes from, and a 5th great-grandson of Timothy Edwards, thus making him a 5th great-nephew of Jonathan Edwards.
Career
He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II as an intelligence officer in the South Pacific. He again served during the Korean War as an intelligence officer. After World War II, he received his MBA from Stanford University in 1946. Then in the late 1950s, he lived in Hawaii, working as an executive for Castle & Cooke and Dole Pineapple companies. By the end of the Korean War, he was a lieutenant commander.
Black was an executive at the Stanford Research Institute (now known as SRI International) from 1952 to 1957 and with Ampex Corp from 1957 to 1965. In the 1960s, Black gravitated to what would become the bulk of his life's work—aquaculture and oceanography. He co-founded a hatchery for oysters and abalone and later created Mardela Corp., a fishery and hatchery company headquartered in Burlingame, California, which conducted ventures such as catfish and salmon farming. He later served as a consultant on maritime issues and served as a regent for Santa Clara University.
Personal life
He was married to the legendary former child actress and diplomat Shirley Temple from December 16, 1950, until his death. He died from myelodysplastic syndrome on August 4, 2005, at his home in Woodside, California, at the age of 86. They had a son, Charles Alden Black Jr., and two daughters, Susan (from Shirley's previous marriage) and Lori Black.
References
1919 births
2005 deaths
American food industry businesspeople
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Harvard Business School alumni
Hotchkiss School alumni
Military personnel from California
Businesspeople from Santa Monica, California
People from Woodside, California
Shirley Temple
SRI International people
Stanford University alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II |
Owens is an unincorporated community in Brown County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had no population estimates in 2000. It is located within the Brownwood, Texas micropolitan area.
History
The area in what is known as Owens today was first settled in the early 1870s. A post office was established at Owens in 1878 and remained in operation until sometime after 1930. It was named Clio until it was changed to Owens for E. Owens, who donated land for the townsite in 1910. Sawmills were constructed here by John W. Yantis. Owens had a church, several scattered houses, and two businesses in the 1930s. In 1949, the community had only one business and 100 residents. Four years later, it had no more businesses and the population dropped to 40. Its last population was recorded as 60 in 1965, after which there was no census data reported. It had one business and a few churches in 1983 and continued to be listed on county maps in 2000.
Geography
Owens is located on U.S. Highway 183, north of Brownwood in central Brown County.
Education
Owens had its own school in the 1930s. Today, the community is served by the May Independent School District.
References
Unincorporated communities in Brown County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas |
Steel Harbor is a fictional city, one of the settings in Dark Horse Comics' defunct Comics' Greatest World imprint. While the entire Team CGW was involved with the creation of each of the settings, Chris Warner was tasked with the majority of design for the Steel Harbor locale. The city was based on a combination of Detroit and Watts during the 1960s riots; however, in the comic, the violence is between powerful gangs fighting over territory.
One feature of the various Steel Harbor series was the commentary, supposedly on the radio, by a brassy talk-show host who bemoaned the plight of his city and called out the weak police and political powers in Steel Harbor for allowing the city to descend into such violence.
Series set in Steel Harbor
Several series were set in Steel Harbor. Only Barb Wire was truly successful:
Barb Wire
The Machine
Wolf Gang
Motorhead
Creative Staff
Series 1-5: D.G.Chichester, writer; Karl Waller, pencils; Tim Bradstreet, inks; Simon Bisley, covers.
Series 6: Chichester, writer; Waller, pencils; Eric Shanower, inks; Bisely, covers.
Series 7-8: See 6. Note: Unofficially, the two issue King Tiger/Motorhead crossover consisted of the previously unpublished remaining issues of the series.
References
Comics' Greatest World |
Mesurodes is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
References
Geometridae |
Nikola Stepanić Selnički (, ) was a Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pécs (1596-1598) and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb (1598-1602). With his 1598 and 1599 activities aimed to impose his feudal authority over Serbs who populated a year earlier vast territories in Slavonia, abandoned for more than 40 years, he initiated the "Vlach question".
Early life
According to Sakcinski, Selnički was born in Selnica near Konjšćina in 1553 in a family which is a branch of Turopolje nobility. According to some other sources Selnički was a son of Stephan from Bosnia, who descended from a noble family. He studied in at University of Paris and in Bologne.
He wrote a chronicle with detailed description of the 1593 Battle of Sisak which is not preserved.
Vlach question
When Serb settlers came to Habsburg military frontier (in modern-day Croatia) they were settled on the land which remained vacant for more than 40 years. Soon after Serbs were settled in Slavonia, Selnički began with his activities against them. In 1598 Selnički received information that emperor Rudolf was going to grant Serbs privileges which would guarantee their status of people free from their feudal obligations. Selnički was the first of Croatian nobility who tried to impose his rule over Serb settlers. Furthermore, Selnički actually was the initiator of the "Vlach question" in Croatia with his intention to impose his feudal authority over Serbs, populated a year earlier on his estates by Varaždin general Sigismund.
In July 1599 Selnički requested that Serbs (Vlachs) populated a year before on the territory of his estates should not be given any privileges.
References
Sources
External links
Website of the Archdiocese of Zagreb, a page about Nikola Selnički
1553 births
1602 deaths
16th-century Hungarian Jesuits
17th-century Hungarian Jesuits
Anti-Serbian sentiment |
Felicity Campbell (born 23 April 1974) is an Australian short track speed skater. She competed in the women's 500 metres event at the 1992 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Australian female short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters for Australia
Short track speed skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Sydney
20th-century Australian women
Sportswomen from New South Wales |
A lateral flap is a family of consonantal sounds, used in some spoken languages.
There are four attested or claimed lateral flaps in the world's languages:
The alveolar lateral flap is quite common.
A retroflex lateral flap () is found throughout South Asia, from Pashtun to Oriya, in the Iwaidjan languages of Australia, and sporadically elsewhere.
A palatal lateral flap has been described from Iwaidja, but may be a palatalized alveolar flap.
A velar lateral flap occurs allophonically in Melpa and a few other languages of New Guinea.
Features
Features of lateral flap:
Lateral consonants |
Sónia de Fátima Tavares (born 21 March 1986 in Cebolais de Cima) is a Portuguese athlete who specialises in the sprinting events. She represented her country in the 100 metres at the 2009 World Championships reaching the quarterfinals.
Competition record
Personal bests
Outdoor
100 metres – 11.39 (+2.0 m/s) (Lisbon 2009)
200 metres – 23.43 (+1.3 m/s) (Budapest 2010)
Indoor
60 metres – 7.32 (Mondeville 2012)
200 metres – 25.41 (Espinho 2006)
References
1986 births
Living people
Portuguese female sprinters
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent
Universiade bronze medalists for Portugal
Competitors at the 2007 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 2011 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2009 Summer Universiade |
"Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We..." () is a short story by the German author Heinrich Böll (1917–1985). It tells the story of a seriously wounded soldier during World War II being carried on a stretcher through the school which he left three months earlier, because the school is being used as a makeshift military hospital. The narrator slowly notices details confirming where he is, but ignores and explains them away in an internal monologue. At the end of the story, in the art room, he sees unmistakable confirmation that he is indeed in his old school: his own handwriting in chalk on the blackboard: Stranger, bear word to the Spartans we...
The story was first published by Verlag Friedrich Middelhauve in 1950 as the title story in a short story collection. Today, Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We... is one of Böll's most famous stories and is one of the best known of examples of Trümmerliteratur ("Rubble literature").
Plot
The unnamed first-person narrator begins the story in a truck and is transported through a partially burning city that he cannot identify, and is also unable to accurately gauge the amount of time spent traveling. He arrives in front of a makeshift field hospital set up inside of a school and is carried inside on a stretcher, describing the details of the corridors and staircases that he passes through. Everything seems eerily familiar to him, but he ascribes those feelings to the pain and his fever. The narrator entertains the thought that all schools use the same interior layout and decorations, which would explain why he recognizes every door sign or picture on the wall.
In the art room, while waiting for the doctor to come, he asks one of his companions where he is, and learns he is actually in Bendorf, his hometown, but is still uncertain that he is indeed in his old Gymnasium, named after Frederick the Great, in which he spent eight years as a pupil. Alongside the question of his location, a second question of the severity of his wounds is raised. Both of these questions are answered directly after one another: he sees his own handwriting on the chalkboard, containing the quote "Stranger, bear word to the Spartans we..."from three months agotruncated because his lettering was too large to fit on the board. Right after this realization, he also discovers that both of his arms and one of his legs are missing. The narrator recognizes the firemanwho was looking after him while waiting for the doctor to cometo be Mr. Birgeler, the custodian of his old school, with whom the narrator drank his milk during the breaks between classes. The story ends with the arrival of the doctor and the narrator whispering "Milk..." to Birgeler.
Although the story is written in the first person past tense, it is left uncertain if the narrator survives his injuries.
Title
The title is directly taken from Schiller's translation of the famous Epitaph of Simonides, commemorating the heroic Battle of Thermopylae. In German, the full distich reads:
Wanderer, kommst du nach Sparta, verkündige dorten, du habestUns hier liegen gesehn, wie das Gesetz es befahl."
The historic context thus praises death while defending the Vaterland and had in fact therefore been specially selected to prepare the young men for war. Böll uses it to demonstrate that even the "humanities-oriented" Gymnasium had their curricula adapted to Nazi propaganda.
At the same time, the German title cuts the word Sparta short to Spa..., bringing up thoughts about the municipality of Spa, Belgium, site of the German Headquarters during the previous Great War. The current World War II is thereby shown as history repeating itself.
References
Secondary literature
Klaus Jeziorkowski: Die Ermordung der Novelle. Zu Heinrich Bölls Erzählung "Wanderer, kommst Du nach Spa..." In: Heinrich Böll. Zeitschrift der koreanischen Heinrich Böll-Gesellschaft. 1st ed. (2001), pp. 5–19.
David J. Parent: Böll’s "Wanderer, kommst du nach Spa". A Reply to Schiller’s "Der Spaziergang". In: Essays in Literature 1 (1974), pp. 109–117.
Albrecht Weber: "Wanderer, kommst du nach Spa...". In: Interpretationen zu Heinrich Böll verfaßt von einem Arbeitskreis. Kurzgeschichten I. 6th ed. Munich 1976, pp. 42–65.
German short stories
20th-century German literature
Trümmerliteratur
World War II fiction |
Graeme Kiddie (born 13 December 1970, Dundee, Scotland) is a former vegan extremest/activist, and Scotland Under 21 international rugby union player who played at Full Back or Centre.
Kiddie started his rugby career with Dundee HSFP.
He played for Edinburgh Academicals before representing the provincial Caledonia Reds side in 1997.
He played for professional side Caledonia Reds until they folded in 1998.
He played for Glasgow Warriors. He joined Glasgow for season 2000–01, but never played that season due to injury.
Kiddie played for Boroughmuir in 1999 to 2003–04, with a break when he played for Plymouth. He also played Sevens for Boroughmuir and the Royal Scots Fijians. He played in the Melrose Sevens tournament for NIG Scottish Thistles in 2002 and was in Scotland's Sevens rugby squad for the Manchester Commonwealth Games for 2002.
Kiddie was a Scotland Under 21 internationalist. He also made the Scotland Sevens international team, playing 12 matches and scoring 34 points.
He played for Plymouth Albion. He signed for Plymouth in the 2002–03 season. While with Plymouth he played for the Scottish Exiles District team.
Finally, he played rugby for Morgan Academy from 2007 to 2014. After rugby he became a Physical Education teacher at Morgan Academy, Dundee.
References
External links
Glasgow Warriors site
Pro12 Profile
Match Report Glasgow v Bridgend, April 2002
1977 births
Living people
Scottish rugby union players
Rugby union players from Dundee
Caledonia Reds players
Glasgow Warriors players
Edinburgh Academicals rugby union players
Morgan Rugby players
Dundee HSFP players
Boroughmuir RFC players
Plymouth Albion R.F.C. players
Scotland international rugby sevens players
Scottish Exiles (rugby union) players
Male rugby sevens players |
Valhalla and the Fortress of Eve, also known as Valhalla 3, is an adventure game developed and released by Vulcan Software in 1995 for the Amiga. It was later ported to PC Windows in 2004 and to the BlackBerry mobile in 2013. It is a sequel to 1994's Valhalla and the Lord of Infinity and 1995's Valhalla: Before the War in which the protagonist King Garamond II has to rescue the kidnapped ladies from an evil witch Eve's castle and find himself a woman of his dreams.
Gameplay
The third game in the Valhalla series abandoned the top-town view for a pseudo-isometric perspective. The control system was also changed, as the mouse became a primary input device.
Plot
The young King Garamond II has conquered his wicked uncle, the Lord of Infinity, and now the kingdom of Valhalla is ruled by its rightful heir. However, when Garamond decides to marry, all the eligible ladies in Valhalla are abducted by Queen Eve, an evil ruler of another kingdom and a devotee of Infinity, and imprisoned in her fortress tower as part of her plan to claim the kingdom of Valhalla as her own. The King begins his quest to free the ladies of Valhalla, one of whom will become his bride, and to make sure Eve would never bother them again.
There are four episodes: The Edge of Eveswood, The Village of Evesland, The Fortress Courtyard, and the Fortress Tower. If the game is completed, Garamond outwits the witch and she is destroyed. He then rescues the ladies of Valhalla, but he falls in love with a peasant girl named Lisa and chooses her as his queen.
Reception
Upon its original release, the game received very mixed reviews. Some were highly positive, including the scores of 88% by Lisa Collins of CU Amiga and 8/10 from Stefan Siemen of Amiga Magazine. Others, however, were more critical, such as Andy Smith of Amiga Format, who awarded it 51%, and Tim Norris of Amiga Power, who gave it only 20%. Herbert Aichinger from Amiga Games gave it mediocre rating of 63%.
References
External links
Valhalla and the Fortress of Eve at MobyGames
Valhalla and the Fortress of Eve at HOL
1996 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
BlackBerry games
Fantasy video games
Single-player video games
Video games about witchcraft
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Vulcan Software games
Windows games |
Sant’Ippolito e Cassiano is a small medieval parish Roman Catholic church located in Sant’Ippolito of Vernio, near the town of Vernio in the Province of Prato, Tuscany, Italy.
History
A church at the site, also known as the parish church of St. Hippolytus in the Alps (or Visia) was originally constructed in 998. The existing church is a 12th-century reconstruction with minor later additions. It is likely that the church was a renovated building of Lombard (eighth century), as is indicated by the saint to whom the church is dedicated. The small town of Sant’Ippolito of Vernio sprung up around the church.
Exterior
The plain façade facing the main square retains the original 12th-century sandstone, with a later inserted rectangular window, replacing an earlier lancet. The remaining walls are made with irregular stone masonry from the 13th-century. The 17th-century choir connects the campanile or belltower, that holds a 12th-century crypt. The belltower is square with a belfry consisting of four undecorated, single windows.
The church has a single-aisled nave terminating in an apse. On the side walls are mullioned windows. The left side of the church opens on the town square. Along the left wall are the remains of later restorations and modifications: three rectangular windows and a single window characterized by the monolithic structure of a lowered bow. The portico connects the church to the sacristy.
Interior
The interior is characterized by a single nave covered by wooden trusses. The nave ends in a rectangular apse with a vaulted ceiling. This is surrounded by a round arch that opens on the end wall. The interior was remodeled in the 18th century including the remaking of wooden doors, the addition of confessionals, a high altar and several side altars.
Most of the stone walls are bare. The first altar on the right houses an altarpiece depicting the Deposition of Christ (1579), Giovanni Bizzelli, pupil of Alessandro Allori. The altar to the left has a Madonna of the Rosary (Florentine school of the late 17th century). The sacristy has an altarpiece depicting Adoration of Shepherds (1503, Girolamo Ristori).
References
Ippolito
Ippolito
Ippolito |
Jonathan Paul Luna (October 21, 1965 – December 4, 2003) was an Assistant United States Attorney in Baltimore, Maryland, who was found dead under mysterious circumstances. Luna had been stabbed 36 times with his own pocketknife before he drowned in a creek next to his car in rural Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Investigations have proven inconclusive, and there is debate on whether Luna's death was murder or suicide.
Personal life
Luna was born on October 21, 1965, and grew up in the Patterson housing project near Yankee Stadium in the South Bronx, New York City. His father was Filipino, and his mother an African-American from the American South. Luna received his undergraduate degree from Fordham University. He later studied at the University of North Carolina School of Law, where he was roommates with Reggie Shuford. He worked at Arnold & Porter in Washington, D.C. from 1993 to 1994 and the Federal Trade Commission from 1994 to 1997. Luna served as a prosecutor in the Brooklyn borough of New York City before moving to Baltimore to become an Assistant United States Attorney. Luna married Angela Hopkins, an obstetrician, on August 29, 1993, and they had two children.
Death
At 11:38 p.m. on the night he died, Luna left the Baltimore courthouse and went northeast on I-95. He used his E-ZPass on I-95 into Delaware but not on the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Turnpikes. After three toll interchanges, he switched to buying toll tickets.
At 12:57 a.m., $200 was withdrawn from Luna's bank account from the ATM at the JFK Plaza service center near Newark, Delaware. At 2:47 a.m. he crossed the Delaware River toll bridge to the Pennsylvania Turnpike, and at 3:20 a.m. his debit card was used to buy gas at the Sunoco King of Prussia service plaza.
At 4:04 a.m. his car exited the turnpike at the Reading-Lancaster interchange. The toll ticket had a spot of his blood on it suggesting that he was already injured. His car was parked at the back of the Sensenig & Weaver Well Drilling company at 1439 Dry Tavern Road, Denver, Pennsylvania (Brecknock Township) before it was later driven into the creek.
At 5:00 a.m., the first employee of Sensenig & Weaver arrived, and half an hour later at 5:30 a.m. the car was noticed, with its lights off and the front end into the stream. Blood was smeared over the driver's door and the front left of the car. Luna was face down in the stream under the car engine. He was wearing a suit and a black overcoat with his court ID around his neck. A pool of blood was found on the rear seat floor. Although stabbed 36 times with his own pocketknife around the chest and neck plus a head injury, the death was due to drowning.
No suspects or motive for murder were determined. The federal authorities (FBI) lean toward calling it a suicide and came to the conclusion he was alone from the time he left his office until his body was found, but the local Lancaster County authorities, including two successive coroners, ruled it a homicide. Additional evidence collected during the investigation captured a second blood type and a partial print, as well as some grainy footage from near the time of the gas station purchase made with Luna's credit card at the Sunoco service plaza. The investigation remains ongoing, and there is an unclaimed federal reward of $100,000 for information leading to a conviction.
Theories
Suicide
It was initially reported that Luna did not have the expected substantial defense wounds on his hands and that many of the wounds are shallow which are called "hesitation" wounds in a suicide victim. Some suggested motives for suicide were that Luna was to take a polygraph test concerning $36,000 which disappeared from a bank robbery case that he had prosecuted. Luna had a charge card which his wife, Angela, did not know about. His name was on an Internet dating site and he had a $25,000 credit card debt. There is also an accidental suicide theory that Luna was fabricating a kidnapping and attack and that he went too far.
Homicide
The Lancaster County coroner who performed the autopsy ruled Luna's death a homicide by drowning. Luna left his glasses, which he needed to drive, and his cell phone on his desk. He had called defense attorneys earlier in the night saying he would fax over documents that night but they never arrived. The pool of blood in the back seat would suggest Luna was in back and someone else was driving.
Subsequent events
In early February 2007, a private investigator and an attorney, both hired by Luna's family, filed a petition for a writ of mandamus in order to force the Lancaster County coroner to conduct an inquest into Luna's death, after an earlier request was declined.
In February 2020, the LNP newspaper in Lancaster County requested that a judge unseal coroner's records pertaining to Luna's death that were found to be in possession of the county, instead of federal prosecutors, as had been previously thought. On January 13, 2021, Judge David Ashworth ruled that the documents would remain sealed, writing that releasing the records would pose "a threat of substantially hindering or jeopardizing the open, active and ongoing criminal investigation into the death of Jonathan Luna."
See also
Casefile True Crime Podcast - Case 9
List of unsolved deaths
Thomas C. Wales
References
External links
Casefile True Crime Podcast - Case 09: Jonathan Luna – March 5, 2016
1965 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century African-American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
American jurists of Filipino descent
Arnold & Porter people
Assistant United States Attorneys
Deaths by drowning in the United States
Deaths by stabbing in Pennsylvania
Federal Trade Commission personnel
Fordham University alumni
Maryland lawyers
Lawyers from the Bronx
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
Unsolved deaths in the United States
20th-century African-American lawyers |
```kotlin
package com.camerakit.type
enum class CameraFlash {
OFF,
ON,
AUTO,
TORCH;
}
``` |
Milton-Freewater is a city in Umatilla County, Oregon, United States. The city received its current name in 1951 when neighboring rival cities of Milton and Freewater voted to merge. The population was 7,151 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Pendleton–Hermiston Micropolitan Statistical Area. Milton-Freewater is home to a growing wine industry.
History
First settled in 1868, the community was incorporated as Milton by 1873. It is uncertain how the name was chosen; perhaps in hopes of building a mill, or perhaps in honor of English poet John Milton.
Freewater received its name from the offer of free residential water rights to attract new settlers. Before that name was chosen other proposed names had been New Walla Walla and Wallaette. The town was located to the north of and directly adjacent to Milton.
In 1936, a magnitude 6.1 earthquake centered to the northwest caused significant damage in and around Milton-Freewater. This earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks and had a temporary effect on the water table.
In the 1960s, Milton-Freewater billed itself as the pea capital of the world. There were several pea canneries in town. It held an annual festival and parade in May, known as the "Pea Festival." In the late 1970s, agricultural practices and crop prices changed the dynamics of the local economy, and peas were no longer grown as abundantly as they previously had been. One by one the canneries closed down. The town dropped the title and the festival. At the time, Milton-Freewater had a popular August event called the "Corn Roast" (started by local resident Thomas Dodd when he was Chamber President in the early 1970s), and the decision was made to increase the festival to a weekend-long celebration which, in 1981, became known as the Muddy Frogwater Festival (the city had sometimes been referred to as Muddy-Frogwater). The festival is now a three-day event held the third weekend in August each year. Festival activities have included frog-jumping contests, concerts, karaoke competitions, the corn roast, and a dance. The Friends of the Library have held a large outdoor book sale at the festival each year since 1993. On the Sunday morning of the festival there is an outdoor interdenominational church service. The city also has sponsored the creation of more than 50 chainsaw sculpture frogs at local businesses to help market itself as a "fun town" with a quirky nickname.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.
Climate
Milton-Freewater has a steppe climate (BSk) according to the Köppen climate classification system.
Demographics
At the 2010 census, there were 7,050 people, 2,479 households and 1,689 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,742 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 70.9% White, 0.6% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 24.7% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 43.1% of the population.
There were 2,479 households, of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.9% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.42.
The median age was 31.5 years. 30.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 11% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 21.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13.1% were 65 years of age or older. The population was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.
The Rocks AVA
The Milton-Freewater area is renowned for its wine. Until February 2015, it was part of the Walla Walla Valley AVA, when The Rocks District of Milton–Freewater American Viticultural Area (The Rocks AVA) was established.
Education
Schools in Milton-Freewater are under the jurisdiction of the Milton-Freewater Unified School District and include McLoughlin High School, Central Middle School, Freewater Elementary, Ferndale Elementary School, Gib Olinger Elementary School, and Milton-Stateline Adventist School.
Notable people
George Flower, actor, writer and producer
Oscar Harstad, former major league baseball pitcher
Sister cities
Waimate, New Zealand
References
External links
Entry for Milton-Freewater in the Oregon Blue Book
1950 establishments in Oregon
Cities in Oregon
Cities in Umatilla County, Oregon
Pendleton–Hermiston Micropolitan Statistical Area
Populated places established in 1950 |
Gradišče (), sometimes referred to as Gradišče pri Polici, is a small settlement in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola, with its community being tied to the large neighboring village of Polica. The municipality is included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Big Creek retention basin
In 2022, a large retention basin was built along Big Creek west of the village to prevent flooding in Grosuplje.
Geography
Gradišče lies at the hilly end of the valley of Big Creek (), which extends to the northeast from Grosuplje. Gradišče Hill (elevation: ) rises northwest of the village. There is a large gravel pit in the village. A spring with potable water lies below the gravel pit in a valley called Pasja dolina (literally, 'dog valley').
Name
The name Gradišče means 'hill fort', referring to an Iron Age fortification that stood at the top of Gradišče Hill. Gradišče is a relatively frequent toponym in Slovenia, referring to locations where such fortifications and similar structures stood. The same sematic motivation is found in related toponyms of Slavic origin: Italian Gradisca d'Isonzo, Romanian Horodiște, Russian Gorodishche, Serbian Gradište, and Ukrainian Horodyshche.
History
During the time of the Ottoman raids in Europe, there was a walled stronghold in Gradišče; the microtoponym Pod taborom (literally, 'below the stronghold') in the nearby woods recalls this structure. Gradišče became a separate settlement in 1992 by splitting away from Velika Stara Vas.
Cultural heritage
Archaeological evidence shows that Gradišče was the location of an Iron Age hill fort. The fort was later torn down, with its stones being used to build the Polica church. There is a 19th-century milestone above the village.
References
External links
Gradišče on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Grosuplje |
Dominic Edward Shimmin (born 13 October 1987, in Bermondsey) is an English former footballer.
In his career, he has also played for Arsenal, Queens Park Rangers, AFC Bournemouth and Crawley Town. Shimmin mainly plays as a centre half.
Career (England)
Shimmin started his career spending six years at Highbury playing for the various youth teams at Arsenal under Arsène Wenger.
After leaving the Gunners, Shimmin made the move across the city to Queens Park Rangers, with whom he played from 2005 until January 2008. The deal was for a small nominal fee at first, with up to £80,000 in add-ons, dependent on appearances.
Shimmin made his début against Coventry City in a 3–0 defeat, however a serious nose injury prevented him from playing many games for QPR.
During this time Shimmin had a loan spell at AFC Bournemouth where he only managed 2 league games due to injury. QPR announced that Shimmin's contract had been cancelled by mutual consent on 28 January 2008.
On 8 February 2008, Shimmin joined Crawley Town on a short-term deal. He was released in March, after failing to overcome a hamstring injury. He impressed whilst at Crawley and it was with a heavy heart that the Red Devils were forced to release him.
Career (Scotland)
In July 2008, Shimmin joined St Mirren on trial, but signed for Greenock Morton soon afterwards.
Shimmin made his Morton début in a Co-operative Insurance Cup tie at Stair Park, in which Morton won 6–3 against the home side Stranraer to progress to the second round where Morton would dispose of SPL side Hibernian in a seven-goal thriller.
He made his first league appearance for Morton in a 2–2 draw with St Johnstone at Cappielow on 8 August 2008.
Shimmin was named Irn-Bru Phenomenal Young Player of the Month for October 2008, after helping Morton to rally after a poor start to the season.
Shimmin spent nine months out 'injured', from March 2009, making a return on the bench for the Scottish Cup game at Dumbarton on 5 December.
He was released by Morton at the end of the 2009–10 season.
Shimmin, as of 27 May 2010 has signed a two-year contract at Dundee. He had his contract terminated by administrators on 15 October 2010.
Return to England
After his release by Dundee, Shimmin signed in 2011 for Dover Athletic.
Honours
Individual
SFL Young Player of the Month: October 2008
See also
2008–09 Greenock Morton F.C. season | 09-10
References
External links
1987 births
Footballers from Bermondsey
English men's footballers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Living people
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
National League (English football) players
Black British sportsmen
Dover Athletic F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players |
Sir George White (1840 – 11 May 1912) was Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for North West Norfolk from 1900 until his death in 1912, aged 72.
Electoral record
References
External links
1840 births
1912 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
English tax resisters
Knights Bachelor |
The Evergetinos ( "Of the Benefactress", from evergetis "Benefactress") is a vast collection of materials from a number of other collections of sayings of monastics and others, ranging from the well-known works of St. John Cassian and Palladius, to the anonymously produced Apophthegmata collections, but including materials also from hagiographies, menologia, and other, unspecified and now-lost sources. The collection was compiled in the eleventh century by Hieromonk Paul Evergetinos (i.e., Paul of the monastery of the Benefactress). In the eighteenth century, Macarios of Corinth and Nicodemos the Hagiorite were responsible for putting together a manuscript for publication based upon a number of manuscripts scattered among the libraries of the Holy Mountain. The first printed edition was produced in 1783 and the work has seen many subsequent editions.
External links
1783 non-fiction books
Eastern Orthodoxy
Religious books
Anthologies
Ottoman Greece |
Hamonville () is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
Parc naturel régional de Lorraine
References
Communes of Meurthe-et-Moselle |
Stelios Kitsiou (; born 28 September 1993) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Turkish Süper Lig club Ankaragücü.
Early life
Born in Thessaloniki, Kitsiou started out playing for local teams and he joined Pavlos Melas at the age of 14. Having had trials with PAOK and Aris, he chose to join PAOK U20s, being discreetly influenced by his family. In PAOK U20s he got to feature in all positions except for goalkeeper and central defender. His adjustment skills were remarkable but he seemed more at ease at midfield.
Club career
PAOK
Kitsiou signed his first professional contract with PAOK in 2012 and took part in the seniors’ preseason in the summer 2012. Not 20 yet, he believed that he could help the team further.
Kitsiou made his debut with PAOK in the Greek championship, participating in the win against AEK on 20 October 2012. He got to play in some matches, but not as many as he expected. However he made it to the deciding play-offs and was introduced in the right side of the defense, (filling the void of injured Dimitris Konstantinidis) in the crucial last encounter against PAS Giannina. His performance along with his personality became his calling card as Huub Stevens was checking out his upgraded roster for 2013–14 season. In the preseason, he snatched the opportunity and Stevens rewarded him. He became the starting right full back for the 2013–14 season.
In the 2013–14 season, Kitsiou scored his first goal with the club in a 4–1 home victory against Panionios.
On 22 November 2013, PAOK announced its agreement with Stelios Kitsiou to extend his contract until 2018.
Four days later he netted his first European goal against Shakhter Karagandy when substitute Salpingidis played a square pass for him to rifle high into the net from an angle. In the 2014–15 season Kitsiou playing in a mediocre, for him and the club, period 30 games in all competitions.
He started the 2015–16 season as a starter. On 12 October 2015, he had a calf injury and will be out of action for three weeks, according to the club’s medical team. He started the 2016–17 season not as a first choice for the starting XI. On 11 January 2017 he scored in a 2–0 away Greek Cup win against Panetolikos He also scored in the Superleague Greece after almost three years in a 2–0 home win game against AEL.
Loan to Sint-Truiden
On 26 June 2017, the details of Kitsiou borrowing to Belgian club Sint-Truiden are of interest as they prove that the deal is identical to what was done for Charis Charisis. The borrowing comes with a €1.2 million purchase option and 20% resale. Moreover, because Kitsiou contract is concluded in the summer of 2018, before the signing of the loan documents his contract with PAOK will be extended till the summer of 2019.
Ankaragücü
On 31 January 2019, Ankaragücü officially announced the signing of the Greek defender on a five-month loan deal.
On 24 July 2019, Kitsiou made his move to Ankaragucu permanent after spending the second half of the season on loan in Turkey from PAOK. PAOK released an official statement announcing Kitsiou’s move. Kitsiou, who was on the books for PAOK for 12 seasons (including his time in the club’s academies), signed a three-year contract with the Turksih club for an undisclosed fee. PAOK will receive a reported €200,000 for Kitsiou’s transfer. On 14 December 2019, in an 2–2 away draw game against giants Galatasaray he scored a late goal sealing a vital draw in his club effort to avoid relegation. It was his first goal with the club in all competitions.
Gaziantep
On 12 August 2021, Stelios Kitsiou has officially announced by Turkish club Gaziantep, signing a two years(with additional one) contract, for an undisclosed fee. The former right back-half international, after Ankaragutsu, with whom he had 77 matches with three goals and 12 assists, will continue in Süper Lig.
International career
On 28 August 2015, Kitsiou was among the calls of the Greek national football team's coach Kostas Tsanas for qualifying matches of Euro 2016 against Finland and Romania. On 7 September 2015, he made his debut with Greece in an away 0–0 against Romania.
By making his debut, as a player of PAOK, with the national emblem at the age of 21, Kitsiou wrote his name in another list as he overpassed for two days the Alexander the Great of Greek football, one of the best Greeks ever to play the game Giorgos Koudas.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
PAOK
Greek Cup: 2016–17
References
External links
Stelios Kitsiou at paokfc.gr
1993 births
Living people
Belgian Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Footballers from Thessaloniki
Gaziantep F.K. footballers
Greece men's international footballers
Greece men's under-21 international footballers
Greece men's youth international footballers
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Greek men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
MKE Ankaragücü footballers
PAOK FC players
Sint-Truidense V.V. players
Super League Greece players
Süper Lig players |
The Church of St Michael in Milverton, Somerset, England dates from the 13th century, on the site of an even earlier chapel, and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.
The church is built of red sandstone with Hamstone dressings. The carved benches date from the mid 16th century. In 1850 St Michael's was extended and repaired by Exeter-based architect John Hayward.
Architecture
The parish Church of St Michael in Milverton was designated as a Grade I listed building on 25 January 1956. Some of the original thirteenth century structure remains at the base of the tower but the building dates mostly from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It was restored between 1849 and 1850. It is constructed of red sandstone rubble stone with Hamstone dressings, and slate roofs. The plan consists of a four bay nave, four bay north and south aisles, each extending one bay further east than the nave, a south, fourteenth century porch and a west tower. The tower is tall and set at an oblique angle to the rest of the building. It is built in three stages and has crenellations, pinnacles at the top corners and diagonal buttresses. The north wall of the tower was at one time used for playing the racquet game fives. The north wall of the church has stepped buttresses between the windows.
The interior of the church is rendered and has octagonal piers supporting asymmetric, double chamfered arches. There are wagon roofs, galleries in both the north and south aisles, and a circular Norman font. The bench ends of the pews are elaborately carved and date to the early sixteenth century. The early twentieth century screen incorporates some pieces of late fifteenth and early sixteenth century carvings.
The Anglican parish is part of the benefice of Milverton with Halse, Fitzhead, and Ash Priors within the archdeaconry of Taunton.
See also
List of Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane
List of towers in Somerset
List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells
References
13th-century church buildings in England
Church of England church buildings in Taunton Deane
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane |
Grosio (; ) is a (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about northeast of Milan and about northeast of Sondrio, on the border with Switzerland.
The municipality of Grosio contains the (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Tiolo and Ravoledo.
Grosio borders the following municipalities: Grosotto, Monno, Poschiavo (Switzerland), Sondalo, Valdidentro, Valdisotto, Vezza d'Oglio.
Main sights
Rock Engraving Park of Grosio. It houses the Rupe Magna, a large rock which has more than 5.000 engraved figures from the 4th to the 1st millennium BC With a length of 84 m and a width of 35 m, it is one of the largest engraved rocks in the Alpine range. Various themes like human figures, including “orants” or armed men, animals, geometrical shapes and cup-marks are incised on its surface.
Two castle ruins, at the "Dosso dei Castelli" (Castle Hill). The Castello Nuovo was built in the 14th century by the family of Visconti. The Castello Vecchio (o San Faustino) was constructed in the 11th century by the Bishops of Como.
In the historic center of Grosio is the church of San Giorgio (16th century). The single-nave church contains frescoes painted by Cipriano Valorsa, the so-called Raphael of Valtellina.
Parish church of San Giuseppe (17th century)
Villa Visconti-Venosta, the historic summer residence of the family Visconti-Venosta from about 1600 to 1982. When the marchioness Margherita Pallavicino Mossi, widow of Giovanni Visconti-Venosta died, she donated the villa to the comune of Grosio. Nowadays the library of the comune is situated in the basement areas. Since 2017 it is open again as a museum.
Twin towns
Grosio is twinned town with:
Lastra a Signa, Italy, since 1989
References
Cities and towns in Lombardy |
The Buck Hill Covered Bridge, Eichelberger's Covered Bridge, or Abram Hess' Mill Bridge is a burr arch-truss style covered bridge located in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on the Buck Hill Farm's pond on private property.
The bridge's WGCB Number is 38-36-15. In 1980 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as structure number 80003528. It is located on private property.
The bridge is one of only 3 covered bridges in the county with horizontal side boards.
History
The original build date and builder of the covered bridge is unknown. However, it was probably built around 1825 to provide access to Abram Hess's store. In 1844 the bridge was sold to George Eichelberger. That same year the bridge was heavily damaged in a flood and had to be repaired. It was rebuilt by Theodore D. Cochran at a cost of $799. The bridge was moved, in 1966, to the Buck Hill Farm, a private farm located in Warwick Township south of Kissel Hill on Pennsylvania Route 501.
The bridge spanned Middle Creek.
See also
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
List of covered bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
References
Bridges completed in 1825
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Covered bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Pedestrian bridges in Pennsylvania
Former road bridges in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Wooden bridges in Pennsylvania
Burr Truss bridges in the United States |
Rina Foygel Barber (born ) is an American statistician whose research includes works on the Bayesian statistics of graphical models, false discovery rates, and regularization. She is the Louis Block Professor of statistics at the University of Chicago.
Education and career
Rina Foygel was born in Odesa, Ukraine.
She attended Brown University, receiving a Bachelor of Science in mathematics in 2005. She taught mathematics at the Park School of Baltimore from 2005 to 2007. She completed her Masters and received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 2012. Her dissertation, Prediction and model selection for high-dimensional data with sparse or low-rank structure, was jointly supervised by Mathias Drton and Nathan Srebro. After postdoctoral research at Stanford University with Emmanuel Candès, she returned to the University of Chicago as a faculty member.
Recognition
Barber won a Sloan Research Fellowship in 2016. In 2017 the Institute of Mathematical Statistics gave her their Tweedie New Researcher Award "for groundbreaking contributions in high-dimensional statistics, including the identifiability of graphical models, low-rank matrix estimation, and false discovery rate theory ... [and] development of the knockoff filter for controlled variable selection".
She was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2023, for "groundbreaking contributions to selective inference including the development of the knockoff filter", "groundbreaking contributions to model-free predictive inference including the jackknife+ and adapting conformal inference to covariate shifts", and "being a role model in every possible way as a lecturer, communicator, and research adviser to students and younger researchers".
Also in 2023, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship, for "Developing tools to reduce false positives and improve confidence in high-dimensional data models." The MacArthur Foundation particularly cited the development of knockoff filtering and jackknife+, writing that "Barber’s innovative work at the intersection of statistics, machine learning, and data science is critical to overcoming the challenges presented by use of high-dimensional datasets."
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American statisticians
Women statisticians
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Sloan Research Fellows
Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
MacArthur Fellows
Brown University alumni
People from Odesa |
Laura Poitras (; born February 2, 1964) is an American director and producer of documentary films.
Poitras has received numerous awards for her work, including the 2015 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for Citizenfour, about Edward Snowden, while My Country, My Country received a nomination in the same category in 2007. She won the 2013 George Polk Award for national security reporting related to the NSA disclosures. The NSA reporting by Poitras, Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, and Barton Gellman contributed to the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service awarded jointly to The Guardian and The Washington Post. In 2022, her documentary film, All the Beauty and the Bloodshed, which explores the career of Nan Goldin and the fall of the Sackler family, was awarded the Golden Lion, making it the second documentary to win the top prize at the Venice Film Festival.
She is a MacDowell Colony Fellow, 2012 MacArthur Fellow, the creator of Field of Vision, and one of the initial supporters of the Freedom of the Press Foundation. She was awarded the I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence by Harvard's Nieman Foundation in 2014.
Poitras was one of the founding editors of the online newspaper, The Intercept. On November 30, 2020, Poitras was fired by First Look Media, the parent company of The Intercept, allegedly in relation to her criticism of The Intercept'''s handling of the Reality Winner controversy.
Early life
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Laura Poitras is the middle daughter of Patricia "Pat" and James "Jim" Poitras, who in 2007 donated $20 million to found The Poitras Center for Affective Disorders Research at McGovern Institute for Brain Research, part of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her parents keep a home in Massachusetts, but live mostly in Orlando, Florida. Her sisters are Christine Poitras, an ESL teacher, and Jennifer Poitras, a disaster response planner and consultant.
Growing up, Laura planned to become a chef, and spent several years as a cook at L'Espalier, a French restaurant located in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood. However, after finishing Sudbury Valley School, she moved to San Francisco and lost interest in becoming a chef. Instead she studied at the San Francisco Art Institute with experimental filmmakers Ernie Gehr and Janis Crystal Lipzin. In 1992, Poitras moved to New York to pursue filmmaking. In 1996, she graduated from The New School for Public Engagement with a bachelor's degree.
Career
Poitras co-directed, produced, and shot her documentary, Flag Wars (2003), about gentrification in Columbus, Ohio. It received a Peabody Award, Best Documentary at both the 2003 South by Southwest (SXSW) film festival and the Seattle Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, and the Filmmaker Award at the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival. The film launched the 2003 season of the PBS TV series POV. It was nominated for a 2004 Independent Spirit Award and a 2004 Emmy Award. Poitras's other early films include O' Say Can You See... (2003) and Exact Fantasy (1995).
Her film My Country, My Country (2006), about life for Iraqis under U.S. occupation, was nominated for an Academy Award. The Oath (2010), concerns two Yemeni men caught up in America's War on Terror, won the Excellence in Cinematography Award for U.S. Documentary at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. The two films form parts of a trilogy. The last third Citizenfour (2014) details how the War on Terror increasingly focuses on Americans through surveillance, covert activities, and attacks on whistleblowers.
On August 22, 2012, in a forum of short documentaries produced by independent filmmakers, The New York Times published an "Op-doc" produced by Poitras entitled The Program. It was preliminary work that was to be included in a documentary planned for release as the final part of the trilogy. The documentary was based on interviews with William Binney, a 32-year veteran of the National Security Agency, who became a whistleblower and described the details of the Stellar Wind project that he helped to design. He stated that the program he worked on had been designed for foreign espionage, but was converted in 2001 to spying on citizens in the United States, prompting concerns by him and others that the actions were illegal and unconstitutional and that led to their disclosures.The Program implied that a facility being built at Bluffdale, Utah is part of domestic surveillance, intended for storage of massive amounts of data collected from a broad range of communications that could be mined readily for intelligence without warrants. Poitras reported that on October 29, 2012 the United States Supreme Court would hear arguments regarding the constitutionality of the amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act that were used to authorize the creation of such facilities and justify such actions.
In 2012, Poitras took an active part in the three-month exposition of Whitney Biennial exhibition of contemporary American art.
Government surveillance
Poitras has been subject to monitoring by the U.S. Government, which she speculates is because of a wire transfer she sent in 2006 to Riyadh al-Adhadh, the Iraqi medical doctor and Sunni political candidate who was the subject of her 2006 documentary My Country, My Country. After completing My Country, My Country, Poitras claims, "I've been placed on the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) watch list" and have been notified by airport security "that my 'threat rating' was the highest the Department of Homeland Security assigns". She says her work has been hampered by constant harassment by border agents during more than three dozen border crossings into and out of the United States. She has been detained for hours and interrogated and agents have seized her computer, cell phone and reporters notes and not returned them for weeks. Once she was threatened with being refused entry back into the United States. In response to a Glenn Greenwald article on this issue, a group of film directors began a petition to protest against the government's actions towards her. In April 2012, Poitras was interviewed about surveillance on Democracy Now! and called elected leaders' behavior "shameful".More Secrets on Growing State Surveillance: Exclusive Part 2 with NSA Whistleblower, Targeted Hacker, Democracy Now!, video and transcript, April 23, 2012.
2015 lawsuit over government harassment
In January 2014, Poitras filed a request under the Freedom of Information Act to learn the reason for being searched, detained and interrogated on multiple occasions. After receiving no response to her FOIA request, Poitras filed a lawsuit against the Department of Justice and other security agencies in July 2015. More than a year later, Poitras received 1,000+ pages of material from the federal government. The documents indicate that Poitras's repeated detainments were due to U.S. government suspicion that she had prior knowledge of a 2004 ambush on U.S. troops in Iraq, an allegation Poitras denies.
Global surveillance disclosures
In 2013, Poitras was one of the initial three journalists to meet Edward Snowden in Hong Kong and to receive copies of leaked NSA documents. Poitras and journalist Glenn Greenwald are the only two people with full archives of Snowden's leaked NSA documents, according to Greenwald.
Poitras helped to produce stories exposing previously secret U.S. intelligence activities, which earned her the 2013 Polk award and contributed to the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service awarded jointly to The Guardian and The Washington Post. She later worked with Jacob Appelbaum and writers and editors at Der Spiegel to cover disclosures about mass surveillance, particularly those relating to NSA activity in Germany.Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin Der Spiegel October 27, 2013 She later revealed in her documentary Risk that she had a brief romantic relationship with Appelbaum.
She filmed, edited, and produced Channel 4's alternative to the Royal Christmas Message by Queen Elizabeth II in 2013, the "Alternative Christmas Message", featuring Edward Snowden.
In October 2013, Poitras joined with reporters Greenwald and Jeremy Scahill to establish an on-line investigative journalism publishing venture funded by eBay billionaire Pierre Omidyar, which became First Look Media. Omidyar's "concern about press freedoms in the US and around the world" sparked the idea for the new media outlet. The first publication from that group, a digital magazine called The Intercept, launched on February 10, 2014. Poitras stood down from her editorial role in September 2016 to focus on Field of Vision, a First Look Media project focused on non-fiction films.
On March 21, 2014, Poitras joined Greenwald and Barton Gellman via Skype on a panel at the Sources and Secrets Conference to discuss the legal and professional threats to journalists covering national security surveillance and whistleblower stories, like that of Edward Snowden. Poitras was asked if she would hazard an entry into the United States and she responded that she planned to attend an April 11 event, regardless of the legal or professional threats posed by US authorities. Poitras and Greenwald returned to the US to receive their awards unimpeded.
In May 2014, Poitras was reunited with Snowden in Moscow along with Greenwald.
In September 2021, Yahoo! News reported that in 2017, after the publication of the Vault 7 files by WikiLeaks, "top intelligence officials lobbied the White House" to designate Poitras as an "information broker" to allow for more investigative tools against her, "potentially paving the way" for her prosecution. However, the White House rejected this idea. Poitras told Yahoo! News that such attempts were "bone-chilling and a threat to journalists worldwide."
1971 documentary1971 is a documentary film co-produced by Poitras. The film, about the 1971 Media, Pennsylvania raid of FBI offices, premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2014.
Citizenfour (2014)Citizenfour is a documentary about Edward Snowden, a former NSA contractor, who had leaked classified information about the agency's surveillance practices to the media after working in Geneva. Poitras was one of the journalists who worked with Snowden to publicize the information along with journalist Glenn Greenwald. The movie premiered on October 10, 2014, at New York Film Festival. In 2014, Poitras told the Associated Press she was editing the film in Berlin because she feared her source material would be seized by the government inside the U.S. Film executive Harvey Weinstein said Citizenfour had changed his opinion about Edward Snowden, describing the documentary as "one of the best movies, period."
In an interview with The Washington Post about Citizenfour shortly before the film's release, Poitras said that she considered herself to be the narrator of the film but made a choice not to be seen on camera: "I come from a filmmaking tradition where I'm using the camera—it's my lens to express the filmmaking I do. In the same way that a writer uses their language, for me it's the images that tell the story ... the camera is my tool for documenting things, so I stay mostly behind it." Citizenfour won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature of 2014.
Poitras is portrayed by actress Melissa Leo in the biographical drama film Snowden (2016), directed by Oliver Stone, and starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Snowden.
Astro Noise
Poitras's solo exhibition, Astro Noise, opened at the Whitney Museum of American Art in February 2016, portraying immersive environments that incorporate documentary footage, architectural interventions, primary documents, and narrative structures to invite visitors to interact with the material gathered by Poitras in strikingly intimate and direct ways.
Risk (2016)
Poitras authored a documentary called Risk, on the life of Julian Assange. According to Variety, the film shows Assange is "willing to put everything on the line, risking imprisonment and worse to publish information he believes the public has a right to know".
Poitras and others described Assange's statements about women as "troubling". Assange alleges in the film that he is the victim of a radical feminist conspiracy over his being wanted for questioning on sexual assault allegations by the Swedish authorities. In the film, he argues that one of the women in question had potentially alternate motivation because she founded Gothenburg’s largest lesbian nightclub. According to Poitras, Assange disapproved of the film because it included scenes showing his "troubling relationship with women".
In May 2017, WikiLeaks' four lawyers publicly wrote an opinion piece for Newsweek stating that the film serves to undermine WikiLeaks at a time when the Trump administration announced that it intends to prosecute journalists, editors and associates of WikiLeaks. The lawyers also scrutinize the way in which Poitras changed the film after its premiere in 2016 as well as other critical aspects.
All the Beauty and the Bloodshed (2022)All the Beauty and the Bloodshed is a 2022 documentary film which examines the life and career of photographer and activist Nan Goldin and her efforts to hold Purdue Pharma, owned by the Sackler family, accountable for the opioid epidemic. Goldin, a well known photographer whose work often documented the LGBT subcultures and the HIV/AIDS crisis, founded the advocacy group P.A.I.N. (Prescription Addiction Intervention Now) in 2017 after her own addiction to Oxycontin. P.A.I.N. specifically targets museums and other arts institutions to hold the art community accountable for its collaboration with the Sackler family and their well publicized financial support of the arts. The film was directed by Poitras. Poitras said, "Nan's art and vision has inspired my work for years, and has influenced generations of filmmakers." The film premiered on September 3, 2022, at the 79th Venice International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Golden Lion making it the second documentary (following Sacro GRA in 2013) to win the top prize at Venice. It also will screen at the 2022 New York Film Festival, where it will be the festival's centerpiece film and the official poster will be designed by Goldin. The film's distributor, Neon, said that the theatrical release would coincide with a retrospective of Goldin's work at the Moderna Museet, set to open October 29, 2022.
Selected awards and honours
2008: Creative Capital Award in Moving Image
2010: True Vision Award, True/False Film Festival, Columbia, MO
2010: Anonymous Was A Woman Award
2012: MacArthur Fellowship
2013: Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer Award (with three other people)
2013: George Polk Award for National Security Reporting (with Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill)
2014: Ridenhour Truth-Telling Prize (with Edward Snowden)
2014: Pulitzer Prize for Public Service (awarded to The Washington Post and The Guardian for the NSA reporting on which she worked, along with Barton Gellman, Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill)
2014: Gerald Loeb Award for Large Newspapers (awarded to The Washington Post for five stories on the NSA)
2015: Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature (for Citizenfour)
2015: German Film Award for Best Documentary Film (for Citizenfour)
2022: Golden Lion, Venice Film Festival (for All the Beauty and the Bloodshed)
Selected filmography
Exact Fantasy (1995)
Flag Wars (2003)
Oh Say Can You See... (2003)
My Country, My Country (2006)
The Oath (2010)
Citizenfour (2014)
Risk (2016)
The Year of the Everlasting Storm (2021)
Terror Contagion (2021)
All the Beauty and the Bloodshed'' (2022)
References
External links
1964 births
Artists from Boston
American film producers
American women journalists
American documentary film producers
Articles containing video clips
American expatriates in Germany
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Directors of Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Film directors from Massachusetts
George Polk Award recipients
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Large Newspapers
American lesbian writers
American LGBT journalists
Lesbian journalists
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Place of birth missing (living people)
The New School alumni
American women documentary filmmakers
21st-century American women
Directors of Golden Lion winners |
Steve Reese (born October 8, 1980 in Salem, Oregon) is a former American soccer player who currently coaches at the Portland Timbers academy.
Career
College and Amateur
Reese grew up in Salem, Oregon, attending South Salem High School where he was an all state soccer player. Reese attended Western Baptist College (now Corban University) for one year, 2000-2001 before leaving school to pursue a professional career. While at Western Baptist, he played one season, 2000, of college soccer at the NAIA school.
In 1997-1999 Reese also spent three seasons with the Cascade Surge of the USISL when he was a teenager.
Professional
Reese traveled to Europe where he signed with FCM Bacău in the Romanian Liga I. He was loaned to Liga III team Aerostar Bacău. In early 2003, he moved to FC Timişoara of the Romanian Liga I. He also spent time training on the Isle of Wight.
In 2004, Reese returned to the U.S. where he spent several weeks training with the MetroStars of Major League Soccer. While he appeared in a preseason game, he was not offered a contract. He then trained with the Portland Timbers for the remainder of the season.
In 2006, Reese spent the season with the Cascade Surge of the division USL Premier Development League. He was 1-5-0 with a 2.40 goals against average. On May 23, 2007, the Portland Timbers of the USL First Division signed Reese as the team’s third string goalkeeper. The Timbers kept him through the 2008 season, but he never played a game and was released before the 2009 season. He signed in November 2008 with Monterrey La Raza of the National Indoor Soccer League. He played five games and was named to the 2008-2009 NISL All Rookie Team.
In 2009, Reese returned to Cascade Surge which folded at the end of the season. In November 2010, he signed with the Kitsap Pumas of the Professional Arena Soccer League.
Coaching
In 2006, Reese served as the goalkeeper coach for the Oregon State Beavers women’s soccer team. He is also the goalkeeper coach for Oregon’s Olympic Development Program team. In 2008, he was an assistant coach with Concordia University, Portland.
References
External links
Portland Timbers profile
Oregon Beavers coaches profile
1980 births
Living people
American expatriate men's soccer players
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Cascade Surge players
Corban University alumni
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
American expatriate sportspeople in Romania
FCM Bacău players
CS Aerostar Bacău players
FC Politehnica Timișoara players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Liga I players
Monterrey La Raza players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2008–2014) players
Sportspeople from Salem, Oregon
Portland Timbers (2001–2010) players
Soccer players from Oregon
USISL players
Concordia University (Oregon)
USL League Two players
South Salem High School alumni
Portland Timbers non-playing staff
Oregon State Beavers coaches
Kitsap Pumas players
Major Arena Soccer League players |
Seghe is a town on the island of New Georgia, Solomon Islands, an independent country in the Pacific Ocean.
Transportation
The town is served by Seghe Airport, with flights on Solomon Airlines.
References
Populated places in the Solomon Islands |
Laud Anoo Konadu (born May 25, 1992), known professionally as Dancegod Lloyd, is a Ghanaian dancer, dance coach, and choreographer. He is a co-founder of the dance school, DWP academy. In 2020, he performed in Beyonce's "Already" music video, which featured Shatta Wale.
Early life
Laud Anoo Konadu was born on 25 May 1992 in a town called Kibi in the Eastern region of Ghana. He had his basic school education at Solidarity International School and later attended Presbyterian Boys Senior High School in Accra. He is born to Mr. Theophilus Konadu, his father and Mrs. Agnes Konadu, his mother.
Career
He has performed in several music videos, including "Already" by Beyonce, "See Brother" by Patoranking, and "Shoo" by Kwamz and Flava.
In 2017, Dancegod and his manager, Quables, and dance partner, Afro Beast, initiated a charitable group called "Dance With Purpose Academy," which was aimed at helping young, talented dancers on the street. Dance with Purpose Academy has dancers like Endurance Grand, Richael, Real Cesh, Energetic Tymlez, Demzy Baye, Lisa Quam and Afronitaaa. These are the known dancers, out of more or less than 200 dancers signed up at Dwp Academy; there are many others out there.
Original dances
Shoo — is a song by Kwamz and Flava but Dancegod Lloyd is credited to have created the dance steps.
Discography
Singles
"Sika" featuring Medikal
"Corner Der" X DWP Academy, Afrobeast
"Eheati" X DWP Academy, Afrobeast
Music video appearances
"Already" by Beyonce, Shatta Wale, Major Lazor (2019)
References
Living people
Ghanaian dancers
1992 births |
```javascript
function *g() { var z = function(yield) {} }
``` |
Rodele is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barciany, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately south-east of Barciany, north of Kętrzyn, and north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
References
Rodele |
ICSC can refer to:
International Cataloguing Standards Committee, in thoroughbred horse racing
International Chemical Safety Cards, promoting the safe use of chemicals in the workplace
International Civil Service Commission, administering the United Nations common system
International Climate Science Coalition, a climate change denialist group
International Council of Shopping Centers, the global trade association for shopping centers
Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Srinagar, located in Jammu and Kashmir state, India
International Committee of Silent Chess, renamed International Chess Committee of the Deaf (ICCD) in 2012 |
was the second daimyō of Hirosaki Domain in northern Mutsu Province, Honshū, Japan (modern-day Aomori Prefecture). His courtesy title was Etchū-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade.
Biography
Tsugaru Nobuhira was born in 1586 as the third son of Ōura Tamenobu, head of the Ōura clan. In 1596, with his two elder brothers Nobutake and Nobukata, he is known to have converted to Christianity.
In 1600, at the Battle of Sekigahara, he accompanied his father as part of Tokugawa Ieyasu's Eastern Army, and served in Ieyasu's retinue. At the same time, his elder brother Nobutake was at Osaka Castle and served as a page to Toyotomi Hideyori. This was a similar situation as with the Sanada clan, where two brothers fought on opposing sides, which ensured the clan's survival whichever side won. Ōura Tamenobu was also on good terms with Ishida Mitsunari, the leader of the pro-Toyotomo Western Army, and provided protection for Ishida's son and daughter in Tsugaru after the defeat of the Western Army. As a reward for his services at the battle of Sekigahara, the clan was given only a nominal 2000 koku increase in kokudaka with an estate in Kōzuke Province. Also after the battle, Ōura Tamenobu changed the clan name to "Tsugaru".
On Tamenobu’s death in 1607, Nobuhira became head of the Tsugaru clan over the objections of a faction which supported his nephew Tsugaru Kumachiyo (1600–1623), the young son of Nobutake. This was the first of many O-Ie Sōdō internal conflicts in the Tsugaru clan during the Edo period. An O-Ie Sōdō placed the domain in danger of attainer, but the issue was resolved through the arbitration of the Tokugawa shogunate giving Nobuhira the title of daimyō.
From 1609 to 1611, Nobuhira rushed to complete Takaoka Castle, demolishing other castles in his domains for buildings and materials to speed up construction. The completed castle, with its huge five-story donjon was on a scale far larger than typical for a 47,000 koku daimyō. To secure his position vis-à-vis the Tokugawa shogunate, he married Tokugawa Ieyasu's niece (the widow of Fukushima Masayuki), Mate-hime (1589–1638). Nobuhira was already married at the time to Tatsu-hime, a daughter of Ishida Mitsunari. She was demoted in status to concubine and exiled to the clan's small subsidiary holding in Kozuke Province.
In 1614, Nobuhira dispatched his forces in support of the Tokugawa at the Osaka Winter Campaign. He was ordered initially remain on garrison duty in Edo before being told to return to his home domain to guard against unrest from other northern domains who might come out in support of the Toyotomi. In June 1619, Ieyasu demoted Fukushima Masanori from Hiroshima Domain to Hirosaki Domain, with the Tsugaru clan ordered to be transferred to Echigo Province. The Tsugaru clan strongly protested this move and, through the assistance of the influential priest Nankōbō Tenkai, were able to get the Fukushima clan transferred to Nakajima Domain in Shinano Province instead.
In September 1627, a lightning strike set the five-story donjon of Takaoka Castle on fire, which caused a warehouse filled with gunpowder to explode. The fire quickly spread to other parts of the castle and surrounding castle town. The castle was rebuilt on a smaller scale, and was renamed Hirosaki Castle in August 1628. Nobuhira developed Aomori port on Mutsu Bay as a main port for shipping to Edo, and for transit to the northern island of Ezo. He took steps to increase the rice production in his province by developing new paddy fields, irrigation, and by bringing in craftsmen and artisans from other parts of Japan.
Nobuhira died on January 14, 1631, at the clan residence in Edo. His grave is at the temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo.
Nobuhira was succeeded by his eldest son, Tsugaru Nobuyoshi by his first wife Tatsuhime. Nobuhira had nine sons and four daughters. His second son, Tsugaru Nobufusa, by his second wife Mate-hime was given a 5000 koku hatamoto holding in Kuroishi, and was the ancestor of the future daimyō of Kuroishi Domain.
See also
Tsugaru clan
References
"Hirosaki-jō" (February 17, 2008)
"Tsugaru-han" on Edo 300 HTML (February 17, 2008)
The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia.
1586 births
1631 deaths
Tozama daimyo
Japanese Roman Catholics
Tsugaru clan
People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan
People of Edo-period Japan |
```php
<?php
/*
* This file is part of SwiftMailer.
* (c) 2004-2009 Chris Corbyn
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
/**
* An attachment, in a multipart message.
*
* @author Chris Corbyn
*/
class Swift_Mime_Attachment extends Swift_Mime_SimpleMimeEntity
{
/** Recognized MIME types */
private $_mimeTypes = array();
/**
* Create a new Attachment with $headers, $encoder and $cache.
*
* @param Swift_Mime_HeaderSet $headers
* @param Swift_Mime_ContentEncoder $encoder
* @param Swift_KeyCache $cache
* @param Swift_Mime_Grammar $grammar
* @param array $mimeTypes optional
*/
public function __construct(Swift_Mime_HeaderSet $headers, Swift_Mime_ContentEncoder $encoder, Swift_KeyCache $cache, Swift_Mime_Grammar $grammar, $mimeTypes = array())
{
parent::__construct($headers, $encoder, $cache, $grammar);
$this->setDisposition('attachment');
$this->setContentType('application/octet-stream');
$this->_mimeTypes = $mimeTypes;
}
/**
* Get the nesting level used for this attachment.
*
* Always returns {@link LEVEL_MIXED}.
*
* @return int
*/
public function getNestingLevel()
{
return self::LEVEL_MIXED;
}
/**
* Get the Content-Disposition of this attachment.
*
* By default attachments have a disposition of "attachment".
*
* @return string
*/
public function getDisposition()
{
return $this->_getHeaderFieldModel('Content-Disposition');
}
/**
* Set the Content-Disposition of this attachment.
*
* @param string $disposition
*
* @return Swift_Mime_Attachment
*/
public function setDisposition($disposition)
{
if (!$this->_setHeaderFieldModel('Content-Disposition', $disposition)) {
$this->getHeaders()->addParameterizedHeader(
'Content-Disposition', $disposition
);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Get the filename of this attachment when downloaded.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getFilename()
{
return $this->_getHeaderParameter('Content-Disposition', 'filename');
}
/**
* Set the filename of this attachment.
*
* @param string $filename
*
* @return Swift_Mime_Attachment
*/
public function setFilename($filename)
{
$this->_setHeaderParameter('Content-Disposition', 'filename', $filename);
$this->_setHeaderParameter('Content-Type', 'name', $filename);
return $this;
}
/**
* Get the file size of this attachment.
*
* @return int
*/
public function getSize()
{
return $this->_getHeaderParameter('Content-Disposition', 'size');
}
/**
* Set the file size of this attachment.
*
* @param int $size
*
* @return Swift_Mime_Attachment
*/
public function setSize($size)
{
$this->_setHeaderParameter('Content-Disposition', 'size', $size);
return $this;
}
/**
* Set the file that this attachment is for.
*
* @param Swift_FileStream $file
* @param string $contentType optional
*
* @return Swift_Mime_Attachment
*/
public function setFile(Swift_FileStream $file, $contentType = null)
{
$this->setFilename(basename($file->getPath()));
$this->setBody($file, $contentType);
if (!isset($contentType)) {
$extension = strtolower(substr(
$file->getPath(), strrpos($file->getPath(), '.') + 1
));
if (array_key_exists($extension, $this->_mimeTypes)) {
$this->setContentType($this->_mimeTypes[$extension]);
}
}
return $this;
}
}
``` |
Federico Fattori Mouzo (born 22 July 1992) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Huracán, on loan from Ferro Carril Oeste.
Career
Fattori's career started in 2013 with Nueva Chicago in Primera B Metropolitana, his career debut versus Deportivo Merlo on 2 November was the first of fourteen appearances during the 2013–14 season which Nueva Chicago ended as champions. He scored his first goal in Primera B Nacional in October 2014 against Aldosivi. On 29 January 2015, Fattori signed for Newell's Old Boys of the Primera División. Six appearances followed, prior to Fattori returning to Nueva Chicago on loan in January 2016. He remained for two seasons and scored once in fifty-four matches. On 31 July 2017, Fattori rejoined permanently.
He scored on his second full-time debut for Nueva Chicago on 17 September, in a 1–1 draw with Independiente Rivadavia in Primera B Nacional. Six months after rejoining Nueva Chicago, Fattori left in January 2018 to play for Primera División side Temperley. He made eleven appearances, was sent off in his ninth, as they suffered relegation. He remained with them in the second tier for three more seasons, appearing forty-three times and scoring once; versus Estudiantes on 21 September 2019. On 25 February 2021, Fattori was signed by Primera Nacional counterparts Ferro Carril Oeste.
Career statistics
.
Honours
Nueva Chicago
Primera B Metropolitana: 2013–14
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Primera B Metropolitana players
Primera Nacional players
Argentine Primera División players
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago footballers
Newell's Old Boys footballers
Club Atlético Temperley footballers
Ferro Carril Oeste footballers
Club Atlético Huracán footballers |
Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar in Diyala Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian (and later Akkadian) city and city-state in central Mesopotamia 12.6 miles northwest of Tell Agrab and 15 miles northwest of Tell Ishchali. Although situated in the Diyala Valley northwest of Sumer proper, the city nonetheless belonged securely within the Sumerian cultural milieu. It is sometimes, in archaeological papers, called Ashnunnak or Tuplias.
The tutelary deity of the city was Tishpak (Tišpak) though other gods, including Sin, Adad, and Inanna of Kititum were also worshiped there. The personal goddesses of the rulers were Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban.
History
Early Bronze
Inhabited since the Jemdet Nasr period, around 3000 BC, Eshnunna was a major city during the Early Dynastic period of Mesopotamia. It is known, from cuneiform records and excavations, that the city was occupied in the Akkadian period though its extent was noticeably less than it reached in Ur III times. Areas of the Northern Palace date to this period and show some of the earliest examples of widespread sewage disposal engineering including toilets in private homes.
The first known rulers of the city were a series of vassal governors under the Third dynasty of Ur. Eshnunna may have had special relationships to the royal family. For example, Shulgi's wife Shulgi-Simtum showed devotion to two goddesses closely connected with the governor's dynasty at Eshnunna, and Shu-Sin's uncle Babati temporarily lived in Eshnunna.
Ituria, the governor of Eshnunna, erected a temple to Shu-Sin in a new lower town. Soon after Shu-Sin's death, Ituria was followed by his son Shu-iliya, who in 2026 BCE got rid of the Ur III calendar and replaced it with a local one. He also stopped calling himself the ensi (governor) of Eshnunna, instead referring to himself as lugal (king) and "beloved of Tishpak". His personal seal shows him facing the god Tishpak, who is holding a rod and ring in one hand and an axe in the other while standing on two subdued enemies. Rulers of Eshnunna after Shu-iliya would call themselves the steward of Eshnunna on behalf of Tishpak, and Tishpak even took on traditional titles usually attested by kings. Bilalama formed a diplomatic marriage with Elam, giving his daughter Me-Kubi to Tan-Ruhuratir.
Middle Bronze
After the fall of the Ur III empire there was a period of chaos in Akkad with numerous city-states vying for power. For a time Eshnunna was under the control of Subartu. Ishbi-Erra (in his 9th year, circa 2010 BC) of the southern Mesopotamia city of Isin defeated them and installed Nurahum as the new king of Eshnunna. Ipiq-Adad II's reign marked the rise of Eshnunna to a world power. He revived the title of king and deified himself by writing his name with a divine determinative.
About the time of the middle 19th century BC Babylon, under Sumu-la-El, and Eshnunna, under Ipiq-adad II, rose to fill the void. The boundary of control between the two city-states was fluid running somewhere about Sippar-Amnanum (now Tell ed-Der). Apil-Sin strengthened territorial acquisitions and extended Babylon's zone of control to the banks of the Tigris, however Naram-Sin of Eshnunna reversed some of these territorial gains. Naram-Sin was also the one that forced Shamshi-Adad I into exile.
Dadusha, king of Eshnunna, launched a offense against Shamshi-Adad I. However, Shamshi-Adad launched a counter-offense and the resulting military stand off was concluded with a peace treaty in 1782 BCE. Dadusha then collaborated with Shamshi-Adad in a military campaign against Qabra
After the death of Shamshi-Adad, his kingdom disintegrated and the conquered kingdoms regained independence. Zimri-Lim, with the help of the king of Aleppo Yarim-Lim, deposed Yasmah-Addu and took the throne of Mari. Ibal-pi-el II tried to impose an alliance with Zimri-Lim of Mari with Eshnunna in the dominant position. However, relations soon broke down and Zimri-Lim was soon openly collaborating with Hammurabi.
Ibal-pi-El also captured Rapiqum and proceeded along the Suhum, and also launched an offense towards the north, occupying Assur, Ekallatum and Qattara before proceeding to capture Shubat-Enlil. Ishme-Dagan I abandoned Ekallatum and took refuge in Babylon.
By then the geopolitical situation had grown very complicated, as shown by a record found at Mari in Zimri-Lim's sixth year (Zimri-Lim's Mari is likely not mentioned because it is taken for granted):
However, less than eight years later, Eshnunna would lose their status as a great power. The Elamite ruler Siwe-Palar-Khuppak launched an offense against Eshnunna, which was supported by Zimri-Lim and Hammurabi. However, the sukkalmah had further ambitions and conquered multiple other cities and even pitted Babylon and Larsa against each other. Eventually Elam's ambitions would be put to an end by a coalition lead by Hammurabi. Eshnunna was looted by the retreating Elamite troops, and the military of Eshnunna installed Silli-Sin, a commoner who used to be a section leader as king despite the presence of a pro-Babylonian faction (ARM 26 377).
Silli-Sin negotiated a treaty with Hammurabi and married one of his daughters to the king of Babylon, then diplomatic relationships with Eshnunna and Babylon worsened. Ishme-Dagan, now back on the throne in Ekallatum, received help from Silli-Sin after Hammurabi denied his request, although Ishme-Dagan would later go back to seek refuge in Babylon again. Zimri-Lim, now wary of Hammurabi, supported Silli-Sin in his war against Hammurabi.
In 1762 BC, in Year 31 of Hammurabi of Babylon, the Babylonians occupied the city of Eshnunna. He returned the titular deity of Assur which had been removed when Eshnunna captured the city of Assur.
In his 38th year name, Hammurabi would claim to have destroyed Eshnunna with a flood.
Late Bronze
In the 12th century BC the Elamite ruler Shutruk-Nakhunte conquered Eshnunna and carried back a number of statues, ranging from the Akkadian period to the Old Babylonian period, to Susa.
Because of its promise of control over lucrative trade routes, Eshnunna could function somewhat as a gateway between Mesopotamian and Elamite culture. The trade routes gave it access to many exotic, sought-after goods such as horses from the north, copper, tin, and other metals and precious stones. In a grave in Eshnunna, a pendant made of copal from Zanzibar was found. A small number of seals and beads from the Indus Valley civilization were also found.
Archaeology
The remains of the ancient city are now preserved in the tell, or archaeological settlement mound, of Tell Asmar, some 50 miles northeast of Baghdad and 15 km in a straight line east of Baqubah. It was first located by Henri Pognon in 1892 but he neglected to report the location before he died in 1921. It was refound, after antiquities from the site began to appear in dealers shops in Baghdad, and excavated in six seasons between 1930 and 1936 by an Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago team led by Henri Frankfort with Thorkild Jacobsen, Pinhas Delougaz, Gordon Loud, and Seton Lloyd. The expedition's field secretary was Mary Chubb.
The primary focuses of the Chicago excavations were the palace and the attached temple (28 meters by 28 meters with 3 meter wide walls) of Su-Sin (termed by the excavators The Palace of the Rulers and The Gimilsin Temple respectively). The palace was built during the time of Ur III ruler Shugi and the Temple by governor Ituria to the deified Ur III ruler Su-Sin during his reign. The palace was partially destroyed during the reign of Bilalama but was eventually fully restored. The remaining excavation efforts were directed to the Abu Temple whose beginnings went back to the Early Dynastic I period and which had undergone a series of major changes over the centuries. A large Southern Building was discovered, believed to be from the time of Ipiq-Adad II, of which only the foundations remained. A number of private houses and a palace from the Akkadian period were also excavated. Much effort was also put into the search for E-sikil, temple of Tishpak, without success. In records written in Sumerian the temple is dedicated to Ninazu while those in Akkadian refer to Tishpak.
Despite the length of time since the excavations at Tell Asmar, the work of examining and publishing the remaining finds from that dig continues to this day.
These finds include, terracotta figurines, toys, necklaces, cylinder seals, and roughly 200 clay sealings and around 1,750 cuneiform tablets (about 1000 of which came from the palace). Because only inexperienced laborers were available many of the tablets were damaged or broken during the excavation. A project to clean, bake, and catalog all the tablets did not occur until the 1970s. The tablets from the Akkadian period were published in 1961. While most of the Eshnunna tablets are of an administrative nature 58 are letters which are rare in this time period. The letters are written in an early form of the Old Babylonian dialect of the Akkadian language, termed "archaic Old Babylonian". They are roughly in two groups a) earlier primarily from the reigns of Bilalama, Nur-ahum and Kirikiri and b) later primarily from the reigns of Usur-awassu, Ur-Ninmar, and Ipiq-Adad I.
In the late 1990s, Iraqi archaeologists worked at Tell Asmar. The results from that excavation have not yet been published.
Square Temple of Abu
During the Early Dynastic period, the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar (Eshnunna) went through a number of phases. This included the Early Dynastic Archaic Shrine, Square Temple, and Single-Shrine phases of construction. They, along with sculpture found there, helped form the basis for the three part archaeological separation of the Early Dynastic period into ED I, ED II, and ED III for the ancient Near East. A cache of 12 gypsum temple sculptures, in a geometric style, were found in the Square Temple; these are known as the Tell Asmar Hoard. They are some of the best known examples of ancient Near East sculpture. The group, now split up, show gods, priests and donor worshipers at different sizes, but all in the same highly simplified style. All have greatly enlarged inlaid eyes, but the tallest figure, the main cult image depicting the local god, has enormous eyes that give it a "fierce power".
Laws of Eshnunna
The Laws of Eshnunna consist of two tablets, found at Shaduppum (Tell Harmal) and a fragment found at Tell Haddad, the ancient Mê-Turan. They were written sometime around the reign of king Dadusha of Eshnunna and appear to not be official copies. When the actual laws were composed is unknown. They are similar to the Code of Hammurabi.
Rulers
Rulers from the Early Dynastic period and governors under the Akkadian empire are currently unknown. Eshnunna was ruled by vassal governors under Ur III for a time, then was independent under its own rulers for several centuries, and finally controlled by vassal governors under Babylon after the city's capture by Hammurabi. Rulership is unknown afterwards though the city did survive at least until the 12th century BC.
Excavation photographs
See also
List of cities of the ancient Near East
Khafajah
Tell Ishchali
Chronology of the ancient Near East
Mari
Andarig
References
Sources
Civil, M., “A School Exercise from Tell Asmar”. Studia Orientalia Electronica, vol. 46, pp. 39–42, Apr. 2015
Reichel C. 2003, A Modern Crime and an Ancient Mystery: The Seal of Bilalama, in: Selz G. J. (ed.), Festschrift für Burkhart Kienast zu seinem 70. Geburtstage dargebracht von Freunden, Schülern und Kollegen, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 274, Münster, pp. 355–389.
Pinhas Delougaz, "Pottery from the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 63, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952,
Pinhas Delougaz, Harold D. Hill, and Seton Lloyd, "Private Houses and Graves in the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 88, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1967
Pinhas Delougaz and Seton Lloyd with chapters by Henri Frankfort and Thorkild Jacobsen, "Pre-Sargonid Temples in the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 58, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1942
I. J. Gelb, "A Tablet of Unusual Type from Tell Asmar", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 219–226, 1942
Gentili, Paolo. “CHOGHA GAVANEH: AN OUTPOST OF EŠNUNNA ON THE ZAGROS MOUNTAINS?” Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 35, 2012, pp. 165–73
Max Hilzheimer, translated by Adolph A. Brux, "Animal Remains from Tell Asmar", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 20, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1941
Lambert, W. G. “Narām-Sîn of Ešnunna or Akkad?” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 106, no. 4, 1986, pp. 793–95
Romano, Licia, "Who was Worshipped in the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar?", KASKAL 7, pp. 51–65, 2010
Gary A. Rendsburg, "UT 68 and the Tell Asmar Seal", Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 448–452, 1984
Claudia E. Suter, "The Victory Stele of Dadusha of Eshnunna: A New Look at its Unusual Culminating Scene", Ash-sharq Bulletin of the Ancient Near East Archaeological, Historical and Societal Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–29, 2018
R. M. Whiting Jr., "An Old Babylonian Incantation from Tell Asmar", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, vol. 75, pp. 179 – 187, 1985
R. M. Whiting Jr., "Four seal impressions from Tell Asmar", Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 34, pp. 30 – 35, 1987
External links
The Diyala Project at the University of Chicago
Tell Asmar Statue at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)
Sumerian cities
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Former populated places in Iraq
Diyala Governorate
Former kingdoms |
Hibbertia stelligera is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to Queensland. It is a small, multi-stemmed shrub with linear leaves and yellow flowers arranged singly near the ends of branches, with 20 to 32 stamens arranged in bundles around two densely scaly carpels.
Description
Hibbertia stelligera is a multi-stemmed shrub that typically grows to a height of up to and has its foliage covered with rosette-like hairs. The leaves are linear, mostly long and wide on a petiole long. The flowers are arranged singly at the end of branches or in leaf axils, each flower on a thread-like peduncle long, with oblong bracts at the base. The five sepals are joined at the base, the two outer sepal lobes long and wide, and the inner lobes longer and broader. The five petals are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, yellow, long and there are 20 to 32 stamens arranged in groups around the two densely scaly carpels, each carpel with two ovules.
Taxonomy
This hibbertia was first formally described in 1936 by Cyril Tenison White who gave it the name Hibbertia stirlingii f. stelligera in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland from specimens collected in 1934 by Leonard John Brass near Ravenshoe at an altitude of . In 2010, Hellmut R. Toelken raised the form to species status as Hibbertia stelligera. The specific epithet (stelligera) means "star-bearing".
Distribution and habitat
This hibbertia grows in woodland with a heathy understorey in northern Queensland.
Conservation status
Hibbertia stelligera is classified as "least concern" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
See also
List of Hibbertia species
References
stelligera
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1936
Taxa named by Cyril Tenison White |
Susi Pudjiastuti (born 15 January 1965) is an Indonesian entrepreneur who served as the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia under President Joko Widodo's 2014–2019 Working Cabinet. She is also the owner of PT ASI Pudjiastuti Marine Product, a seafood export company, and PT ASI Pudjiastuti Aviation, which operates Susi Air charter airline.
Early life, family, and education
Pudjiastuti was born 15 January 1965, in Pangandaran, West Java, the daughter of Haji Ahmad Karlan and Hajjah Suwuh Lasminah (1918–2013). She is Javanese, but her family are fifth-generation settlers of Pangandaran, which is predominantly Sundanese. Her family business was engaged primarily in real estate and livestock farming.
Following junior high school, Pudjiastuti continued senior high school at SMA Negeri 1 Yogyakarta, but did not complete her studies after she was expelled for political activism promoting Golput (Golongan Putih, or blank ballot in protest of the Golkar Party's dominance making Indonesia a One-party state), a movement which was banned under then President Suharto's New Order. Pudjiastuti was the first Indonesian minister to have never completed a high school education, although after she became a government minister, she enrolled for a late high school programme (Paket C), and she officially graduated in 2018.
Pudjiastuti had three children; Panji Hilmansyah, Nadine Kaiser, and Alvy Xavier. Her first son, Panji Hilmansyah, died aged 31 on 18 January 2016 in Naples, Florida due to heart failure.
Entrepreneurship and Susi Air
In 1983, Pudjiastuti embarked on a career as an entrepreneur, starting as a seafood distributor at a Fish Auction Facility (TPI) in Pangandaran. Her distributorship evolved into a seafood processing plant in 1996 named PT ASI Pudjiastuti Marine Product, which specialised in export-quality lobsters packaged as 'Susi Brand'. PT ASI Pudjiastuti Marine Product expanded, and began exporting its products to Asia and America.
The growing demand for PT ASI Pudjiastuti Marine Product's fresh seafood lead to rapid air transport as a necessity for the business. In 2004, Pudjiastuti acquired a Cessna 208 Caravan, and established PT ASI Pudjiastuti Aviation. The Cessna was given the call-sign 'Susi Air', and was used to transport fresh Indonesian seafood to Jakarta, as well as overseas to Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan.
During the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which devastated Aceh and the west coast of Sumatra, Susi Air, which at the time only consisted of two Cessna Grand Caravans, was one of the first responders which distributed food and supplies to victims in isolated areas of the disaster. During this period, Susi Air was routinely chartered in Aceh by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) for humanitarian relief missions. The revenues earned from the NGO Aceh missions enabled Susi Air to acquire new aeroplanes, and expand its fleet to routes in Papua and Kalimantan. Susi Air is now the largest operator of Cessna Grand Caravans in the Asia Pacific region
Appointment as Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
On 26 October 2014, President Joko Widodo appointed Pudjiastuti as Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries under his 2014–2019 working cabinet. Prior to accepting her appointment, Pudjiastuti relinquished her position as President Director of PT ASI Pudjiastuti Marine Product and PT ASI Pudjiastuti Aviation.
She inherited an agency in danger of being eliminated. Foreign fishing boats regularly encroached on Indonesian waters surrounding the archipelago's 17,500 islands. She impounded hundreds of foreign fishing boats, and had them destroyed. Since taking office, most of the 10,000 foreign fishing boats preying on Indonesia's biodiversity have quit Indonesian waters. From 2013 to 2017, fishing stocks have more than doubled during her watch. In April 2018, she ordered the interception and capture of the Andrey Dolgov, a notorious illegal fishing boat.
On 16 September 2016, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) awarded her the Leaders for a Living Planet Award. This is in recognition of her efforts as Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in promoting sustainable development in the Indonesian fisheries sector and conservation of the marine ecosystem, as well as her fierce crackdown on illegal fishing in Indonesian waters.
According to a study published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, Susi's aggressive anti-illegal fishing policies have "reduced total fishing effort by at least 25%, (...) [potentially] generate a 14% increase in catch and a 12% increase in profit."
Awards and honours
Leaders for Living Planet Award; by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). 2016
Doctor Honoris Causa (Dr.h.c.) by Diponegoro University. 2016
The BBC 100 Women. 2017
References
1965 births
Living people
Javanese people
Sundanese people
People from Pangandaran
Government ministers of Indonesia
Indonesian businesspeople
Indonesian women in business
Women government ministers of Indonesia
21st-century Indonesian women politicians
21st-century Indonesian politicians |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "path_to_url">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>SchemeUserState</key>
<dict>
<key>3DTouchQuickAction.xcscheme</key>
<dict>
<key>orderHint</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
</dict>
<key>SuppressBuildableAutocreation</key>
<dict>
<key>9F3052081C5A700E008C3D51</key>
<dict>
<key>primary</key>
<true/>
</dict>
<key>9F30521C1C5A700E008C3D51</key>
<dict>
<key>primary</key>
<true/>
</dict>
<key>9F3052271C5A700E008C3D51</key>
<dict>
<key>primary</key>
<true/>
</dict>
</dict>
</dict>
</plist>
``` |
Cecilia Fire Thunder (born Cecilia Apple; October 24, 1946) is a nurse, community health planner and tribal leader of the Oglala Sioux. On November 2, 2004, she was the first woman elected as president of the Tribe. She served until being impeached on June 29, 2006, several months short of the two-year term. The major controversy was over her effort to build a Planned Parenthood clinic on the reservation after the South Dakota legislature banned most abortions throughout the state. The tribal council impeached her for proceeding without gaining their consensus.
A founder of community-based health clinics while living and working in California for two decades, Fire Thunder was among founders of the Oglala Lakota Women's Society after her return to the reservation in 1986. She serves on the National Advisory Board of the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (NOFAS) and has worked at a shelter for domestic abuse. She is the coordinator of the Native Women's Society of the Great Plains.
Early life and education
Born Cecilia Apple on October 24, 1946, on the Pine Ridge Reservation, she is the third of seven daughters of Stephen and Lollie (Featherman) Apple. Her father was a farmer who worked in agriculture and her mother a culture-keeper; the family spoke Lakota at home. Her grandparents are Frank and Theresa (Garcia) Apple and John and Mary (Ice) Featherman. Her sisters are Shirley Murphy, Mary Hawk, Dinah Apple, Carmine Red Eagle, Joanne Apple, and Wanda Apple (Wanda is deceased).
When Cecilia went to the Catholic Red Cloud Indian School, she had to speak English in class. The school forbid her from speaking Lakota. In 1963 her family moved from the reservation to Los Angeles, California, in a Bureau of Indian Affairs-sponsored urban relocation program. The BIA encouraged Native American migration to cities to take advantage of educational and job opportunities. Before she went back to the reservation, Cecilia had her children and divorced her husband. Due to being a single mother, she had help from a social worker who got Cecilia into a nursing program. Once she passed the state board test, that is when her life working in health care began. In 1986, Cecilia returned to the Pine Ridge Reservation, where she was given the Lakota name of Good Hearted Woman for her services and advocacy for Native American healthcare.
Marriage and family
Apple married John Fire Thunder while living in Los Angeles, and they had two sons, James and John Fire Thunder. She has two granddaughters from her son John, Katie and Hannah Fire Thunder. Cecilia and John divorced soon after their sons were born.
Organizations and affiliations
As a young nurse in California, Fire Thunder started community-based health clinics at in Los Angeles and San Diego at the San Diego American Indian Health Center, learning to work in a different culture and to seek resources locally. She was able to persuade doctors from the University of Southern California and the University of California Los Angeles to donate time to the clinic.
After more than 20 years away, in 1986 Fire Thunder returned to the Pine Ridge Reservation and started work at the Bennett County Hospital. She was among the founders of the Oglala Lakota Women's Society. From her years working as a nurse, she had learned of the physical, developmental and learning problems for children born to alcoholic mothers, and encouraged women to get preventive treatment. She serves on the National Advisory Board of the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (NOFAS), founded in 1990. In her work for Cangleska, Inc., a domestic violence shelter, she also dealt with women who suffered from abuse related to poverty and alcoholism on the reservation.
A Lakota native speaker, Fire Thunder has also been active in tribal efforts to recover and revive use of the Lakota language among its young people and adults. She sees use of the language as integral to their culture.
Cecilia joined a political conference called the National Congress of American Indians. She joined to talk about the issues they faced as natives and ways to change the current policies.
Tribal presidency
On November 2, 2004, Cecilia Fire Thunder was elected as the first female president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation to serve the two-year term. She defeated both Russell Means, notable as an activist in the American Indian Movement (AIM), and the incumbent John Yellow Bird Steele. In 2005 the tribal council suspended her, initially for 20 days, in an action that ran to 66 days. They began impeachment proceedings related to allegations that she used tribal land as collateral for a US$38 million loan from the Shakopee Tribe in Minnesota to help pay off short-term debt of the Oglala tribe that totaled $20 million; the remainder of the loan was invested for casino expansion to generate revenue. Fire Thunder said the allegations were false, and she had openly negotiated the loan as part of straightening out the tribe's financial status. After the complaint was dismissed by the council on December 30, Fire Thunder returned to her position.
In 2005 Nebraska state officials, Attorney General and Congressman Tom Osborne, approached the OST tribal council suggesting collaboration for increased policing at Whiteclay, Nebraska, a perennial problem because of its extensive beer sales to people from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Possession and consumption of alcohol is illegal at the reservation, but alcoholism is widespread, contributing to many social and health problems. In a unique agreement, the state proposed to deputize OST police (additional staff to be hired) to patrol Whiteclay to prevent beer from being transported to the reservation. Initially the council rejected the proposal, saying the $100,000 grant would be insufficient. It later approved the measure.
In March 2006 Fire Thunder announced her intent to create a Planned Parenthood clinic on her own land, within the reservation. She was responding to the state legislature's passage of a law banning virtually all abortions within South Dakota. She believed that her constituents needed full family planning services, and that the sovereign reservation would not be subject to state laws. In 2004 public opinion polls had shown that 68% of people surveyed in South Dakota supported options for abortions in some cases, so the new law generated controversy across the state.
Fire Thunder's plan attracted widespread media coverage and controversy within the reservation. Some tribal members marched in protest in May 2006 against the planned clinic; others objected to the way Fire Thunder had proceeded. At their council meeting on May 31, 2006, the Oglala Sioux tribal Council suspended Fire Thunder from her duties as president, saying she had not gained their consensus before inviting Planned Parenthood to the reservation. In addition, the Council issued a ban on all abortions on tribal land.
A month after the suspension, the tribal council voted on June 29, 2006, to impeach Fire Thunder from her duties as Tribal President. They made six charges against her, notably related to the Planned Parenthood clinic, for which they said she had not gained tribal council consensus. Other charges were that Fire Thunder used the media, the U.S. Post Office and the Oglala Sioux Tribe to solicit funds for the clinic. On June 30, 2006, Alex White Plume, tribal vice-president, assumed the role of President Pro Tem, which he held until the November 2006 election. This story was featured in the 2013 PBS documentary Young Lakota.
The council and succeeding chief never organized to spend the federal grant money to support deputized police to patrol at Whiteclay, and the funds were rescinded in late 2007. During the same period, in 2006 and 2007 tribal activists held blockades on the road inside the reservation to prevent beer from being brought from Whiteclay and continued to demand action by Nebraska.
Fire Thunder challenged the impeachment decision, but was unsuccessful. As of 2010, she is the coordinator of the Native Women's Society of the Great Plains.
Impeachment Trial
The trial of impeachment for Cecilia started on June 29, 2006.There was documentation titled “Documents to support complaint calling for the impeachment of OST (Oglala Sioux Tribe) President, Cecelia Fire Thunder" about Cecilia presented by 2 pine Ridge District councilmen. During the trial she was told that she had six charges against her, but the councilmen only voted on one charge and that was what they all talked about during the trial; “[She] invited federal and state law onto our sovereign reservation by challenging the new state abortion law, to begin her own abortion clinic, under the auspices of the Oglala Sioux Tribe.” The letter of suspension that was written educated her about how she could not "... she would not conduct any business in the name of the OST, was banned from discussing her case with media (on or off the reservation), that no further contributions would be accepted, that any monies received for the clinic would be returned, and that she could not travel on behalf of the tribe". This then led the OST Tribal Council to create an ordinance.
The ordinance included:
"ORDINANCE OF THE OGLALA SIOUX TRIBAL COUNCIL PROHIBITING ANY HEALTH
CARE FACILITY LOCATED WITHIN THE EXTERNAL BOUNDARIES OF THE PINE
RIDGE INDIAN RESERVATION AS DEFINED UNDER ARTICLE I OF THE OGLALA
SIOUX TRIBE CONSTITUTION FROM PERFORMING AN ABORTION IRRESPECTIVE
OF WHETHER THE HEALTH OF THE PREGNANT MOTHER IS AT RISK OR WHETHER
THE UNBORN CHILD IS CONCEIVED OF [sic] THROUGH RAPE OR INCEST."
After the ordinance was created, there was a lot of controversy about Fire Thunder and the media had mixed thoughts on her. Some were saying that she was an "evildoer" or a "darling". She was mostly portrayed in the media in a more negative light than a positive one. There was an instance where her name was made fun of by CNN's Glenn Beck. He made fun of her name and most other natives names and also said some awful things about their sovereignty. He was just blatantly rude to the whole tribe. Cecilia was not able to respond to any of this because she was denied her rights to freedom of speech by the OST council.
After the incident with the magazines, the trial began and things got heated fast. Cecilia thought that she had not been given enough time to respond the allegations and believed she had not committed any malfeasance. During the trial, she was reading from the passage Spirituality is our Culture and Walking with the Teachings of the White Buffalo Calf Woman . She read a specific part that said '"restoring value to life = responsibility = accountability = ownership'". When Fire Thunder read this, two of the council men got up and left the room with their backs turned. The conclusion of the trial resulted with her being impeached and not letting her stay the last 5 months in office when she wanted to.
Legacy and honors
Because of her groundbreaking election as president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe and work on women's issues, Fire Thunder has frequently been invited to speak at universities and groups about Lakota women and her experiences, as seen in the following:
March 2010, Women's History Month, New York University, Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality
September 2010, Tribal Leaders Summit, Bismarck, North Dakota - speaking on issues of domestic violence and concentrating resources for children
References
1946 births
Living people
Female Native American leaders
Oglala Sioux Tribe politicians
People from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
American nurses
American women nurses
Native American activists
Lakota leaders
American health activists
South Dakota Democrats
Women in South Dakota politics
21st-century American women
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native American women
21st-century Native Americans
Activists from South Dakota
Native American women in politics
Impeached Native American tribal officials of the United States removed from office |
Diana Rosemary Shand is a New Zealand environmentalist.
Biography
In the late 1980s Shand served on the Human Rights Commission. She has also served on the Canterbury Regional Council and was National Programme Manager for the New Zealand office of the non-profit organisation ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, which delivered a Communities for Climate Protection Programme in 2008.
She is the regional councillor for Oceania for the international NGO International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). She is also a member of the executive of Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Christchurch
New Zealand environmentalists
Canterbury regional councillors |
```yaml
# Each section from every release note are combined when the
# CHANGELOG.rst is rendered. So the text needs to be worded so that
# it does not depend on any information only available in another
# section. This may mean repeating some details, but each section
# must be readable independently of the other.
#
# Each section note must be formatted as reStructuredText.
---
fixes:
- |
Silence the misleading error message
``No valid api key found, reporting the forwarder as unhealthy``
from the output of the ``agent check`` command.
``` |
The 1974 South African Open, also known by its sponsored name South African Breweries Open, was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Johannesburg, South Africa that was part of the 1974 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix. It was the 71st edition of the tournament and was held from 18 November through 26 November 1974. Jimmy Connors and Kerry Melville won the singles titles.
Finals
Men's singles
Jimmy Connors defeated Arthur Ashe 7–6, 6–3, 6–1
Women's singles
Kerry Melville defeated Dianne Fromholtz 6–3, 7–5
Men's doubles
Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan defeated Tom Okker / Marty Riessen 7–5, 6–4, 6–3
Women's doubles
Ilana Kloss / Kerry Melville defeated Margaret Court / Dianne Fromholtz 6–2, 6–3
References
South African Open
South African Open (tennis)
Open
Sports competitions in Johannesburg
1970s in Johannesburg
November 1974 sports events in Africa |
George McRae (10 September 1857 – 16 June 1923) was a Scottish-Australian architect who migrated from his native Edinburgh to Sydney, where he became Government Architect of New South Wales and designed some of Sydney's best-known buildings, including completion of the Sydney Town Hall, the Queen Victoria Building, and the lower entrance to Taronga Zoo.
Life
George McRae was born in Edinburgh in 1857. The register of his birth records his father as Duncan (joiner journeyman) and his mother as Mary. He arrived in Sydney in 1884 and was appointed Assistant Architect in the City Architect's office. He became City Architect and City Building Surveyor in 1889. He held this position until 1897, when he was appointed Principal Assistant Architect to Walter Liberty Vernon in the Government Architect's Branch. In 1912 he succeeded Vernon as New South Wales Government Architect and held the position until he died in 1923.
McRae married Katie Prescott in St Mark's, Darling Point on 8 May 1895.
Career
George McRae was responsible for the design of many buildings in Sydney and other places, several of which still survive, some of which are listed on various heritage registers. Works undertaken by McRae during his term as Government Architect included the Education Dept Building 1912; Parcels Post Office 1913; Taronga Zoo lower entrance, top entrance, and Indian elephant house; additions to the Colonial Treasury Building in Bridge Street, and Cessnock Court House. Some of the extant buildings are:
Rozelle Tram Depot, located in Glebe, New South Wales, 1904; Federation Queen Anne style, saw-tooth, corrugated iron roof concealed by a brick stepped parapet structure.
Department of Education building, Bridge Street, Sydney, 1912; a six-storey sandstone building with steel and reinforced concrete structure and a central light-well, listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register and the (since defunct) Register of the National Estate.
Model factory and dwelling, The Rocks, 120 Gloucester Street, 1912–13, replacing a sordid slum complex in a manner which reflected the humanitarian principles of the garden city movement.
Former Parcels Post Office, Railway Square, Sydney, 1913; a brick and sandstone building in the Federation Free Classical style, described as "an ingeniously designed and monumental building." This distinctive building used to house a post office, Telecom Telex machine centre and a tool store; it has now been fully restored and reopened as an "executive hotel".
Taronga Zoo lower entrance, top entrance and Indian elephant house, Mosman, Sydney, 1916; replaced first zoo at Moore Park, has a Local Government Heritage listing.
Corporation Building, Hay Street, Sydney, ; known at first as the Municipal Building, this building combined Queen Anne and Anglo-Dutch influences, and originally had a ground-floor market stall arcade. The building is listed on the state and local government heritage registers; and the (since defunct) Register of the National Estate.
Additions to the Colonial Treasury Building, Bridge Street, Sydney, originally built circa 1849, extensions circa 1896; listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register and the (since defunct) Register of the National Estate.
Queen Victoria Building, George Street, Sydney, 1893–98; a sandstone masterpiece in American Romanesque style, reopened in 1986 as a retail centre after major restoration, and listed on the (since defunct) Register of the National Estate
Former Sydney City Markets, Ultimo Road, Haymarket, 1910. Part of the market complex that included the vegetable market, Hay Street, and the markets bell tower, Quay Street. Later converted to a hotel.
Corn Exchange, Sussex Street, Sydney; built by City Council in 1887 and attributed to McRae. A two-storey building with an unusual curved facade, listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register and the (since defunct) Register of the National Estate.
Court House, Maitland Street, Cessnock, New South Wales; the State Government set aside land in 1905 that established Cessnock as the administrative centre of the coal fields in that part of the Hunter Valley. This included the court house, which now has a Local Government Heritage listing.
St James railway station, listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register.
In 1916 he started work on Wilson Memorial Community Hospital.
Funeral
McRae's funeral was held on 18 June 1923 at Rookwood Cemetery and was attended by a large number of people from the Public Works Department and other government departments. He was survived by his wife, son and two daughters.
Gallery
References
1857 births
1923 deaths
Architects from Edinburgh
New South Wales architects
Federation architects
19th-century Scottish architects
Burials at Rookwood Cemetery
British emigrants to the Colony of New South Wales |
```smalltalk
using UnityEngine;
namespace Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Utilities
{
/// <summary>
/// Component to animate and visualize a box that can be used with
/// per pixel based clipping.
/// </summary>
[ExecuteInEditMode]
[AddComponentMenu("Scripts/MRTK/Core/ClippingBox")]
public class ClippingBox : ClippingPrimitive
{
/// <summary>
/// The property name of the clip box inverse transformation matrix within the shader.
/// </summary>
protected int clipBoxInverseTransformID;
private Matrix4x4 clipBoxInverseTransform;
/// <inheritdoc />
protected override string Keyword
{
get { return "_CLIPPING_BOX"; }
}
/// <inheritdoc />
protected override string ClippingSideProperty
{
get { return "_ClipBoxSide"; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Renders a visual representation of the clipping primitive when selected.
/// </summary>
protected void OnDrawGizmosSelected()
{
if (enabled)
{
Gizmos.matrix = transform.localToWorldMatrix;
Gizmos.DrawWireCube(Vector3.zero, Vector3.one);
}
}
/// <inheritdoc />
protected override void Initialize()
{
base.Initialize();
clipBoxInverseTransformID = Shader.PropertyToID("_ClipBoxInverseTransform");
}
protected override void BeginUpdateShaderProperties()
{
clipBoxInverseTransform = transform.worldToLocalMatrix;
base.BeginUpdateShaderProperties();
}
protected override void UpdateShaderProperties(MaterialPropertyBlock materialPropertyBlock)
{
materialPropertyBlock.SetMatrix(clipBoxInverseTransformID, clipBoxInverseTransform);
}
}
}
``` |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.