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"Gyöngyhajú lány" ("The girl with pearly hair") is a song by Hungarian rock band Omega. It was written in 1968, composed in 1969, and released on their album 10 000 lépés. "Gyöngyhajú lány" was very popular in many countries, including West Germany, Great Britain, France, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.
The lyrics were written by Anna Adamis, the music was composed by Gábor Presser and the song was sung by János Kóbor.
In 1969, the single "Petróleumlámpa / Gyöngyhajú lány" was released and the song gained popularity.
Omega also recorded other versions of this song in foreign languages: English ("Pearls in Her Hair") and German ("Perlen im Haar").
Other versions
"Gyöngyhajú lány" was covered in Poland (as "Dziewczyna o perłowych włosach"), Czech Republic (as "Paleta" by Markýz John and "Dívka s perlami ve vlasech" by Aleš Brichta), Yugoslavia (as "Devojka biserne kose" by Griva), Bulgaria (as "Батальонът се строява / Batalyonat se stroyava" by Дует "Южен Вятър" / duet "Juzhen Vyatar") and Lithuania (as "Meilės Nėra" by Keistuolių Teatras), in Bosnia as war song of The Army of Republic Bosnia-Herzegovina "Zemljo što ne znaš za strah" and later by Bosniak band Krivi toranj as "Nirvana". It was also covered by Frank Schöbel (as "Schreib es mir in den Sand"). The song was also remixed (e.g. by Kozmix).
Scorpions version
German rock band Scorpions covered the song titled as "White Dove", from the album Live Bites. Released as a single in 1994, it was a top 20 hit in Germany and Switzerland, peaking at numbers 18 and 20, respectively.
Charts
Sampling
In 2013, hip-hop artist Kanye West sampled the song in the outro of "New Slaves", having Frank Ocean sing over it, without personally asking the band for permission, although the sample was cleared for use in the album by their label, Hungaroton Records. However, in May 2016 songwriter Gábor Presser filed a lawsuit seeking $2.5 million in damages for copyright infringement for the use of the sample, which was later settled out of court.
Other uses
In March 2014, the song was used for the reveal trailer of the video game This War of Mine.
In August 2012, the song was used in the official trailer of the film This Ain't California.
In 2016, the melody of the song was used in a German rap-song ″FLOUZ KOMMT FLOUZ GEHT″ by Nimo.
In July 2018, the song was used in the official trailer and in a scene of the film Mid90s.
In 2021, the Australian bank Westpac used the song in their "Life is Eventful" campaign.
In 2021, the Second Captains podcast sampled the original version of the song on an audiobed which empathised with the plight of Frank Lampard being expected work with this group of players whilst manager of Chelsea F.C.
In 2022, the French car company Citroën used the song in a TV commercial for their C5 Aircross hybride.
References
1969 songs
1960s ballads
1970 singles
1973 singles
1994 singles
Rock ballads
Griva songs
Hungarian songs
Scorpions (band) songs
Song recordings produced by Keith Olsen
Songs written by Klaus Meine
Songs written by Rudolf Schenker
PolyGram singles
Mercury Records singles
Bellaphon Records singles |
Julius Berger may refer to:
Julius Berger (company), a Nigerian construction and real estate developer based in Abuja, FCT
Julius Berger (cellist)
Julius Victor Berger (1850–1902), Austrian painter
Julius Berger FC, a football club of Julius Berger Nigeria PLC
Julius Berger Tiefbau AG, a European company specialized in civil and industrial construction, engineering and services
Julius Berger, a character in Outcasts
See also
Julius Bürger (1897–1995), Austrian-born American composer and conductor
Berger, Julius |
Gökçeyazı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kaş, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 110 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Kaş District |
Dembia is a village located near the border of Mbomou and Haut-Mbomou Prefecture.
Insurgency
On 28 March 2010, LRA attacked Dembia. UPDF soldiers chased the LRA fighters and managed to kill fifteen.
On 18 March 2016, LRA bands attacked Dembia. They looted the villagers' properties and abducted seven people, six men and a woman. They were released three days later. The residents, however, had fled to the bush before the attack happened after they heard the presence of the LRA near Dembia. After the attack, they gradually returned to Dembia. Nevertheless, hearing rumors of an LRA attack, they fled to the bush again. They only went back to Dembia at the end of April.
UPC rebels from Zemio attacked Dembia on 20 November 2017. They looted and burned 75% of the houses in Dembia. Moreover, they massacred 46 people, 44 men, and 2 women. As a result, the villagers fled to Rafai, Bangassou, and Congo DR. Those who fled to Congo DR returned to the village at the end of April 2019.
The clash between the village's self-defense group and UPC happened in Dembia on 6 July 2023 because the rebels erected a barrier at the crossroad without the villager's approval. Casualties were reported on both sides, and the self-defense group captured one UPC officer. Afterward, he was transferred to Rafai for further investigation.
Education
There is one school in the village.
Healthcare
Dembia has one public health center.
Security
There is a gendarmerie post in Dembia.
References
Populated places in Mbomou |
American open-wheel car racing is the highest form of professional formula racing for open-wheel single-seater cars in North America. The sport was administered by the American Automobile Association (AAA) in 1905 until 1955 when the United States Auto Club (USAC) ran open-wheel racing starting from 1956 after the AAA dissolved its Contest Board in the wake of the 1955 Le Mans disaster and the fatal accident of driver Bill Vukovich. USAC remained the sole governing body until 1979 when a group of disenchanted race team owners established the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) series. A disagreement between CART and Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Tony George resulted in the establishment of the Indy Racing League (IRL) in 1996 and the series rivalled CART before the latter went bankrupt in 2003 and was renamed the Champ Car World Series (CCWS) in 2004. The CCWS and the IRL merged in February 2008 to unify American open-wheel car racing and the merged body has run the sport under the IndyCar Series name since then.
The season consists of a series of races held variously on permanent road courses, closed city streets and oval tracks, usually in the United States and in a few cases abroad. The Drivers' Championship is presented to the most successful open-wheel driver over the course of the season through a points system based on individual race results. The Drivers' Championship is won when it is no longer mathematically possible for another competitor to overtake their points total regardless of the outcome of the remaining races, although is not officially awarded until the Victory Lap Celebration banquet that takes place after the season has ended. The winning driver and team owner are presented with a replica of the sterling silver Astor Cup and the driver's name is laser-etched into three black granite bases that support the permanent trophy on display in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum.
, 67 drivers from 11 different countries have won a national American open-wheel championship. The first national American open-wheel champion was Barney Oldfield in the 1905 AAA Championship Car season, and the current national title holder is Álex Palou in the 2023 IndyCar Series. A. J. Foyt holds the record for the most Drivers' Championships, having won the title on seven occasions. Scott Dixon is second with six titles, and Mario Andretti, Sébastien Bourdais, and Dario Franchitti are joint third with four titles each. Bourdais also holds the record for the most consecutive Drivers' Championships with four CCWS championships won between the 2004 and 2007 seasons, which is also the record for the most overall CART/CCWS titles. Louis Meyer and Ted Horn hold the record for the most AAA titles, having won the sanctioning body's championship three times. Foyt was the most successful competitor of the USAC era with seven series titles. Dixon is the most successful driver in the IndyCar Series with six series championships.
Key
By season
By driver
Drivers in bold are entered in the 2023 IndyCar Series.
By driver nationality
Records
Consecutive championships
15 drivers have won consecutive National Championships. Only A. J. Foyt has achieved the feat on two separate occasions.
Drivers in bold were entered in the 2022 IndyCar Series.
Notes
References
Bibliography
AAA Championship Car drivers
Champ Car champions
Champ Car drivers
IndyCar-related lists
IndyCar Series champions
IndyCar Series drivers |
Camel milk is milk from female camels. It has supported nomad and pastoral cultures since the domestication of camels millennia ago. Herders may for periods survive solely on the milk when taking the camels on long distances to graze in desert and arid environments, especially in parts of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. The camel dairy farming industry has grown in Australia and the United States, as an environmentally friendly alternative to cow dairy farming using a species well-adapted to arid regions.
Camel milk has different nutritional characteristics from cow milk, but the proportions of nutrients can be highly variable based on a number of factors, including type and age of camel, climate, what it eats, and milking method. It can be used to make products such as yogurt and ice cream, but is not so easily turned into butter or cheese.
History
Before the conception and spread of Islam, many Arabs were herdsmen who lived off the milk from their camels and the produce of desert oases.
Today, desert nomad tribes use camel milk, which can be readily made into yoghurt, as a staple food, and can live for up to a month on nothing but camel milk.
Production
In 2017, world production of whole, fresh camel milk was 2.85 million tonnes, led by Somalia and Kenya with 64% of the global total (table). Mali and Ethiopia were other significant producers.
Australia
After being introduced to Australia in the 1840s to assist with exploration and trade in the harsh interior before being overtaken by modern communications and transport methods, the feral camel population has grown to in excess of 600,000. Australia's first camel dairies opened in 2014, and the number has been growing ever since, with demand growing both locally and internationally. In 2016 the Australian government reported in 2016 that "the five years to 2021 are expected to see a major increase in Australian camel milk production". Production has grown from of camel milk in 2016 to per annum in 2019. One farm has grown from three wild camels in 2014 to over 300 in 2019, and exports mostly to Singapore, with shipments of both fresh and powdered product set to start to Thailand and Malaysia.
One litre of pasteurised camel milk retailed for about (; £8) in Australia in 2019, which was about 12 times more expensive than cow's milk. , Australia has seven camel dairies, which produce meat skincare products in addition to milk and cheese. There was one certified organic commercial camel milk dairy in 2019.
United States
the United States had an imported population of 5,000 camels. The cost of producing camel's milk is considerably higher than that of producing cow's milk. In the United States, female camels are very rare; they mature slowly and can be bred safely only after age four. Their thirteen-month gestation period must conclude in a live birth followed by suckling, else the female camel will stop producing milk. Unlike a dairy cow which is parted from her calf when it is born and then gives milk for six to nine months, a camel can share her milk with the farmer and her calf for 12–18 months.
Milk yields and nutritional value
Both milk yields and the nutritional composition of camel milk are affected by many factors, including "forage quantity and quality, watering frequency, climate, breeding age, parity, milking frequency, calf nursing, milking method (hand or machine milking), health, and reproductive status".
Yields
Pakistani and Afghani camels are supposed to produce the highest yields of milk, up to 30 litres per day. The Bactrian camel produces 5 litres per day and the dromedary produces an average of 20 litres per day. Intensive breeding of camels has created animals that can produce up to 40 litres per day in ideal conditions. Camels, with their ability to go 21 days without drinking water, and produce milk even when feeding on low-quality fodder, are a sustainable option for food security in difficult environments.
Nutritional value
According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), camel milk contains 3% fat. However, it is reported in the literature that the proportion of fat in the milk varies from country to country and region to region, and is also dependent upon diet, level of hydration of the animal, and type of camel. In a detailed report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1982, a table shows fat content varying from as low as 1.1% (in arid areas of Israel) to 5.5% (Ethiopia). A 2015 systematic review reports the fat content of dromedary milk as between 1.2% and 6.4%.
Camel farmers may provide a degree of control over factors affecting nutritional content of the milk produced by their camels. Producers of camel milk in Australia state that their products have lower fat and lower lactose than cow's milk.
Camel milk products
Camel milk can readily be made into yogurt, but can only be made into butter if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying agent is then added.
Cheese from camel milk is more difficult to make than cheese from the milk of other dairy animals. In camel-herding communities, camel milk cheeses use spontaneous fermentation or lactic fermentation to achieve a sour curd; in camel farming in Sudan, the Rashaida tribe use this method to store surplus milk in the rainy season, pulverising the dried curds and adding water for consumption in the dry season, and in Mongolia, camel milk is consumed as a product at various stages of the curd-making process. However, the milk does not coagulate easily and bovine rennet fails to coagulate the milk effectively. Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires (ENSAIA), who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet in the 1990s. The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant. The European-style cheese, marketed under the name Caravane, was created through collaboration between Mauritanian camel milk dairy Tiviski, the FAO, and Ramet. It is claimed to be the only camel milk cheese in the world.
Camel milk can also be made into ice cream. In Central Asia, a drink called chal or shubat is made from fermented camel milk.
References
Further reading
The Technology of Making Cheese from Camel Milk (Camelus dromedarius) Animal Production and Health Paper Issued by FAO, United Nations. (2001)
Camels and Camel Milk Report Issued by FAO, United Nations. (1982)
Milk by animal
Arabic drinks
African cuisine
Australian cuisine
Emirati cuisine
Middle Eastern cuisine
Mauritanian cuisine
Milk
Traditional medicine |
The Manitoba Transit Heritage Association Inc. (MTHA) is a non-profit tax charitable organization whose members volunteer in the restoration, maintenance and display of Manitoba’s largest collection of vintage transit vehicles.
The mission of the Association is to restore old transit vehicles for historic purposes; to create a transit museum for display of transit vehicles and related transit-industry memorabilia; and to provide restored transit vehicles for public parades and community event displays.
The MTHA has a fleet of operational historic vehicles, and further vehicles which are awaiting restoration. These buses were previously used in public transportation service (both public and private companies) between 1937 and 2019.
History
The genesis for MTHA was a search in summer 1987 by retired Winnipeg Transit employees Ron Alexander and John Kapusta for old Studebaker automobiles in rural Manitoba. During that search, they found an old electric streetcar in a farm field, and were inspired to found a preservation group for bus, streetcar, and trolleys in Manitoba along with other current and retired Transit employees on July 21, 1989. The group's charter was "restoring old transit vehicles for historical purposes; creating a transit museum for the display of vintage transit vehicles; [providing] restored vehicles to transport senior citizens, disabled persons, school children and other such groups for tours and outings; and [providing] restored transit vehicles for public parades and displays".
Historic collection
Buses
The group's first restoration project was the 1941 Twin Coach 30GS, which had been abandoned in a farm yard in Grand Marais; it was purchased by MTHA for one dollar. The second project was the 1937 Twin Coach 23R, which was in the yard of King's Welding of Ladywood; it was acquired by MTHA in October 1990 and the restored vehicle was unveiled on November 2, 1991. Also in 1990, the group began restoring the 1946 Ford 69B; although work was substantially complete by 1992, it was not fully operational until 2018 due to other projects.
, the 1979 OBI Orion I is intended to serve as a mobile transit museum. MTHA's vehicles have appeared in several television shows and movies filmed in Manitoba, including Less Than Kind and The Don Cherry Story.
Artifacts
In addition to historic vehicles, the MTHA has a large collection of related transit-industry memorabilia such as badges, uniforms, passes, tickets, transfers, transfer punches, fareboxes, decals and manuals.
References
External links
Manitoba Transit Heritage Association Website
Canadian Public Transit Wiki: Manitoba Transit Heritage Association
Manitoba Transit Heritage Association's photo stream on flickr
The Switch Iron
Charities based in Canada
Transport associations in Canada |
Christianity has a long history in Kyrgyzstan, with the earliest archaeological remains of churches belonging to the Church of the East in modern-day Suyab dating back to the 7th century. By the 9th century an archdiocese of the Church of the East cared for the Christians of Kyrgyzstan and adjacent areas in eastern Turkestan. Although primarily Turkic there was also an Armenian community in what today is Kyrgyzstan by the 14th century. By the 15th century, however, there were no longer ecclesiastical structures of any church caring for what is today Kyrgyzstan and Islam gained the ascendancy amongst the Kyrgyz people.
Demographics
In 2020, figures showed that 4.39% of the population followed Christianity, with 3.53% of the population identifying as Orthodox, 0.31% as Protestant, 0.01% as Catholic and 0.61% as other Christian.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity is the largest Christian denomination in Kyrgyzstan, with members primarily comprising the country's ethnic Russians and Ukrainians. A small minority of ethnic Germans are also Christian, mostly Lutheran and Anabaptist, with Baptists, Pentecostals, evangelicals and Adventists also active in the country. At least 92,000 Christians are from majority Muslim ethnic groups.
Discrimination against Christians has been reported in 2022.
Orthodox Christian Church
The modern history of Orthodoxy in Kyrgyzstan dates back to the country's incorporation into the Russian Empire in the late 19th century. The first parishes in Kyrgyzstan were opened in Bishkek, Naryn, and Osh in the 1870s to serve the Russian forts being built in the country. The military parishes were eventually recognized as regular parishes as the Russian Orthodox Church presence in Kyrgyzstan grew. In 1871 the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church established a diocese - the Eparchy of Tashkent and Turkestan - for its new communities in Central Asia, with the new parishes in Kyrgyzstan coming under its authority. By the time of the Russian Revolution in 1917 there were over 30 churches in what today is Kyrgyzstan. It was also home to one of three Orthodox monasteries in Central Asia at the time, Holy Trinity Monastery on the shores of Lake Issyk Kul.
During the Soviet era Orthodoxy in Kyrgyzstan suffered from persecution as it did elsewhere in the USSR. Clergy and laity alike were murdered by the new authorities and many churches were closed and destroyed. As part of the easing of the persecutions during World War II many churches were reopened, with thirty-two active in Kyrgyzstan by 1946. Eight were later closed in the renewed persecutions under Khrushchev.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union the number of Orthodox parishes in Kyrgyzstan has nearly doubled to forty-four. A new women's monastery has also been established in Kara-Balta in northern Kyrgyzstan. In 2011 the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church decided to separate the Orthodox Church in Kyrgyzstan from the Eparchy of Tashkent and establish it as its own diocese, the Eparchy of Bishkek under the Bishop of Bishkek and Kyrgyzstan. The new diocese was included in the Russian Orthodox Church's Ecclesiastical province of Central Asia.
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholics are mentioned in this region since 14th century, mainly on the territory of today’s Kazakhstan. The Roman Catholic missionaries came in Kyrgyzstan mainly from China, till turn of 19th and 20th centuries. Since 1918 to 1930, the area of Kyrgyzstan came under the parish of Tashkent. In 1937, there started the persecution of Roman Catholic Church, the churches were destroyed and all priests were deported or executed. In that time, because of mass deportations into Central Asia (that had no parallel even in tsar era), came to influx of Catholics from Volga area, Ukraine, Poland and Baltic Sea area.
On 13 May 1991, there was created apostolic administration of Kazakhstan and Central Asia that included five post-Soviet Central Asian republics, from which four gained a status of mission sui iuris later – church in Kyrgyzstan on 22 December 1997. Status sui iuris means that it is an autonomous unit – independent juristic person, based on own discipline, heritage, or culture, but it is always dependent on Roman pope.
In Kyrgyzstan, there were 268 Christians in 1999. Part of them were descendants of German, Polish, Latvian and Lithuanian deportees and part are citizens of other states (diplomats, workers of international organisations).
On the other hand, it is necessary to mention that for the whole time of existence of the Catholic Church in Bishkek (it was officially registered already in 1969), there took place no one christening of any Kyrgyz.
On 18 March 2006, there was found the apostolic administration in Kyrgyzstan (region under administration of any clergyman authorised by pope), now under administration of bishop Nicolas Messmer, which was born (similarly as his predecessor in the administration of Kyrgyzstan Alexander Kan) in Kazakhs Karaghanda. The relationship to Kazakhs bishopric was always very strong; also the Catholic literature or songbooks are printed in Kazakhstan.
In the capital Bishkek, there is a church (among the associated societies belong e.g. Belovodskoe, Chaldybar, Tuz, Nurmanbet, Ivanovka, Iskra, Niznevostochnoe, Kamyshanovka, Oktjabrskoe), the worships in Talas take place in a bought house, newly was found the parish on the south of Kyrgyzstan (Djalalabad and Osh) too and another parish is in Karakol.
In Bishkek, up to now, the Roman Catholic Church is connected with German population and therefore also the church uses to be marked as “German” by the Kyrgyz (немецкая церковь) – in contrary to Orthodox church that is “Russian” (русская церковь). Among the visitors of the church are (except the foreigners) really such a Bishkek citizens that have German origin (although they do not speak German) and next, there are here also descendants of Poles.
See also
Religion in Kyrgyzstan
Roman Catholicism in Kyrgyzstan
Bible translations into Kyrgyz
References
External links
Bible in Kyrgyz language
Nestorianism among Kirghiz tribes |
Vive may refer to:
Vive, viva, and vivat, a Romance language expression
Vive (José José album), 1974
Vive (Lucía Méndez album), 2004
Vive (a cappella group), a cappella group from England, United Kingdom
ViVe, a state-owned Venezuelan television channel
HTC Vive, virtual reality head-mounted display
Vive (software), members-only mobile video chat community
"Vive", the Spanish-language version of "Spirit" (Beyoncé song) |
```yaml
define: DUK_USE_32BIT_PTRS
introduced: 1.0.0
removed: 1.4.0
default: false
tags:
- portability
description: >
Pointers are 32-bit integer compatible.
``` |
Tanz der Lemminge () is a double LP by the German rock band Amon Düül II which was released in 1971. It is their third studio album.
In the Q and Mojo Classic Special Edition Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog Rock, the album was listed as number 36 in its list of "40 Cosmic Rock Albums".
Track listing
Side A
"SYNTELMAN'S MARCH OF THE ROARING SEVENTIES" – 15:51
Side B
"RESTLESS SKYLIGHT-TRANSISTOR-CHILD" – 19:33
Side C
"CHAMSIN SOUNDTRACK" - 18:05
Side D
"CHAMSIN SOUNDTRACK"- 14.59
Personnel
Amon Düül II
Chris Karrer – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, violin, vocals on "Pull Down Your Mask" and "Little Tornadoes"
John Weinzierl – guitars, vocals on "Paralyzed Paradise", piano (sides C & D)
Falk Rogner – organ & electronics (sides C & D)
Lothar Meid – bass, double-bass (sides A & B), vocals on "A Short Stop at the Transylvanian Brain-Surgery" and "Riding on a Cloud"
Peter Leopold – drums, percussion (sides A & B), piano (sides C & D)
Karl-Heinz Hausmann – electronics & sound engineer (sides A & B), mix & remix (sides C & D)
Guests
Jimmy Jackson – organ, choir-organ, piano (sides A & B)
Al Gromer – sitar (sides A & B)
Renate Knaup-Krötenschwanz – vocals on "Riding on a Cloud" *
Rolf Zacher – vocals on "H.G. Wells' Take Off"
(•) Renate Knaup was previously a band member, but listed as a guest for this album; she returned as a full member on the next album.
Technical
Olaf Kübler – producer
Peter Kramper – engineer
Jürgen Kopper – remix engineer
References
1971 albums
Amon Düül II albums
United Artists Records albums |
Jason Barry-Smith (born 12 December 1969) is an Australian operatic baritone, vocal coach, composer, and arranger. He works with organisations such as Opera Queensland, the Queensland Symphony Orchestra, Seven Network, and the Queensland Youth Choir.
Education
Barry-Smith, born in Brisbane, Queensland, is a former student of Kedron State High School. He graduated with a Medal of Excellence from the Queensland Conservatorium of Music in 1991. He later studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München with Professor Hanno Blaschke during 1989/90 and later in London with Janice Chapman in 1999 and in Rome with Margaret Baker-Genovesi in 2002.
Awards
Barry-Smith has received numerous accolades; in 1992 he won the Marianne Mathy Scholarship (The Mathy) in the Australian Singing Competition, in 2001 he won Opera Foundation Australia's Italian Opera Award, and for the first five months of 2002 he was resident at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Italy.
Concert performances
As a concert soloist, Barry-Smith has performed in Fauré's Requiem (Melbourne Symphony Orchestra), Haydn's Paukenmesse (Queensland Philharmonic Orchestra), Bach's St John Passion (Brisbane Chorale), Nigel Butterley's Lawrence Hargrave Flying Alone (Sydney Symphony), Bach's St Matthew Passion, Christmas Oratorio and Purcell's Ode to St Cecilia’s Day (Bach Society of Queensland), and as the baritone soloist in the Australian composer's Richard Mills 2001 work, Symphonic Poems. In 2012, Barry-Smith was a soloist in the Australian premiere of Graun's 1755 oratorio Der Tod Jesu. He was the soloist in HK Gruber's Frankenstein!! at the 2016 Four Winds Festival in Bermagui, New South Wales.
Stage roles
While still studying at the Queensland Conservatorium, he performed the title role in the Australian premiere of Billy Budd. Other roles include:
Enjolras in Les Misérables for the Wellington Operatic Society
Major General Stanley in The Pirates of Penzance, the Boatswain in H.M.S. Pinafore, Danilo in The Merry Widow all for Essgee Melodies
King Melchior in Amahl and the Night Visitors for the National Trust of Queensland
Nardo in La finta giardiniera for the Brisbane Biennial
Escamillo in Carmen for Lyric Opera 21, Belfast
Marullo in Rigoletto for OzOpera
Mathieu in Andrea Chénier and Belcore in L'elisir d'amore for The State Opera of South Australia
Geoffrey in Lawrence Hargrave Flying Alone for the Sydney Symphony
Mamoud in John Adams' The Death of Klinghoffer for the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
Morales and Dancairo in Carmen, the title role of Don Giovanni (for which he won a National Opera Award), Eisenstein and Dr Falke in Die Fledermaus, Yamadori in Madama Butterfly, the title role of The Barber of Seville, Guglielmo in Così fan tutte, Papageno in The Magic Flute, Dandini in La Cenerentola, Christiano in Un ballo in maschera, Dr Malatesta in Don Pasquale, Schaunard in La bohème, Danilo in The Merry Widow, Bello in La fanciulla del West, Banjo Paterson in Waltzing Our Matilda (which he co-wrote and directed) and Mercutio in Roméo et Juliette: all for Opera Queensland.
Created the roles of Julian in Quartet by Anthony Richie and Samuel in Electric Lenin by Barry Conyngham.
Directing
Barry-Smith made his directorial debut at the 2001 4MBS Festival with Purcell's Dido and Aeneas in which he also sang the role of Æneas; this production won him the Perform 4MBS Award for Opera Production. Barry-Smith has worked as vocal coach and musical director of the Queensland Youth Choir. Together with Narelle French, Opera Queensland's Head of Music, Barry-Smith devised several touring productions for Opera Queensland, notably The Food of Love which ran for several years since 2004, and in 2009 Waltzing Our Matilda, co-written with his wife Leisa Barry-Smith. In 2008, he re-mounted Opera Queensland's production of Hansel and Gretel for its tour of 83 schools through Queensland and northern New South Wales.
He held the position of artistic director of the Queensland Youth Choir from 2008 until 2010, taught Musical Theatre/Voice at the University of Southern Queensland's Summer Schools from 2004 until 2014, classical voice at Queensland Conservatorium's Opera school from 2003 until 2013, and from 2009 until 2012 was the Director of Opera Queensland's Young and Developing Artist Program. From 2013 until 2014 he was the Creative Director of Opera Queensland's Open Stage program.
Recordings
CD
Something to Sing About (1985) with the Queensland Youth Choir
Encore (1992) with Vocalpoint
Smiley – The Musical, based on the 1945 novel for the 1956 film (2003) – Original Studio Recording
Misa Criolla – Ariel Ramírez (2005) with the Queensland Youth Choir
Songs of Inspiration (2007) ABC Classics 476 6159
Colours of Christmas (2007) with the Queensland Youth Choir
Portrait of Dorian Gray – John Wikman (2011) – Original studio recording
DVD
The Pirates of Penzance (1994) ABC Video R-14653-9
The Mikado (1996)
H.M.S. Pinafore – Boatswain (1997)
References
External links
1969 births
Australian male musical theatre actors
Australian operatic baritones
Vocal coaches
Living people
Musicians from Brisbane
Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University alumni
University of Music and Performing Arts Munich alumni
Academic staff of the University of Southern Queensland
Academic staff of Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University |
Pauline Merritt Hald (February 2, 1904 – December 5, 1998) was an American clinical chemist and medical researcher, based in New Haven, Connecticut. She worked in the laboratory of chemist John P. Peters for many years, and published the first description of his flame photometry technique for measuring serum sodium and potassium levels.
Early life and education
Hald was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the daughter of Frank Xavier Hald and Josephine Merritt Hald. Her parents were immigrants; her father was born in Germany, and her mother was born in Nova Scotia. She graduated from Wellesley College in 1926.
Career
Hald worked as a biochemist based in New Haven. starting in the laboratory of John P. Peters at Yale School of Medicine. She was the first person to describe Peters' flame photometry technique for measuring sodium and potassium concentrations in blood samples. She was later director of the clinical chemistry laboratory at Grace-New Haven Hospital. In 1953 she addressed the Connecticut Society of Medical Technologists as a guest speaker. In 1957 she was one of the founding officers of the Connecticut section of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
Hald also worked at her family's moving and storage business, and volunteered for Catholic women's charities in New Haven. She was president of the New Haven Wellesley Club, and a member of the city's Soroptimist Club.
Publications
From the 1930s to the 1960s, Hald's research was published in academic journals including Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal of Biological Chemistry,American Journal of Physiology, and Methods in Medical Research. She also contributed to the textbook Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry (1963).
"The plasma proteins in relation to blood hydration. VI. Serum proteins in nephritic edema" (1931, with John P. Peters, Frederick S. Bruckman, Anna J. Eisenman, and A. Maurice Wakeman)
"The nature of diabetic acidosis" (1933, with John P. Peters, David M. Kydd, and Anna J. Eisenman)
"The determination of the bases of serum and whole blood" (1933)
"Osmotic adjustments between cells and serum in the circulating blood of man." Journal of Biological Chemistry (1937, with Anna J. Eisenman and John P. Peters)
"The importance of removing phosphorus in the determination of serum sodium" (1939)
"The state of the inorganic components of human red blood cells" (1940, with Rebecca Z. Solomon and John P. Peters)
"Factors that influence the passage of ascorbic acid from serum to cells in human blood" (1940, with Martin Heinemann)
"Notes on the determination and distribution of sodium and potassium in cells and serum of normal human blood" (1946)
"The flame photometer for the measurement of sodium and potassium in biological materials" (1946)
"Sodium, potassium and phosphates in the cells and serum of blood in diabetic acidosis" (1947, with Thaddeus S. Danowski and John P. Peters)
"The distribution of sodium and potassium in oxygenated human blood and their effects upon the movements of water befween cells and plasma" (1947, with Maurice Tulin, Thaddeus S. Danowski, Paul H. Lavietes, and John P. Peters)
"Determinations with flame photometry" (1951)
"The displacement of serum water by the lipids of hyperlipemic serum. A new method for the rapid determination of serum water" (1955, with Margaret J. Albrink, Evelyn B. Man, and John P. Peters)
"Sodium and potassium by flame photometry" (1958, with W. Burkett Mason)
"Uric Acid" (1963, with Wendell T. Caraway)
"Free Amino Acids in Plasma and Urine by the Gasometric Ninhydrin-Carbon Dioxide Method" (1963, with Elizabeth G. Frame, Neil Y. Chiamori, and Ethel Conger)
Personal life
Hald lived with her younger brother Walter for most of her life. She died in 1998, aged 94 years, in New Haven.
References
1904 births
1998 deaths
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
Wellesley College alumni
20th-century American biochemists
20th-century American women scientists
American women biochemists
American medical researchers
Women medical researchers
American people of German descent
American people of Canadian descent |
Veiko-Vello Palm (born on 29 May 1971) is an Estonian Major General of the Estonian Defence Forces. Since 2023, he is the Commander of the Estonian Division.
Early life
Veiko-Vello Palm was born on 29 May 1971. He attended the Tallinn 21st School, which he graduated in 1989.
Military career
Veiko-Vello Palm started his military career with the Estonian Defence Forces in 1992 as conscript in Kalev Infantry Battalion. Between 1992 and 1994 he studied at the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences. He received his bachelor's degree in 2001 from the National Defence University of Finland, and a master's degree in 2005 from the same university. He has also attended various other courses during his career - officer course in 1996, battalion commander course (armored forces) in 2003, NATO Combat Readiness Evaluation Course in 2007, higher management and higher national defence courses in 2018.
He has served in many various positions throughout his military career. Between 1995 and 1996, he served in the North Single Infantry Company. In 1997, he served as a staff officer in the Headquarters of the Defence Forces. From 2001 to 2002, he served in the Headquarters of the Land Force. After that, until 2003, he worked as a lector in the Estonian Military Academy. Between 2005 and 2007, he served as Chief of Staff in Tapa Training Center. After serving as an International Security Assistance Force staff officer in Afghanistan between 2007 and 2008, he returned to the Headquarters of the Defence Forces. In 2009, he joined the Multinational Corps Northeast as a senior staff officer. During his time with MCN, he served a second stint in Afghanistan with ISAF. He moved on to the Estonian Ministry of Defence as chief of the Defence Planning Department in 2012. In 2015, he became the commander of the 1st Infantry Brigade. In 2018, he was appointed as the Chief of Staff of the Headquarters of the Defence Forces. He was named Deputy Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces in 2021.
Personal life
Veiko-Vello Palm is married and has two children. In addition to the Estonian language, he can speak English, Russian, and Finnish.
References
Living people
1971 births
Estonian military personnel
21st-century Estonian military personnel
Estonian military personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Estonian major generals
Military personnel from Tallinn |
Big Island, or Stage Island, or Te Poho-o-Tairea is an island to the west of Stewart Island, New Zealand. It is part of the Boat Group of the Tītī / Muttonbird Islands.
See also
List of islands of New Zealand
References
Uninhabited islands of New Zealand
Stewart Island
Islands of Southland, New Zealand |
```javascript
module.exports = {
up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn("teams", "guestSignin", {
type: Sequelize.BOOLEAN,
allowNull: false,
defaultValue: false,
});
await queryInterface.addColumn("users", "lastSigninEmailSentAt", {
type: Sequelize.DATE,
});
await queryInterface.changeColumn("users", "email", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
allowNull: true,
defaultValue: null,
});
},
down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn("teams", "guestSignin");
await queryInterface.removeColumn("users", "lastSigninEmailSentAt");
await queryInterface.changeColumn("users", "email", {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
allowNull: false,
});
},
};
``` |
Where Trouble Sleeps is a play written by Catherine Bush that takes place in the 1950s on the other side of Travelers Rest, South Carolina about a carjacker who robs Blaine's Store for a hidden treasure chest.
The play is an adaptation of a Clyde Edgerton story.
Storyline
The first part of the play details the carjacker's hits in other cities.
References
American plays |
Woodberry Glacier () is a small tributary glacier flowing south between Evans Heights and Mount Fearon to the north side of David Glacier, in Victoria Land. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1956–62. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Barry D. Woodberry, ionospheric physicist with the South Pole Station winter party, 1966.
Glaciers of Scott Coast |
```python
# mypy: allow-untyped-decorators
# mypy: allow-untyped-defs
import logging
from collections import defaultdict
from threading import Lock
from typing import List, Optional
import torch
import torch.distributed.autograd as dist_autograd
import torch.distributed.rpc as rpc
import torch.jit as jit
import torch.nn as nn
from torch import Tensor
from torch.distributed.rpc import RRef
from .utils import functional_optim_map
__all__ = ["DistributedOptimizer"]
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# XXX: we define a _ScriptModuleOptimizer here to explicitly
# compile the FunctionalOptimizer class into TorchScript
# This is because ScriptClass instance still lives in
# python unless you explicitly compile it as an attribute
# in ScriptModule or pass it to a ScriptFunction
# _ScriptLocalOptimizerInterface serves as a common
# interface type for Optimizer ScriptModules.
#
# TODO (wanchaol): remove this once we added TorchScript
# class reference semantics
@jit.interface
class _ScriptLocalOptimizerInterface:
def step(self, autograd_ctx_id: int) -> None:
pass
class _ScriptLocalOptimizer(nn.Module):
# TorchScript does not support multithread concurrent compiling.
# request_callback might invoke concurrent compiling, so we
# serialize the compiling with a lock
compile_lock = Lock()
def __init__(self, optim_cls, local_params_rref, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__()
self._local_params = [rref.local_value() for rref in local_params_rref]
self.optim = optim_cls(self._local_params, *args, **kwargs)
@jit.export
def step(self, autograd_ctx_id: int):
all_local_grads = dist_autograd.get_gradients(autograd_ctx_id)
# apply functional optimizer step with a list of gradients
grads: List[Optional[Tensor]] = [
all_local_grads[p] if p in all_local_grads else None
for p in self._local_params
]
self.optim.step(grads)
# TODO (wanchaol): remove/merge this with ScriptLocalOptimizer once
# we have converted all to functional optimizer in distributed.optim
class _LocalOptimizer:
# Ideally we would only need to share a lock for instances of
# _LocalOptimizer that deal with the same parameters. We are
# making a simplifying assumption here that if there is more
# than one instance of _LocalOptimizer per worker, they will
# be optimizing the same parameters (e.g. each data parallel
# trainer will create its own instance of _LocalOptimizer but
# they will all optimize the same parameters on each worker)
global_lock = Lock()
def __init__(self, optim_cls, local_params_rref, *args, **kwargs):
self._local_params = [rref.local_value() for rref in local_params_rref]
self.optim = optim_cls(self._local_params, *args, **kwargs)
def step(self, autograd_ctx_id):
all_local_grads = dist_autograd.get_gradients(autograd_ctx_id)
with _LocalOptimizer.global_lock:
for param, grad in all_local_grads.items():
param.grad = grad
self.optim.step()
def _new_local_optimizer(optim_cls, local_params_rref, *args, **kwargs):
return rpc.RRef(_LocalOptimizer(optim_cls, local_params_rref, *args, **kwargs))
def _local_optimizer_step(local_optim_rref, autograd_ctx_id):
local_optim = local_optim_rref.local_value()
local_optim.step(autograd_ctx_id)
# new/step functions combined with _ScriptLocalOptimizer to provide GIL-free optimizer
def _new_script_local_optimizer(optim_cls, local_params_rref, *args, **kwargs):
optim = _ScriptLocalOptimizer(optim_cls, local_params_rref, *args, **kwargs)
with _ScriptLocalOptimizer.compile_lock:
script_optim = jit.script(optim)
return rpc.RRef(script_optim, _ScriptLocalOptimizerInterface)
@jit.script
def _script_local_optimizer_step(
local_optim_rref: RRef[_ScriptLocalOptimizerInterface], autograd_ctx_id: int
) -> None:
local_optim = local_optim_rref.local_value()
local_optim.step(autograd_ctx_id)
def _wait_for_all(rpc_futs):
# TODO: improve error propagation
exception = None
results = []
for fut in rpc_futs:
try:
results.append(fut.wait())
except Exception as e:
results.append(e)
exception = e
if exception is not None:
raise exception
return results
class DistributedOptimizer:
"""
DistributedOptimizer takes remote references to parameters scattered
across workers and applies the given optimizer locally for each parameter.
This class uses :meth:`~torch.distributed.autograd.get_gradients` in order
to retrieve the gradients for specific parameters.
Concurrent calls to
:meth:`~torch.distributed.optim.DistributedOptimizer.step`,
either from the same or different clients, will
be serialized on each worker -- as each worker's optimizer can only work
on one set of gradients at a time. However, there is no guarantee that
the full forward-backward-optimizer sequence will execute for one client
at a time. This means that the gradients being applied may not correspond
to the latest forward pass executed on a given worker. Also, there is no
guaranteed ordering across workers.
`DistributedOptimizer` creates the local optimizer with TorchScript enabled
by default, so that optimizer updates are not blocked by the Python Global
Interpreter Lock (GIL) in the case of multithreaded training (e.g. Distributed
Model Parallel). This feature is currently enabled for most optimizers. You
can also follow `the recipe`__ in PyTorch tutorials to enable TorchScript support
for your own custom optimizers.
Args:
optimizer_class (optim.Optimizer): the class of optimizer to
instantiate on each worker.
params_rref (list[RRef]): list of RRefs to local or remote parameters
to optimize.
args: arguments to pass to the optimizer constructor on each worker.
kwargs: arguments to pass to the optimizer constructor on each worker.
Example::
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("distributed")
>>> import torch.distributed.autograd as dist_autograd
>>> import torch.distributed.rpc as rpc
>>> from torch import optim
>>> from torch.distributed.optim import DistributedOptimizer
>>>
>>> with dist_autograd.context() as context_id:
>>> # Forward pass.
>>> rref1 = rpc.remote("worker1", torch.add, args=(torch.ones(2), 3))
>>> rref2 = rpc.remote("worker1", torch.add, args=(torch.ones(2), 1))
>>> loss = rref1.to_here() + rref2.to_here()
>>>
>>> # Backward pass.
>>> dist_autograd.backward(context_id, [loss.sum()])
>>>
>>> # Optimizer.
>>> dist_optim = DistributedOptimizer(
>>> optim.SGD,
>>> [rref1, rref2],
>>> lr=0.05,
>>> )
>>> dist_optim.step(context_id)
__ path_to_url
"""
def __init__(self, optimizer_class, params_rref, *args, **kwargs):
torch._C._log_api_usage_once("torch.distributed.optim.DistributedOptimizer")
per_worker_params_rref = defaultdict(list)
for param in params_rref:
per_worker_params_rref[param.owner()].append(param)
if optimizer_class in functional_optim_map and jit._state._enabled:
optim_ctor = functional_optim_map.get(optimizer_class)
else:
optim_ctor = optimizer_class
self.is_functional_optim = optim_ctor != optimizer_class
if self.is_functional_optim:
optimizer_new_func = _new_script_local_optimizer
else:
logger.warning(
"Creating the optimizer %s without TorchScript support, "
"this might result in slow computation time in multithreading environment"
"(i.e. Distributed Model Parallel training on CPU) due to the Python's "
"Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). Please file an issue if you need this "
"optimizer in TorchScript. ",
optimizer_class,
)
optimizer_new_func = _new_local_optimizer
remote_optim_futs = []
for worker, param_rrefs in per_worker_params_rref.items():
remote_optim_rref_fut = rpc.rpc_async(
worker,
optimizer_new_func,
args=(optim_ctor, param_rrefs) + args,
kwargs=kwargs,
)
remote_optim_futs.append(remote_optim_rref_fut)
self.remote_optimizers = _wait_for_all(remote_optim_futs)
def step(self, context_id):
"""
Performs a single optimization step.
This will call :meth:`torch.optim.Optimizer.step` on each worker
containing parameters to be optimized, and will block until all workers
return. The provided ``context_id`` will be used to retrieve the
corresponding :class:`~torch.distributed.autograd.context` that
contains the gradients that should be applied to the parameters.
Args:
context_id: the autograd context id for which we should run the
optimizer step.
"""
dist_autograd._is_valid_context(context_id)
optimizer_step_func = (
_script_local_optimizer_step
if self.is_functional_optim
else _local_optimizer_step
)
rpc_futs = []
for optimizer in self.remote_optimizers:
rpc_futs.append(
rpc.rpc_async(
optimizer.owner(),
optimizer_step_func,
args=(optimizer, context_id),
)
)
_wait_for_all(rpc_futs)
``` |
In mathematics, algebraic spaces form a generalization of the schemes of algebraic geometry, introduced by Michael Artin for use in deformation theory. Intuitively,
schemes are given by gluing together affine schemes using the Zariski topology, while algebraic spaces are given by gluing together affine schemes using the finer étale topology. Alternatively one can think of schemes as being locally isomorphic to affine schemes in the Zariski topology, while algebraic spaces are locally isomorphic to affine schemes in the étale topology.
The resulting category of algebraic spaces extends the category of schemes and allows one to carry out several natural constructions that are used in the construction of moduli spaces but are not always possible in the smaller category of schemes, such as taking the quotient of a free action by a finite group (cf. the Keel–Mori theorem).
Definition
There are two common ways to define algebraic spaces: they can be defined as either quotients of schemes by etale equivalence relations, or as sheaves on a big etale site that are locally isomorphic to schemes. These two definitions are essentially equivalent.
Algebraic spaces as quotients of schemes
An algebraic space X comprises a scheme U and a closed subscheme R ⊂ U × U satisfying the following two conditions:
1. R is an equivalence relation as a subset of U × U
2. The projections pi: R → U onto each factor are étale maps.
Some authors, such as Knutson, add an extra condition that an algebraic space has to be quasi-separated, meaning that the diagonal map is quasi-compact.
One can always assume that R and U are affine schemes. Doing so means that the theory of algebraic spaces is not dependent on the full theory of schemes, and can indeed be used as a (more general) replacement of that theory.
If R is the trivial equivalence relation over each connected component of U (i.e. for all x, y belonging to the same connected component of U, we have xRy if and only if x=y), then the algebraic space will be a scheme in the usual sense. Since a general algebraic space X does not satisfy this requirement, it allows a single connected component of U to cover X with many "sheets". The point set underlying the algebraic space X is then given by |U| / |R| as a set of equivalence classes.
Let Y be an algebraic space defined by an equivalence relation S ⊂ V × V. The set Hom(Y, X) of morphisms of algebraic spaces is then defined by the condition that it makes the descent sequence
exact (this definition is motivated by a descent theorem of Grothendieck for surjective étale maps of affine schemes). With these definitions, the algebraic spaces form a category.
Let U be an affine scheme over a field k defined by a system of polynomials g(x), x = (x1, ..., xn), let
denote the ring of algebraic functions in x over k, and let X = {R ⊂ U × U} be an algebraic space.
The appropriate stalks ÕX, x on X are then defined to be the local rings of algebraic functions defined by ÕU, u, where u ∈ U is a point lying over x and ÕU, u is the local ring corresponding to u of the ring
k{x1, ..., xn} / (g)
of algebraic functions on U.
A point on an algebraic space is said to be smooth if ÕX, x ≅ k{z1, ..., zd} for some indeterminates z1, ..., zd. The dimension of X at x is then just defined to be d.
A morphism f: Y → X of algebraic spaces is said to be étale at y ∈ Y (where x = f(y)) if the induced map on stalks
ÕX, x → ÕY, y
is an isomorphism.
The structure sheaf OX on the algebraic space X is defined by associating the ring of functions O(V) on V (defined by étale maps from V to the affine line A1 in the sense just defined) to any algebraic space V which is étale over X.
Algebraic spaces as sheaves
An algebraic space can be defined as a sheaf of sets
such that
There is a surjective etale morphism
the diagonal morphism is representable.
The second condition is equivalent to the property that given any schemes and morphisms , their fiber-product of sheaves
is representable by a scheme over . Note that some authors, such as Knutson, add an extra condition that an algebraic space has to be quasi-separated, meaning that the diagonal map is quasi-compact.
Algebraic spaces and schemes
Algebraic spaces are similar to schemes, and much of the theory of schemes extends to algebraic spaces. For example, most properties of morphisms of schemes also apply to algebraic spaces, one can define cohomology of quasicoherent sheaves, this has the usual finiteness properties for proper morphisms, and so on.
Proper algebraic spaces over a field of dimension one (curves) are schemes.
Non-singular proper algebraic spaces of dimension two over a field (smooth surfaces) are schemes.
Quasi-separated group objects in the category of algebraic spaces over a field are schemes, though there are non quasi-separated group objects that are not schemes.
Commutative-group objects in the category of algebraic spaces over an arbitrary scheme which are proper, locally finite presentation, flat, and cohomologically flat in dimension 0 are schemes.
Not every singular algebraic surface is a scheme.
Hironaka's example can be used to give a non-singular 3-dimensional proper algebraic space that is not a scheme, given by the quotient of a scheme by a group of order 2 acting freely. This illustrates one difference between schemes and algebraic spaces: the quotient of an algebraic space by a discrete group acting freely is an algebraic space, but the quotient of a scheme by a discrete group acting freely need not be a scheme (even if the group is finite).
Every quasi-separated algebraic space contains a dense open affine subscheme, and the complement of such a subscheme always has codimension ≥ 1. Thus algebraic spaces are in a sense "close" to affine schemes.
The quotient of the complex numbers by a lattice is an algebraic space, but is not an elliptic curve, even though the corresponding analytic space is an elliptic curve (or more precisely is the image of an elliptic curve under the functor from complex algebraic spaces to analytic spaces). In fact this algebraic space quotient is not a scheme, is not complete, and is not even quasi-separated. This shows that although the quotient of an algebraic space by an infinite discrete group is an algebraic space, it can have strange properties and might not be the algebraic space one was "expecting". Similar examples are given by the quotient of the complex affine line by the integers, or the quotient of the complex affine line minus the origin by the powers of some number: again the corresponding analytic space is a variety, but the algebraic space is not.
Algebraic spaces and analytic spaces
Algebraic spaces over the complex numbers are closely related to analytic spaces and Moishezon manifolds.
Roughly speaking, the difference between complex algebraic spaces and analytic spaces is that complex algebraic spaces are formed by gluing affine pieces together using the étale topology, while analytic spaces are formed by gluing with the classical topology. In particular there is a functor from complex algebraic spaces of finite type to analytic spaces. Hopf manifolds give examples of analytic surfaces that do not come from a proper algebraic space (though one can construct non-proper and non-separated algebraic spaces whose analytic space is the Hopf surface). It is also possible for different algebraic spaces to correspond to the same analytic space: for example, an elliptic curve and the quotient of C by the corresponding lattice are not isomorphic as algebraic spaces but the corresponding analytic spaces are isomorphic.
Artin showed that proper algebraic spaces over the complex numbers are more or less the same as Moishezon spaces.
Generalization
A far-reaching generalization of algebraic spaces is given by the algebraic stacks. In the category of stacks we can form even more quotients by group actions than in the category of algebraic spaces (the resulting quotient is called a quotient stack).
Citations
References
External links
Algebraic space in the stacks project
Algebraic geometry |
Law enforcement in Mali is the responsibility of the National Police Force (Police Nationale du Mali), which is subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection. The National Police Force shares responsibility for internal security with the Gendarmerie, a paramilitary organization; the police are responsible exclusively for urban areas, while the Gendarmerie's primary responsibility is for rural areas, though it may also reinforce the police when needed. According to The Wall Street Journal, each organization has approximately 5,000 personnel, while Interpol gives a figure of over 7,000 for the police.
In October 2015, Moussa Ag Infahi replaced Hamidou Kansaye as Director General of the National Police, while Colonel-Major Satigui Dit Moro Sidibé became the new Director General of the Gendarmerie, succeeding Colonel-Major Mody Bérété. Local police districts are headed by commissioners, who report to regional directors at national police headquarters.
The police are poorly trained, equipped and led, and suffer from low morale. Corruption is also a problem. Following the 2013 national elections, Mali's new government made improving the police a priority and accepted the assistance of various countries and external organizations, including Japan; the United Nations Development Programme; the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, through the Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); and a European Union Training Mission.
Mali has been a member of Interpol since 1969.
Being a former French colony, Mali has a civil law system based on the French model.
See also
Malian Family Code
References
External links
Officer Uniforms
Law of Mali |
Clubs in Cuba, including from top level to the lowest levels:
La Habana Province
FC Ciudad de La Habana
FC La Habana
FC Industriales
Isla de la Juventud
FC Isla de La Juventud
Pinar del Río Province
FC Pinar del Río
Cienfuegos Province
FC Cienfuegos
Matanzas Province
FC Matanzas
Real Matanzas
Villa Clara Province
National
FC Villa Clara
FC Villa Clara Women's
Liga Santa Clara
Palencia CF Academy, Santa Clara
Other
Unión Deportiva del Undoso, Mártires del 9 de abril stadium, Sagua la Grade
Club Deportivo Zulueta, Zulueta
Camagüey Province
FC Camagüey
Ciego de Ávila Province
FC Ciego de Ávila
Las Tunas Province
FC Las Tunas
Sancti Spíritus Province
FC Sancti Spíritus
Granma Province
CF Granma
Guantánamo Province
FC Guantánamo
Holguín Province
FC Holguín
Santiago de Cuba Province
FC Santiago de Cuba
Mayabeque Province
FC Mayabeque
References
Cuba
Football Clubs
Football clubs |
All Saints’ Church, Pocklington is the Anglican parish church for the town of Pocklington, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is also known locally as the Cathedral of the Wolds, it is an important Grade I listed building, dating mainly from the 12th to the 15th century. It is a constituent parish of the Diocese of York.
History
It is likely that the missionary St. Paulinus established the first Christian church in Pocklington on his way from Goodmanham to found York Minster. Certainly, the Sotheby Cross, now in the churchyard, has the inscription "Paulinus here preached and celebrated AD627". The building's foundations go back to the Saxon era, and some fragments remain of the Norman church. However most of the building dates from the late 12th to early 15th centuries.
The church clock, dating from 1841, has an unusual mechanism in that it uses only one train to strike the hours and chime the quarter hours. It was restored in 2004. Only one other church clock with a similar mechanism is known, that of St. John's Church in Keswick, Cumbria.
Extensive repairs and alterations were made to the church in the late 19th century. Most of the stained glass dates from that time, as does the pulpit, with its two carved scenes showing the parable of the Good Samaritan and St. Peter healing the man at the Beautiful Gate.
The All Saints Heritage Appeal Fund (called also ‘Reveal and Restore’) was launched on 29 September 2004 by the Appeal Patron, Lord Halifax, to raise £250,000. This money was needed for a complete re-ordering of the West end of the church to provide additional facilities, for extra space to accommodate larger numbers of people, and to display some significant historical features of the building more appropriately; this first phase of the work has been completed. The funds were also needed to repair crumbling areas of the church's exterior stonework.
During the 1890 renovation, a message detailing the work was sealed in a glass bottle, along with a newspaper of the time, and buried underneath the plinth of the medieval Sotheby Cross. Unearthed accidentally during repairs in 2005, the sealed message and a copy of the 1890 newspaper were re-buried in the same spot, along with a contemporary copy of the Pocklington Post.
Stories from the past
In 1733, the celebrated Flying Man of Pocklington, Thomas Pelling, attempted to travel along a rope between the church and the Star Inn in the Market Square. He crashed to his death fracturing his skull against the wall of the church following a misunderstanding with men working the windlass. He is buried where he fell at the east end of the church where a plaque celebrates his memory.
The Sotheby Cross
In the churchyard stands the Sotheby Cross. John Soteby was born in Pocklington in 1390, and the Sotheby Cross was made for him, or in his memory, in the 15th century.
It was rediscovered buried in the churchyard in 1835, since when it had stood inside the church. In 2006 it was reinstated in the churchyard, its location determined by reference to a drawing in an architectural journal from the 1880s. Matthias Garn, from Bugthorpe, was the stonemason who created the replica of the cross head out of Tadcaster limestone.
The Sothebys can be traced back to Roger of Lincoln, born in 1302. They came to Pocklington in about 1380. One of John's descendants, James Sotheby, was both vicar of Pocklington and headmaster of the School in the 1620s. The most famous branch of the Sotheby family moved to Bishop Wilton and then to Hackney, London, and Sewardstone in Essex. They gave their name to Sotheby's, the famous international auctioneers of fine art.
All Saints’ Church today
The church continues its lively history of fellowship and local activities, and has links with Pocklington Church of England Infants School. The Benefice of Pocklington Wold also includes the churches at Burnby, Great Givendale, Hayton, Huggate, Millington, and Nunburnholme.
The current vicar, the Reverend Dr Jacob Belder, was appointed on 22 September 2020.
See also
Grade I listed churches in the East Riding of Yorkshire
History of Pocklington
Pocklington School
References
Sources
News item on the Sotheby Cross
Genuki page for Pocklington - contains historical information on the church and the cross, written in 1892
External links
Pocklington
Pocklington, Church of All Saints
Pocklington |
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How to unstage a staged file
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Ralph Stuart Emanuel Donner (February 10, 1943 – April 6, 1984) was an American rock and roll singer. He scored several pop hits in the US in the early 1960s, and had a voice similar to Elvis Presley. His best known song is his 1961 top ten hit, "You Don't Know What You've Got (Until You Lose It)".
Biography
Ralph Donner was born in Norwood Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States, and sang in church as a child. He sang in local talent shows as a teen, and formed two of his own bands, the Rockin' Five and the Gents, in high school. The Rockin' Five played with Sammy Davis, Jr. on Chicago television at one point in the late 1950s. In 1959, he appeared on Alan Freed's Big Beat program, and released a single with the Gents; soon after, the Gents toured with The Sparkletones.
Donner recorded a cover of Presley's "The Girl of My Best Friend", along with a backing band called the Starfires. After being picked up by Gone Records, Donner re-recorded and re-released the tune, which became a nationwide hit; some listeners even thought that the cover was Presley himself. His next single, "You Don't Know What You've Got (Until You Lose It)", became his biggest, and only Top Ten, hit on the Billboard chart in the United States, peaking at No. 4. The track peaked at No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart in 1961. He managed a few more hits, the last of which was in 1962.
In the mid-1960s, Donner recorded for Reprise Records and Red Bird Records, but saw little further success. He played little in the 1970s, recording occasionally, but saw some rekindled interest in his music after Presley's death. In 1981, he provided voice-over narration (in the voice of Elvis) in the film This Is Elvis.
Donner died of lung cancer on April 6, 1984. He was interred in the mausoleum of Acacia Park Cemetery in Norwood Park Township.
Donner was cited by Robert Plant as an influence at the 1995 induction of Led Zeppelin into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Discography
Singles
Notes
A "Loveless Life" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 but peaked on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 17.
B "I Got Burned" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 but peaked on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 24.
References
External links
Official website
1943 births
1984 deaths
American rock singers
Singers from Chicago
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century American singers
Burials at Acacia Park Cemetery, Norwood Park Township
20th-century American male singers |
Einar Thomassen (born 25 April 1951) is a Norwegian religious studies scholar.
Career
Thomassen was in Bergen, and grew up in Laksevåg. He was taught Coptic, Greek and Latin already during Bergen Cathedral School. He studied in Sweden, France, and Scotland. He took the mag.art. degree at the University of Bergen, and the PhD at the University of St. Andrews.
Thomassen is a professor at the University of Bergen, and also an adjunct professor at the University of Aarhus. He lectures in Christianity, Islam, Religion of the Antique and Classical World, pre-Islamic Middle-East, Syncretism, and Method.
He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
Selected writings in English
The tripartite tractate from Nag Hammadi (1982)
The Platonic and the Gnostic "Demiurge" (1993)
The Letters of Ahmad Ibn Idris (1993)
"Musings on 'syncretism'" (2004)
Religious Education in a Pluralistic Society: Experiences from Norway (2006)
The Spiritual Seed: the church of the 'Valentinians' (2006)
Festschrifts
Personal life
He lives in Bønes with his wife, whom he met while studying religious studies in the 1970s. They have two sons.
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20070111072458/http://www.hf.uib.no/i/religion/tilsette/thomassen.html
http://www.ba.no/puls/article2046817.ece
1951 births
Living people
People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School
University of Bergen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Coptologists
Historians of Gnosticism
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters |
Carrot virus Y (CarVY) is a (+)ss-RNA virus that affects crops of the carrot family (Apiaceae), such as carrots, anise, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill and parsnip. Carrots are the only known crop to be infected in the field. Infection by the virus leads to deformed roots and discolored or mottled leaves. The virus is spread through insect vectors, and is currently only found in Australia.
Symptoms
Foliage
The symptoms of CarVY in carrot foliage may include chlorotic mottle (irregular small yellow patches), marginal leaflet necrosis or reddening, generalised chlorosis of leaves, and plant stunting. Necrosis occurs when a living organism's cells or tissues die or degenerate. Plant necrosis causes leaves, stems and other parts of the plant to darken and wilt. This is a result of the virus using the plant as a host, as the plant's energy is diverted to the virus rather than to the plant's growth. Over time, this energy depletion leads to necrosis in the infected area where the virus is replicating itself. In plant chlorosis, tissues that are normally green become pale, yellow, or bleached. This results from chlorophyll failing to develop due to the infection of the virus. Additionally, the infected plant can portray a ‘feathery’ appearance due to an increase in the subdivisions of the carrot leaflets.
Leaf symptoms and plant stunting symptoms differ greatly between different carrot varieties. Some plants will develop obvious symptoms that can be easily seen from a distance. However, others can express symptoms that are so mild that they are difficult to see even upon close inspection of affected plants. In actively growing carrot crops, foliage symptoms of CarVY are easily confused with the symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. Additionally, growers routinely stop adding fertilizers at the end of each growing season to reduce post-harvest carrot disorders. This results in leaf yellowing symptoms, which can be confused with the symptoms that resemble those caused by CarVY.
Roots
The roots of carrot plants also become severely deformed as a result of CarVY infection. When carrot plants become infected with CarVY at an early stage in the growth cycle, they portray stubby roots with severe distortion and knobbliness (the ‘Michelin carrot’ syndrome). Carrots that are infected later in the life cycle are thinner and longer than carrots infected earlier. Furthermore, in plants infected early, the tops of the roots tend to emerge from the soil and become exposed to the sun. This results in the ‘shoulders’ of the carrots turning a green color. Early infected plants also have severe distortion of the internal vascular cambium. Instead of its normal circular shape, carrots exhibit a star-like vascular cambium consisting of multiple contortions.
Entire fields have been abandoned due to crop infection. The severe root defomalities associated with early virus infection make the carrots unmarketable. Carrots infected later in the growth cycle do not display such dramatic deformations, but are still considered less-desirable and are sold and a significantly lower price.
Structure
CarVY belongs to the Potyviridae family of viruses. Potyviruses are non-enveloped viruses that are symmetrically helical. These filamentous viruses are typically 720-850 nm long and 12-15 nm in diameter. Their flexuous virions can be easily identified in infected carrot leaf samples using electron microscopy.
Genome
The non-segmented, linear genome of CarVY is 1,754 kb. CarVY is typically 11 nm wide and 770 nm long.
Vectors
Aphids
CarVY is transmitted between plants by aphids, including those that do not normally colonize carrots. Aphids are soft-bodied insects that feed on plant sap. Their sucking mouthparts allow for viruses to be transmitted between plants. With their ability to reproduce asexually, they are able to multiply and colonize very quickly. This allows them to spread a virus very quickly. Myzus persicae (M. personae), a small green aphid most commonly known as the green peach aphid, is the most efficient transmitter of the virus. By feeding on the sap of the carrot plant, aphids ingest the virus of the host, which they can later transmit to other uninfected plants that they will feed on. Other colonizing species, such as Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid) and D. apiifolia (hawthorn parsley aphid), can also be successful virus vectors. Non-colonizing species such as Lipahis erysimi (turnip aphid) and Acyrthosiphon kondoi (bluegreen aphid), may also serve as efficient transmitters.
Seeds
It is unknown if infected seeds can transmit the virus to other seeds. If CarVY is confirmed to be transmissible in future research, it is expected that it will only be at low levels, as Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), a potyvirus, is only transmissible at very low levels. LMV is a potyvirus that affects vegetable crops. If seed transmission is confirmed, seed stock will need to be routinely tested before sowing.
Transmission
If an aphid is able to successfully take up a virion, and the virion remains stable, the virus can be transmitted to a new host. In relation to the aphid, potyviruses are noncirculative viruses. Noncirculative viruses are associated with the mouthparts and foregut, giving them a more superficial and transient relationship with the vector. CarVY does not appear to harm its aphid vector. Virus transmission consists of at least three steps:
Acquisition
The first step in viral transmission is acquisition, which consists of the uptake of the virus from an infected source. Aphids are well designed for their roles as vectors. Their mouthparts consist of a needle-like stylet that is capable of piercing plant cells walls in order to feed on the plant’s sugary sap. Aphids can facilitate the uptake and delivery of virions into plant cells without causing too much irreversible damage to the host.
Stabilization
The purpose of the second step of transmission is the stable retention of acquired virions in the vector at specific sites. A virus destined for inoculation is retained at sites within the stylet and food canal, or in the foregut. Potyvirus virions cannot be transmitted alone. Rather, they associate with a second viral-encoded accessory protein, termed “helper component” (HC). The virion and the HC associate with the cuticular lining of the aphid food canal. The “bridge hypothesis” helps explain how the HC functions as a bridge that attaches virions to the food canal of the aphid vector. The HC is a multifunctional protein, and mutations in the domains that make up the HC protein can affect transmission.
Inoculation
The final step in transmission is inoculation. Inoculation consists of the release of bound or retained virions and their delivery to a site of infection. The needle-like stylet delivers virions to the new host plant. Salivation may be important in enhancing the release of bound virions and their delivery into plant cells.
Replication cycle
The replication cycle of CarVY have not been explicitly studied, but it can be assumed that the virus follows the (+)ss-RNA infectious cycle of the potyvirus.
As other (+)RNA plant viruses do, potyviruses utilize the protein synthesis machinery of the host in the production of viral proteins. They also make use of the endomembrane and cellular secretion systems in the formation of viral replication complexes (VRCs), and use the cell connecting plasmodesmata (PD) to spread their viral genome to other cells in the host.
A potyvirus penetrates into a cell of the host, thereby infecting it. The virus is uncoated, a process in which the helical viral proteins are removed. This exposes the viral genomic RNA to the cytoplasm. The RNA is then translated to produce a polyprotein, which is then processed by viral proteases into RNA dependent RNA polymerase and structural proteins. These are both used to replicate the viral genome, which takes place in cytoplasmic viral factories. Using the (+)ssRNA genome originally used to infect the host, a dsRNA genome is synthesized. This new genome is then transcribed and replicated, producing viral mRNAs and new (+)ssRNA genomes. Virions are then assembled in the cytoplasm, and the virus is ready to be transferred to new cells. It is assumed that the viral movement protein P3N-PIPO mediates cell-to-cell transfer of the virions. This allows the virus to further infect the host.
Incidence
CarVY has currently only been detected in Australia. It has been found in carrot crops in the states of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. The incidence of CarVY is high on farms that have continuous carrot production. The incidence is found to be lower when farms rotate carrot crops with non-host crops or fallow. In a 2000-2002 study, CarVY was found to be infecting carrot crops in all six Australian states. The virus infected 30 out of 36 tested carrot cultivars. The incidence was greater in states (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia) where carrot production was continuous. Additionally, the virus is able to successfully infect and multiply when carrots are grown for seed production (in which the carrots are grown continuously for approximately two years). In states where carrot growing is restricted to the summer or winter months, the incidence of CarVY was greatly reduced. Incidence is much lower when crops are only grown for six months out of the year. The study illustrates that virus carryover can be greatly diminished when there is a break in carrot production.
Control
When it comes to the control of CarVY, the key measures include avoiding spread from nearby infected carrot crops, minimizing spread from volunteer carrots, and introducing non-host rotational crops. One of the easiest control methods is done by planting crops that are not in close proximity to each other. This avoids spread from potentially infected carrot crops. Additionally, the spread from volunteer carrot crops can be eliminated by spraying volunteer crops with herbicide, or deep ploughing before re-sowing the land with carrots. This removes potential virus infection sources and prevents them from spreading to new plantings. Another control method consists of manipulating the planting date of carrot crops in order to avoid exposure to peak aphid populations. When plants are at their most vulnerable growth stage, the symptoms of the virus become more severe as the crops develop. Avoiding peak aphid populations reduces the chance of infection at early growth stages, as plants infected later produce less damaged carrots.
Associated viruses
CarVY is most closely related to Celery mosaic virus.
References
Potyviridae
Viral plant pathogens and diseases
Carrot diseases |
Wende (also Althea, Blackmons Crossing) is an unincorporated community in Russell County, Alabama, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Russell County, Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Alabama |
Buddika Sanjeewa (born 23 March 1987) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Badureliya Sports Club in the 2007–08 Premier Trophy on 20 March 2008.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Sri Lankan cricketers
Badureliya Sports Club cricketers
Cricketers from Panadura |
James Boice (born 1982) is an American fiction writer.
Life
He was born in Salinas, California, and raised in Northern Virginia.
He is the author of MVP, published by Scribner in 2007, the prologue of which debuted in Esquire in September 2006. His second novel, NoVA was published by Scribner in 2008. His third novel, The Good and the Ghastly, also published by Scribner, was released in 2011.
His work has also appeared in Fiction, McSweeney's, Salt Hill, and Like Water Burning. He has contributed to Esquire.
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
Novelists from Boston
Novelists from Virginia
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers |
Euchaetes elegans, the elegant pygarctia, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Richard Harper Stretch in 1874. It is found in the US states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada and Texas, and in Mexico, Guatemala, Panama and Colombia.
Adults are on wing from July to September.
The larvae feed on Asclepias species.
References
Arctiidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum
Phaegopterina
Moths described in 1874 |
Vasileia Zachou (born ) is a Greek group rhythmic gymnast. She represented her nation at international competitions.
She participated at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
She also competed at world championships, including at the 2011 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Greek rhythmic gymnasts
Place of birth missing (living people)
Gymnasts at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for Greece
Sportspeople from Larissa |
The Byzantine Papacy was a period of Byzantine domination of the Roman papacy from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperor for episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii (liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of Byzantine-ruled Greece, Syria, or Sicily. Justinian I reconquered the Italian peninsula in the Gothic War (535–554) and appointed the next three popes, a practice that would be continued by his successors and later be delegated to the Exarchate of Ravenna.
With the exception of Martin I, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur; however, theological conflicts were common between pope and emperor in the areas such as monothelitism and iconoclasm.
Greek-speakers from Greece, Syria, and Sicily replaced members of the powerful Roman nobles in the papal chair during this period. Rome under the Greek popes constituted a "melting pot" of Western and Eastern Christian traditions, reflected in art as well as liturgy.
History
Origins (534–638)
After his invasion of Italy during the Gothic War (535–554), Emperor Justinian I forced the Goth-appointed Pope Silverius to abdicate and installed Pope Vigilius, a former apocrisiarius to Constantinople, in his place; Justinian next appointed Pope Pelagius I, holding only a "sham election" to replace Vigilius; afterwards, Justinian was content to be limited to the approval of the pope, as with Pope John III after his election. Justinian's successors would continue the practice for over a century.
Although the Byzantine troops that captured Italy called themselves Romans, many inhabitants of the city had a deep-seated mistrust of Greeks, and Hellenistic influence more generally. Before long, the citizens of Rome petitioned Justinian to recall Narses (who captured Rome in 552), declaring that they would rather still be ruled by the Goths. Anti-Byzantine sentiment could also be found throughout the Italian peninsula, and reception of Greek theology in Latin circles was more mixed.
The continuing power of appointment of the Byzantine emperor can be seen in the legend of Pope Gregory I writing to Constantinople, asking them to refuse his election. Pope Boniface III issued a decree denouncing bribery in papal elections and forbidding discussion of candidates for three days after the funeral of the previous pope; thereafter, Boniface III decreed that the clergy and the "sons of the Church" (i.e. noble laymen) should meet to elect a successor, each voting according to his conscience. This abated factionalism for the next four successions, each resulting in quick elections and imperial approval.
The prestige of Gregory I ensured a gradual incorporation of Eastern influence, which retained the distinctiveness of the Roman church; Gregory's two successors were chosen from his former apocrisiarii to Constantinople, in an effort to gain the favor of Phocas, whose disputed claim to the throne Gregory had enthusiastically endorsed. Pope Boniface III was very likely of Greek extraction, making him the "Easterner on the papal throne" in 607 (many authors incorrectly regard Pope Theodore I, who reigned from 642 to 649, as the first Eastern pope of the Byzantine papacy). Boniface III was able to obtain an imperial proclamation declaring Rome as "the head of all the churches" (reaffirming Justinian I's naming the pope "the first among all the priests"), a decree Phocas intended as much to humiliate the Patriarch of Constantinople as exalt the pope.
Phocas had a gilded statue of himself erected on a monumental column in the Roman Forum only three weeks after Boniface III's consecration, and in 609 by iussio authorized the conversion of the Pantheon into a Christian church, the first pagan Roman temple so converted. Boniface III himself attempted to outdo Phocas's efforts to Christianize the site, collecting twenty-four cartloads of martyr bones from the Catacombs of Rome to enshrine in the temple. A 610 synod ruled that monks could be full members of the clergy, a decision that would massively increase the hordes of Greek monks about to flee to Rome as the Slavs conquered much of the Balkan coast. At this time Salona in Dalmatia, Prima Justiniana in Illyricum, peninsular Greece, Peloponnesus, and Crete were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Rome, and Constantinople was one of "the last places to which one could turn for refuge in the early seventh century".
Another wave of monastic refugees, bringing with them various Christological controversies, arrived in Rome as the Sassanid Empire ravaged the eastern Byzantine possessions. The following Muslim conquests of the seventh century in effect reversed the "avalanche of ascetics to the East" and the "brain drain of ascetic emigrations to the Holy Land" that followed the Gothic invasions of 408–410. Although the immigrating monastics were relatively small in number, their influence was immense:
"Amidst an atmosphere that warmly welcomed them, the small force of monks and clerics who came to Rome at this time would combine their zeal for Chalcedon, their intellectual acumen and higher learning, and the spiritual authority of the Roman church and the Papacy to mobilize the battle and win the war against the last of the great Christological controversies to confront the church."
Monothelitism conflict (638–654)
It was regarded as mandatory of a pope-elect to seek the confirmation of his appointment from Constantinople before consecration, often resulting in extremely lengthy delays (Sabinian: 6 months; Boniface III: 1 year; Boniface IV: 10 months; Boniface V: 13 months), due to the difficulty of travel, the Byzantine bureaucracy, and the whims of the emperors. Disputes were often theological; for example, Severinus was not consecrated for 20 months after his election due to his refusal to accept monothelitism, dying only months after he finally received permission to be consecrated in 640. When Greek Pope Theodore attempted to excommunicate two Patriarchs of Constantinople for supporting monothelitism, imperial troops looted the papal treasury in the Lateran Palace, arrested and exiled the papal aristocracy at the imperial court, and desecrated the altar of the papal residence in Constantinople.
Theodore was Greek-Palestinian, the son of the bishop of Jerusalem, chosen for his ability to combat various heresies originating from the East in his native tongue. As a result of Theodore's ability to debate his adversaries in their own language, "never again would the Papacy suffer the sort of embarrassment that had resulted from Honorius's linguistic carelessness". Theodore took the nearly unprecedented measure of appointing Stephen of Dor as apostolic vicar to Palestine, with the intent of deposing the Monothelite bishop successors of Sergius of Joppa. Theodore's deposition of Patriarch Pyrrhus ensured that "Rome and Constantinople were now in schism and at open war" over the Christology that would characterize the Christian empire. A Greek pope excommunicating the Patriarch no doubt proved a "distressing spectacle" for the emperors intent upon restoring religious unity. Theodore's boldness attests to:
"the strong undercurrent of Roman rancor against such heavy-handed use of imperial force emanating from Ravenna since the Maurikios incident [...] enthusiastic acceptance of imperial political authority exercised with such brutality was perceptibly waning".
Theodore's successor, Pope Martin I insisted on being consecrated immediately without waiting for imperial approval, and was (after a delay due to the revolt of Olympius, the exarch of Ravenna) abducted by imperial troops to Constantinople, found guilty of treason, and exiled to Crimea where he died in 655. Although Martin I's main crime was the promotion of the Lateran Council of 649, the council itself was a "manifestly Byzantine affair" by virtue of its participants and doctrinal influences (particularly its reliance on florilegia). The council's ecumenical status was never acknowledged, for the time solidifying the idea that the convening of ecumenical councils was an imperial prerogative. Within four years of the council's adjournment, both Martin I and Maximus the Confessor were arrested and tried in Constantinople for "transgressing the Typos".
According to Eamon Duffy, "one of the worst elements in Martin's suffering was the knowledge that while he still lived the Roman Church had bowed to imperial commands, and had elected a new pope", Pope Eugenius I. According to Ekonomou, "the Romans were as prepared to forget Pope Martin as Constans II was relieved to see him removed to the remote northern shores of the Black Sea". Thirty years later, the Sixth Ecumenical Council would vindicate the council's condemnation of Monothelitism, but not before the synod "ushered in the period of Rome's "Greek intermezzo'".
Reconciliation (654–678)
The inhabitants of both East and West had "grown weary of the decades of religious warfare", and the arrest of Martin I did much to dissipate the "religious fever of the empire's Italian subjects". Rapprochement within the empire was viewed as critical to combatting the growing Lombard and Arab threat and thus no pope "referred again to Martin I" for seventy-five years. Although the Roman uneasiness of electing a successor while Martin I lived and the Byzantine desire to punish Rome for the council caused the immediate sede vacante to last fourteen months, the next seven popes were more agreeable to Constantinople, and approved without delay, but Pope Benedict II was impelled to wait a year in 684, whereafter the Emperor consented to delegate the approval to the exarch of Ravenna. The exarch, who, invariably, was a Greek from the court of Constantinople, had the power to approve papal consecration from the time of Honorius I.
Emperor Constans II, the abductor of Martin I, resided himself in Rome for a period during the reign of Pope Vitalian. Vitalian himself was possibly of Eastern extraction, and certainly nominated Greeks to important sees, including Theodore of Tarsus as Archbishop of Canterbury. Much has been said of Constans II's motives—perhaps to move the imperial capital to Rome or to reconquer large swathes of territory in the mold of Justinian I—but more likely he only intended to achieve limited military victories against the Slavs, Lombards, and Arabs. Vitalian heaped upon Constans II honors and ceremony (including a tour of St. Peter's tomb), even while Constans II's workmen were stripping the bronze from the monuments of the city to be melted down and taken to Constantinople with the Emperor when he departed. However, both Vitalian and Constans II would have been confident upon his departure that the political and religious relationship between Rome and Constantinople was effectively stabilized, leaving Constans II free to focus his forces against the Arabs. After Constans II was murdered in Sicily by Mezezius,
Vitalian refused to support Mezezius's usurpation of the throne, gaining the favor of Constans II's son and successor, Constantine IV. Constantine IV returned the favor by refusing to support the striking of Vitalian's name from the diptychs of Byzantine churches and depriving Ravenna of autocephalous status, returning it to papal jurisdiction. Constantine IV abandoned the policy of monothelitism and summoned the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, to which Pope Agatho sent a representative. The council returned to the Chalcedonian Creed, condemning Pope Honorius and the other proponents of monothelitism. Over the next ten years, reconciliation increased the power of papacy: the church of Ravenna abandoned its claim to independent status (formerly endorsed by Constans II), imperial taxation was lessened, and the right of papal confirmation was delegated from Constantinople to the Exarch of Ravenna. It was during this period that the papacy began "thinking of the Universal Church not as the sum of individual churches as the East did, but as synonymous with the Roman Church".
The Greek Popes (678–752)
Pope Agatho, a Greek Sicilian, started "a nearly unbroken succession of Eastern pontiffs spanning the next three quarters of a century". The Third Council of Constantinople and the Greek Popes ushered in "a new era in relations between the eastern and western parts of the empire". During the pontificate of Pope Benedict II (684–685), Constantine IV waived the requirement of imperial approval for consecration as pope, recognizing the sea change in the demographics of the city and its clergy. Benedict II's successor Pope John V was elected "by the general population", returning to the "ancient practice". The ten Greek successors of Agatho were likely the intended result of Constantine IV's concession. The deaths of Pope John V and (even more so) Pope Conon resulted in contested elections, but following Pope Sergius I the remainder of the elections under Byzantine rule were without serious issue.
During the pontificate of John V (685–686), the Emperor substantially lessened the taxation burden on papal patrimonies in Sicily and Calabria, also eliminating the surtax on grains and other imperial taxes. Justinian II during the reign of Conon also decreased taxes on the patrimonies of Bruttium and Lucania, releasing those conscripted into the army as security on those payments. Popes of this period explicitly recognized imperial sovereignty over Rome and sometimes dated their personal correspondence in the regnal years of the Byzantine Emperor. However, this political unity did not also extend to theological and doctrinal questions.
Quinisext Council dispute
Justinian II's initial acts appeared to continue the rapprochement initiated under Constans II and Constantine IV. However, reconciliation was short-lived, and Justinian II convoked the Quinisext Council (692, unattended by Western prelates) which settled upon a variety of decrees "calculated to offend Westerners", the canons of which were sent to Pope Sergius I (in office 687–701) for his signature; Sergius refused and openly flouted the new laws. The key point of contention were the regulations of the Trullan canons, which although primarily targeted at Eastern lapses, conflicted with existing practices in the West. Sergius I would have objected to the approval of all eighty-five Apostolic Canons (rather than only the first fifty), various liberalizations of the issue of clerical celibacy, various prohibitions on blood as food, and the depiction of Christ as a lamb.
Justinian II first sent a magistrate to arrest John of Portus and another papal counselor as a warning, and then dispatched his infamous protopatharios Zacharias to arrest the pope himself. Justinian II attempted to apprehend Sergius I as his predecessor had done with Martin I, underestimating the resentment against imperial authority among those in power in Italy, and the Italian-born troops from Ravenna and the Duchy of the Pentapolis mutinied in favor of Sergius I upon their arrival in Rome. Not long after, Justinian II was deposed in a coup (695). However, the thirteen revolts in Italy and Sicily that preceded the fall of the exarchate in 751 were uniformly "imperial in character" in that they still harbored "allegiance to the ideal of the Christian Roman Empire" and harbored no nationalist ambitions for the Italian peninsula. Indeed, rather than capitalize on any anti-Byzantine sentiments in Italy, Sergius I himself attempted to quell the entire controversy.
In 705 the restored Justinian II sought to compromise with Pope John VII (in office 705–707) asking him to enumerate the specific canons of the Council he found problematic and to confirm the rest; however, John VII took no action. In 710 Justinian II ordered Pope Constantine (in office 708–715) to appear in Constantinople by imperial mandate. Pope Constantine, a Syrian, left for Constantinople in 710 with thirteen clerics, eleven of them fellow Easterners. Crossing paths with Constantine in Naples was exarch John III Rizocopo, who was on his way to Rome where he would execute four high-ranking papal officials who had refused to accompany the pope. While Rome's rejection of the Trullan canons remained, the visit largely healed the rift between pope and emperor.
Greek was the language of choice during this period as countless Easterners rose through the ranks of the clergy. According to Ekonomou, between 701 and 750, "Greeks outnumbered Latins by nearly three and a half to one". Any power vacuum was swiftly filled from Rome: for example, Pope Gregory II came to the aid of the exarchate of Ravenna in 729 by helping to crush the rebellion of Tiberius Petasius, and Pope Zacharias in 743 and 749 negotiated the withdrawal of the Lombards from imperial territory.
Iconoclasm dispute
Popes of the first half of the eighth century perceived Constantinople as a source of legitimating authority and in practice "paid handsomely" to continue to receive imperial confirmation, but Byzantine authority all but vanished in Italy (except for Sicily) as the emperors became increasingly pressed by the Muslim conquests. According to Ekonomou:
"Like every Roman pontiff who had come before him, Zacharias considered himself a loyal servant of the imperium Romanum Christianum and a dutiful subject of the emperor who occupied the throne in Constantinople. The empire was, after all, the terrestrial image of the kingdom of heaven. It was a sacred realm of which Rome and the papacy were integral components. It represented culture and civilization. It was the irrefragable chain that connected the present to the classical past and gave his beloved Rome the aura of eternity. Most of all, it was the empire that guarded and protected the holy catholic and apostolic church. The emperor was God's elected representative on Earth. He held the empire in the name of Christ whose instrument he was and from whom he derived his power and authority. To criticize the emperor was sacrilege; to fail to obey and pray for him, whether he was good or bad, unthinkable impiety."
Although antagonism about the expense of Byzantine domination had long persisted within Italy, the political rupture was set in motion in earnest in 726 by the iconoclasm of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian. The exarch was lynched while trying to enforce the iconoclastic edict and Pope Gregory II saw iconoclasm as the latest in a series of imperial heresies. In 731, his successor, Pope Gregory III organized a synod in Rome (attended by the Archbishop of Ravenna), which declared iconoclasm punishable by excommunication. When the exarch donated six columns of onyx to the shrine of St. Peter in thanks for the pope's assistance in his release from the Lombards, Gregory III defiantly had the material crafted into icons.
Final break
Leo III responded in 732/33 by confiscating all papal patrimonies in south Italy and Sicily, together constituting most papal income at the time. He further removed the bishoprics of Thessalonica, Corinth, Syracuse, Reggio, Nicopolis, Athens, and Patras from papal jurisdiction, instead subjecting them to the Patriarch of Constantinople. This was in effect an act of triage: it strengthened the imperial grip on the southern empire, but all but guaranteed the eventual destruction of the exarchate of Ravenna, which finally occurred at Lombard hands in 751. In effect, the papacy had been "cast out of the empire". Pope Zachary, in 741, was the last pope to announce his election to a Byzantine ruler or seek their approval.
Subsequent relations
Within 50 years (Christmas 800), the papacy recognised Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. This can be seen as symbolic of the papacy turning away from the declining Byzantium towards the new power of Carolingian Francia. Byzantium suffered a series of military setbacks during this period, virtually losing its grip on Italy. By the time of Liudprand of Cremona's late-10th-century visits to Constantinople, despite Byzantium's recovery under Romanos I and Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, relations were clearly strained between the papacy and Byzantium. Indeed, he notes the anger of the Byzantine civil service at the Emperor being addressed by the Pope as "Emperor of the Greeks" as opposed to that of the Romans.
List of Byzantine popes
The Byzantine Papacy was composed of the following popes and antipopes. Of the thirteen popes from 678 to 752, only Benedict II and Gregory II were native Romans; all the rest were Greek-speaking, from Greece, Syria, or Byzantine Sicily. Many popes of this period had previously served as papal apocrisiarii (equivalent of the modern nuncio) in Constantinople. The series of popes from John V to Zachary (685–752) is sometimes referred to as the "Byzantine captivity" because only one pope of this period, Gregory II, was not of "Eastern" extraction.
Pope Vigilius (537–555), former apocrisiarius
Pope Pelagius I (556–561), former apocrisiarius
Pope John III (561–574)
Pope Benedict I (575–579)
Pope Pelagius II (579–590)
Pope Gregory I, "the Great" (590–604), former apocrisiarius
Pope Sabinian (604–606), former apocrisiarius
Pope Boniface III (607), former apocrisiarius, likely born in Rome to a Greek father from Antioch
Pope Boniface IV (608–615)
Pope Adeodatus I (615–618)
Pope Boniface V (619–625)
Pope Honorius I (625–638)
Pope Severinus (640)
Pope John IV (640–642), Dalmatian, first pope born and raised east of Italy since Pope Zosimus (417–418)
Pope Theodore I (642–649), Greek-Palestinian
Pope Martin I (649–653), former apocrisiarius
Pope Eugene I (654–657)
Pope Vitalian (657–672), likely of eastern extraction (father named Anastasios)
Pope Adeodatus II (672–676)
Pope Donus (676–678)
Pope Agatho (678–681), Greek
Pope Leo II (682–683), Sicilian
Pope Benedict II (684–685)
Pope John V (685–686), Syrian
Pope Conon (686–687), Sicilian
Pope Sergius I (687–701), Syrian
Antipope Theodore (687)
Antipope Paschal (687)
Pope John VI (701–705), Greek
Pope John VII (705–707), Calabrian
Pope Sisinnius (708), Syrian
Pope Constantine (708–715), Syrian
Pope Gregory II (715–731)
Pope Gregory III (731–741), Syrian
Pope Zachary (741–752), Calabrian
Legacy
According to Duffy, by the end of the 7th century, "Greek-speakers dominated the clerical culture of Rome, providing its theological brains, its administrative talent, and much of its visual, musical, and liturgical culture". Ekonomou argues that "after four decades of Byzantine rule, the East was inexorably insinuating itself into the city on the Tiber. Even Gregory would succumb, perhaps unwittingly, to the lux orientis [...] Once the political bonds had been reformed, both Rome and the Papacy would quickly begin to experience, even before the sixth century came to a close, its influence in other ways as well." Ekonomou views the Byzantine influence as organic rather than "an intentional or systematic program" by the emperors or exarchs, who focused more on political control and taxation than cultural influence.
Demographic and monastic
The schola Graeca (also called the ripa Graeca or "Greek bank") refers to the segment of the Tiber's bank "heavily populated by Easterners, including Greeks, Syrians, and Egyptians". The Byzantine quarter quickly became the economic center of Imperial Rome during this period (marked by Santa Maria in Cosmedin, a name also given to Byzantine churches founded in Ravenna and Naples). The portion of the Aventine overlooking this quarter became known as the ad Balcernas or Blachernas, after the district of Constantinople. This region was later called the piccolo Aventino ("little Aventine") once it developed into a "Greco-oriental quarter" after successive waves of Sabaite monks.
Byzantine immigrants to Rome included merchants from Byzantine territories such as Syria and Egypt. Refugees from the Vandal persecutions in North Africa and the Laurentian schism accumulated in significant numbers in the early sixth century; a similar phenomenon occurred with the inhabitants of the eastern territories later re-conquered by the Byzantines. Greeks accounted for nearly the entire medical community of Rome and a Greek school of medicine was established during this time. Most Greek inhabitants of Rome during this period, however, would have been members of monastic religious communities, although it is questionable whether any exclusively Greek monasteries were established. However, by 678, there were four Byzantine monasteries: San Saba, Domus Ariscia, SS. Andreas and Lucia, and Aquas Salvias. Constantine IV alludes to these four monasteries in a letter to Pope Donus; Ekonomou suggests there were at least two more Byzantine monasteries in Rome: the Boetiana and St. Erasmus on Caelian Hill. Greek monastics brought with them (in the late seventh century) the institution of monasteria diaconia, dedicating to serving the indigent of the city.
At the end of the sixth century Easterners remained a minority of the Roman clergy, although they were doubtlessly admitted into it (as determined by the names subscribing to synodical proceedings). Although they constituted less than one percent of the hierarchy at the beginning of the seventh century, the percentage of Easterners was higher for the priesthood. In contrast, a 679 synod convoked by Agatho was predominantly eastern (more than half of the bishops and two-thirds of the priests). These monastics "brought with them from the East an unbroken legacy of learning that, though shattered almost beyond recognition in the West, Byzantium had preserved in nearly pristine form from ancient times".
Non-monks also emigrated to Rome, as can be seen in the skyrocketing popularity of names like Sisinnes, Georgios, Thalassios, and Sergius (and, to a lesser extent: Gregorios, Ioannes, Paschalis, Stephanos, and Theodoros). Ekonomou cites the appearance of these names, along with the disappearance of Probus, Faustus, Venantius, and Importunus as evidence of the "radical transformation in the ethnic composition of the city".
Economic
Byzantine traders came to dominate the economic life of Rome. Persons from all portions of the Byzantine empire were able to follow traditional trade routes to Rome, making the city truly "cosmopolitan" in its composition.
Architectural
Greek speaking prelates also become common in Rome at this time, concentrated around a ring of churches on Palatine Hill, dedicated to Eastern Saints: Cosmas and Damian, Sergius and Bacchus, Hadrian, Quiricius and Giulitta, and Cyrus and John.
Greek influence was concentrated also in the diaconia along the Tiber, an emerging Byzantine quarter of the city, and the churches of San Giorgio in Vellabro and Santa Maria in Cosmedin. According to Duffy,
Even the native traditions of Roman religious art were now transformed by Eastern influence, the monumental realism of the Roman style, represented in the apse of SS Cosmas and Damian, being replaced by the delicate formalism of the paintings of Santa Maria Antiqua, or the Byzantine-style icon of the Virgin now in the church of Santa Francesca Romana. The worship of the Roman Church itself was being transformed by Eastern influence.
Santa Maria in Cosmedin was given to Greek monks fleeing the iconoclastic persecution, and was built on a Greek plan with three apses and a templon barrier, introduced to the West at this period.
Literary and musical
Rome experienced a "short cultural efflorescence" in the early sixth century as a result of the translation of Greek works—"both sacred and profane"—into Latin, with the rise of an intellectual class fluent in both languages. Because traditional Classical education in Rome had declined "nearly to the point of extinction", even learned Latin scholars could not read such works in their original Greek and were forced to rely on translation. Many such texts appeared in the papal library, which was established by Pope Agapetus I circa 535 (moved by future Pope Gregory I to his monastery on Caelian Hill and later the Lateran). The papal library contained only a very few texts in the year 600, but boasted shelves of codices (primarily in Greek) by 650. Moreover, the staff of the papal chancery was thoroughly bilingual by mid-century, with its "administrative apparatus" run by Greeks. Until recently, scholars believed that papal texts were written in Latin and then translated into Greek; however, the evidence regarding the proceedings of the Lateran Council of 649 reveals exactly the opposite to be the case.
Despite the conquest, the decline of the knowledge of the Greek language continued almost unchecked, and translators remained in short supply throughout Gregory I's papacy. Only at the end of the sixth century did knowledge of the Greek language (and the corresponding supply of Greek texts) undergo a "slightly increased vitality". Conversely, knowledge of Latin in Constantinople was "not only rare but a 'complete anachronism'".
Pope Vitalian (657–672) established a schola cantorum to train ceremonial chanters, which was almost entirely "in imitation of its Byzantine model". Vatalian also introduced the celebration of the Easter vespers and baptism at Epiphany, both traditions originating in Constantinople. The "liturgical byzantinization" furthered by Vitalian would be continued by his successors. However, the Latin language made a liturgical resurgence—officially replacing Greek—between 660 and 682; Greek again re-emerged during the papacy of Pope Agatho and his successors.
By the beginning of the eighth century, bilingual liturgies were common place, with Greek taking precedence. Thus, Greek literary customs found their way into the entire liturgical calendar, particularly papal rituals. This period laid the groundwork for Western mariology, built closely after the cult of Theotokos ("Mother of God") in the East, where Mary was regarded as the special protector of Constantinople.
Organizational
Many features of the papal court originated during this period, modeled after similar Byzantine court rituals. For example, the papal office of the vestararius imitated the protovestiarios of the Byzantine court, with both responsible for the management of finances and the wardrobe.
Theological
Western Christendom during this period "absorbed Constantinopolitan liturgical customs and practices into its forms of worship and intercession". Maximus the Confessor, who was carried under heavy imperial guard from Rome to Constantinople in 654, typifies the theological development of Eastern monasticism in Rome vis-a-vis conflicts with the Byzantine emperors. Maximus and his fellow Graeco-Palestinian future Pope Theodore I led a synod in Rome of predominantly Latin bishops that stymied Imperial efforts to enforce doctrinal unity (and thus end the domestic strife which much aided the Persian advance) on the issue of Monothelitism.
As a result of this theological flowering, "for the first time in well over a century, the church of Rome would be in a position to debate theological issues with Byzantium from a position of equality in both intellectual substance and rhetorical form". However, "the irony was that Rome would experience its revitalization not by drawing upon its own pitiable resources, but rather through the collaboration of a Greco-Palestinian pope and a Constantinopolitan monk employing a style of theological discourse whose tradition was purely Eastern".
As early as the papacy of Gregory I, the churches of Italy and Sicily began "increasingly following Eastern ritualistic forms", which Gregory I himself endeavored to combat and modify. For example, Roman churches adopted the practice of saying Allelueia in Mass except during the fifty days between Easter and Pentecost; in a letter, Gregory I acknowledged the development, but claimed it originated in Jerusalem and reached Rome not through Constantinople but through Jerome and Pope Damasus. Similarly, Gregory I claimed an "ancient origin" for allowing subdeacons to participate in mass without tunics (a practice common in Constantinople). Gregory was also keen to distinguish the Latin Kyrie Eleison from the Greek, noting that only Roman clerics (rather than the entire congregation in unison) recited it, and thereafter affixed an additional Christe Eleison.
Despite his vehement public statements to the contrary, Gregory I himself was an agent of creeping Byzantine influence. As Ekonomou states, Gregory "not only reflect but was in many ways responsible for Rome's ambivalent attitude toward the East". For example, he organized a series of liturgical processions in Rome to "assuage the wrath of God and relieve the city's suffering" from the plague which killed his predecessor, which greatly resembled Byzantine liturgical processions which Gregory I would have witnessed as apocrisiarius. Gregory I's mariology also comports with several Byzantine influences. However, it as after the death of Gregory I that Eastern influence became for more apparent and the adoption of Byzantine practices accelerated.
Sergius I incorporated the Syrian custom of singing the Agnus Dei and elaborate processions with Greek chants into the Roman liturgy. The "more learned and sophisticated theological interests" of the Greek popes also added a new "doctrinal edge" to the claims of the primacy of the Roman Pontiff, "sharpened and fixed" by various confrontations with the emperor. Eastern monastics, if not Byzantine society at large, in the fourth and fifth centuries came to regard Rome as "not just another patriarch" but as a unique source of doctrinal authority. According to Ekonomou, the Dialogues "best reflect the impact that the East exercised on Rome and the Papacy in the late sixth century" as they "gave Italy holy men who were part of an unmistakable hagiographical tradition whose roots lay in the Egyptian desert and the Syrian caves".
Artistic
The Byzantine period saw the disappearance of most remnants of classical style from mosaics in Italy, although the process of this transition is hard to follow, not least because there are even fewer surviving mosaics from the period in the Greek-speaking world than in Italy. The magnificent sequence of mosaics in Ravenna continued under the Exarchate, with those in the Basilica of San Vitale (527–548, spanning the change of rule) and Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe (549), but no sharp transition of style is detectable from those produced under the Ostrogothic Kingdom or the Western Emperors of the preceding decades. Greek Pope John VII was "by far the most outstanding patron of the Byzantine iconographic style", commissioning innumerable works from "traveling Greek craftsmen".
Four churches in Rome have mosaics of saints near where their relics were held; these all show an abandonment of classical illusionism for large-eyed figures floating in space. They are San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (580s), Sant'Agnese fuori le mura (625–638), Santo Stefano Rotondo (640s), and the chapel of San Venanzio in the Lateran Basilica (c. 640)
Illuminated manuscripts show similar developments, but it is difficult to see specifically Byzantine elements in the emerging medieval style of St Augustine Gospels of c. 595, the earliest Latin Gospel book, which very probably passed through the hands of Gregory I. The earliest estimates for the date of the frescos at Castelseprio in northern Italy, which undoubtedly show strong Byzantine influence, would put them into this period, but most scholars now date them much later. There has been much speculation, in respect of Castelseprio and other works, about Greek artists escaping from iconoclasm to the West, but there is little or no direct evidence of this.
See also
Caesaropapism
Rule of the Dukes
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
General references
Google books
6th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire
537 establishments
6th-century Christianity
752 disestablishments
7th-century Christianity
8th-century Christianity
8th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire–Holy See relations
Byzantine Italy
Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
History of the papacy |
Üzengili is a village in the Bayburt District, Bayburt Province, Turkey. Its population is 155 (2021). In 1993 an avalanche struck the village, killing 59 people.
References
Villages in Bayburt District |
Kinmungyon is a village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.
References
External links
Maplandia World Gazetteer
Populated places in Kale District
Kale Township |
Historia Naturalis may refer to:
Natural History (Pliny), a natural history encyclopedia by Pliny the Elder
Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, a book on Brazilian natural history by Willem Piso and Georg Marcgraf published in 1648
Historia naturalis palmarum, a botanical book by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius published between 1823 and 1850 |
The 2018 Pakistan Super League player draft was the player draft for third season of the Pakistan Super League, held on 12 November 2017 in Lahore. Each franchise was allowed to pick 16 players from total 501 players; including Pakistani and foreign cricketers who took part in the draft. They divided into five different categories; Platinum, Diamond, Gold, Silver and Emerging and Supplementary. This was Multan Sultans' inaugural season, they were allowed to pick 9 players prior to the draft.
Retained players
The list for the names of 9 retained players in each five teams was announced on 5 October 2017. The new team Multan Sultans picked their 9 pre-draft players from the players released by other franchises, and their names were announced on 10 October.
Transfers
On 3 October 2017, Shahid Afridi's transfer from Zalmi to Kings was confirmed, occupying one Gold and two Silver picks, which was named as the biggest trade of the season. It was also announced on 5 October that the gold pick Mohammad Rizwan had been picked by Kings in trade for the gold pick Sohail Khan to Qalandars. On 6 October, it was reported that United bought Iftikhar Ahmed from Zalmi in exchange of supplementary pick in second round of draft.
Players released
Further players; who played in 2017 PSL, were released by their franchises, who are:
New players
On 30 September, Chairman PCB Najam Sethi announced that following players are the new top signings for the league:
JP Duminy
Chris Lynn
Mitchell Johnson
Angelo Mathews
Rashid Khan
Evin Lewis
Imran Tahir
John Hastings
Mustafizur Rahman
Mitchell McClenaghan
Colin Munro
Luke Ronchi
Colin Ingram
Darren Bravo
Lendl Simmons
On 14 October, some more names for the new signed in players were revealed:
Tim Bresnan
Adil Rashid
James Vince
Colin de Grandhomme
Albie Morkel
Wayne Parnell
Jason Holder
It was reported on 20 October that the two players from the China national cricket team were signed in by franchise Zalmi:
Li Jian
Zhang Yufei
Draft picks
A total of 501 players; 193 Pakistani and 308 overseas were a part of the draft. Earlier, each franchise had a purse of , but then PCB decided to increase the salary cap of each franchise by on 13 November. They were allowed to stack up their squad with a maximum of 21 players by picking them from the categories in following order with a varying range and limit in price:
one player each from:
Platinum;
Diamond; minimum price of
Gold;
two players each from:
Silver;
Emerging;
up to five players from Supplementary Rounds; they could be called in as replacements for those players who don't agree to play in Pakistan
Following players were picked by the franchises in the draft:
Replacements
Following players were picked in PSL replacement draft.
Notes
References
Pakistan Super League player drafts
2018 Pakistan Super League |
Algebra Colloquium is a journal founded in 1994. It was initially published by Springer-Verlag Hong Kong Ltd. In 2005, from volume 12 onwards, publishing rights were taken over by World Scientific. The company now publishes the journal quarterly.
The journal is jointly edited by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Soochow University. The journal mainly covers the field of pure and applied algebra.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.429.
Abstracting and indexing
Science Citation Index Expanded
Research Alert
CompuMath Citation Index
MathSciNet
Mathematical Reviews
Zentralblatt MATH
AJ VINITI (Russian)
Chinese Science Citation Index
Chinese Math Abstract
References
External links
AC Journal Website
World Scientific academic journals
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1994
English-language journals |
The Luis Girón is a 7,000-seat football stadium in La Lima, Honduras, and home of the Parrillas One. The work on this venue began in February 2018 and is scheduled to be completed in early 2020.
References
Football venues in Honduras
Stadiums under construction |
Kiss of Death is the second album by American rapper Jadakiss. It is the follow-up to his 2001 Platinum-RIAA selling debut album Kiss tha Game Goodbye. The album was released in the US on the June 22, 2004 and debuted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts.
Singles
The album's singles charted successfully. The singles include "Why" featuring Anthony Hamilton) which peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and "U Make Me Wanna" featuring Mariah Carey) which peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 selling 246,000 copies in its first week. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States a week later. In the UK, the album debuted at number 65 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
Notes
signifies an additional producer.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
2004 albums
Jadakiss albums
Interscope Records albums
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by DJ Green Lantern
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by Havoc (musician)
Albums produced by Kanye West
Albums produced by Eminem
Albums produced by JellyRoll
Ruff Ryders Entertainment albums
Albums produced by Neo da Matrix |
The portrayal of gender in video games, as in other media, is a subject of research in gender studies and is discussed in the context of sexism in video gaming.
Although women make up about half of video game players, they are significantly underrepresented as characters in mainstream games, despite the prominence of iconic heroines such as Samus Aran or Lara Croft. The portrayal of women in games often reflects traditional gender roles, sexual objectification, or stereotypes such as that of the "damsel in distress". Male characters are often stereotypically depicted as big and muscular, and LGBT characters have been slow to appear in video games as a result of the heteronormativity of the medium.
Research indicates that the portrayal of gender in games can influence players' perception of gender roles, and that young girls prefer to play a character of their own gender much more than boys do. On average, female-led games sell fewer copies than male-led ones, but also have lower marketing budgets.
Gamer demographics
A 2008 Gallup poll indicated that men and women each make up half of all American video game players. In 2014 in the UK and in Spain, women comprised 52% and 48% of video game players, respectively. According to a 2008 study by the Pew Research Center, "[f]ully 99% of boys and 94% of girls" play video games.
Both men and women play video games, but studies suggest differences in platform and game genre preference. The Entertainment Software Rating Board reports that in 2010, 80% of female console gamers played on Wii, 11% on Xbox 360 and 9% on the PlayStation 3. By comparison, 38% of male console gamers in the year 2014 played the Xbox 360, 41% played the Wii and 21% played the PlayStation 3.
A 2013 study by Flurry compared the mobile gaming preferences of men and women. Women made up 60–80% of the solitaire, slots, social turn-based, match-three/bubble-shooter, management/simulation and quiz game markets. By contrast, men made up between 60 and 80% of the strategy, shooter, card battle, racing and action role-playing game markets.
A 2014 SuperData Research study found that men and women enjoy video games, but some genres are attracting one gender more than the other: Women compose 57.8 percent of the mobile market, 53.6 percent of the role-playing game market and 50.2 percent of the PC market (including social games). The study found that men make up 66 percent of MMORPG players, 66 percent of first-person shooter players and 63 percent of digital console players.
On average, female-led games sell fewer copies than male-led ones, but also have lower marketing budgets. It is important to test the conditions under which gender representation predicts game sales. Adolescents who played video games frequently showed decreased concern about the effects that games with negatively stereotyped images may have on the players' attitudes, when compared to adolescents who played games infrequently or not at all. Frequency of video game use is correlated with the player's views on gender representation in the video games they play.
Portrayal of women
As player characters
Prevalence
A 2006 study from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University found that playable female characters appear less frequently than male characters in reviews for popular games. A 2007 study by Melinda C. R. Burgess et al. found that men are featured much more often than women on the covers of console video games.
In a sample of 669 action, shooter, and role-playing games selected by EEDAR in 2012, 300 (45%) provided the option of playing as a female character, but only 24 (4%) had an exclusively female protagonist. EEDAR found in 2010 that 10% of games had a protagonist with an indiscernible gender. Downs and Smith (2010) analyzed the top 20 best selling games in the US in 2003, finding that only 14% of characters were female.
According to Madeline Messer writing in The Washington Post in 2015, among the top 50 endless running games for mobile devices, 98% of those with gender-identifiable characters featured male protagonists, of which 90% were free to play. As many as 46% of these games offered female characters, and only 15% offered them for free. Playing as a girl required, on average, an additional purchase of $7.53, much more than the games themselves cost.
Evolution
Namco's arcade video game Pac-Man (1980), while starring a male protagonist, was "the first commercial video-game to involve large numbers of women" as players. The game's popularity among women led to the game's North American distributor, Midway Games, developing a sequel Ms. Pac-Man (1982) starring a female protagonist as their "way of thanking all those lady arcaders who have played and enjoyed Pac-Man." There was an earlier arcade game representing female characters, Exidy's arcade game Score (1977), but no screenshots of the game are known to be available.
Samus Aran, the heroine of Metroid (1986) and its successors, is often cited as "the first playable human female character in a mainstream video game". There were several earlier, less-popular video games with playable human female characters, including Billie Sue from Wabbit (1982), Becky from Otenba Becky no Daibouken (1983), Lilly from Lilly Adventure (1983), Barbie (1984), 's (1984), Papri from Girl's Garden (1984), Jenny from Jenny of the Prairie (1984), Toby Masuyo ("Kissy") from Baraduke (1985), Kurumi-Hime from Ninja Princess (1985), Flashgal (1985), Alexandra from Lode Runner's Rescue (1985), Athena (1986), Chris from Alpha (1986), Ki from The Return of Ishtar (1986), and Valkyrie from Valkyrie no Bōken (1986).
Studies of the prevalence of female characters in video games began to be conducted in sociological, educational, and cultural journals as early as the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1979, researchers publishing in The Psychological Record (Vol.29, No.1. Pp. 43–48) concluded from the results of a 201-person survey that 90% of male subjects and 85% of female subjects perceived the computer as masculine (in gameplay versus the computer). In 1983, professor Sara Kiesler et al. published a study in Psychology Today finding that female characters appeared in video games at a frequency of 1 game in 7. Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz suggested that the reduced presence of female characters implies a secondary status for women in video games, and further suggested that when playable female characters do appear in video games, they are more often scantily-dressed and oversexualized than men.
In 1994, Australian Hyper magazine writer Virginia Barratt accused the video game industry of being sexist for its lack of female representation, stating that video games "are made by boys for boys who play with other boys" and that girls "rarely get a look in, unless of course there's a victim who needs to be rescued or someone needs to wear a bikini to cheer the macho men on." She also said that many female players, despite enjoying popular arcade games such as Street Fighter II and Mortal Kombat, were discouraged from visiting arcades due to their status as male-dominated spaces.
Lara Croft, the protagonist of Tomb Raider (1996), is among the best-known strong, fictional women in a variety of media. Since her introduction in 1996, the character of Croft has been criticized for her "unrealistic" breast size; Lara was claimed to personify "an ongoing culture clash over gender, sexuality, empowerment, and objectification." In a 2008 Tomb Raider title, Croft was depicted in "hot pants and midriffs" and was said to look like she was "dressed by a male". However, the game's creators maintain that she was not designed with marketing in mind, and have claimed to be rather surprised at her pinup-style adoration. In Tomb Raider: Legend, Lara underwent a radical redesign, ostensibly to make her less sexualized.
April Ryan from The Longest Journey (1999) has been compared to Lara Croft, as she shows less prominent physical feminine attributes than Lara but more feminine psychological traits, as contrasted with Lara's masculine connotations like aggressiveness and force. Contrarily, Jade, the protagonist of Beyond Good & Evil (2003), was widely recognized as a strong and confident female character lacking any overt sexualization.
The year 2013 featured women in leading roles in a number of award-winning games such as The Last of Us (2013), Bioshock Infinite (2013), the rebooted Tomb Raider (2013), and Beyond: Two Souls (2013). A study of these games found that although the leading female characters in these games were able to subvert predominant gender stereotypes, women were still limited by men in the narratives, in particular through benevolent sexism.
In 2014, the developers' choice to omit playable women in the latest iterations of the top-tier gaming franchises Assassin's Creed and Far Cry became a focus of discussions in gaming media. This indicated, according to game industry professionals cited by Polygon, a shift in the industry's attention towards issues of diversity in gaming, in conjunction with video games as a whole growing beyond their former core audience of younger men.
The announcement trailer for Battlefield V in 2018 was met with backlash from some fans of the series, who took issue with the potential portrayal of women in the game. Their main point of contention was with the British woman featured in the trailer, citing the character's presence as unrealistic due to women on the British side never participating in frontline combat during World War II and being mostly relegated to supporting roles.
As supporting characters
Female characters are often cast in the role of the damsel in distress, with their rescue being the objective of the game. Princess Zelda in the early The Legend of Zelda series, the Sultan's daughter in Prince of Persia, and Princess Peach through much of the Mario series are paradigmatic examples. By 2013, Peach appeared in 14 of the main Super Mario games and was kidnapped in 13 of them. The only main games that Peach was not kidnapped in were in the North America release of Super Mario Bros. 2, Super Mario 3D World, and Super Mario Bros. Wonder, but she was a character that can be played. Zelda became playable in some later games of The Legend of Zelda series or had the pattern altered. Shanon Sherman described how the illustrations on video game covers portrayed women in need of rescue. She wrote that these covers reinforce the existing gender stereotypes and sexual discrimination against women.
A number of games feature a female character as an ally or sidekick to the male hero. Some of them, like Ada Wong of Resident Evil and Mona Sax of Max Payne, were turned into player characters in later instances of their series. Alyx Vance, a supporting protagonist of Half-Life 2, was praised for her "stinging personality" and intelligence, developing a close bond with the player without simply being "eye candy".
In 1998, Michigan State University analyzed 33 popular games for the Nintendo and Sega Genesis consoles. Collected data shows that only 15% of games had a female role as a protagonist or an active character. In 41% of games, there were simply no female characters, and in the rest they were assigned the role of victims or sexual objects.
Jeroen Jannsz and Raynel G. Martis conducted research on the representation of gender within video games; the 12 games examined included 22 characters. Two games did not have a second or supporting character in the intro cutscene: Splinter Cell focused exclusively on protagonist Sam Fisher, and Tomb Raider: Angel of Darkness focused exclusively on Lara Croft. The analysis showed a dominance of male characters in the games. Thirteen of 22 game characters (about 60%) were men. Among the leading characters there was an equal gender distribution (six men; six women), but supporting characters turned out to be seven men (70%) and three women (30%). A difference appeared between characters who had a leading part in the game and those in a supporting role. Jannsz and Martis stated that there is a depiction of a lead role being in a commanding position and the narrative being about them. This is consistent with masculinized traits such as leadership and independence that may be given to female characters along with sexualized attributes so they are "sexy" and appealing.
As antagonists
One of the first major female villains in video games was the Dark Queen in Battletoads (1991) and its sequels. SHODAN, an artificial intelligence with a female voice and a female face, was the main villain of the game System Shock (1994), praised as one of the most recognizable female characters in gaming. Another prominent classic female villain is Ultimecia, the main antagonist in Final Fantasy VIII (1999). Similarly, GLaDOS from Portal (2007), a megalomaniacal computer with a female voice, was praised by critics as one of the best new characters of the 2000s.
Sexualization
The portrayal of women in video games has been the subject of academic study and controversy since the early 1980s. Recurring themes in articles and discussions on the topic include the sexual objectification and sexualization of female characters, done to appeal to a presumed male audience, as well as the degree to which female characters are independent from their male counterparts within the same game. The sexualization of women involves the use of female bodies in a way that renders them the object of a sexual gaze or perception by others; their bodies are objectified and they are reduced to that of a sex object. Research on exposure to sexualized media representations of women in television and magazines has asked whether it reduces male compassion toward women, and reduces women's perceptions of their desire and suitability for various vocations.
There is growing awareness within the gaming industry that the sexualization of women in video games is not only morally problematic, but also bad for business. Studies have shown that games that accurately represent women and other marginalized groups are more successful and have a broader appeal than those that rely on stereotypes and sexualization.
Prevalence
In their 2005 study, Karen E. Dill and K. P. Thill distinguish three major stereotypical depictions of women in gaming: (1) sexualized, (2) scantily clad, and (3) a vision of beauty. The study revealed that over 80% of women in video games represented one of these depictions. More than one quarter of female characters embodied all of the three stereotypical categories at once. Dill and Thill also note that another prevalent theme in the depiction of women was a combination of aggression and sex, referred to as "eroticized aggression". According to sociology professor and researcher Tracy Dietz, women are often depicted in stereotypical roles that typically pertain to sexuality in which the woman focuses upon beauty/physical attractiveness. According to an analysis conducted by Downs and Smith, playable and plot-relevant characters in the 60 best selling video games of 2003 were predominantly male. Females who were depicted were frequently sexualized. The female characters analyzed were depicted partially naked or with unrealistic proportions more often than the male characters were. A study of 225 video game covers found that both male and female character's physiques were overexaggerated, but women were more "physically altered" (especially in the bust) than their male counterparts, and even more so if the female was the main character of the game. Downs and Smith (2010) found that 41% of female video game characters appeared in sexually revealing clothing, and 43% were designed as partially or fully naked. Female characters were also more likely to be designed with unrealistic body proportions than male characters (25% vs 2%).
A 2011 study regarding gender Identity and representation in Digital RPGs found that hyper-sexuality, which is often associated with female avatars, tends to negatively affect numerous types of gamers, who deeply identify with their avatar. The study found that this issue reifies the idea that "a woman's power, in-game or out, comes entirely from her sexuality".
However, a 2016 study of 571 games released between 1984 and 2014 found that the sexualization of female characters was at its height between 1990 and 2005, and then began to significantly decline. It also determined that there was no significant difference in sexualization between games rated as "Teen" (for ages 13 and up) and "Mature" (17 and up) by the ESRB, indicating that sexualized women in games are so prevalent that they are not thought of as objectionable to children. Less sexualization was found in RPGs, which are played more often by women, than in action and fighting games.
Forms
Many early female video game characters (such as Ms. Pac-Man) are identical to an existing male character, except for a visual marker of their femininity, such as pink bows, lipstick and long eyelashes.
Female video game characters have been criticized as having a tendency to be objects of the "male gaze". A print ad for the fighting game Soulcalibur V received some controversy for simply being a close up of female character Ivy Valentine's breasts with a tagline. In two sequels of fighting games Soulcalibur and Tekken, set several years after the original, recurring male characters had all aged, but all female characters were kept the same age or were replaced by their daughters. Many games, particularly fighting games, also feature pronounced "breast physics", which make the breasts of female characters bounce or jiggle in a sometimes exaggerated manner.
A recurrent representation of women in fantasy settings, originating in the 1960s, is the female warrior dressed in scanty armor. They feature armor designs which have been described by such terms as "chainmail bikinis", largely consisting of small decorative plaques that reveal large portions of the body to the weather and expose vital organs, making them ineffective as protection. Such depictions are an instance of the general sexualization of women in geek culture, including in video games, comic and movies. In reaction to this, the art blog "Women Fighters in Reasonable Armor" compiles depictions of women fighters wearing "realistic" armor. In a similar vein, memes have depicted men in the scanty armor typical of female characters.
Violence against women
Video games have been criticized for depicting violence against women. For example, the 2013 game Dead Island: Riptide generated controversy when the special "zombie bait" edition of the game included a statue of a torso of a busty, dismembered woman in a skimpy bikini. Much of the Grand Theft Auto franchise features violence against women, especially Grand Theft Auto V, so much so that Target Australia withdrew the game from sale in response to criticism.
The 1982 adult game Custer's Revenge portrayed the rape of a Native American woman by the player's character of General Custer. Kotaku described the 2013 reboot of Tomb Raider as using rape for Lara Croft's character development; the developers denied that the scene at issue depicted an attempted rape.
The portrayal of women as victims
One prevalent form of violence against women in video games is the portrayal of female characters as helpless victims. This often involves scenarios where women are in need of rescue or protection by male protagonists. Such narratives reinforce gender power dynamics and perpetuate the idea that women are passive and dependent on men.
An example of this portrayal can be found in the "Resident Evil" series, where female characters, such as Jill Valentine or Claire Redfield, often find themselves in vulnerable situations, relying on male characters to save them. These portrayals can reinforce the notion of women as weak and in constant need of male intervention, limiting their agency and perpetuating harmful stereotypes (the "damsel in distress" myth referred to above).
Sexualized violence
Another concerning aspect is the depiction of sexualized violence against women in video games. This includes explicit scenes or storylines where female characters are subjected to sexual assault, harassment, or objectification. Such portrayals contribute to a culture that normalizes and trivializes violence against women.
The game "Tomb Raider" faced criticism for its early iterations, where the protagonist, Lara Croft, was often subjected to sexualized violence. The marketing and advertising of the game emphasized Lara's physical appearance, objectifying her as a sexual icon rather than focusing on her agency and capabilities as an adventurer. While the series has evolved to present a more nuanced portrayal of Lara, early iterations contributed to the objectification and commodification of women.
Stereotypical portrayals and reinforcement of gender roles
Many video games reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes, depicting women as submissive, sexual objects or as prizes to be won. These portrayals not only contribute to the objectification of women but also perpetuate harmful notions of gender roles and expectations.
The "Grand Theft Auto" series has faced criticism for its depiction of women as sexual objects and targets of violence. Female characters are often marginalized, serving as background decoration or engaging in stereotypical roles such as sex workers or damsels in distress. Such portrayals reinforce harmful gender stereotypes and contribute to a culture that devalues and objectifies women.
Portrayal of men
Men are also often portrayed stereotypically in games. A recurring depiction of male sexuality is the power fantasy, where an apparent sexualization as an object of desire and hypermasculinity are overruled by the character's agency as the protagonist and avatar for the player's power within the game world.
Stereotyping and violence
Men in games tend to be large and muscular. For instance, men in video games have chests that are about 2 inches (6%) larger, heads that are about 13 inches bigger, waists that are 5 inches wider, and hips that are 7 inches wider, than in reality. They are often characterized as overtly aggressive and violent. Following the releases of Grand Theft Auto V, the developers were met with criticism regarding both the portrayal of women and torture, but also that of men. Two of the main characters, Trevor Philips and Michael De Santa, have since been interpreted by some as portraying men as "liars, cheats, bad husbands and fathers, and psychopaths".
GamesRadar writer David Houghton, writing in an article on sexism in video games, was highly critical of many stereotypes that came with male protagonists, outlining them as "the primeval hunter/gatherer type [with] arm-cripplingly ripped biceps, necks too muscley to turn, emotion dials stuck on 'aggressive grimace' and a 50% lack of chest coverings".
Jamin Warren on PBS Game/Show highlighted that video games could promote "unreasonable body expectations, or an inability to express emotion, or the pressure to 'man up' and be a leader". He also highlighted that the vast majority of characters who perform and experience violence in video games are men, while women and children are generally to be protected.
Sexualization of men
The sexualization of men in video games is connected to the male gaze, which is the act of depicting women and the world, in the visual arts and in literature, from a masculine, heterosexual perspective that presents and represents women as sexual objects for the pleasure of the male viewer.
It has been noted that while video games tend to sexualize women more often than men, male characters are also sexualized in games. However, the sexualization of men isn't as prevalent as that of women. Furthermore, it has also been noted that while female characters' sexualization is done as fan service and treats them as objects, the sexualization of male characters is done as a male power fantasy. Commenting on this topic, The Guardian's Keith Stuart argues that while female characters are presented as sex objects, male characters are usually portrayed as something for straight male gamers to aspire towards. Writing for Paste magazine, Dante Douglas argued that men's sexualization and sexuality in video games falls in one of three categories: power fantasy, gender performance, and fan interpretation, with the power fantasy type being the most prevalent out of the three.
Video game designer and industry activist Mattie Brice, writing for PopMatters, argues that a notable aspect of sexual objectification involves "emphasizing what is illegal/improper to show in public without crossing a line". For women, these would include drawing attention to their breasts. However, drawing attention to a man's chest isn't viewed as improper, and thus, while male video game characters that act as power fantasies may have an exposed chest, they don't qualify as sex objects, or their portrayal as sexualization. Brice goes on to state that true sexualization of male characters in video games would entail emphasizing what is improper for men to show in public; having them wear "low-rise pants and underwear" and drawing attention to their bulge or buttocks.
According to a study conducted by Karen Dill and Kathryn P. Thill in 2005, around 39% of female characters in video games wear revealing clothes, versus 8% of male characters. Moreover, only 1% of male characters have "sexualized figures", compared to 60% of female characters. The study also stated that male characters (83%) are more likely to be portrayed as aggressive than female characters (62%), holding that men are included within the stereotyping image of video game marketing.
Men as power fantasies
Like female characters, male characters in video games often have unrealistic body proportions, with "perfectly chiseled bodies and rippling muscles". This portrayal of men and their bodies, described as the "ideal hero form", has its roots in American superhero comics. However, this is not an attempt to turn them into sex objects, but rather to emphasize that they are "powerful and strong".
Regarding power fantasy, Douglas states that this is most prevalent form of male sexualization in video games, describing it as the "Muscle-Bound Warrior Man". He points out that Kratos from the God of War franchise is a prominent example. The agency of Kratos and other examples of the "power fantasy" is one of the main differences from the sexualization of female characters. The male character's sexual exploits are not made for sexual arousal, but serve as avatars for the straight male gamers to showcase their strength through "conque[st]". These characters are characterized by their hypermasculinity.
Men as sexual objects
Brice argues that the main reason male characters aren't sexualized as often as female characters is because many video games—and by extension, other media—are developed by heterosexual men, with the "neutral vision of game design" being influenced by the "socially appropriate interests specific to straight men". Since the "average straight guy avoid[s] appearing or feeling gay", male characters in game are usually not sexualized; the little sexualization that does occur, such as bare arms or an exposed chest, is done because it's viewed as "safe" for straight men.
When men are sexualized in a similar manner to women, this is usually done for comedic effect. Examples include the video game franchise Cho Aniki and Muscle March which feature men in sexualized and homoerotic poses. However, this is done as part of the game's absurd humor, rather than as true sexualization.
Regarding the treatment of men as sex objects, which he calls "gender performance", Douglas notes that due to the prevailing heteronormativity in video games, attributing "sexiness" to a character is intertwined with femininity. Because being sexy is also viewed as being submissive, this contrasts with the masculine ideal of being in control. For this reason, many male video game characters that are characterized as "sexy" and objects of desire are coded by including feminine traits; their vanity and attention to personal attire, and queer coding, usually for humorous purposes.
Bishōnen
Male characters with distinctly feminine traits often appear in East Asian video games, especially Japanese video games, as the Bishōnen archetype. These men distinguish themselves by grace and charm.
Examples
Chris Redfield, a prominent character in the Resident Evil franchise since the first game, had his appearance changed radically for Resident Evil 5 (2009), which included increased muscle mass. His redesign has been noted for being sexy, with the character described as a "beefcake". The Microsoft Windows release of the game included an alternate "Warrior" outfit for Chris, which has been described as a Mad Max-esque and "BDSM fetishi[sm]". For the updated HD version of Resident Evil: Revelations (2012), released in 2013, Chris was given an unlockable "Sailor" outfit which the game's writer Dai Satō describes as having "the shirt [be] a super tight fit" and includes "short trousers". According to artist Satoshi Takamatsu, the developers always have "difficulties with Chris' bonus costumes", but decided to use the Sailor one because it differed greatly from his normal outfit from the game. Chris' Sailor outfit received some positive responses, with South African website Game Zone describing it as "sexy" and that it makes him look like a member of the Village People. American horror website Bloody Disgusting, despite considering the Sailor Chris outfit one of the franchise's "silliest" costumes, also acknowledges its sex appeal, with IGN echoing similar statements.
Attention regarding male sexualization in video games has also been given to Kaidan Alenko from BioWare's Mass Effect series; especially his portrayal and potential romance in Mass Effect 3 (2012). In Chapter 1 of the book Digital Love: Romance and Sexuality in Games, Michelle Clough presented a case study which illustrated how the character is an example of the shifting portrayal of male sexualization in the original trilogy. While Kaidan is presented as a love interest for a female Shepard who is conventionally attractive and has an appealing personality in the first game, she noted that there was little acknowledgment of the physical aspect of his appeal, and, outside of a sex scene which mostly focuses on a female Shepard's body, little opportunity for the character to be appreciated in a sexual context. This is contrasted with Kaidan's more sexualized presentation in Mass Effect 3, where the character is shirtless in multiple scenes, and more emphasis is placed on the intimacy between him and Shepard. During one scene where Kaidan is reboarding the Normandy and still in a relationship with Shepard, the camera alternates quick cuts between a close up of Kaidan's buttocks and a close up of Shepard's gaze, indicating that she enjoys looking at him in a sexual way. Clough concluded that Kaidan's overall depiction in 3 framed him as a good choice for Shepard as a romantic and sexual partner.
Male sexualization within fandom
Lastly, there is fan interpretation, where Douglas notes that some male characters, despite not adhering to the masculine physical ideal, are still viewed as attractive by the fanbase. These male characters tend to be more open with their emotions, and are usually suave. Characters such as this—like Garrus Vakarian from the Mass Effect series—are usually side characters, rather than the player character. Fan interpretation is characterized by the male character's limitations and interactions with other characters within the story.
Portrayal of LGBT characters
One common trope in video games is the portrayal of LGBTQ characters as one-dimensional stereotypes, such as overly effeminate gay men or butch lesbians. This type of representation can be harmful, as it perpetuates negative stereotypes and reinforces harmful gender norms. Additionally, many games have been criticized for including LGBTQ characters only as minor side characters, rather than as fully-developed protagonists or central characters.
History
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender) characters have been included in video games as early as the 1980s and 1990s. While there has been a trend towards greater representation of LGBT people in video games, they are frequently identified as LGBT in secondary material, such as comics, rather than in the games themselves.
In the history of video games, LGBT content has been subject to changing rules and regulations, which are generally examples of heterosexism, in that heterosexuality is normalized, while homosexuality is subject to additional censorship or ridicule. Companies Nintendo of America, Sega of America and Maxis policed the content of games with content codes in which LGBT themes were toned down or erased. Some Japanese video games, for instance, originally included trans characters, such as Birdo from Super Mario Bros. 2, Poison from the Final Fight series, and Flea from Chrono Trigger. Due to adherence to Nintendo of America's quality standards and translations based on preserving gameplay rather than literal meaning, these characters' identities were altered or erased in translation.
Prevalence
In a study conducted by the LGBTQ advocacy organization GLAAD, only 21 out of 50 major video games released in 2020 included any LGBTQ+ characters. Additionally, many games that do include LGBTQ+ representation often do so through optional side content rather than integrating it into the main story.
The video game industry is regarded as having heteronormative bias by numerous analysts. According to industry professionals interviewed by Adrienne Shaw, reasons for this heteronormativity include the demographic of those who play games, the views of those who create games, the risk of backlash in the industry, and the storytelling limitations of the medium.
In games with LGBT characters or the option of an LGBT avatar, some aspects of marginalization that occur in contemporary culture are depicted regardless of the game's overall adherence to reality. These real social constraints are imposed on a virtual world due to the way games are constructed and the community that inhabits them. Games are made on contemporary culture's heteronormative basis, and this shapes narrative and characters. In the popular MMO World of Warcraft, for example, this has "created an oppressive atmosphere for individuals who do not adhere to a heteronormative lifestyle", according to a 2013 assessment of the game's community.
LGBT gamers use queer readings of media to compensate for their lack of representation in it. As concluded in a study by Moravec et al., this "imaginative play" is the most common method LGBT gamers use to relate to in-game avatars that are typically created for a presumed straight, male player to relate to.
Forms of LGBT representation
Choice-based LGBT content, such as optional same sex romance in BioWare games, is a low- risk form of representation that occurs only in video games. When representation is included, it is often through these in-game choices, which place the responsibility for representation on players instead of developers. Because they afford the most opportunity for player choice and in game romance, genres such as RPGs and MMOs are the most LGBT representative. Another low-risk method of LGBT representation in games is "gay window gaming," which is LGBT representation that is either subtle or avoidable, serving to appeal to LGBT players without alienating straight or homophobic players. This can occur in sandbox games such as The Sims.
Both members of the industry and LGBT players prefer LGBT representation to be normalized in game narratives rather than made to seem abnormal or special.
Sexual orientation and gender identity have served a significant role in some video games, with the trend being toward greater visibility of LGBT identities. Speaking on the Ubisoft blog, Lucien Soulban, who is openly gay and was the writer for Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon, said that openly gay or lesbian characters would not appear in video games for a long while as anything other than a one-off or something that was created through user choice as seen in the Mass Effect and Dragon Age games. The character of Dorian Pavus in Dragon Age: Inquisition was regarded as a significant development for the portrayal of gay characters in games, in that his homosexuality informs plot elements that occur regardless of whether the player decides to interact with him romantically.
Some games have faced backlash for their portrayal of LGBTQ+ characters, such as the controversy surrounding the character Hainly Abrams in Mass Effect: Andromeda, who was criticized for her stereotypical representation and for being voiced by a cisgender actor. The game Cyberpunk 2077 also faced criticism for its portrayal of transgender characters, with some arguing that the game's portrayal was insensitive and perpetuated harmful stereotypes. These instances highlight the importance of ensuring that LGBTQ+ representation in video games is done in a thoughtful and respectful way.
Lesbian characters and the male gaze
The representation of lesbian characters in media, including video games, has often been influenced by the male gaze, which can lead to problematic and objectifying portrayals. In video games, lesbian characters have often been depicted through the male gaze, as a way to appeal to a heterosexual male audience. This can result in the objectification of lesbian characters, as their relationships and identities are reduced to sexual fantasies for male players.
One common trope in video games is the depiction of lesbian characters as overly sexualized and for the pleasure of male players. This can be seen in games such as Mortal Kombat, which features female characters in revealing clothing and suggestive poses. While some of these characters are explicitly identified as lesbians, their sexuality is often used to further objectify them and make them appealing to male players.
Another issue with the representation of lesbian characters in video games is the lack of agency and depth given to their relationships. In some games, lesbian characters are presented as one-dimensional and their relationships are not fully developed. This can contribute to the harmful stereotype that lesbian relationships are solely about sexual attraction and do not involve emotional connections or depth.
Trends towards positive representation
There has been a significant and progressive trend towards representation and inclusion of LGBTQ+ characters and themes in the world of video games. Notable examples of this positive trend can be seen in characters like Ellie from The Last of Us series, a lesbian and the main protagonist of the games, and Tracer from Overwatch, a lesbian character who has gained immense popularity within the gaming community. Another example is Krem, a transgender man from Dragon Age: Inquisition, who was praised for his positive portrayal and for being voiced by a trans man. Increased representation has been welcomed by the LGBTQ+ community.
Another example is the popular game Life is Strange, which features a main character, Max, who is bisexual. Max's sexuality is an important aspect of her character development, and the game explores the challenges she faces as a result of her sexuality.
Another example is the inclusion of a transgender character in the game Tell Me Why, developed by Dontnod Entertainment. The game's protagonist, Tyler, is a transgender man, and the game explores his experiences and struggles with his gender identity. The game was praised for its positive portrayal of a transgender character and for its nuanced exploration of gender identity. By presenting Tyler as a fully realized character with his own hopes, fears, and aspirations, the game humanizes the transgender experience and helps foster empathy and understanding among players.
Representation in the games industry
There has been a growing movement to enhance LGBTQ+ representation in the realm of video games. To further improve LGBTQ+ representation in the video game industry, several initiatives and organizations have emerged in recent years. One notable example is the International Game Developers Association (IGDA), which has established a dedicated special interest group for LGBTQ+ game developers. This group serves as a valuable resource and support network for LGBTQ+ professionals working in the industry.
Recognizing the importance of fostering inclusivity, the IGDA also organizes an annual LGBTQ+ in Gaming Summit. This summit serves as a platform for LGBTQ+ professionals to come together and address various issues related to representation and inclusion in video games. The summit encourages open discussions, shares experiences, and promotes strategies for enhancing LGBTQ+ representation in the industry. These efforts by the IGDA and other organizations demonstrate a commitment to fostering a more inclusive and diverse gaming industry. By providing resources, support networks, and dedicated events, the industry is actively working towards creating an environment where LGBTQ+ individuals can thrive and contribute their unique perspectives to the world of video games.
"Queerly Represent Me" is a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting and supporting the inclusion of LGBTQ+ characters and themes in video games. By providing resources and support, they assist game developers who are interested in incorporating LGBTQ+ representation into their works. The impact of Queerly Represent Me's work extends beyond the game development sphere. By advocating for greater LGBTQ+ representation, they aim to contribute to a more inclusive and diverse gaming landscape, positively influencing players' experiences and perceptions.
Recognizing the growing inclusion of LGBT characters and themes in video games, GLAAD has taken a significant step by introducing the "Outstanding Video Game Award" category at its 30th GLAAD Media Awards. While commendable progress has been made in recent years, the video game industry still has ample room for improvement in fully embracing and incorporating LGBTQ+ characters and narratives. Game developers must approach the portrayal of LGBTQ+ characters with utmost thoughtfulness and respect, striving to seamlessly integrate their representation into the core fabric of their games. In this crucial endeavor, valuable support and resources are offered by organizations such as Queerly Represent Me and the IGDA, empowering developers to meaningfully include LGBTQ+ representation in their games and shape a more inclusive gaming landscape.
Effect of gender representation in games
Effect on attitudes towards gender
A 2008 study found that males reported playing more violent video games than females. This exposure was negatively correlated with men's certainty in their judgements when presented with a scenario of possible sexual harassment selected for its ambiguity. The exposure to violent video games was also correlated with attitudes supportive of rape.
Effect on children
Canadian non-profit MediaSmarts writes that "video games have the potential to influence how children perceive themselves and others", but, despite their impact on the youth, "there is not a lot of research available in this area, and few of the existing studies stand up to critical examination. This lack of scrutiny means that we know very little about the effects that video games may have on children's development and socialization."
According to Tracy L. Dietz, video game characters have the potential to shape players' perceptions of gender roles. Through social comparison processes, players learn societal expectations of appearances, behaviors and roles. Girls may expect that they be dependent victims and that their responsibilities include maintaining beauty and sexual appeal, while boys may determine that their role is to protect and defend women. Thus, Dietz writes, the roles internalized by the child, including gender, become for the child, and later for the adult, a basis for other roles and for action. The gender roles internalized by young individuals have a significant impact upon their perspectives and the additional roles they assume in later life. Feminine and masculine symbols are supposed to become a part of a child's identity.
Gender stereotypes
Sexist video games often reinforce gender stereotypes by presenting gender-specific themes and activities. Games marketed exclusively to girls often involve fashion, make-up, caregiving, or relationship management, while games aimed at boys focus on action, sports, cars, and competition. This approach perpetuates the notion that certain interests and activities are suitable for specific genders, limiting the range of experiences and reinforcing traditional gender roles.
For example, "Fashion Designer" or "Makeover" games targeted at girls emphasize appearance and reinforce societal expectations of beauty standards, suggesting that girls should prioritize their appearance and adhere to traditional feminine ideals. On the other hand, "Racing", "Shooter", or "Math" games aimed at boys emphasize aggression, risk-taking, competitiveness, and logic, reinforcing stereotypes of male dominance, strength, and stoicism.
Narrow representation and lack of diversity
Sexist video games that target specific genders often feature narrow representations and lack diversity in characters and narratives. By limiting the experiences and perspectives represented in these games, they contribute to the marginalization of underrepresented genders and reinforce the idea that gaming is primarily for one gender.
For instance, games exclusively targeted at girls may depict predominantly white, thin, and conventionally attractive female characters, excluding diverse body types, ethnicities, and experiences. This lack of representation sends a message that girls who do not fit these narrow standards are not valued or important in gaming.
Impact on self-perception and identity
Gender-specific video games can have a significant impact on children's self-perception and identity development. When games reinforce gender-specific interests and activities, children may internalize these messages, feeling pressured to conform to traditional gender roles and expectations. This can lead to self-limiting beliefs and restrict their exploration of diverse interests and talents.
For example, girls who primarily play games focused on beauty and fashion may come to believe that their value lies solely in their appearance, potentially impacting their self-esteem and limiting their aspirations. Similarly, boys who exclusively engage with games emphasizing aggression and competition may perceive these traits as essential for their masculinity, potentially reinforcing toxic behaviors and limiting their emotional expression.
Social influences
Gender roles in video games can influence children's social behavior and interactions with others. Children may learn gender-specific social skills and behaviors from video games that can affect their relationships with peers and adults. For example, games that portray male characters as aggressive and dominant may encourage boys to exhibit similar behaviors in their interactions with others. In contrast, games that depict female characters as cooperative and empathetic may encourage girls to adopt similar behaviors in their social interactions. These gendered socialization processes can perpetuate gender inequality and limit children's ability to develop healthy relationships with individuals of different genders.
The impact of gender roles in video games is not limited to reinforcing stereotypes and objectifying women. Video games can also have an impact on children's attitudes towards gender and gender identity. For example, a study published by Tracy L. Dietz about "Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavior" found that playing video games with gender-nonconforming characters led to increased acceptance of non-traditional gender roles among children. This suggests that video games have the potential to be a positive influence on children's attitudes towards gender identity and gender expression.
Gender roles in video games can have implications for children's academic and career aspirations. Research has shown that children's exposure to gender stereotypes in media can impact their career choices and academic performance. Video games that reinforce gender stereotypes and limit representations of diverse gender identities can limit children's exposure to alternative career paths and opportunities. Additionally, children may internalize gender stereotypes that impact their academic performance, leading to lower self-esteem, reduced motivation, and underachievement in academic settings.
Toxic masculinity in video games: influence on children
Reinforcement of aggressive behavior
Many video games depict male characters that embody characteristics of toxic masculinity, namely, excessive aggression and violence. These portrayals often serve as influential figures for players, particularly children, who may internalize and emulate their behavior. In a significant study conducted by Anderson and Dill (2000), it was discovered that exposure to violent video games featuring hyper-masculine characters was associated with a notable increase in aggressive thoughts, emotions, and actions among children and adolescents. This research highlights the troubling influence of such games on vulnerable individuals and emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing the associated potential ramifications.
For example, the Call of Duty: Black Ops sub-series is known for its hyper-masculine portrayal of soldiers engaged in intense combat. The game's focus on aggressive tactics and the glorification of violence can reinforce the idea that aggression and dominance are desirable traits for males. Children who play these games may come to view aggression as a normative and expected behavior, potentially leading to aggressive tendencies in their real-life interactions.
The game Grand Theft Auto V has been criticized for its portrayal of hyper-masculine protagonists engaging in criminal activities and acts of violence. The game's open-world environment allows players to freely engage in aggressive behavior, including carjacking, assault, and murder. Such gameplay experiences can normalize and desensitize children to the consequences of violent actions.
The Mortal Kombat series is known for its graphic and brutal depictions of violence, often featuring male characters engaging in intense combat. The game's emphasis on bloodshed and fatalities can reinforce the idea that aggression and dominance are effective means of resolving conflicts.
The widely renowned game Fortnite integrates aspects of toxic masculinity within its competitive gameplay and the portrayal of hyper-masculine characters. By placing great importance on dominance and victory, the game has the potential to reinforce aggressive tendencies and foster an excessively competitive mindset among its young player base.
Suppression of emotions
Toxic masculinity in video games often promotes the suppression of emotions and discourages vulnerability. Male characters are frequently depicted as emotionally stoic, avoiding displays of vulnerability or sensitivity. This can create a damaging notion that expressing emotions is a sign of weakness.
An example can be found in the God of War series, where the protagonist, Kratos, embodies stoicism and emotional detachment. Kratos rarely shows vulnerability, instead relying on violence and anger as his primary means of problem-solving. Children who identify with these characters may be influenced to suppress their own emotions, leading to difficulties in expressing themselves and developing healthy emotional intelligence.
Examples of children’s video games
In the Super Mario series, the portrayal of Princess Peach as a damsel in distress and Mario as the heroic rescuer reinforces traditional gender roles where women are often depicted as helpless and in need of saving.
In the Legend of Zelda series, the character of Zelda is often portrayed as a passive princess in need of rescue, while the protagonist, Link, embodies traditional masculine traits of bravery and heroism. This can reinforce gender stereotypes and expectations.
While the Pokémon franchise as a whole promotes friendship, teamwork, and perseverance, some aspects of the games can perpetuate gender stereotypes. For instance, certain Pokémon are designed with exaggerated masculine traits, reinforcing the idea that physical strength and aggression are defining characteristics of masculinity.
Although primarily targeting mature audiences, the popularity of the Call of Duty series among children cannot be ignored. The competitive multiplayer modes often emphasize aggression, dominance, and even toxic behavior such as trash-talking or belittling opponents. This can contribute to the normalization of toxic masculinity within the gaming community.
While LEGO has made efforts to include diverse characters and storylines, some aspects of the Lego Ninjago series can reinforce stereotypes regarding aggressive and hyper-masculine behavior. The emphasis on martial arts and conflict resolution through physical combat can perpetuate the idea that violence and dominance are inherent to being a "strong" male character.
While Minecraft itself does not promote toxic masculinity, the multiplayer aspect of the game can expose children to toxic behavior from other players. This may include bullying, harassment, or the reinforcement of gender stereotypes through in-game interactions and conversations.
Effects of sexualized content on players
A 2022 meta-analysis examined empirical evidence of whether or not sexualized content in video games correlated with body dissatisfaction, or if it resulted in more sexist or misogynistic behavior. It found that neither body dissatisfaction or sexist/misogynistic behavior correlated with sexualized content in video games. The study also determined that the better the study was designed, the less of a correlation was present.
Players' preferences
Although games that included the option of selecting a female hero obtained better review scores, they sold fewer copies than games with exclusively male protagonists: Penny Arcade Report attributed the difference to larger marketing budgets for games with male heroes. Games with a female-only protagonist had, on average, only 50% of the marketing budget of female-optional games, and 40% of the marketing budget of games with male-only protagonists. Male-only games included popular sports and war franchises such as Madden NFL and Call of Duty, and EEDAR's Jesse Divnich stated in 2010, "The factors that drive sales are based more on brand licensing, marketing budgets, development budget and a thousand other factors that have little to do with the gender of playable avatars."
A 2013 study showed that box art depicting sexualized female characters in non-central roles positively affected sales.
Polling in 2015 by the Pew Research Center showed 16% of adults who play video games believe most games portray women poorly, compared to 26% who disagree, and 34% who say it depends on the game. Among those who do not play, 55% are unsure if games portray women poorly. Minimal differences were seen between male and female responses.
A 2015 survey of 1,583 US students aged 11 to 18 by Rosalind Wiseman and Ashly Burch indicated that 60% of girls but only 39% of boys preferred to play a character of their own gender, and 28% of girls as opposed to 20% of boys said that they were more likely to play a game based on the character's gender. The authors interpreted this as meaning that the gaming industry's focus on male protagonists stifled sales to girls more than it promoted sales to boys.
In a 2017 survey of 1,266 gamers by Quantic Foundry, 89% of female gamers considered the inclusion of female protagonist option in games as being somewhat, very or extremely important; 64% of male gamers expressed the same views. Self-identified "hardcore" gamers of all genders, on average, considered a female protagonist less important than "core" or "casual" gamers did.
Sexualization of female characters is a concern of gamers of all sexes. Players, including male and female players, don't always prefer or appreciate a sexualised design for female characters. In a 2020 survey of 2,006 gamers by Bryter, 62% of female games and 50% of male gamers felt that female characters are often oversexualised in games.
2000s quantitative overview
This section provides an overview of the findings of the quantitative results of various studies into gender representation in video games during the 2000s.
See also
Gamergate controversy, concerning harassment towards people discussing gender issues in gaming.
Media and gender
Portrayal of women in American comics
Sex and nudity in video games
Sexual harassment in video gaming
Race and video games
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Gender and video games
Mass media issues
Women and video games |
The women's 200 metres event at the 2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Kingston, Jamaica, at National Stadium on 18 and 19 July.
Medalists
Results
Final
19 July
Wind: -0.2 m/s
Semifinals
19 July
Semifinal 1
Wind: +0.4 m/s
Semifinal 2
Wind: -0.1 m/s
Semifinal 3
Wind: -0.3 m/s
Heats
18 July
Heat 1
Wind: +1.6 m/s
Heat 2
Wind: +1.5 m/s
Heat 3
Wind: +1.4 m/s
Heat 4
Wind: +2.0 m/s
Heat 5
Wind: +1.6 m/s
Participation
According to an unofficial count, 35 athletes from 26 countries participated in the event.
References
200 metres
200 metres at the World Athletics U20 Championships |
Martin Medina is an English composer best known for the BBC title themes Rip Off Britain, Scam Interceptors, Food: Truth or Scare, Wonderful World of Weird, Don't Log Off, The Untold, Short Change and Jo Brand's Christmas Log on Channel 4.
He plays piano and trumpet with The 99 Call and guitar and vocals in the folk duo Rose Price & Martin Medina.
He is founder and director of the BBC Shorts Film Festival which is hosted by Francine Stock and supported by Alan Yentob.
References
External links
Martin Medina - Official website
British composers
British electronic musicians
British television composers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The Spain men's national tennis team has represented Spain internationally since 1920. Organised by the Real Federación Española de Tenis (RFET), it is one of the 50 members of International Tennis Federation's European association (Tennis Europe).
Spain has won the Davis Cup six times (2000, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2019), and finished as runner-up four times (1965, 1967, 2003, 2012), which makes it historically one of the most powerful countries in the tennis world.
Spain has competed in the World Group created in 1981, for 32 years. From 1997 to 2014, competed for 18 consecutive years, returning in 2017, after winning the World Group playoffs the previous year.
History
Spain competed in its first Davis Cup in 1921 but didn't reach the final round until 1965, when the team led by Jaime Bartrolí lost to Australia. They reached the final again two years later but though they had great players such as Manuel Santana and Manuel Orantes, Spain lost against Roy Emerson and company again.
Spanish fans had to wait 33 years in 2000, to see their team play another Davis Cup final, but this time the Spanish team defeated the Australians in Barcelona with Juan Carlos Ferrero as national hero. But Lleyton Hewitt, who had been defeated by Ferrero three years before, had his revenge very soon, when Spain lost to Australia again in 2003.
The following year, Spain reached the final once again. It was played in Seville and for the first time ever, they didn't have to play against Australia. Their opponents were the United States, and thanks to great performances from Carlos Moyá and an 18-year-old Rafael Nadal, Spain won their second Davis Cup.
Spain reached the final once again in 2008, and they won against Argentina. It was the first time that the Spanish team won the final on foreign soil. Unexpectedly, the Spanish heroes were Fernando Verdasco and Feliciano López, winning one single each and the doubles partnering together. David Ferrer, then World Number 5, lost in straight sets to David Nalbandian in the only match he played in the final; and Nadal, World Number 1, was injured, and he wasn't able to play in Argentina.
After winning the Davis Cup for the third time, Emilio Sánchez stepped down as captain to allow compatriot Albert Costa take his place. In 2009, second-seeded Spain cruised to their seventh Davis Cup final after home victories against Serbia, Germany and Israel, even though Costa struggled to make a team as Rafael Nadal and Fernando Verdasco missed two ties each. Spain played the Czech Republic, which previously eliminated first-seeded Argentina. The final was held in home ground again, where they hadn't lost a tie since 1999. Spain swept the Czechs 5–0 at Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, behind great performances from David Ferrer and Rafael Nadal to claim their second consecutive title, and the fourth in ten years.
Spain defeated Argentina in the 2011 final, held for the second time in Seville, by a score of 3–1 to claim their fifth title, and the third in four years.
In 2019, Spain won their sixth title (their first since 2011), defeating Canada in the final 2–0. Rafael Nadal was awarded the Davis Cup Most Valuable Player (MVP) trophy, after he won 8 of the 8 matches he participated in.
Davis Cup wins
Results
2000s
2010s
2020s
Current team (2022)
Carlos Alcaraz
Roberto Bautista Agut
Albert Ramos Viñolas
Pedro Martínez
Marcel Granollers (Doubles player)
All players
References
External links
Davis Cup teams
Spain national tennis team |
, provisional designation is a trans-Neptunian object and possible centaur located in the outermost region of the Solar System. With an absolute magnitude of 5.7, it approximately measures in diameter. It was discovered on 4 August 2010 by the Pan-STARRS-1 survey at the Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States. According to American astronomer Michael Brown, it is "possibly" a dwarf planet.
Orbit and classification
orbits the Sun at a distance of 21.1–56.6 AU once every 241 years and 11 months (88,365 days; semi-major axis of 38.83 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.46 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Palomar Observatory in October 2004, or almost six years prior to its official discovery observation by Pan-STARRS.
Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (). As of 2018, it has not been named.
Physical characteristics
Diameter and albedo
According to the Johnston's archive and to Michael Brown, measures 321 and 329 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 5.7 and 5.8 and an assumed standard albedo of 0.09 and 0.08 for the body's surface, respectively. As of 2018, no physical characteristics have been determined from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
References
External links
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (520001)-(525000) – Minor Planet Center
523643
523643
523643
523643
20100804 |
The Rochelle Railroad Park is a city park located in Rochelle, Illinois where railfans can safely view and photograph trains.
Location
The park is in the eastern quadrant of the diamond crossing between the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and BNSF Railway (BNSF) mainlines between Chicago and points west.
The two mainlines cross on the southwest side of Rochelle. The UP (formerly Chicago and North Western Railway) Geneva Subdivision travels through the crossing from the southwest to northeast, from Chicago towards Clinton, Iowa, and Omaha. The UP's Global III yard is about 1 mile southwest of the diamond. The BNSF (formerly Burlington Northern Railroad and before that, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad) Aurora Subdivision travels the northwest to southeast corners, from Aurora Illinois to Savannah, Illinois and to the twin cities of Minneapolis-St Paul. This double mainline, four-track, diamond, known as NX Crossing, is at milepost 83.7 on the BNSF, and at 75.3 on the UP.
History
Before the city of Rochelle built the park, railfans often parked just short of an interchange siding connecting the two railroads in the northern quadrant of the crossing. The interchange track connected the northern track of the eastern portion of the UP's mainline with the northern track of the western portion of the BNSF's mainline. While this parking location allowed railfans to see a great distance towards the west along UP's mainline, many vehicles were parked too close to the interchange track to be safe if a train used it. Additionally, there was no protection to keep trespassers off the tracks. The northern interchange track has since been removed although a longer interchange siding still exists on the South quadrant of the crossing.
Features
The city chose the eastern quadrant of the crossing in which to build the park. Many factors went into the selection of the eastern quadrant, but by using it, the city was able to erect an elevated viewing platform with a gazebo-style roof, picnic tables, an area to build a re-creation of a hobo jungle, a display of strap rail track, a small preserved Whitcomb switching locomotive (manufactured by the Whitcomb Locomotive Works of Rochelle), and a paved parking lot. The amenities are further enhanced with public restrooms, vending machines, and a small model railroad shop.
Some of the more technical offerings at the park for railfans to enjoy include the following:
A live railroad scanner set to monitor both UP and BNSF operational radio frequencies (speakers in the picnic/viewing platform) or on low power FM 106.9.
Wi-Fi
Two ATCS monitors showing a live view of the UP Geneva Sub (one in museum, one by back door visible to outside)
A live internet-viewable webcam with audio atop the viewing platform's roof operated by Trains Magazine, EarthCam and Virtual Railfan.
Indicators that a train is approaching the park include the following:
Eastbound - Both railroads have defect detectors just west of the crossing that signal train statuses over the radio
Westbound - Grade crossing signals to the east of the park at N 9th Street will activate to protect the grade crossings although trains will no longer (since 2016) signal due to Rochelle having a quiet zone.
References
External links
Official website Rochelle Railroad Park
Trains.com - BNSF and Union Pacific in Rochelle IL
Rochelle Railroad Park Roadside America article on the Rochelle Railroad Park
Rochelle, Illinois
Parks in Illinois
Railroad museums in Illinois
Tourist attractions in Ogle County, Illinois |
The Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study (or CHEERS) was a study conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency designed to examine how children may be exposed to pesticides and other chemicals used in U.S. households, such as phthalates, brominated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and others). The two-year study began in the summer of 2004 and was conducted in Duval County, Florida, a region with high concentration of pesticides.
On April 8, 2005, Stephen L. Johnson cancelled the study after the program was criticized. Johnson himself was heavily criticized for his support in the use of human test subjects during his tenure as EPA's Assistant Administrator for Toxic Substances.
Mechanics of the study
The study was due to be completed in two years, researchers would follow the progress of 60 young children whose parents sprayed pesticides frequently. They would collect data every six months taken from biological samples such as blood and urine. Parents were also required to document specific information such as food and liquid intake. They must also record their children's activities on video. To qualify, a family has to have a confirmed history of residential pesticide use, a child under the age of 13 months and must agree to continue using pesticides inside the residential abode.
Participating families were promised monetary compensation of up to $970, study T-shirt, framed Certificate of Appreciation, study bib for the baby, calendar, study newsletter, and a camcorder.
Controversies
EPA recruiting information for CHEERS claimed that participation in the study presented "no risk" to the subjects or their families. Critics, however, contended that the state of knowledge about pesticide exposure risks to infants and children while imprecise, suggests that residential pesticide exposure poses developmental risks to infants and children. This meant that CHEERS would have paid families to expose their children to pesticides for two years. EPA denied this, stressing that because CHEERS would have only examined families who used pesticides prior to the study, CHEERS would not have increased the subject families' exposure to pesticides. The argument is based on the fact that the study had an observational, rather than experimental design. There was fear, however, that the study could induce parents to intentionally expose their children to pesticides to be able to qualify in the high-use group of the study.
The study was also criticized for using disproportionately black, lower-income families as subjects. EPA's claim was that Duval County was chosen because they knew that many families in the area were using large amounts of pesticides to control roaches and pests.
The EPA also received $2 million of the proposed 9 million budget for the CHEERS study from the American Chemistry Council, a lobbying group representing 135 chemical companies in exchange for measuring levels of common household chemicals such as flame, retardants, and ingredients in plastic products along with pesticides.
The CHEERS project was terminated in 2005 after it became a political matter. Thereafter, the U.S. Congress also passed a law that bans EPA from funding intentional exposure research that involves children and pregnant or nursing women.
References
EPA page on CHEERS
Editorial criticizing CHEERS
Urban Legends on CHEERS
Further reading
Lessons Learned From the Children’s Environmental Exposure Research Study
Protecting Kids from Environmental Exposure
2004 in the United States
Duval County, Florida
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental research |
Wasena is a Roanoke, Virginia (United States) neighborhood located in south, central Roanoke bisected by U.S. Route 221 (Main Street), immediately to the south of the Roanoke River. It borders the neighborhoods of Raleigh Court on the west, Old Southwest on the north and east and Mountain View via the Wasena Bridge across the Roanoke River on the north, and Franklin-Colonial on the south. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, Wasena has a population of 1,633 residents.
History
Taking its name from the Native American word meaning "beautiful view," Wasena was annexed into the city in 1919 and began its development as an early suburb of Roanoke in the 1920s. Nearly all of the structures within Wasena date from between the 1920s and 1950s. The architecture of the area is varied with the largest numbers representing both the American Craftsman Bungalow and American Foursquare design for residential construction. Formed in 1983, the Wasena Neighborhood Forum has been a member of the Roanoke Neighborhood Partnership since 1984, serving as a citizen advocacy group for the neighborhood.
Today, Wasena is the location of the Wasena Park, Smith Park, Triangle Park, Valley Avenue Park and a portion of the Roanoke River Greenway. Wasena Elementary School is the lone public school located within the neighborhood.
The Wasena Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
References
External links
Wasena Neighborhood Forum
Wasena Elementary School
Streetcar suburbs
Neighborhoods in Roanoke, Virginia |
Saros cycle series 128 for solar eclipses occurs at the Moon's descending node, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 73 events. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon's descending node.
This solar saros is linked to Lunar Saros 121.
Umbral eclipses
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 128 appears in the following table.
Events
References
https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros128.html
External links
Saros cycle 128 - Information and visualization
Solar saros series |
Baron Rennell, of Rodd in the County of Hereford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1933 for the diplomat Sir Rennell Rodd, previously British Ambassador to Italy. His second but eldest surviving son, the second baron, served as president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1945 to 1948. He had no male issue and was succeeded by his nephew, the third baron. He was the only surviving son of Commander the Hon. Gustaf Guthrie Rennell Rodd, youngest son of the first baron.
The third baron was a Scottish international rugby player. the title is held by his son, the fourth baron, who succeeded in 2006.
The first baron was the grandson of Sir John Tremayne Rodd, a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy, and a great-grandson of the geographer, historian and a pioneer of oceanography, James Rennell. The Conservative politician and life peer the Baroness Emmet of Amberley was the eldest daughter of the first baron. Peter Rodd, husband of the writer Nancy Mitford, was the third son of the first baron.
Barons Rennell (1933)
(James) Rennell Rodd, 1st Baron Rennell (1858–1941)
Francis James Rennell Rodd, 2nd Baron Rennell (1895–1978)
John Adrian Tremayne Rodd, 3rd Baron Rennell (1935–2006)
James Roderick David Tremayne Rodd, 4th Baron Rennell (born 1978)
There is no heir to the barony.
Arms
Notes
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1933
Noble titles created for UK MPs |
John Ussher (1703 – 3 January 1749) was an Irish Member of Parliament.
He represented Dungarvan from 1747 to 1749.
His uncle John Ussher, nephew Richard Musgrave and first cousins Beverley Ussher and St George Ussher also served in the Irish House of Commons.
References
http://thepeerage.com/p33481.htm#i334801
https://web.archive.org/web/20090601105535/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/irelandcommons.htm
1703 births
1749 deaths
Irish MPs 1727–1760
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Waterford constituencies |
(born December 16, 1980) is a Japanese Nordic combined skier who has competed since 2000. Competing in three Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of sixth twice (7.5 km sprint event: 2002, 4 x 5 km team: 2006).
Takahashi's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was tenth twice (2003: 15 km individual, 2005: 7.5 km sprint). At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo, Takahashi was involved in a serious crash during the ski jumping part of the 7.5 km sprint that resulted in him being sent to the hospital and not competing for the rest of the championships.
He has two individual victories in his career, both earned the same weekend in Finland in 2004 (7.5 km sprint, 15 km individual).
References
1980 births
Japanese male Nordic combined skiers
Living people
Nordic combined skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic Nordic combined skiers for Japan |
Bobby Miguel Price (born April 25, 1998) is an American football safety for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Norfolk State.
College career
Price played collegiate football at Norfolk State. During his freshman season, he played in nine games, and started four games at free safety. During his sophomore season, he started in all 11 games and ranked fourth on the team, and tied for 18th in the MEAC with 69 tackles. During his junior season, he started all 10 games he played and ranked fourth on the team with 59 tackles. He also posted 2.5 tackles-for-loss, two interceptions, deflected eight passes, recovered two fumbles, and tied for fourth in the MEAC with 10 passes defended. Following the season he earned All-MEAC third-team honors. Price also participated with the NSU track and field team in the spring, where he placed fourth in the long jump at the MEAC indoor championships in February, and won the MEAC outdoor long jump championship, with a personal-best jump of 25 feet, 10.25 inches.
During his senior season, he started all 12 games at strong safety and finished the season with 73 tackles, including 2.5 tackles-for-loss, eight pass breakups, recovered two fumbles, and returned his lone interception 84-yards for a touchdown. He ranked 16th in the MEAC in tackles, 10th in passes defended and tied for third in fumble recoveries. Following the season he earned All-MEAC second-team honors. Price finished his career with 229 tackles, eight for loss, seven interceptions, 23 pass breakups and four fumble recoveries.
Professional career
Detroit Lions
Price signed with the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent on May 1, 2020. He was waived during final roster cuts on September 5, 2020, and signed to the team's practice squad the next day. He was elevated to the active roster on December 5 and December 12 for the team's weeks 13 and 14 games against the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. On January 2, 2021, Price was promoted to the active roster.
On October 22, 2022, Price was placed on injured reserve.
Arizona Cardinals
On June 5, 2023, Price signed with the Arizona Cardinals. He was waived on August 29, 2023 and re-signed to the practice squad. On October 26, 2023, Price was signed to the active roster.
References
External links
Detroit Lions bio
1998 births
Living people
American football safeties
Arizona Cardinals players
Detroit Lions players
Norfolk State Spartans football players
Players of American football from Virginia Beach, Virginia
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople |
Lado Kham was a Slovenian architect and engineer, born on May 26, 1901, in Ljubljana.
He graduated from the Technical University of Vienna and worked as a practitioner in Austria with his mentor, , on the construction of municipal apartment blocks in Vienna, including the 420-apartment block in Simmeringerhof. He also led the construction of a Catholic church in the Croatian municipality of Pinkovec/Güttenbach in Germany, and designed the renovation and reconstruction of a monastic church and a new church in Deutsch Schützen, as well as two apartment buildings in the 20th district of Vienna. He participated successfully in various Austrian "concurences" and traveled extensively throughout Europe. As a technical officer at the Pension Fund in Ljubljana, he was involved in the construction of apartment blocks in Ljubljana and Celje.
In 1933, he began his own civil practice and completed numerous smaller private projects in Ljubljana, Celje, Kranj, Kamnik, Bohinj, and other regions of Slovenia, as well as in Koroska, Germany. These included holiday and cultural homes, chapels, tombstones, and the Catholic church in Hrastnik, the renovation of the evangelical church community's prayer room in Ptuj, various smaller church renovations, the renovation and reconstruction of the Kamnik spa, three three-storey houses in Ljubljana, the Hotel Bellevue in Bohinj, the Hotel Sestre Logar in the Logar Valley, the renovation of the Figovec guesthouse in Ljubljana, the renovation and expansion of the Union cinema in Ljubljana, a factory for processing animal fur in Strazisce, the Seraphic College in Ljubljana, a building with commercial premises, a dormitory, cells, a chapel, and a conference hall, as well as a commercial block in Franciskanska street.
Among the unfinished projects are several smaller and medium-sized buildings, as well as several larger multi-storey houses for Ljubljana and elsewhere, including a four-storey apartment building in Belgrade, a municipal hall in Menges, a teachers' holiday home in Omiselj, and projects for various community halls. He also designed a sanatorium for lung diseases on Golnik for the Railway hospital fund.
He held an architectural studio in the Ljubljana Skyscraper building and was involved in its construction.
References
TU Wien alumni
Slovenian architects
20th-century architects |
John Tillman Lamkin (also spelled John Tilman Lamkin) (July 17, 1811 – May 19, 1870) was a Southern United States politician who served in the Confederate States Congress during the American Civil War.
Lamkin was born in Augusta, Georgia, the son of William and Keziah Hart Snead Lamkin. He married Thurza Ann Kilgore in Georgia on November 14, 1835. He was admitted to the Georgia Bar in 1833. He lived in Louisiana and Texas before settling in Mississippi, and was admitted to the Mississippi bar in 1838.
In November 1863 he was elected to serve in the House of Representatives of the Second Confederate Congress, and from May 2, 1864 to March 18, 1865 he served on three committees: commerce, patents, post offices and post roads.
Lamkin died in Pike County, Mississippi at the age of 58, and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Summit, Mississippi.
He related to the descendant family of Wilkins.
References
External links
John Tillman Lamkin at Find a Grave (the tombstone is engraved "John T. Lamkin")
1811 births
1870 deaths
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Mississippi
19th-century American politicians
Mississippi lawyers
Mississippi Democrats
Politicians from Augusta, Georgia
19th-century American lawyers |
Adalah-NY: The New York Campaign for the Boycott of Israel is a New York-based organization that campaigns for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) against Israel. “Adalah” is the Arabic word for “justice.”
Origins
Founded in August 2006 as the Ad-Hoc Coalition for Justice in the Middle East, the organization was established in response to the escalation of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip and the Israeli war on Lebanon. It later changed its name to Adalah-NY: The Coalition for Justice in the Middle East.
In February 2010, Adalah-NY merged with the New York Campaign for the Boycott of Israel (NYCBI). The latter group was established in response to Israel's Operation Cast Lead, which took place in December 2008 and January 2009. NYCBI's founders were activists from various organizations who came together to support the boycott, divestment, and sanctions movement. In March 2009, NYCBI launched a boycott campaign against Motorola, which develops products for the Israeli Army. Adalah-NY founder Riham Barghouti explained, “This merger will allow boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS) activists in New York City to combine their resources and work more effectively at promoting BDS in New York, the US, and worldwide.”
Following the merger, the organization’s name changed from Adalah-NY: The Coalition for Justice in the Middle East to Adalah-NY: The New York Campaign for the Boycott of Israel.
Views
Adalah-NY describes itself as “a local, grassroots, non-hierarchical volunteer-only group of concerned individuals that advocates for justice, equality, and human rights for the Palestinian people through educational activities and campaign-building. Adalah-NY organizes in support of the 2005 call by Palestinian civil society organizations to maintain non-violent means of protest -- including boycotts, divestment, and sanctions..."
”
The organization calls for Israel to meet “its obligation to recognize the Palestinian people's inalienable right to self-determination and fully compl[y] with the precepts of international law by:
Ending its occupation and colonization of all Arab lands and dismantling the Wall;
Recognizing the fundamental rights of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality; and
Respecting, protecting and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties as stipulated in UN resolution 194.” It also “affirm[s] the right of all people to resist occupation and oppression.”
Adalah-NY holds the United States responsible for “Israeli aggression,” which it describes as being “inseparably tied to the United States' illegal occupation of Iraq and larger U.S. strategies for hegemony in the region.”
Adalah-NY maintains that Israel practices a policy of apartheid and ethnic cleansing, and describes the West Bank as being “carved into isolated cantons, akin to the Bantustans under South African apartheid, to which Palestinians are confined.” It further holds that Palestinian citizens of Israel are “second-class citizens” who “are systematically discriminated against by Israeli laws, courts, and society.”
In the view of Adalah-NY, “Israeli policy has been the root of violence in the region for 60 years.” When the IDF raided a Gaza tunnel built to kidnap Israeli soldiers, Adalah-NY called the raid “unprovoked.” It employs the slogans “Zionism = racism,” “stop the genocide,” and “Israeli defense forces = war criminals.” Adalah-NY criticized the FBI for issuing subpoenas for persons suspected of supporting terrorist groups.
Activism
Adalah-NY believes that BDS is the “most effective non-violent and morally consistent means for achieving justice and genuine peace in the region....Like the global movement against apartheid in South Africa, the BDS movement takes as its task the organization of grassroots efforts to pressure institutions to hold Israel accountable.”
Adalah-NY has held street protests and organized “cultural events, political forums, and other political events.” In addition, it has participated with other groups in various events, including Israeli Apartheid Week in New York City.
In 2010, Adalah-NY condemned the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies for not focusing on “the fundamental and systematic inequalities that are at the root of the conflict,” and urged such celebrities as Pete Seeger and Mandy Patinkin to bow out of an Arava-sponsored event.
At a 2011 Adalah-NY protest against Point Lookout Capital Partners, which facilitates investment in tear-gas supplier Combined Systems, activists “collapsed motionless on the sidewalk” following a “mock tear-gassing by an actor dressed as an Israeli soldier.”
In 2011 Adalah-NY joined a campaign against the pension fund TIAA-CREF, which had been begun by Jewish Voice for Peace. The campaign “calls for TIAA-CREF to divest from companies supporting and profiting from Israeli apartheid, violations of international law, and human rights abuses, such as Elbit, Caterpillar, Motorola, Northrop Grumman and Veolia.” Adalah-NY led a July 2012 protest against TIAA-CREF.
As part of its cultural boycott, Adalah-NY organized and participated in a 2011 multi-city protest of concerts by India Arie and Idan Raichel. Idan Raichel is an Israeli recording artist famous for his multi-cultural approach, which prominently features voices from Israel’s Ethiopian community.
Also in 2011, Adalah-NY organized a panel for Israeli Apartheid Week featuring Judith Butler and John Greyson. Entitled “How Now? Media, Politics and Queer Activism,” the panel focused on the cultural and academic boycotts and the importance of queer BDS activism in Palestine and elsewhere.
Adalah-NY organized a protest when the Israeli Philharmonic performed in New York City on February 22, 2011. It also helped coordinate protests nationwide at locations where the IPO played.
Adalah-NY posted a YouTube video in 2011 of its activists performing a flash mob at Grand Central Station to Journey’s “Don’t Stop Believin’,” with special lyrics decrying the Israeli Occupation. When the video, which commemorated Palestinian Land Day and called on Americans to boycott Israel, was removed by YouTube on grounds of copyright infringement, Hannah Mermelstein of Adalah-NY said, “We are dismayed that our video has been removed from YouTube and are working to make it available again. We fear that this is but another example of attempts to silence calls for justice and Palestinian rights. But the BDS movement to hold Israel accountable for its crimes against Palestinians will not be silenced.”
It also organized a protest against Israeli Batsheva Dance Company’s March 2012 performance at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Protesters handed audience members fake programs calling the dance company a “cultural ambassador for Israel.” Earlier, Adalah-NY had written to BAM asking that it cancel Batsheva's performance.
After the 2012 Operation Pillar of Defense, Adalah-NY organized a protest against General Electric, which provides engines for Israeli military aircraft and helicopters. The protest was cosponsored by other groups, including Jewish Voice for Peace-NY, Jews Say No!, NYU Students for Justice in Palestine, and Columbia Students for Justice in Palestine].
In 2012, Adalah-NY “established a dedicated social media team to amplify our presence on Facebook and Twitter.” It also organized “teach-ins,” one of them, on July 15, with Havaar, an Iranian organization that opposes both Iranian state repression and U.S. sanctions against Iran.
Campaign against Lev Leviev
Adalah-NY has especially targeted Israeli jeweler Lev Leviev, chairman of the conglomerate Africa Israel Investments, whose Danya Cebus division is involved in constructing West Bank settlements. Adalah-NY considers him guilty of stealing Palestinian land. According to Adalah-NY, it “began its campaign against the Israeli diamond magnate and settlement builder Lev Leviev in 2007. Adalah-NY says that this campaign has had a number of successes, with governments, investment banks, celebrities, and international aid agencies distancing themselves from Leviev and his company Africa-Israel.”
According to Adalah-NY, as a result of pressure by Jews against the Occupation-NYC and Adalah-NY, several celebrities, including Salma Hayek, Halle Berry, Drew Barrymore, Brooke Shields, Andie MacDowell, Lucy Liu, Whitney Houston, and Sharon Stone, asked in 2008 that their pictures be removed from Leviev's website, on which they were depicted wearing Leviev jewelry.
When charity confederation Oxfam was announced in 2008 as the beneficiary of a donation by photographer Timothy White, whose use of borrowed Leviev diamonds in a photo shoot had led Leviev to describe himself as an Oxfam supporter, Adalah-NY pressured Oxfam to publicly distance itself from Leviev. Oxfam accordingly issued a statement to the effect that “Leviev...is not an Oxfam supporter or partner and may not claim to be one....we are not and never will be partners or beneficiaries of Leviev.”
Also in response to pressure from Adalah-NY, UNICEF decided in 2008 to refuse contributions from Leviev, who had contributed to UNICEF and sponsored at least one UNICEF fundraiser. “I can confirm that UNICEF has advised Adalah in New York that it will not be entering into any partnerships or accepting financial contributions from Lev Leviev or his corporate people,” Chris de Bono, a senior adviser to the executive director of UNICEF, said.
Richard A. Marin, a 25-year trustee of CARE USA, was forced in 2010 to leave the board following a campaign by Adalah-NY. Marin was chief executive of Africa Israel Investments USA, a subsidiary
of Africa Israel Investments, which, according to a CARE statement, was “connected to building settlements in the West Bank in violation of international law.” Marin protested that he had no influence on the activities of Africa Israel Investments.
In November 2010, Leviev succumbed to Adalah-NY's pressure, and Africa Israel announced that it was suspending construction projects in the West Bank.
Still, Adalah-NY continued to focus on Leviev. In 2011,” according to Adalah-NY, “we continued to place pressure on Leviev to end his settlement construction activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, with a focus on Leviev’s Leader Management and Development’s continued settlement construction on the lands of Jayyous.”
In 2011, Adalah-NY sent a letter, along with two other groups, to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, urging the charity to “to return all funds received from [Leviev's] LVD Foundation and sever any ties to the Foundation and Lev Leviev.”
In June 2012, Adalah-NY released photos indicating that Africa Israel was involved in building projects in Gilo, a neighborhood in Jerusalem. Whether or not it is a “settlement” is a matter of debate, as the neighborhood is wholly contained in the Jerusalem municipality.
Caroling
The group is especially known for organizing protests at Christmas time in which the participants sing parodies of Christmas and Hannukah carols. In December 2012, the sixth time that Adalah-NY arranged the annual event, eighty carolers sang in front of a Madison Avenue jewelry store owned by Leviev. The parody songs included “Buy Yourself a Merry Little Tchotchke,” “Leviev the Two-Faced Magnate,” and “Whitewashing,” set to the tune of “White Christmas.”
Praise from Mondoweiss
In 2010, Rebecca Vilkomerson, Executive Director of the organization Jewish Voice for Peace, nominated Adalah-NY for the Mondo Awards, presented by the Mondoweiss website to activists focusing on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Funding
Although Adalah-NY has been described by the pro-Israeli organization NGO Monitor as not financially transparent, its website declares that its “financial sponsor” is Wespac, a 501 (c) (3) organization that is based in Westchester County, New York, and that also financially sponsors Israeli Apartheid Week. Adalah-NY posts annual program and financial reports on its website. Because Wespac claims tax exemption as an education sponsor but finances political activism, some have questioned the legality of its filings. Wespac is led by Nada Khader, a Palestinian woman who has been living in the U.S. since childhood. A frequent speaker at campuses across the U.S., she has accused Hollywood of making “over 700” films “that portray my [Arab] community in a derogatory manner....Why? To justify American policy in our region [the Middle East].”
References
Boycotts of Israel |
Xupu County () is a county of Hunan Province, China, it is under the administration of Huaihua Prefecturel-level City.
Located on the west central Hunan, the county is bordered to the north by Yuanling County, to the northeast by Anhua County, to the east by Xinhua and Longhui Counties, to the south by Dongkou County, to the west by Hongjiang City, Zhongfang and Chenxi Counties. Xupu County covers , as of 2015, It had a registered population of 932,400 and a resident population of 752,400. Xupu County has 18 towns under its jurisdiction, the government seat is the town of Lufeng ().
The Xu River () flows through the built-up area where it is joined by the Sandu River (). Some kilometers downstream it joins the Yuan River.
Yao people
According to the Xupu County Gazetteer (1993:641), the following three subgroups of Yao live in over 41 villages and number about 2,600 people.
Flowery Yao 花瑶
Flowery-Trouser Yao 花裤瑶
Seven-Surname Yao 七姓瑶
Climate
References
www.xzqh.org
External links
County-level divisions of Hunan
Huaihua |
Paeon or Paion (, gen.: Παίονος) in Greek mythology was a Paionian mentioned in the Iliad of Homer as the father of the warrior Agastrophus, slain by Diomedes, while fighting on the side of Troy in the Trojan War. He is presumably the same as the Paeon mentioned in Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica as the father by Cleomede of Laophoon, a companion of Asteropaios slain by Meriones.
Notes
References
Connor, Peter, "Paeon" in Gods, Goddeses, and Mythology, Volume 8, editor, C. Scott Littleton, Marshall Cavendish, 2005.
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. .
Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Trojan Epic: Posthomerica, JHU Press, 2007. .
Paeonian mythology
Characters in Greek mythology |
Hippolyte Pixii (1808–1835) was an instrument maker from Paris, France. In 1832 he built an early form of alternating current electrical generator, based on the principle of electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday. Pixii's device was a spinning magnet, operated by a hand crank, where the north and south poles passed over a coil with an iron core, and thus classified as a magneto. A current pulse was produced each time a pole passed over the coil. He also found that the current direction changed when the north pole passed over the coil after the south pole. Later, acting on a suggestion by André-Marie Ampère, other results were obtained by introducing a commutator which produced a pulsating direct current. At that time direct current was preferable to alternating current. Although Pixii did not fully understand electromagnetic induction, his device led to more sophisticated devices being constructed.
A reproduction of Pixii's electrical generator can be admired at the Ampère Museum, close to Lyon.
See also
Alternating current
References
19th-century French engineers
People associated with electricity
1808 births
1835 deaths
Engineers from Paris |
The Cromwell Current (also called Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent or just Equatorial Undercurrent) is an eastward-flowing subsurface current that extends the length of the equator in the Pacific Ocean.
The Cromwell Current was discovered in 1952 by Townsend Cromwell, a researcher with the Honolulu Laboratory of the Fish and Wildlife Service (later the United States Fish and Wildlife Service). It is wide and flows to the east. It is hidden under the surface of the Pacific Ocean at the equator and is relatively shallow compared to other ocean currents being only from top to base. It is a powerful current with top velocities of up to 1.5 m/s (2.9 knots; 3.4 mph). The current's core coincides with the thermocline and its distance from the parallel Equatorial Counter Current is approximately . It has 1,000 times the volume of the Mississippi River and its length is .
Discovery
In 1951 researchers on board a Fish and Fish and Wildlife Service fisheries research vessel were engaged in exploratory longline fishing when they noticed that the gear deep under water drifted eastwards. This was considered unusual because the surface currents of the Pacific Ocean flow westwards at the equator, following the direction of the winds. In 1952 Townsend Cromwell led a research party to investigate how the currents of the ocean varied as a function of depth. They discovered a fast-flowing current that flowed eastwards in the deep surface layers.
Mechanism
It is difficult to explain the Cromwell Current easily. At least two different mechanisms are at work in order to guarantee the constant eastward current: (a) Because the Cromwell Current is located on the equator, the Coriolis force is equal to zero and does not act upon a water parcel. This means that the east–west pressure gradient functions without being diverted from the high-pressure area in the west toward the low-pressure area in the east, simply following the gradient. The cause of the pressure gradient is at least partially the trade winds blowing from the east westward. (b) Any water parcel flowing eastward from the west that would somehow be perturbed from its path would be diverted northward if north of the equator and southward if south of the equator. In such a case the local Coriolis force would force the parcel immediately back into the main current that flows from west to east.
Detailed data
Depth: The surface currents flow west. There is reversal point about down, where the water starts to flow east. The current goes down to about .
Flow rate:The total flow is up to around per second. The top speed is around 1.5 m/s (2.9 knots; 3.4 mph), which is about twice as fast as the westerly surface current.
Length:
Interaction with El Niño
El Niño is a reversal of the normal situation in the Pacific Ocean. Surface water is blown westwards by the prevailing winds and deeper water is forced upwards to replace it. Every now and then, the surface water sloshes back across the ocean, bringing warm water temperatures along the eastern coasts of the Pacific. In non-El Niño years, the Cromwell Current is forced to the surface by underwater seamounts near the Galapagos islands (this is called upwelling.) However, during El Nino years the current does not upwell in this way. The waters around the islands are therefore considerably warmer during El Niño years than during normal years.
Effect on wildlife
The Cromwell Current is both oxygen- and nutrient-rich. A large number of fish are concentrated in it. Upwelling occurs near the Galapagos Islands. This brings food supplies to the surface for Galápagos penguin. Upwelling, however, is a sporadic phenomenon; it fails to occur on a regular basis, and so the food supply comes and goes. The penguins have several adaptations to cope with this, including versatility in their breeding habits.
Possible effect on climate
The effect of this current on world climate is not well understood.
References
See also
Currents of the Pacific Ocean |
Attila Végh (born August 9, 1985) is a Slovak mixed martial artist who competed in the Light Heavyweight divisions of Bellator Fighting Championships and Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (KSW). He won the Bellator 2012 Summer Series Light Heavyweight Tournament and then the Bellator Light Heavyweight Championship. After losing it in his first defense, he was released from the promotion. A professional competitor since 2008, he has also competed for M-1 Global. Now coach of UFC fighters Ľudovít Klein and Martin Buday in Spartakus Fight Gym, Trnava.
Early life
Végh was born on August 9, 1985, in Dunajská Streda, Slovakia. Growing up in Gabčíkovo he started wrestling at the age of 5 up until the age of 16 when he switched to Kempo Karate. He became a successful Kempo Karate practitioner and won a number of titles including one world title, one European title and won the Hungarian kempo karate championships in his division 14 times.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Végh made his professional MMA debut in Slovakia in March 2008. For the first year of his career, he was undefeated with a record of 9 wins and no losses.
In May 2009, Végh debuted for the KSW promotion in Poland and encountered his first professional loss by decision to Lukasz Jurkowski. In February 2010, Végh had the most important bout in his life when he faced Aleksander Radosavljevic in the title match of Noc Skorpiona 6 (an MMA tournament held in Karlovac, Croatia), where he won by split decision in Round 3. This made him become European MMA champion under World Free Fight Association. This was the main reason why he got a contract with Bellator through his manager Zvonimir Brala later on.
Over the next three years, Végh continued fighting for various promotions all over Central Europe. Following the loss to Jurkowski, he added to his record with 15 more wins, 3 losses, and 2 draws. Notable wins include highly touted Marcus Vanttinen and Jonas Billstein.
Bellator Fighting Championships
In late 2011, it was announced that Végh had been signed by Bellator MMA to fight in their Light Heavyweight division.
Végh made his Bellator debut in April 2012. He defeated Dan Spohn via split decision at Bellator 66.
In the summer of 2012, Végh entered Bellator's Light Heavyweight tournament. In the opening round at Bellator 71, he faced Zelg Galesic and won via submission a minute into the first round. Végh faced Emanuel Newton in the semifinals at Bellator 72. He won the fight via controversial split decision. He faced Travis Wiuff in the tournament finals at Bellator 73 on August 24, 2012. Végh won in impressive fashion, getting a KO victory just 25 seconds into the first round. With the win, he earned the chance to face Bellator Light Heavyweight World Champion Christian M'Pumbu at Bellator 91 on February 28, 2013. He won the Bellator Light Heavyweight Championship belt via unanimous decision.
Végh was expected to face Emanuel Newton in a rematch at Bellator 106, but pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Muhammed Lawal.
Végh faced Interim Bellator Light Heavyweight champion Emanuel Newton in a title unification bout at Bellator 113 on March 21, 2014. He lost the fight via split decision.
On August 25, 2014, Végh was released from Bellator, along with twelve other fighters.
M-1 Global
Végh signed with M-1 and his next fight will be against Viktor Nemkov at the M-1 Challenge 71 on 21 October 2016.
Championships and accomplishments
Bellator Fighting Championships
Bellator Light Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Bellator 2012 Summer Series Light Heavyweight Tournament Winner
Mixed martial arts record
|-33-9-2
|Win
|align=center|33–9–2
|Karlos Vemola
|KO (punch)
|Oktagon 15
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:07
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|32–9–2
|Virgil Zwicker
|KO (punches)
|Oktagon 12
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 3:18
|Bratislava, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|32–8–2
|Maiquel Falcão
|Decision (unanimous)
|Oktagon 10
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|31–8–2
|Travis Fulton
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|Oktagon 4: Challenge Finals 2
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 3:23
|Bratislava, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|30–8–2
|Paul Byrne
|Decision (unanimous)
|Oktagon 3: Open Air
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|29-8–2
|Viktor Nemkov
|Decision (unanimous)
|M-1 Challenge 71: Nemkov vs. Vegh
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|St. Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|29–7–2
|Alexander Volkov
|KO (punches)
|M-1 Challenge 68: Shlemenko vs. Vasilevsky 2
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:38
|Moscow, Russia
| Pre M-1 Global Heavyweight Championship.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|29–6–2
|Goran Reljić
|Decision (split)
|KSW 31
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Gdańsk, Poland
|KSW Light Heavyweight Championship.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|29–5–2
|Emanuel Newton
|Decision (split)
|Bellator 113
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Mulvane, Kansas, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|29–4–2
|Christian M'Pumbu
|Decision (unanimous)
|Bellator 91
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Rio Rancho, New Mexico, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|28–4–2
|Travis Wiuff
|KO (punches)
|Bellator 73
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:25
|Tunica, Mississippi, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|27–4–2
|Emanuel Newton
|Decision (split)
|Bellator 72
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Tampa, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|26–4–2
|Zelg Galešić
|Submission (rear naked choke)
|Bellator 71
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:00
|Chester, West Virginia, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|25–4–2
|Dan Spohn
|Decision (split)
|Bellator 66
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Cleveland, Ohio, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|24–4–2
|Jonas Billstein
|Submission (triangle choke)
|Heroes Gate 4
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|N/A
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|23–4–2
|Grigor Aschugbabjan
|TKO (retirement)
|KSW 16
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:26
|Gdańsk, Poland
|Catchweight (207 lbs) bout.
|-
|Win
|align=center|22–4–2
|Marcus Vänttinen
|Decision (unanimous)
|Rock and Brawl
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Kouvola, Finland
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|21–4–2
|Baga Agaev
|TKO (corner stoppage)
|Heroes Gate 3
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|N/A
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Draw
|align=center|20–4–2
|Hans Stringer
|Draw (unanimous)
|Nitrianska Noc Bojovnikov III: Ring of Honor
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|Nitra, Slovakia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|20–4–1
|Simon Carlsen
|TKO (punches)
|Heroes Gate 2
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:40
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|20–3–1
|Jevgenij Lapin
|Submission (triangle-armbar)
|Nitrianska Noc Bojovnikov: Ring of Honor
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:33
|Nitra, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|19–3–1
|Egidijus Valavičius
|Decision (unanimous)
|Heroes Gate 1
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Draw
|align=center|18–3–1
|Adlan Amagov
|Draw (unanimous)
|Azerbaijan Pankration Federation: Azerbaijan vs. Europe
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Baku, Azerbaijan
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|18–3
|Daniel Tabera
|Submission (kneebar)
|KSW 13
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:57
|Katowice, Poland
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|18–2
|Łukasz Skibski
|TKO (knees)
|KSW 13
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:53
|Katowice, Poland
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|17–2
|Kristof Nataska
|KO (soccer kicks)
|KO Boxing Club Galanta: ODPLATA
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|N/A
|Šaľa, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|16–2
|Boris Tonkovic
|TKO (punches)
|Den Gladiatora 7
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:50
|Bratislava, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|15–2
|Aleksandar Radosavljevic
|Decision (unanimous)
|Noc Skorpiona 6
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Karlovac, Croatia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–2
|Igor Henc
|TKO (punches)
|Total FC: TotalFight
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:30
|Hungary
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|13–2
|Toni Valtonen
|Decision (split)
|Shooto Finland: Helsinki Fight Night
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Helsinki, Finland
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–1
|Arnoldas Joknys
|TKO (submission to punches)
|Noc Bojov 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:11
|Nitra, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–1
|Aslambek Saidov
|Submission (triangle-armbar)
|Kings of the Ring: Return of Gladiators
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:23
|Brno, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–1
|Lubos Suda
|Submission (armbar)
|Hell Cage 4
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:30
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Win
|Align=center|10–1
|Gustav Dietz
|TKO (punches)
|It's Showtime: Budapest
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:13
|Budapest, Hungary
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|9–1
|Lukasz Jurkowski
|Decision (unanimous)
|KSW 11
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|Warsaw, Poland
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–0
|Sebastian Hercun
|TKO (submission to punches)
|Fight Stage Championship 3
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:41
|Košice, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–0
|Markus Wagner
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|Free Fight Championship: On Tour
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:33
|Jena, Germany
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–0
|Lukas Turecek
|KO (punches)
|Hell Cage 3
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:12
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–0
|Zsolt Zathureczky
|Decision (unanimous)
|Vendetta
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|Csongrád, Hungary
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–0
|Markus Di Gallo
|Decision (unanimous)
|Fight Stage Championship 2
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Bratislava, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–0
|Martin Wojcik
|Submission (armbar)
|Hell Cage 2
|
|Align=center|2
|align=center|4:29
|Prague, Czech Republic
|
|-
|Win
|Align=center|3–0
|Matyas Levante
|TKO (punches)
|Total FC: TotalFight
|
|align=center|1
|Align=center|0:55
|Pest, Hungary
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–0
|Matej Turcan
|TKO (submission to punches)
|Fight Stage Championship 1
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:46
|Košice, Slovakia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Matej Turcan
|Submission (armbar)
|Top X-Fight 2: In the Middle of Nowhere
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:35
|Žilina, Slovakia
|
|-
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Dunajská Streda
Slovak male mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing American Kenpo
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Hungarians in Slovakia
Sportspeople from Bratislava
Slovak male karateka
Slovak practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Bellator MMA champions |
August Hanko may refer to:
August Hanko (military personnel) (unknown date of birth and death), German flying ace during WW I
August Hanko (politician) (1879–1952), Estonian politician |
Antal Bánhidi (23 December 1903 – 18 March 1994) was a Hungarian aviator.
Antal Bánhidi was born in Szatmárnémeti, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1920, he fled Romania by swimming across the Szamos river, and arrived in Hungary. He attended the Technical University of Budapest, where he assisted in establishing EMESE, the university's flight club. His piloting and engineering talent were recognized and Árpád Lampich taught him how to design airplanes.
In 1929, Bánhidi flew a Lampich L-2 Róma ultralight plane on a 5,000 kilometer journey to Sweden and back for the annual world meeting of university aviators. The flight included 150 km legs over sea, the plane's 3-cylinder radial engine lacking the usual redundant set of spark magnets.
In 1930, Antal Bánhidi designed the Bánhidi Gerle, a light, universal, two-seater biplane, which was powered by a 5-cylinder Genet-Major radial engine. The plane was suitable for flight schools, light aerobatics, air touring and sailplane towing. About 15 Gerle aircraft were built in Hungary before the outbreak of World War II.
In 1931, Bánhidi was hired as Chief Technical Advisor for the successful USA - Hungary transatlantic flight of György Endresz and Sándor Magyar. He chose and prepared a modern Lockheed Sirius 8A plane named "Justice for Hungary" for the voyage.
During February and March 1933, Bánhidi and floatplane pilot Tibor Bisits became the first aviators to complete a roundtrip along the Mediterranean Sea. Flying "Gerle No. 13", it took 100.5 hours of flight time to complete the 12,500 kilometer journey. Due to sour economic effects of the Great Depression, the expedition was only made possible by the offer of free fuel from Shell and the hospitality of Italians in North Africa. Bánhidi's Gerle was filmed by famous desert aviator László Almásy while circling the Great Pyramids without permission. On his return, Bánhidi wrote and published a book to document the journey.
In the autumn of 1933, Bánhidi made a one-man flight in "Gerle No. 13" from Debrecen to Finland, Sweden and London, aiming to set a touring record while taking advantage of an offer to have the plane's Genet-Major engine overhauled for free in Coventry. He was able to courier a state medal to Lord Rothermere, a sponsor of the 1931 ocean flight, and then flew to Debrecen non-stop. In 1937 Antal Bánhidi was invited for a two-month South American expedition, where he flew 15,000 kilometers over uncharted Amazonas territory, documented in another book.
On June 26, 1941, Antal Bánhidi, serving as a national guard reservist pilot at the time, became one of the few eyewitnesses to the mysterious bombing of Kassa. His Fiat CR-42 biplane fighter was too slow to intercept enemy medium bombers, and he was unable to conclusively identify the three attackers from the distance of one kilometer. Blame for the aerial bombing attack was laid on the Soviet Union, and the next day Hungary joined Nazi Germany.
After World War II, the USSR banned Hungary from building powered aircraft, thus the ageing Antal Bánhidi was put aside, working for decades as a blueprints' corrector for ground vehicle designs. After the fall of communism, he was recognized and honored for his achievements by the Hungarian government.
References
1903 births
1994 deaths
Hungarian aviators
Hungarian military aviators
People from Austria-Hungary
People from Satu Mare |
Sir William Ian Ridley Johnston CBE QPM DL (born 1945) was the Chief Constable of British Transport Police. He became Chief Constable on 1 May 2001 when he succeeded David Williams QPM, who had served as Chief Constable for three and a half years.
Police career
Johnston joined the Metropolitan Police in 1965 and served as Staff Officer to former Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Peter Imbert. In 1982, he graduated from London School of Economics with a first in Social Administration.
Having completed the Senior Command Course at Bramshill, Johnston moved to Kent Constabulary in 1989, where he served as Assistant Chief Constable in charge of first Administration and Supply, and then Operations, before moving back to the Metropolitan Police in 1992 as a Deputy Assistant Commissioner.
In 1994, he was appointed Assistant Commissioner for the South East London area, but in 1999 moved to Assistant Commissioner with responsibility for Territorial Policing in 2000.
In September 2009, Sir Ian retired from the British Transport Police and was succeeded by Andrew Trotter OBE QPM.
Johnston came to media attention having given evidence before the enquiry and following the publication of the Macpherson Report into the murder of Stephen Lawrence. On behalf of the Metropolitan Police, Johnston apologised to the Lawrence family for institutionalised racism; but argued that race can legitimately be used by police as a basis for stop and search. Johnston reiterated this argument in the aftermath of the London Tube bombings in 2005.
Johnston had been mooted as being the next Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police after the retirement of Sir John Stevens in 2005. Sir John had described Johnston as a "substantial figure" at the Met, and noted that following his departure for British Transport Police Johnston was missed. The role of Commissioner went to Sir Ian Blair.
Later life
After retiring from BTP, Ian Johnston was appointed Director of Security and Resilience at LOCOG, for the London 2012 Olympics, responsible for signing the contract with G4S, which, in July 2012, led to the announcement that British troops would be deployed at the Olympics to cover shortfalls.
According to an insider from LOCOG talking to Newsnight, "there was inadequate scrutiny", "the management of security at Locog was "thoroughly amateurish and incompetent"", and "It was the wrong strategy, to use only one company", compared with the approach of LOCOG's event services division.
Ian Johnston currently holds the chair (since April 2005) of the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) Crime Business Area, and is chairman of Orpington Rovers Football Club, Bromley.
Awards
In the 1995 New Years Honours list he was awarded the Queen's Police Medal. On 16 June 2001, as part of that year's Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire "for services to the Police". He was knighted in the 2009 Birthday Honours.
He was Appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for the Borough of Camden on 1 January 2008.
References
English recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Metropolitan Police recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British Transport Police Chief Constables
Assistant Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
1945 births
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Living people
Knights Bachelor
Deputy Lieutenants of Greater London |
Lt. Francis Thornton of Rolling Hill (October 22, 1747 – November 18, 1808) was a planter and soldier during the American Revolutionary War. Thornton served as cornet of Lee's Legion of Light Dragoons commanded by Major-General Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee. Thornton went on to serve as a lieutenant in the Charlotte County Militia in the later part of the Revolution. Thornton was the son of William Thornton a Burgess for Brunswick County, Virginia and a great-great-grandson of William Thornton who arrived in Virginia from England as late as 1646 settling in Gloucester County, Virginia. Thornton was commonly known as "Frank Thornton" as indicated in the historical record and often referred to as "Francis Thornton of Rolling Hill" to differentiate him from his cousins Francis Thornton of Fall Hill and Francis Thornton of Society Hill. Thornton was a distant cousin of Presidents James Madison and Zachary Taylor.
Early life and education
Thornton was born in Gloucester County, Virginia to William Thornton a prominent Colonial Burgess and Judge and Jane Clack, the granddaughter of the Rev. James Clack. His parents were first cousins and benefited greatly not just the primogeniture status that settle a comfortable size estate upon William Thornton but also from an estate passed matrilineal from Peter Sterling, a seventeenth century surgeon with landholdings in Gloucester County, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland. By 1753, Thornton's family removed to Brunswick County, Virginia where is father gained significant economic and political control. Thornton's formal education is not known, however inferred information from legal documents and the historical record indicate he received a formal education and was fully literate. Thornton married and set up his own household by 1769 obtaining land settled upon him in what is today Charlotte County, Virginia.
American Revolution
Thornton was commissioned as cornet in Lee's Legion of Light Dragoons on April 21, 1778 serving until January 1, 1779. The majority of his period of service in the Continental ranks was training and foraging, his troop was involved in the retaliatory skirmish known as the "Battle of Edgar's Lane" on September 30, 1778 near Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. Thornton resigned his commission at the beginning of 1779, likely for needs of his family and plantation. In April 1780 Thornton took the Oath of Allegiance and mustered in as 2nd Lieutenant of the Charlotte County Militia. The Militia formed two companies which marched south to join Horatio Gates in the failed Battle of Camden in South Carolina. Thornton appears to not have been among those militiamen captured by the British in the aftermath of the campaign. Thornton's company joined General Greene's army and partook in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. His company returned to Virginia following the battle and he was discharged of his services that year.
Family
The name of Thornton's first wife is not known. No surviving primary sources record Thornton's first marriage and there has been some dispute as to who she was. Thornton's great-grandsons Cecil Miller Armistead and Henry Venable Armistead recorded that their great-grandmother was a "Miss Wyatt"in more than one source and in their applications for membership to the Sons of American Revolution. Thornton's great-granddaughter Lola Jane Carr Bates wrote a brief family history in 1913 in which she recorded his first wife as a "Miss Lacy" and his second as Lucy Ligon. Bates research has proved to have errors, the marriage recorded in her history between "Frank Thornton" and Lucy Ligon has shown in the historical record to have occurred in 1873 between Thornton's great-grandson also known as Frank Thornton and Lucy Daniel Ligon of Charlotte County, Virginia. What exists in the historical record provides evidence that the information provided by the Armistead brothers in the late 19th century is to be correct. Thornton was involved in a number of land transactions and legal actions with the Wyatt family and John Wyatt of Charlotte County, Virginia served as witness to his will and one of his executors. Additionally, legal transactions and notations by Thornton's grandchildren indicate that his wife was the granddaughter of Richard Wyatt and Sarah Overstreet. Thornton's second marriage was recorded October 15, 1801 to Anne Pettus.
Children of Francis Thornton:
William Lacy Thornton, (born 10 Aug 1769 – died 30 Jan 1829). married Susannah Harvey of Charlotte County, Virginia
Lucy Jane Thornton, (born 17 Aug 1773 – 22 Jan 1846). married Isham Richardson, removed to Hart County, Kentucky.
John Wyatt Thornton, (born 14 Oct 1775 – died abt. 1842). an attorney in Charlotte County, Virginia. married (1) Elizabeth Pitts Vawter, married (2) Tabitha Agnes Paulett.
Jane Clack Thornton, (born 14 May 1778 – died bef. 1830). married Alexander Brownlee, removed to Hart County, Kentucky.
Ann Sterling Thornton, (born 17 Dec 1780 – died bef. 1860). married Benjamin Baldwin
Sarah Overstreet Thornton, (born 22 Aug 1783 – died 24 Dec 1845). married (1) Paschall Jennings, married (2) John Hancock.
Susannah Lacy "Susan" Thornton, (born 23 Dec 1786 – died bef. 1850). married John Tuggle. John and Susan Tuggle are the ancestors of Riccardo Martin, Bijie Martin and Charles F. G. Kuyk
Dr. Richard Thornton, (born 23 Dec 1786 – died 1860). a prominent physician and planter in Halifax County Virginia. married (1) Sally Sterling Smith, married (2) Sarah 'Sallie' T. Lassiter. Thornton's home the Dr. Richard Thornton House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
Dr. Presley Thornton, (born 1788 – died 13 Mar 1829). a physician in Halifax County Virginia. married Ellen Chase Whitman.
Francis Wyatt Thornton, (born 28 Mar 1790 – died 1868). married Lavinia Davidson. removed to Buckingham County, Virginia
Mary P. Thornton, (born 1796 – died abt. 1825), married John Nunnally, removed to Halifax County, Virginia. Mary Thornton's only child, Judith Nunnally Carter removed to Columbus, Texas and is the grandmother of former Dallas mayor J. Waddy Tate, her great granddaughter, Ivor O'Connor was the first wife of Harry Hays Morgan Jr.
Later years
In the post Revolutionary period, Thornton was a prominent and successful planter in Charlotte County, Virginia. His farm complex was surveyed by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources in 1997. The main house burned in 2016 and does not survive. Thornton died November 18, 1808, his estate was disputed amongst his children and not settled until 1826.
Ancestry
Thornton was a cousin of U.S. Presidents James Madison and Zachary Taylor through his great-grandfather William Thornton. Both presidents were matrilineal descendants of William Thornton. Thornton was a second cousin of North Carolina Chief Justice Thomas Ruffin through Capt. James Clack and his wife Mary Sterling.
References
1747 births
1808 deaths
American planters
People of Virginia in the American Revolution
People from Gloucester County, Virginia
People from Charlotte County, Virginia
Virginia colonial people
Continental Army officers from Virginia |
"Tippin' Point" is a song recorded by Canadian country and rock artist Dallas Smith for his debut extended play of the same name (2014). It was released October 8, 2013, as the lead single for his then-forthcoming second studio album, as well as his first single in the American market since signing with Republic Nashville. A critical and commercial success, "Tippin' Point" peaked in the top 40 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 and set a record for the fastest Canadian country single to reach Gold certification by selling over 40,000 units in 13 weeks; it has since been certified Platinum.
Background
In the fall of 2013, Smith signed to American label Republic Nashville and opened for country music duo Florida Georgia Line (also on Republic Nashville) on their "Here's to the Good Times" Tour. The song was written by Brian Kelley and Tyler Hubbard of Florida Georgia Line along with Jaren Johnston, and was produced by Joey Moi, who produced Smith's first solo album as well as Florida Georgia Line's Here's to the Good Times. In an interview with Digital Journal, Smith revealed the boys of Florida Georgia Line offered the song to him, and he wanted a chance to "put [his] own stamp on it." He also described the song to country music blog Roughstock as a "blend of what I love about country and rock," noting that "the song sums me up as an artist and is a great representation of where I'm going."
Music video
The music video was directed by Stephano Barberis and premiered in January 2014.
Chart performance
Certifications
References
2013 songs
2013 singles
Dallas Smith songs
Republic Nashville singles
Republic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Joey Moi
Music videos directed by Stephano Barberis
Songs written by Jaren Johnston
Songs written by Brian Kelley (musician)
Songs written by Tyler Hubbard |
"Soul Finger" is the first single released by R&B group the Bar-Kays. It was issued by Stax Records on the Volt Records label on April 14, 1967.
Background
The song was written by the Bar-Kays while they were rehearsing with Norman West to perform a cover of J. J. Jackson's "But It's Alright". It begins with the melody of the popular children's song "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and then cuts into the main riff, punctuated with a high trumpet trill. It features a chorus of neighborhood children who had been loitering outside the recording studio; they were instructed to shout "Soul Finger!" and were paid with Coca-Cola. The idea for the title and the shouts came from the Stax songwriters Isaac Hayes and David Porter. The track was used as the opening theme tune to BBC Radio 1 DJ Stuart Henry's shows from 1969 to 1974.
Chart performance
"Soul Finger" was a hit in the United States, peaking at number 3 on the U.S. Billboard R&B singles chart and number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. The B-side of the single was "Knucklehead", written by Booker T. Jones and Steve Cropper, which reached number 28 on the R&B singles chart and number 76 on the Hot 100. "Soul Finger" and "Knucklehead" were the first two tracks of the Bar-Kays' first LP, Soul Finger, issued on July 10, after nine more tracks had been recorded on June 23.
References
1967 songs
1967 debut singles
1960s instrumentals
Stax Records singles
The Blues Brothers songs |
Clara M. Lovett is an American educator and the former president of Northern Arizona University.
Early life and education
Born in Trieste, Italy, Lovett attended the University of Trieste in Italy and Cambridge University in the United Kingdom. Lovett moved to the United States in 1962 and received master’s and doctoral degrees from the University of Texas, Austin.
Career
Lovett was a faculty member at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Other educational positions included dean of arts and sciences at The George Washington University, provost at George Mason University, and various positions at the University of Colorado, Cal State and CUNY. She was the Founding Trustee for Western Governors University (WGU).
Lovett appeared on the list of "100 Most Powerful Women" published by Washingtonian Magazine in 1989. In 1992 she received the "Virginia Educator of the Year" award. In 1993 she became president of Northern Arizona University (NAU) in Flagstaff and retired in 2001. After leaving NAU, Lovett was president and Chief Executive Officier (CEO) of the American Association for Higher Education until 2005. That year, she received the "Distinguished Contributions to Higher Education" award from the American College Personnel Association. In 2008, she received the Jeanne Lind Herberger Award from the Arizona Women’s Education & Employment association. Lovett is Chair of the Board of Directors for the Scottsdale Center for the Performing Arts.
Publications
(1972) Carlo Cattaneo and the politics of the Risorgimento : 1820-1860
(1979) Giuseppe Ferrari and the Italian Revolution
(1980) Women, War, and Revolution (co-author)
(1982) The Democratic Movement in Italy, 1830-1876
(1983) Carl Schurz, 1829-1906 : a biographical essay and a selective list of reading materials in English
(1983) Giuseppe Garibaldi,1807-1882 : a bibliographical essay and a selective list of reading materials
(1984) Vitality without mobility : the faculty opportunities audit
(1985) Contemporary Italy : a selective bibliography
(1986) Library of Congress Resources for Research on Relation Between Tuscany and the United States in the Eighteenth Century
(1993) Listening to the Academic Grapevine, AAHE Bulletin
(2002) The Dumbing Down of College Presidents, Chronicle of Higher Education
(2003) Focusing on What Matters, The Magazine of Higher Learning, pp. 33–38
(2010) American Business Schools in the Post-American World, Chronicle of Higher Education
(2011) Trusteeship, November/December, Number: 6, Volume:19
Personal life
Lovett and her husband founded the B&L Charitable Foundation. She returned to the DC area in fall 2011 and established residence in Maryland in 2012.
References
External links
21st-century American historians
Historians of Europe
Italian emigrants to the United States
University of Trieste alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Baruch College faculty
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
Northern Arizona University people
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women historians
21st-century American women writers
Women heads of universities and colleges
Western Governors University people |
James McMullan (born June 1934) is an Irish-Canadian illustrator and designer of theatrical posters.
Born in Tsingtao, Republic of China, where his grandparents had emigrated from Ireland as missionaries for the Anglican Church, he and his mother fled to Canada at the onset of World War II. In 1944, he enrolled at St. Paul's Boarding School in Darjeeling, India. After his father was killed in a plane crash, he joined his mother in Shanghai, and the two relocated to Vancouver Island, where he completed his high school education.
When McMullan was 17, he and his mother emigrated to the United States, where he studied for a year at the Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle. He joined the United States Army and served at Fort Bragg in North Carolina, where he drew diagrams of where to position propaganda loudspeakers on Sherman tanks.
In 1955, McMullan moved to New York City to continue his art education at Pratt Institute. While studying there he supported himself by illustrating book jackets for authors such as Lawrence Durrell and Jorge Luis Borges. He also did magazine illustrations for Esquire and Sports Illustrated, among others. In 1966, he joined the Push Pin Studios design firm, working alongside Milton Glaser, Seymour Chwast, and Edward Sorel.
McMullan began selling illustrations to the fledgling New York Magazine in 1968; by 1974 he was a contributing editor, helping to develop its graphic personality. His most notable contribution to the publication was the artwork illustrating Nik Cohn's 1976 story about a Brooklyn discotheque. The piece served as the basis for Saturday Night Fever.
McMullan's first theatrical poster was for the 1976 production of Comedians at the Music Box Theatre, produced by Alexander H. Cohen, who began to hire him on a regular basis. When Cohen's associate, Bernard Gersten, became executive producer of Lincoln Center Theater, he invited McMullan to join the organization. As of 2022, he had created more than 90 posters for Lincoln Center productions, many of which are included in the 1998 book The Theater Posters of James McMullan. He won a Drama Desk Special Award for his consistently inspired artwork for the theater in 1991. André Bishop, the artistic director of the Lincoln Center Theater, has written than "McMullan manages to capture le moment précis of each play, and he does it well in advance of ever having seen the production." In 2017, Mark Rozzo, in a profile of the artist for Vanity Fair, noted that McMullan "is to modern-day New York what Toulouse-Lautrec was to 19th-century Paris: the poster artist who sums up the spirit of his age."
In 1981, McMullan published Revealing Illustrations, in which he candidly discusses his working method. He is the creator of the "High Focus" method of figure drawing, which he began teaching at the School of Visual Arts in 1987. In 2014 he published an illustrated autobiography called Leaving China: An Artist Paints His World War II Childhood. In 2022, he published a book of portraits called Hello World: The Body Speaks in the Drawings of Men.
McMullan and his wife Kate McMullan have collaborated on more than a dozen picture books for children.
References
External links
Official webpage
Triton Gallery display of McMullan posters
1934 births
Artist authors
American poster artists
Canadian poster artists
Chinese emigrants to Canada
Drama Desk Award winners
Living people
Cornish College of the Arts alumni |
Kevin Elsenheimer (born August 21, 1965) is an American judge, lawyer and politician from Republican Party and a former minority leader of the Michigan House of Representatives. He is the former Director of the Michigan Workers' Compensation Agency and deputy director and Senior Deputy Director of Michigan's Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA). He served in the cabinet of Michigan Governor Rick Snyder as executive director of the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA). He was appointed 13th Circuit Court Judge by Governor Rick Snyder in January 2017.
Childhood and family
Elsenheimer was born and raised in Traverse City, Michigan. He and his wife live in East Bay Township, outside Traverse City, Michigan. He is the son of former Grand Traverse County Commissioner, the late Arthur C. Elsenheimer.
Education
Elsenheimer graduated from Traverse City Central High School and then attended Northwestern Michigan College, where he received an Associate of Arts degree. He then earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Michigan State University in 1987 studying psychology, History and Philosophy. Elsenheimer continued his education at Wayne State University Law School where he obtained his J.D. degree.
Previous offices held
Elsenheimer served as assistant prosecuting attorney for Antrim County and as a member of the Bellaire Public Schools Board of Education for a term-and-a-half, from 1998 to 2003. He later stepped down to run for the Michigan Legislature.
Legal career
Antrim County Prosecuting Attorney Charles H. Koop hired Elsenheimer as an assistant prosecutor in 1994. As an assistant prosecuting attorney Elsenheimer handled over 30 jury and non-jury trials. Two years later Elsenheimer formed a law firm with former elected Antrim County Prosecutors James G. Young and Bryan E. Graham. The law firm focuses on representation of municipal entities. At the firm Elsenheimer tried matters in circuit courts throughout Michigan, argued several cases in the Michigan Court of Appeals, and practiced in both the Michigan Supreme Court and US Supreme Court. Elsenheimer lost election to the 86th District Court to Judge Michael Stepka in 2010. On January 18, 2017, he was appointed 13th Circuit Court Judge for Antrim, Grand Traverse and Leelanau counties by Governor Snyder, replacing retired Judge Philip E. Rodgers, Jr..
Legislative career
With the retirement of Rep. Ken Bradstreet due to term limits, Elsenheimer filed to run for Michigan's 105th state house district in 2003. He defeated several opponents in the Republican primary, including John Ramsey, the father of the late Jon Benet Ramsey. He was elected to a 2005–06 term in the fall general election defeating Democrat Jim McKimmy 62%-38%, and was re-elected to two additional two-year terms before retiring in 2010 due to term limits.
During the 2005–06 term Elsenheimer was elected by the Republican caucus to serve as Associate Speaker Pro Tem. He served as the Assistant Minority Leader during the 2007–08 term, and as Republican Minority Leader during the 2009–10 term. Elsenheimer left Republicans in majority in the Michigan House following the 2010 elections picking up a net of 21 seats for his party.
While serving in the majority during the 2005–06 term Elsenheimer had 19 bills signed into law. Notably, working with State Senator Jason Allen, he passed Heidi's law, PA 564 of 2006, which allowed use of prior drunk driving convictions in charging decisions regardless of the number of years that passed since the convictions. The law is named in honor of Heidi Steiner who lost her life to a drunk driver in Antrim County.
Elsenheimer also drafted and passed Michigan's Unified Zoning Act, PA 110 of 2006.
Workers' Compensation Career
As Director of the Michigan Workers' Compensation Agency from 2010 to 2015, Elsenheimer oversaw the enactment of sweeping legislative reforms to Michigan's 100-year-old workers compensation statute. The reforms were signed into law by Governor Snyder in 2011. As a result, Michigan has experienced a 39% reduction in pure premium workers compensation insurance costs saving employers an estimated $390 million in premiums since 2011.
Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA)
As Chief Deputy Director and deputy director of Michigan's Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), Elsenheimer's reports included the Workers' Compensation Agency, the Michigan Liquor Control Commission (MLCC), and the Office of Regulatory Reinvention (ORR), among other administrative entities. During his tenure, the ORR marked the net reduction of over 1500 obsolete, redundant or unenforceable administrative rules.
Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA)
Elsenheimer was appointed executive director of MSHDA in 2015, and left to take an appointment to the 13th Circuit Court. In 2016 the state housing authority reduced operational expenses by $500,000, lowered personnel costs, coordinated policies which led to a 15% drop in veterans' homelessness in Michigan, and restructured or refinanced almost $780 million in housing debt leading to more than $30 million in gross savings.
Judicial career
Governor Rick Snyder appointed Elsenheimer 13th Circuit Judge for Grand Traverse, Antrim and Leelanau counties in January 2017. He ran unopposed and was elected in 2018 and in 2020. The Michigan Supreme Court named him Chief Judge of the 13th Circuit Court, and the Antrim, Grand Traverse, and Leelanau Probate Courts for a term beginning in 2020.
Honors and awards
Northwestern Michigan College named Elsenheimer an Outstanding Alumnus in 2017. In 2016 he was named Outstanding Public Official by Habitat for Humanity of Michigan. Elsenheimer is a Rodel Fellow with the Aspen Institute, and a BIILD Fellow with the Council for State Governments. He was named outstanding legislator by the Michigan Association of Planners, the Michigan Manufacturers Association, the Michigan Grape/Wine Institute, and the Michigan Chiefs of Police. In 2009 he was named the most effective Republican legislator in the Michigan House by MIRS.
References
External links
Michigan Legislature – Representative Kevin Elsenheimer
Project Vote Smart – Representative Kevin Elsenheimer profile
Michigan Votes – Kevin Elsenheimer
Michigan House Republicans – Kevin Elsenheimer
Living people
Michigan Republicans
1965 births
Northwestern Michigan College
Michigan State University alumni
Wayne State University alumni
People from Traverse City, Michigan
21st-century American politicians |
Thiruninravur Lake or Thiruninravur aeri, is a lake spread over 330 hectares in Thiruninravur, Chennai, India. It is one of the largest lakes in the western part of the city.
In 2017, a proposal was sent to the government to restore the lake at a cost of 50 million.
See also
Water management in Chennai
References
Lakes of Chennai
Lakes of Tamil Nadu |
Lan Saka (, ) is a district (amphoe) of Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand.
History
The district was at first a minor district (king amphoe) named Khao Kaeo (เขาแก้ว), which was a subordinate of Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat district. When the district office was moved to tambon Lan Saka, the district was renamed accordingly. In 1958 it was upgraded to a full district.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Phrom Khiri, Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phra Phrom, Ron Phibun, Thung Song, Chang Klang, Chawang and Phipun.
Khao Luang National Park is in Lan Saka District.
Administration
The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 42 villages (mubans). Lan Saka is a township (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambon Khao Kaeo. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations.
References
External links
Ban Khiri Wong
amphoe.com
Lan Saka township (Thai)
Khao Luang National Park
Districts of Nakhon Si Thammarat province |
Jalandhar West Assembly constituency is one of the 117 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Punjab state in India.
It is part of Jalandhar district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Election results
2022
2017
See also
List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly
Jalandhar district
References
External links
Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India
Jalandhar district |
Meshuchrarim are a Jewish community of freed slaves, often of mixed-race African-European descent, who accompanied Sephardic Jews in their immigration to India following the 16th-century expulsion from Spain. The Sephardic Jews became known as the Paradesi Jews (as "foreigners" to India. They were also sometimes called the White Jews, for their European ancestry).
The descendants of the meshuchrarim were historically discriminated against in India by other "White Jews." They were at the lowest of the Cochin Jewish informal caste ladder. The Paradesi came to use the Paradesi Synagogue; while they allowed the meshuchrarim as Jews to worship there, they had to sit in the back, could not become full members, and were excluded from the community's endogamous marriage circle. At the same time, they were excluded by the Malabar Jews, the much larger community of Jews who had lived in Cochin for perhaps 1,000 years.
In the early 20th century, Abraham Barak Salem became one of the most prominent Cochin Jews. A descendant of meshuchrarim, he was the first to earn a college degree and the first Cochin Jew of any sort to become a lawyer. He fought against the discrimination against his people. By the 1930s, social discrimination against the meshuchrarim began to diminish. Most Cochin Jews, including the meshuchrarim, emigrated to Israel by the mid-1950s.
See also
Paradesi Jews
Cochin Jews
References
Further reading
African diaspora in India
Europeans in India
Indian castes
Jewish ethnic groups
Paradesi Jews
Multiracial affairs in Asia
Cochin Jews |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:2019 TF7}}
is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 7 October 2019 and with the orbital uncertainty still high after 4 days of observation, it had the rare chance of impacting Earth in less than 2 years on 26 June 2021. The line of variation (LOV) was 730 million km long and overlapped Earth's position. It was listed at the top of the European Space Agency risk list due to its large size and near-term threat. Precovery images from 18 September 2019 were located, extending the observation arc to 23 days, and the object was removed from the Sentry Risk Table. On 26 June 2021 the asteroid will be from Earth.
Orbit and classification
It is a member of the Flora family (), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.1–3.6 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,317 days; semi-major axis of 2.35 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic.
Notes
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
Near-Earth objects removed from the Sentry Risk Table |
Liberty Hill is an unincorporated community in Cocke County, Tennessee, United States. Liberty Hill is located on Tennessee State Route 160 north of Newport.
References
Unincorporated communities in Cocke County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee |
Cheshmeh Ab-e Neya (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Āb-e Neyā) is a village in Hati Rural District, Hati District, Lali County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 9 families.
References
Populated places in Lali County |
William Francis Ver Beck (June 1, 1858 – July 13, 1933) was an American illustrator known for his comedic drawings of animals.
Biography
Ver Beck was born in Richland Township, Belmont County, Ohio as the son of a shoemaker. He studied art and woodcarving under Mansfield, Ohio artist Robert R. "Railroad" Smith and worked as a wood engraver.
In 1881 or 1882, Ver Beck moved to New York City. There he studied art and became a freelance illustrator for magazines including Scribner's, The Ladies Home Journal, and Collier's.
In 1894 in Munsey's Magazine, Harold Payne wrote:For quaintness of conceit and weirdness of treatment William Francis Ver Beck has no parallel. His specialty is in making animals, and particularly reptiles, to represent human beings in comical situations. He invests crocodiles, turtles, lizards, frogs, and other amphibiae with human attributes, places them in all sorts of ludicrous positions, and carries them through endless laughable experiences. He even descends to the vegetable kingdom for his subjects, and invests cabbages, carrots, and beets with the power of lingual communication. Indeed, Ver Beck might well be designated as the artistic Aesop of the time.
Ver Beck was one of author Stephen Crane's first friends in New York City. One winter evening Crane and British artist Phil May borrowed a tiger skin belonging to Ver Beck and were arrested walking huddled under the skin on Broadway in the early morning hours. They were released but the policeman kept the tiger skin. Also in New York City, in 1895 Ver Beck witnessed the shooting of Solomon Mann by David Hannigan and testified in Hannigan's trial.
Shortly before World War I, Ver Beck moved to England. In 1913 he was working in St Ives, Cornwall with his wife, the American-born artist and writer Hanna Rion, (1875—1924). Their relationship ended and she remarried in 1921. He died at the age of 75 in Essex.
Published books
Half-Hours with JimmieBoy by Albert Bigelow Paine; R. H. Russell, New York (1893)
The Book of Lies by John Langdon Heaton; The Morse Co. (1896)
The Dumpies by Albert Bigelow Paine; R. H. Russell, New York AND Kegan Paul, Trench, Trűbner & Co., London (1897)
The Arkansas Bear by Albert Bigelow Paine; R. H. Russell, New York (1898). Reprinted by Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1902)
The Three Bears; R. H. Russell, New York (1899) – an edition of "Goldilocks and the Three Bears"
Acrobatic Animals; R. H. Russell, New York (1899)
Beasts and Birds (1900) No information about this book can be found. Not found in the Library of Congress catalog or Publishers' Weekly. If the book exists, it is not the one from The American Tract Society.
The Little Boy Book by Helen Hay; R. H. Russell, New York (1900)
A Handbook of Golf for Bears; R. H. Russell, New York (1900)
A New Wonderland by L. Frank Baum; R. H. Russell, New York (1900) – original title of The Magical Monarch of Mo (see image)
Two Thousand Miles on an Automobile by "Chauffeur" [pseud. of Arthur Jerome Eddy]; J. B. Lippincott Co., New York (1902)
Barbara Ladd by Charles G. D. Roberts; The American News Co., New York (1902)
The Book of Bugs by Harvey Sutherland; Street & Smith, New York and London (1902)
The Surprising Adventures of The Magical Monarch of Mo and His People by L. Frank Baum; The Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis (1903) – a lightly revised edition of A New Wonderland
Poketown People: Parables in Black by Ella Middleton Tybout; J. B. Lippincott Co., New York (1904)
Told by Uncle Remus: New Stories of the Old Plantation by Joel Chandler Harris; McClure, Phillips & Co., New York (1905)
Ver Beck's Book of Bears; J. B. Lippincott Co., New York (1906)
The Adventures of JouJou by Edith MacVane; J. B. Lippincott Co., New York (1906)
Elsie and the Arkansaw Bear by Albert Bigelow Paine; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1909)
The Fall of Ulysses by Charles Dwight Willard; George H. Doran Co., New York (1912)
Ver Beck's Bears in Mother Goose-Land New Lines by Hanna Rion (wife of Frank Ver Beck); George H. Doran Co. New York AND Humphrey Milford, London [1915]
Ver Beck's Little Story Books:
The Little Lost Bear; Henry Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton, London (1915); reprinted by Humphrey Milford, London Published in America as A Short Little Tale from Bruintown; Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York (1915)
Timothy Turtle's Great Day; Henry Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton, London (1916) AND Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York (1916); reprinted by Humphrey Milford, London.
The Donkey Child; Humphrey Milford, London (1918)
The Elephant Child; Humphrey Milford, London (1920)
The Little Cat Who Journeyed to St. Ives; Humphrey Milford, London (1921)
The Little Lost Lamb; Humphrey Milford, London (1922)
Piggywiggen: A Little Pig Who Went to Market; Humphrey Milford, London (1924)
Another Bear Book
The Little Bear Who Ran Away From Bruintown; Small, Maynard and Co., Boston (1923)
Wee Books for Wee Folks. These were all reprinted later by The Platt & Munk Co. Inc., New York:
Flapsy Flopper of the Farm Yard by May Wynne; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1925)
Hootie Toots of Hollow Tree by May Wynne; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1925)
Little Black Sambo and the Baby Elephant; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1925)
Little Black Sambo and the Tiger Kitten; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1926)
Little Black Sambo and the Monkey People; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1929)
Little Black Sambo in the Bear's Den; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1930)
Little Black Sambo and the Crocodiles; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia (1930)
Later Books
The Arkansas Bear Complete by Albert Bigelow Paine; Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia ( (1929) - a compilation of the earlier two Arkansaw Bear books
The Bedtime Animal Story Book; The Platt & Munk Co. Inc., New York (1935) - a compilation of Ver Beck's first two Wee Books for Wee Folks, along with two other stories.
The Little Black Sambo Story Book; The Platt & Munk Co. Inc., New York (1935) - a compilation of Helen Bannerman's original story plus Ver Beck's five Wee Books for Wee Folks.
Bobbylinkapoo by Theodore Marburg; Dorrance and Co., Philadelphia (1937)
References
External links
Note: as of 2016-07-01, LC Online Catalog search for 'frank verbeck' (no space) hits at least 10 more records for Frank Ver Beck.
1858 births
1933 deaths
American illustrators
People from Belmont County, Ohio |
Imno () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goleniów, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Goleniów and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has an approximate population of 60.
References
Villages in Goleniów County |
"Beat of Broken Hearts" is a song by Swedish singer Klara Hammarström. It was performed in Melodifestivalen 2021 and made it to the 13 March final.
Charts
References
2021 songs
2021 singles
Melodifestivalen songs of 2021
Songs written by David Kreuger
Songs written by Fredrik Kempe |
```c++
#pragma once
#include "tree.hpp"
#include "tree-controller.hpp"
#include "wayfire/view-helpers.hpp"
#include "wayfire/txn/transaction-manager.hpp"
#include "wayfire/scene-operations.hpp"
#include <wayfire/workarea.hpp>
#include <wayfire/window-manager.hpp>
struct autocommit_transaction_t
{
public:
wf::txn::transaction_uptr tx;
autocommit_transaction_t()
{
tx = wf::txn::transaction_t::create();
}
~autocommit_transaction_t()
{
if (!tx->get_objects().empty())
{
wf::get_core().tx_manager->schedule_transaction(std::move(tx));
}
}
};
namespace wf
{
/**
* When a view is moved from one output to the other, we want to keep its tiled
* status. To achieve this, we do the following:
*
* 1. In view-pre-moved-to-output handler, we set view_auto_tile_t custom data.
* 2. In detach handler, we just remove the view as usual.
* 3. We now know we will receive attach as next event.
* Check for view_auto_tile_t, and tile the view again.
*/
class view_auto_tile_t : public wf::custom_data_t
{};
class tile_workspace_set_data_t : public wf::custom_data_t
{
public:
std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<wf::tile::tree_node_t>>> roots;
std::vector<std::vector<wf::scene::floating_inner_ptr>> tiled_sublayer;
static constexpr wf::tile::split_direction_t default_split = wf::tile::SPLIT_VERTICAL;
wf::option_wrapper_t<int> inner_gaps{"simple-tile/inner_gap_size"};
wf::option_wrapper_t<int> outer_horiz_gaps{"simple-tile/outer_horiz_gap_size"};
wf::option_wrapper_t<int> outer_vert_gaps{"simple-tile/outer_vert_gap_size"};
tile_workspace_set_data_t(std::shared_ptr<wf::workspace_set_t> wset)
{
this->wset = wset;
wset->connect(&on_wset_attached);
wset->connect(&on_workspace_grid_changed);
resize_roots(wset->get_workspace_grid_size());
if (wset->get_attached_output())
{
wset->get_attached_output()->connect(&on_workarea_changed);
}
inner_gaps.set_callback(update_gaps);
outer_horiz_gaps.set_callback(update_gaps);
outer_vert_gaps.set_callback(update_gaps);
}
wf::signal::connection_t<workarea_changed_signal> on_workarea_changed = [=] (auto)
{
update_root_size();
};
wf::signal::connection_t<workspace_set_attached_signal> on_wset_attached = [=] (auto)
{
on_workarea_changed.disconnect();
if (wset.lock()->get_attached_output())
{
wset.lock()->get_attached_output()->connect(&on_workarea_changed);
update_root_size();
}
};
wf::signal::connection_t<wf::workspace_grid_changed_signal> on_workspace_grid_changed = [=] (auto)
{
wf::dassert(!wset.expired(), "wset should not expire, ever!");
resize_roots(wset.lock()->get_workspace_grid_size());
};
void resize_roots(wf::dimensions_t wsize)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < tiled_sublayer.size(); i++)
{
for (size_t j = 0; j < tiled_sublayer[i].size(); j++)
{
if (wset.lock()->is_workspace_valid({(int)i, (int)j}))
{
destroy_sublayer(tiled_sublayer[i][j]);
}
}
}
roots.resize(wsize.width);
tiled_sublayer.resize(wsize.width);
for (int i = 0; i < wsize.width; i++)
{
roots[i].resize(wsize.height);
tiled_sublayer[i].resize(wsize.height);
for (int j = 0; j < wsize.height; j++)
{
roots[i][j] = std::make_unique<wf::tile::split_node_t>(default_split);
tiled_sublayer[i][j] = std::make_shared<wf::scene::floating_inner_node_t>(false);
wf::scene::add_front(wset.lock()->get_node(), tiled_sublayer[i][j]);
}
}
update_root_size();
update_gaps();
}
void update_root_size()
{
auto wo = wset.lock()->get_attached_output();
wf::geometry_t workarea = wo ? wo->workarea->get_workarea() : tile::default_output_resolution;
wf::geometry_t output_geometry =
wset.lock()->get_last_output_geometry().value_or(tile::default_output_resolution);
auto wsize = wset.lock()->get_workspace_grid_size();
for (int i = 0; i < wsize.width; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < wsize.height; j++)
{
/* Set size */
auto vp_geometry = workarea;
vp_geometry.x += i * output_geometry.width;
vp_geometry.y += j * output_geometry.height;
autocommit_transaction_t tx;
roots[i][j]->set_geometry(vp_geometry, tx.tx);
}
}
}
void destroy_sublayer(wf::scene::floating_inner_ptr sublayer)
{
// Transfer views to the top
auto root = wset.lock()->get_node();
auto children = root->get_children();
auto sublayer_children = sublayer->get_children();
sublayer->set_children_list({});
children.insert(children.end(), sublayer_children.begin(), sublayer_children.end());
root->set_children_list(children);
wf::scene::update(root, wf::scene::update_flag::CHILDREN_LIST);
wf::scene::remove_child(sublayer);
}
tile::gap_size_t get_gaps() const
{
return {
.left = outer_horiz_gaps,
.right = outer_horiz_gaps,
.top = outer_vert_gaps,
.bottom = outer_vert_gaps,
.internal = inner_gaps,
};
}
void update_gaps_with_tx(wf::txn::transaction_uptr& tx)
{
for (auto& col : roots)
{
for (auto& root : col)
{
root->set_gaps(get_gaps());
root->set_geometry(root->geometry, tx);
}
}
}
void refresh(wf::txn::transaction_uptr& tx)
{
flatten_roots();
update_gaps_with_tx(tx);
}
std::function<void()> update_gaps = [=] ()
{
autocommit_transaction_t tx;
update_gaps_with_tx(tx.tx);
};
void flatten_roots()
{
for (auto& col : roots)
{
for (auto& root : col)
{
tile::flatten_tree(root);
}
}
}
static tile_workspace_set_data_t& get(std::shared_ptr<workspace_set_t> set)
{
if (!set->has_data<tile_workspace_set_data_t>())
{
set->store_data(std::make_unique<tile_workspace_set_data_t>(set));
}
return *set->get_data<tile_workspace_set_data_t>();
}
static tile_workspace_set_data_t& get(wf::output_t *output)
{
return get(output->wset());
}
static std::unique_ptr<tile::tree_node_t>& get_current_root(wf::output_t *output)
{
auto set = output->wset();
auto vp = set->get_current_workspace();
auto& data = get(output);
return data.roots[vp.x][vp.y];
}
static scene::floating_inner_ptr get_current_sublayer(wf::output_t *output)
{
auto set = output->wset();
auto vp = set->get_current_workspace();
auto& data = get(output);
return data.tiled_sublayer[vp.x][vp.y];
}
std::weak_ptr<workspace_set_t> wset;
std::unique_ptr<wf::tile::view_node_t> setup_view_tiling(wayfire_toplevel_view view, wf::point_t vp)
{
view->set_allowed_actions(VIEW_ALLOW_WS_CHANGE);
auto node = view->get_root_node();
wf::scene::readd_front(tiled_sublayer[vp.x][vp.y], node);
view_bring_to_front(view);
return std::make_unique<wf::tile::view_node_t>(view);
}
void attach_view(wayfire_toplevel_view view, std::optional<wf::point_t> _vp = {})
{
auto vp = _vp.value_or(wset.lock()->get_current_workspace());
auto view_node = setup_view_tiling(view, vp);
{
autocommit_transaction_t tx;
roots[vp.x][vp.y]->as_split_node()->add_child(std::move(view_node), tx.tx);
}
consider_exit_fullscreen(view);
}
/** Remove the given view from its tiling container */
void detach_views(std::vector<nonstd::observer_ptr<tile::view_node_t>> views,
bool reinsert = true)
{
{
autocommit_transaction_t tx;
for (auto& v : views)
{
auto view = v->view;
view->set_allowed_actions(VIEW_ALLOW_ALL);
// After this, `v` is freed.
v->parent->remove_child(v, tx.tx);
if (view->pending_fullscreen() && view->is_mapped())
{
wf::get_core().default_wm->fullscreen_request(view, nullptr, false);
}
if (reinsert && view->get_output())
{
wf::scene::readd_front(view->get_output()->wset()->get_node(), view->get_root_node());
}
}
}
/* View node is invalid now */
flatten_roots();
update_root_size();
}
/**
* Consider unfullscreening all fullscreen views because a new view has been focused or attached to the
* tiling tree.
*/
void consider_exit_fullscreen(wayfire_toplevel_view view)
{
if (tile::view_node_t::get_node(view) && !view->pending_fullscreen())
{
auto vp = this->wset.lock()->get_current_workspace();
for_each_view(roots[vp.x][vp.y], [&] (wayfire_toplevel_view view)
{
if (view->pending_fullscreen())
{
set_view_fullscreen(view, false);
}
});
}
}
void set_view_fullscreen(wayfire_toplevel_view view, bool fullscreen)
{
/* Set fullscreen, and trigger resizing of the views (which will commit the view) */
view->toplevel()->pending().fullscreen = fullscreen;
update_root_size();
}
};
}
``` |
Dudley Joseph Thompson OJ, QC (19 January 1917 – 20 January 2012) was a Jamaican Pan-Africanist, politician and diplomat, who made a contribution to jurisprudence and politics in the Caribbean, Africa and elsewhere internationally.
Early life and education
Born in Panama, to Daniel and Ruby Thompson, he was raised in Westmoreland, Jamaica, where he was a student at The Mico (now Mico University College) in the 1930s. After a short period as headmaster of a rural school, he joined the Royal Air Force during the Second World War – one of Britain's first black pilots – and saw active service (1941–45) as a flight lieutenant in RAF Bomber Command over Europe, being awarded several decorations.
Thompson married Genevieve Hannah Cezair in 1945; they had a son and three daughters, including the novelist Margaret Cezair-Thompson.
In 1946, he went to England to attend Merton College, Oxford, where he studied jurisprudence, as a Rhodes Scholar, obtaining degrees as a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Civil Law.
Political career
From his university days he was a close associate of pan-Africanists such as Kwame Nkrumah, George Padmore and C. L. R. James. In 1945 he attended the Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester along with Nkrumah, Padmore plus names such as Joe Appiah, W. E. B. Du Bois, Jomo Kenyatta, I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson and Jaja Wachuku.
After qualifying as a barrister at Gray's Inn in the early 1950s, and doing tutelage with Dingle Foot, QC, Thompson went on to practise law in Africa – in Tanganyika and Kenya, where he became involved in the nationalist movements. He assembled the international legal team that defended Jomo Kenyatta in his trial after he had been arrested by the colonial government of Kenya in 1952 and subsequently charged with treason, accused of being an instigator of the Mau Mau rebellion. Later as President of Kenya, Kenyatta memorably placed his hand on Thompson sitting beside him and said: "This man saved my life." In Tanzania, where he was a friend of Julius Nyerere, Thompson is remembered as a founder of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU).
In 1955 he returned to Jamaica, and continued to educate people about furthering the links between Africa and the Caribbean, visiting schools to deliver inspirational addresses about the continent (Jamaica-born writer Lindsay Barrett was inspired to decide to live in Africa by one such visit that Thompson paid to his school, Clarendon College, in 1957). Thompson practised law in Trinidad, Barbados, St. Kitts, Dominica, Bermuda, Grenada, The Bahamas, Belize and elsewhere in the West Indies, playing a role in the independence movements of both Belize and the Bahamas. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1963.
He served as a member of the Jamaican Senate from 1962 to 1978, and a member of the House of Representatives from 1978 to 1983.
In the People's National Party (PNP) administration under Prime Minister Michael Manley, he was Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (1972–7), Minister of Mining and Natural Resources (1977–78), and Minister of National Security and Justice (1978–80). He was also a vice-president and later chairman of the PNP.
Shortly before his death, Thompson apologised for his role in the Green Bay Massacre, when members of the military ambushed young Jamaica Labour Party (JLP0 supporters, and shot them down in cold blood.
Thompson represented Jamaica in many international forums, including the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity (OAU). In 1992 he was empanelled as a member of the Eminent Persons Group charged with implementing the movement for reparations for slavery to Africa and the African diaspora, under the auspices of the OAU.
Thompson was appointed Ambassador and High Commissioner to several African countries, including Nigeria, Ghana, Namibia and Sierra Leone, based in Nigeria until 1995.
He died at the age of 95 in New York City.
Awards
Thompson was a recipient of the Order of Jamaica, one of Jamaica's most prestigious decorations, for distinguished service in the field of International Affairs and his contribution to the legal developments in Jamaica.
He was awarded the Mico Old Students' Gold Medal – the most prestigious teacher's award.
The African Union declared him a "first citizen" passport of the continent because of his work for Africa internationally. The OAU had earlier awarded him a medal in recognition of his status as a "Legend of Africa".
In 2006 in Ghana he was honoured as a "Living Legend of Africa".
References
External links
Official website Archived from the original on 2005-02-12
"Dudley Thompson Was A Fearless, Erudite Lawyer – JCC", The Gleaner, Jamaica, 23 January 2012.
1917 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Government ministers of Jamaica
High Commissioners of Jamaica to Namibia
High Commissioners of Jamaica to Nigeria
High Commissioners of Jamaica to Sierra Leone
Immigrants to Jamaica
Jamaican diplomats
20th-century Jamaican lawyers
Jamaican pan-Africanists
Jamaican Queen's Counsel
Jamaican Rhodes Scholars
Members of the House of Representatives of Jamaica
Members of the Order of Jamaica
Members of the Senate of Jamaica
Panamanian emigrants
People's National Party (Jamaica) politicians
20th-century King's Counsel
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II |
A hoon () is an Australian and New Zealander term describing a person who deliberately drives a vehicle in a reckless or dangerous manner, generally in order to provoke a reaction from onlookers.
Hoon activities (or hooning) can include speeding, burnouts, doughnuts, or screeching tyres. Those commonly identified as being involved in hooning are young and predominantly male drivers in the age range of 17 to 25 years.
Hoon control laws are beginning to be extended to dangerous hoon behaviour using boats and other vessels, particularly jet skis. The Australian state of Victoria passed legislation in late 2009 to control hoon activities using recreational vessels.
Etymology
At the turn of the 20th century in Australia, the term (and its rhyming slang version "silver spoon") had a different meaning: one who lived off immoral earnings (i.e., the proceeds of prostitution, as a pimp or procurer of prostitutes).
Linguist Sid Baker in his book The Australian Language suggested that hoon (meaning "a fool") was a contraction of Houyhnhnm, a fictional race of intelligent horses which appears in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift.
It may also be a portmanteau word combining "hooligan" and "goon."
Hoon, when used in relation to people in motor vehicles (or associated with car culture), may be onomatopoeia. One may speak of a car, or its driver, or its occupants in general as "hooning down the road".
Anti-hoon legislation in Australia
The term hoon has obtained a semi-official use in Australia, with police and governments referring to legislation targeting anti-social driving activity as "anti-hoon laws". The term has even begun to appear in the titles of legislation, e.g. Victoria's Transport Legislation Amendment (Hoon Boating and Other Amendments) Act 2009.
In Western Australia, the Road Traffic Amendment (Impounding and Confiscation of Vehicles) Bill 2004, which was passed by the Parliament of Western Australia in June 2004, empowered the Western Australia Police to confiscate and impound vehicles found to be engaging in excessive speed or noise. The law was used to impound a Lamborghini after a mechanic was caught speeding in it; he had been driving without the owner's knowledge. The police claim that the law does not permit them to release the car under the only legal course of action available to the owner, that of "hardship". The police retorted that, having the means to own it, "he can afford to hire a vehicle." The owner complained that the law amounted to "mandatory sentencing without trial". The Western Australian Police Minister, Rob Johnston, "admits the laws are unfair but says he stands by them". Former Western Australia District Court Chief Judge Antoinette Kennedy described the minister's reaction as "the politics of envy". After all hoon-related offences, the defendant's licence is cancelled and experience accumulated on it is returned to zero.
In the state of Victoria, hoon-related offences include burnouts, doughnuts, drag racing, repeated driving while disqualified and high-level speeding were added to Section 84C of the Road Safety Act 1986 in July 2006. Victoria Police have impounded an average of ten cars a day under the laws, with over 5,000 vehicles confiscated and impounded two years after their introduction. By contrast, the hoon boating laws of Victoria currently centre on offences involving dangerous behaviour and do not yet reference offences relating to public order or amenity.
In Queensland, the Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000 allows members of the Queensland Police to impound the vehicles involved in prescribed offences. The laws relating to confiscation of vehicles for offences such as street racing, time trials and burnouts were strengthened in 2002. Further laws introduced in July 2008 provided for the confiscation of vehicles for repeat offenders involved with drunk driving, driving while suspended or driving with illegal modifications.
The maximum penalty for hooning in Queensland is $4,712 or six months imprisonment. Repeat offenders can lose their vehicle for 48 hours for the first repeat offence, up to three months for a second repeat offence, or permanently for a third repeat offence. On 11 August 2008, a number of confiscated vehicles were auctioned by the government; the remainder were crushed and sold as scrap metal.
In New South Wales, the word hoon is actually contained in the name of the legislation – the Road Transport Legislation Amendment (Car Hoons) Act 2008 enacted in July 2008 – which introduced new measures against street racing and increased fines. Previous legislation provided only for the vehicles of repeat offenders to be forfeited to the Crown, but the Car Hoons Act allowed for them to be used in crash testing by Transport for NSW, for educational and deterrence purposes, and roadworthiness testing in the context of modifications.
In South Australia, the relevant legislation is the Criminal Law (Clamping, Impounding And Forfeiture of Vehicles) Act 2007. The legislation, amended in December 2009, directs that, upon conviction for a 'prescribed offence' the motor vehicle be forfeited to the Crown; the Police Commissioner then has discretion to sell or otherwise dispose of it, i.e. crush it. At the end of 2010, 62 cars had been impounded by the courts. None were worth more than $1600 and many were not capable of reaching 150 km/h.
In Tasmania, police officers have the power to confiscate and clamp motor vehicles where drivers commit certain types of "hooning" offences. These powers are contained in the Police Offences Act 1935 and the Traffic Act 1925. The "hooning" offences to which they apply include unlawful entry on land with a motor vehicle, failing to comply with a direction to leave a public place, "hooning" behaviour such as causing a loss of traction in your wheels or creating unnecessary noise, recklessly or negligently driving, holding a race without a permit, evading police, driving over 45 km/h over the speed limit and driving whilst disqualified.
It is an offence to commit certain types of "hooning" behaviour, including operating a motor vehicle in a way that deliberately creates unnecessary noise or smoke, unnecessarily accelerating or causing a loss of traction (for example, by doing burnouts or drag racing) or racing against another vehicle. This offence is contained in the Police Offences Act 1935. The maximum penalty for this offence is 20 penalty units (i.e. $2,800), 3 months’ imprisonment or both. Also, a court may order that the offender be disqualified from driving for a maximum period of 2 years.
Hoon crime groups and gatherings
Since the 2010s there has been a rise in hoon gatherings with hoon crime rings in relation to criminal activity uploading their images and videos on social media. The names of these hoon criminal groups include the "Black Bandit" in Victoria and the "Mexican Hoon Cartel" in Queensland.
Notable usages
Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton was described as a "hoon" by a magistrate as he fined him A$500 after being caught by Victoria Police performing fishtails and burnouts in his Mercedes-AMG C63 two days before the 2010 Australian Grand Prix.
In a similar case to Hamilton's, former NASCAR driver and Stadium Super Trucks founder Robby Gordon was caught performing doughnuts in a Stadium Super Truck outside a Darwin, Northern Territory nightclub following a race at Hidden Valley Raceway. He was fined A$4,150 after pleading guilty on four traffic charges and his Confederation of Australian Motor Sport competition visa for future Australian events was suspended. In addition to indefinitely prohibiting him from racing in Australia, the visa ban placed the future of the racing series in Australia in doubt.
Texas Motor Speedway calls its Global RallyCross Championship race held during Firestone Firehawk 550 weekend as the "Hoon Kaboom", as many GRC cars are similar to types of cars "hoons" will typically drive.
Ken Block uses this term in Dirt 3. Block's Ford Fiesta has displayed "Hoonigan" and "Hooning is not a crime" decals. Block's racing team has been called Hoonigan Racing Division since 2013.
The term is used in the original Mad Max to refer to the bikers stalking Max's family.
In Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, Bruce the Hoon was a barbarian hero whose exploits were recounted over and over again by Truckle the Uncivil.
See also
Car tuning
Boy racer
Rice burner
Skate punk
Street racing
Evo Street Racers
Lowrider
Scraper (car)
Sideshow (automobile exhibition)
References
Australian English
Australian slang
Driving
New Zealand slang
Hazardous motor vehicle activities |
Gilbert Charles Bourne FRS (5 July 1861 – 9 March 1933) also known as 'Beja' Bourne, was a British zoologist.
Bourne was admitted as an undergraduate of New College, Oxford, before becoming a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford and Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy at the University of Oxford from 1906 to 1921.
Whilst an undergraduate, Bourne rowed at bow in the winning Oxford crew in the 1882 Boat Race. He returned in the bow seat of the Oxford crew the following year, winning the 1883 Boat Race. His son, Robert Croft Bourne, also rowed for Oxford, stroking them to wins over Cambridge in the Boat Race in 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1912.
Bourne was a rowing coach and theorist. He designed racing boats, and modelled the gearing of oars. In 1925 he published "A Text-Book of Oarsmanship with an Essay on Muscular Action in Rowing", which was an early treatise on rowing technique.
Apart from his scientific work, Bourne was a keen soldier. He was an officer in the 4th (Militia) Battalion of The King's (Shropshire Light Infantry) from 1882 until 1897, when he resigned as captain and honorary major. On the outbreak of the Second Boer War in South Africa in late 1899, he re-entered the battalion and was appointed to the rank of major on 8 November 1899 and honorary lieutenant-colonel on 28 February 1900, serving as second in command while the battalion was stationed in Ireland. He later saw service during the First world war and was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 12th Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment.
References
1861 births
1933 deaths
British zoologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford |
Annie Hart may refer to:
Annie Hart (Family Affairs), a fictional character in the British soap opera Family Affairs
Annie Hart (musician), member of the American pop band Au Revoir Simone
See also
Ann Hart (disambiguation) |
Budho Railway Station (Urdu and ) is located in Budho village, Rawalpindi district of Punjab province, Pakistan.
See also
List of railway stations in Pakistan
Pakistan Railways
References
External links
Railway stations in Rawalpindi District
Railway stations on Karachi–Peshawar Line (ML 1) |
Elgin is a village in Van Wert County, Ohio, United States. The population was 49 at the 2020 census. It is included within the Van Wert, Ohio Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 57 people, 22 households, and 17 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 22 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.2% White and 1.8% from two or more races.
There were 22 households, of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 18.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 22.7% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.00.
The median age in the village was 37.3 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 14% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21% were from 25 to 44; 35% were from 45 to 64; and 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 56.1% male and 43.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 50 people, 19 households, and 15 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 20 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.
There were 19 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 21.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.8% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 72.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $48,125. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $25,417 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,022. There were 18.2% of families and 22.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 31.8% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
References
Villages in Van Wert County, Ohio
Villages in Ohio |
Major General Richard Gary Wilson, AO (born 16 January 1955) is a retired senior officer of the Australian Army. He served as Director of the Defence Intelligence Organisation from 2009 to 2011, and Chairman of the Queensland Reconstruction Authority in the wake of the 2010–11 Queensland floods.
Early life
Richard Gary Wilson was born in Brisbane, Queensland, on 16 January 1955.
Military career
A 1977 Infantry graduate of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, Wilson has extensive command experience in the Royal Australian Regiment.
He served as:
(1978–1980) Platoon Commander in the 6th Battalion
(1986) Adjutant, 2nd/4th Battalion
(1987–88) Company Commander, 2nd/4th Battalion
(1994) Commanding Officer, 2nd/4th Battalion
(1995–96) Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion
(2002–03) Commander, 7th Brigade
(2004) Director General Military Strategy
(2005) Promoted to major general and assumed the position of commander, Training Command – Army.
(2007) Commander 1st Division
(2009) Director of the Defence Intelligence Organisation
He has held a wide range of staff appointments:
(1981–82) Aide de Camp to the Chief of Defence Force Staff, Admiral Sir Anthony Synnot
(1982) Operations Officer in the Army's Directorate of Operations
(1989) Plans Officer (Land) on the Joint Exercise Planning Staff
Following Staff College, Wilson spent two years on exchange with the United States Army as an Operations Officer on the G3 staff of the 7th Infantry Division (Light), an element of the Rapid Deployment Force, based at Fort Ord in California.
In 1993, Wilson was seconded to the Office of National Assessments as a Defence Liaison Officer and Military Analyst. This was followed by an appointment as the Army representative on the Writing Team for the 1994 Defence White Paper 'Defending Australia'.
From August 1997 until January 2000, Wilson served as the first Chief Staff Officer Plans, or J5, at Headquarters Australian Theatre (HQAST), the Australian Defence Force's newly formed operational level headquarters. Of particular note during this period were the planning for the peace monitoring operations on Bougainville and the peace enforcement operations conducted in East Timor by an Australian-led international coalition force. For his services as the J5 at HQAST, Wilson was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2000 Australia Day Honours List.
Wilson served with the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor as commander of the Peacekeeping Forces in Sector West from July 2001 until March 2002. His overseas experience also includes two three-month tours of duty in Malaysia with Rifle Company Butterworth (1978 & 1988) and an exchange posting with the United States Army's 7th Infantry Division (Light) (1991–92) which included training deployments to Honduras, Panama and Colombia.
Wilson was responsible for "The Wilson Report" which examined C2 arrangements in the ADF and recommended the formation of a co-located Joint Headquarters. Located in NSW between Queanbeyan and Bungendore to the east of Canberra, this establishment is known as HQJOC(B).
On 6 July 2007, Wilson was appointed commander, 1st Division. He was appointed an Officer in the Order of Australia in the Australia Day 2009 Honours List.
Wilson succeeded Major General Mick Slater as Chair of the Queensland Reconstruction Authority on 1 September 2011.
Qualifications
1977 Graduate of the Royal Military College, Duntroon
1977 Bachelor of Arts with First Class Honours from the University of New South Wales
1983 Master of Letters from the University of New England
1986 Doctor of Philosophy from the University of New South Wales. His doctoral thesis examined aspects of Australia's coastal surveillance regime.
1990 Graduate of the Australian Army Command and Staff College, Fort Queenscliff
2001 Graduate of the U.S. Army War College
2001 Master of Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College
Personal
Richard Wilson and his wife have three children. He is keenly interested in sports, particularly rugby, enjoys reading military history and has a strong interest in environmental matters, strategic geography and international relations.
References
External links
Photo of MAJGEN Wilson. (Copyright). Caption: Maj-Gen Richard Wilson and Prof Marie Bashir, NSW Governor, cut the ribbon at the opening of the Sir Roden Cutler Display at the National Artillery Museum. Photo by AB Yuri Ramsey
1955 births
Military personnel from Brisbane
Australian generals
Graduates of the Joint Services Command and Staff College
Living people
Officers of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Commendation for Distinguished Service
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
United States Army War College alumni
University of New South Wales alumni |
Kendriya Vidyalaya Maharajganj is a secondary school affiliated to the CBSE board in Maharajganj, Bihar. The current principal is Mr. Suresh Kumar. It was established in 2012. It is part of the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan.
History
The Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan is the organization set up by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) to oversee the Kendriya Vidyalaya schools. To cater to the educational needs of the children of Central government employees, K.V. Maharajganj started functioning with two hundred students in 2012.
The school has primary and secondary divisions. It is a co-educational institution, with classes from V to X, affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi.
Management
This school is managed by Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, an autonomous organization of the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Main affairs of school are looked after by the KVS regional office in Patna. Deputy Commissioner is head of Region and District Magistrate of the concerned district is the Chairman of the Vidyalaya Management Committee with local educationists, public representatives and officials from the District as members. The school principal is Suresh Kumar.
School Session
The school year is from April to March. Days are divided into eight-periods with summer and winter timings. The order in which the classes meet varies from day to day.
Student council
The Student Council is a body of student representatives, headed by the School Captain. It is made up of the captains of the teams and representatives from other co-curricular activities along with elected and nominated students of each class from grade VI through X. Parliamentary procedure is used at meetings and the main purpose of this group is to assist the Principal, staff, and students in fulfilling their responsibilities. The student members help maintain order in the school during the Assembly and breaks, in between classes, and also on important occasions like the Annual Day.
The Student Council is elected every year (in April) through the election in the supervision of Principal and responsible teachers. It administers the Vidyalaya at student basis and has responsibility for student discipline, decorum and other activities.( No Political Parties involved)
Premises
The school operates from a temporary building located in the campus of Shri Gauri Shankar Vidyalaya, Ujaen, Maharajganj, Siwan district, Bihar, India.
Infrastructure
There are 5 classrooms, 1 science lab, a fully automated library, a computer lab, a children's playground, a cricket pitch, a volleyball court, and an athletics field.
Staff and curriculum
The staff consists of 10 teachers, supervised by the Principal.
Gallery
See also
List of Kendriya Vidyalayas
References
Kendriya Vidyalayas |
Up the Dose may refer to:
Up the Dose (Skrape album), 2004
Up the Dose (Mentors album), 1986 |
The Bacardi buildings of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Felix Candela are located in the Greater Mexico City, Mexico. This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 20 November 2001 in the Cultural category.
Office Building
Originally constructed between 1958 and 1961, van der Rohe designed the corporate Office Building, and Felix Candela designed bottling plant and distillery cellars of Bacardi & Co. The bottling company's owner, Jose "Pepín" Bosch, had originally commissioned Van der Rohe to design the company's headquarters in Santiago de Cuba and Bacardi's plant in the outskirts of Mexico City. Bosch was impressed with Crown Hall, and requested an office "where there were no partitions, where everybody, both officers and employees, could see each other."
The two-story rectangular Office Building's dimensions are 56 meters by 27 meters, and it was constructed in a parallel fashion to the main highway from Mexico City to Querétaro. The building is two floors high and eight meters tall. It's an open-plan lobby. The second floor has offices and meeting rooms, enclosed by glass.
Distillery and Ageing building
Felix Candela designed the buildings to incorporate large concrete shells: "long-barrel vaults" and umbrella domes at the warehouses and workshops. These materials allowed for above average illumination indoors, and along with overall design, it created a unique architectural collection. They were inspired by Minoru Yamasaki’s and Anton Tedesko’s 1956 Lambert-St. Louis Airport Terminal.
The factory roof was originally formed by three vaults 4-centimeter (1.6 inches) thick and 26 meters (85.3 ft.) square in plan with 2.5 m. (27.9 ft.) overhanging arches on each side. A second row of three vaults was added in 1971 using the same design but built by another architect.
References
Buildings and structures completed in 1961
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe buildings
Félix Candela buildings
Architecture in Mexico
Buildings and structures in Mexico City
Bacardi |
Wolawce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamień, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Kamień, south-east of Chełm, and east of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Villages in Chełm County |
The École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise (ENSIIE) (National School of Computer Science for Industry and Business), formerly known as Institut d'informatique d'entreprise, is a French public specialising in computer science and applied mathematics.
Students can be admitted to ENSIIE through the selective Concours Mines-Télécom examination, after a strong competition during two years of undergraduate studies in classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles. The selection was done on the Concours Centrale-Supélec examination before 2015. Students can also be admitted through parallel admissions, coming from various IUT as well as multiplie faculties all around France, along with a number of international students through partnerships.
The school belongs to prestigious groups of institutions such as Institut Mines-Télécom, or University of Paris-Saclay (associate member).
The ENSIIE Engineering School was created by the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in 1968.
Initially located in Paris, it is now in Évry (France).
In 2020, the ENSIIE benefits from a network of over 4000 Alumni, engineer who have graduated from the school under any major or type of training.
Academic studies
The admission to Institut d'Informatique d'Entreprise is made through a selective entrance examination, and requires at least two years of preparation (in Classes Préparatoires), or for non-CPGE admissions, highly selective processes including an interview. Each year, around 130~150 new students are admitted.
Courses last 3 years, and the final year can be done in a foreign university, such as the University of Manchester (UK), Oxford University (UK), Aston University (UK), Université de Sherbrooke (Canada).
Some of these collaborations will enable the student to obtain both the ENSIIE degree and the master's degree of the host university.
There also exist multiple partnerships with other international universities that do not involve a double degree in which the students can take a part of. The full list can be found on the official website.
The studies are divided into three major components:
Computer Science: Programming, Databases, Multimedia, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Networks, Hardware, Robotics, Cybersecurity, Video Game Design, Virtual Reality...
Mathematics: Data Science, Operational Research, Formal Methods, Finance, Probabilities, ...
Economics & Management: Management, Entrepreneurship
Some Humanities topics are added: Languages (students have to successfully pass the TOEIC before the end of their studies), Epistemology, ...
A considerable amount of time (11 months during the whole studies) is spent working in companies or research laboratories, corresponding to 3 internships: 2 months at the end of the 1st year, 3 months at the end of the 2nd year, and 6 months at the end of the 3rd year.
The ENSIIE also offers a dual education system, where students enrolled, generally admitted through IUT and parallel admissions, alternate between working in a company and attending school, on the basis of 2/3 days a week for each of those activities.
In addition to these two trainings, the ENSIIE offers a Continuing education path for more experienced professionals (over 3 years of experience in IT and also holding a degree) who want to benefit from an advanced diploma.
Notable alumni
Christophe Devine (2003), inventor of the software Aircrack and XySSL
References
External links
Official website of the ENSIIE
Links with foreign universities
Main website
(in French) Student's Union website
Students' website
Grandes écoles
Engineering universities and colleges in France
Educational institutions established in 1968
1968 establishments in France |
Selina Parvin (31 March 193114 December 1971) was a Bangladeshi journalist and poet. She is one of the intellectual martyrs killed by Al-Badr on 14 December, immediately before the victory after the 9-month-long war of independence of Bangladesh in 1971. This day later came to be commemorated as the intellectual martyr day. As a journalist she used to work for Weekly Begum, Weekly Lalana and Shilalipi. She was buried in Azimpur Graveyard on 18 December 1971.
Childhood
Selina was born in Ramganj Upazila of erstwhile Noakhali District. Her father Md Abidur Rahman was a teacher. When after World War II her father's house in Feni District was seized, the family had to settle back in village. Then 12-year-old Selina was a student in class six and skilled in writing poetry and stories. Due to the traditional conservative rural context she had to put an end to her schooling. At the age of 14 she was married against her consent and she refused to live with her husband. She wanted to study further but could not succeed in the matriculation exam. After 10 years they divorced.
Career
Selina Parvin had a job for in nursing at Mitford Hospital in 1957. She worked for some time as a matron in Rokeya Hall in 1959 and joined the Azimpur Baby Home as a teacher in 1960. She worked for some time in Salimulla Orphanage in 1965 and then joined as secretary to the editor of 'week Begum in 1966. In 1967 Selina Parvin joined the Weekly Lalana as a journalist. She then married a politician. She used to work with various periodicals and used to publish her own pro-liberation periodical Shilalipi'' on an irregular basis. She used the weekly's earning to help freedom villains s. In Shailalipi, Selina Parveen used to publish articles by prominent personalities including Prof Munir Chowdhury, journalist Shahidullah Kaiser, Zahir Raihan and ANM Golam Mostafa, all of whom except Raihan became targets of Al-Badr. Zahir Raihan left his house on 30 January 1972 looking for his brother Shahidullah Kaiser, but never returned.
Death
On 13 December 1971, like other intellectual martyrs, Selina Parvin was seized by members of the paramilitary force Al-Badr. Her son Sumon was only 7 years old. She was brutally killed on 14 December and her dead body was later discovered in the Rayerbazar Boddhobhumy. Delwar Hossain, the lone survivor of the killing, testified to the court that being blindfolded, he heard a woman [Selina Parvin] screaming and begging Al-Badr men for her life, appealed to spare her as she had a son and there was none to take care of him but her. But the brutal killers did not spare her. She was instantly killed by charging bayonet as narrated by the witness. The lone survivor, who managed to loosen the rope with which he was tied and escaped, had described how three prisoners were tortured before being taken out to be shot. Among the victims, Selina Parvin was [later] found with two bayonet wounds, one through the eye and one in the stomach, and two bullet wounds.
On 3 November 2013, Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, a Muslim leader based in London, and Ashrafuz Zaman Khan, based in the US, were sentenced in absentia after the court found that they were involved in the abduction and murders of 18 people in December 1971 – nine Dhaka University teachers, six journalists including Selina Parvin, and three physicians.
See also
List of journalists killed in Bangladesh
References
Further reading
Bangladeshi women journalists
1931 births
1971 deaths
People killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War
Women in war in Bangladesh
Women in war 1945–1999
Women war correspondents
20th-century Bangladeshi women writers
20th-century Bangladeshi writers
Burials at Azimpur Graveyard
People from Ramganj Upazila |
The pygmy pebblesnail, scientific name Somatogyrus pygmaeus, is a species of very small or minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lithoglyphidae. This species is endemic to Alabama in the United States. Its natural habitat is the Coosa River.
References
Molluscs of the United States
Somatogyrus
Gastropods described in 1909
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Endemic fauna of Alabama |
The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), also known as the nine-banded long-nosed armadillo or common long-nosed armadillo, is a mammal found in North, Central, and South America, making it the most widespread of the armadillos. Its ancestors originated in South America, and remained there until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama allowed them to enter North America as part of the Great American Interchange.
The nine-banded armadillo is a solitary, mainly nocturnal animal, found in many kinds of habitats, from mature and secondary rainforests to grassland and dry scrub. It is an insectivore, feeding chiefly on ants, termites, and other small invertebrates. The armadillo can jump straight in the air if sufficiently frightened, making it a particular danger on roads. It is the state small mammal of Texas.
Subspecies
D. n. aequatorialis Lönnberg, 1913
D. n. fenestratus Peters, 1864
D. n. hoplites Allen, 1911
D. n. mexianae Hagmann, 1908
D. n. mexicanus Peters, 1864
D. n. novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758
North American subspecies exhibit reduced genetic variability compared with the subspecies of South America, indicating the armadillos of North America are descended from a relatively small number of individuals that migrated from south of the Rio Grande.
Description
Nine-banded armadillos generally weigh from , though the largest specimens can scale up to . They are one of the largest species of armadillos. Head and body length is , which combines with the tail, for a total length of . They stand tall at the top of the shell. The outer shell is composed of ossified dermal scutes covered by nonoverlapping, keratinized epidermal scales, which are connected by flexible bands of skin. This armor covers the back, sides, head, tail, and outside surfaces of the legs. The underside of the body and the inner surfaces of the legs have no armored protection. Instead, they are covered by tough skin and a layer of coarse hair. The vertebrae attach to the carapace.
The claws on the middle toes of the forefeet are elongated for digging, though not to the same degree as those of the much larger giant armadillo of South America.
Their low metabolic rate and poor thermoregulation make them best suited for semitropical environments.
Unlike the South American three-banded armadillos, the nine-banded armadillo cannot roll itself into a ball. It is, however, capable of floating across rivers by inflating its intestines, or by sinking and running across riverbeds. The second is possible due to its ability to hold its breath for up to six minutes, an adaptation originally developed for allowing the animal to keep its snout submerged in soil for extended periods while foraging. Although nine is the typical number of bands on the nine-banded armadillo, the actual number varies by geographic range.
Armadillos possess the teeth typical of all sloths and anteaters. The teeth are all small, peg-like molars with open roots and no enamel. Incisors do form in the embryos, but quickly degenerate and are usually absent by birth.
Habitat
The nine-banded armadillo evolved in a warm, rainy environment, and is still most commonly found in regions resembling its ancestral home. As a very adaptable animal, though, it can also be found in scrublands, open prairies, and tropical rainforests. It cannot thrive in particularly cold or dry environments, as its large surface area, which is not well insulated by fat, makes it especially susceptible to heat and water loss. Recently, nine-banded armadillo have been found as far north as Virginia, with several studies suggesting this could get more common as temperatures rise.
Range
The nine-banded armadillo has been rapidly expanding its range both north and east within the United States, where it is the only regularly occurring species of armadillo. The armadillo crossed the Rio Grande from Mexico in the late 19th century, and was introduced in Florida at about the same time by humans. By 1995, the species had become well established in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Florida, and had been sighted as far afield as Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, and South Carolina. A decade later, the armadillo had become established in all of those areas and continued its migration, being sighted as far north as southern Nebraska, southern Illinois, and southern Indiana.
The primary cause of this rapid expansion is explained simply by the species having few natural predators within the United States, little desire on the part of Americans to hunt or eat the armadillo, and the animals' high reproductive rate. The northern expansion of the armadillo is expected to continue until the species reaches as far north as Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Connecticut, and all points southward on the East Coast of the United States. Further northward and westward expansion will probably be limited by the armadillo's poor tolerance of harsh winters, due to its lack of insulating fat and its inability to hibernate.
As of 2009, newspaper reports indicated the nine-banded armadillo seems to have expanded its range northward as far as Omaha, Nebraska in the west, and Kentucky Dam and Evansville, Indiana, in the east. In 1995, armadillos were only seen in the southern tip of South Carolina, and within two to three years, they had swept across most of the state. In late 2009, North Carolina began considering the establishment of a hunting season for armadillo, following reports that the species has been moving into the southern reaches of the state (roughly between the areas of Charlotte and Wilmington).
Outside the United States, the nine-banded armadillo ranges southward through Central and South America into northern Argentina and Uruguay, where it is still expanding its range.
Diet
Nine-banded armadillos are generally insectivores. They forage for meals by thrusting their snouts into loose soil and leaf litter and frantically digging in erratic patterns, stopping occasionally to dig up grubs, beetles (perhaps the main portion of this species' prey selection), ants, termites, grasshoppers, other insects, millipedes, centipedes, arachnids, worms, and other terrestrial invertebrates, which their sensitive noses can detect through of soil. They then lap up the insects with their sticky tongues. Nine-banded armadillos have been observed to roll about on ant hills to dislodge and consume the resident ants. They supplement their diets with amphibians and small reptiles, especially in more wintery months when such prey tends to be more sluggish, and occasionally bird eggs and baby mammals. Carrion is also eaten, although perhaps the species is most attracted to the maggots borne by carcasses rather than the meat itself. Less than 10% of the diet of this species is composed by nonanimal matter, though fungi, tubers, fruits, and seeds are occasionally eaten.
Behavior
Nine-banded armadillos are solitary, largely nocturnal animals that come out to forage around dusk. They are extensive burrowers, with a single animal sometimes maintaining up to 12 burrows on its range. These burrows are roughly wide, deep, and long. Armadillos mark their territory with urine, feces, and excretions from scent glands found on the eyelids, nose, and feet. Males hold breeding territories and may become aggressive in order to keep other males out of their home range to increase chances of pairing with a female. Territorial disputes are settled by kicking and chasing. When they are not foraging, armadillos shuffle along fairly slowly, stopping occasionally to sniff the air for signs of danger.
Predation
If alarmed, nine-banded armadillos can flee with surprising speed. Occasionally, a large predator may be able to ambush the armadillo before it can clear a distance, and breach the hard carapace with a well-placed bite or swipe. If the fleeing escape fails, the armadillo may quickly dig a shallow trench and lodge itself inside. Predators are rarely able to dislodge the animal once it has burrowed itself, and abandon their prey when they cannot breach the armadillo's armor or grasp its tapered tail. Due to their softer carapaces, juvenile armadillos are more likely to fall victim to natural predation and their cautious behavior generally reflects this. Young nine-banded armadillos tend to forage earlier in the day and are more wary of the approach of an unknown animal (including humans) than are adults. Their known natural predators include cougars (perhaps the leading predator), maned wolves, coyotes, black bears, red wolves, jaguars, alligators, bobcats, and large raptors. By far the leading predator of nine-banded armadillos today is humans, as armadillos are locally harvested for their meat and shells and many thousands fall victim to auto accidents every year.
Reproduction
Mating takes place during a two-to-three month long mating season, which occurs from July–August in the Northern Hemisphere and November–January in the Southern Hemisphere. A single egg is fertilized, but implantation is delayed for three to four months to ensure the young will not be born during an unfavorable time. Once the zygote does implant in the uterus, a gestation period of four months occurs, during which the zygote splits into four identical embryos, attached by a common placenta. They are born in March and weigh . After birth, the quadruplets remain in the burrow, living off the mother's milk for about three months. They then begin to forage with the mother, eventually leaving after six months to a year.
Nine-banded armadillos reach sexual maturity at the age of one year, and reproduce every year for the rest of their 12–to-15 year lifespans. A single female can produce up to 56 young over the course of her life. This high reproductive rate is a major cause of the species’ rapid expansion.
Effect on the environment
The foraging of nine-banded armadillo can cause mild damage to the root systems of certain plants. Skunks, cotton rats, burrowing owls, pine snakes, and rattlesnakes can be found living in abandoned armadillo burrows. Occasionally, the armadillo may threaten the endangered gopher tortoise by aggressively displacing them from their burrows and claiming the burrows for themselves. Studies have shown the fan-tailed warbler habitually follows armadillos to feed on insects and other invertebrates displaced by them.
They are typically hunted for their meat, which is said to taste like pork, but are more frequently killed as a result of their tendency to steal the eggs of poultry and game birds. This has caused certain populations of the nine-banded armadillo to become threatened, although the species as a whole is under no immediate threat.
They are also valuable for use in medical research, as they are among the few mammals other than humans susceptible to leprosy.
In Texas, nine-banded armadillos are raised to participate in armadillo racing, a small-scale, but well-established sport in which the animals scurry down a track.
Hoover hog
During the Great Depression, the species was hunted for its meat in East Texas, where it was known as "poor man's pork", or the "Hoover hog" by those who considered President Herbert Hoover to be responsible for the Depression. Earlier, German settlers in Texas would often refer to the armadillo as Panzerschwein ("armored pig"). In 1995, the nine-banded armadillo was, with some resistance, made the state mammal of Texas, where it is considered a pest and is often seen dead on the roadside. They first forayed into Texas across the Rio Grande from Mexico in the 19th century, eventually spreading across the southeast United States.
References
Further reading
eNature entry
Nixon, Joshua. Armadillo Expansion, September 14, 2006, retrieved December 3, 2006.
Trapping the nine-banded armadillo
External links
View the nine-banded armadillo genome in Ensembl
Armadillos
Mammals of the Caribbean
Mammals of the United States
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Central America
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Argentina
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals of French Guiana
Mammals of Guyana
Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of Paraguay
Mammals of Peru
Mammals of Suriname
Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago
Mammals of Uruguay
Mammals of Venezuela
Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Least concern biota of North America
Least concern biota of South America
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Symbols of Texas
Articles containing video clips |
Incumbents
President: Juan Manuel Santos (until August 7), Iván Duque Márquez (starting August 7)
Vice President: Oscar Naranjo (until August 7), Marta Lucia Ramirez (starting August 7)
Events
February 9–25: Colombia at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Four athletes from Colombia compete at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
July 3: Colombia are knocked out of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in the second round, losing on penalties to England at the Otkritie Arena, Moscow.
October 6–18: Colombia will compete at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
11 October - A mudslide in the central Colombian town of Marquetalia results in at least 12 deaths.
Deaths
August 2: Herbert King, 55, television and film actor (heart attack)
References
2010s in Colombia
Years of the 21st century in Colombia
Colombia |
Brad Gross (born 29 October 1990) is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from Australia.
Career statistics
By season
Races by year
References
External links
Profile on motogp.com
Australian motorcycle racers
Living people
1990 births
125cc World Championship riders |
```python
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
import copy
import itertools
import os
import unittest
import numpy as np
import scipy
import scipy.linalg
from op_test import OpTest
import paddle
from paddle import base
from paddle.base import core
from paddle.pir_utils import test_with_pir_api
def scipy_lu(A, pivot):
shape = A.shape
if len(shape) == 2:
return scipy.linalg.lu(A, permute_l=not pivot)
else:
preshape = shape[:-2]
batchsize = np.prod(shape) // (shape[-2] * shape[-1])
PP = []
PL = []
PU = []
NA = A.reshape((-1, shape[-2], shape[-1]))
for b in range(batchsize):
P, L, U = scipy.linalg.lu(NA[b], permute_l=not pivot)
pshape = P.shape
lshape = L.shape
ushape = U.shape
PP.append(P)
PL.append(L)
PU.append(U)
return (
np.array(PP).reshape(preshape + pshape),
np.array(PL).reshape(preshape + lshape),
np.array(PU).reshape(preshape + ushape),
)
def Pmat_to_perm(Pmat_org, cut):
Pmat = copy.deepcopy(Pmat_org)
shape = Pmat.shape
rows = shape[-2]
cols = shape[-1]
batchsize = max(1, np.prod(shape[:-2]))
P = Pmat.reshape(batchsize, rows, cols)
permmat = []
for b in range(batchsize):
permlst = []
sP = P[b]
for c in range(min(rows, cols)):
idx = np.argmax(sP[:, c])
permlst.append(idx)
tmp = copy.deepcopy(sP[c, :])
sP[c, :] = sP[idx, :]
sP[idx, :] = tmp
permmat.append(permlst)
Pivot = (
np.array(permmat).reshape(
[
*shape[:-2],
rows,
]
)
+ 1
)
return Pivot[..., :cut]
def perm_to_Pmat(perm, dim):
pshape = perm.shape
bs = int(np.prod(perm.shape[:-1]).item())
perm = perm.reshape((bs, pshape[-1]))
oneslst = []
for i in range(bs):
idlst = np.arange(dim)
perm_item = perm[i, :]
for idx, p in enumerate(perm_item - 1):
temp = idlst[idx]
idlst[idx] = idlst[p]
idlst[p] = temp
ones = paddle.eye(dim)
nmat = paddle.scatter(ones, paddle.to_tensor(idlst), ones)
oneslst.append(nmat)
return np.array(oneslst).reshape([*pshape[:-1], dim, dim])
# m < n
class TestLUOp(OpTest):
"""
case 1
"""
def config(self):
self.x_shape = [3, 10, 12]
self.pivot = True
self.get_infos = True
self.dtype = "float64"
def set_output(self):
X = self.inputs['X']
sP, sl, sU = scipy_lu(X, self.pivot)
sL = np.tril(sl, -1)
ashape = np.array(X.shape)
lshape = np.array(sL.shape)
ushape = np.array(sU.shape)
lpad = (len(sL.shape) - 2) * [(0, 0)] + [
(0, (ashape - lshape)[-2]),
(0, (ashape - lshape)[-1]),
]
upad = (len(sU.shape) - 2) * [(0, 0)] + [
(0, (ashape - ushape)[-2]),
(0, (ashape - ushape)[-1]),
]
NsL = np.pad(sL, lpad)
NsU = np.pad(sU, upad)
NLU = NsL + NsU
self.output = NLU
self.Pivots = Pmat_to_perm(sP, min(ashape[-2], ashape[-1]))
self.Infos = (
np.zeros(self.x_shape[:-2]) if len(X.shape) > 2 else np.array(0)
)
def setUp(self):
self.op_type = "lu"
self.python_api = paddle.tensor.linalg.lu
self.python_out_sig = ["Out", "Pivots"]
self.config()
self.inputs = {'X': np.random.random(self.x_shape).astype(self.dtype)}
self.attrs = {'pivots': self.pivot}
self.set_output()
self.outputs = {
'Out': self.output,
'Pivots': self.Pivots,
'Infos': self.Infos,
}
def test_check_output(self):
self.check_output(check_pir=True)
def test_check_grad(self):
self.check_grad(['X'], ['Out'], check_pir=True)
# m = n 2D
class TestLUOp2(TestLUOp):
"""
case 2
"""
def config(self):
self.x_shape = [10, 10]
self.pivot = True
self.get_infos = True
self.dtype = "float64"
# m > n
class TestLUOp3(TestLUOp):
"""
case 3
"""
def config(self):
self.x_shape = [2, 12, 10]
self.pivot = True
self.get_infos = True
self.dtype = "float64"
class TestLUAPI(unittest.TestCase):
def test_dygraph(self):
def run_lu_dygraph(shape, dtype):
if dtype == "float32":
np_dtype = np.float32
elif dtype == "float64":
np_dtype = np.float64
np.random.seed(1024)
a = np.random.rand(*shape).astype(np_dtype)
m = a.shape[-2]
n = a.shape[-1]
min_mn = min(m, n)
pivot = True
places = []
if (
os.environ.get('FLAGS_CI_both_cpu_and_gpu', 'False').lower()
in ['1', 'true', 'on']
or not core.is_compiled_with_cuda()
):
places.append(base.CPUPlace())
if core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
places.append(base.CUDAPlace(0))
for place in places:
paddle.disable_static(place)
batch_size = a.size // (a.shape[-1] * a.shape[-2])
x = paddle.to_tensor(a, dtype=dtype)
sP, sl, sU = scipy_lu(a, pivot)
sL = np.tril(sl, -1)
LU, P, Info = paddle.linalg.lu(x, pivot=pivot, get_infos=True)
m, n = LU.shape[-2], LU.shape[-1]
tril = np.tril(LU, -1)[..., :m, :m]
triu = np.triu(LU)[..., :n, :n]
mtp = Pmat_to_perm(sP, min(m, n))
nP = perm_to_Pmat(P, sP.shape[-1])
np.testing.assert_allclose(sU, triu, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-05)
np.testing.assert_allclose(sL, tril, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-05)
np.testing.assert_allclose(P, mtp, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-05)
np.testing.assert_allclose(nP, sP, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-05)
tensor_shapes = [
(3, 5),
(5, 5),
(5, 3), # 2-dim Tensors
(2, 3, 5),
(3, 5, 5),
(4, 5, 3), # 3-dim Tensors
(2, 5, 3, 5),
(3, 5, 5, 5),
(4, 5, 5, 3), # 4-dim Tensors
]
dtypes = ["float32", "float64"]
for tensor_shape, dtype in itertools.product(tensor_shapes, dtypes):
run_lu_dygraph(tensor_shape, dtype)
@test_with_pir_api
def test_static(self):
paddle.enable_static()
def run_lu_static(shape, dtype):
if dtype == "float32":
np_dtype = np.float32
elif dtype == "float64":
np_dtype = np.float64
a = np.random.rand(*shape).astype(np_dtype)
m = a.shape[-2]
n = a.shape[-1]
min_mn = min(m, n)
pivot = True
places = []
if (
os.environ.get('FLAGS_CI_both_cpu_and_gpu', 'False').lower()
in ['1', 'true', 'on']
or not core.is_compiled_with_cuda()
):
places.append(base.CPUPlace())
if core.is_compiled_with_cuda():
places.append(base.CUDAPlace(0))
for place in places:
with paddle.static.program_guard(
paddle.static.Program(), paddle.static.Program()
):
batch_size = a.size // (a.shape[-1] * a.shape[-2])
sP, sl, sU = scipy_lu(a, pivot)
sL = np.tril(sl, -1)
ashape = np.array(a.shape)
lshape = np.array(sL.shape)
ushape = np.array(sU.shape)
lpad = (len(sL.shape) - 2) * [(0, 0)] + [
(0, (ashape - lshape)[-2]),
(0, (ashape - lshape)[-1]),
]
upad = (len(sU.shape) - 2) * [(0, 0)] + [
(0, (ashape - ushape)[-2]),
(0, (ashape - ushape)[-1]),
]
NsL = np.pad(sL, lpad)
NsU = np.pad(sU, upad)
NLU = NsL + NsU
x = paddle.static.data(
name="input", shape=shape, dtype=dtype
)
lu, p = paddle.linalg.lu(x, pivot=pivot)
exe = base.Executor(place)
fetches = exe.run(
feed={"input": a},
fetch_list=[lu, p],
)
np.testing.assert_allclose(
fetches[0], NLU, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-05
)
tensor_shapes = [
(3, 5),
(5, 5),
(5, 3), # 2-dim Tensors
(2, 3, 5),
(3, 5, 5),
(4, 5, 3), # 3-dim Tensors
(2, 5, 3, 5),
(3, 5, 5, 5),
(4, 5, 5, 3), # 4-dim Tensors
]
dtypes = ["float32", "float64"]
for tensor_shape, dtype in itertools.product(tensor_shapes, dtypes):
run_lu_static(tensor_shape, dtype)
class TestLUAPIError(unittest.TestCase):
def test_errors(self):
with paddle.base.dygraph.guard():
# The size of input in lu should not be 0.
def test_0_size():
array = np.array([], dtype=np.float32)
x = paddle.to_tensor(
np.reshape(array, [0, 0, 0]), dtype='float32'
)
paddle.linalg.lu(x, get_infos=True)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, test_0_size)
if __name__ == "__main__":
paddle.enable_static()
unittest.main()
``` |
The Lomé–Kpalimé railway was the second railway line built in today's Togo. It was also called or (cocoa railway).
History
The railway line was built during the German colonial era. Planning started in 1902, and construction began in 1904. Construction was financed through a 7.8 million Mark loan to the protectorate, with an interest rate of 3.5%. The german company Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg was entrusted with the construction and the operation left to Noepe was reached in 1905; Kpalimé was reached in 1907. The line opened on 27 January 1907, the birthday of Wilhelm II. It was built in meter gauge, had a length of and was accompanied by a telephone line. The level crossings were equipped with signals to ring bells. The line used the station at Lomé of the Lomé–Aného railway as a terminus. Besides the transport of cocoa, the line also served as transportation method for oil palm products. From 1 April 1908, both lines were leased to the (German colonial railway construction- and operation company; DKEBBG), which operated through trains running over both lines.
Togo was split between the United Kingdom and France after the First World War, with the whole railway network located in the part of the country now handled by France as a League of Nations mandate. During the period of military occupation until 1922, the railway was operated under the Togoland Military Railway (TMR) name, with operations handled by Gold Coast Government Railways, the railway of the neighboring Gold Coast. Only then, from 1922, the railway received its French name (CFT).
Since it was only a mandate area whose allocation to France under international law did not appear to be permanently secured, France also held back with investments in the railways in Togo. The line continued to operate after Togo gained independence.
See also
Rail transport in Togo
References
Literature
Helmut Schroeter: Die Eisenbahnen der ehemaligen deutschen Schutzgebiete Afrikas und ihre Fahrzeuge. Frankfurt 1961.
Metre gauge railways in Togo
Maritime Region
Plateaux Region, Togo |
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