text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Assamiidae are a family of harvestmen with more than 400 described species. It is the third most diverse family of the suborder Laniatores.
Name
The family name is derived from the Indian province Assam, where the type species of the type genus (Assamia westermanni) was collected.
Description
These harvestmen range in body length from two to eight millimeters. The length of their legs ranges from four to forty millimeters, though they are usually long. Assamiidae are usually reddish brown to yellow with black mottling and reticulation. Some species have white drawings on the dorsal scutum.
Distribution
Assamiidae only occur in the Old World, and are completely absent from Madagascar and Europe, with most species found in Africa and southern Asia. Although they are also not found on the Pacific islands, the subfamily Dampetrinae has radiated in Australia, New Guinea, and somewhat in Indonesia.
Subtaxa
Although Roewer established numerous subfamilies for this group, most of these are unsupported. There are at least five great groups, whose boundaries do not coincide with these subfamilies.
The Dampetrinae are endemic to Australia and New Guinea.
The Assamiinae occur mostly in India and Nepal.
The Trionyxellinae have a pseudonychium (a median tarsal claw on the third and fourth leg tarsi) and are found in India and Sri Lanka.
The Erecinae live in central Africa.
The small, blind Irumuinae dwell in caves and soil.
For a list of currently described species with the traditional groupings into subfamilies, see the List of Assamiidae species.
Relationships
The Assamidae are possibly the sister group to the Gonyleptoidea. The spiny funnel on the penis is very similar to those of Stygnopsidae from Mexico. Mello-Leitão erected the Trionyxellidae for four subfamilies of Assamiidae in 1949, but this was ignored by later authors.
Footnotes
References
(eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press
Harvestman families |
Leucopogon denticulatus is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with hairy young branchlets, overlapping egg-shaped leaves with small teeth on the edges and white, tube-shaped flowers.
Description
Leucopogon denticulatus is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of , its young branchlets hairy. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, forming 4 rows along the stems. The leaves are egg-shaped, overlapping, long with small teeth on the edges and two conspicuous veins either side of a prominent keel on the lower side. The flowers are arranged in short spikes near the ends of branches with leaf-like bracts and bracteoles. The sepals are lance-shaped, about long with short woolly hairs on the edges. The petals are white and joined at the base to form a tube about long, the lobes slightly longer than the petal tube. Flowering occurs from July to November, and the fruit is a drupe containing a single seed.
Taxonomy and naming
Leucopogon denticulatus was first formally described in 1905 by William Vincent Fitzgerald in the Journal of the West Australian Natural History Society from specimens collected by Cecil Rollo Payton Andrews near Albany in 1903. The specific epithet (denticulatus) means "denticulate".
Distribution and habitat
This leucopogon grows on sandplains and salt flats in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee bioregions of south-western Western Australia.
Conservation status
Leucopogon denticulatus is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
References
denticulatus
Ericales of Australia
Flora of Western Australia
Plants described in 1905
Taxa named by William Vincent Fitzgerald |
Pascal Deguilhem (born 9 February 1956 in Brouchaud) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented Dordogne's 1st constituency from 2007 to 2017 as a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche.
References
1956 births
Living people
People from Dordogne
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
Lejops vittatus is a European species of hoverfly.
Description
Habits
Distribution
References
Diptera of Europe
Eristalini
Insects described in 1822
Taxa named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen |
The Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay is an annual award given by the Houston Film Critics Society.
Winners
2000s
2010s
2020s
References
Houston Film Critics Society official website
Houston Film Critics Society
Screenwriting awards for film |
The Conservative Co-operative Movement was a political organisation promoting co-operatives and co-operative ideals within the British Conservative Party. The organisation advocated for "alternative models of capitalism", though it faced criticism within the wider co-operative movement which has traditionally been left leaning, with a history of affiliation with the Labour Party through the Co-operative Party. The organisation appears to have become inactive.
History
The Conservative Co-operative Movement was founded in 2007 by then Conservative activist Jesse Norman. The organisation aimed to help people set up their own co-ops to tackle social problems and improve local areas. Its immediate impact on Conservative Party policy embedded his vision through which communities could own and run some of their own public services. Norman was elected to Parliament in the 2010 general election.
Activities
According to its website, the Movement promoted "alternative models of capitalism".
See also
Blue Labour
References
External links
CCM Website
Co-operatives in the United Kingdom
Organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)
2007 establishments in the United Kingdom |
is a former Japanese professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Chiba Lotte Marines and Yokohama DeNA BayStars.
Career
Chiba Lotte Marines selected him with the second selection in the 2011 NPB draft.
On March 1, 2016 Nakaushiro agreed to a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball. He spent 2016 with the AZL Diamondbacks, Kane County Cougars, Visalia Rawhide and Reno Aces, pitching to a combined 1.23 ERA with 40 strikeouts in 29.1 innings pitched. In 2017, he pitched for the Jackson Generals where he compiled a 1–2 record and 2.35 ERA in 48 relief appearances; he also was promoted and pitched in two games at the end of the season for Reno. Nakaushiro was released from the organization on June 18, 2018. On July 4, 2018, it was announced that Nakaushiro had signed with the Yokohama DeNA BayStars in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).
On November 25, 2019, Nakaushiro announced his retirement.
References
External links
NPB
1989 births
Living people
Arizona League Diamondbacks players
Chiba Lotte Marines players
Jackson Generals (Southern League) players
Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States
Kane County Cougars players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
People from Kumatori, Osaka
Reno Aces players
Baseball people from Osaka Prefecture
Visalia Rawhide players
Yokohama DeNA BayStars players |
The École Niedermeyer () is a Paris school for church music. It was founded in 1853 by Louis Niedermeyer as successor to the Institution royale de musique classique et religieuse, which had been established and run by Alexandre-Étienne Choron between 1817 and 1834. Several eminent French musicians studied at the school, including Gabriel Fauré, André Messager and Henri Büsser.
References
Music schools in Paris
Church music
1853 establishments in France |
Verticordia sect. Penicillaris is one of eleven sections in the subgenus Verticordia. It includes two species of plants in the genus Verticordia. Plants in this section are small, rounded shrubs with tiny leaves and sticky flowers. Like those in section Micrantha, the plants often smell faintly of mice. When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he formally described this section, publishing the description in the journal Nuytsia. The name Penicillaris is from the type species from this section.
The type species for this section is Verticordia penicillaris and the other species is V. dasystylis.
References
Penicillaris
Rosids of Western Australia
Plant sections |
Gilbert Beith (5 July 1827 – 5 July 1904) was a Scottish merchant and Liberal politician.
Beith was the son of the Rev. Alexander Beith, D.D., and brother of Ian Hay Beith, of Stirling. He was a partner in the firm of Beith, Stevenson, & Co.,
export merchants of Glasgow and Manchester, and a Director of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce.
At the 1885 general election, Beith was elected as the member of parliament (MP) for Glasgow Central, but at the 1886 election he lost the seat in a large swing to the Conservative Party candidate. He was returned to the House of Commons at the 1892 general election as the MP for Inverness Burghs, and held that seat until he stood down at the next election, in 1895.
Family
His daughter Jane Fordyce Beith married Frederick Moir.
References
External links
1827 births
1904 deaths
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1892–1895
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies |
"If You Leave Me Now" is a song by the American rock group Chicago, from their album Chicago X. It was written and sung by bass player Peter Cetera and released as a single on July 30, 1976. It is also the title of a Chicago compilation album released by Columbia Records (Columbia 38590) in 1983.
The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 on October 23, 1976, and stayed there for two weeks, making it the first number one hit for the group as well as hitting number one on the Easy Listening charts. "If You Leave Me Now" was also Chicago's biggest hit internationally, topping the charts in other countries such as the UK, Australia, Ireland, Canada, and Netherlands. In the UK it maintained the number one position for three weeks. It was one of five "non-disco" songs to make it to number one in the US in a nine-month period of 1976. According to writer Zachary Houle of PopMatters, "The song was so pervasive on radio upon its release that, reportedly, those tuning in in New York could hear the song playing on four different stations, each with varying formats, simultaneously."
Band manager James William Guercio initially played acoustic guitar on the demo version of the track, figuring that regular guitarist Terry Kath would record the proper part when he was in the studio next. However, the band decided that Guercio's part sounded satisfactory and consequently left that effort on the record.
The song won Grammy Awards for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) (strings) for arranger Jimmie Haskell and producer James William Guercio and Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus, the first Grammy Award won by the group. It also received a Grammy nomination for Record of the Year. In addition, by August 1978 it had sold 1.4 million copies in the United States alone. It has been certified gold and platinum by the RIAA. In an article from June 2020, The Guardian listed "If You Leave Me Now" as number 73 on its list of "The Greatest UK No 1s: 100–1", noting, "It’s impossibly lush and beautifully written, but its sadness is pervasive and affecting."
In 2010 Chicago teamed with the American Cancer Society and offered the opportunity to bid on the chance to sing their hit, "If You Leave Me Now" with them on stage live at their concerts, with proceeds going to the American Cancer Society to fight breast cancer. The fund raising effort has continued in succeeding years.
Promotion and marketing
The Chicago X album art depicted a partially unwrapped chocolate bar bearing the Chicago logo. In the same vein, the single, "If You Leave Me Now", was depicted as a chocolate "kiss" from the album in a full-page advertisement in Cash Box magazine.
Composition
Peter Cetera originally wrote "If You Leave Me Now" at the same time as Chicago VIIs "Wishing You Were Here", and composed it on a guitar. According to information on the sheet music for the song at MusicNotes, "If You Leave Me Now" is written in the key of B major, and Cetera's vocal range varies between F sharp 3 (F♯3) and D sharp 5 (D♯5).
Reception
Cash Box said that it's "an excellent ballad," with "lushly colored" instrumentation and "carefully constructed" vocals.
Upon the group's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016, entertainment and pop culture writer Troy L. Smith included "If You Leave Me Now" in his list of seven Chicago songs that "kill any doubt about their candidacy", and said, "...it's a key contributor to the band's fame and, thus, it's Rock Hall induction. And while we're being honest, Peter Cetera delivers, hands down, the best vocal performance of any Chicago song."
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Certifications
Chess version
In 1992, German music group Chess covered the song which achieved modest success. While the original is a ballad, Chess's version is uptempo and danceable, adapted to the state of dance music of the 1990s. Their version is also on the compilations Larry präsentiert: Neue Smash-Hits 93 (English: Larry presents: New Smash-Hits 93) and Maxi Dance Sensation 9.
Track listingCD maxi-single'''
If You Leave Me Now (Airplay Mix) - 3:53
If You Leave Me Now (12" After Dark mix) - 5:13
Please, Don't Leave Me (Instrumental Mystery Mix) - 5:16
Charts
Other cover versions
Peter Cetera re-recorded "If You Leave Me Now" as a solo artist for his 1997 album You're the Inspiration: A Collection, and most recently recorded a duet version of the song with Italian vocalist, Filippa Giordano, for her 2018 album, Friends and Legends Duets.
The website SecondHandSongs lists over 130 covers of "If You Leave Me Now" by recording artists from around the world between 1976 and 2020, among them:
The Brotherhood of Man included it on their 1980 album Sing 20 Number One Hits. The album peaked at No. 14 on the UK charts in 1980.
Elkie Brooks released a version of the song on her album Pearls in 1981. The album reached No. 2 in the UK.
The single of it by Upside Down, a British boy band, charted at number 27 in the UK in 1996.
The Isley Brothers recorded it for their 2001 album Eternal. 3T recorded a duet of the song with Brazilian girl group T-Rio in 2004. It was released as a non-album single.
Suzy Bogguss recorded it for her 2007 album Sweet Danger. The Billboard review labeled her version "familiar and fresh."
John Barrowman recorded a version for his 2007 album Another Side.
Boyz II Men recorded their version of "If You Leave Me Now" for their 2009 album Love. They also sang on a 2018 non-related Charlie Puth song with the same title.
Viola Wills released a disco version of "If You Leave Me Now" which was released as a single in 1981, with "I Can't Stay Away from You" on the B-side. Her version was sampled by French electronic music duo Daft Punk for the songs "Teachers" and "Fresh", which appear on their 1997 album Homework.
Leonid and Friends on Chicagovich.
British DJ, producer, songwriter and former member of the Outlaw Posse, K-Gee, together with Michelle Escoffery performed a hip hop version of "If You Leave Me Now" for K-Gee's 2002 album, Bounce to This. In 2000, K-Gee told Billboard writer Kwaku that he thought the chorus of "If You Leave Me Now" sounds phat.
Live cover performances
Philip Bailey of Earth, Wind & Fire sang the song during their joint concerts with Chicago in 2004-2006. This version was included in the Love Songs album by Chicago. Philip Bailey also performed the song during the "Grammy Salute to Music Legends 2020" to honor Chicago who received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award that year. The program premiered on PBS on October 16, 2020.
In other media
"If You Leave Me Now" is featured in the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto V (appearing on the in-game radio station Los Santos Rock Radio), and is also played when Trevor Philips returns the kidnapped wife of a drug kingpin.
The song is also featured in an episode, "Casa Bonita", of South Park, as well as "Egg Drop", the 12th episode of the third season of the American sitcom Modern Family. The song was also featured in a scene on the British comedy horror film Shaun of the Dead where Shaun is still reeling from his breakup and Ed is trying to cheer him up. In the early 2000's, the song was performed by the mascot "Sockpuppet" in a commercial for the now-defunct website Pets.com. "If You Leave Me Now" was part of the soundtrack for the 1999 film, Three Kings, which is set in Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War. Desson Howe, reviewing the film for the Washington Post, notes how film director David O. Russell cuts from the "frenzied din of confusion" outside a moving car in the scene to the interior of the car, where the "easy sounds" of the song are playing. The song was also featured in the 2023 film The Flash, which is an installment in the DC Extended Universe.''
See also
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1970s
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1976
List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1976 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1976 (U.S.)
List of European number-one hits of 1977
References
External links
[ If You Leave Me Now] at allmusic.com
1976 songs
1976 singles
1993 singles
Chicago (band) songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in South Africa
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Songs written by Peter Cetera
Rock ballads
1970s ballads
Song recordings produced by James William Guercio
Columbia Records singles
Bertelsmann Music Group singles
Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) |
Jack Howarth (born 22 October 2002) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a forward for the Melbourne Storm in the National Rugby League (NRL).
Background
Howarth played his junior rugby league for Easts Tigers and attended Brisbane Boys' College, Brisbane before being signed by the Melbourne Storm.
In June 2022, Howarth was selected for the Queensland U19s junior State of Origin team for their match against NSW. Howarth suffered a head injury in the second half and was unable to return to the field.
Playing career
After two seasons playing with the Sunshine Coast Falcons in the Queensland Cup, Howarth made his NRL debut in round 27 of the 2023 NRL season for the Melbourne Storm against the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium.
External links
Melbourne Storm profile
References
2002 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Melbourne Storm players
Rugby league players from Mackay, Queensland |
The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) is a system for reporting food safety issues within the European Union established by Regulation (EC) 178/2002 of 28 January 2002, which entered into force on 21 February 2002. Its objective is to achieve "a high level of protection of human life and health", based on the principle that the free movement of food and feed within the European Community (now the European Union) can only be achieved if food and feed safety requirements do not differ significantly between Member States.
See also
European Food Safety Authority
Food and Agriculture Organization
Food safety
EUROPHYT
TRACES
References
External links
Animal feed
European Union and agriculture
European Union food law
Food safety organizations
Regulation in the European Union |
The SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing (SISC), formerly SIAM Journal on Scientific & Statistical Computing, is a scientific journal focusing on the research articles on numerical methods and techniques for scientific computation. It is published by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). Hans De Sterck is the current editor-in-chief, assuming the role in January 2022.
The impact factor is currently around 2.
This journal papers address computational issues relevant to solution of scientific or engineering problems and include computational results demonstrating the effectiveness of proposed techniques. They are classified into three categories: 1) Methods and Algorithms for Scientific Computing. 2) Computational Methods in Science and Engineering. 3) Software and High-Performance Computing. The first type papers focus on theoretical analysis, provided that relevance to applications in science and engineering is demonstrated. They are supposed to contain meaningful computational results and theoretical results or strong heuristics supporting the performance of new algorithms. The second type papers pay much attention to describing novel methodologies for solving a specific problem in computational science or engineering. The information about the application to orient other computational scientists is necessary. The third type papers more concern about novel design and development of computational methods and high-quality software, parallel algorithms, high-performance computing issues, new architectures, data analysis or visualization. However, the primary focus should be on computational methods that have huge impact on scientific or engineering problems.
The modern numerical analysis can be dated back to 1947 when John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine wrote a pioneering paper, “Numerical Inverting of Matrices of High Order” (Bulletin of the AMS, Nov. 1947). This paper commonly is considered one of the first papers to study rounding error and include discussion of what is called scientific computing nowadays. Although, from math history, numerical analysis has a longer and richer history, “modern” numerical analysis is defined by the mix of the programmable electronic computer, mathematical analysis, and the opportunity and need to solve large and complex problems in life applications. The need, such as, ballistics prediction, neutron transport, and nonsteady, multidimensional fluid dynamics pushed the development of computer and depended strongly on developments in numerical analysis and mathematical modeling.
References
External links
SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing
Computer science journals
Scientific Computing
Bimonthly journals |
Timothy Bach (born 28 February 1953) is a Canadian former swimmer. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
Canadian male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Canada
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Vancouver
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Swimmers at the 1971 Pan American Games
Canadian male freestyle swimmers
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
Simon Fraser Red Leafs men's swimmers
Simon Fraser University alumni |
The 1960 United States Senate election in Louisiana took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic Senator Allen J. Ellender won re-election to a fifth term.
Primary elections
Primary elections were held on July 23, 1960.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Allen J. Ellender, incumbent U.S. Senator, unopposed
Results
Republican primary
Candidates
William Dane, former real estate salesman
George W. Reese Jr., attorney and Republican National Committeeman for Louisiana
Results
There were 8,588 registered voters in the Louisiana primary.
General election
Results
See also
1960 United States Senate elections
Notes
References
Bibliography
1960
Louisiana
United States Senate |
Tampureh-ye Ruisheyd (, also Romanized as Tampūreh-ye Rūīsheyd; also known as Dambar Rū’shīd and Tambūdorūsheyd) is a village in Mosharrahat Rural District, in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 4 families.
References
Populated places in Ahvaz County |
Chattogram Metropolitan Police (CMP), former Chittagong Metropolitan Police, is the chief law enforcement agency in Chattogram, the second largest city in Bangladesh. It was established in 1978 under the Chittagong Metropolitan Police Ordinance approved by the Government of Bangladesh.
History
Chattogram Metropolitan Police was established on 30 November 1978 with M. M. Sharif Ali as its first commissioner. It has six police stations at the beginning with 3238 personnel.
On 24 January 1988, Chittagong Metropolitan Police Commissioner Mirza Rakibul Huda ordered police to fire at a rally of Awami League killing 24 people. It is known as the 1988 Chittagong massacre.
Mobassher, a member of Bangladesh Ansar, stationed in Chandgaon Police Station, was arrested for the rape of a 7-year-old girl on May 2012.
In May 2016, the Chattogram Metropolitan Police banned people from putting stickers in their car mentioning their professions.
Commissioner Mahbubur Rahman of Chattogram Metropolitan Police told the media on 5 September 2018 that extrajudicial killings of drug dealers are necessary for peace. During May-September 2018, 10 drug dealers were killed by the police under his command. In November, the Chattogram Metropolitan Police began their first counter terrorism unit.
In June 2020, Chattogram Metropolitan Police established the 100 bed CMP-Bidyanondo Field Hospital in collaboration with Bidyanondo Foundation. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh Kotwali police station under the Chattogram Metropolitan Police started providing home delivery of medicine. In August 2020, eight members of Chattogram Metropolitan Police were sued for allegedly implicating four people in a narcotics case in an attempt to extort money. The complaint was filed with Additional Metropolitan Magistrate Mohiuddin Murad.
Two police constables of the Chattogram Metropolitan Police disappeared while on training in the Netherlands in May 2022. They had decided to stay in the country and deserted. In August, three constables were withdrawn after video of them confining and torturing children went viral.
List of police stations under CMP
There are currently 16 police stations operating under CMP.
Akbar Shah Police Station
Bayazid Bostami Police Station
Chawk Bazar Police Station
Kotwali Police Station
Bakolia Police Station
Sadarghat Police Station
Doublemooring Police Station
Khulshi Police Station
Panchlaish Police Station
Chandgaon Police Station
Halishahar Police Station
Pahartali Police Station
Bandar Police Station
EPZ Police Station
Patenga Police Station
Karnophuli Police Station
Police Commissioners
References
Government of Chittagong
Municipal law enforcement agencies of Bangladesh |
Rūja River () is a river in Estonia-Latvia border. The river is 77 km long (of which 72 km is in Latvia). The river starts from Ruhijärv and flows into Lake Burtnieks.
References
Rivers of Estonia
Rivers of Latvia |
Rosalie Loew Whitney (May 4, 1873 – September 3, 1939) was an American lawyer and suffragist.
Early life
Rosalie Loew was born in New York City to Hungarian Jewish immigrants William Noah Loew and Leontine (Lottie) Wechsler Lowe. Her father was a lawyer; her mother was a milliner. Her paternal grandfather, Leopold Löw, was a noted rabbi and Jewish leader in Hungary.
Loew earned a bachelor's degree in 1892 at Hunter College, and a law degree in 1895 from New York University School of Law.
Career
Loew was admitted to the New York Bar in 1895. In 1896, she was the first woman lawyer to try a case before the New York Supreme Court. She and her father were partners in a law firm, Loew and Loew, before she took a position with the Legal Aid Society in 1897. "It is an error to suppose that woman cannot look at things in a large way," she commented in an 1896 newspaper profile. "There is nothing in the mental bias of a woman to prevent her having a comprehensive knowledge of any of the affairs of life, no matter how great." She used her language skills (fluency in Hungarian, Yiddish, and German) to represent and interpret for immigrant workers, in cases involving labor violations, predatory loans, and fraud. In 1903, she was rejected for membership in the Bar Association of the City of New York, on the basis of her gender.
Whitney was active in the women's suffrage movement in New York City, as a member of the Brooklyn Woman’s Suffrage Party and as New York congressional chair of the Woman’s Federal Equality Association. She represented Brooklyn at the National Suffrage Convention in Washington in 1917; and she spoke on behalf of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in a Congressional hearing in 1918. She helped to found the National Women's Republican Club. She attended the Republican National Committee meeting in St. Louis in 1918, working for the party's public support for the 19th Amendment.
Whitney and her husband were partners in a law firm, Loew and Whitney, from 1903 to 1907. She served on the board of the Women's Municipal League. From 1919 to 1921, she sat on the New York State Industrial Commission, filling the vacancy left when Frances Perkins went to Washington. In 1930 she was elected director of the Brooklyn Neighborhood Laundry Owners Association. She was in the first group of twelve women admitted to the Bar Association of the City of New York, in 1937; by that time, she had a long career in the law, and had already served two years as justice on the Court of Domestic Relations in New York.
Personal life
Rosalie Loew married fellow lawyer Travis Harvard Whitney in 1903. They had three sons, Travis, John, and William, all born in the first five years of their marriage. Travis Whitney died in 1934; Rosalie Loew Whitney died five years later, in 1939, aged 66, from leukemia. Her grave is in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.
See also
List of first women lawyers and judges in New York
References
External links
Rosalie Loew Whitney letter to Anna M. Jackson (January 8, 1908), in the Branson-Jackson Family Papers, Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College.
American suffragists
Hunter College alumni
New York University School of Law alumni
American women judges
1873 births
1939 deaths
19th-century American women lawyers
19th-century American lawyers
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery |
The Episcopal Diocese of North Dakota is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America with jurisdiction over the state of North Dakota plus Clay County, Minnesota. It has 19 congregations in North Dakota and one in Moorhead, Minnesota. It is in Province VI and its cathedral, Gethsemane Episcopal Cathedral, is in Fargo, as are the diocesan offices.
The most recent diocesan bishop, Michael G. Smith, retired on May 1, 2019, and was subsequently named an assisting bishop in the Diocese of Dallas. He is an enrolled member of the Potawatomi Nation of Oklahoma and is a graduate of Seabury-Western Theological Seminary.
In August 2019, Keith Whitmore, a retired Bishop of Eau Claire, was named assisting bishop in North Dakota. In February 2021, Thomas C. Ely, a retired Bishop of Vermont, was elected bishop provisional.
List of bishops
The bishops of the diocese have been:
William D. Walker, 1883–1896
Samuel Cook Edsall, 1899–1901
Cameron D. Mann, 1902–1913
John Poyntz Tyler, 1914–1931
Frederick B. Bartlett, 1931–1935
Douglass H. Atwill, 1937–1951
Richard R. Emery, 1951–1964
George T. Masuda, 1965–1979
Harold A. Hopkins Jr., 1980–1988
Andrew H. Fairfield, 1989–2003
Michael G. Smith, 2004–2019
Thomas C. Ely, Provisional Bishop, 2021-
* Keith Whitmore, Assisting Bishop, 2019-
Congregations
All Saint's, Minot
All Saint's, Valley City
Church of the Advent, Devils Lake
Church of the Cross, Selfridge
Church of the Good Shepherd, Lakota
Gethsemane Cathedral, Fargo
Grace Church, Jamestown
St. Gabriel's Camp, Solen
St. George's Episcopal Memorial Church, Bismarck
St. James’, Cannon Ball
St. John the Divine Episcopal Church (Moorhead, Minnesota)
St. John's, Dickinson
St. Luke's, Fort Yates
Sts. Mary and Mark, Oakes
St. Michaels and All Angel's, Cartwright
St. Paul's, Grand Forks
St. Paul's, White Shield
St. Peter's, Walhalla
St. Peter's, Williston
St. Stephen's, Fargo
St. Sylvan's, Dunseith
St. Thomas, Fort Totten
See also
Succession of Bishops of The Episcopal Church (U.S.)
References
Further reading
God giveth the increase; the history of the Episcopal Church in North Dakota, Robert P Wilkins and Wynona H Wilkins
External links
Episcopal Diocese of North Dakota website
Gethsemane Episcopal Cathedral website
Journal of the Annual Convention, Diocese of North Dakota
North Dakota
Christianity in North Dakota
Religious organizations established in 1883
Anglican dioceses established in the 19th century
Province 6 of the Episcopal Church (United States) |
Abraham Jones may refer to:
Abraham Jones (footballer) (1875–1942), English footballer
Abraham Jones (New York politician), member of 1st New York State Legislature
Abraham Jones (North Carolina politician) in North Carolina General Assembly of 1778
See also
Abe Jones (disambiguation)
Abraham Jonas (disambiguation) |
Parth Rekhade is an Indian cricketer. In November 2019, he was named in India's squad for the 2019 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup in Bangladesh. He made his List A debut for India, against Nepal, in the Emerging Teams Cup on 14 November 2019.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian cricketers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Posner Park is a $500 million mixed-use development in Polk County, Florida, at the junction of Interstate 4 and US 27 north of Haines City.
History
The development is the brainchild of Victor Posner (1918-2002), for whom it is named. Posner Park was developed by Trammell Crow Company as part of a series of joint ventures with MetLife, and the original land owners, the Posner family. It stands on the site of the former Circus World and Boardwalk and Baseball theme parks as well as the former site of the Kansas City Royals’ spring training facility.
The first stores opened in March 2008 and included Target, J.C. Penney, Belk Department Store (since closed), Dick’s Sporting Goods, Best Buy, Staples, Ross, Michaels, PetSmart and Books-A-Million as the 10 anchor tenants that occupy nearly 500,000 sf of retail space on 80 acres.
In January 2014 the undeveloped area of Posner Park was set to be auctioned off in August 2014 as the owners filed for bankruptcy.
In September 2019 additional retail outlets were opened at Posner Village, immediately south of the original development. The new stores include Burlington and Five Below.
Leisure facilities and residential development are planned for the site.
References
Shopping malls in Florida
Buildings and structures in Polk County, Florida
Tourist attractions in Polk County, Florida |
Eugène Archambault (14 May 1898 – 22 November 1974) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1928 Tour de France.
References
1898 births
1974 deaths
French male cyclists
Place of birth missing |
Johan Niklasson (born 17 January 1985) is a Swedish footballer who plays for Oskarshamns AIK as a defender.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Swedish men's footballers
Allsvenskan players
Superettan players
Kalmar FF players
Åtvidabergs FF players
Jönköpings Södra IF players
IFK Värnamo players
Oskarshamns AIK players |
Fray Matías Ruiz (fl. 1665-1702) was a Spanish baroque composer. He was probably the one same Matías Ruiz who was maestro de capilla at León Cathedral in 1665, and then at the Encarnación 1676-1678, and who, still referred to as maestro at the Convent of the Incarnation, Madrid though he no longer could have been, published music for Easter in 1702.
Works, editions and recordings
villancicos - En la carcel de Belen and others.
tonos humanos in the Guerra Manuscript and other sources.
Crowd scene and choruses for Passions. «Turba de la Passion, de la Dominica in Palmis, puesta en musica por Don Matias Ruiz, Maestro de Capilla del Real Convento de las Senoras de la Encarnacion. Ano 1702».
References
Spanish Baroque composers
17th-century classical composers |
Bovanj is a village in the municipality of Tutin, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 29 people.
References
Populated places in Raška District |
Kermack–McKendrick theory is a hypothesis that predicts the number and distribution of cases of an infectious disease as it is transmitted through a population over time. Building on the research of Ronald Ross and Hilda Hudson, A. G. McKendrick and W. O. Kermack published their theory in a set of three articles from 1927, 1932, and 1933. While Kermack–McKendrick theory was indeed the source of SIR models and their relatives, Kermack and McKendrick were thinking of a more subtle and empirically useful problem than the simple compartmental models discussed here. The text is somewhat difficult to read, compared to modern papers, but the important feature is it was a model where the age-of-infection affected the transmission and removal rates.
Because of their seminal importance to the field of theoretical epidemiology, these articles were republished in the Bulletin of Mathematical Biology in 1991.
Epidemic model (1927)
In its initial form, Kermack–McKendrick theory is a partial differential-equation model that structures the infected population in terms of age-of-infection, while
using simple compartments for people who are susceptible (S), infected (I), and recovered/removed (R).
Specified initial conditions would change over time according to
where is a Dirac delta-function and the infection pressure
This formulation is equivalent to defining the incidence of infection .
Only in the special case when the removal rate and the transmission rate are constant for all ages can the epidemic dynamics be expressed in terms of the prevalence , leading to the standard compartmental SIR model. This model only accounts for infection and removal events, which are sufficient to describe a simple epidemic, including the threshold condition necessary for an epidemic to start, but can not explain endemic disease transmission or recurring epidemics.
Endemic disease (1932, 1933)
In their subsequent articles, Kermack and McKendrick extended their theory to allow for birth, migration, and death, as well as imperfect immunity. In modern notation, their model can be represented as
where is the immigration rate of susceptibles, bj is the per-capita birth rate for state j, mj is the per-capita mortality rate of individuals in state j, is the relative-risk of infection to recovered individuals who are partially immune, and the infection pressure
Kermack and McKendrick were able to show that it admits a stationary solution where disease is endemic, as long as the supply of susceptible individuals is sufficiently large. This model is difficult to analyze in its full generality, and a number of open questions remain regarding its dynamics.
See also
Compartmental models in epidemiology
Integro-differential equation
References
Epidemiology
Mathematics in medicine
Differential equations |
Akbaşlar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Dursunbey, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 418 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Dursunbey District |
Urszula Sipińska (born September 19, 1947) is Polish singer-songwriter, architect and writer. Within twenty years of her musical career she earned numerous hits in Poland, including "Zapomniałam", "To był świat w zupełnie starym stylu", "Są takie dni w tygodniu", "Chcę wyjechać na wieś" and "Mam cudownych rodziców". She has won many awards and performed in Poland and abroad. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, Sipińska ended her singing career, focusing on architecture and writing.
Biography
Urszula Sipińska was raised in Wilda, Poznań with elder sister Elżbieta and younger brother Stanisław. She went to music school where she learned to play piano, and later studied Interior Design at University of Fine Arts in Poznań. Although musically active already in her student years, it was not until 1967 that her singing career took off, when she performed "Zapomniałam" at the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole. The song, which she had co-written with her sister, became a major hit. In 1968, Sipińska won the 1st prize at the Sopot International Song Festival with the song "Po ten kwiat czerwony". She would subsequently perform at festivals in Switzerland and Tenerife to considerable success.
Sipińska's debut, self-titled album was released in 1971 by Pronit. Her song "Bright Days Will Come" was met with a positive reception at a festival in Mexico, when in Poland she enjoyed success with the song "Jaka jesteś Mario". Both songs were included on her second LP, Bright Days Will Come, released in 1973, which also included what would become one of her biggest hits, "To był świat w zupełnie starym stylu". The singer continued to perform in Poland and abroad, including East Germany and Japan, before releasing her next album Zabaw się w mój świat in 1975. At the festival in Palma, Sipińska was awarded with the 2nd prize for the song "Wołaniem wołam cię".
In 1980, she released her fourth album, Są takie dni w tygodniu/Kolorowy film, which consisted of two separate suites on both sides of the LP. The song "Są takie dni w tygodniu" became very popular and is now considered one of her biggest hits. This was followed by the country album W podróży, which was released in 1981 and spawned another hit, "Chcę wyjechać na wieś". In 1982, the singer suffered severe injuries in a car accident in Germany, which almost left her disabled. That prompted her to take a longer break from music.
She returned to recording in 1988 with the song "Mam cudownych rodziców", which would become an evergreen and arguably her biggest hit. It was included on her next album, Nie zapomniałam..., which was her last album of original material. According to the decision she had made at the beginning of her career, Urszula Sipińska gave up singing, having turned 40. She would only release a holiday album Białe święta in 1994, which consisted mostly of Polish Christmas carols. Sipińska focused on architecture and have worked on many high-profile projects. She also published feuilletons in magazines and released two books, Hodowcy lalek (2005) and Gdybym była aniołem. Historie prawdziwe, dziwne, śmieszne (2010).
Notable songs
"Zapomniałam"
"Poziomki"
"Jaka jesteś Mario"
"To był świat w zupełnie starym stylu"
"Komu weselne dzieci"
"Chłopak z drewna"
"Pamiętam nas"
"Są takie dni w tygodniu"
"Chcę wyjechać na wieś"
"Muzyk, muzyk"
"Mam cudownych rodziców"
"Gdzie ten świat 60-tych lat"
"Szalala, zabawa trwa"
Discography
Studio albums
1971: Urszula Sipińska
1973: Bright Days Will Come
1975: Zabaw się w mój świat
1980: Są takie dni w tygodniu/Kolorowy film
1981: W podróży
1988: Nie zapomniałam...
1994: Białe święta
Compilation albums
1995: Zapomniałam...? The Best of Urszula Sipińska
1997: Antologia Vol. 1
1997: Antologia Vol. 2
1997: Antologia Vol. 3 – Ballady
1999: Są takie dni w tygodniu – Złota kolekcja
2000: Przystanek mojej młodości
2003: Wołaniem wołam cię – Perły
2006: Nie zapomniałam... Platynowa kolekcja
References
1947 births
Polish country singers
Living people
Musicians from Poznań
Architects from Poznań
Polish women singers
Polish pop singers |
Magdalena of Lippe (25 February 1552, Detmold – 26 February 1587, Darmstadt) was a German noblewoman. She was a Countess of Lippe by birth. By her marriage to George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt she was the first Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt.
Life
Magdalena was the daughter of Count Bernhard VIII of Lippe (1527–1563) from his marriage to Catherine (1524–1583), daughter of Count Philip III of Waldeck-Eisenberg.
After her father's death, she moved to the court of Landgrave William IV of Hesse-Kassel, where she was regarded as a natural beauty. Here, she met George. She married him on 17 August 1572. William paid the expenses of the marriage. The marriage was a happy one. Magdalena was regarded as so virtuous, pious and benevolent, that she was sometimes compared to Saint Elisabeth. She even wrote a prayer book for her children. Magdalena and her husband laid the groundwork for the State and University library of Hesse.
She died in 1587, after 15 years of marriage, at the age of 35. She died after the birth of her last child. She was buried in the choir of the city church of Darmstadt. Her famous epitaph can still be found behind the high altar. It was dedicated to her by her husband in 1589.
Issue
Magdalena and George had ten children, of whom three sons and three daughters reached adulthood:
Philip William (1576–1576), Hereditary prince
Louis V (1577–1626), Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
married in 1598 princess Magdalene of Brandenburg (1582–1616)
Christine (1578–1596)
married in 1595 Count Frederick Magnus of Erbach-Fürstenau (1575–1618)
Elisabeth (1579–1655)
married in 1601 Count John Casimir of Nassau-Weilburg-Gleiberg (1577–1602)
Marie Hedwig (1580–1582)
Philip III (1581–1643), Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach
married firstly, in 1610, Countess Anna Margarethe of Diepholz (1580–1629)
married secondly, in 1632, Countess Christine Sophie of East Frisia (1600–1658)
Anna (1583–1631)
married in 1601 Count Albert Otto of Solms-Laubach (1576–1610)
Frederick I (1585–1638), Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
married in 1622 Countess Margarethe of Leiningen-Westerburg (1604–1667)
Magdalene (1586–1586)
John (1587–1587)
References
Johann Wilhelm Christian Steiner: Georg I., Landgraf von Hessen-Darmstadt, Stifter des landgräfl. hessen..., p. 211
Heinrich Künzel: Geschichte von Hessen, insbesondere Geschichte des Großherzogthums Hessen, p. 649
External links
Countesses in Germany
1552 births
1587 deaths
People from Detmold
16th-century German people
Landgravines of Hesse-Darmstadt
House of Hesse
Deaths in childbirth
Daughters of monarchs |
See also
2007 in Australia
2007 in Australian television
List of 2007 box office number-one films in Australia
2007
Australia
Films |
Tortelier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Paul Tortelier (1914–1990), French cellist and composer
Yan Pascal Tortelier (born 1947), French conductor and violinist, son of Paul |
Scylla et Glaucus (Scylla and Glaucus) is a tragédie en musique with a prologue and five acts, the only surviving full-length opera by Jean-Marie Leclair. The French-language libretto by d'Albaret is based on Ovid's Metamorphoses, books 10, 13 and 14. It was first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique in Paris on 4 October 1746.
Background
The quality of the vocal writing in Scylla et Glaucus came as a surprise to many, given that Leclair was much better known for composing instrumental music, and therefore had little experience in opera. By the time the Scylla was performed in 1746, Leclair was already known for his forty-eight violin sonatas, his trios, and his concertos. He received much of his musical training in Italy, where he was exposed to the influence of Pietro Locatelli and other Italian composers of the time. This is why the writing of Scylla, while remaining recognizably in French, is full of italianisms.
Leclair dedicated the work to Marie-Anne-Françoise de Noailles, Countess of La Mark (or La Marck), an accomplished musician who sang and played the harpsichord. Madame de La Mark often enjoyed having operas performed in her home.
Roles
Synopsis
Prologue
A temple of Venus where the people of Amathus celebrate a festival in honor of the goddess, the laws to which even the dreaded Mars himself yields. The party is interrupted by Propoetides (the daughters of Propoetus from the city of Amathus on the island of Cyprus), who are jealous of the presence of Venus; they abhor religion and deny the divinity of the goddess. The goddess descends to punish them by way of petrification; "woe to those who despise the pleasures over which she presides". Through her son Amour, she promises happiness and prosperity to those who revere her.
Act 1
The setting is Sicily. On one side, there is a forest, on the other, a vast countryside. The nymph Scylla is equally cold to all of her lovers, including Glaucus, a young prophetic sea-god in Neptune's court, born mortal and turned immortal upon eating a magical herb. It was believed that he commonly came to the rescue of sailors and fishermen in storms, having once been one himself. He is in love with Scylla, and led to despair by the hardness of Scylla's heart, goes to seek help from Circe, the sorceress.
Act 2
Circe is in her palace, and she confesses that she cannot live without love. Inevitably, she goes mad with love for Glaucus when she first sees him. Glaucus asks for assistance in arousing Scylla, but it's for herself that Circe goes to work, devising a spell to make Glaucus fall in love with her instead. A lavish party follows, during which Circe's henchmen attempt to seduce Glaucus. The spell is successful; Glaucus falls at Circe's feet and Scylla is quickly forgotten. A close friend of Glaucus comes to inform him that Scylla complained of his absence, and Scylla's name proves to be enough to break the spell. Glaucus leaves hurriedly to go to his mistress, and Circe, furious, swears revenge.
Act 3
The setting is the edge of the sea. Scylla realizes that despite everything, she is in love with Glaucus. The lovers reunite, which leads, naturally, to a party. Glaucus calls upon all of the sea gods and urges them to sing his victory. The party is disturbed by Circe, who comes down to the scene in a cloud. She ends the act with an anger-filled monologue.
Act 4
The setting is wild, with Mount Etna erupting in the background. Circe makes vain efforts to take back Glaucus. Scylla arrives at the scene, and her presence ignites the jealous wrath of Circe. Circe pretends to be softened by Glaucus's tears, but only to more surely destroy her rival. The moment the two lovers leave, she embarks upon magic incantations to take revenge on Scylla. The Moon descends from heaven, transforms into Hecate, and from out of the Underworld brings to Circe "the most deadly poison that the Phlegethon River has ever produced form its shores". It is the poison that will be the instrument of Circe's vengeance.
Act 5
The setting is a place prepared for party. Glaucus and Scylla exchange tender embraces as well as fears. The memory of Circe concerns Scylla, and Glaucus's only task becomes to reassure his lover. The people of Sicily come to celebrate the anniversary of the liberation of their country, which had for years been subject to the tyrannical empire of the Cyclops. Seeing the fountain Circe poisoned, Glaucus exclaims: "It is in this fountain that I saw your beautiful eyes the first time." Scylla looks into the fountain and the poison takes effect. Scylla succumbs to Circe's cruel revenge and runs into the sea. She dies and turns into a rock in the shape of a woman. Circe triumphs, and she finds satisfaction in Glaucus's misery.
Arias
Performance history
Though the opera was not widely acclaimed, it had a successful eighteen-performance run. The first was on October 4, 1746, at the Académie royale de musique. After the eighth performance, a ballet-pantomime, a genre that was then very popular, was added at the end of the tragedy. It was called Un Jardinier et une Jardinière, or "A Gardener and a Planter". In 1747, Jean-Marie Leclair the Younger, brother of the composer, showed the opera at the Academy of Fine Arts in Lyon, directing the orchestra. It was performed in this same way in 1750 and in 1755.
Modern performances
London – November 14, 1979 (First revival of the opera)
Lyon – Opéra Nouvel – February 1986 (First revival in opera in France): Five performances with other performances at the Bath Festival and the Göttingen International Handel Festival
Versailles – Opéra Royal, September 27 and 29, 2005
Lyon – Auditorium, December 1, 2005
Amsterdam – The Royal Concertgebouw, December 3, 2005
Budapest – Béla Bartók National Concert Hall, May 16, 2013
Kiel – Ballet Kiel, May 6, 2017
Scylla is not very widely known today and, for that reason, is rarely performed. Neal Zaslaw, an American musicologist, attributes its lack of revival to three specific aspects of the opera: Hecate's terrifying magic powers, a "thoroughly Baroque" musical style, and a tragic ending, viz. the petrification of the heroine and the desolation of the hero.
Form
The opera is cast in the traditional tragédie en musique form developed by Jean-Baptiste Lully in the seventeenth century: a prologue followed by five acts. By the time Scyllas first performance was given, the form was already becoming outdated, threatened by both the newly evolving form of opéra-ballet and the increasingly popular Italian comic opera. However, while the form of the opera might have been old-fashioned, the music was not.
Recordings
Scylla et Glaucus, Donna Brown (Scylla), Howard Crook (Glaucus), Rachel Yakar (Circé), Monteverdi Choir and English Baroque Soloists conducted by John Eliot Gardiner (3 CDs, Erato, 1988)
Scylla et Glaucus, Emöke Barath (Scylla), Anders J. Dahlin (Glaucus), Caroline Mutel (Circé), Les Nouveaux Caractères conducted by Sébastien d'Hérin (3 CDs, Alpha, 2015)
Notes and referencesNotesReferences'''
Further reading
Original libretto at Gallica, Bibliothèque Nationale de France
Original printed score at Gallica, Bibliothèque Nationale de France
Pitou, Spire, The Paris Opéra. An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers – Rococo and Romantic, 1715–1815, Greenwood Press, Westport/London, 1985 ()
Sadler, Graham (1992), "Scylla et Glaucus" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)
Viking Opera Guide'' (ed. Holden, 1993)
Operas by Jean-Marie Leclair
French-language operas
Tragédies en musique
Operas based on Metamorphoses
Operas
1746 operas |
Edward Usher (June 19, 1898 – April 1973) was an American football fullback and halfback. He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team in 1918, 1920 and 1921. He later played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo All-Americans, Rock Island Independents, Green Bay Packers and Kansas City Blues for 3 seasons before retiring in 1924.
References
1898 births
1973 deaths
American football fullbacks
American football halfbacks
Buffalo All-Americans players
Green Bay Packers players
Kansas City Blues (NFL) players
Rock Island Independents players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Players of American football from Toledo, Ohio |
Trupanea syrmophora is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Tephritomyia of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Fruit flies feed upon fruit, leaf's, honeydew, and vegetables Chile.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1942
Diptera of South America
Endemic fauna of Chile |
Alin Răzvan Fică (born 14 June 2001) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga I club CFR Cluj.
Honours
Club
CFR Cluj
Liga I: 2019–20, 2021–22
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
People from Caracal, Romania
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
CFR Cluj players
Liga II players
FC Rapid București players
CS Academica Recea players
Liga III players
Footballers from Olt County |
Borislav Georgiev Dimitrov (; 11 November 1951 – 28 March 2013), commonly known as Boko Dimitrov (), was a Bulgarian footballer who played as a defender. He made 31 appearances for the Bulgaria national team.
Career
Dimitrov made his debut for Bulgaria on 25 September 1974 in a friendly match against Romania, which finished as a 0–0 draw. He went on to make 31 appearances, scoring 2 goals, before making his last appearance on 14 April 1982 in a friendly match against Romania, which finished as a 1–2 loss.
Career statistics
International
International goals
Honours
Lokomotiv Sofia
Bulgarian League: 1977–78
References
External links
1951 births
2013 deaths
Bulgarian men's footballers
Bulgaria men's international footballers
FC Rodopa Smolyan players
FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia players
Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Super League Greece players
Bulgarian expatriate men's footballers
Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Men's association football defenders |
John Lees is a retired sports journalist who holds the record for completing the fastest coast-to-coast walk across the United States. Starting at Los Angeles City Hall on 11 April 1972, he walked for 53 days, 12 hours and 15 minutes to New York City Hall, finishing on 3 June 1972.
Lees became the sports reporter and cricket commentator for various BBC radio stations in the south east of England, including BBC Sussex, BBC Surrey and BBC Southern Counties Radio, where he was often referred to as "the gentleman of sport". He retired from BBC radio in September 2017.
He made a return visit to New York City Hall to mark the 30th anniversary of his amazing feat of endurance. This nostalgic event was covered by BBC Southern Counties Radio.
Lees is a keen birdwatcher.
References
British sports journalists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
English male racewalkers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Hybosorinae is a subfamily of scavenger scarab beetles in the family Hybosoridae. There is at least one extant genus, Hybosorus, in Hybosorinae, and several extinct genera.
References
Further reading
External links
scarabaeiformia
Articles created by Qbugbot |
ABP Ganga is a 24-hour Indian regional Hindi-language news channel for Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It is owned by ABP Group. The channel was launched on 15 April 2019.
ABP brings the curtains down on its regional TV channel ABP Ganga. ABP Network officially announces closing of broadcast of ABP Ganga and transition from linear to digital-led format only.
See also
ABP Group
ABP News
List of Indian television stations
24-hour television news channels
References
External links
ABP News
ABP Majha
ABP Ananda
ABP SANJHA
ABP Asmita
Latest News Today, Breaking News & Top News Headlines
24-hour television news channels in India
Hindi-language television channels in India
Television channels and stations established in 2019
ABP Group |
Captain Fingers is the third studio album by guitarist Lee Ritenour, released in 1977 by Epic Records.
Track listing
Personnel
Lee Ritenour – electric guitars, 360 Systems Polyphonic guitar synthesizer (1, 2, 4, 6), electric 12-string guitar (2), acoustic guitar (2), classical guitar (7)
Dave Grusin – Oberheim Polyphonic Synthesizer (1, 3), electric piano (2, 3, 7), clavinet (3), Minimoog (3), arrangements and conductor (3, 7)
Dawilli Gonga – electric piano (1, 4)
Patrice Rushen – electric piano (1)
Ian Underwood – acoustic piano (1), Oberheim Polyphonic synthesizer (1, 2, 4), synthesizer programming (3)
David Foster – electric piano (5, 6)
Jay Graydon – rhythm guitar (1)
Ray Parker Jr. – rhythm guitar (5, 6)
Mitch Holder – rhythm guitar (6)
Dennis Budimir – rhythm guitar (7)
Anthony Jackson – bass (1-3)
Alphonso Johnson – bass (1, 4)
Mike Porcaro – bass (5)
Charles Meeks – bass (6)
Bill Dickinson – bass (7)
Harvey Mason – drums (1-4, 7), percussion (2, 3, 6, 7)
Jeff Porcaro – drums (5, 6)
Steve Forman – percussion (2, 5, 7)
Victor Feldman – congas (3, 6)
Steve Mason – percussion (4, 6)
Ernie Watts – soprano saxophone (3), tenor saxophone (6)
Ray Cramer – cello solo (7)
Michel Colombier – string arrangements and conductor (2)
Bill Champlin – vocals (5)
Production
Jerry Schoenbaum – executive producer
Skip Drinkwater – producer
Lee Ritenour – associate producer
John Mills – engineer, remixing
Don Murray – engineer, remixing
Tommy Vicari – engineer, remixing
Linda Tyler – assistant engineer
Danny Vicari – assistant engineer
Bernie Grundman – mastering at A&M Studios (Hollywood, California)
Joe Gastwirt – remastering
Bruce Steinberg – art direction, design, cover photography
Bob Wirtz – sleeve photography
Stuart Nicholson – liner notes
Charts
References
Lee Ritenour albums
1977 albums
Epic Records albums |
Christine Song (born June 14, 1991) is an American female professional golfer currently playing on the LPGA Tour and formerly on the Futures Tour.
Personal
Song was born in Burbank, California on June 14, 1991. She resides in Florida
Professional
Song turned professional in 2009, and joined the Futures Tour on January 21, 2009. She played in the 2011 LPGA Championship, but missed the cut.
Professional wins (5)
Symetra Tour wins (5)
External links
Profile at Atlanta Journal Constitution website (archived)
American female golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
Golfers from California
American sportspeople of Korean descent
Sportspeople from Burbank, California
Sportspeople from Fullerton, California
1991 births
Living people
21st-century American women |
Nguyễn Thị Nga (born 6 Octocber 1989) is a VietNam marketing author, footballer who played as a defender. She has been a member of the Vietnam women's national team.
International goals
References
1985 births
Living people
Women's association football defenders
Vietnamese women's footballers
Vietnam women's international footballers
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Vietnam
21st-century Vietnamese women |
Księga Tajemnicza. Prolog is the debut album of Polish hip-hop group Kaliber 44, released in 1996, on S.P. Records. The album is one of the most influential releases in the history of Polish hip-hop.
The album was entirely recorded and produced by members of Kaliber 44, except two tracks which were produced by Rahim from 3xKlan and Jajonasz. The sound of Księga Tajemnicza. Prolog is dark and minimalist, taking influences from psychedelic hip hop. The group called themselves "the Knights of Mary" ("Mary" being slang for marijuana).
The group was inspired by the sound and style of such groups as Gravediggaz and Wu-Tang Clan.
Track list
1996 debut albums
Polish-language albums
Kaliber 44 albums |
This is a list of internment and concentration camps, organized by country. In general, a camp or group of camps is designated to the country whose government was responsible for the establishment and/or operation of the camp regardless of the camp's location, but this principle can be, or it can appear to be, departed from in such cases as where a country's borders or name has changed or it was occupied by a foreign power.
Certain types of camps are excluded from this list, particularly refugee camps operated or endorsed by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Additionally, prisoner-of-war camps that do not also intern non-combatants or civilians are treated under a separate category.
Argentina
During the Dirty War which accompanied the 1976–1983 military dictatorship, there were over 300 places throughout the country that served as secret detention centres, where people were interrogated, tortured, and killed. Prisoners were often forced to hand and sign over property, in acts of individual, rather than official and systematic, corruption. Small children who were taken with their relatives, and babies born to female prisoners later killed, were frequently given for adoption to politically acceptable, often military, families. This is documented by a number of cases dating since the 1990s in which adopted children have identified their real families.
These were relatively small secret detention centres rather than actual camps. The peak years were 1976–78. According to the report of CONADEP (Argentine National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) Report. 8,960 were killed during the Dirty War. It states that "We have reason to believe that the true figure is much higher" which is due to the fact that by the time they published the report (in late 1984) the research wasn't fully accomplished; human rights organizations today consider 30,000 to be killed (disappeared). There was a total of 340 secret detention centres all over the country's territory.
Australia
World War I
During World War I, 2,940 German and Austrian men were interned in ten different camps in Australia. Almost all of the men listed as being Austrians were from the Croatian coastal region of Dalmatia, then under Austrian rule.
In 1915 many of the smaller camps in Australia closed, with their inmates transferred to larger camps. The largest camp was Holsworthy Internment Camp at Holsworthy. Families of the interned men were placed in a camp near Canberra.
World War II
During World War II, internment camps were established at Orange and Hay in New South Wales for ethnic Germans in Australia whose loyalty was suspect; German refugees from Nazism including the "Dunera boys"; and Italian immigrants, many were later transferred to Tatura in Victoria (4,721 Italian immigrants were interned in Australia).
Modern day
The Department of Immigration and Border Protection currently jointly manages two immigration centres on Nauru and Manus Islands with the host governments of Nauru and Papua New Guinea, for the indefinite detention of asylum seekers attempting to reach Australia by boat. The claims of the asylum seekers to refugee status are processed in these centres. They are a part of the Australian government's policy that asylum seekers attempting to reach Australia by boat will never be permitted to settle in Australia, even if they are found to be refugees, but may be settled in other countries. The clear intention of the Australian government's policy is to deter asylum seekers attempting to reach Australia by boat. The great majority of boats come from Indonesia, which is used as a convenient jumping-off point for asylum seekers from other countries who want to reach Australia.
These centres are not United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees-endorsed refugee camps, and the operation of these facilities has caused controversy, such as allegations of torture and other breaches of human rights.
Austria-Hungary
World War I (Austria-Hungary)
Starting in 1914, 16 camps were built in the Austrian regions of Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria. The majority of prisoners came from Russia, Italy, Serbia and Romania. Citizens deemed enemies of the state were displaced from their homes and sent to camps throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In addition of (internment camp) for civilians of enemy states, Austria-Hungary incarcerated over one million Allied prisoners of war.
Austria
Braunau in Bohemia (today: Broumov in the Czech Republic), formed on 11. June 1915. Housed Serbian and Russian POWs and civilian internees, including underage Serbian children.
Mauthausen, formed 22. September 1914. Housed Serbian and Italian POWs and Serbian civilian internees.
Aschach an der Donau, Housed Serbian and Montenegrin POW officers and soldiers and civilian internees.
Drosendorf internment camp
Grossau internment camp
Heinrichsgrün (today: Jindřichovice Czech Republic), formed beginning of June 1915, received first internees 17. June 1915. Housed Russian, Italian, Montenegrin and Serbian POWs and Montenegrin and Serbian civilian internees.
Illmau internment camp - in the Waldviertel
Katzenau - The largest internment camp in the territory of the monarchy, located on the right bank of the Danube near Linz, was used as an internment camp for civilians after Italy entered the war.
Karlstein an der Thaya internment camp
Kirchberg an der Wild internment camp - in the Zwettl district
Markl internment camp - In Windigsteig in the Waldviertel region
Neulengbach internment camp
Sittmannshof internment camp - located near Loibes in Lower Austria's Waldviertel region between 1915 and 1916.
Steinklamm internment camp - located in the municipality of Rabenstein an der Pielach in Lower Austria.
Thalerhof internment camp - Between 1914 and 1917, around 30,000 people from Eastern Europe (mainly Ukrainians) were interned in the Thalerhof camp near Feldkirchen, south of Graz.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Doboj
Hungary
Arad (today in Romania)
Sopronnyék (today: Samersdorf, Austria), formed on 5. April 1915. Housed Serbian and Montenegrin POWs and civilian internees, including underage children.
Boldogasszony (today: Frauerkirchen, Austria), formed in February 1915. Housed Russian, Italian, Romanian, Serbian and Montenegrin POWs and Serbian and Montenegrin civilian internees.
Budapest
Cegléd
Csót
Esztergom
Győr
Keczkemét
Kenyérmező
Nagymegyer (today Veľký Meder Slovakia)
Nezsider - The Nezsider concentration camp in Hungary, about 17,000 internees, mostly from Serbia and Montenegro, were held throughout the war.
Tápiósüly (today part of Sülysáp) - internment camp for civilians, including women and children, 45 km East of Budapest
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian war
In a UN report, 381 out of 677 alleged camps have been corroborated and verified, involving all warring factions during the Bosnian War.
Bulgaria
World War I (Bulgaria)
During World War I, Bulgaria was part of the Central Powers with Germany, Austria Hungary and Turkey. The Bulgarians established their largest prison camps in Sofia as well as smaller working camps across the kingdom but also military prison camps in Bulgarian occupied Serbia.
Dobritch (Bazargic)
Gorno Panicherevo - Located near Stara Zagora, holding prisoners of war and Serbian civilian internees, including women, children, a French school teacher and 84 Orthodox priests (according to Red Cross inspection of 11 May 1917)
Haskovo - This prison camp held both Serbian prisoners of war and civilian internees, including women, children, and priests.
Orhanie (today called Botevgrad) held both prisoners of war and civilian internees, mostly Serbian but also Russian.
Philippopolis - The camp was established on the site of a former cholera hospital and incarcerated approximately 5,250 Serbian, British, and French with a majority of Serbian civilians.
Rakhovo (today Slovakia)
Sliven - Sliven held approximately 19,900 Serbian, Romanian, Russian, British, and French prisoners, including sixteen Serbian Orthodox priests.
Sofia - The Bulgarian army maintained three prison camps around the city, holding a total of 20,000 prisoners of war and civilian internees.
Camp 1 - Mostly French prisoners
Camp 2 - Mostly Serbian prisoners
Camp 3 - Mostly Serbian prisoners with some Russians, Romanians and Italians
Bulgarian occupied Serbia
Niš
Struga (today North Macedonia) - In Bulgarian-occupied province of Monastir in southwestern Serbia.
Cambodia
The totalitarian communist Khmer Rouge régime established over 150 prisons for political opponents, of which Tuol Sleng is the best known. According to Ben Kiernan, "all but seven of the twenty thousand Tuol Sleng prisoners" were executed.
Canada
World War I (Canada)
Ukrainian Canadian internment
In World War I, 8,579 male "aliens of enemy nationality" were interned, including 5,954 Austro-Hungarians, including ethnic Ukrainians, Croats, and Serbs. Many of these internees were used for forced labour in internment camps.
Camps and relocation centres elsewhere in Canada
There were internment camps near Kananaskis, Alberta; Petawawa, Ontario; Hull, Quebec; Minto, New Brunswick; Amherst, Nova Scotia and St. John's, Newfoundland.
About 250 people worked as guards at the Amherst, Nova Scotia camp at Park and Hickman streets from April 1915 to September 1919. The prisoners, including Leon Trotsky, cleared land around the experimental farm and built the pool in Dickey Park.
World War II (Canada)
During the World War II, the Canadian government interned people of German, Italian and Japanese ancestry, besides citizens of other origins it deemed dangerous to national security. This included both fascists (including Canadians such as Adrien Arcand who had negotiated with Hitler to obtain positions in the government of Canada once Canada was conquered), Montreal mayor Camillien Houde (for denouncing conscription) and union organizers and other people deemed to be dangerous Communists. Such internment was made legal by the Defence of Canada Regulations, passed 3 September 1939. Section 21 of which read:
The Minister of Justice, if satisfied that, with a view to preventing any particular person from acting in a manner prejudicial to the public safety or the safety of the State, it is necessary to do so, may, notwithstanding anything in these regulations, make an order [...] directing that he be detained by virtue of an order made under this paragraph, be deemed to be in legal custody.
Internment of Jewish refugees
European refugees who had managed to escape the Nazis and made it to Britain, were rounded up as "enemy aliens" in 1940. Many were interned on the Isle of Man, and 2,300 were sent to Canada, mostly Jews. They were transported on the same boats as German and Italian POWs. They were sent to camps in New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec provinces where they were mixed in with Canadian fascists and other political prisoners, Nazi POWs, etc.
German Canadian internment
During the Second World War, 850 German Canadians were accused of being spies for the Nazis, as well as subversives and saboteurs. The internees were given a chance by authorities to defend themselves; according to the transcripts of the appeal tribunals, internees and state officials debated conflicting concepts of citizenship.
Many German Canadians interned in Camp Petawawa were from a migration in 1876. They had arrived in a small area a year after a Polish migration landed in Wilno, Ontario. Their hamlet, made up of farmers primarily, was called Germanicus, and is in the bush less than from Eganville, Ontario. Their farms (homesteads originally) were expropriated by the federal government for no compensation, and the men were imprisoned behind barbed wire in the AOAT camp. (The Foymount Air Force Base near Cormac and Eganville was built on this expropriated land.) Notable was that not one of these homesteaders from 1876 or their descendants had ever visited Germany again after 1876, yet they were accused of being German Nazi agents.
756 German sailors, mostly captured in East Asia were sent from camps in India to Canada in June 1941 (Camp 33).
By 19 April 1941, 61 prisoners had made a break for liberty from Canadian internment camps. The escapees included 28 German prisoners who escaped from the internment camp east of Port Arthur, Ontario in April 1941.
Italian Canadian internment
On 10 June 1940, Italy joined the war on the Axis side. After that, Italian Canadians were heavily scrutinized. Openly fascist organizations were deemed illegal while individuals with fascist inclinations were arrested, most often without warrants. Organizations seen as openly fascist also had properties confiscated without warrants. A provision under the Canadian War Measures Act was immediately enacted by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. Named the Defence of Canada Regulations, it allowed government authorities to take the necessary measures to protect the country from internal threats and enemies. The same afternoon that Italy joined the Axis powers, Italian consular and embassy officials were asked to leave as soon as physically possible. Canada, which was heavily involved in the war effort on the Allies' side, saw the Italian communities as a breeding ground of likely internal threats and a haven of conceivable spy networks helping the fascist Axis nations of Italy and Germany. Though many Italians were anti-fascist and no longer politically involved with their homeland, this did not stop 600–700 Italians from being sent to internment camps throughout Canada.
The first of these Italian prisoners were sent to Camp Petawawa, in the Ottawa River Valley. By October 1940 the round up had already been completed. Italian Canadian Montrealer, Mario Duliani wrote "The City Without Women" about his life in the internment camp Petawawa during World War II; it is a personal account of the struggles of the time. Throughout the country Italians were investigated by RCMP officials who had a compiled list of Italian persons who were politically involved and deeply connected in the Italian communities. Most of the arrested individuals were from the Montreal and Toronto areas; they were pronounced enemy aliens.
After the war, resentment and suspicion of the Italian communities still lingered. Laval Fortier, commissioner for overseas immigration after the war, wrote: "The Italian South Peasant is not the type we are looking for in Canada. His standard of living, his way of life, even his civilization seem so different that I doubt if he could ever become an asset to our country". Such remarks reflected a large proportion of the population who had negative views of the Italian communities. A Gallup poll released in 1946 showed 73 percent of Québécois were against immigration, with 25 percent stating Italians were the group of people most wanted kept out — even though the pre-war years had proved that Italians were an asset to the Canadian economy and industry, as they accomplished critical jobs that were seen as very unappealing, such as laying track across rural and dangerous landscapes and building infrastructure in urban areas.
Japanese Canadian internment and relocation centres
During World War II, Canada interned residents of Japanese ancestry. Over 75% were Canadian nationals and they were vital in key areas of the economy, notably the fishery and also logging and berry farming. Exile took two forms: relocation centres for families and relatively well-off individuals who were a low security threat, and internment camps which were for single men, the less well-off, and those deemed to be a security risk. After the war, many did not return to the Coast because of bitter feelings as to their treatment, and fears of further hostility from non-Japanese citizens; of those that returned only about 25% regained confiscated property and businesses. Most remained in other parts of Canada, notably certain parts of the British Columbia Interior and in the neighbouring province of Alberta.
Camps and relocation centres in the West Kootenay and Boundary regions
Internment camps, called "relocation centres", were at Greenwood, Kaslo, Lemon Creek, New Denver, Rosebery, Sandon, Slocan City, and Tashme. Some were nearly-empty ghost towns when the internment began, others, like Kaslo and Greenwood, while less populous than in their boom years, were substantial communities.
Self-supporting centres in the Lillooet-Fraser Canyon region
A different kind of camp, known as a self-supporting centre, was found in other regions. Bridge River, Minto City, McGillivray Falls, East Lillooet, Taylor Lake were in the Lillooet Country or nearby. Other than Taylor Lake, these were all called "Self-supporting centres", not internment camps. The first three listed were all in a mountainous area so physically isolated that fences and guards were not required as the only egress from that region was by rail or water. McGillivray Falls and Tashme, on the Crowsnest Highway east of Hope, British Columbia, were just over the minimum 100 miles from the Coast required by the deportation order, though Tashme had direct road access over that distance, unlike McGillivray. Because of the isolation of the country immediately coast-wards from McGillivray, men from that camp were hired to work at a sawmill in what has since been named Devine, after the mill's owner, which is within the 100-mile quarantine zone. Many of those in the East Lillooet camp were hired to work in town, or on farms nearby, particularly at Fountain, while those at Minto and Minto Mine and those at Bridge River worked for the railway or the hydro company.
Channel Islands
Alderney in the Channel Islands was the only place in the British Isles where the Germans established concentration camps during their Occupation of the Channel Islands. In January 1942, the occupying German forces established four camps, called Helgoland, Norderney, Borkum and Sylt (named after the German North Sea islands), where captive Russians and other East Europeans were used as slave labourers to build the Atlantic Wall defences on the island. Around 460 prisoners died in the Alderney camps.
Chile
Concentration camps were used during the Selk'nam genocide.
Concentration camps existed throughout Chile during Pinochet's dictatorship in the 1970s and 80s. An article in Harvard Review of Latin America reported that "there were over eighty detention centers in Santiago alone" and it gave details of some. Information on detention centers is included in the Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (Rettig report).
Some of the detention centers in Chile in this period:
People's Republic of China
Laogai
Laogai (), the abbreviation for (), which means reform through labor, is a criminal justice system involving the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Láogǎi is different from láojiào, or re-education through labor, which was the abolished administrative detention system for people who were not criminals but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to "reform offenders into law-abiding citizens". Persons who were detained in the laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from those which comprised the general prison system of the laogai. Both systems, however, were based on penal labour. The system has been estimated to have caused tens of millions of deaths and it has also been likened to slavery by its critics. The memoirs of Harry Wu describe his experience in reform-through-labor prisons from 1960 to 1979. Wu recounts his imprisonment for criticizing the government while he was in college and his release in 1979, after which he moved to the United States and eventually became an activist. Officials of the Chinese Communist Party have argued that Wu far overstates the present role of Chinese labor camps and ignores the tremendous changes that have occurred in China since the 1970s.
Falun Gong
The Chinese-language word laogai, short for Láodòng Gǎizào ("reform through labor"), referred to penal labour or to prison farms in the People's Republic of China. Chinese authorities dropped the word laogai itself in 1994 and replaced it with the label "prison". In the 1960s, critics of the government were arrested and sent to the prisons which were organized like factories. There are accusations that the products of penal labor are sold for profit by the government.
There are also accusations that Chinese labor-camps produce goods which are often sold in foreign countries with the profits going to the PRC government. The products include everything from green tea to industrial engines to coal dug from mines.
There have been reports of Falun Gong practitioners being detained at the Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital, or at the "Sujiatun Concentration Camp". It has been alleged that Falun Gong practitioners are killed for their organs, which are then sold to medical facilities. The Chinese government rejects these allegations. The US State Department visited the alleged camp on two occasions, first unannounced, and found the allegations not credible. Chinese dissident and executive director of the Laogai Research Foundation, Harry Wu, having sent his own investigators to the site, was unable to substantiate these claims, and he believed the reports were fabricated.
Xinjiang
at least 120,000 members of China's Muslim Uyghur minority were held in mass-detention camps, termed by Chinese authorities "re-education camps", which aim to change the political thinking of detainees, their identities and religious beliefs. According to Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as many as 1 million people have been detained in these camps, which are located in the Xinjiang region. International reports state that as many as 3 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities may have been detained China's re-education camps in the Xinjiang region.
Croatia
World War II (Croatia)
An estimated 320,000–340,000 Serbs, 30,000 Croatian Jews and 30,000 Roma were killed during the Independent State of Croatia, including between 77,000 and 99,000 Serbs, Bosniaks, Croats, Jews and Roma killed in the Jasenovac concentration camp.
Yugoslav wars
Kerestinec prison
Lora prison camp, Split
Ovčara camp
Cuba
Cuban War of Independence
After Marshal Campos had failed to pacify the Cuban rebellion, the Conservative government of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo sent out Valeriano Weyler. This selection met the approval of most Spaniards, who thought him the proper man to crush the rebellion. While serving as a Spanish general, he was called "Butcher Weyler" because hundreds of thousands of people died in his concentration camps.
He was made governor of Cuba with full powers to suppress the insurgency (rebellion was widespread in Cuba) and restore the island to political order and its sugar production to greater profitability. Initially, Weyler was greatly frustrated by the same factors that had made victory difficult for all generals of traditional standing armies fighting against an insurgency. While the Spanish troops marched in regulation and required substantial supplies, their opponents practiced hit-and-run tactics and lived off the land, blending in with the non-combatant population. He came to the same conclusions as his predecessors as well—that to win Cuba back for Spain, he would have to separate the rebels from the civilians by putting the latter in safe havens, protected by loyal Spanish troops. By the end of 1897, General Weyler had relocated more than 300,000 into such "reconcentration camps." Weyler learned this tactic from the American Civil War campaign of General Sherman while assigned to the post of military attaché in the Spanish Embassy in Washington D.C.. However, many mistakenly believe him to be to the origin of such tactics after it was later used by the British in the Second Boer War and later evolved into a designation to describe the concentration camps of the 20th century regimes of Hitler and Stalin. Although he was successful moving vast numbers of people, he failed to provide for them adequately. Consequently, these areas became cesspools of hunger and disease, where many hundreds of thousands died.
Weyler's "reconcentration" policy had another important effect. Although it made Weyler's military objectives easier to accomplish, it had devastating political consequences. Although the Spanish Conservative government supported Weyler's tactics wholeheartedly, the Liberals denounced them vigorously for their toll on the Cuban civilian population. In the propaganda war waged in the United States, Cuban émigrés made much of Weyler's inhumanity to their countrymen and won the sympathy of broad groups of the U.S. population to their cause. He was nicknamed "the Butcher" Weyler by journalists like William Randolph Hearst.
Weyler's strategy also backfired militarily due to the rebellion in the Philippines that required the redeployment by 1897 of some troops already in Cuba. When Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was assassinated in June, Weyler lost his principal supporter in Spain. He resigned his post in late 1897 and returned to Europe. He was replaced in Cuba by the more conciliatory Ramón Blanco y Erenas.
Rule of Fidel Castro
Military Units to Aid Production were forced labor concentration camps which were established by Fidel Castro's communist government, from November 1965 to July 1968.
They were used to brainwash the Cuban population and force it to renounce alleged "bourgeois" and "counter-revolutionary" values. First, people were thrown into overcrowded prison cells which were located in police stations and later they were taken to secret police facilities, cinemas, stadiums, warehouses, and similar locations. They were photographed, fingerprinted and forced to sign confessions which declared that they were the "scum of society" in exchange for their temporary release until they were summoned to the concentration camps. Those who refused to sign the confessions were physically and psychologically tortured.
Beginning in November 1965, people who were already classified as the "scum of society" started to arrive in the concentration camps by train, bus, truck and other police and military vehicles.
"Social deviants" such as homosexuals, vagrants, Jehovah's Witnesses and other religious missionaries were imprisoned in these concentration camps, where they would be "reeducated".
Denmark
Before and during World War II
Horserød camp – established during World War I as a camp for war prisoners in need of treatment, it was used during World War II as an internment camp. It is now an open prison.
Frøslev Prison Camp – established during World War II as an internment camp by the Danish government in order to avoid deportation of Danish citizens to Germany. Used after the war to house Nazi collaborators and later students of a continuation high school located inside the camp.
After World War II
Denmark received about 240,000 refugees from Germany and other countries after the war. They were put into camps guarded by the reestablished army. Contact between Danes and the refugees were very limited and strictly enforced. About 17,000 died in the camps due to injuries and illness resulting from their escape from Germany or poor camp conditions. Known camps were
Dragsbæklejren – a base for seaplanes, later converted into an internment camp for refugees. It is now used by the army
Gedhus – located on an area which now is home to Karup Airport
Grove – located on an area which now is home to Karup Airport
Rye Flyveplads – a small airfield in Jutland
Kløvermarken – is now a park in Copenhagen
Oksbøl Refugee Camp – now belongs to the Danish Army
Skallerup Klit – was developed into an area for summer houses
Finland
Finnish Civil War
In the Finnish Civil War, the victorious White Army and German troops captured about 80,000 Red prisoners by the end of the war on 5 May 1918. Once the White terror subsided, a few thousand including mainly small children and women, were set free, leaving 74,000–76,000 prisoners. The largest prison camps were Suomenlinna (an archipelago just offshore from the center of Helsinki), Hämeenlinna, Lahti, Viipuri, Ekenäs, Riihimäki and Tampere. The Senate made the decision to keep these prisoners detained until each person's guilt could be examined. A law for a Tribunal of Treason was enacted on 29 May after a long dispute between the White army and the Senate of the proper trial method to adopt. The start of the heavy and slow process of trials was delayed further until 18 June 1918. The Tribunal did not meet all the standards of neutral justice, due to the mental atmosphere of White Finland after the war. Approximately 70,000 Reds were convicted, mainly for complicity to treason. Most of the sentences were lenient, however, and many got out on parole. 555 persons were sentenced to death, of whom 113 were executed. The trials revealed also that some innocent persons had been imprisoned.
Combined with the severe food shortage, the mass imprisonment led to high mortality rates in the camps, and the catastrophe was compounded by a mentality of punishment, anger and indifference on the part of the victors. Many prisoners felt that they were abandoned also by their own leaders, who had fled to Russia. The condition of the prisoners had weakened rapidly during May, after food supplies had been disrupted during the Red Guards' retreat in April, and a high number of prisoners had been captured already during the first half of April in Tampere and Helsinki. As a consequence, 2,900 starved to death or died in June as a result of diseases caused by malnutrition and Spanish flu, 5,000 in July, 2,200 in August, and 1,000 in September. The mortality rate was highest in the Ekenäs camp at 34%, while in the others the rate varied between 5% and 20%. In total, between 11,000 and 13,500 Finns perished. The dead were buried in mass graves near the camps. The majority of the prisoners were paroled or pardoned by the end of 1918 after the victory of the Western powers in World War I also caused a major change in the Finnish domestic political situation. There were 6,100 Red prisoners left at the end of the year, 100 in 1921 (at the same time civil rights were given back to 40,000 prisoners) and in 1927 the last 50 prisoners were pardoned by the social democratic government led by Väinö Tanner. In 1973, the Finnish government paid reparations to 11,600 persons imprisoned in the camps after the civil war.
World War II (Continuation War)
When the Finnish Army during the Second World War occupied East Karelia from 1941–1944, which was inhabited by ethnically related Finnic Karelians (although it never had been a part of Finland—or before 1809 of Swedish Finland), several concentration camps were set up for ethnically Russian civilians. The first camp was set up on 24 October 1941, in Petrozavodsk. The two largest groups were 6,000 Russian refugees and 3,000 inhabitants from the southern bank of River Svir forcibly evacuated because of the closeness of the front line. Around 4,000 of the prisoners perished due to malnourishment, 90% of them during the spring and summer 1942. The ultimate goal was to move the Russian speaking population to German-occupied Russia in exchange for any Finnish population from these areas, and also help to watch civilians.
Population in the Finnish camps:
13,400 – 31 December 1941
21,984 – 1 July 1942
15,241 – 1 January 1943
14,917 – 1 January 1944
France
Devil's Island
The Devil's Island was a network of prisons in French Guiana that ran from 1852 to 1953 used to intern petty criminals and political prisoners in which up to 75% of the 80,000 interned perished.
Algeria
During the French conquest of Algeria, which began in 1830 was and fully
completed by 1903, the French used the camps to hold Arabs, Berbers and Turks they had forcibly removed from fertile areas of land, in order to replace them by primarily French, Spanish, and Maltese settlers. The conquest led to the deaths of between 500,000 and 1 million of an estimated 3 million Algerians from famine, disease, and war. Historian Ben Kiernan wrote on the conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830,"
During the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962), the French military created (regrouping centres), which were built settlements for forcibly displaced civilian populations, in order to separate them from National Liberation Front (FLN) guerilla combatants. According to civil servant Michel Rocard, 1,000,000 Algerians were sent to regrouping camps (including children).
In 1959, Michel Rocard denounced the appalling conditions of many of those camps in a report, leaked and published in Le Monde. As a consequence the camps were modernized and became part of a large rural renovation program called (One Thousand Villages).
Spanish Republicans
After the end of Spanish Civil War, there were harsh reprisals against Franco's former enemies. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans fled abroad, especially to France and Mexico. On the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps of the French Third Republic, such as the Rieucros Camp, Camp de Rivesaltes, Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the Durruti Column). The 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs were divided into four categories (Brigadists, pilots, Gudaris and ordinary Spaniards). The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in Irún. From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for "purification".
After the proclamation by Marshal Philippe Pétain of the Vichy regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round-up those who had been liberated from the camp. Along with other "undesirables", they were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. About 5,000 Spaniards thus died in Mauthausen concentration camp
Vichy France
During World War II, The French Vichy government ran what were called "detention camps" such as the one at Drancy. Camps also existed in the Pyrenees on the border with pro-Nazi Spain, among them Camp de Rivesaltes, Camp du Récébédou, Camp Gurs and Camp Vernet. From these, the French cooperated in deporting about 73,000 Jews to Nazi Germany.
In addition, in areas which Germany formally annexed from France, such as Alsace-Lorraine, concentration camps were built, the largest being Natzweiler-Struthof.
The Vichy French also ran camps in North and West Africa, and possibly French Somaliland and Madagascar. The following are the locations of concentration camps, POW camps, and internment camps in (Vichy) West and (Vichy) North Africa:
The camps were located at:
West Africa:
Conakry
Timbuctoo
Kankan
Koulikoro, Mali
Dakar
North Africa:
Sfax
El Kef
Laghouat
Geryville.
Also camps connected to the Laconia incident:
Mediouna (near Casablanca)
Qued-Zen, Morocco (near Casablanca)
Sidi-el-Avachi, Morocco (near Azemmour)
The following camps which are under investigation:
Taza
Fes
Oujda
Sidi-bel-Abbes
Berguent
Settat
Sidi-el-Ayachi
Qued Zem
Mecheria
The camps at Conakry, Timbuctoo, and Kankan had no running water, no electricity, no gas, no electric light, no sewers, no toilets and no baths. The prisoners (mainly British and Norwegian) were housed in native accommodation—mud huts and houses, and a tractor shed. The Vichy French authorities in West Africa called these camps "concentration camps".
Germany
German South West Africa, 1904–1908
Between 1904 and 1908, following the German suppression of the Herero and Nama in the Herero and Namaqua genocide, survivors were interned at the following locations in German South-West Africa (now Namibia):
Shark Island Concentration Camp
Windhoek Concentration Camp
Okahandja Concentration Camp
Karibib
Swakopmund Concentration Camp
Omaruru
World War I (Germany)
In World War I male (and some female) civilian nationals of the Allies caught by the outbreak of war on the territory of the Germany were interned. The camps (Internierungslager) included those at:
Ruhleben, for up to 4,500 internees, on a horse race-track near Berlin.
Holzminden in Lower Saxony, for up to 10,000 internees.
Havelberg, in Saxony-Anhalt, for 4,500 internees, including nearly 400 British Indians.
Celle Castle in Lower Saxony.
Rastatt Camp, for French civilians.
Nazi era
On 30 January 1933 Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Weimar Republic's weak coalition government. Although the Nazi party (NSDAP) was in a minority, Hitler and his associates quickly took control of the country. Within days the first concentration camp (Konzentrationslager), at Dachau, Nazi Germany, was built to hold persons considered dangerous by the Nazi administration—these included suspected communists, labor union activists, liberal politicians and even pastors. This camp became the model for all later Nazi concentration camps. It was quickly followed by Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen which became a facility for the training of SS-Death's Head officers in the operation of concentration camps.
Theodor Eicke, commandant of the Dachau camp, was appointed Inspector of Concentration Camps by Heinrich Himmler on 4 July 1934. By 1934 there were eight major institutions. This started the second phase of development. All smaller detention camps were consolidated into six major camps: Dachau, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Flossenburg, and after the annexation of Austria in 1938, Mauthausen; finally in 1939 Ravensbrück (for women). The pajama type blue-striped uniforms were introduced for inmates as well as the practice of tattooing the prisoner's number on his fore-arm. Eicke started the practice of farming out prisoners as slave-labor in German industry, with sub-camps or Arbeitskommandos to house them. The use of common criminals as Kapo, to brutalize and assist in the handling of prisoners, was instituted at this time. In November 1938 the massive arrests of German Jews started, with most of them being immediately sent to the concentration camps, where they were separated from other prisoners and subjected to even harsher treatment.
The third phase started after the occupation of Poland in 1939. In the first few months Polish intellectuals were detained, including nearly the entire staff of Cracow University arrested in November 1939. Auschwitz-I and Stutthof concentration camp were built to house them and other political prisoners. Large numbers were executed or died from the brutal treatment and disease. After the occupation of Belgium, France and Netherlands in 1940, Natzweiler-Struthof, Gross Rosen and Fort Breendonk, in addition to a number of smaller camps, were set up to house intellectuals and political prisoners from those countries who had not already been executed. Many of these intellectuals were held first in Gestapo prisons, and those who were not executed immediately after interrogation were sent on to the concentration camps.
Initially, Jews in the occupied countries were interned either in other KZ, but predominantly in Ghettos that were walled off parts of cities. All the Jews in western Poland (annexed into the Reich) were transported to ghettos in the General Government. Jews were used for labour in industries, but usually transported to work then returned to the KZ or the ghetto at night. Although these ghettoes were not intended to be extermination camps, and there was no official policy to kill people, thousands died due to hunger, disease and extreme conditions. In occupied Czechoslovakia, Lety concentration camp was constructed to hold Romani people from Bohemia and Moravia. Following the Nazi advance into the Soviet Union in 1941 and 1942, camps were set up in Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, which consisted of Janowska concentration camp, Salaspils camp, Ninth Fort and Vaivara concentration camp. During this period, Jewish soldiers and civilians were systematically executed by the Einsatzgruppen of the S.S. that followed the front-line troops. At the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 the "Final Solution" was decreed to exterminate all of the remaining Jews in Europe, Heydrich stated that there were still 11 million to be eliminated. To accomplish this special Vernichtungslager (extermination camps) were organized. The first was Chełmno in which 152,000, mainly from the Łódź ghetto, were killed. The method for carrying out mass murder was tested and perfected here. During 1942 and 1943 further camps Auschwitz-Birkenau II, part of Majdanek, Treblinka, Bełżec and Sobibor were built for this purpose. Jews from other concentration camps, and from the ghettos, were transported to them from all over occupied Europe. In these six camps alone, an estimated 3.1 million Jews were killed in gas chambers and the bodies burned in massive crematoria. The Nazis realized that this was a criminal act and the action was shrouded in secrecy. The extermination camps were destroyed in 1944 and early 1945 and buried. However the Soviet armies overran Auschwitz and Majdanek before the evidence could be totally destroyed.
Another category of internment camp in Nazi Germany was the Labor camp (Arbeitslager). They housed civilians from the occupied countries that were being used to work in industry, on the farms, in quarries, in mines and on the railroads. Approximately 12,000,000 forced laborers, most of whom were Eastern Europeans, were enslaved in the German war economy inside the Nazi Germany. The workers were mostly young and taken from the occupied countries, predominantly eastern Europe, but also many French and Italian. They were sometimes taken willingly, more frequently as a result of lapanka in Polish, or rafle in French language, in which people were collected on the street or in their home by police drives. However, for often very minor infractions of the rules, workers were imprisoned in special Arbeitserziehungslager, German for worker re-education camp (abbreviated to AEL and sometimes referred to as Straflager). These punishment camps were operated by the Gestapo and many of the inmates were executed or died from the brutal treatment.
Finally there was one category of internment camp, called Ilag in which Allied (mainly British and American) civilians were held. These civilians had been caught behind front lines by the rapid advance of the German armies, or the sudden entry of the United States into the war. In these camps the Germans abided by the rules of the Third Geneva Convention. Deaths resulted from sickness or simply old age.
After World War II, internment camps were used by the Allied occupying forces to hold suspected Nazis, usually using the facilities of previous Nazi camps. They were all closed down by 1949. In East Germany the communist government used prison camps to hold political prisoners, opponents of the communist regime or suspected Nazi collaborators.
Bad Nenndorf interrogation centre
Hong Kong
World War II (Japanese)
During the Second World War the Japanese, during their occupation of Hong Kong, interned enemy nationals (mostly British, Canadian, American and Dutch), in several internment camps in Hong Kong. Camps existed at:
Sham Shui Po – A concentration camp was maintained here for most of the duration of the Second World War.
Stanley Internment Camp – Located primarily on the grounds of St. Stephen's College. Shortly after surrendering, the Imperial Japanese Army broke into the St. Stephen's (which had served as a military hospital during the battle) and murdered the wounded soldiers of the Allied forces. The Japanese later merged the college with part of Stanley Prison to form the full Stanley Internment Camp.
Stanley Prison – Located primarily in the Officer's housing blocks at the prison. During the Japanese occupation, the grounds of the prison were used as part of Stanley Internment Camp. Nearly 600 prisoners of war and civilians, killed by the Japanese during the occupation, are buried in the nearby Stanley War Cemetery (which is NOT part of the prison itself but adjacent to it).
India
During both World Wars the British interned enemy nationals (mostly Germans). In 1939 this also included refugees from the Nazis as well as Germans who had acquired British citizenship, in India. Camps existed at:
World War I (India)
Ahmednagar, also for internees from German East Africa; Sections A abysmally overcrowded with more than 1000 inmates in "medically condemned" old barracks and B for privileged (read: monied) prisoners and officers. In 1915 a parole camp was set up.
Diyatalawa (Ceylon)
Belgaum for women; set up late 1915; March 1917: 214 inmates
Kataphar for families
World War II (India)
Ahmednagar (Central Internment Camp) inmates transferred to Dehradun February 1941.
Diyatalawa (Ceylon). Aliens from Ceylon, Hong Kong and Singapore. Many German sailors, 756 of them sent to Canada in June 1941 (Camp 33); other males to Dehradun, females to parole camps, when camp was closed 23. February 1942
Deolali from February 1941, later also transferred to Dehradun. 11 August 1941: 604 Germans.
Dehradun main camp for males from September 1941. Sensibly separated in Wings 1: pro-Nazi, 2: anti-Nazi, 3: Italians. From this camp the SS mountaineer Heinrich Harrer escaped to Tibet.
Yercaud for females from Madras Presidency. Summer 1941: 98 inmates, closed late 1942.
Ft. Williams (Calcutta), army camp, closed early 1940, males were sent to Ahmednagar, females to Katapahar parole camp.
Camp 17 initially in Ramgarh (Bihar), from July 1942 at Deoli (Rajputana). For the surviving internees from the Dutch Indies.
Hazaribagh: in then Bihar; now in Jharkhand
Smaller Parole Camps at Naini Tal, Kodaikanal and Katapahar (near Darjeeling), were all closed by late 1942. Inmates transferred to (family reunions) to the camps near Poona:
Satara from May 1940
Purandhar (lower Fort), initially for Jewish refugees, later also other Germans, many missionaries with families. In August 1945 116 Germans (45 children, 19 missionaries), 26 Italians (5 children), 68 other nationals (11 children)
Most internees were deported late 1946. Germans shipped to Hamburg were sent to the former Neuengamme concentration camp for de-Nazification.
Sino-Indian War
During the Sino-Indian War in 1962, the Indian government interned and incarcerated 3000 Chinese-Indian civilians in the desert internment camp in Deoli, Rajasthan, built by the colonial authorities in 1942 as a POW camp for Japanese, German, and Italian prisoners of war during the Second World War. The Indian government has not apologised or offered compensation to the internees as of 2020.
Ireland
, during the 1920s, was a vessel used by the British government as a military base and prison ship to hold Irish Republicans as part of their internment strategy.
By February 1923, under the 1922 Special Powers Act the British were detaining 263 men on Argenta, which was moored in Belfast Lough. This was supplemented with internment at other land-based sites such as Larne workhouse, Belfast Prison and Derry Gaol. Together, both the ship and the workhouse held 542 men without trial at the highest internment population level, during June 1923.
Conditions on the prison ship Argenta were "unbelievable", says author Denise Kleinrichert who penned the hidden history of the 1920s "floating gulag".
Cloistered below decks in cages which held 50 internees each, the prisoners were forced to use broken toilets which overflowed frequently into their communal area. Deprived of tables, the already weakened men ate off the contaminated floor, frequently succumbing to disease as a result.
Courtesy of author Denise Kleinrichert's lobbying efforts, the files of all the internees—most of them named in an appendix to her book—are now available for viewing at the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland.
World War II (Ireland)
During World War II, known in Ireland as the "Emergency", "K-Lines" was the part of the Curragh Camp used as an internment camp. It was used to house German soldiers, mainly navy personnel stranded in neutral Ireland. A separate section was created for Allied military, mostly British soldiers, who entered Irish territory in violation of the neutrality policy. No.1 Internment camp, that had been built by the British pre-1922, held republicans who had a suspected link to the IRA.
Later in the war, Gormanston Camp, near Balbriggan, was used to house eleven Allied airmen from operational flights, but eight were released in June 1944; three Germans were kept there for a short period in 1945.
Isle of Man
World War I (Isle of Man)
During World War I the United Kingdom government interned male citizens of the Central Powers, principally Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey in this crown dependency. They were held mainly in internment camps at Knockaloe, close to Peel, and a smaller one near Douglas.
World War II (Isle of Man)
During World War II the Isle of Man was used as the primary site for the internment of civilian enemy aliens, both male and female. The camps were predominantly in commandeered hotels and boarding houses in seaside towns on the island. Around the camps for males, barbed wire fences were erected and military guard was brought over from England. The low-risk internees were, however, allowed to work on farms on the island and to go on excursions such as for walks or to swim in the sea. The camps were in operation from 27 May 1940 to 5 September 1945.
The largest recorded number of internees on the island was roughly 14,000, reached in August 1940.
There were ten camps on the island:
Mooragh Camp, Ramsey
Peveril Camp, Peel
Onchan Camp, Onchan
Rushen Camp, Port St Mary and Port Erin (for female and family internees only)
Central Camp, Douglas
Palace Camp, Douglas
Metropole Camp, Douglas
Hutchinson Camp, Douglas
Granville Camp, Douglas
Sefton Camp, Douglas
Italy
Israel
Khiam detention center
Japan
World War II (Japan)
Japan conquered south-east Asia in a series of victorious campaigns over a few months from December 1941. By March 1942 many civilians, particularly westerners in the region's European colonies, found themselves behind enemy lines and were subsequently interned by the Japanese.
The nature of civilian internment varied from region to region. Some civilians were interned soon after invasion; in other areas the process occurred over many months. In total, approximately 130,000 Allied civilians were interned by the Japanese during this period of occupation. The exact number of internees will never be known as records were often lost, destroyed, or simply not kept.
The backgrounds of the internees were diverse. There was a large proportion of Dutch from the Dutch East Indies, but they also included Americans, British, and Australians. They included missionaries and their families, colonial administrators, and business people. Many had been living in the colonies for decades. Single women had often been nuns, missionaries, doctors, teachers and nurses.
Civilians interned by the Japanese were treated marginally better than the prisoners of war, but their death rates were the same. Although they had to work to run their own camps, few were made to labour on construction projects. The Japanese devised no consistent policies or guidelines to regulate the treatment of the civilians. Camp conditions and the treatment of internees varied from camp to camp. The general experience, however, was one of malnutrition, disease, and varying degrees of harsh discipline and brutality from the Japanese guards. Some Dutch women were forced into sexual slavery.
The camps varied in size from four people held at Pangkalpinang in Sumatra to the 14,000 held in Tjihapit in Java. Some were segregated according to gender or race, there were also many camps of mixed gender. Some internees were held at the same camp for the duration of the war, and others were moved about. The buildings used to house internees were generally whatever was available, including schools, warehouses, universities, hospitals, and prisons.
Organisation of the internment camps varied by location. The Japanese administered some camps directly; others were administered by local authorities under Japanese control. Korean POWs of the Japanese were also used as camp guards. Some of the camps were left for the internees to self-govern. In the mixed and male camps, management often fell to the men who were experienced in administration before their internment. In the women's camps the leaders tended to be the women who had held a profession prior to internment. Boys over the age of ten were generally considered to be men by the Japanese and were often separated from their mothers to live and work in male camps.
One of the most famous concentration camps operated by the Japanese during World War II was at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, the Philippines, the Santo Tomas Internment Camp. The Dominican university was expropriated by the Japanese at the beginning of the occupation, and was used to house mostly American civilians, but also British subjects, for the duration of the war. There, men, women and children suffered from malnutrition and poor sanitation. The camp was liberated in 1945.
The liberation of the camps was not a uniform process. Many camps were liberated as the forces were recapturing territory. For other internees, freedom occurred many months after the surrender of the Japanese, and in the Dutch East Indies, liberated internees faced the uncertainty of the Indonesian War of Independence.
Civilian internees were generally disregarded in official histories, and few received formal recognition. Ironically, however, civilian internees have become the subject of several influential books and films. Agnes Newton Keith's account of internment on Berhala Island in Sandakan Harbour and Batu Lintang camp, Kuching, Three Came Home (1947), was one of the first of the memoirs. More recent publications include Jeanne Tuttle and Jolanthe Zelling's "Mammie's Journal of My Childhood" (2005); (Shirley Fenton-Huie's The Forgotten Ones (1992) and Jan Ruff O'Herne's Fifty Years of Silence (1997). Nevil Shute's novel A Town Like Alice was filmed in 1956, and J. G. Ballard's Empire of the Sun in 1987. Other films and television dramas have included Tenko and Paradise Road.
Korea, Republic of
During the 1980s, South Korea had multiple internment camps, including the Brothers Home, which housed thousands of prisoners in Busan.
Libya
The history of Libya as an Italian colony started in the 1910s and it lasted until February 1947, when Italy officially lost all of the colonies of the former Italian Empire.
Fighting intensified after the accession to power in Italy of the dictator Benito Mussolini and King Idris fled Libya for the safety of Egypt in 1922. From 1922 to 1928, Italian forces under General Pietro Badoglio waged a punitive pacification campaign. Badoglio's successor in the field, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani (known as 'The Butcher of Fezzan'), accepted the commission from Mussolini on the condition that he be allowed to crush the Libyan resistance unencumbered by the restraints of either Italian or international law. Reportedly, Mussolini immediately agreed and Graziani intensified the oppression. The Libyans continued to defend themselves, with the strongest voices of dissent coming from the Cyrenaica. Omar Mukhtar, a Senussi sheikh, became the leader of the uprising.
Soon afterwards, the colonial administration began the wholesale deportation of the people of Cyrenaica to deny the rebels the support of the local population. The forced migration of more than 100,000 people ended in concentration camps in Suluq- ALa byer and Al Agheila where tens of thousands died in squalid conditions. It is estimated (by Arab historians) that the number of Libyans who died – killed either through combat or mainly through starvation, execution and disease – is at a minimum of 80,000 or even up to one third of the Cyrenaican population.
Mexico
During WW2 the US pressured Mexico to deport Japanese Mexicans to the US for internment and when Mexico refused, pressured Mexico to displace and intern them.
Montenegro
The fort on the island of Mamula was converted into a concentration camp by the fascist forces of Benito Mussolini's Kingdom of Italy.
During the 1991 to 1995 Croatian War of Independence, the Yugoslav People's Army organized the Morinj camp near Kotor, Montenegro.
Netherlands
World War I (Netherlands)
During World War I, all foreign soldiers and ship crews that illegally entered the neutral Netherlands were interned in a specific camp based on their nationality (to avoid conflict). By far the largest camp was the one for British sailors and soldiers in Groningen. Unlike the Prisoners of War in the neighbouring countries at the time, Dutch prisoners had plenty of food, and tradesmen often came to the camp with a wide range of goods. The interned were paid a certain amount of compensation money by the Dutch authorities on top of any British aid that was channeled to them through the Dutch government. One prisoner later commented: "... we were quite well off, and the local people were very good to us."
After a revolt in 1926 in the Dutch East Indies, a concentration camp for political prisoners was set up in what then was called Netherlands New Guinea, in the very remote jungle at Boven-Digoel (Upper Digul). More camps were established for supposed German sympathizers at the start of World War II, including one at Onrust Island and one in Ngawi Regency. In Surinam, they also built camps for German nationals and German sympathizers, including one at Jodensavanne and one at Copieweg.
World War II (Netherlands)
Just before World War II engulfed the Netherlands, a camp was built in 1939 at Westerbork by the Dutch government for interning Jewish refugees who had fled Nazi Germany. During the German occupation this camp was used as a transit camp for Dutch Jews eventually deported to extermination camps in the East. Amersfoort (1941–1945) (in German: Polizeiliches Durchgangslager) was also a transit camp. The Herzogenbusch camp (1943–1944, known as Kamp Vught because of its location in that town) was a concentration camp, the only one in Western Europe outside Germany set up as well as run by the SS.
Other camps were Camp Schoorl near Schoorl and Camp Erika near Ommen. Before the Shoah began, some two dozen labor camps for Jewish men were operated fulfilling an order of the German occupiers. In the Dutch East Indies, after the occupation of the Netherlands by the Germans in Europe started on 15 May 1940, Germans living in the Indies were rounded up and interned there. Almost all camps also had field offices for forced labor. In the cases of Vught as well as Amersfoort, there were work details for Philips factories, often under relatively favourable circumstances. Also, the huge construction activities for the 30 German airfields in the Netherlands relied partly upon labour from camps.
After the war, the Dutch government launched Operation Black Tulip and started to gather the civil population of German background in concentration camps near the German border, especially Nijmegen, in order to deport them from the country. In total around 15% of the German population in the Netherlands was deported.
Numerous improvised and official camps were set up after the war, to keep Dutch who were suspected of collaboration with the Germans. Kamp Westerbork at one point housed some Jews as well as suspected collaborators and Germans. In these camps, a history of maltreatment by the guards, sometimes leading to death, has been collected.
Indonesian National Revolution
During the Indonesian National Revolution, the war between the Netherland and Indonesia after World War II, the Dutch once again set up internment camps on territory they controlled in Indonesia, to detain Indonesian nationalists and captured members of the Indonesian armed forces.
New Zealand
In World War I German civilians living in New Zealand were interned in camps on Motuihe and Somes Islands. German, Italian and Japanese civilians were interned in World War II.
Norway
During World War II, the Beisfjord massacre took place at the "No. 1 camp Beisfjord" (Lager I Beisfjord).
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
Concentration camps came into being in North Korea in the wake of the country's liberation from Japanese colonial rule at the end of World War II. Those persons considered "adversary class forces", such as landholders, Japanese collaborators, religious devotees and the families of people who migrated to the South, were rounded up and detained in large facilities. Additional camps were later established in the late 1950s and 1960s in order to incarcerate the political victims of power struggles along with their families as well as overseas Koreans who migrated to the North. Later, the number of camps saw a marked increase with the cementing of the Kim Il Sung dictatorship and the Kim Jong Il succession. About a dozen concentration camps were in operation until the early 1990s, but some of them were closed and merged into the remaining six camps for the purpose of maintaining better secrecy and control.
North Korea is known to operate six concentration camps, currently accommodating around 200,000 prisoners. These camps, officially called Kwan-li-so (Korean for "control and management center"), are large political penal-labor colonies in secluded mountain valleys of central and northeastern North Korea. Once condemned as political criminals in North Korea, the defendants and three generations of their families (including children and old people) are incarcerated in one of the camps without trial and cut off from all outside contact. Prisoners reportedly work 14-hour days at hard labor and they are also forced to undergo ideological re-education. Starvation, torture and disease are commonplace. Political criminals invariably receive life sentences.
Kang Chol-hwan is a former prisoner of Yodok concentration camp and has written a book (The Aquariums of Pyongyang) about his time in the camp. Shin Dong-hyuk is the only person known to have escaped from Kaechon internment camp and gave an account of his time in the camp.
Ottoman Empire and Turkey
Concentration camps known as Deir ez-Zor camps operated in the heart of the Syrian desert during 1915–1916, where many thousands of Armenian refugees were forced into death marches during the Armenian genocide. The United States vice-consul in Aleppo, Jesse B. Jackson, estimated that Armenian refugees, as far east as Deir ez-Zor and south of Damascus, numbered 150,000, all of whom were virtually destitute.
Paraguay
Shortly before his absolute 26-year rule of Paraguay, in 1813 Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, then vice-consul of Paraguay, ordered the construction of the concentration camp of Tevego, situated on the Bolivian frontier bordering the Chaco to the west, and a marsh to the east. It was guarded by a squadron of mulatto lancers, but was unable to fend off constant attacks from Indians, leading to its eventual abandonment in 1823.
Poland
Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland existed during 1919–1924. It is estimated between 16,000 and 20,000 Soviet soldiers held in the Polish POW camps died, out of the total of 80,000 to 85,000 prisoners.
From 1934 to 1939 the government of Poland established Bereza Kartuska Prison for the internment of political opponents, Ukrainian nationalists and Communists in Bereza Kartuska (now in Belarus).
During World War II, Nazi Germany established many of its concentration camps in Occupied Poland. After World War II, the Soviet Army and the Communist government of Poland used some of the former German concentration camps as POW camps and they were later used as internment camps where Polish opponents of the Communists and the Soviets, as well as Ukrainians and ethnic Germans or their sympathizers, were imprisoned.
Central Labour Camp Potulice
Central Labour Camp Jaworzno
Zgoda labour camp
Łambinowice
Attempts were later made to bring two of the camp commandants to justice; Salomon Morel and Czesław Gęborski. Gęborski spent 22 months in prison and died during his judicial process.
Romania
The Kingdom of Romania established the Bogdanovka concentration camp for Jews in Transnistria Governorate.
Russia and the Soviet Union
In Imperial Russia, penal labor camps were known by the name katorga.
The first Soviet camps were organized in June 1918 for the detention of Czechoslovak soldiers. The Solovki prison camp existed since 1923.
In the Soviet Union, labour penitentiary camps were simply called camps, almost always plural ("lagerya"). These were used as forced labor camps, and they had small percentages of political prisoners. After Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's book titled The Gulag Archipelago was published, they became known to the rest of the world as Gulags, after the branch of the NKVD (state security service) that managed them. (In the Russian language, the term is used to denote the whole system, rather than individual camps.)
In addition to what is sometimes referred to as the Gulag proper (consisting of the "corrective labor camps") there were "corrective labor colonies", originally intended for prisoners with short sentences, and "special resettlements" of deported peasants. At its peak, the system held a combined total of 2,750,000 prisoners. In all, perhaps more than 18,000,000 people passed through the Gulag system in 1929–1953, and millions more were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union.
Of the 5.7 million Soviet prisoners of war who were captured by the Germans, 3.5 million of them had died in German captivity by the end of the war. The survivors were treated as traitors upon their return to the USSR (see Order No. 270). Over 1.5 million surviving Red Army soldiers who had been imprisoned by the Germans were sent to the Gulag.
After World War II, some 3,000,000 German POWs and civilians were sent to Soviet labor camps, as part of war reparations by forced labor.
After the 1990s
During the Second Chechen War, the Russian forces used the Chernokozovo internment camp as the main center of their filtration camp system in Chechnya from 1999 to 2003 to suppress Chechnya's independence movement. Tens of thousands of Chechens were arrested and detained in these camps. According to Chechen witnesses, the inmates were beaten while girls as young as 13 were raped by Russian soldiers.
Since early 2017, there have been reports of gay concentration camps in Ramzan Kadyrov's Chechnya, which are allegedly being used for the extrajudicial detention and torture of men who are suspected of being gay or bisexual. Around 100 men have been imprisoned and at least three people have already died. Chechnya is a predominantly Muslim, ultra-conservative society in which homophobia is widespread and homosexuality is taboo, and where having a gay relative is seen as a "stain on the entire extended family".
An extensive list of Gulag camps is being compiled based on official sources.
Serbia
During World War II (operated by German Gestapo):
Banjica concentration camp (near Belgrade)
Sajmište concentration camp (near Belgrade)
Topovske Šupe (in Belgrade)
Milišić's brickyard (in Belgrade)
Crveni krst (in Niš)
Svilara (Pančevo)
Paraćin
During the Yugoslav Wars:
Begejci camp
Sremska Mitrovica prison (in Sremska Mitrovica)
Stajićevo camp
During the Kosovo War (operated by KLA):
Lapušnik prison camp, (near Glogovac)
Slovakia
During the Second World War, the Slovak government made a small number (Nováky, Sereď) of transit camps for Jewish citizens. They were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Ravensbrück concentration camps. For German help with Aryanization of Slovakia, the Slovak government paid a fee of 500 Reichsmark for each Jew.
South Africa
Spain
Although the first modern concentration camps used to systematically dissuade rebels from fighting are usually attributed to the British during the Second Boer War, in the Spanish–American War, forts and camps were used by the Spanish in Cuba to separate rebels from their agricultural support bases. Upwards of 200,000 Cubans died by disease and famine in these environments.
There were also Francoist concentration camps. During the 21st century, immigration detention centers known as CIEs () are run by the Spanish Ministry of the Interior. Various civil organizations, such as (APDHA, SOS Racismo and Andalucía Acoge) have appealed to the Spanish Supreme Court to declare the regulations behind the CIEs null and void for violating eight aspects of human rights.
Sri Lanka
In 1900, the British War Office constructed a concentration camp in Diyatalawa to house Boer prisoners captured in the Second Boer War. Initially constructed to house 2,500 prisoners and 1,000 guards and staff, the number of prisoners increased to 5,000.
In late 2008, as the Sri Lankan civil war drew to a close, the Sri Lankan Government established a number of camps to hold displaced people who managed to escape the war zone. Between October 2008 and May 2009 290,000 displaced people were moved into the camps in government controlled territory. These camps were guarded by the Sri Lankan military and surrounded by barbed wire. The displaced people were not allowed to leave the camps and aid agencies were not allowed inside the camps. The camps were described as internment camps by some NGO's, journalists and aid workers.
The conditions in the camps were below minimum humanitarian standards. There were reports of rape, torture, disappearances and arbitrary detention within the camps. In early May 2009, days before the civil war ended, the government gave assurances that over 80% of the displaced people would be resettled by the end of 2009. As the government failed to honour this commitment international concern grew over the slow pace of resettlement. The resettlement process accelerated in late 2009 but it was not until September 2012, four years after they were established, the camps were officially closed.
Sweden
During the Second World War, the Swedish government operated eight internment camps.
The most famous is probably Storsien outside Kalix in Norrbotten where about 300–370 communists, syndicalists and pacifists were kept during the winter 1939–1940.
Naartijärvi east of Luleå
Öxnered at Vänersborg
Grytan outside Östersund
Bercut, a boat for sailors outside Dalarö
Vindeln: constructed in Västerbotten in 1943
Stensele: constructed in Västerbotten in 1943
Lövnäsvallen outside Sveg
In May 1941 a total of ten camps for 3,000–3,500 were planned, but towards the end of 1941 the plans were put on ice and in 1943 the last camp was closed down. All the records were burned. After the war many of those who had been put in the camps had trouble finding work as few wanted to hire "subversive elements".
The Navy had at least one special detainment ship for communists and "troublemakers".
Most of the camps were not labour camps with the exception of Vindeln and Stensele where the internees were used to build a secret airbase.
Foreign soldiers were put in camps in Långmora and Smedsbo, German refugees and deserters in Rinkaby. After the Second World War three camps were used for Baltic refugees from Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (including 150 Baltic soldiers) at Ränneslätt, Rinkaby and Gälltofta.
Switzerland
During World War II more than 100,000 mainly Allied soldiers were interned in Switzerland. Internees from the UK, France, Poland and Russia, and Italians and Germans who fled combat, the Swiss government had to – unlike civilians, for instance Jews refugees, who usually were sent back to the territories occupied by the Nazi regime – keep these soldiers interned until the end of the hostilities, in line to the Geneva Convention of 1929. The soldiers were held in barracks, and they were used as workers for agriculture and industry, except the officers who not were compelled to forced labour and stayed in unoccupied mountain hotels, mainly in Davos. The Swiss government operated during World War II in Switzerland at least three internment camps:
Wauwilermoos internment camp was an internment, then later prisoner-of-war camp, situated in the municipalities of Wauwil and Egolzwil in the Canton of Luzern. Established in 1940, Wauwilermoos was a penal camp for internees, priorly for Allied soldiers, among them members of the United States Army Air Forces, who were sentenced for attempting to escape from other Swiss camps for interned soldiers, or other offenses. The intolerable conditions at the Wauwilermoos prison camp were later described by numerous former inmates, by various contemporary reports and studies. especially the imposed extremely harsh detention conditions.
Hünenberg;
Les Diablerets.
In addition, there was as number of regularly internment camps.
United Kingdom
Bermuda
During the Second Boer War, several small islands in Bermuda's Great Sound were used as natural concentration camps, despite protests by the local government. 4,619 Boers were interned on these islands, compared to Bermuda's total population of around 17,000; at least 34 Boers died in transit to Bermuda.
Cyprus
After World War II, British efforts to prevent Jewish emigration into their Palestine Mandate led to the construction of internment camps in Cyprus where up to 30,000 Holocaust survivors were held at any one time to prevent their entry into the country. They were released in February 1949 after the founding of Israel.
England
During World War I Irish republicans were imprisoned in camps in Shrewsbury and Bromyard.
During World War II, initially, refugees who had fled from Germany were also included, as were suspected British Nazi sympathisers such as British Union of Fascists leader Oswald Mosley. The British government rounded up 74,000 German, Austrian and Italian aliens. Within 6 months the 112 alien tribunals had individually summoned and examined 64,000 aliens, and the vast majority were released, having been found to be "friendly aliens" (mostly Jews); examples include Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold and later members of the Amadeus Quartet. British nationals were detained under Defence Regulation 18B. Eventually only 2,000 of the remainder were interned. Initially they were shipped overseas, but that was halted when a German U-boat sank the SS Arandora Star in July 1940 with the loss of 800 internees, though this was not the first loss that had occurred. The last internees were released late in 1945, though many were released in 1942. In Britain, internees were housed in camps and prisons. Some camps had tents rather than buildings with internees sleeping directly on the ground. Men and women were separated and most contact with the outside world was denied. A number of prominent Britons including writer H. G. Wells campaigned against the internment of refugees.
Ireland: pre-1922
During the Irish war of independence of 1919 to 1921, 12,000 Irish people were held without trial. During this war Ballykinlar Barracks Internment Camp, County Down held over 2,000 men from all 32 Counties of Ireland.
Kenya
During the 1954–60 Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya, camps were established to hold suspected rebels. It is unclear how many were held, but estimates range from 80,000 to 160,000 of the Kikuyu population, with 1,090 Mau Mau detainees sentenced to death and executed by hanging. Maltreatment is said to have included torture and summary executions.
Malaya
Beginning in 1950, under the Briggs Plan (a response to the Malayan Emergency) Chinese squatters were relocated to hundreds of internment camps in various areas of the Malay Peninsula. Known as New Villages, these camps were intended to become permanent settlements. As attacks by the Malayan Communist Party declined, the curfews were lifted, fences removed, and the camps gradually ceased to be internment camps. To this day many villages founded in this way are known as New Villages and remain ethnically Chinese.
Northern Ireland
One of the most famous example of modern internment (and one which made world headlines) occurred in Northern Ireland in 1971, when hundreds of nationalists and Irish Republicans were arrested by the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary on the orders of then Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Brian Faulkner, with the backing of the British government. Historians generally view that period of internment as inflaming sectarian tensions in Northern Ireland while failing in its stated aim of arresting members of the paramilitary Provisional IRA. Many of the people arrested were completely unconnected with the Provisional IRA but, through bungling and incompetence, had their names appear on the list of those to be interned, while over 100 IRA men escaped arrest. The backlash against internment and its bungled application contributed to the decision of the British government under Prime Minister Edward Heath to suspend the Stormont governmental system in Northern Ireland and replace it with Direct rule from London, under the authority of a British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
From 1971 internment began, beginning with the arrest of 342 suspected republican guerrillas and paramilitary members on 9 August. They were held at HM Prison Maze then called Long Kesh Detention Centre. By 1972, 924 men were interned. Serious rioting ensued, and 23 people died in three days. The British government attempted to show some balance by arresting some loyalist paramilitaries later, but out of the 1,981 men interned, only 107 were loyalists. Internment was ended in 1975, but had resulted in increased support for the IRA and created political tensions which culminated in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike and the death of Bobby Sands, member of British Parliament (Anti H-Block/Armagh Political Prisoner Party.) His death resulted in a new surge of IRA recruitment and activity. The imprisonment of people under anti-terrorism laws specific to Northern Ireland continued until the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, but these laws required the right to a fair trial be respected. However non-jury Diplock courts tried paramilitary-related trials, to prevent jury intimidation.
Many of those interned were held in a detention facility located at RAF Long Kesh military base, later known as Long Kesh Detention Centre and eventually becoming Her Majesty's Prison Maze, outside Belfast. Internment had previously been used as a means of repressing the Irish Republican Army. It was used between 1939–1945 and 1956–1962. On all these occasions, internment has had a somewhat limited success.
Scotland
During the Second World War the British government allowed the Polish Government in Exile to establish and run its own internment camps in Scotland. Locations as identified by the historian Simon Webb include Rothesay on the Isle of Bute, and Tighnabruaich on the Scottish mainland. Rothesay was used to house the political enemies of the leader of the Polish Government in Exile, Władysław Sikorski, as well as Poles considered by Sikorski's Government in Exile of being morally dubious. Tighnabruaich held criminals under the jurisdiction of the Polish Government in Exile. Webb claims the Poles were later allowed to open further camps at Kingledoors, Auchterarder and Inverkeithing near Edinburgh. Although deaths, and claims of torture and privations were made by numerous British Members of Parliament against the internment camps, the camps treated as sovereign Polish territory and local Scottish police forces were unable to investigate what happened in them. Webb also suggests that being Jewish or a suspected Communist was often enough to lead to Polish citizens under the jurisdiction of the Polish Government in Exile being sent to one of the internment camps.
South Africa
The term concentration camp was first used by the British military during the Boer War (1899–1902). Facing attack by Boer guerrillas, British forces rounded up the Boer women and children as well as black people living on Boer land, and sent them to 34 tented camps scattered around South Africa. Altogether, 116,572 Boers were interned, roughly a quarter of the population. This was done as part of a scorched earth policy to deny the Boer guerrillas access to the supplies of food and clothing they needed to continue the war.
One such camp was situated at East London, South Africa. Though they were not extermination camps, the women and children of Boer men who were still fighting were given smaller rations. The poor diet and inadequate hygiene led to contagious diseases such as measles, typhoid and dysentery. Coupled with a shortage of medical facilities, this led to large numbers of deaths—a report after the war concluded that 27,927 Boer (of whom 22,074 were children under 16) and 14,154 black Africans had died of starvation, disease and exposure in the camps.
In contrast to these figures, during the war the British, Colonial and South African forces' casualties included 5,774 killed in action and 13,250 deaths from disease, while the Boers' casualties in the Transvaal and Orange Free State up to December 1901, included 2640 killed in action and 945 deaths from disease.
During World War I, South African troops invaded neighboring German South-West Africa. German settlers were rounded up and sent to concentration camps in Pretoria and later in Pietermaritzburg.
Soviet Russia
During its 1918 invasion of Soviet Russia, the UK built two concentration camps: Mudyug island and Iukang on Ostrovnoy island.
Wales
During World War I, there was a concentration camp in Frongoch, Merionethshire. First German POWs were held here until 1916, then 1,800 Irish political prisoners were held there following the Easter Rising, including Michael Collins. The prisoners were very poorly treated and Frongoch became a breeding ground for Irish revolutionaries.
United States
Indigenous people
Cherokee
The first large-scale confinement of a specific ethnic group in detention centers began in the summer of 1838, when President Martin Van Buren ordered the U.S. Army to enforce the Treaty of New Echota (a Native American removal treaty) by rounding up the Cherokee into prison camps before relocating them. Called "emigration depots", the three main ones were located at Ross's Landing (Chattanooga, Tennessee), Fort Payne, Alabama, and Fort Cass (Charleston, Tennessee). Fort Cass was the largest, with over 4,800 Cherokee prisoners held over the summer of 1838. Many died in these camps due to disease, which spread rapidly because of the close quarters and bad sanitary conditions:
Dakota
The United States – Dakota Indian War of 1862 resulted in the loss of life, fear, suffering and hardship for early Minnesotan citizens while disproportionately harming the Dakota and other indigenous people who found themselves on either side of the conflict, much like the concurrent Civil War. Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey decreed on 9 September 1862 that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state" leading to the forced removal and banishment of the indigenous people who would surrender and to the government-sanctioned bounties that would be awarded for the scalps of any fleeing or resisting indigenous person.
On 26 December 1862 thirty eight Dakota warriors, including We-Chank-Wash-ta-don-pee (often called Chaska), who was pardoned, were hanged with the label of murderers and rapists of civilians rather than ‘war criminals’ in the largest mass execution in United States history at the order of President Abraham Lincoln, with the remaining 361 prisoners being sent to segregated prison camps in other states just days before the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
During the winter of 1862-63 more than 1600 Dakota non-combatants, including women, children and the elderly, as well as "mixed-blood" families and Christian and farmer Dakota who had opposed the war, were force-marched to a fenced concentration camp near the base of Fort Snelling which was built on the Dakota sacred area called 'Bdote' where the Mississippi River and Minnesota Rivers meet. Living conditions and sanitation were poor, and infectious diseases such as measles struck the camp, killing between an estimated 102 and 300 Dakota. Here the women were separated from the men before being exiled to reservations in neighboring states and Canada. These reservations tended to disregard Native American culture and traditions and their children were placed in boarding schools, which focused on European-based culture and religions.
Navajo
By 1862, the scorched earth tactics employed by General James Henry Carleton and his subordinate, Colonel Kit Carson against the Navajo had pushed many to the brink of starvation. Carleton then ordered some 10,000 Navajo on a forced march known as the Long Walk of 1864, from their homeland in the Four Corners region, to the area of Bosque Redondo in the New Mexico Territory, where they remained interned for the next four years. Conditions in the camp proved deplorable, and many died from starvation and disease, until by December 1865, their numbers had been reduced to around 6,000. The Navajo were allowed to return home in 1868, with the signing of the Treaty of Bosque Redondo, after negotiations with William Tecumseh Sherman and Samuel F. Tappan of the Indian Peace Commission.
Philippines
On 7 December 1901, during the Philippine–American War, General J. Franklin Bell began a concentration camp policy in Batangas—everything outside the "dead lines" was systematically destroyed: humans, crops, domestic animals, houses, and boats. A similar policy had been quietly initiated on the island of Marinduque some months before.
World War I (United States)
At the height of the First World War, many of German descent became the target of two regulations passed by President Woodrow Wilson. Two of the four main World War I-era internment camps were located in Hot Springs, N.C., and Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer wrote that "All aliens interned by the government are regarded as enemies, and their property is treated accordingly."
World War II (United States)
In reaction to the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan in 1941, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 on 19 February 1942, which allowed military commanders to designate areas "from which any or all persons may be excluded." Under this order all Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry were removed from Western coastal regions to concentration camps in Arkansas, California, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, and Idaho; German and Italian citizens, permanent residents, and American citizens of those respective ancestries (and American citizen family members) were removed from (among other places) the West and East Coast and relocated or interned, and roughly one-third of the US was declared an exclusionary zone.
The Fort Lincoln, North Dakota internment camp opened in April 1941 and closed in 1945. It had a peak population of 650. Today (2014) it houses the United Tribes Technical College. Some CCC barracks buildings and two brick army barracks were fenced and used to house the internees. The first internees were Italian and German seamen. 800 Italians arrived, but they were soon sent to Fort Missoula in Montana. The first Japanese American Issei arrived in 1942, but they were also transferred to other camps. The Germans were the only internees left at the camp until February 1945, when 650 more Japanese Americans were brought in. These Japanese Americans had previously renounced their U.S. citizenship and were left waiting to be deported to Japan. The brick buildings remain, but others are gone. A newspaper article from The Bismarck Tribune, 2 March 1946, stated that 200 Japanese were still being held at Fort Lincoln.
Oklahoma housed German and Italian POW's at Fort Reno, located near El Reno, and Camp Gruber, near Braggs, Oklahoma.
Almost 120,000 Japanese Americans and resident Japanese aliens would eventually be removed from their homes and relocated.
About 2,200 Japanese living in South America (mostly in Peru) were transported to the United States and placed in internment camps.
Approximately 5,000 Germans living in several Latin American republics were also removed and transported to the United States and placed in internment camps. In addition, at least 10,905 German Americans were held in more than 50 internment sites throughout the United States and Hawaii.
Aleut peoples living on the Aleutian Islands were also interned during the war. Funter Bay was one such camp. Restitution was paid by the US government in 1987 and 1993.
Political dissidents
Per the Emergency Detention Act (Title II of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950), six concentration camps were constructed in 1952 with the expectation that they would need to be used to detain political dissidents in the event that the U.S. government was forced to declare a state of emergency. They were originally intended to hold alleged communists, anti-war activists, civil rights ‘militants,’ and other dissidents. They were maintained from the 1950s to the 1960s, but they were never used for their intended purpose.
Afghan War and the occupation of Iraq
In 2002, the United States opened the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba and the Parwan Detention Facility in Afghanistan. Both facilities were established in order to detain people captured during the Afghan War. In 2003, in order to detain people captured during the Occupation of Iraq, the United States transformed an Iraqi prison into an internment and detention camp commonly referred to as Baghdad Central Prison or Abu Ghraib Prison. Guantanamo Bay has been called an "Internment Camp" by The Intercept and a "Concentration Camp" by the Los Angeles Times.
Due to the American government's policy of holding detainees indefinitely, a number of captives have been held for extended periods without being legally charged, including Ayman Saeed Abdullah Batarfi who was captured in 2001 and released from the Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp in 2009. A document leaked from the International Committee of the Red Cross was published by The New York Times in November 2004, which accused the U.S. military of cruelty "tantamount to torture" against detainees held at the Guantanamo Bay facility. In May 2005, the human rights group Amnesty International referred to the Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp as "the Gulag of our times."
In September 2006, after a series of abuses including the rape and murder of prisoners was reported to the public, control of the Baghdad Central Prison was transferred to the Iraqis. Subsequent investigative reports suggest that the United States continued to directly influence and oversee a campaign of torture carried out inside Iraqi facilities even after the handover of Iraq and related facilities was finalized. In March 2013 it was revealed that American officials, under pressure from Afghan officials, reached an agreement after more than a year of negotiations to hand over control of Bagram Theater Internment Facility to the Afghan government. In the deal, Bagram Theater Internment Facility, called "the other Guantanamo," "Guantanamo's evil twin" or "Obama's Gitmo" by human rights groups after reports of systematic abuse, was renamed the Afghan National Detention Facility at Parwan. Additionally, the agreement extended authority for American officials to have say over which detainees could be released from the facility, containing guarantees from the Afghan government that certain detainees would not be released regardless of whether or not they could be tried for circumstances related to their individual detentions. The Afghans formally took over control of other day-to-day operations. Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp remains open and fully operated by Americans.
Migrants on the Mexico–United States border
In 2018, Donald Trump instituted a "zero tolerance" policy which mandated the criminal prosecution of all adults who were accused of violating immigration laws by immigration authorities. This policy directly led to the large-scale, forcible separation of children and parents arriving at the United States-Mexico border, including those who were seeking asylum from violence in their home countries. Parents were arrested and put into criminal detention, while their children were taken away, classified as unaccompanied alien minors, to be put into child immigrant detention centers.
Even though Trump signed an executive order which ostensibly ended the family separation component of his administration's migrant detentions in June 2018, it continued under alternative justifications into 2019.
By the end of 2018, the number of children being held had swelled to a high of nearly 15,000, which by August 2019 had been reduced to less than 9,000. In 2019, many experts, including Andrea Pitzer, the author of One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps, have acknowledged the designation of the detention centers as "concentration camps" particularly given that the centers, previously cited by Texas officials for more than 150 health violations and reported deaths in custody, reflect a record typical of the history of deliberate substandard healthcare and nutrition in concentration camps.
This family separation policy and the detention facilities again came under scrutiny following a 2021 surge in migrant arrivals.
Even though some organizations have refused to label these facilities "concentration camps", hundreds of Holocaust and genocide scholars rejected this refusal via an open letter which was addressed to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
South and North Vietnam
In South Vietnam, the government of Ngo Dinh Diem countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political re-education centers." This was a ruthless program that resulted in the incarceration of many non-communists, even though it also resulted in the successful curtailment of communist activity in the country, if only for a time. The North Vietnamese government claimed that over 65,000 individuals were incarcerated and 2,148 individuals were killed in the process by November 1957, but these estimates may be exaggerated.
The Strategic Hamlet Program was a plan to stop the spread of Communism which was implemented between 1961 and 1963 by the government of South Vietnam and US military advisors, the Strategic Hamlet Program was implemented during the Vietnam War. In an attempt to isolate the communists by preventing them from influencing the rural South Vietnamese population, the South Vietnamese government and Us military advisors constructed thousands of new, tightly controlled protected villages or "strategic hamlets". In some cases, people voluntarily moved into these settlements, but in most cases, people were forcibly relocated, and as a result, these settlements have been described as internment camps. The rural peasants would be provided with protection, economic support, and aid by the government, thereby strengthening their relationship with the South Vietnamese government (GVN). It was hoped that this program would convince the peasants to become increasingly loyal to the South Vietnamese government, however, the Strategic Hamlet Program was a failure, it alienated many and after it was canceled, the Viet Cong's influence increased and rural peasants moved back to their old homes or they moved to larger cities.
In the years which followed the North Vietnamese conquest of South Vietnam, up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to re-education camps, where many of them were forced to perform hard labor, tortured, starved, and exposed to diseases.
Yugoslavia
Nazi camps
During the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia (1941–1944), as many as 70 Nazi concentration camps were formed in Yugoslavia. The main victims in these camps were ethnic Serbs, Jews and Roma. It is estimated that between 1 million and 1.7 million people perished as victims of the Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia.
List of the camps:
Sajmište
Sremska Mitrovica
Đakovo
Vinkovci
Osijek
Tenjski Antunovac
Slavonska Požega
Stara Gradiška
Jablanac
Mlaka
Jasenovac
Bodegraj
Lađevac
Rajići
Paklenica
Grabovac
Garešnica
Sisak
Caprag (camp for children)
Gospić
Jadovo
Slana (camp for women)
Slana (camp for men)
Ogulin
Cerovljani
Prijedor
Kruščica
Zenica
Sarajevo
Vlasenica – Han Pijesak
Podromanija – Kasarna
Rogatica
Višegrad
Pale
Modriča
Doboj
Maglaj
Šekovići
Jastrebarsko
Gacko
Belgrade – Banjica
Niš – Crveni Krst
Trepča
Šabac
Bor
Petrovgrad (Zrenjanin)
Skopje
Bačka Palanka
Sombor
Bečej
Novi Sad
Bačka Topola
Subotica
Rab
Molat
Kraljevica
Bakar
Činglinj
Bar
Mamula
Prevlaka
Zabjelo
Maribor
Ljubljana
Begunjski Dvor – Bled
Celje
Kruševac
Smederevska Palanka
Petrovac na Mlavi
Žagubica
Communist camps
In 1931, 499,969 citizens of Yugoslavia listed their native language as German and they comprised 3.6% of population of the country. In 1944, an unknown and disputed number of the Danube Swabians left the country, together with the defeated German army. As a result of the decisions of the Anti-fascist Council of national liberation of Yugoslavia ("Antifašističko veće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije" – AVNOJ) in Jajce on 21 November 1943 and on 21 November 1944 in Belgrade all legal rights and citizenship were collectively canceled for about 168,000 civilian members of the Danube Swabian minority who remained in Yugoslavia (mostly in the Bačka and Banat regions) after military defeat of the German army. Furthermore, they were fully dispossessed of all property. About 7,000 German-speaking citizens were killed by the local Yugoslav partisans in the autumn of 1944. Most of the other Danube Swabian civilians were interned and driven into numerous labor camps and at least eight additional prison camps were built for those who were unable to work: the old, the sick, and children under the age of 14 and mothers with small children under the age of 2 or 3.
These camps for the sick, the elderly, children, and those who were unable to work were:
In the Bačka:
Bački Jarak with 7,000 deaths
Gakovo with 8,500 deaths
Kruševlje with 3,000 to 3,500 deaths
In the Banat:
Molin with 3,000 deaths
Knićanin with 11,000 deaths
In Syrmia:
"Svilara", silk factory in Sremska Mitrovica with 2,000 deaths
In Slavonia:
Valpovo with 1,000 to 2,000 deaths
Krndija with 500 to 1,500 deaths
Over a three-year period, 48,447 of the interned Danube Swabians died in the labor and prison camps from starvation, cold, and disease. Nearly 35,000 of them succeeded in crossing the escape routes from the camps into nearby Hungary and Romania. Beginning in the summer of 1946, thousands of orphaned children were forcibly taken from the camps and placed in children's homes. Over the next decade, most of them were returned to their families by the International Red Cross ICRC. Additionally, more than 8,000 women between the ages of 18 and 35 and over 4,000 men between the ages of 16 and 45 were deported from the Bačka and Banat regions of Yugoslavia to forced labor camps in the USSR from the end of 1944 through the beginning of 1945.
The camps were disbanded in 1948 and the Yugoslav government recognized the citizenship of the remaining Danube Swabians. In 1948, 57,180 Germans lived in Yugoslavia. In the following decades, most of them emigrated to Germany.
See also
Enemy alien
Habeas corpus
House arrest
Reconcentration policy
References
Concentration and internment camps |
The Scottish cringe is a cultural cringe relating to Scotland, and claimed to exist by politicians and commentators.
These cultural commentators claim that a sense of cultural inferiority is felt by many Scots, particularly in relation to a perceived dominance of English or Anglocentric British culture, partly due to the importance of London within the United Kingdom, and consequently a sense of Scottish resentment and underachievement. The cringe is said to manifest as feelings of low self-worth and embarrassment felt by Scottish people in response to overt expressions of Scottish cultural identity and heritage such as the Lowland Scots and Scottish Gaelic languages, and the kilt .
Former First Minister of Scotland Jack McConnell suggested in 2004 that the "Scottish cringe" included opposition to free-market capitalism and alleged that the cringe meant people felt "enterprise was even something to be ashamed of or embarrassed by".
See also
Kailyard school
North Briton
Scotlandshire
Scottish national identity
Tartanry
References
External links
Scotland: cultural profile
http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/bloggers/why-we-scots-love-a-good-cultural-cringe.2012032669
Anti-Scottish sentiment
Political history of Scotland
Political terminology
Scottish culture
Society of Scotland |
The 9th Biathlon European Championships were held in Kontiolahti, Finland, from March 6 to March 10, 2002. It was the second time Kontiolahti hosted European Championships after it did so in 1994.
There were total of 16 competitions held: sprint, pursuit, individual and relay both for U26 and U21.
Results
U26
Men's
Women's
U21
Men's
Women's
Medal table
External links
IBU full results
All results
Biathlon European Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Finland
2002 in biathlon
2002 in Finnish sport
Biathlon competitions in Finland |
The La Motte-Picquet class were a planned series of light cruisers for the French Navy and named after French admiral Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte. Although designed in 1912, the scheduled construction of La Motte-Picquet was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I before the ships could be laid down. The design would be revived and used as the basis for the after the war. The name of the planned 1912 lead ship, would be reused by the .
Design and development
The design work on the La Motte-Picquet class has its origins in the early 1900s. France, had lagged behind neighbouring European powers such as the United Kingdom and the German Empire in naval construction. This was due to France's continued focus on building armoured cruisers. These ships were powerful, heavily armoured but costly, and increasingly obsolete (Britain and Germany having stopped building armoured cruisers several years earlier) compared to newer types of warships such as battlecruisers. By 1912, the deficit of newer modern classes of ships such as super-dreadnought-type battleships, and light cruisers in the French navy had become increasingly obvious. The French Minister of Marine issued an ambitious Statut Naval (Naval Law) on 30 March 1912, to reverse the perceived decline in French naval power. The 1912 Statut Naval called for the construction of 28 battleships, 10 scout cruisers, 52 fleet torpedo boats, 94 submarines and 10 ships for "distant stations" by 1920.
Initial plans were for 6,000-tonne éclaireurs d'escadre (fleet scouts), but shortly after a smaller design was chosen, similar to the British and German and es. Three of these ships, which were subsequently reclassified as convoyeurs d'escadrilles (flotilla leaders) were to be initially laid down in the Toulon Naval Dockyard on November 1914. Two more of the class were planned to be built in private shipyards. Shortly after Germany declared war on France on 3 August 1914, all naval construction in France was suspended and the design plans for the La Motte-Picquet class laid in abeyance. The plans were reviewed in July 1915 by the STCN (Service technique des constructions navales), with several suggestions to improve the design. These suggestions were, enlarging the ship, the addition of four 65 mm/50 Modèle 1902 high-angle guns, suppression of the main mast and the reduction of shafts from four to two. These proposals were not adopted and the plans remained dormant. France would not operate any modern light cruisers throughout the rest of the war and her first modern light cruisers would be war prizes from the Imperial German Navy and Austro-Hungarian Navy. On September 1919, the light cruiser design was revived and the suggested 1915 changes to the La Motte-Picquet class were reused as the basis for developing France's first postwar ships, the s. These light cruisers would be the first warships designed and built after the Great War in the world. These revised plans were for six new cruisers were presented by the new French Minister of Marine, Georges Leygues on 13 January 1920 under the 'Project 171' program. Project 171 was a major restructuring plan for the French navy after the huge economic and financial toll left on France after the First World War. The project also called for the building of twelve new torpilleurs-éclaireurs (scout torpedo boats) and the abandonment of the incomplete save for one, which would be converted into the aircraft carrier .
The La Motte-Picquet class was to be the French Navy's first light cruisers, having previously only constructed armoured and protected cruisers. The defining feature of light cruisers being an armoured belt along their outer hull. The La Motte-Picquets was planned to have a relatively thin thick belt over the machinery with end bulkheads of . The gun shields were only thick. Other common areas of protection such as the conning tower and deck armour thickness are not known.
The La Motte-Picquet class primary armament were to be eight Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1910 naval guns which were the secondary armament of the and battleships and primary armament of the es (fr). All main guns were to be in single shielded mounts, with two forward, two aft, and four mountings amidships. Secondary armaments consisted of two QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns. The torpedo armament was to consist of four above-water tubes on the main deck above the engine room.
Unlike contemporary British cruisers of the period which had a raked bow, the La Motte-Picquet class had a traditional hull with a straight stem. Another conservative element in the La Motte-Picquet class compared to light cruisers of other countries was the propulsion system. While other countries had begun building cruisers with destroyer turbine engines, the La Motte-Picquet class would be powered by twelve boilers, of which were eight coal-fired and four partial oil-firing. The projected speed of the cruisers would be .
See also
German FK cruiser designs - World War I German cruiser design series, never built
Footnotes
Bibliography
Cruiser classes
Proposed ships
Ship classes of the French Navy |
Kiran Nagarkar (2 April 1942 – 5 September 2019) was an Indian novelist, playwright and screenwriter. A noted drama and film critic, he was one of the most significant writers of post-colonial India.
Amongst his notable works are Saat Sakkam Trechalis (tr. Seven Sixes Are Forty Three) (1974), Ravan and Eddie (1994), and Cuckold (1997) for which he was awarded the 2001 Sahitya Akademi Award in English by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters. His novels written in English have been translated into German. In 2012, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Personal life
Nagarkar was born on 2 April 1942 in Bombay, now Mumbai, in a middle-class Maharashtrian family, the younger of two sons to Sulochana and Kamalkant Nagarkar. His grandfather, B. B. Nagarkar, was a Brahmo and had attended the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago.
He studied at Fergusson College in Pune and the S.I.E.S. College in Mumbai. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1964 and a master's degree in English literature in 1967. After that, he worked as an advertising copywriter for 15 years.
From June to November 2011 he was 'writer in residence' at the Literaturhaus Zurich and the PWG Foundation in Zurich.
He was married to Tulsi Vatsal, sister of industrialist Anand Mehta. Nagarkar was a life-long critic of the establishment and stood by his political views throughout his literary career.
He was admitted to hospital on 2 September 2019, after suffering a brain haemorrhage at a friend's place during celebrations for the Ganesh Chaturthi festival. He remained in coma for two days and died on 5 September 2019.
Novels
Nagarkar is notable among Indian writers for having written acclaimed novels in more than one language. His first novel, Saat Sakkam Trechalis published in Marathi in 1974, was translated into English by Shubha Slee in 1980 and published in 1995 as Seven Sixes Are Forty Three. It is considered a landmark work of Marathi literature. His novel Ravan and Eddie, begun in Marathi but completed in English, was not published until 1994.
Since Ravan and Eddie, all Nagarkar's novels have been written in English and also translated into German.
His third novel, Cuckold, based upon the mystic Meerabai's husband, Bhoj Raj, was published in 1997 and won the 2001 Sahitya Akademi Award. It took him nine years to write his next, God's Little Soldier, a tale of a liberal Muslim boy's tryst with religious orthodoxy, which was published in 2006, to mixed reviews.
In 2012, he published The Extras, a sequel to Ravan and Eddie that traces the adult lives of Ravan and Eddie in Bollywood. The third and last book in the series, Rest in Peace, was written in 2015.
His 2017 novel, Jasoda, is the story of a young women and mother, trying to raise her children in the arid lands of Kantagiri. Jasoda shows every lamentable tradition in the hinterlands in stark clarity. It is a testimony, according to the author, to the millions of women in the parched and scorched regions of India and find themselves between a rock and a husband.
His 2019 novel, The Arsonist, is a re-imagining of the life of Kabir, the 15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint. It also critiqued the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India.
Plays and screenplays
In 1978, Nagarkar wrote the play Bedtime Story, based partly on the Mahābhārata. Its performance was extra-legally banned for 17 years by Hindu nationalist fundamentalist parties, including the Shiv Sena, a far-right political party; Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Hindu Mahasabha. He warned about censorship faced by India in his introduction to the play: "Legal censorship in India can often be gauche, club-footed and hyper-protective of anything and everything but the freedoms of speech and expression. Extra-legal censorship in the country, however, is fearless and effective. It successfully prevented Bedtime Story from being performed for seventeen years."
In a 2018 interview, Nagarkar did not appear to be concerned about censorship in the country. He recalled past incidents when radical groups in Mumbai had threatened to prevent his play from staging. Nagarkar stated, "these things happen from time to time, and only then can we be assured that art is still living."
Nagarkar's theatre work also includes Kabirache Kay Karayche and Stranger Amongst Us, and his screenplay work includes The Broken Circle, The Widow and Her Friends, and The Elephant on the Mouse, a film for children. He played the role of Brother Bono as a cameo appearance in Dev Benegal's Movie Split Wide Open.
Awards and honours
Kiran Nagarkar was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and Sahitya Akademi Award among others. He also received the Rockefeller grant and a scholarship from the city of Munich.
2001: Sahitya Akademi Award, winner, Cuckold
2012: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is described as the 'highest tribute Germany can pay to individuals'.
2013: The Hindu Literary Prize, shortlist, The Extras
Works
Novels
1974: Seven Sixes are Forty Three (tr. of Saat Sakkam Trechalis). Translated by Shubha Slee. Pub. Heinemann, 1995. .
1994: Ravan and Eddie
1997: Cuckold
2006: God's Little Soldier
2012: The Extras
2015: Rest in Peace
2017: Jasoda: A Novel
2019: The Arsonist
Plays and screenplays
1978: Bedtime Story
Kabirache Kay Karayche
Stranger Amongst Us
The Broken Circle
The Widow and Her Friends
The Elephant on the Mouse
Black Tulip
See also
List of Indian writers
Shyam Benegal
Tapan Kumar Pradhan
Dia Mirza
Notes
References
Yasmeen Lukhmani, ed. The Shifting Worlds of Kiran Nagarkar's Fiction, Indialog Publications, New Delhi, 2004
Kiran Nagarkar on Extras, sexual repression & humourless Indians
External links
Kiran Nagarkar The Unofficial Website
Kiran Nagarkar on Another Subcontinent
On Sanity Hazards of Being an Indian Writer at Tehelka
On bombings in Mumbai
Interviews
Kiran Nagarkar Interview on Jaberwock
Hindu Interview by Kalpana Sharma
Rediff Interview
Kiran Nagarkar Interview on Another Subcontinent
Kiran Nagarkar: God's Little Soldier by Lindsay Pereira
Arts.21 Between Berlin and Bombay â The Indian Writer Kiran Nagarkar
Marathi-language writers
1942 births
2019 deaths
Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Indian male novelists
English-language writers from India
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Writers from Mumbai
International Writing Program alumni
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian film critics
Indian theatre critics
Indian male screenwriters
21st-century Indian novelists
Indian historical novelists
Novelists from Maharashtra
Dramatists and playwrights from Maharashtra
20th-century Indian male writers
21st-century Indian male writers
Prarthana Samaj
Marathi people |
Puiseux-en-France () is a commune in the Val-d'Oise department in Île-de-France in northern France.
See also
Communes of the Val-d'Oise department
References
External links
Association of Mayors of the Val d'Oise
Communes of Val-d'Oise |
Russell Goldfield Jack AM (; born 13 January 1935) is the founder of the Golden Dragon Museum.
Russell was born in Bendigo, Victoria, Australia, to herbalist, Harry Louey Jack and Gladys May. He attended Long Gully Primary School and Bendigo Technical College. He went to work on the Victorian Railways as a boilermaker and also ran a Chinese restaurant. He carried the Olympic torch through Bendigo for both the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and the 2000 Sydney Olympics. On 18 October 1958, he married Margaret Joan Clarke, with whom he had two children, David and Anita Jack. He has received numerous awards for his work within the Bendigo Chinese community and with the Golden Dragon Museum. He was named Victorian Senior Citizen of the Year in 1998. In 1993, Russell was gazetted as a Member of the Order of Australia in the 1993 Queen's Birthday Honours list for preservation of Bendigo's Chinese heritage. In 2008 he received an Award for Meritorious Service in the Community, Victorian Awards for Excellence in Multicultural Affairs. He has been involved with the Bendigo Chinese Association for most of his life and served as president for 32 years.
References
1935 births
Living people
Australian people of Chinese descent |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package nodejs
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"regexp"
"strings"
"unicode"
"github.com/pulumi/pulumi/sdk/v3/go/common/util/contract"
"github.com/pulumi/pulumi/pkg/v3/codegen"
"github.com/pulumi/pulumi/pkg/v3/codegen/schema"
)
// isReservedWord returns true if s is a reserved word as per ECMA-262.
func isReservedWord(s string) bool {
switch s {
case "break", "case", "catch", "class", "const", "continue", "debugger", "default", "delete",
"do", "else", "export", "extends", "finally", "for", "function", "if", "import",
"in", "instanceof", "new", "return", "super", "switch", "this", "throw", "try",
"typeof", "var", "void", "while", "with", "yield":
// Keywords
return true
case "enum", "await", "implements", "interface", "package", "private", "protected", "public":
// Future reserved words
return true
case "null", "true", "false":
// Null and boolean literals
return true
default:
return false
}
}
// isLegalIdentifierStart returns true if it is legal for c to be the first character of a JavaScript identifier as per
// ECMA-262.
func isLegalIdentifierStart(c rune) bool {
return c == '$' || c == '_' ||
unicode.In(c, unicode.Lu, unicode.Ll, unicode.Lt, unicode.Lm, unicode.Lo, unicode.Nl)
}
// isLegalIdentifierPart returns true if it is legal for c to be part of a JavaScript identifier (besides the first
// character) as per ECMA-262.
func isLegalIdentifierPart(c rune) bool {
return isLegalIdentifierStart(c) || unicode.In(c, unicode.Mn, unicode.Mc, unicode.Nd, unicode.Pc)
}
// isLegalIdentifier returns true if s is a legal JavaScript identifier as per ECMA-262.
func isLegalIdentifier(s string) bool {
if isReservedWord(s) {
return false
}
reader := strings.NewReader(s)
c, _, _ := reader.ReadRune()
if !isLegalIdentifierStart(c) {
return false
}
for {
c, _, err := reader.ReadRune()
if err != nil {
return err == io.EOF
}
if !isLegalIdentifierPart(c) {
return false
}
}
}
// makeValidIdentifier replaces characters that are not allowed in JavaScript identifiers with underscores. No attempt
// is made to ensure that the result is unique.
func makeValidIdentifier(name string) string {
var builder strings.Builder
for i, c := range name {
if !isLegalIdentifierPart(c) {
builder.WriteRune('_')
} else {
if i == 0 && !isLegalIdentifierStart(c) {
builder.WriteRune('_')
}
builder.WriteRune(c)
}
}
name = builder.String()
if isReservedWord(name) {
return "_" + name
}
return name
}
func makeSafeEnumName(name, typeName string) (string, error) {
// Replace common single character enum names.
safeName := codegen.ExpandShortEnumName(name)
// If the name is one illegal character, return an error.
if len(safeName) == 1 && !isLegalIdentifierStart(rune(safeName[0])) {
return "", fmt.Errorf("enum name %s is not a valid identifier", safeName)
}
// Capitalize and make a valid identifier.
safeName = makeValidIdentifier(title(safeName))
// If there are multiple underscores in a row, replace with one.
regex := regexp.MustCompile(`_+`)
safeName = regex.ReplaceAllString(safeName, "_")
// If the enum name starts with an underscore, add the type name as a prefix.
if strings.HasPrefix(safeName, "_") {
safeName = typeName + safeName
}
return safeName, nil
}
// escape returns the string escaped for a JS string literal
func escape(s string) string {
// Seems the most fool-proof way of doing this is by using the JSON marshaler and then stripping the surrounding quotes
escaped, err := json.Marshal(s)
contract.AssertNoErrorf(err, "JSON(%q)", s)
contract.Assertf(len(escaped) >= 2, "JSON(%s) expected a quoted string but returned %s", s, escaped)
contract.Assertf(
escaped[0] == byte('"') && escaped[len(escaped)-1] == byte('"'),
"JSON(%s) expected a quoted string but returned %s", s, escaped)
return string(escaped)[1:(len(escaped) - 1)]
}
func lookupNodePackageInfo(pkg *schema.Package) NodePackageInfo {
nodePackageInfo := NodePackageInfo{}
if pkg == nil {
return nodePackageInfo
}
if languageInfo, ok := pkg.Language["nodejs"]; ok {
if info, ok2 := languageInfo.(NodePackageInfo); ok2 {
nodePackageInfo = info
}
}
return nodePackageInfo
}
func nonEmptyStrings(candidates []string) []string {
res := []string{}
for _, c := range candidates {
if c != "" {
res = append(res, c)
}
}
return res
}
``` |
David Blatherwick may refer to:
David Blatherwick (artist) (born 1960), Canadian artist
David Blatherwick (diplomat) (born 1941), retired British diplomat |
Kavadar (Serbian Cyrillic: Кавадар) is a village in Šumadija and Western Serbia (Šumadija), in the municipality of Rekovac (Region of Levač), lying at , at the elevation of 215 m. According to the 2002 census, the village had 456 citizens.
External links
Levac Online
Article about Kavadar
Pictures from Kavadar
Populated places in Pomoravlje District
Šumadija |
```python
import contextlib
import glob
import ntpath
import os
import posixpath
import re
from pathlib import Path, PosixPath, WindowsPath
from typing import (
AsyncIterator,
Callable,
Final,
Iterator,
MutableMapping,
Optional,
Pattern,
Tuple,
Union,
)
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import lavalink
from red_commons.logging import getLogger
from redbot.core.i18n import Translator
from redbot.core.utils import AsyncIter
_ = Translator("Audio", Path(__file__))
_RE_REMOVE_START: Final[Pattern] = re.compile(r"^(sc|list) ")
_RE_YOUTUBE_TIMESTAMP: Final[Pattern] = re.compile(r"[&|?]t=(\d+)s?")
_RE_YOUTUBE_INDEX: Final[Pattern] = re.compile(r"&index=(\d+)")
_RE_SPOTIFY_URL: Final[Pattern] = re.compile(r"(http[s]?://)?(open\.spotify\.com)/")
_RE_SPOTIFY_TIMESTAMP: Final[Pattern] = re.compile(r"#(\d+):(\d+)")
_RE_SOUNDCLOUD_TIMESTAMP: Final[Pattern] = re.compile(r"#t=(\d+):(\d+)s?")
_RE_TWITCH_TIMESTAMP: Final[Pattern] = re.compile(r"\?t=(\d+)h(\d+)m(\d+)s")
_PATH_SEPS: Final[Tuple[str, str]] = (posixpath.sep, ntpath.sep)
_FULLY_SUPPORTED_MUSIC_EXT: Final[Tuple[str, ...]] = (".mp3", ".flac", ".ogg")
_PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED_MUSIC_EXT: Tuple[str, ...] = (
".m3u",
".m4a",
".aac",
".ra",
".wav",
".opus",
".wma",
".ts",
".au",
# These do not work
# ".mid",
# ".mka",
# ".amr",
# ".aiff",
# ".ac3",
# ".voc",
# ".dsf",
)
_PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED_VIDEO_EXT: Tuple[str, ...] = (
".mp4",
".mov",
".flv",
".webm",
".mkv",
".wmv",
".3gp",
".m4v",
".mk3d", # path_to_url
".mka", # path_to_url
".mks", # path_to_url
# These do not work
# ".vob",
# ".mts",
# ".avi",
# ".mpg",
# ".mpeg",
# ".swf",
)
_PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED_MUSIC_EXT += _PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED_VIDEO_EXT
log = getLogger("red.cogs.Audio.audio_dataclasses")
class LocalPath:
"""Local tracks class.
Used to handle system dir trees in a cross system manner. The only use of this class is for
`localtracks`.
"""
_all_music_ext = _FULLY_SUPPORTED_MUSIC_EXT + _PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED_MUSIC_EXT
def __init__(self, path, localtrack_folder, **kwargs):
self._localtrack_folder = localtrack_folder
self._path = path
if isinstance(path, (Path, WindowsPath, PosixPath, LocalPath)):
path = str(path.absolute())
elif path is not None:
path = str(path)
self.cwd = Path.cwd()
_lt_folder = Path(self._localtrack_folder) if self._localtrack_folder else self.cwd
_path = Path(path) if path else self.cwd
if _lt_folder.parts[-1].lower() == "localtracks" and not kwargs.get("forced"):
self.localtrack_folder = _lt_folder
elif kwargs.get("forced"):
if _path.parts[-1].lower() == "localtracks":
self.localtrack_folder = _path
else:
self.localtrack_folder = _path / "localtracks"
else:
self.localtrack_folder = _lt_folder / "localtracks"
try:
_path = Path(path)
_path.relative_to(self.localtrack_folder)
self.path = _path
except (ValueError, TypeError):
for sep in _PATH_SEPS:
if path and path.startswith(f"localtracks{sep}{sep}"):
path = path.replace(f"localtracks{sep}{sep}", "", 1)
elif path and path.startswith(f"localtracks{sep}"):
path = path.replace(f"localtracks{sep}", "", 1)
self.path = self.localtrack_folder.joinpath(path) if path else self.localtrack_folder
try:
if self.path.is_file():
parent = self.path.parent
else:
parent = self.path
self.parent = Path(parent)
except OSError:
self.parent = None
@property
def name(self):
return str(self.path.name)
@property
def suffix(self):
return str(self.path.suffix)
def is_dir(self):
try:
return self.path.is_dir()
except OSError:
return False
def exists(self):
try:
return self.path.exists()
except OSError:
return False
def is_file(self):
try:
return self.path.is_file()
except OSError:
return False
def absolute(self):
try:
return self.path.absolute()
except OSError:
return self._path
@classmethod
def joinpath(cls, localpath, *args):
modified = cls(None, localpath)
modified.path = modified.path.joinpath(*args)
return modified
def rglob(self, pattern, folder=False) -> Iterator[str]:
if folder:
return glob.iglob(f"{glob.escape(self.path)}{os.sep}**{os.sep}", recursive=True)
else:
return glob.iglob(
f"{glob.escape(self.path)}{os.sep}**{os.sep}*{pattern}", recursive=True
)
def glob(self, pattern, folder=False) -> Iterator[str]:
if folder:
return glob.iglob(f"{glob.escape(self.path)}{os.sep}*{os.sep}", recursive=False)
else:
return glob.iglob(f"{glob.escape(self.path)}{os.sep}*{pattern}", recursive=False)
async def _multiglob(self, pattern: str, folder: bool, method: Callable):
async for rp in AsyncIter(method(pattern)):
rp_local = LocalPath(rp, self._localtrack_folder)
if (
(folder and rp_local.is_dir() and rp_local.exists())
or (not folder and rp_local.suffix in self._all_music_ext and rp_local.is_file())
and rp_local.exists()
):
yield rp_local
async def multiglob(self, *patterns, folder=False) -> AsyncIterator["LocalPath"]:
async for p in AsyncIter(patterns):
async for path in self._multiglob(p, folder, self.glob):
yield path
async def multirglob(self, *patterns, folder=False) -> AsyncIterator["LocalPath"]:
async for p in AsyncIter(patterns):
async for path in self._multiglob(p, folder, self.rglob):
yield path
def __str__(self):
return self.to_string()
def __repr__(self):
return str(self)
def to_string(self):
try:
return str(self.path.absolute())
except OSError:
return str(self._path)
def to_string_user(self, arg: str = None):
string = str(self.absolute()).replace(
(str(self.localtrack_folder.absolute()) + os.sep) if arg is None else arg, ""
)
chunked = False
while len(string) > 145 and os.sep in string:
string = string.split(os.sep, 1)[-1]
chunked = True
if chunked:
string = f"...{os.sep}{string}"
return string
async def tracks_in_tree(self):
tracks = []
async for track in self.multirglob(*[f"{ext}" for ext in self._all_music_ext]):
with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
if track.path.parent != self.localtrack_folder and track.path.relative_to(
self.path
):
tracks.append(Query.process_input(track, self._localtrack_folder))
return sorted(tracks, key=lambda x: x.to_string_user().lower())
async def subfolders_in_tree(self):
return_folders = []
async for f in self.multirglob("", folder=True):
with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
if (
f not in return_folders
and f.is_dir()
and f.path != self.localtrack_folder
and f.path.relative_to(self.path)
):
return_folders.append(f)
return sorted(return_folders, key=lambda x: x.to_string_user().lower())
async def tracks_in_folder(self):
tracks = []
async for track in self.multiglob(*[f"{ext}" for ext in self._all_music_ext]):
with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
if track.path.parent != self.localtrack_folder and track.path.relative_to(
self.path
):
tracks.append(Query.process_input(track, self._localtrack_folder))
return sorted(tracks, key=lambda x: x.to_string_user().lower())
async def subfolders(self):
return_folders = []
async for f in self.multiglob("", folder=True):
with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
if (
f not in return_folders
and f.path != self.localtrack_folder
and f.path.relative_to(self.path)
):
return_folders.append(f)
return sorted(return_folders, key=lambda x: x.to_string_user().lower())
def __eq__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, LocalPath):
return self.path._cparts == other.path._cparts
elif isinstance(other, Path):
return self.path._cparts == other._cpart
return NotImplemented
def __hash__(self):
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
self._hash = hash(tuple(self.path._cparts))
return self._hash
def __lt__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, LocalPath):
return self.path._cparts < other.path._cparts
elif isinstance(other, Path):
return self.path._cparts < other._cpart
return NotImplemented
def __le__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, LocalPath):
return self.path._cparts <= other.path._cparts
elif isinstance(other, Path):
return self.path._cparts <= other._cpart
return NotImplemented
def __gt__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, LocalPath):
return self.path._cparts > other.path._cparts
elif isinstance(other, Path):
return self.path._cparts > other._cpart
return NotImplemented
def __ge__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, LocalPath):
return self.path._cparts >= other.path._cparts
elif isinstance(other, Path):
return self.path._cparts >= other._cpart
return NotImplemented
class Query:
"""Query data class.
Use: Query.process_input(query, localtrack_folder) to generate the Query object.
"""
def __init__(self, query: Union[LocalPath, str], local_folder_current_path: Path, **kwargs):
query = kwargs.get("queryforced", query)
self._raw: Union[LocalPath, str] = query
self._local_folder_current_path = local_folder_current_path
_localtrack: LocalPath = LocalPath(query, local_folder_current_path)
self.valid: bool = query != "InvalidQueryPlaceHolderName"
self.is_local: bool = kwargs.get("local", False)
self.is_spotify: bool = kwargs.get("spotify", False)
self.is_youtube: bool = kwargs.get("youtube", False)
self.is_soundcloud: bool = kwargs.get("soundcloud", False)
self.is_bandcamp: bool = kwargs.get("bandcamp", False)
self.is_vimeo: bool = kwargs.get("vimeo", False)
self.is_mixer: bool = kwargs.get("mixer", False)
self.is_twitch: bool = kwargs.get("twitch", False)
self.is_other: bool = kwargs.get("other", False)
self.is_pornhub: bool = kwargs.get("pornhub", False)
self.is_playlist: bool = kwargs.get("playlist", False)
self.is_album: bool = kwargs.get("album", False)
self.is_search: bool = kwargs.get("search", False)
self.is_stream: bool = kwargs.get("stream", False)
self.single_track: bool = kwargs.get("single", False)
self.id: Optional[str] = kwargs.get("id", None)
self.invoked_from: Optional[str] = kwargs.get("invoked_from", None)
self.local_name: Optional[str] = kwargs.get("name", None)
self.search_subfolders: bool = kwargs.get("search_subfolders", False)
self.spotify_uri: Optional[str] = kwargs.get("uri", None)
self.uri: Optional[str] = kwargs.get("url", None)
self.is_url: bool = kwargs.get("is_url", False)
self.start_time: int = kwargs.get("start_time", 0)
self.track_index: Optional[int] = kwargs.get("track_index", None)
if self.invoked_from == "sc search":
self.is_youtube = False
self.is_soundcloud = True
if (_localtrack.is_file() or _localtrack.is_dir()) and _localtrack.exists():
self.local_track_path: Optional[LocalPath] = _localtrack
self.track: str = str(_localtrack.absolute())
self.is_local: bool = True
self.uri = self.track
else:
self.local_track_path: Optional[LocalPath] = None
self.track: str = str(query)
self.lavalink_query: str = self._get_query()
if self.is_playlist or self.is_album:
self.single_track = False
self._hash = hash(
(
self.valid,
self.is_local,
self.is_spotify,
self.is_youtube,
self.is_soundcloud,
self.is_bandcamp,
self.is_vimeo,
self.is_mixer,
self.is_twitch,
self.is_other,
self.is_playlist,
self.is_album,
self.is_search,
self.is_stream,
self.single_track,
self.id,
self.spotify_uri,
self.start_time,
self.track_index,
self.uri,
)
)
def __str__(self):
return str(self.lavalink_query)
@classmethod
def process_input(
cls,
query: Union[LocalPath, lavalink.Track, "Query", str],
_local_folder_current_path: Path,
**kwargs,
) -> "Query":
"""Process the input query into its type.
Parameters
----------
query : Union[Query, LocalPath, lavalink.Track, str]
The query string or LocalPath object.
_local_folder_current_path: Path
The Current Local Track folder
Returns
-------
Query
Returns a parsed Query object.
"""
if not query:
query = "InvalidQueryPlaceHolderName"
possible_values = {}
if isinstance(query, str):
query = query.strip("<>")
while "ytsearch:" in query:
query = query.replace("ytsearch:", "")
while "scsearch:" in query:
query = query.replace("scsearch:", "")
elif isinstance(query, Query):
for key, val in kwargs.items():
setattr(query, key, val)
return query
elif isinstance(query, lavalink.Track):
possible_values["stream"] = query.is_stream
query = query.uri
possible_values.update(dict(**kwargs))
possible_values.update(cls._parse(query, _local_folder_current_path, **kwargs))
return cls(query, _local_folder_current_path, **possible_values)
@staticmethod
def _parse(track, _local_folder_current_path: Path, **kwargs) -> MutableMapping:
"""Parse a track into all the relevant metadata."""
returning: MutableMapping = {}
if (
type(track) == type(LocalPath)
and (track.is_file() or track.is_dir())
and track.exists()
):
returning["local"] = True
returning["name"] = track.name
if track.is_file():
returning["single"] = True
elif track.is_dir():
returning["album"] = True
else:
track = str(track)
if track.startswith("spotify:"):
returning["spotify"] = True
if ":playlist:" in track:
returning["playlist"] = True
elif ":album:" in track:
returning["album"] = True
elif ":track:" in track:
returning["single"] = True
_id = track.split(":", 2)[-1]
_id = _id.split("?")[0]
returning["id"] = _id
if "#" in _id:
match = re.search(_RE_SPOTIFY_TIMESTAMP, track)
if match:
returning["start_time"] = (int(match.group(1)) * 60) + int(match.group(2))
returning["uri"] = track
return returning
if track.startswith("sc ") or track.startswith("list "):
if track.startswith("sc "):
returning["invoked_from"] = "sc search"
returning["soundcloud"] = True
elif track.startswith("list "):
returning["invoked_from"] = "search list"
track = _RE_REMOVE_START.sub("", track, 1)
returning["queryforced"] = track
_localtrack = LocalPath(track, _local_folder_current_path)
if _localtrack.exists():
if _localtrack.is_file():
returning["local"] = True
returning["single"] = True
returning["name"] = _localtrack.name
return returning
elif _localtrack.is_dir():
returning["album"] = True
returning["local"] = True
returning["name"] = _localtrack.name
return returning
try:
query_url = urlparse(track)
if all([query_url.scheme, query_url.netloc, query_url.path]):
returning["url"] = track
returning["is_url"] = True
url_domain = ".".join(query_url.netloc.split(".")[-2:])
if not query_url.netloc:
url_domain = ".".join(query_url.path.split("/")[0].split(".")[-2:])
if url_domain in ["youtube.com", "youtu.be"]:
returning["youtube"] = True
_has_index = "&index=" in track
if "&t=" in track or "?t=" in track:
match = re.search(_RE_YOUTUBE_TIMESTAMP, track)
if match:
returning["start_time"] = int(match.group(1))
if _has_index:
match = re.search(_RE_YOUTUBE_INDEX, track)
if match:
returning["track_index"] = int(match.group(1)) - 1
if all(k in track for k in ["&list=", "watch?"]):
returning["track_index"] = 0
returning["playlist"] = True
returning["single"] = False
elif all(x in track for x in ["playlist?"]):
returning["playlist"] = not _has_index
returning["single"] = _has_index
elif any(k in track for k in ["list="]):
returning["track_index"] = 0
returning["playlist"] = True
returning["single"] = False
else:
returning["single"] = True
elif url_domain == "spotify.com":
returning["spotify"] = True
if "/playlist/" in track:
returning["playlist"] = True
elif "/album/" in track:
returning["album"] = True
elif "/track/" in track:
returning["single"] = True
val = re.sub(_RE_SPOTIFY_URL, "", track).replace("/", ":")
if "user:" in val:
val = val.split(":", 2)[-1]
_id = val.split(":", 1)[-1]
_id = _id.split("?")[0]
if "#" in _id:
_id = _id.split("#")[0]
match = re.search(_RE_SPOTIFY_TIMESTAMP, track)
if match:
returning["start_time"] = (int(match.group(1)) * 60) + int(
match.group(2)
)
returning["id"] = _id
returning["uri"] = f"spotify:{val}"
elif url_domain == "soundcloud.com":
returning["soundcloud"] = True
if "#t=" in track:
match = re.search(_RE_SOUNDCLOUD_TIMESTAMP, track)
if match:
returning["start_time"] = (int(match.group(1)) * 60) + int(
match.group(2)
)
if "/sets/" in track:
if "?in=" in track:
returning["single"] = True
else:
returning["playlist"] = True
else:
returning["single"] = True
elif url_domain == "bandcamp.com":
returning["bandcamp"] = True
if "/album/" in track:
returning["album"] = True
else:
returning["single"] = True
elif url_domain == "vimeo.com":
returning["vimeo"] = True
elif url_domain == "twitch.tv":
returning["twitch"] = True
if "?t=" in track:
match = re.search(_RE_TWITCH_TIMESTAMP, track)
if match:
returning["start_time"] = (
(int(match.group(1)) * 60 * 60)
+ (int(match.group(2)) * 60)
+ int(match.group(3))
)
if not any(x in track for x in ["/clip/", "/videos/"]):
returning["stream"] = True
else:
returning["other"] = True
returning["single"] = True
else:
if kwargs.get("soundcloud", False):
returning["soundcloud"] = True
else:
returning["youtube"] = True
returning["search"] = True
returning["single"] = True
except Exception:
returning["search"] = True
returning["youtube"] = True
returning["single"] = True
return returning
def _get_query(self):
if self.is_local:
return self.local_track_path.to_string()
elif self.is_spotify:
return self.spotify_uri
elif self.is_search and self.is_youtube:
return f"ytsearch:{self.track}"
elif self.is_search and self.is_soundcloud:
return f"scsearch:{self.track}"
return self.track
def to_string_user(self):
if self.is_local:
return str(self.local_track_path.to_string_user())
return str(self._raw)
@property
def suffix(self):
if self.is_local:
return self.local_track_path.suffix
return None
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Query):
return NotImplemented
return self.to_string_user() == other.to_string_user()
def __hash__(self):
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
self._hash = hash(
(
self.valid,
self.is_local,
self.is_spotify,
self.is_youtube,
self.is_soundcloud,
self.is_bandcamp,
self.is_vimeo,
self.is_mixer,
self.is_twitch,
self.is_other,
self.is_playlist,
self.is_album,
self.is_search,
self.is_stream,
self.single_track,
self.id,
self.spotify_uri,
self.start_time,
self.track_index,
self.uri,
)
)
return self._hash
def __lt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Query):
return NotImplemented
return self.to_string_user() < other.to_string_user()
def __le__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Query):
return NotImplemented
return self.to_string_user() <= other.to_string_user()
def __gt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Query):
return NotImplemented
return self.to_string_user() > other.to_string_user()
def __ge__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Query):
return NotImplemented
return self.to_string_user() >= other.to_string_user()
``` |
```javascript
module.exports = function(source) {
this.cacheable && this.cacheable();
return [
'// loader.js',
source,
].join('\n');
};
``` |
Internet slang |
```javascript
const { render } = require('@govuk-frontend/helpers/puppeteer')
const { getExamples } = require('@govuk-frontend/lib/components')
const { KnownDevices } = require('puppeteer')
const iPhone = KnownDevices['iPhone 6']
describe('/components/tabs', () => {
let examples
beforeAll(async () => {
examples = await getExamples('tabs')
})
describe('/components/tabs/preview', () => {
describe('when JavaScript is unavailable or fails', () => {
beforeAll(async () => {
await page.setJavaScriptEnabled(false)
await render(page, 'tabs', examples.default)
})
afterAll(async () => {
await page.setJavaScriptEnabled(true)
})
it('falls back to making all tab containers visible', async () => {
const isContentVisible = await page.waitForSelector(
'.govuk-tabs__panel',
{ visible: true, timeout: 10000 }
)
expect(isContentVisible).toBeTruthy()
})
})
describe('when JavaScript is available', () => {
beforeAll(async () => {
await render(page, 'tabs', examples.default)
})
it('should indicate the open state of the first tab', async () => {
const firstTabAriaSelected = await page.evaluate(() =>
document.body
.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:first-child .govuk-tabs__tab'
)
.getAttribute('aria-selected')
)
expect(firstTabAriaSelected).toBe('true')
const firstTabClasses = await page.evaluate(
() =>
document.body.querySelector('.govuk-tabs__list-item:first-child')
.className
)
expect(firstTabClasses).toContain('govuk-tabs__list-item--selected')
})
it('should display the first tab panel', async () => {
const tabPanelIsHidden = await page.evaluate(() =>
document.body
.querySelector('.govuk-tabs > .govuk-tabs__panel')
.classList.contains('govuk-tabs__panel--hidden')
)
expect(tabPanelIsHidden).toBeFalsy()
})
it('should hide all the tab panels except for the first one', async () => {
const tabPanelIsHidden = await page.evaluate(() =>
document.body
.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs > .govuk-tabs__panel ~ .govuk-tabs__panel'
)
.classList.contains('govuk-tabs__panel--hidden')
)
expect(tabPanelIsHidden).toBeTruthy()
})
})
describe('when a tab is pressed', () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
await render(page, 'tabs', examples.default)
})
it('should indicate the open state of the pressed tab', async () => {
// Click the second tab
await page.click('.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab')
const secondTabAriaSelected = await page.evaluate(() =>
document.body
.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab'
)
.getAttribute('aria-selected')
)
expect(secondTabAriaSelected).toBe('true')
const secondTabClasses = await page.evaluate(
() =>
document.body.querySelector('.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2)')
.className
)
expect(secondTabClasses).toContain('govuk-tabs__list-item--selected')
})
it('should display the tab panel associated with the selected tab', async () => {
// Click the second tab
await page.click('.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab')
const secondTabPanelIsHidden = await page.evaluate(() => {
const secondTabAriaControls = document.body
.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab'
)
.getAttribute('aria-controls')
return document.body
.querySelector(`[id="${secondTabAriaControls}"]`)
.classList.contains('govuk-tabs__panel--hidden')
})
expect(secondTabPanelIsHidden).toBeFalsy()
})
describe('when the tab contains a DOM element', () => {
beforeAll(async () => {
await render(page, 'tabs', examples.default)
})
it('should display the tab panel associated with the selected tab', async () => {
await page.evaluate(() => {
// Replace contents of second tab with a DOM element
const secondTab = document.body.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab'
)
secondTab.innerHTML = '<span>Tab 2</span>'
})
// Click the DOM element inside the second tab
await page.click(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab span'
)
const secondTabPanelIsHidden = await page.evaluate(() => {
const secondTabAriaControls = document.body
.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab'
)
.getAttribute('aria-controls')
return document.body
.querySelector(`[id="${secondTabAriaControls}"]`)
.classList.contains('govuk-tabs__panel--hidden')
})
expect(secondTabPanelIsHidden).toBeFalsy()
})
})
})
describe('when first tab is focused and the right arrow key is pressed', () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
await render(page, 'tabs', examples.default)
})
it('should indicate the open state of the next tab', async () => {
// Press right arrow when focused on the first tab
await page.focus('.govuk-tabs__list-item:first-child .govuk-tabs__tab')
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowRight')
const secondTabAriaSelected = await page.evaluate(() =>
document.body
.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab'
)
.getAttribute('aria-selected')
)
expect(secondTabAriaSelected).toBe('true')
const secondTabClasses = await page.evaluate(
() =>
document.body.querySelector('.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2)')
.className
)
expect(secondTabClasses).toContain('govuk-tabs__list-item--selected')
})
it('should display the tab panel associated with the selected tab', async () => {
// Press right arrow
await page.focus('.govuk-tabs__list-item:first-child .govuk-tabs__tab')
await page.keyboard.down('ArrowRight')
const secondTabPanelIsHidden = await page.evaluate(() => {
const secondTabAriaControls = document.body
.querySelector(
'.govuk-tabs__list-item:nth-child(2) .govuk-tabs__tab'
)
.getAttribute('aria-controls')
return document.body
.querySelector(`[id="${secondTabAriaControls}"]`)
.classList.contains('govuk-tabs__panel--hidden')
})
expect(secondTabPanelIsHidden).toBeFalsy()
})
})
describe('when a hash associated with a tab panel is passed in the URL', () => {
it('should indicate the open state of the associated tab', async () => {
await render(page, 'tabs', examples.default)
await page.evaluate(() => {
window.location.hash = '#past-week'
})
const currentTabAriaSelected = await page.evaluate(() =>
document.body
.querySelector('.govuk-tabs__tab[href="#past-week"]')
.getAttribute('aria-selected')
)
expect(currentTabAriaSelected).toBe('true')
const currentTabClasses = await page.evaluate(
() =>
document.body.querySelector('.govuk-tabs__tab[href="#past-week"]')
.parentElement.className
)
expect(currentTabClasses).toContain('govuk-tabs__list-item--selected')
const currentTabPanelIsHidden = await page.evaluate(() =>
document
.getElementById('past-week')
.classList.contains('govuk-tabs__panel--hidden')
)
expect(currentTabPanelIsHidden).toBeFalsy()
})
it('should only update based on hashes that are tabs', async () => {
await render(page, 'tabs', examples['tabs-with-anchor-in-panel'])
await page.click('[href="#anchor"]')
const activeElementId = await page.evaluate(
() => document.activeElement.id
)
expect(activeElementId).toBe('anchor')
})
})
describe('when rendered on a small device', () => {
it('falls back to making the all tab containers visible', async () => {
await page.emulate(iPhone)
await render(page, 'tabs', examples.default)
const isContentVisible = await page.waitForSelector(
'.govuk-tabs__panel',
{ visible: true, timeout: 10000 }
)
expect(isContentVisible).toBeTruthy()
})
})
describe('errors at instantiation', () => {
it('can throw a SupportError if appropriate', async () => {
await expect(
render(page, 'tabs', examples.default, {
beforeInitialisation() {
document.body.classList.remove('govuk-frontend-supported')
}
})
).rejects.toMatchObject({
cause: {
name: 'SupportError',
message:
'GOV.UK Frontend initialised without `<body class="govuk-frontend-supported">` from template `<script>` snippet'
}
})
})
it('throws when $module is not set', async () => {
await expect(
render(page, 'tabs', examples.default, {
beforeInitialisation($module) {
$module.remove()
}
})
).rejects.toMatchObject({
cause: {
name: 'ElementError',
message: 'Tabs: Root element (`$module`) not found'
}
})
})
it('throws when there are no tabs', async () => {
await expect(
render(page, 'tabs', examples.default, {
beforeInitialisation($module, { selector }) {
$module
.querySelectorAll(selector)
.forEach((item) => item.remove())
},
context: {
selector: 'a.govuk-tabs__tab'
}
})
).rejects.toMatchObject({
cause: {
name: 'ElementError',
message: 'Tabs: Links (`<a class="govuk-tabs__tab">`) not found'
}
})
})
it('throws when the tab list is missing', async () => {
await expect(
render(page, 'tabs', examples.default, {
beforeInitialisation($module, { selector }) {
$module
.querySelector(selector)
.setAttribute('class', 'govuk-tabs__typo')
},
context: {
selector: '.govuk-tabs__list'
}
})
).rejects.toMatchObject({
cause: {
name: 'ElementError',
message: 'Tabs: List (`<ul class="govuk-tabs__list">`) not found'
}
})
})
it('throws when there the tab list is empty', async () => {
await expect(
render(page, 'tabs', examples.default, {
beforeInitialisation($module, { selector, className }) {
$module
.querySelectorAll(selector)
.forEach((item) => item.setAttribute('class', className))
},
context: {
selector: '.govuk-tabs__list-item',
className: 'govuk-tabs__list-typo'
}
})
).rejects.toMatchObject({
cause: {
name: 'ElementError',
message:
'Tabs: List items (`<li class="govuk-tabs__list-item">`) not found'
}
})
})
})
})
})
``` |
Baron Joicey, of Chester-le-Street in the County of Durham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1906 for the coal mining magnate and former Liberal Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street, Sir James Joicey, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Longhirst and of Ulgham, both in the County of Northumberland, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1893. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He was High Sheriff of County Durham in 1910. The second baron lost his son young, and on his death his younger brother succeeded to the barony. The third Baron was an army officer, whose elder son died in WWII without male issue, and he was thus succeeded by his younger son, the fourth baron. the titles are held by the latter's eldest son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 1993.
John Joicey, uncle of the first Baron, was a Liberal politician and coal owner.
The family seat is Etal Manor on the Ford Castle and Etal Castle estate.
Barons Joicey (1906)
James Joicey, 1st Baron Joicey (1846–1936)
James Arthur Joicey, 2nd Baron Joicey (1880–1940) Died 24 July 1940
Hugh Edward Joicey, 3rd Baron Joicey (1881–1966), second son of the first Baron.
Michael Edward Joicey, 4th Baron Joicey (1925–1993)
James Michael Joicey, 5th Baron Joicey (born 1953)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. William James Joicey (born 1990)
Notes
References
Book cited
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1906
Noble titles created for UK MPs |
José Antonio Arias Mujica (born October 9, 1944), known as Antonio Arias, is a Chilean former football defender, who played for the Chile national team between 1968 and 1973, gaining 30 caps. He was part of the Chilean squad for the 1974 World Cup.
At club level, Arias played for Magallanes, Unión Española and Palestino.
Personal life
He is the older brother of the former footballer Jorge Arias.
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Footballers from Santiago
Chilean men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Chile men's international footballers
1974 FIFA World Cup players
Unión Española footballers
Deportes Magallanes footballers
Club Deportivo Palestino footballers
Chilean Primera División players |
```xml
<UserControl x:Class="AsmDude.QuickInfo.RegisterTooltipWindow"
xmlns="path_to_url"
xmlns:x="path_to_url"
xmlns:mc="path_to_url"
xmlns:d="path_to_url"
mc:Ignorable="d" x:Name="MainWindow"
Focusable="True">
<UserControl.InputBindings>
<KeyBinding Key="Escape" Command="{Binding Path=CloseCommand, Mode=OneTime}" CommandTarget="{Binding ElementName=MainWindow}" />
</UserControl.InputBindings>
<StackPanel>
<TextBlock x:Name="Description" TextWrapping="Wrap"/>
<Border x:Name="AsmSimGridBorder" BorderBrush = "LightGray" CornerRadius="2" BorderThickness="1" Margin="0,6,0,0" Visibility="Collapsed">
<Expander x:Name="AsmSimGridExpander" Visibility="Collapsed" IsExpanded="False">
<Expander.Header>
<DockPanel LastChildFill="False">
<Label DockPanel.Dock="Left">
<Label.VerticalAlignment>Center</Label.VerticalAlignment>
<Label.VerticalContentAlignment>Center</Label.VerticalContentAlignment>
<Label.Content>Register Contents</Label.Content>
</Label>
<ComboBox x:Name="AsmSimGridExpanderNumeration" DockPanel.Dock="Right">
<ComboBox.VerticalAlignment>Center</ComboBox.VerticalAlignment>
<ComboBox.VerticalContentAlignment>Center</ComboBox.VerticalContentAlignment>
<ComboBox.Items>
<ComboBoxItem>HEX</ComboBoxItem>
<ComboBoxItem>BIN</ComboBoxItem>
<ComboBoxItem>DEC</ComboBoxItem>
<ComboBoxItem>OCT</ComboBoxItem>
</ComboBox.Items>
</ComboBox>
</DockPanel>
</Expander.Header>
<Grid x:Name="AsmSimGrid">
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="*" />
<RowDefinition Height="*" />
<RowDefinition Height="*" />
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<ColumnDefinition Width="*" />
<ColumnDefinition Width="*" />
</Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
</Grid>
</Expander>
</Border>
</StackPanel>
</UserControl>
``` |
Gervais Kago (born 19 December 1987 in Bangui, Central African Republic) is a footballer from the Central African Republic who currently plays for Bamboutos FC of the Elite One, the top division of Cameroonian football.
Simba SC
Alongside Felix Sunzu, Kago transferred to Tanzanian giants Simba SC in August 2011. However, the midfielder was not allowed to participate in club matches as FIFA approbated a peremptory rule that the Transfer Matching System must be used to record the transfer which did not happen beforehand. By late August, the Tanzania Football Federation secured his International Transfer Certificate through the Transfer Matching System, clearing him to play, serendipitiously in time for the Tanzania Community Shield which he participated in.
International
Missed the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification group stage clash encountering Morocco after failure to get the plane ticket punctually.
References
Central African Republic men's footballers
Central African Republic men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Central African Republic expatriate men's footballers
Living people
1987 births
Expatriate men's footballers in Equatorial Guinea
Simba S.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cameroon
Expatriate men's footballers in Tanzania
Les Astres FC players
Central African Republic expatriate sportspeople in Equatorial Guinea
Central African Republic expatriate sportspeople in Cameroon
Central African Republic expatriate sportspeople in Tanzania
Tanzanian Premier League players
Footballers from Bangui |
Thor is the nickname of an Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) first spotted in the Netherlands, in November 2022.
Thor is a male walrus at least three years old and estimated to weigh around 0.75 tonnes.
Thor was originally sighted on 6 November 2022, first in Petten, North Holland, then Neeltje Jans island, Zeeland, and subsequently travelled along the north coast of France to Brittany. In December 2022, Thor was spotted at Calshot, Hampshire and then in Scarborough harbour, North Yorkshire on New Year's Eve. On 2 January 2023 Thor appeared in Blyth, Northumberland.
On 24 February 2023 British Divers Marine Life Rescue reported that Thor had been seen in Iceland.
Response
Whilst Thor was in Calshot, the British Divers Marine Life Rescue issued warnings to the public to not get too close to the walrus and kept a cordon up to allow him to rest.
Thor again appeared on New Year's Eve 2022 in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. British Divers Marine Life Rescue maintained a cordon through the night and the daytime until 4.20pm when he departed. Scarborough's New Year fireworks were cancelled after concerns arose after Marine Mammal Medics witnessed him becoming stressed at flashing lights from vehicles. Scarborough Borough Council leader Steve Siddons said "the welfare of the walrus has to take precedence".
Em Mayman, Yorkshire & Lincolnshire Assistant Coordinator for British Divers Marine Life Rescue praised the decision made to cancel the fireworks as a big step forward for animal welfare.
References
Blyth, Northumberland
Brittany
Hampshire
Individual animals in England
Individual animals in France
Individual animals in the Netherlands
Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Wayward walruses
Individual walruses |
David Daniel Otunga (born April 7, 1980) is an American actor, lawyer and former professional wrestler best known for his time working with WWE.
Otunga was the runner-up on the first season of NXT. He is also an original member of The Nexus and The New Nexus, being the only member present through the entire duration of the stable in every incarnation. As part of the faction, he became a two-time WWE Tag Team Champion, having one reign each with fellow Nexus members John Cena and Michael McGillicutty.
Early life
Otunga was born in Elgin, Illinois, to father Moses, a Kenyan, and a European American mother, Billie, both of whom are educators. He is the youngest of three children. Otunga graduated from Larkin High School and later earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois. Following his graduation, he moved to New York City where he became a laboratory manager in Columbia University's Cognitive Neuroscience Center. He later graduated from Harvard Law School in 2006, passing Illinois' bar exam. Otunga worked at Sidley Austin, one of America's largest law firms, from May 2005 to October 2007.
Acting career
In 2007, after his niece submitted his audition tape, Otunga was chosen to be a contestant on I Love New York 2 and given the nickname "Punk". He became one of the final three contestants in the competition, before being eliminated on the series' penultimate episode. Otunga has since starred in the 2013 thriller film The Call. Otunga made a guest appearance as himself in the 13,110th episode (Season 52, Episode 84) of General Hospital.
Professional wrestling career
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
FCW (2008–2010)
In November 2008, Otunga signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and was assigned to its development territory, Florida Championship Wrestling. He made his debut on May 29, 2009, under the ring name Dawson Alexander, in a six-man tag team match. Otunga teamed with Barry Allen and Jon Cutler to defeat Abraham Saddam Washington, Derrick Bateman and Camacho.
NXT (2010)
On February 16, 2010, after numerous dark matches on both Raw and SmackDown, it was announced that Otunga would wrestle on the first season of NXT under his real name, with R-Truth as his storyline mentor. He made his debut on the inaugural episode of NXT on February 23, quickly defeating Darren Young. Young defeated Otunga in a rematch on the following week's broadcast, thanks to interference from Young's mentor, CM Punk. After the match, R-Truth tried to offer his support, only to be shoved away by a frustrated Otunga, resulting in Otunga turning heel. R-Truth took exception, confronting and brawling with Otunga backstage. On the March 30 episode of NXT, Otunga won an 8-man over the top rope battle royal against the other NXT Rookies to earn the right to guest host Raw the following week. On the April 5 episode of Raw, Otunga put himself in a tag team match with John Cena for the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship against ShoMiz (Big Show and The Miz). Later in the match, however, he refused to tag in and walked out, allowing ShoMiz to retain. On May 11, in the second Pros Poll, he was moved to second place. During the season finale on June 1, Otunga came in second place overall in the competition, losing out to Wade Barrett.
The Nexus (2010-2011)
The following week on Raw, Otunga and the other NXT rookies from season one interfered in the main event match between John Cena and CM Punk, attacking the competitors, the announce team, and ring announcer Justin Roberts, before dismantling the ring area and surrounding equipment. On the June 14 episode of Raw, the rookies attacked General Manager Bret Hart, when he refused to give them contracts. The following week on Raw, Vince McMahon fired Hart and announced the hiring of a new general manager, who had signed all seven season one NXT rookies to contracts. The following week, the group was named The Nexus. On the July 12 episode of Raw, The Nexus, excluding Daniel Bryan (who was fired by Vince McMahon after the Nexus' first night on Raw in part due to choking ring announcer Justin Roberts with his own tie), competed in their first match together, defeating John Cena in a six-on-one handicap match. The Nexus continued to feud with Cena and the Raw roster, resulting in a seven-on-seven elimination tag team match at SummerSlam. Otunga was the fourth member of The Nexus eliminated, when he submitted to Chris Jericho, and The Nexus went on to lose the match.
Cena was later forced to join The Nexus, as a result of losing to Barrett at Hell in a Cell. At the following pay-per-view, Bragging Rights on October 24, Otunga and Cena teamed together to win the WWE Tag Team Championship from Cody Rhodes and Drew McIntyre. The next night on Raw Otunga and Cena lost the Tag Team Championship to fellow Nexus members Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater when Barrett ordered Otunga to allow Slater to pin him. On November 5, Otunga, who had been questioning Barrett's leadership in the past weeks, led Nexus, minus Barrett and Cena, to an invasion of SmackDown. Barrett did not approve of Otunga's decision to lead The Nexus to SmackDown and as a result forced him to defend his spot in the group a week later. On the November 12 episode of SmackDown, Otunga defeated Edge in a lumberjack match, after Kane interfered, to keep his spot in Nexus. About a month later, Otunga started to rebel against Barrett with the rest of Nexus behind him. After the group disobeyed direct orders and walked away from Barrett, Otunga told Barrett to rehire Cena the following week or be banished from Nexus.
In January 2011, Barrett was exiled from Nexus and CM Punk took over his spot as the leader of the group. While Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater chose not to follow Punk's orders and left Nexus, Otunga agreed to take his initiation test, a beating from the Big Show, and remain with the group. In late February, it was announced that Punk would face Randy Orton at WrestleMania XXVII, with each member of The Nexus facing Orton to win the right to accompany Punk to the ring in the weeks leading up to WrestleMania. Otunga faced Orton on the March 7 episode of Raw, but lost. Following the match, he was punted in the skull by Orton. Otunga was absent from television for over a month, returning on the April 11 episode of Raw with the other New Nexus members, and preventing Orton from earning a WWE Championship match.
On the May 23 episode of Raw, Otunga teamed with fellow Nexus member Michael McGillicutty to win the WWE Tag Team Championship from Kane and The Big Show with the help interference from fellow New Nexus members Mason Ryan and Punk. They made their only successful title defense against The Usos on the July 29 episode of SmackDown. After CM Punk left the New Nexus when his WWE contract expired on July 17, Otunga and McGillicutty competed against Santino Marella and Zack Ryder on the August 1 episode of Raw without any Nexus gear or armbands, and with all Nexus logos removed from their TitanTron, effectively signaling the end of the New Nexus. On the August 22 episode of Raw, Otunga and McGillicutty lost the Tag Team Championship to Air Boom (Kofi Kingston and Evan Bourne).
Legal advisor (2011–2015)
After a minor feud with Jerry Lawler, Otunga and McGillicutty's team quietly disbanded. Otunga then started a new storyline, focusing on his law background, as John Laurinaitis advised him to help disgruntled wrestlers plan a lawsuit against Triple H, WWE's chief operating officer. He also started carrying a Starbucks thermos. On the September 30 episode of SmackDown, Otunga and Laurinaitis sat down with Dolph Ziggler, Jack Swagger, Cody Rhodes, Alberto Del Rio, Christian, and Vickie Guerrero to discuss the matter. The following week on Raw, Otunga walked out on Triple H with other wrestlers, Divas, and referees after a "vote of no confidence" for Triple H as general manager of Raw. He returned to in-ring action on the November 29 SmackDown Holiday Special where he was defeated by Randy Orton in a Miracle on 34th Street Fight match. On the December 23 episode of SmackDown he cancelled a #1 Contender's match between The Big Show and Mark Henry due to the latter's leg injury; he was knocked out by Show as a result. Otunga faced The Big Show on the December 26 episode of Raw and the December 30 episode of SmackDown, but lost both matches. He obtained his first win since returning to singles competition on the January 13, 2012, episode of SmackDown, defeating Santino Marella. He captured back-to-back wins against Ezekiel Jackson on the February 20 episode of Raw and the February 21 episode of Super SmackDown. On the March 12 episode of Raw, it was announced that Otunga would be the captain of Laurinaitis' team for the battle for control 12-man Tag Team match at WrestleMania. Team Johnny was victorious at WrestleMania XXVIII. On the April 16 episode of Raw, Otunga unsuccessfully challenged Santino Marella for the United States Championship. Otunga took leave from WWE television from April 23 to May 14 to be with his fiancé, Jennifer Hudson, during the murder trial of William Balfour in Chicago.
At No Way Out, Otunga lost to Brodus Clay via count out. The next night on Raw, Otunga teamed with Big Show and John Laurinaitis in a 3 on 1 handicap match. Before the match started, Big Show walked out on Otunga and Laurinaitis. Otunga walked out as well during the match, because Laurinaitis had refused to tag himself in, allowing John Cena to make Laurinaitis submit. The next week on SmackDown, Otunga delivered a low blow to Brodus Clay as Clay was fighting Big Show. He returned to Raw on August 20 to confront general manager AJ Lee. He was put into a match against Big Show, which he lost. On September 3, Otunga was seen with Alberto Del Rio, who told Matt Striker that his client (Del Rio) won't talk to him. On the September 7 episode of SmackDown, he represented Alberto Del Rio and Ricardo Rodriguez to win the case to ban Sheamus' finishing move, the Brogue Kick, just as Otunga was facing Sheamus at the night's main event, although the Brogue Kick was later reinstated. He managed Alberto Del Rio at Night of Champions in his match with Sheamus for the World Heavyweight Championship which Del Rio lost, At Survivor Series, Otunga was made a part of Team Ziggler, filling in for the injured Cody Rhodes. He was eliminated by Daniel Bryan. Otunga competed in the 2013 Royal Rumble match entering at #9 but was eliminated by Sheamus. His last singles match was a loss to Ryback. Since then, he has been doing promotional work for WWE backstage. Otunga returned on October 28 when he conducted an interview for WWE.com after Big Show sued WWE and Triple H for defamation, discrimination and wrongful termination of contract.
Otunga returned on April 6, 2014, in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania XXX and was eliminated by Big E. Otunga did not make any WWE appearances again until he returned to live events on January 9, 2015. His last match was on July 5, 2015, on a WWE Live SummerSlam Heatwave Tour where he lost to R-Truth.
Non-wrestling roles (2015–2018)
Otunga returned to television on February 2, 2015, doing the Raw Pre-Show. Following this, he offered his legal services to his former tag team partner Curtis Axel regarding his Royal Rumble 2015 controversy. Now rarely an in-ring performer, Otunga replaced Alex Riley as one of the hosts of the weekly Raw pre-show on the WWE Network.
In June 2016, Otunga left his position on the Raw pre-show panel, where he joined the commentary team alongside Tom Phillips for both Superstars and Main Event. On the June 23 episode of SmackDown, Otunga temporarily replaced Jerry Lawler on the commentary team, after Lawler was suspended by WWE. Following the 2016 WWE draft, Otunga was announced to join the SmackDown commentary team on a full-time basis, alongside Mauro Ranallo and John "Bradshaw" Layfield, where he served as the babyface color commentator in contrast to JBL's heel color commentary.
On April 11, 2017, it was reported that Otunga was traded to the Raw brand for Byron Saxton as part of the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up. However, due to his acting career, he was replaced by Booker T on Raw for six weeks. Upon Otunga's return, Booker remained Raw color commentator while Otunga became a pre-show panelist. He has occasionally appeared on commentary since.
Personal life
Seven months after meeting singer and actress Jennifer Hudson, Otunga proposed marriage on Hudson's 27th birthday in 2008. On August 10, 2009, Hudson gave birth to the couple's only child, their son David Daniel Otunga Jr. In November 2017, Otunga and Hudson split after being in the process of separation for several months.
Filmography
Championships and accomplishments
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Feud of the Year (2010)
Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2010)
Rookie of the Year (2010)
Ranked No. 84 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012
WWE
WWE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with John Cena (1) and Michael McGillicutty (1)
Slammy Award (2 times)
Shocker of the Year (2010)
Pee-wee Herman Bowtie Award (2011)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Television Announcer (2016)
References
External links
1980 births
African-American male professional wrestlers
American color commentators
American male professional wrestlers
American male television actors
American people of Kenyan descent
American people of Luo descent
Harvard Law School alumni
Illinois lawyers
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Illinois
Professional wrestling announcers
Sportspeople from Chicago
Sportspeople from Elgin, Illinois
University of Illinois alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
21st-century professional wrestlers
WWE Raw Tag Team Champions |
Live! is Catch 22's first full-length live release, although fan-recorded live tracks were bonus features on several previous albums. Roughly a third of the album is devoted to Keasbey Nights, another third to Alone in a Crowd, and the remainder to Dinosaur Sounds. A bonus DVD includes footage from the concert, as well as a variety of extras. However, former frontman Tomas Kalnoky is conspicuously absent from the footage of the band's early days.
Track listing
DVD Features
Footage of August 30, 2004 concert.
Embarrassing Photos (Photos of band members acting foolish)
On the Road (Home video footage from the band's tour bus)
At the Show (Footage from earlier concerts filmed by fans)
Humble Beginnings (Home videos and old photographs of band members)
Music Videos: Wine Stained Lips, Point the Blame, Hard to Impress
Personnel
Pat Kays - bass guitar
Ian McKenzie - trombone, vocals
Ryan Eldred - saxophone, vocals
Chris Greer - drum kit
Kevin Gunther - trumpet, vocals
Pat Calpin - guitar, vocals
Catch 22 (band) live albums
2004 live albums
Victory Records live albums |
The Sialkot Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army formed in 1904 as a result of the Kitchener Reforms. It was mobilized as 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade at the outbreak of the First World War as part of the 1st Indian Cavalry Division and departed for France. It served on the Western Front with the division until it was broken up in March 1918.
The brigade was reformed in June 1920 and broken up in January 1940.
History
The Kitchener Reforms, carried out during Lord Kitchener's tenure as Commander-in-Chief, India (1902–09), completed the unification of the three former Presidency armies, the Punjab Frontier Force, the Hyderabad Contingent and other local forces into one Indian Army. Kitchener identified the Indian Army's main task as the defence of the North-West Frontier against foreign aggression (particularly Russian expansion into Afghanistan) with internal security relegated to a secondary role. The Army was organized into divisions and brigades that would act as field formations but also included internal security troops.
The Sialkot Brigade (also referred to as Sialkote Brigade) was formed in April 1904 as a result of the Kitchener Reforms. The brigade formed part of the 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division. By the outbreak of the First World War it was designated as Sialkot Cavalry Brigade.
2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade
In September 1914, the brigade was mobilized as the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade and assigned to the 1st Indian Cavalry Division. With the division, it departed Bombay on 16 October 1914 and landed at Marseilles on 7 November. However, the brigade did not reach the Front until 8–10 December due to horse sickness. While in France, the brigade was known by its geographical rather than numerical designation so as to avoid confusion with the British 2nd Cavalry Brigade also serving on the Western Front at the same time.
Other than the Battle of Cambrai when it helped to hold the German counter-attack, it was not involved in battle. Instead, it was held in reserve in case of a breakthrough, although it did send parties to the trenches on a number of occasions. They would hold the line, or act as Pioneers; such parties were designated as the Sialkot Battalion.
Dissolved
In March 1918, the brigade was broken up in France. The British units (17th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Lancers and Q Battery, Royal Horse Artillery) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt. On 24 April 1918, these were merged with the 22nd Mounted Brigade of the Yeomanry Mounted Division. On 22 July 1918 the 22nd Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 12th Cavalry Brigade and the division as 4th Cavalry Division.
Reformed
The Sialkot Cavalry Brigade was reformed in June 1920. In September 1920 it was designated as the 2nd Indian Cavalry Brigade and renamed as 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade in
1927. By the outbreak of the Second World War it was resdesignated as Sialkot Brigade Area and it was broken up again in January 1940.
Orders of battle
Commanders
The Sialkot Cavalry Brigade / 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:
See also
Indian Cavalry Corps order of battle First World War
Indian Expeditionary Force A
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
C02
Cavalry brigades of the British Indian Army
Military units and formations established in 1904
Military units and formations disestablished in 1918
Military units and formations established in 1920
Military units and formations disestablished in 1940 |
The Feeling's Not Right Again is a collection of previously recorded songs by Ray Stevens, released in 1979. All of the selections were chosen from his studio albums that were recorded for Warner Bros. Records. Stevens had a total of five singles released by Warner Bros., but only three are featured on this collection; the rest of the selections are album tracks. The first track, "I Need Your Help Barry Manilow," is a novelty single that made its first album appearance on this collection; both it and the title track are homages to singer-songwriter Barry Manilow, and the album's cover art is itself a spoof of Manilow's album Tryin' to Get the Feeling. "I Need Your Help Barry Manilow" was a minor hit for Stevens, narrowly missing the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 (Stevens's last appearance on the chart to date) and reaching #11 on the adult contemporary music charts.
Track listing
Album credits
Arranged and Produced by: Ray Stevens
Recorded at Ray Stevens' Studio, Nashville
Charts
Singles - Billboard (North America)
References
1979 compilation albums
Ray Stevens compilation albums
Warner Records compilation albums |
SM UC-66 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 15 July 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 14 November 1916 as SM UC-66. In five patrols UC-66 was credited with sinking 32 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-66 was sunk by HM seaplane No. 8656, a Curtiss Model H-12, off the Isles of Scilly on 27 May 1917. The wreck was found by divers in 2009. This is a notable early aircraft success against a U-boat.
Design
A German Type UC II submarine, UC-66 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . UC-66 was fitted with six mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.
Summary of raiding history
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1916
Maritime incidents in 1917
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk in 1917
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I shipwrecks in the English Channel
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships |
The National Mortality Followback Survey is a survey conducted multiple times in the United States as part of a program that was started by the National Center for Health Statistics in the 1960s. The survey gathers information on Americans who died in a given year from their death certificates and family members (or others who are familiar with the decedent's life history.) The first NMFS was conducted in 1961, and focused on, among other topics, institutional and hospital care people received in the last year of their life. Subsequent surveys were conducted in 1962-3, 1964-5, 1966-8, 1986, and 1993. As of 2009, it is conducted by the National Vital Statistics System.
References
Health surveys |
The zentner (German Zentner, from Latin centenarius, derived from centum meaning "hundred") is a name for a unit of mass which was used predominantly in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, although it was also sometimes used in the United Kingdom – for example, as a measure of the weight of certain crops including hops for beer production – and similar units were used in Scandinavia. Like the notion of hundredweight, the zentner is the weight of 100 units, where the value of the unit depends on the time and location. Traditionally the unit was one hundred pounds (German Pfund) with the precise value being context-dependent, making one zentner equal to about .
In later times, with the adoption of the metric system, the value came to denote exactly , at least in Germany; in Austria and Switzerland the term is now in use for a measure of , as it is in Russia (:ru:Центнер, tsentner). In Germany a measure of is named a Doppelzentner.
See also
German obsolete units of measurement
Quintal (centner)
References
Notes
Units of mass
Obsolete units of measurement
de:Zentner |
Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68 (1968), is a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. This decision deals primarily with the civil rights of illegitimate children, specifically regarding their ability to sue on a deceased parent's behalf. It held that the right of recovery may not be denied merely because a person is the illegitimate child of the deceased because such a law would violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Background
Louise Levy was the mother of five children, all of them born out of wedlock. She cared for the children herself, maintaining with them a relationship much like any other typical household. After alleged malpractice by Levy's doctor at the Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans, Louise Levy died. The appellant, on behalf of Levy's children, sought damages for Levy's wrongful death as well as damages for an unsettled case that Levy had not lived to see settled.
The Louisiana District Court dismissed the suit. On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal, citing Louisiana statute defining a "child" for the purposes of damage recovery as a legitimate child. As the children were born outside of marriage, the courts deemed that they had no standing to sue on Levy's behalf. The Court of Appeals also defended its affirmation, claiming that the law was sound because it furthered the government interest of maintaining morals and general welfare by discouraging bearing children out of wedlock. The Supreme Court of Louisiana denied certiorari, and the case was finally appealed to the US Supreme Court on constitutional grounds. Specifically, the appellant claimed that the Louisiana law violated the Fourteenth Amendment and so was invalid.
Decision
The 6–3 decision in favor of Levy's children was delivered on Monday, May 20, 1968. Justice Douglas wrote the majority opinion, which was joined by Chief Justice Warren and Associate Justices Brennan, White, Fortas, and Marshall. The Court stated that the children involved in the case were clearly "persons" under the Fourteenth Amendment, which entitled them to its full protection.
The Court noted that while states enjoy substantial powers to make classifications, states are not permitted to classify in a way that constitutes "invidious discrimination against a particular class." The objective nature of the "invidious discrimination" test was not clearly outlined, but the Court stated that the classifications states made had to be at least rational.
The Court continued to note the deference historically given to the legislature regarding its ability to draft law. However, when basic civil rights are involved, the Court said that it freely struck down "invidious discrimination," even laws with "history and tradition on [their] side." One precedent cited was the decision the Court made in Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark case in American civil rights.
In the case at hand, the Court attacked the inappropriateness of the Louisiana statute and considered that the children's legitimacy had no bearing on their relationship to their mother. The statute was declared unconstitutional, and the decision of the lower courts was reversed.
Justice Harlan authored a dissenting opinion, which was joined by Justices Black and Stewart. Harlan said that the Court had come to its conclusion "by a process that can only be described as brute force." He found two of the Court's arguments to be "frankly preposterous," and another to be "rather far-fetched." He concluded the Louisiana statute served a rational and constitutionally acceptable purpose: "If it be conceded, as I assume it is, that the State has power to provide that people who choose to live together should go through the formalities of marriage and, in default, that people who bear children should acknowledge them, it is logical to enforce these requirements by declaring that the general class of rights that are dependent upon family relationships shall be accorded only when the formalities as well as the biology of those relationships are present." "I could not understand why a State which base's the right to recover for wrongful death strictly on family relationships could not demand that those relationships be formalized."
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 391
Linda R. S. v. Richard D.: Supreme Court case involving child support for children born out of wedlock
References
Further reading
External links
United States equal protection case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
1968 in United States case law
American Civil Liberties Union litigation
Medical malpractice case law
Healthcare in New Orleans
Legitimacy case law |
Kavitha is a 1962 Indian, Tamil language film directed by T. R. Raghunath. The film stars M. R. Radha and Rajasulochana. It was released on 2 September 1962.
Plot
Kavitha is the daughter of a rich man, Sabapathy Mudaliar. She loves Durai, an artist. Mudaliar falls sick. He wants Kavitha to marry his sister's son, Rajasekaran who lives in Malaysia. Caught between love and affection, Kavitha feels it is important to save her father's love and sacrifices her love. She is married to Rajasekaran. But soon she finds that he drinks too much. He demands for more and more money and beats her if she refuses. Mudaliar is worried. In the meantime, another woman, Ponnamma, who is a look alike of Kavitha enters the family. She consoles Kavitha and tries to advise Rajasekaran. But Rajasekaran sends Kavitha to a mental hospital and shows Ponnamma as Kavitha to Mudaliar. Now Kavitha and suspects the true identity of Rajasekaran. Ponnamma, who knows the truth about Rajasekaran's identity, is unable to reveal it to Mudaliar as she is acting as Kavitha. However, Ponnamma falls sick and dies. In the meantime, Durai and Gomathi who is Kavitha's cousin and Leela who is Kavitha's friend are trying to find the true identity of Rajasekaran. How they do it and rescues Kavitha forms the rest of the story.
Cast
List adapted from the database of Film News Anandan and from the song book.
Male cast
M. R. Radha
M. N. Nambiar
S. V. Ranga Rao
T. S. Balaiah
Female cast
Rajasulochana (in Dual roles)
Pandari Bai
Pushpalatha
Seethalakshmi
Vidyavathy
Dance
Ragini
Harban Lal
Production
The film was produced by Modern Theatres and was directed by T. R. Raghunath. Story and dialogues were written by Murasoli Maran. R. Sampath was in charge of cinematography while L. Balu handled the editing. Art direction was by B. Nagarajan. Hiralal and P. Jayaram did the choreography. Still photography was done by A. J. Joseph. Rajasulochana featured in dual roles in this film.
Soundtrack
Music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan while the lyrics were penned by A. Maruthakasi and Kannadasan.
References
External links
Indian drama films
Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan
Films directed by T. R. Raghunath
1962 drama films
1962 films
1960s Tamil-language films |
Caroline Fischer-Achten (29 January 1806 – 13 September 1896) was an Austrian operatic soprano. She appeared at the Royal Court Theatre in Vienna, and toured Germany.
Life
She was born in Vienna in 1806, daughter of Anton Achten, a civil servant. She had singing lessons from her father and later from Aloysia Weber, Mozart's sister-in-law. In 1827 she first appeared at the Vienna Court Theatre.
She married in 1830 Friedrich Fischer (1805–1871), a bass singer, whom she met at the Court Theatre. With her husband she toured Germany, appearing at opera houses in Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Frankfurt and Braunschweig.
Fischer-Achten's roles included Pamina in Mozart's The Magic Flute, Alice in Meyerbeer's Robert der Teufel (Robert le diable), Mathilde in Rossini's William Tell and Zerline in Auber's Fra Diavolo.
From 1853 the couple lived in Friedensheim near Graz, where she died in 1896.
Three sons of the couple became opera singers: Ludwig Fischer-Achten (1837–1891), a tenor; Emil Fischer (1838–1914), a bass-baritone; and Karl Fischer (1840–1883), a bass-baritone.
References
1806 births
1896 deaths
19th-century Austrian women opera singers
Austrian operatic sopranos |
Louis-Guillaume Otto, comte de Mosloy (7 August 1754 – 9 November 1817) was a Germano-French diplomat.
Life
A student of Christoph Wilhelm von Koch and a friend of Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès at the University of Strasbourg, Ludwig Otto graduated in Modern Languages and Law.
He entered the French diplomatic service, becoming private secretary to César de La Luzerne in Bavaria, before being despatched in 1779 on a diplomatic mission to the newly formed United States of America. Otto fell for Anne Shippen and courted her with letters. Her mother was keen but her father married her to another.
While in Philadelphia, he succeeded François Barbé-Marbois as Secretary of the French Legation in May 1785, serving another two terms as Chargé d'affaires ad interim, having established cordial relations with George Washington and other senior members of Congress. While in the United States he authored reports analyzing the U.S. Constitution and the prospects for its ratification.
In March 1787, Otto married Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Van Brugh Livingston; she died in December 1787. Otto was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1787.
He returned to France at the end of 1792, and shortly afterwards the Revolutionary Government Committee of Public Safety appointed him as the first Head of the Political Division for Foreign Affairs.
However, the fall of the Girondins on 31 May 1793 led to Otto's dismissal and arrest.
He then came close to being guillotined, but survived and followed Abbot Sieyès to Berlin as Secretary to his Legation, remaining there as Chargé d'affaires after Sieyès joined the French Directory.
A letter written by him on 6 July 1799 seems to be the earliest recorded use of the term Industrial Revolution in French; in the letter, he announces that that revolution has begun in France.
He was posted to London in 1800, first as Commissioner responsible for Prisoners of War, before appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary. Instructed to negotiate with the British Cabinet, in 1801, he forged the outline agreement for the Peace of Amiens.
In 1803, he was posted to the Bavarian court of the Prince-Elector Maximilian at Munich.
In 1805, his influence on the Elector impressed Napoleon I, who appointed him to the Conseil d'État and honoured him as Grand officier of the Légion d'honneur.
In 1810 he was despatched as French Ambassador to Vienna, where he negotiated the conditions for Napoleon's second marriage with Archduchess Marie-Louise.
Napoleon rewarded Otto by creating him comte de Mosloy in late 1810.
During his residence in Vienna, Louis Otto came into contact with Klemens, graf von Metternich (State Chancellor of the Austrian Empire), who had also been tutored by Professor von Koch.
The Count was excluded from politics during the First Restoration and retired after the Second Restoration, since he had served as Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 24 March until 22 June during the Hundred Days.
Following his death in 1817 Otto was buried in the 37th division at Cimetière du Père-Lachaise in Paris.
Coat of arms
Blazon: "Écartelé, aux 1 et 4 fascé d'or et de sable ; au 2 d'argent à une loutre de sable issante d'une rivière d'azur engoulant un poisson d'or; au 3 de gueules au lion léopardé d'or tenant un coeur d'argent"
See also
List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom
References
External links
www.napoleon-empire.com
1754 births
1817 deaths
People from Kehl
People of the French Revolution
French people of the Napoleonic Wars
Diplomacy during the American Revolutionary War
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Counts of the First French Empire
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French people of the American Revolution
18th-century French diplomats
19th-century French diplomats
Ambassadors of France to Great Britain
Ambassadors of France to Prussia
Ambassadors of France to Austria
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
The Ayes Have It is an album by saxophonist Evan Parker. Tracks 1–4 were recorded in a London studio during December 1983, and feature Parker with bassist Paul Rogers, and, in a rare recorded appearance, percussionist Jamie Muir. The remaining track was recorded live at the Angel and Crown pub in London on August 1, 1991, and features Parker, Rogers, trombonist Wolter Wierbos, and percussionist Mark Sanders. The album was released by Emanem Records in 2001.
Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Steve Loewy wrote: "Parker is in his usually good form at both sessions... While the two sessions have ostensibly little in common... each easily stands on its own as an excellent example of the free improvisational spirit of the period."
The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz praised the live track, calling the quartet "an astonishingly good group," and commenting: "we are increasingly persuaded that this is the line-up and these the recordings which clinched the format."
A reviewer for All About Jazz noted "Parker's ability to shoehorn his creativity into whatever niche is available," and stated: "The Eyes Have It is essential listening for any Evan Parker fan, and a fine starting point for afficionado of free improvisation. "
Track listing
"Aye 1" – 9:16
"Aye 2" – 4:02
"Aye 3" – 8:54
"Aye 4" – 9:29
"The Eyes Have It" – 36:30
Personnel
Evan Parker – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
Paul Rogers – bass
Jamie Muir – percussion, toys (tracks 1–4)
Wolter Wierbos – trombone (track 5)
Mark Sanders – percussion (track 5)
References
2001 live albums
Live free jazz albums
Evan Parker live albums |
The Calais Branch is a mothballed railroad line in Maine that was operated by the Maine Central Railroad Company (MEC).
The Calais Branch is long and connects Brewer to Calais. It was constructed in 1898 and carried freight and passengers over the years. Passenger service was discontinued in 1957 and freight service was discontinued over the majority of the western end of the line in 1984. The line also includes a spur to Eastport which joins the Calais Branch at Ayers Junction.
History
The Calais Railway was chartered in 1832 as one of the first railway charters granted by the state of Maine. Construction started in 1835. The company was reorganized as the Calais Railroad in 1838 and opened a railway from Calais to Salmon Falls in 1839. Horses pulled cars over the railway until it was abandoned in 1841. The railway was re-activated and extended to Baring in 1852 as the Calais & Baring Railroad. Lewy's Island Railroad was chartered in 1854, and extended the railway from Baring through New Brunswick to Princeton in 1857. The railway was reorganized as the Saint Croix & Penobscot Railroad (StC&P) in 1870. The Washington County Railroad was chartered in 1893 to take control of StC&P and connect it to MEC's Bar Harbor branch at Washington Junction. The Washington County Railroad was completed in 1898, and became the Calais branch in 1911 after MEC gained controlling stock interest in 1904.
The Calais Branch was the longest of three MEC Eastern Division branches converging near Bangor. Trains leaving Bangor for Calais first traveled over the Bar Harbor branch. The Calais branch was considered to include the Bar Harbor branch after passenger service to Mount Desert Ferry was discontinued in 1937, and the first from Bangor to Brewer Junction have recently been considered part of the Bucksport branch.
Route
Milepost 0: Bangor
Milepost 1.2: Brewer Junction with the Bucksport branch
Milepost 10.5: Holden
Milepost 17.3: Green Lake
Milepost 29.1: Ellsworth
Milepost 31.5: Washington Junction with the branch to Mount Desert Ferry
Milepost 40.8: Franklin
Milepost 55.8: Unionville
Milepost 60.3: Cherryfield
Milepost 66.1: Harrington
Milepost 69.9: Columbia
Milepost 77.2: Jonesboro
Milepost 84.8: Whitneyville
Milepost 88.7: Machias
Milepost 110.6: Dennysville
Milepost 117.4: Ayers Junction with the Eastport branch
Milepost 130.0: Saint Croix Junction with the Princeton branch to Woodland
Milepost 133.5: Calais
Decline
The last passenger train from Bangor to Calais operated on 25 November 1957. Diesel-era freight service often used ALCO RS-2s, RS-3s and RS-11s between Bangor and Calais. A GE 44-ton switcher working out of Calais over the light rail of the Eastport branch was believed to be the last use of that model locomotive in regularly scheduled freight service on a class I railroad until the Eastport branch was abandoned in 1978. The paper mill at Woodland provided most of the traffic in the later years of operation. The mill originated or terminated over 6,000 carloads in 1973, while cumulative pulpwood and lumber loading at Ellsworth, Franklin, Cherryfield, Columbia Falls, Whitneyville, Machias, and Dennysville contributed less half that volume.
Current
The Brewer–St. Croix Junction segment was abandoned in 1987 and later acquired by the Maine Department of Transportation (MaineDOT).
The Downeast Scenic Railroad leased the Brewer–Washington Junction segment in 2006 for operation as a heritage railway between Ellsworth and Green Lake. The Washington Junction–Ayers Junction segment was dismantled in 2011; its right of way is used for an interim rail trail, the Down East Sunrise Trail.
An isolated eastern section of the Calais Branch is in operation between St. Croix Junction and Milltown, where there is a connection with the New Brunswick Southern Railway at the Milltown Railway Bridge into Canada. At St. Croix Junction, the Woodland Spur continues northwest to Woodland, running through New Brunswick, Canada for several miles along the way. Together, these operable sections of the Calais Branch and the Woodland Spur measure in length.
The Woodland Spur is the only MEC trackage that crossed into New Brunswick. The spur was owned and operated by Pan Am Railways until being sold in 2012 to Woodland Rail; Woodland Rail has now contracted operation to New Brunswick Southern Railway.
References
Maine Central Railroad
Maine logging railroads
Rail infrastructure in New Brunswick
Pan Am Railways
Calais, Maine |
```smalltalk
using CoreGraphics;
using System;
using UIKit;
namespace Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS
{
public class SlideFlyoutTransition : IShellFlyoutTransition
{
internal double Height { get; private set; } = -1d;
internal double Width { get; private set; } = -1d;
public virtual bool UpdateFlyoutSize(double height, double width)
{
if (Height != height ||
Width != width)
{
Height = height;
Width = width;
return true;
}
return false;
}
public virtual void LayoutViews(CGRect bounds, nfloat openPercent, UIView flyout, UIView shell, FlyoutBehavior behavior)
{
if (behavior == FlyoutBehavior.Locked)
openPercent = 1;
nfloat flyoutHeight;
nfloat flyoutWidth;
if (Width != -1d)
flyoutWidth = (nfloat)Width;
else if (UIDevice.CurrentDevice.UserInterfaceIdiom == UIUserInterfaceIdiom.Pad)
flyoutWidth = 320;
else
flyoutWidth = (nfloat)(Math.Min(bounds.Width, bounds.Height) * 0.8);
if (Height == -1d)
flyoutHeight = bounds.Height;
else
flyoutHeight = (nfloat)Height;
nfloat openLimit = flyoutWidth;
nfloat openPixels = openLimit * openPercent;
if (behavior == FlyoutBehavior.Locked)
shell.Frame = new CGRect(bounds.X + flyoutWidth, bounds.Y, bounds.Width - flyoutWidth, flyoutHeight);
else
shell.Frame = bounds;
var shellWidth = shell.Frame.Width;
if(shell.SemanticContentAttribute == UISemanticContentAttribute.ForceRightToLeft)
{
var positionY = shellWidth - openPixels;
flyout.Frame = new CGRect(positionY, 0, flyoutWidth, flyoutHeight);
}
else
{
flyout.Frame = new CGRect(-openLimit + openPixels, 0, flyoutWidth, flyoutHeight);
}
}
}
}
``` |
English Township is one of eleven townships in Jersey County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 487 and it contained 198 housing units.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 99.97%) is land and (or 0.03%) is water.
Adjacent townships
Kane Township, Greene County (northeast)
Jersey Township (east)
Mississippi Township (southeast)
Otter Creek Township (south)
Rosedale Township (southwest)
Richwood Township (west)
Cemeteries
The township contains these twelve cemeteries: Armstrong, Belt Salem, Brown, Falkner, Grimes, Heitzig, Hetzel, Houseman, Lax, Rowden, Rusk and Saint Marys Catholic.
Major highways
Illinois Route 16
Demographics
School districts
Jersey Community Unit School District 100
Political districts
Illinois' 17th congressional district
State House District 97
State Senate District 49
References
United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
United States National Atlas
External links
City-Data.com
Illinois State Archives
Townships in Jersey County, Illinois
Townships in Illinois |
My Blue Heaven is a 1990 American crime comedy film directed by Herbert Ross, written by Nora Ephron, and starring Steve Martin, Rick Moranis, and Joan Cusack. This is the third film in which Martin and Moranis starred together. It has been noted for its relationship to Goodfellas, which was released one month later. Both films are based on the life of Henry Hill, although the character is renamed "Vincent 'Vinnie' Antonelli" in My Blue Heaven. Goodfellas was based on the book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi, while the screenplay for My Blue Heaven was written by Pileggi's wife Nora Ephron, and much of the research for both works was done in the same sessions with Hill.
Plot
Vinnie Antonelli is a former mobster recently inducted into the Witness Protection Program with his wife Linda in the suburbs near San Diego. The two are under the watchful eye of federal agent Barney Coopersmith.
As he is trying to adjust to suburban life, Vinnie easily slips into his usual dishonest ways. In the supermarket, after finding a price gun, he marks down high-end items. Inadvertently stealing a car, Vinnie gets taken into the police station. Assistant DA Hannah Stubbs questions him, and he fabricates a series of elaborate lies to explain himself.
Barney has to swoop in and bail out Vinnie. Flashing his credentials, he insists Hannah cannot arraign him as she wants to due to Vinnie or "Tod's" near-future testimony in mob trials. As Barney is leaving with "Tod," and she is following them out protesting, he calls her a narrow-minded fanatic.
At the shopping center on Thanksgiving, Barney's workmate convinces him to stakeout someone who is seeking stolen credit cards, but Barney sees it is "Tod" and sends him home. Meanwhile, "Tod" follows Mrs. Stubbs into a pet store and comes across another ex-mobster.
Vinnie and Barney soon find common ground when they find out both of their wives left them. Linda heads back to New York City because she misses it; Margaret leaves Barney because he is no fun and too methodological.
Introduced to a group of other ex-mobsters, Vinnie finds out the government stipend will be paid only until he testifies. Together, they start hijacking delivery trucks. Alerted to this, Hannah brings "Tod" in for questioning after he is stopped for speeding and contraband is found in his car. While he is spinning his usual tall tale, Barney springs him again as the police did not have a warrant.
Flying to New York City to testify, Vinnie gives Barney the slip, first at the airport, then at the hotel. They end up at a club, where Barney learns to merengue in the tailored suit he is talked into getting. As Vinnie has not been laying low, two mobsters try to take him out, but Barney shoots a chandelier onto them. Both men feel indebted to each other.
Back in San Diego, "Tod" gets Hannah and her sons to go to a baseball game. Inviting Barney as well, he has them sit together. They all enjoy themselves. "Tod" is told by her kids that their baseball field is not so good as it has drainage problems, whereas he suggests they do a fundraiser to pay for it. Barney invites Hannah to a law enforcement cocktail party.
Vinnie meets his kind of woman in the supermarket and they elope in Reno. At the party, Barney shows Hannah the merengue, then they compare notes on how their spouses left them. Taking her home, as the kids are out, he spends the night. The next morning her ex-husband lets himself in, and Barney throws him out.
Although he still has three weeks before his assignment with Vince is completed, Barney and his colleague are put undercover as Canadians, supposedly looking to buy stolen goods from a hijacking ring. As the shipment ends up being a truckload of watercooler bottles, Vinnie disperses them through town, marking them for donations for the little league.
Hannah has Vinnie booked and fingerprinted, but goes along with him to the motel where the fences are waiting. Breaking down their door with officers, they find Barney's FBI sting operation. Hannah insists on using his real name in an indictment, although Barney warns her that he is testifying in New York in three days and she will be summoning many hitmen if she does.
Insisting she is almost always correct, Hannah proceeds. Barney visits Vinnie in his cell, confesses his feelings for Hannah, and is upset that their association has put a rift between them. In court Hannah tries to convince the judge that there is no danger and Vinnie should not be released on bail, when two mafia hitmen open fire.
Crystal, the officer who has had a crush on Vinnie from the start, gets him out of the courthouse, he declares he is in debt to her for life and they kiss. Offering herself to him as a hostage, he drives her to an active worksite. Vinnie has gotten his ex-mob friends to break ground on a new little league ball park. Hannah has to accept defeat.
One year later, everyone is at the town's new ballpark. The new stands are full, and they are selling Vinnie's new book, 'How I Got Here' on the sidelines. He has married Crystal and they have a baby. Barney is the team's coach.
Cast
Barry Miliefsky (Actor) as young Padres fan.
Production
Casting
Ephron first pitched the idea for the film to Goldie Hawn and Anthea Sylbert (who went on to produce the film) in 1987. After Hawn left the project in 1989, Steve Martin was cast to play Coopersmith, with Arnold Schwarzenegger playing the role of Antonelli. However, Schwarzenegger was offered the role of Det. John Kimble in Kindergarten Cop and left the production. Failing to find another suitable "Vinnie" for Martin's Coopersmith (Danny DeVito turned down the role), Martin offered to take on the part of Vinnie himself. Producers agreed, and then cast Rick Moranis as Coopersmith, who had originally been considered for the role, but was unavailable.
Filming
Principal photography began in October 1989. It took place primarily in the California cities of San Luis Obispo, Atascadero, Paso Robles, and the surrounding area, though the nominal setting is a fictional suburb of San Diego. Some scenes were shot in San Diego. The film's title comes from the famous song performed by Fats Domino, which appears on the soundtrack.
Music
The film's score was composed by Ira Newborn.
"My Blue Heaven" (Music: Walter Donaldson, Lyrics: George A. Whiting) – Fats Domino
"Surfin' U.S.A." (Chuck Berry and Brian Wilson) – The Beach Boys
"Stranger in Paradise" (Robert Wright and George Forrest) – Tony Bennett
"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" (Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland) – Billy Hill
"The Boy from New York City" (John Taylor and George Davis) – The Ad Libs
"New York, New York" (John Kander and Fred Ebb)
"Take Me Out to the Ball Game" (Albert von Tilzer and Jerry Northworth)
"The Star-Spangled Banner" – United States Marine Band
Reception
Box office
My Blue Heaven opened in 1,859 venues on August 17, 1990 and earned $6.2 million in its debut, ranking fourth in the North American box office and second among the week's new releases. It closed with a domestic gross of $23.6 million.
Critical response
Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.
David J. Fox of The New York Times said the film was "a truly funny concept and a disappointment on the screen."
See also
List of media set in San Diego
References
External links
1990 films
1990 black comedy films
1990 comedy films
1990s English-language films
American black comedy films
Films about the American Mafia
Films scored by Ira Newborn
Films directed by Herbert Ross
Films set in San Diego
Films shot in San Diego
Mafia comedy films
Films with screenplays by Nora Ephron
Films about witness protection
Warner Bros. films
1990s American films |
South Africa competed at the 2002 Winter Paralympics in Salt Lake City, United States. One competitor from South Africa won no medals and so did not place in the medal table.
See also
South Africa at the Paralympics
South Africa at the 2002 Winter Olympics
References
2002
2002 in South African sport
Nations at the 2002 Winter Paralympics |
Christiana may refer to:
Christiana incident (or riot), 1851, an armed intervention by citizens in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania to save a fugitive slave
Geography
United States
Christiana, Dane County, Wisconsin, town, US
Christiana, Delaware, US
Christiana Hundred, an unincorporated subdivision of New Castle County, Delaware, US
Christiana, Pennsylvania, US
Christiana, Tennessee, US
Christiana, Vernon County, Wisconsin, town, US
Elsewhere
Christiana Island, Cyclades, Greece
Christiana, Jamaica
Christiana, Norway, a former name (1624-1924) for the present-day Norwegian capital Oslo
Christiana, South Africa, a town in the North West Province of South Africa
Freetown Christiania, autonomous neighborhood in Copenhagen, Denmark
People
Christiana Figueres (born 1956), Costa Rican diplomat
Christianna Brand (1907–1988), British crime writer and children's author
Christiana Cavendish
Christiana Mariana von Ziegler (1695–1760), German poet and writer
Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1634–1701), often referred to as Christiane
Christiana Oxenstierna (1661–1701), Swedish noble
Other
Christiana (plant), a genus of plants in the family Malvaceae
See also
Christiania (disambiguation)
Cristiana, a surname (including a list of people with the name) |
Henry Phillips ( 1779 – 8 March 1840) was a botanist, horticultural writer and landscape gardener from the seaside resort of Brighton in England. After spending time as a banker and teacher in London and Sussex, he came to national attention for his botanical articles and books, and was renowned for his landscape gardening work in Brighton during its period of rapid growth. In the 1820s he became involved in several major schemes in the town and neighbouring Hove, encompassing gardens, conservatories and similar. His grandiose Anthaeum project, an elaborate indoor botanical garden topped by "the largest dome in the world", ended in disaster when the structure spectacularly collapsed just before its official opening.
Life
Phillips was born in around 1779 in the West Sussex village of Henfield. The first 40 years of his life were spent in London and Sussex: he worked for a bank in Worthing and lived in the town, then moved to Brighton with his wife, Elizabeth Willmer who he had married on the 18 December 1800 at Petworth. In 1815 they moved to the Bayswater area of London, where Phillips opened "an academy for young gentlemen" and taught there. He and his wife returned to Brighton in 1823 and lived at Bedford Square on the seafront. Later they moved to nearby Regent Place.
During his time in Worthing and London, Phillips developed a strong interest in botany, horticulture and landscape gardening. By the 1820s, he was both locally and nationally known for his landscape gardening work and his writing, and he regularly gave botanical lectures in Brighton. His first book, Pomarium Britannicum, was published in 1820, and he wrote several others in the 1820s. He joined The Royal Horticultural Society and, in 1825, the Linnean Society of London. In 1824 when painter John Constable came to Brighton on one of his regular visits to help improve his wife's ill health, he met Phillips and they became friends; Phillips advised him on the correct plants to paint in the hedgerows he was depicting in his latest painting, The Cornfield.
In early 1831, the Brighton Herald newspaper stated that Phillips was due to sail on 1 February of that year to Caracas, where he would be appointed as the official botanist of Simón Bolívar's estate. Whether he did travel to South America or not is unknown, but Bolívar had died in December 1830. Around the same time, Phillips is believed to have designed the conservatory at Edward Cross's Surrey Zoological Gardens, which opened in 1831.
On the 27 January the Sussex Advertiser reported that Mr Henry Phillips, senior, of Brighton one of the most active supporters of the Anthaeum is now confined to Horsham Goal, "the fall of that noble structure is understood to have caused the pecuniary difficulties which led to his imprisonment. He is thus deprived of the means of supporting Mrs Phillips, and those of his family, who are dependent on him; and to add to his misfortunes, he has lately been afflicted with almost loss of sight".
Henry had children:
Marmaduke (1806-1806),
Mary Cobden (1808-1822),
Agnes (1809-1820) and
Edgar (1819-1820).
His surviving children were William (?-1839),
Daintry (1812-1884),
Barclay (1819-1908)
and the teacher and author Montagu Lyon (1814-1861).
On the 13 May 1839 the Sussex Advertiser reported a melancholy event, the inquest on Mr Henry Phillips, junior of 26, Russell Square, Brighton, who had taken his own life.
Phillips died at 26 Russell Square, Brighton, on 8 March 1840 at the age of 61. He was suffering from enteritis.
The 1851 census for 26, Russel Square, Brighton lists Elizabeth Phillips, widowed, aged 71 and brothers Daintry Phillips and Barclay Phillips.
In 1852 Barclay Phillips married Alethea Burton and had issue Barclay Willmer Phillips and Ernest Willmer Phillips.
Projects
Henry Phillips' reputation as a landscape gardener brought him much work in the Brighton and Hove area; his first commission came in 1822, while he was still living in London. Together with local architect Amon Henry Wilds he designed The Level, a triangular area of former common land between the Ditchling and Lewes Roads. It was owned by Thomas Read Kemp until he donated it to the people of Brighton in 1822. It became a popular venue for games, circuses and similar public events.
In 1823, he produced a proposed layout for the gardens on the Kemp Town estate, a high-class speculative residential development being built east of Brighton by Thomas Read Kemp. This scheme was not implemented, and Read Kemp decided to put iron railings round the open space instead. Five years later, though, Phillips' revised scheme was put in place. The Kemp Town Enclosures, as the gardens became known, covered and had paths around the edges surrounded by informally laid out flowers and small shrubs which were planted on small mounds to protect them from the windy weather on the exposed clifftop. Planting began early in 1828: the Brighton Herald of 8 February 1828 reported that "the plants possess great novelty and beauty of style ... 20,000 plants have been selected to embellish the grounds". The Brighton Guardian stated that "from the size and beauty of the trees, we should have taken it for a grove of seven years' standing, rather than ... a few weeks only". Phillips charged Read Kemp £371.10s.8d (), which was paid when he went to the first meeting of the Kemp Town Enclosures Management Committee on 3 June 1828. The original layout (since altered) consisted of three linked sections, one of which featured a "rustic wooden summer-house" which was used until 1935 when it became too dilapidated to keep. The flowerbed which surrounded it was removed at the same time in favour of grass.
Another unexecuted scheme for Thomas Read Kemp was an extravagant plan to develop the empty downland between Read Kemp's house in the embryonic Montpelier suburb and the recently completed (1818) Bedford Square with large villas surrounding an informally planted public garden. The Brighton Gazette newspaper said of the proposal: "[it is like] the cemetery of Père Lachaise or the city of Constantinople with its roofs and minarets encircled by trees".
In 1825, Phillips worked with Amon Henry Wilds again on an ambitious scheme to build a seafront square whose north side would be occupied by the Athenaeum—an exuberant Oriental-style glass and iron conservatory housing plants, a library and other public attractions, set in landscaped grounds. An engraving produced at the time the "outlandish" scheme was announced showed two Greek Revival-style sea-facing terraces with similar terraces leading back from the seafront to a large glazed building with several domes and minarets. It was to have been tall enough to have fully grown trees inside. Other sections of the complex would have housed a literary institute, a museum and a school specialising in scientific education. The residential buildings were started (and eventually completed by Wilds, under the names Oriental Terrace and Oriental Place), but in 1827 money ran out and the Athenaeum idea was abandoned. Sillwood Place, a northern continuation of Oriental Place and another Wilds project, occupies the intended site.
The Anthaeum
"Unable to forget his dream" of a gigantic domed conservatory, Phillips revisited the idea in the 1830s. Launching his scheme under a slightly different name, the Anthaeum (meaning flower-house), he secured land and finance from Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet and engaged Amon Henry Wilds as architect. The site provided by Goldsmid was in Hove, then a small town west of Brighton which was beginning to develop as a fashionable residential area: the Anthaeum was built immediately north of Adelaide Crescent, on which work had started in 1830. The structure was a large dome with a diameter of and a height of (excluding the cupola in the centre), made of ribs of iron sunk into the soil and then glazed. Inside the dome, which enclosed an area of more than , Phillips planned an exotic garden with tropical trees and plants, unusual shrubs, a lake, birds and other features, "not unlike the modern Eden Project in Cornwall". Work started in late 1832, when deep foundations were dug, and the iron ribs were steadily erected over the next few months. Disagreements emerged between Wilds, Phillips, the project engineer Mr Hollis and the contractor Mr English, though, which led to the dismissal or resignation of Wilds and Hollis. English, whose decision not to build the intended central supporting pillar led to Hollis and Wilds abandoning the project, continued working with no proper supervision for several months, despite Phillips' concerns; and on 30 August 1833, the day before its official opening, the Anthaeum spectacularly collapsed: "the immense ribs of iron snapped asunder ... and a great part of [the structure], from the height it fell, was buried several feet deep in the earth". The shock made Phillips go blind, and the tangled wreckage was not cleared away for another 17 years. Palmeira Square now occupies the site.
Published works
Phillips' books and other publications included:
Pomarium Britannicum (1820)History of Cultivated Vegetables (1822; two volumes)Sylva florifera: the Shrubbery Historically and Botanically Treated (1823; two volumes)Flora domestica, or the Portable Flower Garden (1823) - (published anonymously - attributed to Phillips by e.g. FW Burbidge, but probably not Phillips, but rather Elizabeth Kent and Leigh Hunt)Flora historica (1824)Floral Emblems (1825)Companion for the Orchard (1831)Companion for the Kitchen Garden (two volumes)Pomarium Britannicum, subtitled An historical and botanical account of fruits known in Great Britain, ran to three editions published between 1820 and 1827. History of Cultivated Vegetables and Flora historica'' both received a second edition. Described as "charming, erudite and readable volumes", his books were significant for being the first that concentrated on the history of horticulture and plants.
His ideas on the layout of plants and flowers in relation to their surroundings were influential. His published works included such statements as "bad taste is seldom more conspicuous than when we see plants marshalled in regular order" and "the beauty of plants cannot be displayed when they are too much crowded, as they are then drawn into unnatural shapes". When Brighton and Hove City Council restored the gardens and grounds of the Royal Pavilion to show how they would have appeared at the height of the Regency era, they did so according to Phillips' ideas—specifically his belief that "a well-planted shrubbery depends on the selection of trees and shrubs which succeed each other in blossoming throughout the year, as well as contrasting shades of green ... and under-planted flowers".
References
Bibliography
1779 births
1840 deaths
People from Brighton
English botanists
English botanical writers
Infectious disease deaths in England
People from Henfield |
Meriga Salou Seriki (born 8 April 1953) is a Beninese boxer. He competed in the men's light flyweight event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
1953 births
Living people
Beninese male boxers
Olympic boxers for Benin
Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Light-flyweight boxers |
Talal Al-Enezi (; born December 28, 1985) is a Kuwaiti judoka, who played for the half-heavyweight category. Al-Enezi represented Kuwait at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for the men's half-heavyweight class (100 kg). He lost his first preliminary match by an ippon and a hane goshi (spring hip throw) to Kazakhstan's Askhat Zhitkeyev. Because his opponent advanced further into the final, Al-Enezi offered another shot for the bronze medal by entering the repechage rounds. He was defeated in his first match by Bosnia and Herzegovina's Amel Mekić, who successfully scored an ippon and a tani otoshi (valley drop), at three minutes and thirty-four seconds.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Kuwaiti male judoka
Olympic judoka for Kuwait
Judoka at the 2008 Summer Olympics |
The Battle of Pirano (also known as the Battle of Grado) on 22 February 1812 was a minor naval action of the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars fought between a British and a French ship of the line in the vicinity of the towns of Piran and Grado in Adriatic Sea. The French Rivoli, named for Napoleon's victory 15 years earlier, had been recently completed at Venice. The French naval authorities intended her to bolster French forces in the Adriatic, following a succession of defeats in the preceding year.
To prevent this ship challenging British dominance in the theatre, the Royal Navy ordered a ship of the line from the Mediterranean fleet to intercept and capture Rivoli on her maiden voyage. Captain John Talbot of HMS Victorious arrived off Venice in mid-February and blockaded the port. When Rivoli attempted to escape under cover of fog, Talbot chased her and forced her to surrender in a five-hour battle, Rivoli losing over half her crew wounded or dead.
Background
The Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 had resulted in a Russian withdrawal from the Adriatic and the French takeover of the strategic island fortress of Corfu. The Treaty of Schönbrunn with the Austrian Empire in 1809 had further solidified French influence in the area by formalising their control of the Illyrian Provinces on the Eastern shore. To protect these gains, the French and Italian governments had instigated a shipbuilding program in Venice and other Italian ports in an effort to rebuild their Mediterranean fleet and challenge British hegemony. These efforts were hampered by the poverty of the Italian government and the difficulty that the French Navy had in manning and equipping their ships. As a result, the first ship of the line built in the Adriatic under this program was not launched until 1810 and not completed until early 1812.
By the time this ship, Rivoli, was launched, the Royal Navy had achieved dominance over the French in the Adriatic Sea. Not only had the regional commander Bernard Dubourdieu been killed and his squadron destroyed at the Battle of Lissa in March 1811, but French efforts to supply their scattered garrisons were proving increasingly risky. This was demonstrated by the destruction of a well-armed convoy from Corfu to Trieste at the action of 29 November 1811. Rivoli's launch was therefore seen by the French Navy as an opportunity to reverse these defeats, as the new ship of the line outgunned the British frigates that operated within the Adriatic and would be able to operate in the Adriatic without the threat of attack by the frigate squadron based on Lissa.
The Royal Navy was aware of the threat that Rivoli posed to their hegemony and were warned in advance by spies in Venice of the progress of the ship’s construction. As Rivoli neared completion, HMS Victorious was dispatched from the Mediterranean Fleet to intercept her should she leave port. Victorious was commanded by John Talbot, a successful and popular officer who had distinguished himself with the capture of the French frigate Ville de Milan in 1805 and his service in the Dardanelles Operation of 1807. Talbot was accompanied by the 18-gun brig HMS Weazel under Commander John William Andrew.
Battle
Rivoli departed Venice on 21 February 1812 under the command of Commodore Jean-Baptiste Barré, accompanied by five smaller escort ships, the 16-gun brigs Mercurio and Eridano, of the navy of the Kingdom of Italy, the eight-gun brig Mamelouck and two small gunboats, strung out in an improvised line of battle. Barré hoped to make use of a heavy sea fog that had descended, to break out from Venice and elude pursuit. Victorious had held off from the land during the fog and by the time Talbot was able to observe Venice harbour at 14:30, his opponent had escaped. Searching for Barré, who was sailing to Pula, Talbot spotted one of the French brigs at 15:00 and gave chase.
The French head-start had enabled Rivoli to gain a substantial distance on the British ship, and so it was not until 02:30 on 22 February that Talbot was able to close with his quarry and its escort. Not wishing to be held up by the escort ships protecting Rivoli, Talbot ordered Weasel ahead to engage them while Victorious fought Barré's flagship directly. At 04:15, Weasel overhauled the rearmost French brig Mercure and opened fire from close range, Mercure replying in kind. Iéna also engaged Weasel but the greater distance between these ships allowed Commander Andrew to focus his attack on Mercure, which fought hard for twenty minutes before being destroyed in a catastrophic explosion, probably caused by a fire in the magazine. Weasel immediately launched her boats to rescue any survivors, but only three were saved.
Following the explosion aboard Mercure, Iéna and the other French brigs scattered, briefly pursued by Weasel, who chased Iéna and Mamelouck but was unable to bring them to a decisive action. The loss of the French escorts allowed Victorious to close with Rivoli unopposed, and at 04:30 the two large ships began a close-range artillery duel. This combat continued unabated for the next three and a half hours, both ships being severely damaged and suffering heavy casualties. Captain Talbot was struck on the head by a flying splinter and had to quit the deck, temporarily blinded, with command passing to Lieutenant Thomas Peake. To assist in subduing Rivoli, Peake recalled Weasel to block the French ship's attempts to escape, while Commander Andrew sailed his ship in front of Rivoli and repeatedly raked her.
Surrender and aftermath
At 08:45 Rivoli, which had been struggling to reach the harbour of Trieste, lost her mizzenmast under fire from both Victorious and Weasel. Nearly at the same moment, two of her 36-pounder long guns exploded, killing or wounding 60 men, greatly disorganising and demoralising the others, and forcing Barré to transfer gunners from the upper gun deck to man his lower battery. Fifteen minutes later, with his ship unmanageable and battered, Commodore Barré surrendered. Rivoli had suffered over 400 killed and wounded from her crew of over 800, who had only assembled for the first time a few days before and had never sailed their ship in open water. Losses aboard Victorious were also heavy, with one officer and 25 sailors and marines killed and six officers (including Captain Talbot) and 93 men wounded.
French losses on Mercure, although unknown exactly, were severe, only three sailors surviving. Weasel, despite being engaged with three different French ships for a considerable time, had not one man killed or wounded during the entire engagement. Rivoli's scattered escorts were not pursued, British efforts being directed instead at bringing the shattered Rivoli back to port as a prize. As a result, the remaining French ships were able to make their way to friendly ports unopposed. Rivoli was a new and well-built ship and, following immediate repairs at Port St. George, she and Victorious traveled together to Britain. There they were both repaired, Victorious returning to the fleet under Talbot for service against the United States Navy during the War of 1812, and Rivoli commissioned as HMS Rivoli for service in home waters.
The crews of Victorious and Weasel were well rewarded with both promotions and prize money, the junior officers either promoted or advanced and Commander Andrew of Weasel made a post captain. Captain Talbot was rewarded at the end of the war, becoming Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in recognition of his success. Nearly four decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847. This was the last significant ship-to-ship action in the Adriatic, and its conclusion allowed British raiders to strike against coastal convoys and shore facilities unopposed, seizing isolated islands and garrisons with the aid of an increasingly nationalistic Illyrian population.
See also
Adriatic campaign of 1807–14
Notes
References
Conflicts in 1812
Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles involving the United Kingdom
History of the Adriatic Sea
February 1812 events |
Bulbophyllum pandurella is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum found in Madagascar.
References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia
pandurella
Orchids of Madagascar |
Anantha Venkatarami Reddy (born 1 August 1956) has been a member of the 11th, 12th, 14th and 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Anantapur constituency of Andhra Pradesh and is a member of the Indian National Congress up to 2014 March, when he joined YSRCP. He contested as a member of the Legislative Assembly from the Anantapur Urban constituency in 2019 and won.
References
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
1958 births
Living people
India MPs 1996–1997
India MPs 1998–1999
India MPs 2004–2009
Telugu politicians
India MPs 2009–2014
Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
People from Anantapur district
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024 |
The Meridian Gate or Wumen (; Manchu: ; Möllendorff: julergi dulimbai duka) is the southern and largest gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. Unlike the other gates of the Forbidden City, the Meridian Gate has two protruding arms on either side, derived from ancient que towers traditionally used to decorate the main entrances of palaces, temples and tombs. The gate has five arches. The three central arches are close together in the main, central section; the two flanking arches are farther apart from the three central arches, and are located between the central section and the protruding arms. The centre arch was formerly reserved for the Emperor alone; the exceptions were the Empress, who could enter it once on the day of her wedding, and the top three scholars of the triennial civil service examinations, who left the exams through the central arch. All other officials and servants had to use the four side arches.
A series of buildings form the superstructure of the gate. The central one is a pavilion of nine bays wide, with double eaves. On each of the protruding side, a 13 bays-long building with a single eave, connects the two pyramidal-roofed pavilions that represented the que towers.
Its superstructure is also called the "Five Phoenix Turrets" because it is composed of five buildings. Imperial proclamations and almanacs were issued from the gate house. After successful campaigns, the Emperor received prisoners of war here, sometimes followed by mass decapitations.
Although urban myth has it that senior officers were executed here in Imperial China; in reality only corporal punishment was actually carried out.
Behind the viewer is Upright Gate, the principal entrance to the imperial palace grounds.
When proceeding northward through the palace grounds, the next major gate encountered is the Gate of Supreme Harmony.
See also
Ming Palace, in Nanjing, which had a southern gate also called "Meridian Gate".
Meridian Gate (Huế)
References
Gates of Beijing
Forbidden City
Ming dynasty architecture
Qing dynasty architecture |
The FCT College of Education is a federal government higher education institution located in Zuba, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. It is affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University for its degree programmes. The current Provost is Mohammed Gambo Hamza.
History
The FCT College of Education was established in 1996. It was formerly known as Teachers College, Zuba.
Courses
The institution offers the following courses;
Biology Education
Christian Religious Studies
Hausa
Agricultural Science
Economics
Education and Mathematics
Education and Geography
Education and Arabic
Islamic Studies
Mathematics/Physics
Social Studies
Integrated Science
Business Education
English
Computer Education
Chemistry Education
Geography
Home Economics and Education
Education and Social Studies
Fine And Applied Arts
Early Childhood and Care Education
Physical And Health Education
Igbo
French
Human Kinetics and Health Education
Education and Islamic Studies
References
Universities and colleges in Nigeria
1996 establishments in Nigeria |
Giovanni Codrington (born 17 July 1988) is a Dutch athlete, who competes in the sprint with a personal best time of 10.29 seconds at the 100 m and 21.42 seconds at the 200 m event.
Codrington won the gold medal at the 2012 European Athletics Championships in Helsinki at the 4 × 100 m relay.
External links
1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Paramaribo
Dutch male sprinters
Olympic athletes for the Netherlands
Surinamese emigrants to the Netherlands
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Netherlands |
The CWA World Tag Team Championship was a major professional wrestling tag team title defended in the Continental Wrestling Association. It lasted from 1980 through 1983.
Title history
Footnotes
References
See also
Continental Wrestling Association
CWA Tag Team Championship
Continental Wrestling Association championships
Tag team wrestling championships |
Tiverton by-election may refer to:
1872 Tiverton by-election, following the resignation of George Denman
1915 Tiverton by-election, following the death of William Walrond
1923 Tiverton by-election, following the death of Herbert Sparkes
1960 Tiverton by-election, following the elevation to the Lords of Derick Heathcoat-Amory
2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election, following the resignation of Neil Parish |
Triphenylphosphine sulfide (IUPAC name: triphenyl-λ5-phosphanethione) is the organophosphorus compound with the formula , usually written (where Ph = phenyl). It is a colourless solid, which is soluble in a variety of organic solvents.
Structurally, the molecule resembles the corresponding oxide, with idealized C3 point group symmetry. It is weakly nucleophilic at the sulfur atom.
Applications
Organic synthesis
Triphenylphosphine sulfide is useful for the conversion of epoxides to the corresponding episulfides:
Analytical chemistry
In analytical chemistry, triphenylphosphine is used for the analysis of certain kinds of sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur (), as occurs in some oils, and labile organosulfur compounds, such as organic trisulfides, react with triphenylphosphine to give , which can be detected by gas chromatography.
References
Organophosphine sulfides
Phenyl compounds |
The 2001-02 International Baseball League of Australia was played exclusively at the Melbourne Ballpark. The championship reverted to its 1999-2000 format using 6 state teams, however New South Wales Country was replaced by an Australian Provincial Team with a mix of players from the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.
Match results
Game 1: Feb 02, 2002
Game 2: Feb 03, 2002
Game 3: Feb 03, 2002
Game 4: Feb 03, 2002
Game 5: Feb 04, 2002
Game 6: Feb 04, 2002
Game 7: Feb 04, 2002
Game 8: Feb 05, 2002
Game 9: Feb 05, 2002
Game 10: Feb 06, 2002
Game 11: Feb 06, 2002 at Napier Park
Game 12: Feb 06, 2002
Game 13: Feb 07, 2002
Game 14: Feb 07, 2002
Ladder
Championship series
Game 15: Feb 08, 2002 - Playoff 1st v 4th
Game 16: Feb 08, 2002 - Playoff 2nd v 3rd
Game 17: Feb 09, 2002 - Championship Game - Winner Game 15 Vs Winner Game 16
::*Box Score
Awards
Top Stats
All-Star Team
References
International Baseball League of Australia seasons
2002 in Australian sport
2002 in baseball |
In geometric modelling and in computer graphics, a composite Bézier curve or Bézier spline is a spline made out of Bézier curves that is at least continuous. In other words, a composite Bézier curve is a series of Bézier curves joined end to end where the last point of one curve coincides with the starting point of the next curve. Depending on the application, additional smoothness requirements (such as or continuity) may be added.
A continuous composite Bézier is also called a polybezier, by similarity to polyline, but whereas in polylines the points are connected by straight lines, in a polybezier the points are connected by Bézier curves. A beziergon (also called bezigon) is a closed path composed of Bézier curves. It is similar to a polygon in that it connects a set of vertices by lines, but whereas in polygons the vertices are connected by straight lines, in a beziergon the vertices are connected by Bézier curves. Some authors even call a composite Bézier curve a "Bézier spline"; the latter term is however used by other authors as a synonym for the (non-composite) Bézier curve, and they add "composite" in front of "Bézier spline" to denote the composite case.
Perhaps the most common use of composite Béziers is to describe the outline of each letter in a PostScript or PDF file. Such outlines are composed of one beziergon for open letters, or multiple beziergons for closed letters. Modern vector graphics and computer font systems like PostScript, Asymptote, Metafont, OpenType, and SVG use composite Bézier curves composed of cubic Bézier curves (3rd order curves) for drawing curved shapes.
Smooth joining
A commonly desired property of splines is for them to join their individual curves together with a specified level of parametric or geometric continuity. While individual curves in the spline are fully continuous within their own interval, there is always some amount of discontinuity where different curves meet.
The Bézier spline is fairly unique in that it's one of the few splines that doesn't guarantee any higher degree of continuity than . It is, however, possible to arrange control points to guarantee various levels of continuity across joins, though this can come at a loss of local control if the constraint is too strict for the given degree of the Bézier spline.
Smoothly joining cubic Béziers
Given two cubic Bézier curves with control points and respectively, the constraints for ensuring continuity at can be defined as follows:
(positional continuity) requires that they meet at the same point, which all Bézier splines do by definition. In this example, the shared point is
(velocity continuity) requires the neighboring control points around the join to be mirrors of each other. In other words, they must follow the constraint of
(tangent continuity) requires the neighboring control points to be collinear with the join. This is less strict than continuity, leaving an extra degree of freedom which can be parameterized using a scalar . The constraint can then be expressed by
While the following continuity constraints are possible, they are rarely used with cubic Bézier splines, as other splines like the B-spline or the β-spline will naturally handle higher constraints without loss of local control.
(acceleration continuity) is constrained by . However, applying this constraint across an entire cubic Bézier spline will cause a cascading loss of local control over the tangent points. The curve will still pass through every third point in the spline, but control over its shape will be lost. In order to achieve continuity using cubic curves, it's recommended to use a cubic uniform B-spline instead, as it ensures continuity without loss of local control, at the expense of no longer being guaranteed to pass through specific points
(curvature continuity) is constrained by , leaving two degrees of freedom compared to , in the form of two scalars and . Higher degrees of geometric continuity is possible, though they get increasingly complex
(jolt continuity) is constrained by . Applying this constraint to the cubic Bézier spline will cause a complete loss of local control, as the entire spline is now fully constrained and defined by the first curve's control points. In fact, it is arguably no longer a spline, as its shape is now equivalent to extrapolating the first curve indefinitely, making it not only continuous, but , as joins between separate curves no longer exist
Approximating circular arcs
In case circular arc primitives are not supported in a particular environment, they may be approximated by Bézier curves. Commonly, eight quadratic segments or four cubic segments are used to approximate a circle. It is desirable to find the length of control points which result in the least approximation error for a given number of cubic segments.
Using four curves
Considering only the 90-degree unit-circular arc in the first quadrant, we define the endpoints and with control points and , respectively, as:
From the definition of the cubic Bézier curve, we have:
With the point as the midpoint of the arc, we may write the following two equations:
Solving these equations for the x-coordinate (and identically for the y-coordinate) yields:
Note however that the resulting Bézier curve is entirely outside the circle, with a maximum deviation of the radius of about 0.00027.
By adding a small correction to intermediate points such as
the magnitude of the radius deviation to 1 is reduced by a factor of about 3, to 0.000068 (at the expense of the derivability of the approximated circle curve at endpoints).
General case
We may compose a circle of radius from an arbitrary number of cubic Bézier curves.
Let the arc start at point and end at point , placed at equal distances above and below the x-axis, spanning an arc of angle :
The control points may be written as:
Examples
Fonts
TrueType fonts use composite Béziers composed of quadratic Bézier curves (2nd order curves). To describe a typical type design as a computer font to any given accuracy, 3rd order Beziers require less data than 2nd order Beziers; and these in turn require less data than a series of straight lines. This is true even though any one straight line segment requires less data than any one segment of a parabola; and that parabolic segment in turn requires less data than any one segment of a 3rd order curve.
See also
B-spline
References
Splines (mathematics) |
Naʽat (), also transliterated as Naʽit, is a village in Kharif District of 'Amran Governorate, Yemen. It is located on Jabal Thanayn, on the eastern side of the al-Bawn plain and close to Raydah.
History
Naʽat is an ancient settlement, with pre-Islamic ruins that have survived to the present. The 10th-century writer al-Hamdani mentions the place frequently in his Sifat Jazirat al-Arab and gives a detailed description of its ruins. According to him, the name Naʽat is derived from that of Thawr (aka Nāʽiṭ) ibn Sufyān, of the tribe of Hamdan. By the time of al-Hamdani, however, Naʽat was probably already in decline, and it is largely absent from historical accounts during the medieval and early modern periods.
References
Populated places in 'Amran Governorate |
Frederick Hemming McClintock (13 March 1926 – 22 May 1994) was a British criminologist.
In 1960 he was Assistant Director of Research at the University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology. While there he worked on research for Crimes of Violence: an enquiry by the Cambridge Institute of Criminology into crimes of violence against the person in London, published by Macmillan in 1963. He was Dean of the Faculty of Law from 1982–1985.
McClintock was a council member of the Scottish Association for Victim Support Schemes (SAVSS), and was a member of the Perks Committee on Criminal Statistics.
He is buried in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge.
References
External links
1926 births
1994 deaths
British criminologists |
Carniella weyersi is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in China and Sumatra.
The species was first described by Brignoli in 1979, placed with the genus Theone.
References
Theridiidae
Spiders described in 1979 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.