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Sylvie-Agnès Bermann (born 19 October 1953) is a French former career diplomat who served as the ambassador of France to the United Kingdom, ambassador of France to Russia, and as French ambassador to China in Beijing from 2011 until 2014. She previously served as director for United Nations, International Organizations, Human Rights and Francophony at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development in Paris. Early life and education Bermann is a graduate of Paris-Sorbonne University where she studied history, the Paris Institute of Political Studies ("Sciences Po"), the French Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales where she studied Chinese, and the Beijing Language and Culture University Career Bermann embarked on her diplomatic career in 1979. She served as vice-consul at the French Consulate General in Hong Kong from 1979 to 1980, and subsequently became third secretary, then second secretary, at the French embassy in China between 1980 and 1982.Bermann was subsequently responsible for policy relating to China/Hong Kong/Taiwan at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development until 1986, when she became second counsellor at the French embassy in Moscow. In 1989, Bermann returned to Paris to take up the post of head of the Southeast Asia Department, where she remained until 1992. In 1992 Bermann was appointed second counsellor at the Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations in New York. In 1996, she became head of the Common Foreign and Security Policy Department at the French Foreign Ministry, before becoming ambassador as permanent representative of France to the Western European Union and to the European Union's Political and Security Committee (PSC) in Brussels in 2002. Bermann headed the French Foreign Ministry's directorate for the UN and international organizations, human rights and Francophony, from December 2005 to February 2011. Bermann was appointed ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to China on 23 February 2011, becoming the first woman to hold the post of French ambassador in a country which is a permanent member of the Security Council. She became French ambassador to the United Kingdom in August 2014. Other activities French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs (IRIS), Member of the Board of Directors Institute of Advanced Studies in National Defence (IHEDN), Member of the Board of Directors (since 2020) Writing In 2021, Bermann published a book about Britain and Brexit - Goodbye Britannia based on stereotypes of French hatred toward Britain (Éditions Stock). She had previously written a book on China - La Chine en eaux profondes (Éditions Stock, 2017). Honours Officier, Légion d'honneur (2012) Commander (2019) of the Ordre national du Mérite, Officier in 2008. See also List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom Ministère des Affaires étrangères de la France References External links www.legifrance.gouv.fr www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk Ambassador Bermann At Home with the FT interview Ambassador Bermann Saturday Interview with The Times Ambassador Bermann Evening Standard interview 2016 Ambassador Bermann Evening Standard interview 2014 1953 births Living people French people of Austrian descent Paris-Sorbonne University alumni Sciences Po alumni Politicians from Paris Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom Officers of the Legion of Honour Commanders of the Ordre national du Mérite Ambassadors of France to China French sinologists French women ambassadors Women orientalists Ambassadors of France to Russia People from Jura (department)
Lubok Merbau is a state constituency in Perak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Perak State Legislative Assembly. Demographics History Polling districts According to the federal gazette issued on 31 October 2022, the Lubok Merbau constituency is divided into 14 polling districts. Representation history Election Results References </ref> Perak state constituencies
Christine Hewitt (often credited as Mrs Hewitt) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Elizabeth Power. Introduced in 1992 as a lonely divorcée, she becomes besotted with married Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) while he tends her garden. She leaves in 1993 once her affair with Arthur is discovered by his wife Pauline (Wendy Richard). Storylines Christine is first seen in February 1992, as a client of Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) who is hiring himself out as a gardener. After Arthur advertises for a new gardening assistant, he is shocked when Christine arrives in Walford, enquiring about the job. She wants it for her son Jonathan (Jonny Lee Miller), but when he proves lazy and unreliable, an embarrassed Mrs Hewitt takes his place as Arthur's assistant. In May 1992, a phone call from New Zealand brings news that Kenny Beale (Michael Attwell) has been in a car crash, so Arthur's wife Pauline (Wendy Richard) decides to go there to tend to her crippled brother. While Pauline is away, Christine becomes a regular visitor to Albert Square, causing a certain amount of gossip, and it is clear that she is becoming very fond of Arthur. Arthur is oblivious, but Pauline's brother Pete Beale (Peter Dean) is more astute and he tries to remind Christine that Arthur is a married man. However, Christine manages to win him round and Pete starts taking her out for a while instead. In August, things come to a head when Christine actually makes a pass at Arthur. He turns her down and she disappears, sending him a letter and a photo conveying her feelings. Arthur visits her at her house, and tells her that he feels something for her too, but is married and loves his wife. They say goodbye and the matter seems to be over. When Pauline comes home, however, she learns all about Christine through local gossip, mostly told by Dot Cotton (June Brown). She initially believes Arthur when he feigns innocence, but all that changes when she discovers Christine's letter and photo. A furious Pauline then visits Christine to discover the truth, and finds her to be a sad, lonely figure who drinks too much of an afternoon. Pauline is then persuaded to forgive and forget, but Arthur cannot resist one last rendezvous with Christine himself, which gives her renewed hope. Over the next few weeks, Arthur keeps finding excuses to drop in on Christine, until she tells him not to come unless he means business. On Christmas Eve, Arthur sneaks away from home to be with Christine and finally the inevitable happens and they end the night having sex together. The affair continues during 1993 with Arthur continuously running between Christine and Pauline. Christine becomes more needy and manipulative, cooking up absurd lies and a fake burglary to lure Arthur round, then hitting the bottle if he refuses to come. Kathy Beale's (Gillian Taylforth) decision to open the café in the evenings as a bistro gives Christine an opportunity to see more of Arthur — she applies to be the cook and gets the job. However, working in Walford is not enough for Christine, and she begins to make greater demands on Arthur, asking him to choose between her and Pauline. Arthur manages to put her off and begins having second thoughts about their affair, after which Christine's behaviour becomes more erratic. She begins stalking Arthur around the Square, drunkenly declaring her love for him, buying inappropriate gifts for his son Martin (Jon Peyton Price) and threatening to tell Pauline unless he tells her first. In September, under severe pressure, Arthur finally tells Pauline the truth, and tries to tell her that he wants her and not Christine. Hurt, embarrassed and angry, Pauline refuses to listen and throws him out, but not before hitting him round the face with a frying pan and throwing a television at him. This spells the end for Christine, as Arthur then decides he wants nothing more to do with her, and in October she disappears to face a lonely future, divorced by her husband Greg (Robert Swann), and ditched by her lover. In December of the same year Christine sends a wreath to Pete Beale's funeral, which is only seen by Dr Legg (Leonard Fenton) and Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin). Ethel doesn't know who Christine is and Dr Legg is hesitant to say, instead telling Ethel that Christine used to work in the café. Creation and development Elizabeth Power was offered the role by one of the programme's producers, Leonard Lewis, for whom she'd worked with previously on Juliet Bravo and Softly, Softly. She has commented "I got a call out of the blue asking if I could go up to the BBC at Elstree to meet him. Mrs Hewitt was going to be in five episodes and I thought, 'wonderful'." Mrs Hewitt makes her first appearance on-screen in February 1992, as a lonely divorcee who employs the long running character, Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher), to tend to her garden—used as a plot device to rebuild Arthur's relationship with his son Mark Fowler (Todd Carty), while they work together on Christine's garden. Power filmed her scenes for the five episodes and thought that would be the end of it; however, she was subsequently contacted by Leonard Lewis and asked to reprise the role. Power commented "It was all I could do to stop myself screeching down the phone. They didn't tell me which direction the story was going to take. I got on so well with [Bill Treacher] from the word go. We really liked each other." Mrs Hewitt was reintroduced in a storyline that saw her become Arthur Fowler's mistress, but when the affair ended Power left the series, making her final appearance on-screen in October 1993. Reception The unlikely affair between Christine and Arthur was dubbed the 'Bonk of the Year' by tabloids in the British press. According to Power, director, Russell Mulcahy was a fan of EastEnders and while in Hollywood he used to get friends to video the Arthur and Mrs Hewitt scenes. It was due to his like of the storyline and characters that he cast Power and Treacher opposite one another again in the film Tale of the Mummy. She has commented, "he thought it would be a good idea to get us together again. He thought it would be a great joke. We played a caretaker and his wife." References EastEnders characters Television characters introduced in 1992 British female characters in television Fictional chefs Fictional waiting staff
Eduardo Alejandro Nazar Clavería (born 1 March 1961) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a attacking midfielder for clubs in Chile, Spain and Switzerland. Club career A product of Universidad Católica youth system, Nazar made two appearances in the Chilean top division in 1979. In 1980, he took part in the Croix International Tournament with the youth team, alongside fellows such as Fernando Díaz, Juvenal Olmos and Patricio Mardones, where they became champion. After having little chance to play at the league, he was loaned to Unión San Felipe from 1984 to 1985. After joining Palestino, he was loaned to Spanish side Logroñés and Unión San Felipe again in 1985. For Logroñés, he made eight appearances and scored two goals in the Segunda División. Having played for Deportes Concepción in 1986 and 1987, he returned to Europe and played for FC Aarau, scoring in his debut, and Étoile Carouge in Switzerland. Back in Chile, he played for Naval, Deportes Concepción and Rangers de Talca. Coaching career In 2005 he graduated as a football manager at the (National Football Institute) alongside former players such as Fernando Astengo, José Cantillana, Eduardo Soto, among others. Previously, he had served as assistant of Raúl Toro in Santiago Morning. Honours Universidad Católica Croix International Tournament: 1980 References External links 1961 births Living people Footballers from Santiago Chilean men's footballers Chilean expatriate men's footballers Chilean Primera División players Club Deportivo Universidad Católica footballers Unión San Felipe footballers Club Deportivo Palestino footballers Deportes Concepción (Chile) footballers Naval de Talcahuano footballers Segunda División players UD Logroñés players Swiss Super League players FC Aarau players Swiss Challenge League players Étoile Carouge FC players Primera B de Chile players Rangers de Talca footballers Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Spain Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland Men's association football midfielders Chilean football managers
Government Lawngtlai College is the only institute of higher education in Lawngtlai district of Mizoram, northeast India. It was established by public demand in 1980 in Lawngtlai. It became a government college under the Government of Mizoram in 1988. The college is a branch member of the Mizoram College Teachers' Association, and the Red Ribbon Club of the Mizoram State AIDS Control Society. History Government Lawngtlai College was established by the people of Lai Autonomous District Council in 1980. It was upgraded to deficit status on 1 July 1988. It was originally affiliated to the North Eastern Hill University, but the jurisdiction was transferred to Mizoram University, when the university was established in 2001. It is recognised by the University Grants Commission (India). Location Government Lawngtlai College is located in the southern region of Mizoram, 300 km away from Aizawl, the capital city of the state. The college is ideally situated on a hillock within Lawngtlai town. It has an approach road of 700 m (approximately) branching off the main National Highway No. 54. Departments Department of English Department of History Department of Geography Department of Education Department of Political Science Department of Economics Department of Public Administration Department of Sociology Department of Mizo References External links Universities and colleges in Mizoram Colleges affiliated to Mizoram University
There is a community of Serbs in Russia (; ), also known as Russian Serbs (; ), which includes Russian citizens of ethnic Serb descent or Serbian-born people residing in the country. History Middle Ages After the Ottoman invasion of Serbia in the 14th century, Serbian refugees found refuge in Russia. Lazar the Serb (built the first mechanical public clock in Russia) and Pachomius the Serb (hagiographer and translator) were some of the notable Serbs in Russian medieval history. Elena Glinskaya (1510–1538), the mother of Russian emperor Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547–84), was maternally Serbian. The Orthodox worship of Saint Sava was established in Russia in the 16th century. Russian Empire In the 1750s, in a re-settlement initiated by Austrian Colonel Ivan Horvat, a vast number of Orthodox Serbs, mostly from territories controlled by the Habsburg monarchy (the Serbian Grenzers), settled in Russia's military frontier region of New Serbia (with the centre in Novomirgorod, mainly in the territory of present-day Kirovohrad Oblast of Ukraine), as well as in Slavo-Serbia (now mainly the territory of the Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine). In 1764, both territorial entities were incorporated in Russia's Novorossiya Governorate. Serbs continued to settle in Russian lands, and many, such as Sava Vladislavich, Nikolay Depreradovich, and Peter Tekeli, became high ranking generals and imperial nobility. During the Napoleonic Wars, many Russian generals were either Serbian-born or of Serbian descent, including Georgi Emmanuel, Peter Ivelich, Nikolay Vuich, Ivan Shevich, and multiple others. The most esteemed Serb in the service of the Russian Empire at the time of the Napoleonic Wars was Count Mikhail Miloradovich, a leading commander during the French invasion of Russia and governor-general of Saint Petersburg. Soviet Union Throughout the existence of the Soviet Union, many Serbs in Russia continued to play prominent roles in society. Notable figures at the time include Admiral of the Fleet and Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Kuznetsov and renowned sculptor and Hero of Socialist Labour Yevgeny Vuchetich, responsible for The Motherland Calls, which was the largest statue in the world at the time of its construction. Notable people Nobility and military personnel Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of All-Russia from 1547 to 1584. Elena Glinskaya, Grand Princess consort of Moscow and Regent of Russia in the 16th century Sava Vladislavich, Serbian diplomat, count, and merchant-adventurer in the employ of Peter the Great who conducted important diplomatic negotiations in Constantinople, Rome, and Beijing Dmitry Horvat, Imperial Russian lieutenant-general and great-grandson of Jovan Horvat, the founder of New Serbia in Imperial Russia Semyon Zorich, Imperial Russian lieutenant-general and count of the Holy Roman Empire Jovan Horvat founded New Serbia by the right bank of the Donets River between the Bakhmut and Luhan River. Rajko Depreradović one of the founders of Slavo-Serbia in the early 1750s Jovan Šević one of the founders of Slavo-Serbia Peter Tekeli, General-in-Chief of the Russian army Andrei Miloradovich, 18th century general and statesman Count Marko Ivelich, 18th and early 19th century general Count Mikhail Miloradovich, a general prominent during the Napoleonic Wars, best known for defeating Joachim Murat. Ivan Shevich, general in the Napoleonic Wars Count Georgi Emmanuel, general of the Napoleonic Wars Ivan Adamovich, general of the Napoleonic Wars Nikolay Bogdanov, general of the Napoleonic Wars Peter Mikhailovich Kaptzevich, general of the Napoleonic Wars Baron Ilya Duka, general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars Nikolay Depreradovich, general of the Napoleonic Wars Peter Ivelich, general of the Napoleonic Wars Nikolay Vuich, general of the Napoleonic Wars Ivan Yankovich, general of the Napoleonic Wars Jeremija Gagić, diplomat in the service of the Russian Empire, ennobled by Nicholas I Dejan Subotić, a Serbo-Russian military and state leader Nikolai Dimitrievich Dabić, Vice-admiral of the Russian Imperial Navy, died in 1908 from wounds sustained in the Russo-Japanese War Marko Vojnović, Admiral of the Russian Imperial Navy, one of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet Jovan Albanez, commander of the Serbian Hussar Regiment. Anto Gvozdenović, Russian commander and ambassador. Simeon Piščević, Austrian and Russian general major. Mikhail Mirkovich, military general and ethnographer Nazary Alexandrovich Karazin, an Imperial Russian officer, came from a family of Greek and Serbian origin. Vasily Karazin later worked on educational reforms and founded The Ministry of National Education in Russian Empire. He is also the founder of Kharkiv University. Alexander Knyazhevich, Finance Minister of Imperial Russia, 1858–1862 Dmitry Knyazhevich, soldier and Olympic fencer Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union Natalia Poklonskaya, Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Clergy John of Shanghai and San Francisco, Eastern Orthodox ascetic and hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia John of Tobolsk, Metropolitan of Tobolsk, who became a saint Nikodim Milaš, Bishop of Dalmatia and expert in canon law who studied at the Kievan Theological Academy, among other institutions of learning. Lazar the Serb, one of the earliest inventors of clocks. Pachomius the Serb, Serbian and Russian hagiographer. Simeon Končarević Orthodox bishop Sportspeople Aleksandra Krunić, professional tennis player Vesna Dolonc, professional tennis player Dmitry Knyazhevich, Olympic fencer and military general Admirals Marko Voinovich Marko Ivelich Nikolai Kuznetsov Nikolai Dimitrievich Dabić Other Andrej Dudrovich, Russian philosopher, professor and Rector of Kharkiv University. Aleksej Jelačić, Russian-born Serbian historian. Stefano Zannowich, Writer and adventurer, a contemporary of Casanova. Atanasije Stojković, Serbian writer and one of the first professors at Kharkiv University. He is considered the founder of the Russian meteoritics. Miloš Marić, biologist and head of the department of histology at Saratov State University. Brother of Mileva Marić. Teodor Filipović, Serbian writer and one of the first professors at Kharkiv University. Gligorije Trlajić, Serbian writer, poet, polyglot and professor of law at the universities of St. Petersburg and Kharkiv Teodor Janković-Mirijevski, educational reformer Yevgeny Vuchetich, a prominent Soviet sculptor and artist, known for his heroic monuments. Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović, Serbian inventor who also lived in Russia. Dositej Obradović, Serbian writer and philosopher who resided in Imperial Russia for a short period in the second half of the 18th century. Milla Jovovich, Hollywood actress Đorđe Lobačev (1909-2002), Russian and Serbian comic strip author and illustrator See also Russia-Serbia relations Russians in Serbia References Sources Atnagulov, R.E.I., 2017. Demographic characteristics of the Serbs in Russia. Nasleđe, Kragujevac, 14(37-1), pp. 27–31. Russia Immigration to Russia Russia Russia
Gift Days is a children's book (recommended for ages 8 and up) by Kari-Lynn Winters, illustrated by Stephen Taylor. It was published in 2012 by Fitzhenry & Whiteside. Plot Young Nassali longs to read and write like her brother, but since her mother's death from AIDS, Nassali is responsible for looking after her younger siblings and running the household. There is no time for books and learning. Then one day, she wakes up to discover that her chores have been taken care of. It is her first gift day. From that day on, once a week, her brother gives Nassali the gift of time so that she can pursue her dream of an education, just as her mother would have wanted. Awards Finalist: 2013 BC Book Prize ("Christie Harris Illustrated Children's Literature Prize") Finalist: Ontario Library Association's Rainforest of Reading, July 2013 Top four: CBC Radio's Here and Now Recommendations For Children's Books, December 2012 Educational activism Proceeds from this book are being used to support the charity Because I am a Girl, a social movement to "unleash the power of girls and women to claim a brighter future for girls in the developing world" through education and women's rights; at its book launch in November 2012, enough money was raised to send 10 girls to school in Uganda for a year. Included with the book is information about organizations committed to supporting girls like Nassali. Winters' method of social activism, via social semiotics and critical positioning, and Gift Days demonstrate how one's socio-cultural environment contributes to literacy — "an education is the path to a better life." References External links Published reviews of Gift Days Gift Days at Fitzhenry and Whiteside publishers Gift Days at Kari-Lynn Winters personal page Stephen Taylor personal page Children's fiction books 2012 children's books Canadian children's books Canadian picture books Education in Uganda Fitzhenry & Whiteside books Children's books set in Uganda HIV/AIDS in literature
Qiufu Youdi (), born Mo, was the brother and successor of Sutuhu as the chanyu of the Southern Xiongnu. He participated in the expedition against the Northern Xiongnu in 49 AD and became chanyu in 56 AD. Qiufu Youti ruled for only one year before he died and was succeeded by his brother Yifayulüti. Footnotes References Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950 Taskin B.S., "Materials on Sünnu history", Science, Moscow, 1968, p. 31 (In Russian) Chanyus 57 deaths
Jorge L. Ramos (born March 25, 1950) is a retired eight-time Emmy Award winning senior anchor of the evening news on Telemundo's New York City affiliate, WNJU. A pioneer in the field of Spanish-language broadcasting, Ramos began his career in 1979 as the first reporter of the station's newly founded news division, El Informador (Later known as Informador 47, Now known as Noticiero 47) which went on the air in 1980. Ramos was born in Puerto Rico and graduated from the University of Puerto Rico with a degree in Humanities. In the early 70s he worked at radio stations WKVM and WQBS, both located in Santurce, Puerto Rico. Ramos moved to New York City in 1976. In his years at Telemundo, Ramos has covered numerous elections and inaugurations in the United States and Puerto Rico. In November 2002, Ramos introduced the popular segment Crimenes sin Resolver (Unsolved Crimes). Since its inception, his reports have led to the capture and conviction of four dangerous fugitives. Raymond Kelly, Commissioner of the New York City Police Department awarded Ramos a special recognition for his work on the program. During the tragedy of September 11, 2001, Ramos and the Noticiero 47 news team stayed Live on the air for six consecutive days with no commercial interruptions. The station was one of the few local New York stations that remained on air immediately following the attacks. Ramos is married to Yolanda Ramos, a psychologist and host of a Christian radio morning show. They are parents of two grown children: Gabriel, a veteran of the United States Marine Corps, and Alejandra, a TODAY Show contributor. Ramos and his wife presently reside in northern New Jersey. Retirement On August 16, 2018, Ramos announced his retirement from WNJU Telemundo 47 station after 40 years. His final newscast was on Friday, September 21, 2018. See also List of Puerto Ricans References External links Official biography from Telemundo 1950 births Ramos, Jorge L. Ramos, Jorge L. Ramos, Jorge L. Ramos, Jorge L. American male journalists University of Puerto Rico alumni
Pavel Fedorovich Nikonov () (born 30 May 1930 in Moscow) is a Russian painter and graphic artist, teacher, professor. Biography During the war years, he was evacuated with his family in the Trans-Urals. In 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Secondary Art School (). From 1950 to 1956 he studied at the Surikov Moscow Art Institute . Together with his brother Mikhail, he was a member of the Nine group. The most famous painting of Nikonov, "Geologists" (1962), caused public criticism of Nikita Khrushchev at the exhibition of the 30th anniversary of the Moscow Union of Artists. From 1998 to 2006, he directed the easel painting workshop at the Surikov Institute. In 2008 he presented an exhibition in Saint Petersburg called "The village as the center of the universe" Kvadrat Gallery. Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts (2000; corresponding member 1997). People's Artist of the Russian Federation (1994). In 2001 he was awarded Order of Honour. Twice winner of the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2002, 2022). He is one of the founders of the Surov's Style () References External links Russian painters State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates Socialist realist artists Soviet painters 1930 births 20th-century Russian painters Artists from Moscow Russian landscape painters 21st-century Russian painters Living people
Andrew Boardman (c. 1550–1639) was an English clergyman who was a minister at St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmunds as well as a vicar at Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick. Life Boardman was a native of Lancashire, and was born in the year 1550. He was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge as a scholar on 9 November 1568 and was matriculated as a pensioner. Boardman graduated from college in 1572 by completing a B.A., and went on to complete an M.A. in 1575, a B.D. in 1582, and a D.D. in 1594. He was admitted as a fellow of the Lady Margaret foundation on 12 March 1572–3. Boardman was appointed as Greek lecturer at his college on 5 September 1580. On Michaelmas he was elected one of the college preachers. He was made junior bursar of his college on 27 January 1581–2, and was appointed as minister of St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmunds in the same year, his first degree in divinity. Boardman lived in a house identified in the Feoffees' accounts for 1586 as "next St. James steple". Boardman vacated the preferment in 1586, and removed to a benefice then known as Allchurch, near Warwick. He was appointed by the municipality as vicar of St Mary's Church, Warwick on 11 January 1590–1, as successor to Leonard Fetherston. At Warwick he came into dispute with Thomas Cartwright, master of the Earl of Leicester's Hospital. The literary result of the controversy was The Fan of the Faithful to tries the Truth in Controversies; collected by A. B.; dedicated by James Price. In 1594 Cambridge University granted Boardman a D.D. However, he was succeeded at St Mary's by Thomas Hull in 1595, and nothing is known of his subsequent activities. The authors of Athenæ Cantabrigienses identified Boardman as the writer of some English commendatory verses, to which the initials A. B. are subscribed, prefixed to Thomas Morley's (1597) Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke, though the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography judges that "the attribution seems highly unlikely". References Notes Bibliography 1550 births 1639 deaths Clergy from Lancashire 16th-century English Anglican priests 17th-century English people Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Velinga is a village in the North Goa sub-district (or taluka) of Ponda. It lies in the centre of Goa, in a setting amidst greenery and temples. Location code, size, population It features under the location code number of 626854 in the official Indian Census of 2011. According to the Census details, Velinga has an area of 315.00 hectares, and a total number of 444 households comprising 1,921 persons (including 1,001 males and 920 females). Its under-six population is made up of 145 children, including 79 boys and 66 girls. References Villages in North Goa district
Singal Station is a subway station of the Suin–Bundang Line. It was opened in December 2011, as part of the Giheung extension of the Bundang Line. A station on the now-abandoned, former Suryeo Line (1930–72) was also referred to by this name. Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations Metro stations in Yongin Railway stations in South Korea opened in 2011
1999 Omiya Ardija season Competitions Domestic results J.League 2 Emperor's Cup J.League Cup Player statistics Other pages J.League official site Omiya Ardija Omiya Ardija seasons
Telepathy ( 感应 ) is a work for symphony orchestra, composed by He Xuntian in 1987. Summary He Xuntian adopted RD Composition in his work Telepathy. First performance Telepathy, He Xuntian Symphony Works Concert 1988. 30 November 1988, Beijing Concert Hall, Beijing. China National Symphony Orchestra References Compositions by He Xuntian Compositions for symphony orchestra 1987 compositions
Expectancy violations theory (EVT) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations. The theory was proposed by Judee K. Burgoon in the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s and 1990s as "nonverbal expectancy violations theory", based on Burgoon's research studying proxemics. Burgoon's work initially analyzed individuals' allowances and expectations of personal distance and how responses to personal distance violations were influenced by the level of liking and relationship to the violators. The theory was later changed to its current name when other researchers began to focus on violations of social behavior expectations beyond nonverbal communication. This theory sees communication as an exchange of behaviors, where one individual's behavior can be used to violate the expectations of another. Participants in communication will perceive the exchange either positively or negatively, depending upon an existing personal relationship or how favorably the violation is perceived. Violations of expectancies cause arousal and compel the recipient to initiate a series of cognitive appraisals of the violation. The theory predicts that expectancies influence the outcome of the communication interaction as either positive or negative and predicts that positive violations increase the attraction of the violator and negative violations decrease the attraction of the violator. Beyond proxemics and examining how people interpret violations in many given communicative contexts, EVT also makes specific predictions about individuals' reaction to given expectation violations: individuals reciprocate or match someone's unexpected behavior, and they also compensate or counteract by doing the opposite of the communicator's behavior. Components The EVT examines three main components in interpersonal communication situations: Expectancies, communicator reward valence, and violation valence. Expectancy Expectancy refers to what an individual anticipates will happen in a given situation. Expectancies are primarily based upon social norms and specific characteristics and idiosyncrasies of the communicators. Burgoon (1978) notes that people do not view others' behaviors as random. Rather, they have various expectations of how others should think and behave. EVT proposes that observation and interaction with others leads to expectancies. The two types of expectancies noted are predictive and prescriptive. Predictive expectations are "behaviors we expect to see because they are the most typical," (Houser, 2005) and vary across cultures. They let people know what to expect based upon what typically occurs within the context of a particular environment and relationship. For example, a husband and wife may have an evening routine in which the husband always washes the dishes. If he were to ignore the dirty dishes one night, this might be seen as a predictive discrepancy. Prescriptive expectations, on the other hand, are based upon "beliefs about what behaviors should be performed" and "what is needed and desired" (Houser, 2005). If a person walks into a police department to report a crime, the person will have an expectation that the police will file a report and follow up with an investigation. Judee Burgoon and Jerold Hale categorize existing expectations into two types based on the process of interaction: pre-interactional and interactional expectations. Pre-interactional expectations are the package of knowledge and skills a person already has before entering a conversation. For example, aggressive attitudes may not be expected if previous experience has not included dealing with similar attitudes. Interactional expectations form the abilities equipped to conduct an ongoing conversation. Proper reactions and nodding to show listening behaviors are expected in a conversation. When the theory was first proposed, EVT identified three factors which influence a person's expectations: Interactant variables, environmental variables, and variables related to the nature of the interaction. Interactant variables are the traits of those persons involved in the communication, such as sex, attractiveness, race, culture, status, and age. Environmental variables include the amount of space available and the nature of the territory surrounding the interaction. Interaction variables include social norms, purpose of the interaction, and formality of the situation. These factors later evolved into communicator characteristics, relational characteristics, and context. Communicator characteristics include personal features such as an individual's appearance, personality and communication style. It also includes factors such as age, sex, and ethnic background. Relational characteristics refer to factors such as similarity, familiarity, status and liking. The type of relationship one individual shares within another (e.g. romantic, business or platonic), the previous experiences shared between the individuals, and how close they are with one another are also relational characteristics that influence expectations. Context encompasses both environment and interaction characteristics. Communicator characteristics lead to distinctions between males and females in assessing the extent to which their nonverbal expressions of power and dominance effect immediacy behaviors. Immediacy cues such as conversational distance, lean, body orientation, gaze, and touch may differ between the genders as they create psychological closeness or distance between the interactants. Behavioural expectations may also shift depending on the environment one is experiencing. For example, a visit to a church will produce different expectations than a social function. The expected violations will therefore be altered. Similarly, expectations differ based on culture. In Europe, one may expect to be greeted with three kisses on alternating cheeks, but this is not the case in the United States. Communicator reward valence The communicator reward valence is an evaluation one makes about the person who committed a violation of expectancy. Em Griffin summarizes the concept behind Communicator Reward Valence as "the sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward or punish in the future". The social exchange theory explains that individuals seek to reward some and seek to avoid punishing others. When one individual interacts with another, Burgoon believes he or she will assess the "positive and negative attributes that person brings to the encounter". If the person has the ability to reward or punish the receiver in the future, then the person has a positive reward valence. Rewards simply refer to the person's ability to provide a want or need. It can be represented by several features, such as communicators with high social class, reputation, knowledge, positive emotional support, physical attractiveness, and so on. The term 'communicator reward valence' is used to describe the results of this assessment. For example, people will feel encouraged during conversation when the listener is nodding, making eye contact, and responding actively. Conversely, if the listener is avoiding eye contact, yawning, and texting, it is implied they have no interest in the interaction and the speaker may feel violated. The deviation of expectations does not always yield negative results, which depends on the degree of reward held by the reward communicator. An action might be viewed as positive by a high-reward communicator, as the same action might be seen as negative by a lower-reward communicator. When examining the context, relationship, and communicator's characteristics in a given encounter, individuals will arrive at an expectation for how that person should behave. Changing even one of these expectancy variables may lead to a different expectation. For example, in different cultures, directly looking into a speaker's eyes, especially in a personal conversation, can represent distinct meanings. Violation valence Behavior violations arouse and distract, calling attention to the qualities of the violator and the relationship between the interactants. A key component of EVT is the notion of violation valence, or the association the receiver places on the behavior violation. A violatee's response to an expectancy violation can be positive or negative, and is dependent on two conditions: positive or negative interpretation of the behavior and the nature (rewardingness) of the violator. The nature of the violator is evaluated through many categories – attractiveness, prestige, ability to provide resources, or associated relationship. For instance, a violation of one's personal distance might have more positive valence if committed by a wealthy, powerful, physically appealing member of the opposite sex than a filthy, poor, homeless person with foul breath. The evaluation of the violation is based upon the relationship between the particular behavior and the valence of the actor. A person's preinteractional expectancies, especially personal attributes, may cause a perceiver to evaluate the communication behavior of a target differently in terms of assigning positive and negative valenced expectancies. Another perspective of violation valence is that the perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations is inconsequential of who the violator is. This perspective places much greater weight on the act of the breach itself than the violator. Arousal Expectancy violations refer to actions which are noticeably discrepant from an expectancy and are classified as outside the range of expectancy. The term 'arousal value' is used to describe the consequences of deviations from expectations. When individuals' expectations are violated, their interests or attentions are aroused. When arousal occurs, one's interest or attention to the deviation increases, resulting in less attention paid to the message and more attention to the source of the arousal. There are two kinds of arousals. Cognitive arousal is an idea that people will be mentally aware of the violation. Physical occurs when people have body actions and behaviors in response to the deviations from their expectations. For example, when one experiences physical arousal, he or she chooses to move out of the physical space, keep the distance with other conversationalists, or stretch his or her body. Beth Le Poire and Judee Burgoon research to examine physical arousal in conversation. The result shows that after participants report their cognitive arousal, physically speaking, their heart rate decreases and pulse volume increase. Threat threshold The occurrence of arousal is aligned with threats. Burgoon introduced the term "threat threshold" to explain that people have different levels of tolerance about distant violations. The threat threshold is high when people feel good even if they keep a very close distance with the violator, whereas people with low threat threshold will be sensitive and uncomfortable about the closeness of distance with the violator. Theoretical assumptions and viewpoints Propositions After assessing expectancy, violation valence, and communicator reward valence of a given situation, it becomes possible to make rather specific predictions about whether the individual who perceived the violation will reciprocate or compensate the behavior in question. Guerrero and Burgoon noticed that predictable patterns develop when considering reward valence and violation valence together. Specifically, if the violation valence is perceived as positive and the communicator reward valence is also perceived as positive, the theory predicts individuals will reciprocate the positive behavior. Similarly, if one perceives the violation valence as negative and the communicator reward valence as negative, the theory again predicts that one will reciprocate the negative behavior. Thus, if a disliked coworker is grouchy and unpleasant, people will likely reciprocate and be unpleasant in return. Conversely, if one perceives a negative violation valence but views the communicator reward valence as positive, it is likely that the person will compensate for his or her partner's negative behavior. For example, imagine a supervisor appears sullen and throws a stack of papers in front of an employee. Rather than grunt back, EVT predicts that the employee will compensate for the boss's negativity, perhaps by asking if everything is okay. More difficult to predict, however, is the situation in which a person who is viewed unfavorably violates another with positive behavior. In this situation, the receiver may reciprocate, giving the person the "benefit of the doubt." The assumptions discussed thus far can be summarized into six major propositions posited by EVT: People develop expectations about verbal and nonverbal communication behavior from other people. Violations of these expectations cause arousal and distraction, further leading the receiver to shift his or her attention to the other, the relationship, and the meaning of the violation. Communicator reward valence determines the interpretation of ambiguous communication. Communicator reward valence determines how the behavior is evaluated. Violation valences are determined by three factors: The evaluation of the behavior Whether or not the behavior is more or less favorable than the expectation. A positive violation occurs when the behavior is more favorable than the expectation. A negative violation occurs when the behavior is less favorable. The magnitude of the violation. Positive violations produce more favorable outcomes than behavior that matches expectations, and negative violations produce more unfavorable outcomes than behavior that matches expectations. Needs for personal space and affiliation EVT builds upon a number of communication axioms. EVT assumes that humans have two competing needs: A need for personal space and a need for affiliation. Specifically, humans all need a certain amount of personal space, also referred to as distance or privacy. People also desire a certain amount of closeness with others, or affiliation. EVT seeks to explain 'personal space', and the meanings that are formed when expectations of appropriate personal space are infringed or violated. Another feature of personal space is territoriality. Territoriality refers to behavior which "is characterized by identification with a geographic area in a way that indicates ownership" (Hall, 1966). In humans, territoriality refers to an individual's sense of ownership over physical items, space, objects or ideas, and defensive behavior in response to territorial invasions. Territoriality involves three territory types: Primary territories, secondary territories and public territories. Primary territories are considered exclusive to an individual. Secondary territories are objects, spaces or places which "can be claimed temporarily" (Hall, 1966), but are neither central to the individual's life nor are exclusively owned. Public territories are "available to almost anyone for temporary ownership". Territoriality is frequently accompanied by prevention and reaction. When an individual perceives one of their needs has been compromised, EVT predicts that they will react. For instance, when an offensive violation occurs, the individual tends to react as though protecting their territory. Proxemics EVT offers an opportunity to study how individuals communicate through personal space. This part of the theory explains the notion of "personal space" and our reactions to others who appear to "violate" our sense of personal space. What we define as personal space, however, varies from culture to culture and from person to person. The "success" or "failure" of violations are linked to perceived attraction, credibility, influence and involvement. The context and purpose of interaction are relevant, as are the communicator characteristics of gender, relationships, status, social class, ethnicity and culture. When it comes to different interactions between people, what each person expects out of the interaction will influence their individual willingness to risk violation. If a person feels comfortable in a situation, they are more likely to risk violation, and in turn will be rewarded for it. Introduced by Edward Hall in 1966, proxemics deals with the amount of distance between people as they interact with one another. Spatial distance during an interaction can be an indication of what type of relationship exists between the people involved. There are 4 different personal zones defined by Hall. These zones include: Intimate Distance: (0-18 inches) - This distance is for close, intimate encounters. Normally core family, close friends, lovers, or pets. People will normally share a unique level of comfort with one another. Personal Distance: (18 inches – 4 feet) - Reserved for conversations with friends, extended family, associates, and group discussions. The personal distance will give each person more space compared with the intimate distance, but is still close enough to involve touching one another. Social Distance: (4–10 feet) - This distance is reserved for newly formed groups, and new acquaintances and colleagues one may have just met. People generally do not engage physically with one another within this section. Public Distance: (10 feet to infinity) - Reserved for a public setting with large audiences, strangers, speeches, and theaters. Many different cultures are influenced by Proxemics in different ways and respond differently to the same situation. In some cultures, those who have not formed close relationships may greet each other with kisses on the cheek, engaging one another well within the intimate range of proxemics. In other cultures, a custom greeting is a handshake which maintains a physical separation but is well within personal distance. Across the Proxemic Zones, actions can be interpreted differently among different cultures. For example, Japanese people do not address others by their first names unless they have been given permission. Calling someone by their first name in Japan without permission is considered an insult. In the Japanese culture, they address people using their last name and 'san', which is equivalent to 'Mr.','Mrs.' and 'Ms.' in the English language. The way Japanese people address each other is an example of a verbal Proxemic zone. A Japanese person allowing another to call them by their first name is an example of intimate distance, because this is a privilege extended only someone very close to them. Applications Interpersonal communication It is important to note that EVT can apply to both non-relational interaction and close relationships. In 1998, more than twenty years after the theory was first published, several studies were conducted to catalog the types of expectancy violations commonly found in close relationships. Participants in friendships and romantic relationships were asked to think about the last time their friend or partner did or said something unexpected. It was emphasized that the unexpected event could be either positive or negative. Participants reported events that had occurred, on average, five days earlier, suggesting that unexpected behaviors happen often in relationships. Some of the behaviors reported were relatively mundane, and others were quite serious. The outcome of the list was a list of nine general categories of expectation violations that commonly occur in relationships. Support or confirmation is an act that provides social support in a particular time of need, such as sitting with a friend who is sick. Criticism or accusation is critical of the receiver and accuse the individual of an offense. These are violations because they are accusations not expected. An example is a ball player telling a teammate he should have caught the ball rather than supportively giving him or her a slap on the back and offering words of encouragement. Relationship intensification or escalation intensifies the commitment of the communicator. For instance, saying "I love you" signifies a deepening of a romantic relationship. Relationship de-escalation signifies a decrease in commitment of the communicator. An example might be spending more time apart. Relational transgressions are violations of the perceived rules of the relationship. Examples include having an affair, deception, or being disloyal. Acts of devotion are unexpected overtures that imply specialness in the relationship. Buying flowers for no particular occasion falls into this category. Acts of disregard show that the partner is unimportant. This could be as simple as excluding a partner or a friend from a collective activity. Gestures of inclusion are actions that show an unexpected interest in having the other included in special activities or life. Examples include invitations to spend a special holiday with someone, disclosure of personal information, or inviting the partner to meet one's family. Uncharacteristic relational behavior is unexpected action that is not consistent with the partner's perception of the relationship. A common example is one member of an opposite-sex friendship demanding a romantic relationship of the other. In later review of the studies, the support or confirmation category was inserted into acts of devotion and included another category, uncharacteristic social behavior. These are acts that aren't relational but are unexpected, such as a quiet person raising his or her voice. In terms of the response to expectancy violations, the sensitivity of expectancy violations varies from genders. Research found that women are less tolerant than men when their expectation are violated by negative behaviors, regardless of the types of violations such as dishonesty and immorality. Friendship Expectations with friends formulate over time and are usually brought together by a series of observations of behavior and predictions on how that friend will act in the future. When these expectations are violated, it often can be damaging and dangerous for a close friendship. It can cause an end to the friendship and bring a strong negative experience in that person's life. After time and experiences with that friend we might suspect them to act consistently around me in the way they have always acted, that is until a violation to this expectation takes place. For example, when they begin “breaking promises or even acting in an inauthentic manner to impress others, can have aversive consequences for close relationships” (Cohen 2010). The fact is, we expect our friends to act in a social manner where they are adhere to all of our personal rules we set in our minds. That includes being nice, kind, considerate, and refraining from any comment that puts another down. This is a part of the personal rules we set within ourselves with a personal friendship, that is until we are in a different setting with that individual and they are around different people and the rules are broken. While this might be an offense in one's eyes, it may not be offensive in the others. Each negative experience can deteriorate the relationship and allow more experiences where expectations are continually violated until the relationship is dissolved. Cohen said “the more that a friendship is voluntary, easily replaceable, and disconnected from external pressures to continue, the more vulnerable it is to expectancy violation damage” (Cohen, 2010). Someone will always look for the better option if a negative experience has taken place. The more invested someone is in a friendship, the stronger the effect will have on the individual when expectations are violated. There is also an interesting perspective of expectation violation when gender is considered. Friendships with members of the same sex usually have a completely different feel to the relationship than friendships with members of the opposite sex. Women are generally less tolerant with members of the opposite sex when violations have taken place. Relationships over time, whether it be with the same sex or not, tend to fail when the other will fall away from the behaviors and norms that the other is used to. This can be shown with hostile attitudes, sharp comments, distancing away from the other, etc. Both parties are also capable of violating each other's expectations at the same time. It is not just one person in the relationship that perceives behavior as unusual. One can respond to a violation with another social violation, leaving the friendship in confusion of the direction it is going. Family Relationships: Phubbing Expectations in family relationships are prone to being violated via phubbing. Phubbing is a term coined to describe when individuals are interacting in physical proximity with one another, however they end up going on their phone, and mentally remove themselves from the conversation and physical reality. This violates expectations in family relationships when a younger individual is around an older adult. Travis Kadylak's article, “An investigation of perceived family phubbing expectancy violations and well-being among U.S older adults”, reveals that “older adults feel ignored and disrespected” in situations where a younger family is phubbing. In this case, the younger individually and unconsciously violated the older adult's expectations that stems from the adult's perception of social etiquette. Kadylak then call for further research in the future on how phubbing expectancy violations affect the well-being of older adults. Romantic relationships Expectancy violations happen frequently in romantic relationships. In relationships there is an unspoken expectation when interacting and that is the significant other will give their full undivided attention when in the presence of their significant other. As the new generation evolves we can see the face to face contact has changed. Unfortunately, with the access use of phones and social media the attention of individuals has shifted to their devices and continues to become worse. Since there is access to many mobile devices, there has been an increase of lack of communication face to face. This has made it difficult for some relationships to grow and/ or has created conflict because the expectation of attention has been shifted. "Individuals expect conversational partners to be moderately involved in an interaction (Burgoon, Newton, Walther, & Baesler, 1989). Within existing relationships, partners rely on one another to show interest and immediacy in interactions (White, 2008). However, the presence of cell phones and the expectation to be constantly available (Ling, 2012) impacts partners' abilities to give full attention to one another" (Miller-Ott, A., & Kelly, L. 2015). Regardless of where the romantic relationship takes place, people are likely to have negative valence about cell phone usage if their demand of attention and intimacy are violated. The negative behaviors include texting, viewing news and playing games. In addition, large quantity of annoying cell phone usage during the date has great impact on romantic partner's negative valence towards the violated behaviors. However, Miller-Ott and Kelly found that small amount of cell phone usage during date is acceptable, such as responding to a text message and quickly bringing attentiveness back to the date partner. The same behavior in different occasions and contexts is viewed differently in terms of the degree of valence. Research found that same behavior is viewed as more negative in a restaurant than at home. Since people are more likely to have higher expectations for undivided attention during formal contexts, using cell phone in formal dates will more negatively violate partner's expectations. Divided attention is acceptable in casual contexts – therefore, the degree of expectancy violations is low under a hanging out context. After expectation are violated in the romantic relationships, one may assume that an apology may fix expectations that were violated, however that is not the case. In the article “ Apologies, Expectations, and Violations: An Analysis of Confirmed and Disconfirmed Expectations for Responses to Apologies”, Benjamin W Chiles and Michael E. Roloff found that “apology is positively evaluated by apologizers, this relationship is moderated by their expectations of acceptance prior to the actual response to the apology”. In the article “Forgiveness and forgiving communication in dating relationships: An expectancy-investment explanation”, Laura K. Guerrero and Guy F. Bachman found that high quality relationships tend to forgive more than relationships with less investments, yet they tend to inflict hurt intentionally. Cell phone usage Cell phone usage behaviors that do not contradict intimate moment are viewed as positive violations, including sharing interesting messages and playing online games together. People have less negative valence on cell phone usage if they gain more reward from the behaviors. Research also found the most common response to the violated cell phone usage is to do nothing. However, people have different reactions to the violations under different stages of romantic relationships. In the early stage of dating, people are more likely to respond by indirect messages and silence. While there are direct verbal responses when expectations are violated in established relationships. Sexual resistance Sexual resistance is viewed as a typical expectancy violation in romantic relationships. In 2003, Bevan used EVT to evaluate the impact of sexual resistance on close relationships. The research focused on two considerations: relational contexts and directness of the messages. The research concluded that people who are resisted in a romantic relationship perceived the violation of sexual resistance as more negative and unexpected than those resisted in a regular cross-sex friendship. The reason might because romantic partners believe that they have clearer and deeper understanding of each other's expectations and degree of acceptance and tolerance. When it comes to message directness of sexual resistance, although the study did not find any significant difference of levels of violation valence and expectedness between direct and indirect messages, direct sexual resistance messages in close relationships proved to be more relationally important than indirect messages. Therefore, direct sexual resistance messages will be a harmful factor that affects the continuity of a romantic relationship. Hurtful events The degree of expectancy violations in romantic relationships quality affect how partners react to hurtful events caused by their partner. Partners who view their significant others as positively rewarding are more keen to use constructive communication after experiencing a negative hurtful event. EVT analysis approach also show that if the negative valence happens when partners find the other to be unrewarding, it results in destructive communication, leading to breakups. Online dating Maria DelGreco and Amanda Denes investigate each gender’s expectations and interpretations of communicative cues in the initiation stage of heterosexual online dating. When women expect men’s responses to compliment, women face negative deviation when men express narcissism and agreement. Moreover, women with positive deviations of expectations are assessed more negatively than those who align with expectations. Computer-mediated communication and social media As has previously been addressed, EVT has evolved tremendously over the years, expanding beyond its original induction when it focused on FtF communication and proxemics. The advancement of information and communications technology has provided tools for expressing oneself and conveying messages beyond just typing in text. As already discussed, arousal can divert one's attention or interest from a message to the source of the arousal. Virtual realities created online through computer-mediated communication, especially those which evoke strong visual presence through media, can increase arousal levels, such as those with high violent or sexual content. Just as people may use television viewing to increase or decrease arousal levels, people may use media in online communication to increase or decrease arousal levels. People may interact with others online by assuming the identities of avatars which may take on completely different, alternate personalities. The differences in perceived intimateness, co-presence, and emotionally-based trust can very significantly between avatar communication and other communication modalities such as text chat, audio, and audio-visual. The media options available to users when communicating with others online present a host of potential expectancy violations unique to CMC. The introduction of social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter, as well as dating social networks such as Match.com and eHarmony, has greatly contributed to the increased use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) which now offers a context for studying communication devoid of nonverbal information. Though these media are relatively new, they have been in existence long enough for users to have developed norms and expectations about appropriate behaviors in the online world. However, there has been a lag by researchers to study and understand these new established norms, which makes CMC rich with heuristic possibilities from a communications theory perspective. Ramirez and Wang studied the occurrence and timing of modality switching, or shifts from online communication to FtF interaction, from the perspective of EVT. Their research documented inconsistent findings which revealed in some instances relationships were enhanced and in others they were dampened, indicating the expectations, evaluations, and outcomes associated with initial modality switches varied amongst individuals. Additionally, studies have found that when individuals who meet online meet face-to-face for the first time, the length of time spent communicating online can determine whether individuals will rate physical characteristics of each other positively or negatively. Unlike FtF communication, CMC allows people to pretend to be connected with a person who violates their expectancy by ignoring violations or filtering news feed. Meanwhile, people can also cut the connection completely with someone who is not important by deleting friendship status when a serious violation occurs. A confrontation is much more likely for close friends than for acquaintances, and compensation is much more likely for acquaintances, a finding which contrasts typical EVT predictions. Furthermore, EVT on the Internet environment is strongly related to online privacy issues. Facebook In social media, such as Facebook, people are connected online with friends and sometimes strangers. Norm violations on Facebook may include too many status updates, overly emotional status updates or Wall posts, heated interactions, name calling through Facebook's public features, and tags on posts or pictures that might reflect negatively on an individual. Research has also shown that the act of unfriending on Facebook is perceived as a highly negative expectancy violation, with the duration of the Facebook friendship and personal ties to the unfriending party dictating how negatively the act is perceived. Moreover, the importance of the violation was also found to dictate whether the unfriending person informed the other individual of their actions. In a study conducted by Fife, Nelson, and Bayles of focus groups from a Southeastern liberal arts university, five themes were ascertained regarding Facebook use and expectancy violations: ""Don't stalk' – and when you do, don't talk about it" Though an understanding exists among Facebook participants that users will use the site to keep track of the behavior of others in a number of ways, excessive monitoring is likely to be perceived as an expectancy violation. "Don't embarrass me with bad pictures" Users may have the ability to control which pictures they post on their own Facebook page, but they do not have the ability to control what others post. Posting and "tagging" unflattering pictures of others may create expectancy violations. "Don't mess up my profile" Several participants expressed annoyance of others who alter their profiles knowing that their alterations could be perceived negatively, though they did not mention changing their passwords or protecting themselves in other ways. "Choose an appropriate forum for messages" Messages can be sent between Facebook participants through 'Facebook messages', which are not public, or 'wall postings', which can be viewed by anyone specified in the user's privacy controls. Posting messages which may be perceived as private, embarrassing, or inappropriate to a wall posting can create expectancy violations. "Don't compete over number of friends" Facebook users maintain a running total of 'friends' on their profile which is viewable to others. Engaging in comparisons with others over this statistic can create expectancy violations. In 2010, Stutzman and Kramer-Duffield examined college undergraduates' motivations to have friends-only profiles on Facebook. Having a friends-only profile is a practical method to enhance privacy management on Facebook. The two authors made distinctions between intended audience, to whom one hopes to disclose the Facebook profile, and expected audience, a group of people by whom one thinks the Facebook profile has been viewed. The study indicated that "expectancy violations were identified as instances where an expected audience was not jointly identified as an intended audience". Facebook networks were categorized into different levels: strong ties of family and intimate friends, weak ties comprising "casual friends and campus acquaintances", and outsiders such as "faculty or administrators". According to the study, expectancy violations by weak ties showed greater relevance to the establishment of a friends-only profile among college undergraduates, compared to other Facebook network ties. Electronic mail Email has become one of the most widely used methods of communication within organizations and workplaces. When discussing expectancy violations with electronic e-mail, just as with other modes of communication, a distinction must be made between inadvertent violations of norms and purposeful violations, referred to as 'flaming'. Flaming is defined as hostile and aggressive interactions via text-based CMC. One form of expectancy violation in email is the length of time between the sending of the initial email and the receiver's reply. Communicator reward valence plays a large part in how expectancy violations are handled in email communications. In computer-mediated communication, people have expectations to others’ online behaviors based on individual identity. In online contexts, violations are not simply assessed as positive or negative. Some violations are ambiguous such as e-mail response latency. In 2017, Nicholls and Rice stated that “when deviation is ambiguous, the communicator’s reward value will mediate the perceptions of the deviation.” Chronemic studies on email have shown that in organizations, responder status played a large part in how individuals reacted to various lapses in response to the previously sent email. Long pauses between responses for high-status responders produced positive expectancy violation valence and long pauses from low-status responders produced a negative expectancy violation valence. However, in the case of job interviews, long pauses between email for high-status candidates reflected negatively on their reviews. Expectations for email recipients to respond within a normative time limit illustrate the medium's capacity for expectancy violations to occur. Academic environment Teacher anger McPherson, Kearney, and Plax examined teacher anger in college classrooms through the lens of norm violations. Naturally, teachers will become frustrated and angry with students in classrooms from time to time. How teachers express themselves and convey those emotions will determine how students respond and interpret those emotional demonstrations. The students judged the appropriateness of teachers' anger in classrooms in the modal expressions of distributive aggression, passive aggression, integrative assertion, and nonassertive denial. Students rated the aggressive expressions as highly intense, destructive, and inappropriate (or non-normative), including such behaviors as sarcasm or putdowns (most frequently cited), verbal abuse, rude and condescending behaviors toward students, and acts intended to demoralize students. The students described assertive displays as appropriate and less intense. Although anger is often considered to be a negative emotion, teacher anger is not necessarily a violation of classroom norms. Based on the study, intense and aggressive displays of teacher anger are considered socially inappropriate by students. These perceived norm violations result in negative evaluations of the teacher and the course. Because only integrative-assertive expressions of teacher anger were positively related to students' perceptions of appropriateness, the study concluded that teachers should avoid intense, aggressive anger displays and should rather assertively and directly discuss the problem with students. Teacher dress Clothing is considered a form of nonverbal communication. Dress communicates status, hierarchy, credibility, and attractiveness. Specific social codes dictate what forms of dress are appropriate in various cross-cultural contexts. When individuals wear clothing that is deemed inappropriate for a given situation, or when an individual's clothing does not seem to match their perceived status or attractiveness, this can constitute an expectancy violation. Studies on clothing and teacher perceptions have shown that when teachers wear formal attire, students rate their credibility higher. However, for high-reward teachers, clothing formality did not raise perceptions of attractiveness. Instructor credibility in college classroom Generally, students have expectations to their instructors in college classroom. According to Sidelinger and Bolen, students might be dissatisfied about instructors who talk a lot during class. After they did the research about the compulsive communication and communication satisfaction, they concluded that if an instructor is evaluated as credible by the students, his credibility decreases students’ dissatisfaction despite of his talkativeness. Particularly, instructor's goodwill such as politeness and care for students is the most effective characteristic to alleviate students’ negative feelings towards them (the talkative instructor). Course ratings Most American colleges and universities employ course rating surveys as a method to gauge teacher effectiveness and the degree to which students are satisfied with the pedagogy of their professors. Expectancy violation and violation valence play a part in course ratings because a wide range of expectancies exist for students while taking a course. Common expectancies for students include stimulation and interest, instructor behavior, relevance of the course, and the student's expected and actual success in the course. A higher education study on EVT and course ratings analyzed 228 students in seven introductory sociology classes at a university of 25,000 students. Since the courses were required for most students, were open to all students, used the same textbook, and met for the same length of time during the semester, expectancy violations in the classroom could be reported more accurately. Some factors used to report the data included instructor personality, interestingness and informativeness of textbook materials, difficulty of lectures, lecturer speaking ability, and the ability to answer questions. At the end of the study, the only factor that affected course ratings was relevance. Expectancies had virtually no effect otherwise on course evaluations. This reason could be attributed to the fact that students who found a course highly relevant were already interested in the subject area and were more motivated to do well. Nontraditional college students EVT has been used to study the experiences of non-traditional college and university students who begin an undergraduate education over the age of 25. The study focused on the students' expectations of their professors and how they should behave in the classroom. Since nontraditional students often feel that they are different from their academic peers, and since the traditional university setting focuses on the 18-23-year-old demographic, studying nontraditional student classroom experiences can help higher education institutions instruct teachers on how to behave in the classroom. Traditional and non-traditional students have been shown to expect teachers to make use of examples, provide feedback, and adequately prepare them for exams. Both traditional and non-traditional students have been found to have their expectations for instructor clarity negatively violated. Surprisingly, non-traditional students differed from traditional students by responding negatively to affinity-seeking behaviors and believed that instructors should be less concerned with making class more fun and enjoyable. Student disclosures in college classroom In 2013, Frisby and Sidelinger conducted a research about student disclosures in college classroom, which discussed about what kinds of student disclosures would violate peers’ expectations and their perceptions about the disclosers. According to the study, those who make inappropriate disclosures violate others’ expectations most in a classroom environment. Inappropriate disclosures are described as high frequent, negative, offensive and irrelevant topics. Disclosers of inappropriate information are more likely to be described as incompetent students, and they are less likeable than students who disclose appropriate information that are related to course materials. Students' expectations towards instructors in online classes Taking EVT as a lens, Renee Bourdeaux and Lindsie Schoenack investigate students’ reasons for taking online classes, their expectations towards instructors, and the derivation of expectations of instructors’ behaviors. Research shows that students expect clarity, respect, and well-designed course accommodating to the online environment. Participants consider effective communication and improving learning as behaviors bringing positive results. However, unprofessional behaviors, such as lack of use of teaching tools decreasing the productivity of classes, lead to negative results. Business communication crisis EVT can also apply to everyday business interaction between long-term partners, new partners, and even the consumers. Each time a business interacts with another, both sides expect a positive gain in some capacity, however in reality this is not the case, losses are inevitable. In the article “The Role of Prior Expectancies and Relational Satisfaction in Crisis” (2014), Sora Kim asserts that "expectancy violations caused by a crisis tend to increase uncertainty about an organization’s performance in the crisis-related area". The author states that stakeholders, in the case of the BP Oil spill, held high levels of uncertainty towards the organization due to the high level of expectancy violations committed by BP. In the article "How does Corporate Reputation Affect Customer Loyalty in Corporate Crisis", Sabrina Helm and Julia Tolsdorf found that firms with greater reputation and customer loyalty are set to high expectations by the public, and tend to suffer more loss in profits in the event of a crisis, while firms with low reputations suffer minor losses. This shows that the public places its trust and loyalty in corporations due to their reputation, thus resulting in favorable outcomes for corporations. This reputation is also an Achilles heel for the corporation in times of crisis because when an expectation violation is committed by the corporations it produces negative outcomes for the corporation and the public's trust in them. Sora Kim also exposes similar findings in her study, specifically on how expectations violations produces uncertainties in stakeholders and the public during times of crisis. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an expectation the public has set for major corporations and businesses, Nick Lin-Hi and Igor Blumberg also found that not practicing CSR negatively affect corporate reputation. YJ Sohn and Ruthann Lariscy utilize EVT to investigate the role corporate reputation plays in crisis situations and how the crisis affects the reputation valence, especially in a CSR (corporate social responsibility) crisis context. The previous high reputation leads to higher expectations for the corporation, which results in more detailed investigations of the expectation violation behaviors. Profanity use Swearing is one example of observable instance of verbal expectancy violations. Examples of swearing expectancy violations include U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney telling Patrick Leahy, Senator of Vermont, to "go fuck yourself", actor Christian Bale's lashing out toward a crew member who walked in front of the camera while he was filming, and U.S. Vice President Joe Biden's remarks during a live broadcast of his speech congratulating U.S. President Barack Obama on passage of the health care reform bill, commenting that it was a "big fucking deal". Expletives also vary among different cultures, so valence of expectancy violations involving swearing may differ when used in different contexts. In workplaces Swearing is common among many workplaces. Swearing has been identified functionally as one of several ways to express emotion in response to workplace stress, to convey verbal aggression, or to engage in deviant workplace behavior (Johnson, 2012). In formal work settings, people have much stronger feelings that their expectations are violated by swearing than in casual occasions. Expletives are more prevalent in unstructured conversations than in more structured, task-oriented ones (Johnson, 2012). The use of profanity has been shown to influence the perceptions of speakers. It may also have emotional impact on the user and the audience. Research has shown that profanity users appear less trustworthy, less sociable, and less educated. The more swearing messages one expresses that violate respondent's expectations in workplaces, the more negative evaluations the respondent will generate about the speaker's incompetency. These traits are likely to appear as fixed among profanity users. Moreover, the content of the swearing messages also poses great impact on the extent of expectancy violations in formal work settings. The verbal messages include words related to sex, excretion and profaneness. Research found that respondents experience highest level of surprise about the swearing with sexual expressions. Thus their expectations are more likely to be violated by sexual swearing than excretory and profane words. A more productive approach than focusing on whether a specific word is offensive may be to make sure that those engaging in workplace swearing are aware of how they and their messages might be perceived in multiple ways (Johnson, 2012). Evaluation of media figures Expectancy violations are tightly related to the changes of people's evaluation on their relationships with media figures. In 2010, Cohen made comparisons between relationships with friends and media figures in order to find similarities and differences of people's reactions when their expectations are violated in these two relationships. Violations were generally divided in three categories: social violations such as making offensive comments, trust violations such as making up stories about their life experience, and moral violations such as cheating in a marital relationship or drunk driving. Research indicated that in both friendships and relationships with media figures, social and trust violations are more offensive than moral violations. Specifically, people are more intolerable about moral violations from media figures than from their friends. According to the study, the reason for the intolerance is because relationships with media figures are relatively weak that people invest less on the relationships with media figures than on friendships.The type of media figures is also an important factor to determine the changes of closeness with media figures. People have different expectations to various types of media figures. Research discussed that moral violations negatively influence relationships with athletes, damaging their positive and energetic appearance expected by the public. Social violations reduce closeness with TV hosts, whom people expect as amiable public figures. James Bonus, Nicholas Matthews, and Tim Wulf investigate adults’ expectations towards movie characters before and after movie releasing. The result shows that when the villain behaves more morally than expected, there is a warming in the parasocial relationship between participants and villains. However, when conforming to moral expectations, there is no weakening in the parasocial relationship between heroes and participants. Health and self-improvement Expectancy violation theory has even been applied to encouraging healthy habits and changing bad ones. In a study by Karolien van den Akker, Myrr van den Broek, Remco C. Havermans, and Anita Jansen, expectancy violation theory was tested to see if it was successful in changing ingrained cravings for chocolate. Although researchers did not find that expectancy violation mediated responses to chocolate cravings, they believe more research is needed to determine whether this theory is profitable for this kind of application to human behavior. Career development and job searching Stephanie Smith examines how recent college graduates react to expectation violations in job searching and career development through communication. Smith finds that recent college graduates employ a package of both traditional and online social networking job searching strategies. As graduates expect job searching would be difficult, they are still surprised by the required intensity and effort. Through the lens of EVT, candidates with the most realistic goals and expectations received better results during the recruitment season. EVT also helps to understand candidates' interactions with contacts with potential rewards during the networking conversation. Also, a thank-you letter is regarded as a positive deviation from expectations because it reduces uncertainty. Metatheoretical assumptions Ontological assumptions EVT assumes that humans have a certain degree of free will. This theory assumes that humans can assess and interpret the relationship and liking between themselves and their conversational partner, and then make a decision whether or not to violate the expectations of the other person. The theory holds that this decision depends on what outcome they would like to achieve. This assumption is based on the interaction position. The interaction position is based on a person's initial stance toward an interaction as determined by a blend of personal Requirements, Expectations, and Desires (RED). These RED factors meld into our interaction position of what's needed, anticipated, and preferred. Epistemological assumptions EVT assumes that there are norms for all communication activities and if these norms are violated, there will be specific, predictable outcomes. EVT does not fully account for the overwhelming prevalence of reciprocity that has been found in interpersonal interactions. Secondly, it is silent on whether communicator valence supersedes behavior valence or vice versa when the two are incongruent, such as when a disliked partner engages in a positive violation. Axiological assumptions This theory seeks to be value-neutral as supporting studies have been conducted empirically and sought to objectively describe how humans react when their expectations are violated. Critique Predictability and testability EVT has undergone scrutiny for its attempt to provide a covering law for certain aspects of interpersonal communication. Some critics of EVT believe most interactions between individuals are extremely complex and there are many contingencies to consider within the theory. This makes the prediction of behavioral outcomes of a particular situation virtually impossible to consistently predict. Another critique of the theory is the assumption that expectancy violations are mostly highly consequential acts, negative in nature, and cause uncertainty to increase between communicators. In actuality, research shows expectancy violations vary in frequency, seriousness, and valence. While it is true that many expectancy violations carry a negative valence, numerous are positive and actually reduce uncertainty because they provide additional information within the parameters of the particular relationship, context, and communicators. A First Look at Communication Emory Griffin, the author of A First Look at Communication Theory, analyzed unpredictability in EVT. His test consisted in analyzing his interaction with four students who made various requests from him. The students were given the pseudonyms Andre, Belinda, Charlie and Dawn. They start with the letters A, B, C and D to represent the increasing distance between them and Griffin when making their requests. Andre needed the author's endorsement for a graduate scholarship, and spoke to him from an intimate eyeball-to-eyeball distance. According to Burgoon's early model, Andre made a mistake when he crossed Griffin's threat threshold; the physical and psychological discomfort the lecturer might feel could have hurt his cause. However, later that day Griffin wrote the letter of recommendation. Belinda needed help with a term paper for a class with another professor, and asked for it from a 2-foot distance. Just as Burgoon predicted, the narrow gap between Belinda and Griffin determined him to focus his attention on their rocky relationship, and her request was declined. Charlie invited his lecturer to play water polo with other students, and he made the invitation from the right distance of 7 feet, just outside the range of interaction Griffin anticipated. However, his invitation was declined. Dawn launched an invitation to Griffin to eat lunch together the next day, and she did this from across the room. According to the nonverbal expectancy violations model, launching an invitation from across the room would guarantee a poor response, but this time, the invitation was successful. Griffin's attempt to apply Burgoon's original model to conversational distance between him and his students didn't meet with much success. The theoretical scoreboard read: Nonverbal expectancy violations model: 1 Unpredicted random behavior: 3 However, when Grifffin applied the revised EVT standards on his responses to "the proxemic violations of Andre, Belinda, Charlie, and Dawn," the scorecard "shows four hits and no misses." Related theories Because EVT is sociopsychological in nature and focuses on social codes in both intrapersonal and interpersonal communication, it is closely related to communication theories such as cognitive dissonance and uncertainty reduction theory. Recently, this theory has undergone some reconstitution by Burgoon and her colleagues and has resulted in a newly proposed theory known as interaction adaptation theory, which is a more comprehensive explanation of adaptation in interpersonal interaction. As mentioned above, EVT has strong roots in uncertainty reduction theory. The relationship between violation behavior and the level of uncertainty is under study. Research indicates that violations differ in their impact on uncertainty. To be more specific, incongruent negative violations heightened uncertainty, whereas congruent violations (both positive and negative) caused declines in uncertainty. The theory also borrows from social exchange theory in that people seek reward out of interaction with others. Two other theories share similar outlooks to EVT – Discrepancy-Arousal Theory (DAT) and Patterson's social facilitation model (SFM). Like EVT, DAT explains that a receiver becomes aroused when a communicative behavior does not match the receiver's expectations. In DAT, these differences are called discrepancies instead of expectancy violations. Cognitive dissonance and EVT both try to explain why and how people react to unexpected information and adjust themselves during communication process. The social facilitation model has a similar outlook and labels these differences as unstable changes. A key difference between the theories lies in the receiver's arousal level. Both DAT and SFM maintain that the receiver experiences a physiological response whereas EVT focuses on the attention shift of the receiver. EVT posits that expectancy violations occur frequently and are not always as serious as perceived through the lenses of other theories. Anxiety/uncertainty management theory is the uncertainty and anxiety people have towards each other, relating to EVT this anxiety and uncertainty can differ between cultures. Causing a violation for example violating someones personal distance or communicating ineffectively can cause uncertainty and anxiety. The popularity of computer-mediated communication (CMC) as means of conducting task-oriented and socially oriented interactions is a part of the social information processing (SIP) theory. Coined by Joseph Walther, the theory explores CMC's ability to fulfill many of the same functions as the more traditional forms of interaction, especially face-to-face (FtF) interaction. SIP can be used in conjunction with EVT to examine interpersonal and hyperpersonal relationships established through CMC. Further use and development of the theory The concept of social norms marketing follows expectancy violation in that it is based upon the notion that messages containing facts that vary from perception of the norm will create a positive expectancy violation. Advertising, strategic communications, and public relations base social norms campaigns on this position. Interaction adaptation theory further explores expectancy violations. Developed by Burgoon to take a more comprehensive look at social interaction, IAT posits that people enter into interactions with requirements, expectations, and desires. These factors influence both the initial behavior as well as the response behavior. When faced with behavior that meets an individual's needs, expectations, or desires, the response behavior will be positive. When faced with behavior that does not meet an individual's needs, expectations, or desires, he or she can respond either positively or negatively depending on the degree of violation and positive or negative valence of the relationship. Expectancies exert significant influence on people's interaction patterns, on their impressions of one another, and on the outcomes of their interactions. People who can assume that they are well regarded by their audience are safer engaging in violations and more likely to profit from doing so than are those who are poorly regarded. When the violation act is one that is likely to be ambiguous in its meaning or to carry multiple interpretations that are not uniformly positive or negative, then the reward valence of the communicator can be especially significant in moderating interpretations, evaluations, and subsequent outcomes. EVT also applies to international experience in the workplace. “A foreign newcomer who has the necessary education, work experience, and international experience will be perceived as having the ability to make valuable contribution to the group's task. Consequently, education, work experience and international experience will influence a foreign newcomer's initial task-based group acceptance (Joardar, 2011). It can be argued that a person with significant international experience will be perceived as having had the opportunity to learn how to build valuable relationships in a cross-cultural setting. Hence, international experience will have effects on initial relationship-based group acceptance as well. Meaning, this will make for a more positive expectancy violation, in the workplace especially. EVT is also used as a framework to analyze the negative impact of mind reading expectations on romantic relationships. In 2015, Wright and Roloff explain the idea of mind reading expectations (MRE) that romantic partners should clearly know about each other's feelings even though they are not being informed. When relational partners have done something wrong without self-consciousness, people's expectations are violated. Particularly those who hold high value of MRE are more likely to become distressful once their relational partners are unaware of their violations to expectations. The study asserts that such kinds of violations related to MRE result in responses such as combative attitude and silent treatment, which is harmful to long-term romantic relationships. See also Language expectancy theory Social exchange theory Transactional analysis References Interpersonal communication Communication theory
Uncial 0151 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), X21 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. It is dated paleographically to the 9th century. Description The codex contains the Pauline epistles with some gaps (lacunae), on 192 parchment leaves (34 cm by 25 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 33 lines per page, in large uncial letters. It contains a commentary. Epistle to the Hebrews is placed between 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V. Textually it is close to Codex Mosquensis I. C. R. Gregory dated it to the 12th century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 9th century. Formerly it was classified as minuscule 414p. In 1908 Gregory gave number 151 to it. The codex currently is located at the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian (Ms. 62), at Patmos. See also List of New Testament uncials Textual criticism References Greek New Testament uncials 9th-century biblical manuscripts
In optics, piston is the mean value of a wavefront or phase profile across the pupil of an optical system. The piston coefficient is typically expressed in wavelengths of light at a particular wavelength. Its main use is in curve-fitting wavefronts with Cartesian polynomials or Zernike polynomials. However, similar to a real engine piston moving up and down in its cylinder, optical piston values can be changed to bias the wavefront phase mean value as desired. As phase values can only vary from zero to 2π, then repeat in either direction (termed phase wrapping), changing the piston coefficient changes the zero phase value contour locations across the wavefront. This property is critical to the operation of phase-measuring interferometers, which give not only the magnitude but also the sign (convexity or concavity) of a wavefront under test. Piston is physically created in the interferometer by piezoelectric actuators that translate the Fizeau interferometer reference surface along the optical axis by precise fractions of the test wavelength, usually by one quarter of a wavelength. This changes the interferometric fringe patterns and allows direct calculation of the exact wavefront error. Piston and tilt are not actually true optical aberrations, as they do not represent or model curvature in the wavefront. Defocus is the lowest order true optical aberration. If piston and tilt are subtracted from an otherwise perfect wavefront, a perfect, aberration-free image is formed. References Malacara, D., Optical Shop Testing - Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1992, . Physical optics
Suan Station () is a station of Busan Metro Line 4 in Suan-dong, Dongnae District, Busan, South Korea. Station Layout Vicinity Exit 1: Kanada Dental Clinic Exit 2: Korean BBQ Exit 3: Kanada Dental Clinic Exit 4: Shinhan Bank Dongrae Central Branch Exit 5: Exit 6: National Pension Service Dongnae Geumjeong Governor Exit 7: Forbidden City Cafe, Jangchung-dong Royal Foot Bossam Busan Direct Store Exit 8: Greenjoy Dongnae External links Cyber station information from Busan Transportation Corporation Busan Metro stations Dongnae District Railway stations in South Korea opened in 2011
The Federal On Scene Coordinator (Federal OSC), is a designation in the United States for an individual that: Is responsible for providing access to federal resources and technical assistance Coordinates all federal containment, removal, and disposal efforts and resources during an oil or hazmat incident Serves as the point of contact for coordination of federal efforts with the local response community Coordinates, monitors, or directs response efforts The federal agency providing OSC might differ depending on the incident. General Federal OSCs are the federal officials predesignated by United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Coast Guard to coordinate response resources. The OSC, either directly or through his or her staff, monitors, provides technical assistance, and/or directs federal and potentially responsible party (PRP) resources. As the state and local responder's gateway to the resources of the NRS, it is the OSC's responsibility to provide access to resources and technical assistance that may not otherwise be available to a community. Under the NCP, if federal involvement is necessary because state and local resources have been exceeded, the OSC is obligated to coordinate the use of these resources to protect public health and the environment. (Note: An example of the OSC's direction of PRP resources could be through participation in the Unified Command under the Incident Command System or issuance of an administrative order.) During an oil or hazmat incident, EPA will usually provide OSCs in the inland zone, and the USCG will generally provide OSCs in the coastal zone. The OSC coordinates all federal containment, removal, and disposal efforts and resources during an incident under the NCP or the Federal Response Plan (FRP). The OSC is the point of contact for the coordination of federal efforts with those of the local response community. EPA has approximately 200 OSCs at 17 locations nationwide; USCG has 46 Marine Safety Offices (MSOs), spread among the nine USCG Districts, each of which is headed by a Captain of the Port (COTP), who acts as an OSC. Agencies other than EPA or USCG might provide the OSC depending on the incident. While EPA and USCG have primary responsibility under federal laws and regulations, under CERCLA, DOD, DOE, and other federal agencies provide OSCs for incidents for which they have responsibility for releases of hazardous substances. If a federal agency other than EPA, USCG, DOD, or DOE – has responsibility for an incident, they only provide the OSC if the incident involves non-emergency removal actions. Each of the agencies in the NRS provides resources and technical expertise and has access to a wide range of federal assets, such as equipment and special expertise, through the RRT. Planning roles and responsibilities Under the NCP, OSCs have the responsibility to oversee development of the Area Contingency Plan (ACP) in the area of the OSC's responsibility. The NCP states that the development of ACPs should be accomplished in cooperation with the RRT, and designated local and state representatives, as appropriate. In both contingency planning and spill response, the OSC is responsible for coordinating, directing, and reviewing the work of other agencies, Area Committees, RPs, and contractors to ensure compliance with the NCP and other plans applicable to the response. In developing the ACP, the OSC must coordinate with state and local response organizations, including those represented on the State Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs) and Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs). It is the OSC's and Area Committee's responsibility to ensure that the ACP provides for a well coordinated response that is integrated and compatible, to the greatest extent possible, with all appropriate response plans of local, state, and non-federal entities, and especially with SARA Title III local emergency response plans. The OSC should also include, to the extent possible, a discussion of relationships with potential RPs. In addition, the OSC must periodically conduct drills of spill removal capability, including fish and wildlife response capability, without prior notice, in areas for which ACPs are required and under relevant tank vessel and facility response plans. In the event of a significant discharge, OSCs should implement the ICS specified in the ACP. Response roles and responsibilities The use of the ICS/UC as a management tool does not relieve the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) of her or his obligation to direct, monitor, and coordinate response actions. The OSC in every case retains the authority to direct the response, and must direct responses to discharges of oil that pose a substantial threat to the public health or welfare of the United States. In most situations, however, the OSC will choose to monitor the actions of the RP and/or local and state governments and provide support and advice where appropriate. It is the OSC's responsibility to explain the OSC's authority at a response during both the planning and response phases. The ICS/UC also is a useful mechanism in obtaining input from other responders to help the OSC in directing and coordinating response efforts. The OSC should either implement an ICS at the beginning of a response, or be prepared to integrate into an existing, properly functioning, ICS during a response. It is important to recognize that local and/or state responders may already have established an ICS when the OSC arrives on-scene. In many cases, the OSC will fill multiple positions within the ICS organization. An OSC also may elect to establish any of the functions of an ICS by assigning responsibility to another individual. See also Search and Rescue Sector Commander References EPA Federal On Scene Coordinators United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Coast Guard Oil spills in the United States
Smart.fm (formerly iKnow!) was a social learning- and community website created by Cerego Japan, Inc. The website used spaced repetition algorithms (SRS) to assist users in committing facts to long term memory and increasing learning speed. Users could create, manage and share lists of facts to memorize; as well as learn a number of languages. The data was used to automatically plan a curriculum and learning strategy for the users. In addition to the website base, Smart.fm also had a Facebook application. History Smart.fm was created by Japan-based company Cerego Japan, Inc., initially featuring language-learning and branded under the name iKnow! (iKnow.co.jp). The original platform focused on English learners in Japan. On November 24, 2008 the platform turned to world-wide audience when it added another 188 languages. The upgrade also included tools for users to create learning content; sample sentences and timed tests. Cerego had raised US$20 million in funding at the time and was staffed by 22 employees. The site's name was changed to Smart.fm on March 5, 2009 when the platform introduced an upgrade which enabled users to add learning content of any kind. The re-branding was sudden, and users complained about the new interface and new name. About the new name, Cerego's Russell Moench explained in an official announcement: "we see ourselves more like your personal learning station than an online classroom or teacher or textbook." Technology Cerego's Smart.fm used spaced repetition techniques to assist users in organizing learning content, increase learning speed and improve recollection. The system was based on established methods of learning derived from cognitive- and neuroscience research; continuously analyzing performance, on a long- and short-term basis, making dynamic adjustments to learning exercises. The data was used to automatically plan a curriculum and learning strategy for the users. Closure On January 27, 2011, Cerego Japan, Inc. announced the planned closure of the Smart.fm free service for March 31, 2011. The Smart.fm service has since been replaced with Cerego's paid subscription-based language learning site, iKnow! References Spaced repetition software
Desruisseaux is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Paul Desruisseaux (1905–1982), Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician Pierre DesRuisseaux (1945–2016), Canadian poet See also Frédéric Advice-Desruisseaux (born 1983), French footballer French-language surnames
Hervey McDowell McClellan (December 22, 1894 – November 6, 1925) was an American Major League Baseball infielder. McClellan started his professional baseball career in 1914. He played two years for the Lexington Colts of the Ohio State League, hitting below .200 both years. Many reporters of the era mistakenly called him Harvey. McClellan joined the Chicago White Sox in 1919. He sat on the bench during the next few years but got more playing time when the team's stars were suspended in the Black Sox Scandal. In 1922, he was playing third base in a charity exhibition pitting all-star players from the New England and American Leagues against the Boston Red Sox and in the fourth inning pitched a ball to first baseman Elizabeth "Lizzie" Murphy. The historical game was the first time a woman had played against major league players. He was the starting shortstop for one season, 1923. In 1925, McClellan died in his hometown after a five-month-long illness. References External links 1894 births 1925 deaths People from Cynthiana, Kentucky Major League Baseball infielders Baseball players from Kentucky Chicago White Sox players Lexington Colts players
Tephritis dentata is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Tephritis of the family Tephritidae. Distribution China. References Tephritinae Insects described in 1990 Diptera of Asia
Raphael Zuber (born 5 June 1973 in Chur) is a Swiss architect. Biography Raphael Zuber studied at ETH Zurich until 2001 and practiced with Valerio Olgiati in Zurich. After graduating, he founded an architectural office in Chur. Zuber taught at the Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio, the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, the EPF Lausanne, the ETH Zurich and at the Cornell University Ithaca. Raphael Zuber was invited by Alejandro Aravena to the Venice Biennale of Architecture in 2016, where he showed four of his most recent projects. Principal works 2007–2011: schoolhouse, Grono with Conzett Bronzini Gartmann and Maurus Schifferli 2005–2016: apartment building Fravi, Domat/Ems with Patrick Gartmann 2015–2016: inverted house, Hokkaido with the Oslo School of Architecture and Design and Kengo Kuma and Associates 2018–2023: house at the Black Sea with Laura Cristea 2018–2025: public swimmingpool, Gossau with Patrick Gartmann and Maurus Schifferli Awards 2012: Architecture and engineering prize for earthquake-proof construction for schoolhouse Grono 2013: Auszeichnungen für gute Bauten Graubünden for schoolhouse Grono 2018: Recognition award from the city of Chur Literature Important Buildings. Istituto Svizzero di Roma, Kaleidoscope Press, Milano 2010 Important Buildings. A personal choice made by students with Raphael Zuber. Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio, Juni 2011 Raphael Zuber – Four Projects. Pelinu Books, Bukarest 2020 External links Instagram Website References Living people 1973 births Swiss architects
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```go package event import ( "testing" "time" ) func TestNew(t testing.T) { bus := New() if bus == nil { t.Log("New EventBus not created!") t.Fail() } } func TestHasCallback(t testing.T) { bus := New() bus.Subscribe("topic", func() {}) if bus.HasCallback("topic_topic") { t.Fail() } if !bus.HasCallback("topic") { t.Fail() } } func TestSubscribe(t testing.T) { bus := New() if bus.Subscribe("topic", func() {}) != nil { t.Fail() } if bus.Subscribe("topic", "String") == nil { t.Fail() } } func TestSubscribeOnce(t testing.T) { bus := New() if bus.SubscribeOnce("topic", func() {}) != nil { t.Fail() } if bus.SubscribeOnce("topic", "String") == nil { t.Fail() } } func TestSubscribeOnceAndManySubscribe(t testing.T) { bus := New() event := "topic" flag := 0 fn := func() { flag += 1 } bus.SubscribeOnce(event, fn) bus.Subscribe(event, fn) bus.Subscribe(event, fn) bus.Publish(event) if flag != 3 { t.Fail() } } func TestUnsubscribe(t testing.T) { bus := New() handler := func() {} bus.Subscribe("topic", handler) if bus.Unsubscribe("topic", handler) != nil { t.Fail() } if bus.Unsubscribe("topic", handler) == nil { t.Fail() } } func TestPublish(t testing.T) { bus := New() bus.Subscribe("topic", func(a int, b int) { if a != b { t.Fail() } }) bus.Publish("topic", 10, 10) } func TestSubcribeOnceAsync(t testing.T) { results := make([]int, 0) bus := New() bus.SubscribeOnceAsync("topic", func(a int, out []int) { out = append(out, a) }) bus.Publish("topic", 10, &results) bus.Publish("topic", 10, &results) bus.WaitAsync() if len(results) != 1 { t.Fail() } if bus.HasCallback("topic") { t.Fail() } } func TestSubscribeAsyncTransactional(t testing.T) { results := make([]int, 0) bus := New() bus.SubscribeAsync("topic", func(a int, out []int, dur string) { sleep, _ := time.ParseDuration(dur) time.Sleep(sleep) out = append(out, a) }, true) bus.Publish("topic", 1, &results, "1s") bus.Publish("topic", 2, &results, "0s") bus.WaitAsync() if len(results) != 2 { t.Fail() } if results[0] != 1 \|\| results[1] != 2 { t.Fail() } } func TestSubscribeAsync(t testing.T) { results := make(chan int) bus := New() bus.SubscribeAsync("topic", func(a int, out chan<- int) { out <- a }, false) bus.Publish("topic", 1, results) bus.Publish("topic", 2, results) numResults := 0 go func() { for _ = range results { numResults++ } }() bus.WaitAsync() time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond) if numResults != 2 { t.Fail() } } ```
This is a list of diplomatic missions of Montenegro, excluding honorary consulates. Montenegro is building its diplomatic network. As this information is subject to change, full list can always be obtained from the website of Montenegrin Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. On November 30, 2006, the Government has adopted the Memorandum of Agreement between Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia on Consular Protection and Services to the Citizens of Montenegro. By this agreement, Serbia, through its network of diplomatic and consular missions, provides consular services to the Montenegrin citizens on the territory of states in which Montenegro has no missions of its own. Details of the Serbian missions abroad are listed on the Serbian MFA website. Americas Buenos Aires (Embassy) Washington, D.C. (Embassy) New York (Consulate-General) Asia Baku (Embassy) Beijing (Embassy) Ankara (Embassy) Istanbul (Consulate-General) Abu-Dhabi (Embassy) Europe Tirana (Embassy) Vienna (Embassy) Brussels (Embassy) Sarajevo (Embassy) Sofia (Embassy) Zagreb (Embassy) Paris (Embassy) Berlin (Embassy) Frankfurt (Consulate-General) Athens (Embassy) Rome (Embassy) Budapest (Embassy) Rome (Embassy) Pristina (Embassy) Skopje (Embassy) Warsaw (Embassy) Bucharest (Embassy) Moscow (Embassy) Belgrade (Embassy) Sremski Karlovci (Consulate-General) Ljubljana (Embassy) Madrid (Embassy) Bern (Embassy) Kyiv (Embassy) London (Embassy) International Organisations Brussels OSCE Vienna Brussels Strasbourg New York City Geneva Paris Geneva See also Foreign relations of Montenegro List of Ambassadors from Montenegro External links The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro Notes References Montenegro Diplomatic missions
The 1930 Nevada Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nevada in the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1930 college football season. In their second season under head coach George Philbrook, the team compiled a 2–4–2 record (2–1 against conference opponents), outscored opponents by a total of 77 to 73, and finished in second place in the conference. Schedule Players The following individuals played for the 1930 Nevada team: Bill Backer – halfback Dick Barthels Drury – fullback Chester Elliott – halfback John Griffin – tackle Lloyd Guffrey Jack Hill – halfback Kell – guard/tackle Lefebvre – halfback Art Levy – end/quarterback Walt Linehan Bob Madriaga – guard McGarraghan – guard Matt Mohorovich – center Hank Rampoldi – tackle/end Risley – quarterback/halfback Wally Rusk – guard Neil Scott – end Clem Sultenfuss – halfback Olie Thies – tackle Jack Walther – center Willard Weaver – end Harold Willard Milton Young – quarterback References Nevada Nevada Wolf Pack football seasons Nevada Wolf Pack football
Mellansel () is a locality situated in Örnsköldsvik Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 827 inhabitants in 2010. History Mellansel was first discovered by humans in 300 BC however Mellansel did not become a permanent settlement until the middle ages. Mellansel was first mentioned in books in the year 1523. Transportation Mellansel became a railway junction when the railway line from Mellansel to Örnsköldsvik was opened to traffic on 1 November 1892. Since the night train traffic has been transferred to the Bothnia Line, no passenger trains have been running through Mellansel station since 2012. Mellansel Airport (ICAO-code ESUI) is located 4 kilometers south of Mellansel. It opened on 1 July 1973 and no commercial flights operate of it as of 2020. Industry The largest industry in Mellansel is Bosch Rexroth AB, which manufactures hydraulic drive systems. Society There is a college and an outdoor swimming pool in the area. Some of the buildings on the college campus were named after Mellansel's cultural history. Population In recent years, Mellansel has become a Population declining area (). Gallery References Populated places in Örnsköldsvik Municipality Västernorrland County
Paul Komposch (born 13 May 2001) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for TSV Hartberg. Career Komposch is a youth product of FC Stattegg, and joined the Sturm Graz youth academy in 2011. He made his senior debut with Sturm Graz in a 8–0 Austrian Cup win over SV Innsbruck on 28 August 2020, coming on as a substitute in the 75th minute. He signed his first professional contract with Sturm Graz on 20 October 2020, keeping him at the club until June 2023. He was released in June 2023, and was subsequently picked up by TSV Hartberg on 23 June 2023. References External links OEFB Profile 2001 births Living people Austrian men's footballers SK Sturm Graz players Austrian Football Bundesliga players Austrian Regionalliga players Men's association football defenders
Yuanzheng () is a restartable upper stage developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) for the Long March rocket family. The Yuanzheng stage enables the Chinese launch vehicles to deploy payloads directly to high-energy orbits such as medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geosynchronous orbit (GSO). Since the Long March third stage cannot restart, it cannot circularize a GSO or GEO orbit from a geosyncronous transfer orbit (GTO). With its restart capability, Yuanzheng has enabled the deployment of satellite pairs for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in MEO and communications satellites in GSO. This eliminates the need for the spacecraft to include a liquid apogee engine or an apogee kick motor. Yuanzheng has a thrust of with a specific impulse of 315.5 seconds. It uses the storable hypergolic propellants unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and dinitrogen tetroxide (), and can perform at least two burns within its rated life of 6.5 hours, sufficient to reach the transfer orbit apogee, and perform the circularization burn from there. Operational variants are designated YZ-1 for Long March 3B and 3C, YZ-1A for Long March 7, YZ-1S for Long March 2C, YZ-2 for Long March 5, and YZ-3 for Long March 2D. Models History Yuanzheng was presented in a 2013 paper and performed its first mission on 30 May 2015. The debut flight of the Long March 7 in 2016 included an improved version called Yuanzheng-1A that can flexibly deploy multiple payloads into various target orbits. Further variants were later deployed for Long March 5 (YZ-2) in 2016, Long March 2C (YZ-1S) and Long March 2D (YZ-3) in 2018. Versions Currently, there is known to be five versions: Yuanzheng-1 (AKA YZ-1) (): Initial version used with the Long March 3. It could perform missions of 6.5 hours, make two ignitions, perform one spacecraft deployment operation. Yuanzheng-1A (AKA YZ-1A) (): Improved version used with the Long March 7. Improved version with mission life extended to 48hs, capability to perform at least 9 ignitions and ability to do 7 different separation events. It also includes improved thermal control system, guidance algorithms and orbit planning for multiple payload deployment missions. It will be used as the base system for future deep space propulsion stages, space tugs and orbital servicing and debris removal spacecraft. Yuanzheng-1S (AKA YZ-1S) (): Improved version used with the Long March 2C. Yuanzheng-2 (AKA YZ-2) (): New version used with the Long March 5 upper stage. Yuanzheng-3 (AKA YZ-3) (): New version used with the Long March 2D. References Rocket stages
Lacanau (; , ) is a commune in the Gironde department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France. Lacanau is a surfing area. Lacanau is a member of the Community of Municipalities Médoc's Lakes which includes the municipalities of Lacanau, Carcans and Hourtin, the territory Médoc Océan. History The United States Navy established a naval air station at NAS 001 Le Moutchic on 31 August 1917 to operate seaplanes during World War I. The base closed shortly after the First Armistice at Compiègne. Population See also Communes of the Gironde department References External links Official website of the tourist office Médoc Océan Official Youtube of the tourist office Médoc Océan Official Flicker of the tourist office Médoc Océan Lacanauocean.com Communes of Gironde
Daniel P. Kennedy is a judge and former politician in Manitoba, Canada. He has served on the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba since 1984. Political candidate Kennedy ran for the Manitoba Liberal Party in the electoral district of St. Vital in a 1971 by-election and the 1973 general election. In the 1971 by-election, he campaigned against the amalgamation of St. Vital into the new "unicity" of Winnipeg. In 1973, he was supported by many Progressive Conservatives as the candidate most likely to defeat New Democratic Party incumbent Jim Walding. He narrowly lost to Walding on both occasions. Ian Stewart describes Kennedy as having been an "ambitious, articulate, and photogenic young lawyer" in this period. Judge Kennedy was appointed as a provincial judge on August 30, 1978, and was promoted to the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba on June 21, 1984. He presided over the trial of a prominent Hell's Angels member in 1993, and considered the question of whether a Winnipeg Sun reporter had a right to protect a confidential source. He determined that he would not charge the reporter with contempt of court for refusing to divulge the source, and instead asked the provincial Attorney General to review the matter. In 1992, Kennedy ruled that it was not a violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to sentence a defendant to six months in jail for failure to pay parking tickets. This ruling was overturned on appeal. In 1995, he became the first judge in Manitoba to order the repossession of a convict's property under "proceeds of crime" legislation passed six years earlier. The following year, he dismissed two statements a defendant had given to police on the grounds that the statements were made under duress. Partly as a result of this ruling, Winnipeg police began videotaping their talks with suspects the following year. Kennedy gave a stiff, 13-year sentence to a heroin distributor in 1994, and was quoted as saying, "[m]any of the ills of society, the destruction of our societal fabric, comes because of the illicit use of drugs". In 2003, he gave a 28-month sentence to a man convicted of trafficking ecstasy. In 1999, Kennedy re-instituted a triple-tax penalty for cigarette smugglers that had been overturned by a lower court. He ruled that this penalty, while severe, did not "shock or outrage standards of decency". Electoral record References Living people Judges in Manitoba Manitoba Liberal Party candidates in Manitoba provincial elections Year of birth missing (living people)
Anne Yelsey (born August 28, 1985) is a former American professional tennis player. She has numerous ITF Women's Circuit titles. Her career high ranking is number 370 achieved on 18 August 2008. Her career high doubles ranking is 278th achieved on the 28 July 2008. Yelsey took part in the 2007 Bank of the West Classic Doubles tournament partnering Amber Liu but lost in the first round to Katarina Srebotnik and Ai Sugiyama. She has taken part in many other ITF and WTA Tour events. ITF Circuit finals Singles 3 (1–2) Doubles: 6 (4–2) References 1985 births Living people American female tennis players 21st-century American women
Stefan Pieper (born 1 April 1982) is a retired German ski jumper. In the World Cup he finished once among the top 15, his best result being a seventh place from Sapporo in January 2003. External links 1982 births Living people People from Winterberg Sportspeople from Arnsberg (region) German male ski jumpers
A constitutional referendum was held in Haiti on 2 June 1935. The amendment would extend the term of President Sténio Vincent, and was reportedly approved by 100% of voters, with just 297 against. Results References 1935 in Haiti 1935 referendums Initiatives and referendums in Haiti Constitutional referendums in Haiti June 1935 events
Marina Historic District is a national historic district in Delray Beach, Florida in Palm Beach County. Situated on the Intracoastal Waterway and including the town's City Marina, it is bounded by E. Atlantic Ave., Marine Way, SE 4th Str, SE 7th Ave. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. References National Register of Historic Places in Palm Beach County, Florida Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
```powershell $fileNames = Get-ChildItem -Path $PSScriptRoot -Recurse foreach ($file in $fileNames) { if ($file.Name.EndsWith("vert") -Or $file.Name.EndsWith("frag") -Or $file.Name.EndsWith("comp")) { $inPath = $file.FullName $outPath = $inPath + ".spv" $inputLastWrite = (Get-ChildItem $inPath).LastWriteTime if (-not [System.IO.File]::Exists($outPath) -or (Get-ChildItem $outPath).LastWriteTime -le $inputLastWrite) { Write-Host "Compiling $file" -> $outPath glslangvalidator -V $inPath -o $outPath } } } ```
A list of American films released in 1928. The American film industry was undergoing the transition to sound and released a mixture of sound and silent films during the year. Wings won the Academy Award for Outstanding Picture at the 1st Academy Awards, presented on May 16, 1929. A-B C-D E-F G-H I-J K-L M-N O-P Q-R S T-U V-Z Shorts See also 1928 in American television 1928 in the United States References External links 1928 films at the Internet Movie Database 1928 Film Lists of 1928 films by country or language 1920s in American cinema
The 2023 Copa Verde Finals was the final two-legged tie that decided the 2023 Copa Verde, the 10th season of the Copa Verde, Brazil's regional cup football tournament organised by the Brazilian Football Confederation. The finals were contested in a two-legged home-and-away format between Paysandu, from Pará, and Goiás, from Goiás. Goiás defeated Paysandu 4–1 on aggregate to win their first Copa Verde title. Teams Road to the final Note: In all scores below, the score of the home team is given first. Format The finals were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If tied on aggregate, the penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner. Matches First leg Second leg See also 2024 Copa do Brasil References Copa Verde Finals
```xml /* * * * path_to_url * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. / import { OverlayToaster } from "./overlayToaster"; import type { OverlayToasterProps } from "./overlayToasterProps"; import type { ToastProps } from "./toastProps"; export type ToastOptions = ToastProps & { key: string }; /* Instance methods available on a toaster component instance. / export interface Toaster { /* * Shows a new toast to the user, or updates an existing toast corresponding to the provided key (optional). * * Returns the unique key of the toast. / show(props: ToastProps, key?: string): string; /* Dismiss the given toast instantly. / dismiss(key: string): void; /* Dismiss all toasts instantly. / clear(): void; /* Returns the props for all current toasts. / getToasts(): ToastOptions[]; } export type ToasterInstance = Toaster; // merges with declaration of `Toaster` type in `toasterTypes.ts` // kept for backwards-compatibility with v4.x // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-redeclare export const Toaster = { // eslint-disable-next-line deprecation/deprecation create: deprecatedToasterCreate, }; /* @deprecated use OverlayToaster.create() instead */ function deprecatedToasterCreate(props?: OverlayToasterProps, container = document.body): Toaster { return OverlayToaster.create(props, container); } ```
Velgalla is a small town in Sri Lanka. It is located within Southern Province. See also List of towns in Southern Province, Sri Lanka External links Populated places in Southern Province, Sri Lanka
Gordon Norrie (May 6, 1855 in Helsingør – October 11, 1941 in Copenhagen) was a Danish surgeon and ophthalmologist of Scottish parentage who was born in Helsingør (Elsinore). He was married to Charlotte Norrie, née Harbou (1855–1940), who was a pioneer of modern nursing. He studied medicine at the University of Copenhagen. Originally trained as a surgeon, his interest later turned to ophthalmology, where he specialized in treatment of the blind. From 1903 to 1938 he worked as an ophthalmologist at the ophthalmology clinic of the Royal Danish Institute for the Blind, later the Statens Øjenklinik (the National Eye Clinic). He is associated with the eponymous "Norrie disease", a rare form of hereditary blindness that he described in 1927, and referred to as atrophia oculi congenita. This disorder is characterized by severe retinal malformations, cataracts, leukocoria and atrophy of the iris. The Gordon Norrie Centre for Genetic Eye Diseases at the National Eye Clinic in Hellerup, Copenhagen was named in his honor. The National Eye Clinic is now part of the Kennedy Center in Glostrup, another Copenhagen suburb. References International Rasmus Malling Hansen Society, Short Biography Gordon Norrie @ Who Named It The Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Copenhagen Danish ophthalmologists 1855 births 1941 deaths People from Helsingør
Psychotria bimbiensis is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. References Flora of Cameroon bimbiensis Critically endangered plants Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa named by Diane Mary Bridson Taxa named by Martin Cheek
Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette, Marquis de La Fayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the United States as Lafayette (, ), was a French aristocrat, freemason, and military officer who volunteered to join the Continental Army, led by General George Washington, in the American Revolutionary War. Lafayette was ultimately permitted to command Continental Army troops in the decisive Siege of Yorktown in 1781, the Revolutionary War's final major battle that secured American independence. After returning to France, Lafayette became a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830 and continues to be celebrated as a hero in both France and the United States. Lafayette was born into a wealthy land-owning family in Chavaniac in the province of Auvergne in south central France. He followed the family's martial tradition and was commissioned an officer at age 13. He became convinced that the American revolutionary cause was noble, and he traveled to the New World seeking glory in it. He was made a major general at age 19, but he was initially not given American troops to command. He was wounded during the Battle of Brandywine but still managed to organize an orderly retreat, and he served with distinction in the Battle of Rhode Island. In the middle of the war, he sailed for home to lobby for an increase in French support. He returned to America in 1780 and was given senior positions in the Continental Army. In 1781, troops under his command in Virginia blocked forces led by Cornwallis until other American and French forces could position themselves for the decisive Siege of Yorktown. Lafayette returned to France and was appointed to the Assembly of Notables in 1787, convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the Estates General of 1789, where representatives met from the three traditional orders of French society: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. After the National Constituent Assembly was formed, he helped to write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen with Thomas Jefferson's assistance. This document was inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence, which was authored primarily by Jefferson, and invoked natural law to establish basic principles of the democratic nation-state. He also advocated the end of slavery, in keeping with the philosophy of natural rights. After the storming of the Bastille, he was appointed commander-in-chief of France's National Guard and tried to steer a middle course through the years of revolution. In August 1792, radical factions ordered his arrest, and he fled to the Austrian Netherlands. He was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison. Lafayette returned to France after Napoleon Bonaparte secured his release in 1797, though he refused to participate in Napoleon's government. After the Bourbon Restoration of 1814, he became a liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies, a position which he held for most of the remainder of his life. In 1824, President James Monroe invited him to the United States as the nation's guest, where he visited all 24 states in the union and met a rapturous reception. During France's July Revolution of 1830, he declined an offer to become the French dictator. Instead, he supported Louis-Philippe as king, but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic. He died on 20 May 1834 and is buried in Picpus Cemetery in Paris, under soil from Bunker Hill. He is sometimes known as "The Hero of the Two Worlds" for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States. Early life Lafayette was born on 6 September 1757 to Michel Louis Christophe Roch Gilbert Paulette du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette, colonel of grenadiers, and Marie Louise Jolie de La Rivière, at the Château de Chavaniac, in Chavaniac-Lafayette, near Le Puy-en-Velay, in the province of Auvergne (now Haute-Loire). Lafayette's lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne and, perhaps, in all of France. Males of the Lafayette family enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry and were noted for their contempt for danger. One of Lafayette's early ancestors, Gilbert de Lafayette III, a Marshal of France, had been a companion-at-arms of Joan of Arc's army during the Siege of Orléans in 1429. According to legend, another ancestor acquired the crown of thorns during the Sixth Crusade. His non-Lafayette ancestors are also notable; his great-grandfather (his mother's maternal grandfather) was the Comte de La Rivière, until his death in 1770 commander of the Mousquetaires du Roi, or "Black Musketeers", King Louis XV's personal horse guard. Lafayette's paternal uncle Jacques-Roch died on 18 January 1734 while fighting the Austrians at Milan in the War of the Polish Succession; upon his death, the title of marquis passed to his brother Michel. Lafayette's father likewise died on the battlefield. On 1 August 1759, Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a British-led coalition at the Battle of Minden in Westphalia. Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac, but the estate went to his mother. Perhaps devastated by the loss of her husband, she went to live in Paris with her father and grandfather, leaving Lafayette to be raised in Chavaniac-Lafayette by his paternal grandmother, Mme de Chavaniac, who had brought the château into the family with her dowry. In 1768, when Lafayette was 11, he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great-grandfather at the comte's apartments in Luxembourg Palace. The boy was sent to school at the Collège du Plessis, part of the University of Paris, and it was decided that he would carry on the family martial tradition. The comte, the boy's great-grandfather, enrolled the boy in a program to train future Musketeers. Lafayette's mother and grandfather died, on 3 and 24 April 1770 respectively, leaving Lafayette an income of 25,000 livres. Upon the death of an uncle, the 12-year-old Lafayette inherited a yearly income of 120,000 livres. In May 1771, aged less than 14, Lafayette was commissioned an officer in the Musketeers, with the rank of sous-lieutenant. His duties, which included marching in military parades and presenting himself to King Louis, were mostly ceremonial and he continued his studies as usual. At this time, Jean-Paul-François de Noailles, Duc d'Ayen was looking to marry off some of his five daughters. The young Lafayette, aged 14, seemed a good match for his 12-year-old daughter, Marie Adrienne Françoise, and the duke spoke to the boy's guardian (Lafayette's uncle, the new comte) to negotiate a deal. However, the arranged marriage was opposed by the duke's wife, who felt the couple, and especially her daughter, were too young. The matter was settled by agreeing not to mention the marriage plans for two years, during which time the two spouses-to-be would meet from time to time in casual settings and get to know each other better. The scheme worked; the two fell in love, and were happy together from the time of their marriage in 1774 until her death in 1807. Departure from France Finding a cause After the marriage contract was signed in 1773, Lafayette lived with his young wife in his father-in-law's house in Versailles. He continued his education, both at the riding school of Versailles (his fellow students included the future Charles X) and at the prestigious Académie de Versailles. He was given a commission as a lieutenant in the Noailles Dragoons in April 1773, the transfer from the royal regiment being done at the request of Lafayette's father-in-law. In 1775, Lafayette took part in his unit's annual training in Metz, where he met Charles François de Broglie, Marquis of Ruffec, the Army of the East's commander. At dinner, both men discussed the ongoing revolt against British rule by Britain's North American colonies. One historiographical perspective suggests that the marquis was disposed to hate the British for killing his father, and felt that a British defeat would diminish that nation's stature internationally. Another notes that the marquis had recently become a Freemason, and talk of the rebellion "fired his chivalric—and now Masonic—imagination with descriptions of Americans as 'people fighting for liberty. In September 1775, when Lafayette turned 18, he returned to Paris and received the captaincy in the Dragoons he had been promised as a wedding present. In December, his first child, Henriette, was born. During these months, Lafayette became convinced that the American Revolution reflected his own beliefs, saying "My heart was dedicated." The year 1776 saw delicate negotiations between American agents, including Silas Deane, and Louis XVI and his foreign minister, Comte Charles de Vergennes. The king and his minister hoped that by supplying the Americans with arms and officers, they might restore French influence in North America, and exact revenge against Britain for the loss in the Seven Years' War. When Lafayette heard that French officers were being sent to America, he demanded to be among them. He met Deane, and gained inclusion despite his youth. On 7 December 1776, Deane enlisted Lafayette as a major general. The plan to send French officers (as well as other aid) to America came to nothing when the British heard of it and threatened war. Lafayette's father-in-law, de Noailles, scolded the young man and told him to go to London and visit the Marquis de Noailles, the ambassador to Britain and Lafayette's uncle by marriage, which he did in February 1777. In the interim, he did not abandon his plans to go to America. Lafayette was presented to George III, and spent three weeks in London society. On his return to France, he went into hiding from his father-in-law (and superior officer), writing to him that he was planning to go to America. De Noailles was furious, and convinced Louis to issue a decree forbidding French officers from serving in America, specifically naming Lafayette. Vergennes may have persuaded the king to order Lafayette's arrest, though this is uncertain. Departure for America Lafayette learned that the Continental Congress lacked funds for his voyage, so he bought the sailing ship Victoire with his own money for 112,000 pounds. He journeyed to Bordeaux, where Victoire was being prepared for her trip, and he sent word asking for information on his family's reaction. The response threw him into emotional turmoil, including letters from his wife and other relatives. Soon after departure, he ordered the ship turned around and returned to Bordeaux, to the frustration of the officers traveling with him. The army commander there ordered Lafayette to report to his father-in-law's regiment in Marseilles. De Broglie hoped to become a military and political leader in America, and he met Lafayette in Bordeaux and convinced him that the government actually wanted him to go. This was not true, though there was considerable public support for Lafayette in Paris, where the American cause was popular. Lafayette wanted to believe it, and pretended to comply with the order to report to Marseilles, going only a few kilometres east before turning around and returning to his ship. Victoire set sail out of Pauillac on the shores of the Gironde on 25 March 1777. However, Lafayette was not on board in order to avoid being identified by English spies and the king of France; the vessel moored in Pasaia on the Basque coast, and was supplied with 5,000 rifles and ammunition from the factories in Gipuzkoa. He joined the Victoire, departing to America on 26 April 1777. The two-month journey to the New World was marked by seasickness and boredom. The ship's captain Lebourcier intended to stop in the West Indies to sell cargo, but Lafayette was fearful of arrest, so he bought the cargo to avoid docking at the islands. He landed on North Island near Georgetown, South Carolina on 13 June 1777. American Revolution On arrival, Lafayette met Major Benjamin Huger, a wealthy landowner, with whom he stayed for two weeks before going to Philadelphia. The Second Continental Congress had been overwhelmed by French officers recruited by Deane, many of whom could not speak English or lacked military experience. Lafayette had learned some English en route (he became fluent within a year of his arrival), and his Masonic membership opened many doors in Philadelphia. After Lafayette offered to serve without pay, Congress commissioned him a major general on 31 July 1777. Lafayette's advocates included the recently arrived American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, who by letter urged Congress to accommodate the young Frenchman. General George Washington, commander in chief of the Continental Army, came to Philadelphia to brief Congress on military affairs. Lafayette met him at a dinner on 5 August 1777; according to Leepson, "the two men bonded almost immediately." Washington was impressed by the young man's enthusiasm and was inclined to think well of a fellow Mason; Lafayette was simply in awe of the commanding general. General Washington took the Frenchman to view his military camp; when Washington expressed embarrassment at its state and that of the troops, Lafayette responded, "I am here to learn, not to teach." He became a member of Washington's staff, although confusion existed regarding his status. Congress regarded his commission as honorary, while he considered himself a full-fledged commander who would be given control of a division when Washington deemed him prepared. Washington told Lafayette that a division would not be possible as he was of foreign birth, but that he would be happy to hold him in confidence as "friend and father". Brandywine, Valley Forge, and Albany Lafayette's first battle was at Brandywine on 11 September 1777. The British commanding general, General Sir William Howe, planned to take Philadelphia by moving troops south by ship to Chesapeake Bay (rather than the heavily defended Delaware Bay) and bringing them overland to the rebel capital. After the British outflanked the Americans, Washington sent Lafayette to join General John Sullivan. Upon his arrival, Lafayette went with the Third Pennsylvania Brigade, under Brigadier Thomas Conway, and attempted to rally the unit to face the attack. The British and Hessian forces continued to advance with their superior forces, and Lafayette was shot in the leg. During the American retreat, Lafayette rallied the troops, allowing a more orderly pullback, before being treated for his wound. After the battle, Washington cited him for "bravery and military ardour" and recommended him for the command of a division in a letter to Congress, which was hastily evacuating, as the British took Philadelphia later that month. Lafayette returned to the field in November after two months of recuperation in the Moravian settlement of Bethlehem, and received command of the division previously led by Major General Adam Stephen. He assisted General Nathanael Greene in reconnaissance of British positions in New Jersey; with 300 soldiers, he defeated a numerically superior Hessian force in Gloucester, on 24 November 1777. Lafayette stayed at Washington's encampment at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777–78, and shared the hardship of his troops. There, the Board of War, led by Horatio Gates, asked Lafayette to prepare an invasion of Quebec from Albany, New York. When Lafayette arrived in Albany, he found too few men to mount an invasion. He wrote to Washington of the situation, and made plans to return to Valley Forge. Before departing, he recruited the Oneida tribe to the American side. The Oneida referred to Lafayette as Kayewla (fearsome horseman). In Valley Forge, he criticized the board's decision to attempt an invasion of Quebec in winter. The Continental Congress agreed, and Gates left the board. Meanwhile, treaties signed by America and France were made public in March 1778, and France formally recognized American independence. Barren Hill, Monmouth, and Rhode Island Faced with the prospect of French intervention, the British sought to concentrate their land and naval forces in New York City, and they began to evacuate Philadelphia in May 1778. Washington dispatched Lafayette with a 2,200-man force on 18 May to reconnoiter near Barren Hill, Pennsylvania. The next day, the British heard that he had made camp nearby and sent 5,000 men to capture him. General Howe led a further 6,000 soldiers on 20 May and ordered an attack on his left flank. The flank scattered, and Lafayette organized a retreat while the British remained indecisive. To feign numerical superiority, Lafayette ordered men to appear from the woods on an outcropping (now Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania) and to fire upon the British periodically. His troops simultaneously escaped via a sunken road, and he was then able to cross Matson's Ford with the remainder of his force. The British then marched from Philadelphia toward New York. The Continental Army followed and finally attacked at Monmouth Courthouse in central New Jersey. Washington appointed General Charles Lee to lead the attacking force at the Battle of Monmouth, and Lee moved against the British flank on 28 June. However, he gave conflicting orders soon after fighting began, causing chaos in the American ranks. Lafayette sent a message to Washington to urge him to the front; upon his arrival, he found Lee's men in retreat. Washington relieved Lee, took command, and rallied the American force. After suffering significant casualties at Monmouth, the British withdrew in the night and successfully reached New York. The French fleet arrived at Delaware Bay on 8 July 1778 under Admiral d'Estaing, with whom General Washington planned to attack Newport, Rhode Island, the other major British base in the north. Lafayette and General Greene were sent with a 3,000-man force to participate in the attack. Lafayette wanted to control a joint Franco-American force but was rebuffed by the admiral. On 9 August, the American land force attacked the British without consulting d'Estaing. The Americans asked d'Estaing to place his ships in Narragansett Bay, but he refused and sought to defeat the British fleet at sea. The fighting was inconclusive as a storm scattered and damaged both fleets. D'Estaing moved his ships north to Boston for repairs, where it faced an angry demonstration from Bostonians who considered the French departure from Newport to be a desertion. John Hancock and Lafayette were dispatched to calm the situation, and Lafayette then returned to Rhode Island to prepare the retreat made necessary by d'Estaing's departure. For these actions, he was cited by the Continental Congress for "gallantry, skill, and prudence". He wanted to expand the war to fight the British elsewhere in America and even in Europe under the French flag, but he found little interest in his proposals. In October 1778, he requested permission from Washington and Congress to go home on leave. They agreed, with Congress voting to give him a ceremonial sword to be presented to him in France. His departure was delayed by illness, and he sailed for France in January 1779. Return to France Lafayette reached Paris in February 1779 where he was placed under house arrest for eight days for disobeying the king by going to America. This was merely face-saving by Louis XVI; Lafayette was given a hero's welcome and was soon invited to hunt with the king. The American envoy was ill, so Benjamin Franklin's grandson William Temple Franklin presented Lafayette with the gold-encrusted sword commissioned by the Continental Congress. Lafayette pushed for an invasion of Britain, with himself to have a major command in the French forces. Spain was now France's ally against Britain and sent ships to the English Channel in support. The Spanish ships did not arrive until August 1779 and were met by a faster squadron of British ships that the combined French and Spanish fleet could not catch. In September, the invasion was abandoned, and Lafayette turned his hopes toward returning to America. In December 1779, Adrienne gave birth to Georges Washington Lafayette. Lafayette worked with Benjamin Franklin to secure the promise of 6,000 soldiers to be sent to America, commanded by General Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau. Lafayette would resume his position as a major general of American forces, serving as liaison between Rochambeau and Washington, who would be in command of both nations' forces. In March 1780, he departed from Rochefort for America aboard the frigate Hermione, arriving in Boston on 27 April 1780. Second voyage to America On his return, Lafayette found the American cause at a low ebb, rocked by several military defeats, especially in the south. Lafayette was greeted in Boston with enthusiasm, seen as "a knight in shining armor from the chivalric past, come to save the nation". He journeyed southwest and on 10 May 1780 had a joyous reunion with Washington at Morristown, New Jersey. The general and his officers were delighted to hear that the large French force promised to Lafayette would be coming to their aid. Washington, aware of Lafayette's popularity, had him write (with Alexander Hamilton to correct his spelling) to state officials to urge them to provide more troops and provisions to the Continental Army. This bore fruit in the coming months, as Lafayette awaited the arrival of the French fleet. However, when the fleet arrived, there were fewer men and supplies than expected, and Rochambeau decided to wait for reinforcements before seeking battle with the British. This was unsatisfactory to Lafayette, who proposed a grandiose schemes for the taking of New York City and other areas, and Rochambeau briefly refused to receive Lafayette until the young man apologized. Washington counseled the marquis to be patient. That summer Washington placed Lafayette in charge of a division of troops. The marquis spent lavishly on his command, which patrolled Northern New Jersey and adjacent New York State. Lafayette saw no significant action, and in November, Washington disbanded the division, sending the soldiers back to their state regiments. The war continued badly for the Americans, with most battles in the south going against them, and General Benedict Arnold abandoning them for the British side. Lafayette spent the first part of the winter of 1780–81 in Philadelphia, where the American Philosophical Society elected him its first foreign member. Congress asked him to return to France to lobby for more men and supplies, but Lafayette refused, sending letters instead. After the Continental victory at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina in January 1781, Washington ordered Lafayette to re-form his force in Philadelphia and go south to Virginia to link up with troops commanded by Baron von Steuben. The combined force was to try to trap British forces commanded by Benedict Arnold, with French ships preventing his escape by sea. If Lafayette was successful, Arnold was to be summarily hanged. British command of the seas prevented the plan, though Lafayette and a small part of his force (the rest left behind in Annapolis) was able to reach von Steuben in Yorktown, Virginia. Von Steuben sent a plan to Washington, proposing to use land forces and French ships to trap the main British force under Lord Cornwallis. When he received no new orders from Washington, Lafayette began to move his troops north toward Philadelphia, only to be ordered to Virginia to assume military command there. An outraged Lafayette assumed he was being abandoned in a backwater while decisive battles took place elsewhere, and objected to his orders in vain. He also sent letters to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, French ambassador in Philadelphia, describing how ill-supplied his troops were. As Lafayette hoped, la Luzerne sent his letter on to France with a recommendation of massive French aid, which, after being approved by the king, would play a crucial part in the battles to come. Washington, fearing a letter might be captured by the British, could not tell Lafayette that he planned to trap Cornwallis in a decisive campaign. Virginia and Yorktown Lafayette evaded Cornwallis' attempts to capture him in Richmond. In June 1781, Cornwallis received orders from London to proceed to the Chesapeake Bay and to oversee construction of a port, in preparation for an overland attack on Philadelphia. As the British column traveled, Lafayette sent small squads that would appear unexpectedly, attacking the rear guard or foraging parties, and giving the impression that his forces were larger than they were. On 4 July, the British left Williamsburg and prepared to cross the James River. Cornwallis sent only an advance guard to the south side of the river, hiding many of his other troops in the forest on the north side, hoping to ambush Lafayette. On 6 July, Lafayette ordered General "Mad" Anthony Wayne to strike British troops on the north side with roughly 800 soldiers. Wayne found himself vastly outnumbered, and, instead of retreating, led a bayonet charge. The charge bought time for the Americans, and the British did not pursue. The Battle of Green Spring was a victory for Cornwallis, but the American army was bolstered by the display of courage by the men. By August, Cornwallis had established the British at Yorktown, and Lafayette took up position on Malvern Hill, stationing artillery surrounding the British, who were close to the York River, and who had orders to construct fortifications to protect the British ships in Hampton Roads. Lafayette's containment trapped the British when the French fleet arrived and won the Battle of the Virginia Capes, depriving Cornwallis of naval protection. On 14 September 1781, Washington's forces joined Lafayette's. On 28 September, with the French fleet blockading the British, the combined forces laid siege to Yorktown. On 14 October, Lafayette's 400 men on the American right took Redoubt 9 after Alexander Hamilton’s forces had charged Redoubt 10 in hand-to-hand combat. These two redoubts were key to breaking the British defenses. After a failed British counter-attack, Cornwallis surrendered on 19 October 1781. Hero of two worlds Yorktown was the last major land battle of the American Revolution, but the British still held several major port cities. Lafayette wanted to lead expeditions to capture them, but Washington felt that he would be more useful seeking additional naval support from France. Congress appointed him its advisor to America's envoys in Europe, Benjamin Franklin in Paris, John Jay in Madrid, and John Adams in The Hague, instructing them "to communicate and agree on everything with him". Congress also sent Louis XVI an official letter of commendation on the marquis's behalf. Lafayette left Boston for France on 18 December 1781 where he was welcomed as a hero, and he was received at the Palace of Versailles on 22 January 1782. He witnessed the birth of his daughter, whom he named Marie-Antoinette Virginie upon Thomas Jefferson's recommendation. He was promoted to maréchal de camp, skipping numerous ranks, and he was made a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis. He worked on a combined French and Spanish expedition against the British West Indies in 1782, as no formal peace treaty had yet been signed. The Treaty of Paris was signed between Great Britain and the United States in 1783, which made the expedition unnecessary; Lafayette took part in those negotiations. Lafayette worked with Jefferson to establish trade agreements between the United States and France which aimed to reduce America's debt to France. He joined the French abolitionist group Society of the Friends of the Blacks which advocated the end of the slave trade and equal rights for free blacks. He urged the emancipation of slaves and their establishment as tenant farmers in a 1783 letter to Washington, who was a slave owner. Washington declined to free his slaves, though he expressed interest in the young man's ideas, and Lafayette purchased a plantation in French Guiana to house the project. Lafayette visited America in 1784–1785 where he enjoyed an enthusiastic welcome, visiting all the states. The trip included a visit to Washington's farm at Mount Vernon on 17 August. He addressed the Virginia House of Delegates where he called for "liberty of all mankind" and urged emancipation of slaves, and he urged the Pennsylvania Legislature to help form a federal union (the states were then bound by the Articles of Confederation). He visited the Mohawk Valley in New York to participate in peace negotiations with the Iroquois, some of whom he had met in 1778. He received an honorary degree from Harvard University, a portrait of Washington from the city of Boston, and a bust from the state of Virginia. Maryland's legislature honored him by making him and his male heirs "natural born Citizens" of the state, which made him a natural-born citizen of the United States after the 1789 ratification of the Constitution. Lafayette later boasted that he had become an American citizen before the concept of French citizenship existed. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia also granted him citizenship. Lafayette made the Hôtel de La Fayette in Paris's rue de Bourbon an important meeting place for Americans there. Benjamin Franklin, John and Sarah Jay, and John and Abigail Adams met there every Monday and dined in company with Lafayette's family and the liberal nobility, including Clermont-Tonnerre and Madame de Staël. Lafayette continued to work on lowering trade barriers in France to American goods, and on assisting Franklin and Jefferson in seeking treaties of amity and commerce with European nations. He also sought to correct the injustices that Huguenots in France had endured since the revocation of the Edict of Nantes a century before. French Revolution Assembly of Notables and Estates-General On 29 December 1786, King Louis XVI called an Assembly of Notables, in response to France's fiscal crisis. The king appointed Lafayette to the body, which convened on 22 February 1787. In speeches, Lafayette decried those with connections at court who had profited from advance knowledge of government land purchases; he advocated reform. He called for a "truly national assembly", which represented the whole of France. Instead, the king chose to summon an Estates General, to convene in 1789. Lafayette was elected as a representative of the nobility (the Second Estate) from Riom. The Estates General, traditionally, cast one vote for each of the three Estates: clergy, nobility, and commons, meaning the much larger commons was generally outvoted. The Estates General convened on 5 May 1789; debate began on whether the delegates should vote by head or by Estate. If by Estate, then the nobility and clergy would be able to outvote the commons; if by head, then the larger Third Estate could dominate. Before the meeting, as a member of the "Committee of Thirty", Lafayette agitated for voting by head, rather than estate. He could not get a majority of his own Estate to agree, but the clergy was willing to join with the commons, and on the 17th, the group declared itself the National Assembly. The loyalist response was to lock out the group, including Lafayette, while those who had not supported the Assembly met inside. This action led to the Tennis Court Oath, where the excluded members swore not to separate until a constitution was established. The Assembly continued to meet, and on 11 July 1789, Lafayette presented a draft of the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" to the Assembly, written by himself in consultation with Jefferson. The next day, after the dismissal of Finance Minister Jacques Necker (who was seen as a reformer), lawyer Camille Desmoulins assembled between 700 and 1000 armed insurgents. The king had the royal army under the duc de Broglie surround Paris. On 14 July, the fortress known as the Bastille was stormed by the insurgents. National Guard, Versailles, and Day of Daggers On 15 July, Lafayette was acclaimed commander-in-chief of the Parisian National Guard, an armed force established to maintain order under the control of the Assembly military service as well as policing, traffic control, sanitization, lighting, among other matters of local administration. Lafayette proposed the name and the symbol of the group: a blue, white, and red cockade. This combined the red and blue colors of the city of Paris with the royal white, and originated the French tricolor. He faced a difficult task as head of the Guard; the king and many loyalists considered him and his supporters to be little better than revolutionaries, whereas many commoners felt that he was helping the king to keep power via this position. The National Assembly approved the Declaration on 26 August, but the king rejected it on 2 October. Three days later, a Parisian crowd led by women fishmongers marched to Versailles in response to the scarcity of bread. Members of the National Guard followed the march, with Lafayette reluctantly leading them. At Versailles, the king accepted the Assembly's votes on the Declaration, but refused requests to go to Paris, and the crowd broke into the palace at dawn. Lafayette took the royal family onto the palace balcony and attempted to restore order, but the crowd insisted that the king and his family move to Paris and the Tuileries Palace. The king came onto the balcony and the crowd started chanting "Vive le Roi!" Marie Antoinette then appeared with her children, but she was told to send the children back in. She returned alone and people shouted to shoot her, but she stood her ground and no one opened fire. Lafayette kissed her hand, leading to cheers from the crowd. Lafayette would later initiate an investigation within the National Assembly on the now declared October Days, which led to the production of the Procédure Criminelle by Jean-Baptiste-Charles Chabroud, a 688-page document accumulating evidence and analysis on the exact events and procedures of the March on Versailles, hoping to condemn those inciting the mob (in his mind being Mirabeau and the Duc d'Orléans). However, the National Assembly thought condemning two significant revolutionaries would hurt the progress and public reception of the revolutionary administration. As leader of the National Guard, Lafayette attempted to maintain order and steer a middle ground, even as the radicals gained increasing influence. He and Paris' mayor Jean Sylvain Bailly instituted a political club on 12 May 1790 called the Society of 1789 whose intention was to provide balance to the influence of the radical Jacobins. Lafayette helped organize and lead the assembly at the Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790 where he, alongside the National Guard and the king, took the civic oath on the Champs de Mars on 14 July 1790 vowing to "be ever faithful to the nation, to the law, and to the king; to support with our utmost power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly, and accepted by the king." In the eyes of the royalist factions, Lafayette took a large risk holding a largely undisciplined group at the Champs de Mars in fear for the safety of the king, whereas for Jacobins this solidified in their eyes Lafayette's royalist tendencies and an encouragement of the common people's support of the monarchy. Lafayette continued to work for order in the coming months. He and part of the National Guard left the Tuileries on 28 February 1791 to handle a conflict in Vincennes, and hundreds of armed nobles arrived at the Tuileries to defend the king while he was gone. However, there were rumors that these nobles had come to take the king away and place him at the head of a counter-revolution. Lafayette quickly returned to the Tuileries and disarmed the nobles after a brief standoff. The event came to be known as the Day of Daggers, and it boosted Lafayette's popularity with the French people for his quick actions to protect the king. Nonetheless, the royal family were increasingly prisoners in their palace. The National Guard disobeyed Lafayette on 18 April and prevented the king from leaving for Saint-Cloud where he planned to attend Mass. Flight to Varennes A plot known as the Flight to Varennes almost enabled the king to escape from France on 20 June 1791. The king and queen had escaped from the Tuileries Palace, essentially under the watch of Lafayette and the National Guard. Being notified of their escape, Lafayette sent the Guard out in a multitude of directions in order to retrieve the escapee monarchs. Five days later, Lafayette and the National Guard led the royal carriage back into Paris amidst a crowding mob calling for the heads of the monarchs as well as Lafayette. Lafayette had been responsible for the royal family's custody as leader of the National Guard, and he was thus blamed by extremists such as Georges Danton, declaring in a speech directed towards Lafayette "You swore that the king would not leave. Either you sold out your country or you are stupid for having made a promise for a person whom you could not trust…. France can be free without you." He was further called a traitor to the people by Maximilien Robespierre. These accusations made Lafayette appear a royalist, damaged his reputation in the eyes of the public, and strengthened the hands of the Jacobins and other radicals in opposition to him. He continued to urge the constitutional rule of law, but he was drowned out by the mob and its leaders. Champs de Mars massacre Lafayette's public standing continued to decline through the latter half of 1791. The radical Cordeliers organized an event at the Champ de Mars on 17 July to gather signatures on a petition to the National Assembly that it either abolish the monarchy or allow its fate to be decided in a referendum. The assembled crowd was estimated to be anywhere from 10,000 to 50,000 people. The protesters, finding two men hiding under an altar at the event, accused of being either spies or of potentially planting explosives, eventually hung the men from lampposts and placed their heads on the ends of pikes. Lafayette rode into the Champ de Mars at the head of his troops to restore order, but they were met with the throwing of stones from the crowd. Indeed, an assassination attempt was made on Lafayette, however the gunman's pistol misfired at close range. The soldiers began to first fire above the crowd in order to intimidate and disperse them, which only led to retaliation and eventually the death of two volunteer chasseurs. The National Guard was ordered to fire on the crowd, wounding and killing an unknown number of people. Accounts from those close to Lafayette claim that around ten citizens were killed in the event, whereas other accounts propose fifty-four, and the sensational newspaper publisher Jean-Paul Marat claimed over four hundred bodies had been disposed of into the river later that night. Martial law was declared, and the leaders of the mob fled and went into hiding, such as Danton and Marat. Lafayette's reputation among many political clubs decreased dramatically, especially with articles in the press, such as the Revolutions de Paris describing the event at the Champ de Mars as "Men, Women, and Children were massacred on the altar of the nation on the Field of the Federation". Immediately after the massacre, a crowd of rioters attacked Lafayette's home and attempted to harm his wife. The Assembly finalized a constitution in September, and Lafayette resigned from the National Guard in early October, with a semblance of constitutional law restored. Conflict and exile Lafayette returned to his home province of Auvergne in October 1791. France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792, and preparations to invade the Austrian Netherlands (today's Belgium) began. Lafayette, who had been promoted to Lieutenant General on 30 June 1791, received command of one of the three armies, the Army of the Centre, based at Metz, on 14 December 1791. Lafayette did his best to mold inductees and National Guardsmen into a cohesive fighting force, but found that many of his troops were Jacobin sympathizers and hated their superior officers. On 23 April 1792 Robespierre demanded that Lafayette step down. This emotion was common in the army, as demonstrated after the Battle of Marquain, when the routed French troops dragged their commander Théobald Dillon to Lille, where he was torn to pieces by the mob. One of the army commanders, Rochambeau, resigned. Lafayette, along with the third commander, Nicolas Luckner, asked the Assembly to begin peace talks, concerned at what might happen if the troops saw another battle. In June 1792, Lafayette criticized the growing influence of the radicals through a letter to the Assembly from his field post, and ended his letter by calling for their parties to be "closed down by force". He misjudged his timing, for the radicals were in full control in Paris. Lafayette went there, and on 28 June delivered a fiery speech before the Assembly denouncing the Jacobins and other radical groups. He was instead accused of deserting his troops. Lafayette called for volunteers to counteract the Jacobins; when only a few people showed up, he understood the public mood and hastily left Paris. Robespierre called him a traitor and the mob burned him in effigy. He was transferred to command of the Army of the North on 12 July 1792. The 25 July Brunswick Manifesto, which warned that Paris would be destroyed by the Austrians and Prussians if the king was harmed, led to the downfall of Lafayette, and of the royal family. A mob attacked the Tuileries on 10 August, and the king and queen were imprisoned at the Assembly, then taken to the Temple. The Assembly abolished the monarchy—the king and queen would be beheaded in the coming months. On 14 August, the minister of justice, Danton, put out a warrant for Lafayette's arrest. Hoping to travel to the United States, Lafayette entered the Austrian Netherlands. Prisoner Lafayette was taken prisoner by the Austrians near Rochefort when another former French officer, Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy, asked for rights of transit through Austrian territory on behalf of a group of French officers. This was initially granted, as it had been for others fleeing France, but was revoked when the famous Lafayette was recognized. Frederick William II of Prussia, Austria's ally against France, had once received Lafayette, but that was before the French Revolution—the king now saw him as a dangerous fomenter of rebellion, to be interned to prevent him from overthrowing other monarchies. Lafayette was held at Nivelles, then transferred to Luxembourg where a coalition military tribunal declared him, de Pusy, and two others to be prisoners of state for their roles in the Revolution. The tribunal ordered them held until a restored French king could render final judgment on them. On 12 September 1792, pursuant to the tribunal's order, the prisoners were transferred to Prussian custody. The party traveled to the Prussian fortress-city of Wesel, where the Frenchmen remained in verminous individual cells in the central citadel from 19 September to 22 December 1792. When victorious French revolutionary troops began to threaten the Rhineland, King Frederick William II transferred the prisoners east to the citadel at Magdeburg, where they remained an entire year, from 4 January 1793 to 4 January 1794. Frederick William decided that he could gain little by continuing to battle the unexpectedly successful French forces, and that there were easier pickings for his army in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Accordingly, he stopped armed hostilities with the Republic and turned the state prisoners back over to his erstwhile coalition partner, the Habsburg Austrian monarch Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Lafayette and his companions were initially sent to Neisse (today Nysa, Poland) in Silesia. On 17 May 1794, they were taken across the Austrian border, where a military unit was waiting to receive them. The next day, the Austrians delivered their captives to a barracks-prison, formerly a college of the Jesuits, in the fortress-city of Olmütz, Moravia (today Olomouc in the Czech Republic). Lafayette, when captured, had tried to use the American citizenship he had been granted to secure his release, and contacted William Short, United States minister in The Hague. Although Short and other U.S. envoys very much wanted to succor Lafayette for his services to their country, they knew that his status as a French officer took precedence over any claim to American citizenship. Washington, who was by then president, had instructed the envoys to avoid actions that entangled the country in European affairs, and the U.S. did not have diplomatic relations with either Prussia or Austria. They did send money for the use of Lafayette, and for his wife, whom the French had imprisoned. Secretary of State Jefferson found a loophole allowing Lafayette to be paid, with interest, for his services as a major general from 1777 to 1783. An act was rushed through Congress and signed by President Washington. These funds allowed both Lafayettes privileges in their captivity. A more direct means of aiding the former general was an escape attempt sponsored by Alexander Hamilton's sister-in-law Angelica Schuyler Church and her husband John Barker Church, a British Member of Parliament who had served in the Continental Army. They hired as agent a young Hanoverian physician, Justus Erich Bollmann, who acquired an assistant, a South Carolinian medical student named Francis Kinloch Huger. This was the son of Benjamin Huger, whom Lafayette had stayed with upon his first arrival in America. With their help, Lafayette managed to escape from an escorted carriage drive in the countryside outside Olmütz, but he lost his way and was recaptured. Once Adrienne was released from prison in France, she, with the help of U.S. Minister to France James Monroe, obtained passports for her and her daughters from Connecticut, which had granted the entire Lafayette family citizenship. Her son Georges Washington had been smuggled out of France and taken to the United States. Adrienne and her two daughters journeyed to Vienna for an audience with Emperor Francis, who granted permission for the three women to live with Lafayette in captivity. Lafayette, who had endured harsh solitary confinement since his escape attempt a year before, was astounded when soldiers opened his prison door to usher in his wife and daughters on 15 October 1795. The family spent the next two years in confinement together. Through diplomacy, the press, and personal appeals, Lafayette's sympathizers on both sides of the Atlantic made their influence felt, most importantly on the post-Reign of Terror French government. A young, victorious general, Napoleon Bonaparte, negotiated the release of the state prisoners at Olmütz, as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio. Lafayette's captivity of over five years thus came to an end. The Lafayette family and their comrades in captivity left Olmütz under Austrian escort early on the morning of 19 September 1797, crossed the Bohemian-Saxon border north of Prague, and were officially turned over to the American consul in Hamburg on 4 October. From Hamburg, Lafayette sent a note of thanks to General Bonaparte. The French government, the Directory, was unwilling to have Lafayette return unless he swore allegiance, which he was not willing to do, as he believed it had come to power by unconstitutional means. As revenge, it had his remaining properties sold, leaving him a pauper. The family, soon joined by Georges Washington, who had returned from America, recuperated on a property near Hamburg belonging to Adrienne's aunt. Due to conflict between the United States and France, Lafayette could not go to America as he had hoped, making him a man without a country. Adrienne was able to go to Paris, and attempted to secure her husband's repatriation, flattering Bonaparte, who had returned to France after more victories. After Bonaparte's coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), Lafayette used the confusion caused by the change of regime to slip into France with a passport in the name of "Motier". Bonaparte expressed rage, but Adrienne was convinced he was simply posing, and proposed to him that Lafayette would pledge his support, then would retire from public life to a property she had reclaimed, La Grange. France's new ruler allowed Lafayette to remain, though originally without citizenship and subject to summary arrest if he engaged in politics, with the promise of eventual restoration of civil rights. Lafayette remained quietly at La Grange, and when Bonaparte held a memorial service in Paris for Washington, who had died in December 1799, Lafayette, though he had expected to be asked to deliver the eulogy, was not invited, nor was his name mentioned. Retreat from politics Bonaparte restored Lafayette's citizenship on 1 March 1800 and he was able to recover some of his properties. After Marengo, the First Consul offered him the post of French minister to the United States, but Lafayette declined, saying he was too attached to America to act in relation to it as a foreign envoy. In 1802, he was part of the tiny minority that voted no in the referendum that made Bonaparte consul for life. A seat in the Senate and the Legion of Honor were repeatedly offered by Bonaparte, but Lafayette again declined— though stating that he would gladly have accepted the honours from a democratic government. In 1804, Bonaparte was crowned the Emperor Napoleon after a plebiscite in which Lafayette did not participate. The retired general remained relatively quiet, although he made Bastille Day addresses. After the Louisiana Purchase, President Jefferson asked him if he would be interested in the governorship, but Lafayette declined, citing personal problems and his desire to work for liberty in France. During a trip to Auvergne in 1807, Adrienne became ill, suffering from complications stemming from her time in prison. She became delirious but recovered enough on Christmas Eve to gather the family around her bed and to say to Lafayette: "Je suis toute à vous" ("I am all yours"). She died the next day. In the years after her death, Lafayette mostly remained quietly at La Grange, as Napoleon's power in Europe waxed and then waned. Many influential people and members of the public visited him, especially Americans. He wrote many letters, especially to Jefferson, and exchanged gifts as he had once done with Washington. Bourbon restoration In 1814, the coalition that opposed Napoleon invaded France and restored the monarchy; the comte de Provence (brother of the executed Louis XVI) took the throne as Louis XVIII. Lafayette was received by the new king, but the staunch republican opposed the new, highly restrictive franchise for the Chamber of Deputies that granted the vote to only 90,000 men in a nation of 25 million. Lafayette did not stand for election in 1814, remaining at La Grange. There was discontent in France among demobilized soldiers and others. Napoleon had been exiled only as far as Elba, an island in the Tuscan archipelago; seeing an opportunity, he landed at Cannes on 1 March 1815 with a few hundred followers. Frenchmen flocked to his banner, and he took Paris later that month, causing Louis to flee to Ghent. Lafayette refused Napoleon's call to serve in the new government, but accepted election to the new Chamber of Representatives under the Charter of 1815. There, after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, Lafayette called for his abdication. Responding to the emperor's brother Lucien, Lafayette argued: By what right do you dare accuse the nation of ... want of perseverance in the emperor's interest? The nation has followed him on the fields of Italy, across the sands of Egypt and the plains of Germany, across the frozen deserts of Russia. ... The nation has followed him in fifty battles, in his defeats and in his victories, and in doing so we have to mourn the blood of three million Frenchmen. On 22 June 1815, four days after Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated. Lafayette arranged for the former emperor's passage to America, but the British prevented this, and Napoleon ended his days on the island of Saint Helena. The Chamber of Representatives, before it dissolved, appointed Lafayette to a peace commission that was ignored by the victorious allies who occupied much of France, with the Prussians taking over La Grange as a headquarters. Once the Prussians left in late 1815, Lafayette returned to his house, a private citizen again. Lafayette's homes, both in Paris and at La Grange, were open to any Americans who wished to meet the hero of their Revolution, and to many other people besides. Among those whom Irish novelist Sydney, Lady Morgan met at table during her month-long stay at La Grange in 1818 were the Dutch painter Ary Scheffer and the historian Augustin Thierry, who sat alongside American tourists. Others who visited included philosopher Jeremy Bentham, American scholar George Ticknor, and writer Fanny Wright. During the first decade of the Bourbon Restoration, Lafayette lent his support to a number of conspiracies in France and other European countries, all of which came to nothing. He was involved in the various Charbonnier plots, and agreed to go to the city of Belfort, where there was a garrison of French troops, and assume a major role in the revolutionary government. Warned that the royal government had found out about the conspiracy, he turned back on the road to Belfort, avoiding overt involvement. More successfully, he supported the Greek Revolution beginning in 1821, and by letter attempted to persuade American officials to ally with the Greeks. Louis' government considered arresting both Lafayette and Georges Washington, who was also involved in the Greek efforts, but were wary of the political ramifications if they did. Lafayette remained a member of the restored Chamber of Deputies until 1823, when new plural voting rules helped defeat his bid for re-election. Grand tour of the United States President James Monroe and Congress invited Lafayette to visit the United States in 1824, in part to celebrate the nation's upcoming 50th anniversary. Monroe intended to have Lafayette travel on an American warship, but Lafayette felt that having such a vessel as transport was undemocratic and booked passage on the merchant packet . Louis XVIII did not approve of the trip and had troops disperse the crowd that gathered at Le Havre to see him off. Lafayette arrived at New York on 15 August 1824, accompanied by his son Georges Washington and his secretary Auguste Levasseur. He was greeted by a group of Revolutionary War veterans who had fought alongside him many years before. New York erupted for four continuous days and nights of celebration. He then departed for what he thought would be a restful trip to Boston but instead found the route lined by cheering citizens, with welcomes organized in every town along the way. According to Unger, "It was a mystical experience they would relate to their heirs through generations to come. Lafayette had materialized from a distant age, the last leader and hero at the nation's defining moment. They knew they and the world would never see his kind again." New York, Boston, and Philadelphia did their best to outdo one another in the celebrations honoring Lafayette. Philadelphia renovated the Old State House (today Independence Hall) which might otherwise have been torn down, because they needed a location for a reception for him. Until that point, it had not been usual in the United States to build monuments, but Lafayette's visit set off a wave of construction—usually with him laying the cornerstone himself, in his capacity as mason. The arts benefited by his visit, as well, as many cities commissioned portraits for their civic buildings, and the likenesses were seen on innumerable souvenirs. Lafayette had intended to visit only the original 13 states during a four-month visit, but the stay stretched to 16 months as he visited all 24 states. The towns and cities that he visited gave him enthusiastic welcomes, including Fayetteville, North Carolina, the first city named in his honor. He visited the capital in Washington City, and was surprised by the simple clothing worn by President Monroe and the lack of any guards around the White House. He went to Mount Vernon in Virginia as he had 40 years before, this time viewing Washington's grave. He was at Yorktown on 19 October 1824 for the anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender, then journeyed to Monticello to meet with his old friend Jefferson—and Jefferson's successor James Madison, who arrived unexpectedly. He had also dined with 89-year-old John Adams, the other living former president, at Peacefield, his home near Boston. With the roads becoming impassable, Lafayette stayed in Washington City for the winter of 1824–25, and thus was there for the climax of the hotly contested 1824 election in which no presidential candidate was able to secure a majority of the Electoral College, throwing the decision to the House of Representatives. On 9 February 1825, the House selected Secretary of State John Quincy Adams as president; that evening, runner-up General Andrew Jackson shook hands with Adams at the White House as Lafayette looked on. In March 1825, Lafayette began to tour the southern and western states. The general pattern of the trip was that he would be escorted between cities by the state militia, and he would enter each town through specially constructed arches to be welcomed by local politicians or dignitaries, all eager to be seen with him. There would be special events, visits to battlefields and historic sites, celebratory dinners, and time set aside for the public to meet the legendary hero of the Revolution. Lafayette visited General Jackson at his home The Hermitage in Tennessee. He was traveling up the Ohio River by steamboat when the vessel sank beneath him, and he was put in a lifeboat by his son and secretary, then taken to the Kentucky shore and rescued by another steamboat that was going in the other direction. Its captain insisted on turning around, however, and taking Lafayette to Louisville, Kentucky. From there, he went generally northeast, viewing Niagara Falls and taking the Erie Canal to Albany, considered a modern marvel. He laid the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill Monument in Massachusetts in June 1825 after hearing an oration by Daniel Webster. He also took some soil from Bunker Hill to be sprinkled on his grave. After Bunker Hill, Lafayette went to Maine and Vermont, thus visiting all of the states. He met again with John Adams, then went back to New York and then to Brooklyn, where he laid the cornerstone for its public library. He celebrated his 68th birthday on 6 September at a reception with President John Quincy Adams at the White House, and departed the next day. He took gifts with him, besides the soil to be placed on his grave. Congress had voted him $200,000 (equal to $ today) in gratitude for his services to the country at President Monroe's request, along with a large tract of public lands in Florida. He returned to France aboard a ship that was originally called the Susquehanna but was renamed the USS Brandywine in honor of the battle where he shed his blood for the United States. Revolution of 1830 When Lafayette arrived in France, Louis XVIII had been dead about a year and Charles X was on the throne. As king, Charles intended to restore the absolute rule of the monarch, and his decrees had already prompted protest by the time Lafayette arrived. Lafayette was the most prominent of those who opposed the king. In the elections of 1827, the 70-year-old Lafayette was elected to the Chamber of Deputies again. Unhappy at the outcome, Charles dissolved the Chamber, and ordered a new election: Lafayette again won his seat. Lafayette remained outspoken against Charles' restrictions on civil liberties and the newly introduced censorship of the press. He made fiery speeches in the Chamber, denouncing the new decrees and advocating American-style representative government. He hosted dinners at La Grange, for Americans, Frenchmen, and others; all came to hear his speeches on politics, freedom, rights, and liberty. He was popular enough that Charles felt he could not be safely arrested, but Charles' spies were thorough: one government agent noted "his [Lafayette's] seditious toasts ... in honor of American liberty". On 25 July 1830, the king signed the Ordinances of Saint-Cloud, removing the franchise from the middle class and dissolving the Chamber of Deputies. The decrees were published the following day. On 27 July, Parisians erected barricades throughout the city, and riots erupted. In defiance, the Chamber continued to meet. When Lafayette, who was at La Grange, heard what was going on, he raced into the city, and was acclaimed as a leader of the revolution. When his fellow deputies were indecisive, Lafayette went to the barricades, and soon the royalist troops were routed. Fearful that the excesses of the 1789 revolution were about to be repeated, deputies made Lafayette head of a restored National Guard, and charged him with keeping order. The Chamber was willing to proclaim him as ruler, but he refused a grant of power he deemed unconstitutional. He also refused to deal with Charles, who abdicated on 2 August. Many young revolutionaries sought a republic, but Lafayette felt this would lead to civil war, and chose to offer the throne to the duc d'Orleans, Louis-Philippe, who had lived in America and had far more of a common touch than did Charles. Lafayette secured the agreement of Louis-Philippe, who accepted the throne, to various reforms. The general remained as commander of the National Guard. This did not last long—the brief concord at the king's accession soon faded, and the conservative majority in the Chamber voted to abolish Lafayette's National Guard post on 24 December 1830. Lafayette went back into retirement, expressing his willingness to do so. Final years and death Lafayette grew increasingly disillusioned with Louis-Phillippe, who backtracked on reforms and denied his promises to make them. The retired general angrily broke with his king, a breach which widened when the government used force to suppress a strike in Lyon. Lafayette used his seat in the Chamber to promote liberal proposals, and his neighbors elected him mayor of the village of La Grange and to the council of the département of Seine-et-Marne in 1831. The following year, he served as a pallbearer and spoke at the funeral of General Jean Maximilien Lamarque, another opponent of Louis-Phillippe. He pleaded for calm, but there were riots in the streets and a barricade was erected at the Place de la Bastille. The king forcefully crushed this June Rebellion, to Lafayette's outrage. He returned to La Grange until the Chamber met in November 1832, when he condemned Louis-Phillippe for introducing censorship, as Charles X had. Lafayette spoke publicly for the last time in the Chamber of Deputies on 3 January 1834. The next month, he collapsed at a funeral from pneumonia. He recovered, but the following May was wet, and he became bedridden after being caught in a thunderstorm. He died at age 76 on 20 May 1834 on 6 rue d'Anjou-Saint-Honoré in Paris (now 8 rue d'Anjou in the 8th arrondissement of Paris). He was buried next to his wife at the Picpus Cemetery under soil from Bunker Hill, which his son Georges Washington sprinkled upon him. King Louis-Philippe ordered a military funeral in order to keep the public from attending, and crowds formed to protest their exclusion. In the United States, President Jackson ordered that Lafayette receive the same memorial honors that had been bestowed on Washington at his death in December 1799. Both Houses of Congress were draped in black bunting for 30 days, and members wore mourning badges. Congress urged Americans to follow similar mourning practices. Later that year, former president John Quincy Adams gave a eulogy of Lafayette that lasted three hours, calling him "high on the list of the pure and disinterested benefactors of mankind". Beliefs Lafayette was a firm believer in a constitutional monarchy. He believed that traditional and revolutionary ideals could be melded together by having a democratic National Assembly work with a monarch, as France always had. His close relationships to American Founding Fathers such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson gave him the ability to witness the implementation of a democratic system. His views on potential government structures for France were directly influenced by the American form of government, which was in turn influenced by the British form of government. For example, Lafayette believed in a bicameral legislature, as the United States had. The Jacobins detested the idea of a monarchy in France, which led the National Assembly to vote against it. This idea contributed to his fall from favor, especially when Maximilien Robespierre took power. Lafayette was the author of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 and a staunch opponent of slavery. His work never specifically mentioned slavery, but he made his position clear on the controversial topic through letters addressed to friends and colleagues such as Washington and Jefferson. He proposed that slaves not be owned but rather work as free tenants on the land of plantation owners, and he bought a plantation in the French colony of Cayenne in 1785 to put his ideas into practice, ordering that no slaves be bought or sold. He spent his lifetime as an abolitionist, proposing that slaves be emancipated slowly and recognizing the crucial role that slavery played in many economies. Lafayette hoped that his ideas would be adopted by Washington to free slaves in the United States and spread from there. Washington eventually began implementing those practices on his own plantation in Mount Vernon, but he kept slaves until the day he died. In a letter to Matthew Clarkson, the Mayor of Philadelphia, Lafayette wrote, "I would never have drawn my sword in the cause of America, if I could have conceived that thereby I was founding a land of Slavery." Assessment Throughout his life, Lafayette was an exponent of the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, especially on human rights and civic nationalism, and his views were taken very seriously by intellectuals and others on both sides of the Atlantic. His image in the United States was derived from his "disinterestedness" in fighting without pay for the freedom of a country that was not his own. Samuel Adams praised him for "foregoing the pleasures of Enjoyment of domestick Life and exposing himself to the Hardship and Dangers" of war when he fought "in the glorious cause of freedom". This view was shared by many contemporaries, establishing an image of Lafayette seeking to advance the freedom of all mankind rather than the interests of just one nation. During the French Revolution, Americans viewed him as an advocate for American ideals, seeking to transport them from New World to Old. This was reinforced by his position as surrogate son and disciple of George Washington, who was deemed the Father of His Country and the embodiment of American ideals. Novelist James Fenimore Cooper befriended Lafayette during his time in Paris in the 1820s. He admired his patrician liberalism and eulogized him as a man who "dedicated youth, person, and fortune to the principles of liberty." Lafayette became an American icon in part because he was not associated with any particular region of the country; he was of foreign birth, did not live in America, and had fought in New England, the mid-Atlantic states, and the South, making him a unifying figure. His role in the French Revolution enhanced this popularity, as Americans saw him steering a middle course. Americans were naturally sympathetic to a republican cause, but also remembered Louis XVI as an early friend of the United States. When Lafayette fell from power in 1792, Americans tended to blame factionalism for the ouster of a man who was above such things in their eyes. In 1824, Lafayette returned to the United States at a time when Americans were questioning the success of the republic in view of the disastrous economic Panic of 1819 and the sectional conflict resulting in the Missouri Compromise. Lafayette's hosts considered him a judge of how successful independence had become. According to cultural historian Lloyd Kramer, Lafayette "provided foreign confirmations of the self-image that shaped America's national identity in the early nineteenth century and that has remained a dominant theme in the national ideology ever since: the belief that America's Founding Fathers, institutions, and freedom created the most democratic, egalitarian, and prosperous society in the world". Historian Gilbert Chinard wrote in 1936: "Lafayette became a legendary figure and a symbol so early in his life, and successive generations have so willingly accepted the myth, that any attempt to deprive the young hero of his republican halo will probably be considered as little short of iconoclastic and sacrilegious." That legend has been used politically; the name and image of Lafayette were repeatedly invoked in 1917 to gain popular support for America's entry into World War I, culminating with Charles E. Stanton's famous statement "Lafayette, we are here". This occurred at some cost to Lafayette's image in America; veterans returned from the front singing "We've paid our debt to Lafayette, who the hell do we owe now?" According to Anne C. Loveland, "Lafayette no longer served as a national hero-symbol" by the end of the war. In 2002, however, Congress voted to grant him honorary citizenship. Lafayette's reputation in France is more problematic. Thomas Gaines notes that the response to Lafayette's death was far more muted in France than in America, and suggested that this may have been because Lafayette was the last surviving hero of America's only revolution, whereas the changes in the French government had been far more chaotic. Lafayette's roles created a more nuanced picture of him in French historiography, especially in the French Revolution. 19th-century historian Jules Michelet describes him as a "mediocre idol", lifted by the mob far beyond what his talents deserved. Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard, and Alfred Fierro note Napoleon's deathbed comment about Lafayette in their Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française; he stated that "the king would still be sitting on his throne" if Napoleon had Lafayette's place during the French Revolution. They deemed Lafayette "an empty-headed political dwarf" and "one of the people most responsible for the destruction of the French monarchy". Gaines disagreed and noted that liberal and Marxist historians have also dissented from that view. Lloyd Kramer related 57 percent of the French deemed Lafayette the figure from the Revolution whom they most admired, in a survey taken just before the Revolution's bicentennial in 1989. Lafayette "clearly had more French supporters in the early 1990s than he could muster in the early 1790s". Marc Leepson concluded his study of Lafayette's life: See also List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette LaFayette Motors Hermione (2014), a replica of the Hermione of 1779, currently in service Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution, a 2021 biography Notes References Works cited Wright, Esmond. "Lafayette: Hero of two worlds" History Today (Oct 1957) 7#10 pp 653–661. Further reading Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered (Vintage, 2014). Print. Vowell, Sarah. Lafayette in the Somewhat United States (Riverhead, 2015). Print. External links Société des Cincinnati de France, site of the French Society of the Cincinnati French Founding Father at the New-York Historical Society The Cornell University Library Lafayette Collection The Marquis de Lafayette collection, Cleveland State University Lafayette College, The Marquis de Lafayette Collections Marquis de Lafayette Collection, Library of Congress Martha Joanna Lamb, Lafayette letters from prison, The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, pp. 353–376 "Lafayette Triumphant: His 1824–1825 Tour and Reception in the United States" Thomas Jefferson Letter, 30 November 1813 From the Collections at the Library of Congress Lafayette Family papers at the University of Maryland Libraries 1757 births 1834 deaths 19th-century heads of state of France People from Haute-Loire People from Auvergne French marquesses Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Members of the National Constituent Assembly (France) Members of the Chamber of Representatives (France) Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy Peace commissioners of the French Provisional Government of 1815 Mayors of places in Île-de-France French generals Continental Army generals Carbonari French Freemasons French abolitionists French anti–death penalty activists Occitan people House of Noailles University of Paris alumni Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the American Philosophical Society Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars French prisoners of war in the 18th century People of the French Revolution French philhellenes Knights of the Order of Saint Louis Legion of Honour refusals Burials at Picpus Cemetery Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration) Musketeers of the Guard Founding Fathers of the United States People of the War of the First Coalition
Montu is an inverted roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. Designed by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard, it is the park's second roller coaster designed by that company following the success of Kumba, which opened 3 years prior. When the ride opened on May 16, 1996, it was the world's tallest and fastest inverted roller coaster, a title it has since conceded to Alpengeist at sister park Busch Gardens Williamsburg. The ride stands tall and reaches speeds of . History The concept of an inverted roller coaster with inversions was developed by Jim Wintrode, the general manager of Six Flags Great America, in the early 1990s. To develop the idea, Wintrode worked with Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard—from Swiss roller coaster manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard—and engineer Robert Mampe to develop Batman: The Ride which opened in May 1992. In early 1995, planning began for Montu, fourteen months prior to the ride opening to the public. The owners of Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, Busch Entertainment (since renamed SeaWorld Entertainment), entered into an agreement with Bolliger and Mabillard which would see them add Montu to Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 1996, followed in 1997 by the additions of Alpengeist at Busch Gardens Williamsburg and The Great White at SeaWorld San Antonio. On August 23, 1995, Busch Gardens Tampa announced that they would be getting a new Egypt section. The area would cover of land and feature a few attractions, including Tut's Tomb and the centerpiece attraction being a new Bolliger & Mabillard inverted roller coaster. It would be the first inverted roller coaster to feature seven inversions, as well as being the first roller coaster to feature an Immelmann loop. Besides this, the ride would be the first Bolliger & Mabillard coaster to feature a boomerang element, which debuted on Orient Express at Worlds of Fun in 1980. The Egypt section would be the largest and most expensive investment in Busch Gardens Tampa's history. On October 30, the park announced that they would be naming their new coaster Montu. On May 16, 1996, Montu officially opened to the public. At the time of its opening to the public, the ride was the tallest and fastest inverted roller coaster in the world. For the 2022 season, Montu was repainted with a darker navy blue track and yellow supports. Characteristics The Montu stands tall, and has a drop of With a top speed of , the ride features seven inversions including two vertical loops measuring , respectively, a Immelmann loop, a zero-g roll, a batwing and a corkscrew. It has the most inversions on an inverted coaster, tied with Banshee at Kings Island. Riders experience up to 3.8 times the force of gravity on the 3 minute ride. Montu operates with three steel and fiberglass trains, each containing eight cars, each sitting 4 riders in per row for a total of 32 riders per train. Montu was launched alongside Busch Gardens Tampa Bay's Egypt section of the park, which reportedly cost approximately US$20 million. With an overall theme around Egyptian mythology, the ride is named after the god of war Montu, a man depicted with the head of a hawk. When the ride was first launched, a Nile crocodile exhibit was located underneath the first turn out of the station. These animals were later relocated to the park's main animal habitat. Ride experience Queue Guests enter an Egyptian temple, where the queue takes place. The queue begins with a large outdoor area with switchbacks. There is an extended queue area with multiple pathways and a viewing area of the ride. Following this, guests navigate through a corridor. They enter another area containing Egyptian murals on the walls. Guests then enter the station where they board the ride. An extra switchback section can be occasionally used to access the front seat. Layout The ride begins with the floor retracting which leads to the front gate opening. The trains leaves the station with a small dip and turnaround out of the station tracking towards the chain lift hill. Once at the top, riders twist down a left-handed drop and into a vertical loop, reaching speeds of up to . Following the vertical loop, the track passes through a tunnel and zooms into a tall Immelmann loop, providing a footchopper element with the pylon. After completing the Immelmann, the train goes through a zero-g roll, where riders experience a feeling of weightlessness. Following the zero-g roll, the track hits a batwing, entering a trench at the valley between the two inversions. Leaving the batwing, the track rises up in to the mid-course brake run. Following the second brake run, the track makes a dive to the right into a trench where it hits a vertical loop. The track then exits the trench, making a three-quarter clockwise turn. After passing under the zero-g roll, the track makes a left hand turn over the first vertical loop's exit and dives into another trench to hit a corkscrew, before making another right turn onto the final brake run. Reception Montu has generally been well received. Tom Buckingham of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune commended the ride, giving kudos to the park "for designing its monster rides so that wait times put Disney to shame". He stated "you'll generally be on the ride and screaming" before riders get a chance to change their mind. Sabrina Rojas Weiss of the Lakeland Ledger stated "the way this ride twisted my body upside-down and sideways seriously confused my senses". The Los Angeles Times put the ride on their "high rollers" list of new roller coasters for 1996. In 2012, Montu was featured on the Travel Channel TV series Insane Coaster Wars in the "Hang 'em High" category. Although the ride lost out to Aftershock at Silverwood Theme Park, Theme Park Review's Robb Alvey believed Montu would beat the competition which also included SeaWorld Orlando's Manta and Busch Gardens Williamsburg's Alpengeist. In Amusement Todays annual Golden Ticket Awards, Montu has consistently ranked highly. Montu is also one of only seven roller coasters to appear in the top 50 for all 15 years. It debuted at position 3 in 1998, before rising to position 2 the following year. References External links Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Roller coasters in Florida Inverted roller coasters Roller coasters in Tampa, Florida Roller coasters introduced in 1996 Roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard Steel roller coasters 1996 establishments in Florida Inverted roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard
Cregya is a genus of checkered beetles in the family Cleridae. There are over 100 described species in Cregya. Selected species Cregya mixta (LeConte, 1866) Cregya oculata (Say, 1835) Cregya quadrinotata (Chevrolat, 1874) Cregya quadrisignata (Spinola, 1844) References Cleridae
Tavern Club may refer to: Tavern Club (Boston, Massachusetts), a private club Tavern Club (Cleveland, Ohio), listed on the National Register of Historic Places Tavern Club, a social club that was on Michigan Avenue in Chicago
Marco Brown (c. 1927/1928 – 11 August 2022) was a Jamaican politician. Biography Brown served as a member of the Parliament of Jamaica for Saint James Southern from 1980 to 1989, representing the Jamaica Labour Party. He also served as Minister of Tourism from 1980 to 1983. Brown died from COVID-19, at the age of 94. References 1920s births 2022 deaths Year of birth uncertain Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica Tourism ministers of Jamaica People from Saint James Parish, Jamaica Members of the House of Representatives of Jamaica Jamaica Labour Party politicians 20th-century Jamaican politicians
XHGTO-FM/XEGTO-AM is a combo AM/FM radio station in Guanajuato City, Guanajuato, Mexico. History XEGTO received its first concession on November 21, 1947. It was initially known as XEWZ, owned by La Voz de Guanajuato, S.A. and broadcasting on 600 kHz. By the 1960s, it had been sold to Jorge Zuñiga Campos. In the 1990s, the station moved to 590, added an FM counterpart and was sold to Radiorama. The FM combo originally broadcast on 103.9 MHz. Until 2015, this station carried a format known as Tu Recuerdo, which moved to XHVLO-FM 101.5. At that time, the Éxtasis Digital format that had been airing on XHVLO moved to XHGTO. On March 2, 2018, it was announced Éxtasis Digital would cease operations after 24 years on the air. While it was announced that Éxtasis Digital would go silent at 10 AM on March 3, it was another two days before any changes occurred. The announcement also coincided with other station closure announcements made by Radiorama Bajío. On March 5, it was replaced with Multimedios's Hits FM pop format as part of Multimedios Radio's takeover of half of the Radiorama Bajío cluster. The change was undone when Multimedios stopped leasing several stations from Radiorama on August 1, 2020. References Radio stations in Guanajuato Guanajuato City
Chkhorotsqu (, Mingrelian for "nine springs") is a townlet in western Georgia, located in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti and functioning as the administrative center of the homonymous district. Its population was 3,141 as of 2014 (including over 1,500 IDPs from breakaway Abkhazia). Notable residents Gogita Gogua, footballer See also Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti References External links . Ministry of Culture, Monuments Protection and Sport of Georgia Nature and culture of Chkhorotsku. Municipality of Chkhorotsku Cities and towns in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Kutaisi Governorate
Dee Bradley Baker (born August 31, 1962) is an American voice actor. His work consists mostly of vocalizations of animals and monsters. Baker's roles include animated series such as SpongeBob SquarePants, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Codename: Kids Next Door, Gravity Falls, Steven Universe, Phineas and Ferb, Ben 10, The Legend of Korra, The 7D, and American Dad! His voice work in live-action series includes Legends of the Hidden Temple and Shop 'til You Drop, as well as films such as Space Jam and The Boxtrolls. Baker has also voiced characters in video games such as Halo, Gears of War, Viewtiful Joe, Spore, Destiny, and Overwatch. He is especially known for his work on various Star Wars television series, mainly as the voice of Captain Rex and other clone troopers in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Star Wars: Rebels, and Star Wars: The Bad Batch. Early life Baker was born in Bloomington, Indiana, on August 31, 1962 and grew up in Greeley, Colorado. He started performing at the age of nine and steadily worked in musicals, operas, plays, and stand-up comedy. As a child, he was a fan of Star Trek, Star Wars, Planet of the Apes, and the music of Frank Zappa; he also had an interest in insects, arthropods, and dinosaurs. He graduated from University High School in 1981 and received a Boettcher Scholarship. Baker attended Colorado College in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he studied philosophy, biology, fine arts, and German, the last of which he studied overseas for a year at the University of Göttingen. He was involved in local theater productions and singing groups. After graduating with a BA in philosophy in 1986, he was involved in many community theater projects, including a sketch comedy movie that aired on local public television. Career Legends of the Hidden Temple In 1989, Baker moved to Orlando, Florida, where he worked on an improv sketch comedy show titled The Anacomical Players at EPCOT Center's Wonders of Life pavilion and joined various projects for Disney and Universal Studios. His first major experience on national television was on the Nickelodeon game show Legends of the Hidden Temple from 1993 to 1995, where he was not only the announcer, but also the giant talking rock-god Olmec. He portrayed Olmec with a "big, booming, loud, god-like voice". During parts of the show, he would narrate a legend, and then ask the kid contestants related trivia questions. The show lasted three seasons and 120 episodes. When host Kirk Fogg moved to Los Angeles, he was encouraged to move there as well. In 2016, he and Fogg reprised their roles for a live action television movie adaptation of the show. He reprised his role of Olmec again when Legends was revived in 2021 on The CW. Early voice acting career Baker moved to Southern California about a year before the 1994 Northridge earthquake. He got involved in voice-over work; his first major character was Cow & Chicken's dad in the Cow & Chicken and I Am Weasel cartoons. His first feature film voice-over was on the basketball-themed Looney Tunes film Space Jam where he voiced Daffy Duck, Taz and Toro. He did voice work for various episodic and recurring cartoon characters in The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, Johnny Bravo, Dexter's Laboratory, SpongeBob SquarePants, and The Powerpuff Girls. He voiced starring characters Og in Mike, Lu & Og and Bagheera in the second season of Jungle Cubs. In 2001, he added voice roles for Sanjay, Binky and other characters for The Fairly OddParents and co-starred as Mandy's father on Billy and Mandy. He had a lead role as Numbuh 4 in Codename: Kids Next Door. On the live-action front, he became the co-host and announcer for the game show Shop 'til You Drop which spanned several hundred episodes when it resumed broadcasting on the Family Channel and on the Pax television network, until a series retool in 2003; it was produced by Stone Stanley Entertainment, which had earlier co-produced Legends of the Hidden Temple. He also had an on-screen recurring role as Phil Berg in the Nickelodeon sitcom series The Journey of Allen Strange where he plays a crazed journalist who tries to expose Allen's identity as a space alien. Animal and creature characterizations Starting with gigs on The Wild Thornberrys, he voiced an assortment of animal characters, which would become one of his specialties. He voiced Pig George in the live action animal film My Brother the Pig. Baker has also been involved with television shows for younger children including: Dora the Explorer where he provided animal sounds; Mickey Mouse Clubhouse where he voices Boo Boo Chicken; Curious George where he voices Gnocchi; My Friends Tigger & Pooh where he voices Buster the dog and Jake and the Neverland Pirates (airing on Disney Junior) where he voices Tick-Tock the crocodile. In Avatar: The Last Airbender where he voiced the creatures Appa and Momo and would soon voice many other creatures in the series as well as its sequel, The Legend of Korra, where he voices Naga, Pabu and Oogi. He voiced in the American Dragon: Jake Long and Ben 10 series, the latter of which he voiced many alien creatures such as Stinkfly and Wildmutt, as well as some of the transformations. He also voiced in the Ben 10 sequels such as Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien and Ben 10: Omniverse, as well as its live-action adaptations and the show's reboot. Derrick J. Wyatt, who was the art director for Omniverse, noted that they had to allow other voice actors to do some of the aliens in the later series because Baker was doing almost all of them and some of the characters were putting a strain on his throat. Outside of television, he provided the voice of Captain Jack Sparrow's talking parrot in the refurbished Pirates of the Caribbean rides at Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom. In 2007, Baker got the role of Perry the Platypus in the Disney series Phineas and Ferb. At the San Diego Comic-Con 2013 panel, Baker mentioned that when he auditioned, he was asked to provide three different creature sounds, regardless of whether it actually sounded like a platypus, of which one was selected as Perry's characteristic sound. Perry has become a breakout character for the series, with Baker appearing at multiple Comic-Con panels for the show. In 2014, Perry was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Best Animal Sidekick. Coincidentally, another one of Baker's voiced characters, Waddles the pet pig in Gravity Falls, was nominated for the same category. Further animation voice-over work In 2005, Baker landed a role as Klaus Heisler, an Olympic ski jumper from Germany who was body-swapped into a goldfish, in the primetime cartoon sitcom American Dad! The series has run for over 15 seasons on Fox and TBS. In an interview with Pop Break, Baker said that he liked playing Klaus because he loves the German language, the part was well written, and it is not stressful on his voice. He compared the rehearsals to being on The Carol Burnett Show. He participated in American Dad panels at San Diego Comic-Con 2010 2012, and 2014; and the New York Comic Con in 2014. In 2017, he received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance for Klaus in the episode "Fight or Flight". His voicing of council member Tarrlok in Korra garnered a nomination for the Behind the Voice Actors (BTVA) Voice Acting Award in 2012. In addition to television shows, Baker voiced characters in many animated and live action animation films, including some of the classic ghost monsters in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, and Maurice in Happy Feet. He also had roles in the Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated TV series and its direct-to-video releases. Baker was involved in the Star Wars: The Clone Wars film released in 2008 and its television series afterwards which ran for seven seasons. He provided the voices for not only the characters Captain Rex and Commander Cody, but also all the supporting clone troopers, the last of which he received an Annie Award nomination for Voice Acting in a Television Production in 2012. He has also reprised the role of Captain Rex in Star Wars Rebels, beginning with its second season. He also provided the voice of Boba Fett for Star Tours – The Adventures Continue. In the 2011 Family Guy episode "It's a Trap!", a parody of the Star Wars film Return of the Jedi, he voiced Klaus as Admiral Ackbar. In 2021, he reprised the role of the clones in the Clone Wars spin-off The Bad Batch, including the titular group of experimental clones. In 2023, he was announced as a voice actor in the Star Wars Outlaws video game, playing Nix, Kay Vess's loyal companion. Video games, more voice acting, and other projects In the video game world, Baker reprised his roles in Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon's multitude of show-related game releases. He also voiced Gravemind in Halo 2 and Halo 3, and the title character Joe in the Viewtiful Joe series released from 2003 to 2005. He provided the creature sounds for the Spore video game which allows players to create and evolve their own creatures. At San Diego Comic-Con 2008's opening night, he was a featured performer at the Video Games Live concert, where he voiced characters from Gears of War and other series. He provided voices for two Blizzard Entertainment characters – Murky, a baby murloc in Heroes of the Storm, and Hammond, a genetically engineered hamster in Overwatch. He is also the voice of the Death in Dante's Inferno, released in 2010, and Atlas and P-body in Portal 2, released in 2011. In 2014, Baker continued participating in American Dad, Gravity Falls, and a fourth season of The Legend of Korra. He voiced Dopey in the Disney XD series The 7D; and Fish, Wheels and Bucket in The Boxtrolls film, in which he was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Fish. In the Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham video game, he voiced Brainiac. He voiced George Clooney and his dog in "The Animated Episode" of the TV Land series Hot in Cleveland. In 2020, he voiced the hero Leef in Rocket Arena. Baker has appeared on various panels at Comic-Con and other conventions where he talks about voice acting in general. He also created a website called IWantToBeAVoiceActor.com, where he answers frequently-asked questions about voice acting and gives advice. The site has been cited by fellow voice actors Steven Blum and Rob Paulsen as a valuable resource for getting into voice acting. Filmography Personal life Baker met his wife when they were doing children's theatre at the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. They married in 1990, and have two daughters. They live in Los Angeles. Outside of voice acting, Baker enjoys photography, mostly taking pictures of small flowers and insects. He is fluent in German. References Book references External links – Baker's voice-over advice site. 1962 births Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American puppeteers Animal impersonators Cartoon Network people Disney people Colorado College alumni Game show announcers Male actors from Colorado Male actors from Indiana Male actors from Los Angeles Nickelodeon people People from Bloomington, Indiana People from Greeley, Colorado University of Göttingen alumni
William Langham Christie (31 May 1830 – 28 November 1913) of Glyndebourne, Sussex, and Tapeley, North Devon, was a British Conservative Party politician. He was the son of Langham Christie, who had inherited Glyndebourne, the Sussex country house now famous for its music festival, after paying off a rival family claimant. William succeeded his father in 1861. William was the grandson of Daniel Beat Christin, a Swiss of obscure origins who anglicised his surname to Christie on entering the service of the East India Company and who retired to England in the 1780s having made a sudden fortune and an advantageous marriage to the daughter of Sir Purbeck Langham which brought Glyndebourne into the Christin/Christie family. During the 1870s William made substantial alterations to Glyndebourne, adding a brick extension, ornate stonework and balustrading. In 1876 he engaged architect Ewan Christian to install bay windows and add decorative brickwork to give the house its current Jacobean appearance. He was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lewes at the 1874 general election, having unsuccessfully contested the seat in 1865 and 1868. He was the first Conservative MP to represent Lewes in the House of Commons since Henry Fitzroy had died in 1860. Christie was re-elected in 1880, and retired from Parliament at the 1885 general election. Family He married in 1855 Agnes Hamilton Clevland, who was heir to Tapeley Park in Devon, which the couple rebuilt with a "severe brick facade". Their children were Augustus Langham Christie and Agnes Chichester Dixon-Hartland. Glyndebourne and Tapeley passed to John Christie, the son of Augustus Langham. References External links 1830 births 1913 deaths Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1874–1880 UK MPs 1880–1885
Sylvia M Platt (born 1951), is a female former swimmer who competed for England. Swimming career She represented England and won a silver medal in the 4 x 100 metres medley relay, at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland. Platt represented the Hyde Seal Swimming Club. References 1951 births Living people English female swimmers Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England Swimmers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games Medallists at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
The 1966 season of the Japan Soccer League. League tables Japan Soccer League Promotion/relegation Series Nagoya Mutual Bank became the first original JSL club to be relegated. In its place, Nippon Kokan from Kawasaki, Kanagawa was promoted and began a long career of league success that was only brought to a halt by the professionalization of the league. Nippon Kokan promoted, Nagoya Mutual Bank relegated. Team of the Year References 1966 1 Jap Jap
YouTube Shorts is the short-form section of the American video-sharing website YouTube, hosting content much like YouTube's primary service but with a focus on vertical videos at a maximum length of 60 seconds. Videos with a square aspect ratio or videos that are uploaded before its launch are also accepted. As of January 2022, Shorts have collectively earned over 5 trillion views since the platform was made available to the public on July 13, 2021 which include video views that pre-date the YouTube Shorts feature. History In 2019, as a response to competition from TikTok, YouTube started experimenting with showing vertical videos up to a length of 30 seconds in their own section on the homepage. This early beta was released only to a small number of people. Shortly after TikTok was banned in India in September 2020, the YouTube Shorts beta was made available in the country. In March 2021, the beta was released in the U.S. Shorts was globally released on July 13, 2021. In January 2022, a study showed that scammers were garnering millions of views by stealing popular videos from TikTok and posting them on YouTube Shorts. They pinned comments on their reposted videos containing commercial links, which generated money for them on a cost per action or cost per lead basis. In August, YouTube announced plans to make the Shorts feature available on its smart TV app. In December, YouTube published its annual blog post documenting the top videos and creators of the year, with Shorts receiving its own section of the post for the first time. At the annual Made on YouTube event in New York in September 2023, Google announced YouTube Create, a video editing app designed for YouTube creators, in order to facilitate the growth of Shorts. At launch, the app was only available on Android. Features YouTube Shorts presents user-generated vertical or square videos up to 60 seconds long. It allows users to add licensed music and on-screen captions. Viewers can scroll through an endless queue of videos. YouTube Shorts offers editing capabilities and the ability to interact with viewers by responding to comments with additional videos, the latter being a feature primarily made popular by TikTok. Although intended to be watched on smartphones, YouTube Shorts can be viewed on all other devices. Monetization In August 2021, YouTube released the YouTube Shorts fund, a system in which the top Shorts creators could get paid for their work. YouTube described this as a way to "monetize and reward creators for their content" and said it would be a $100 million fund distributed throughout 2021 and 2022, similar to TikTok's $1 billion creator fund. YouTube told The Hollywood Reporter that the fund is "just a stopgap until YouTube develops a long-term monetization and support tool for short-form creators" that will be "modeled after but differ from" its Partner Program. When the fund was released, YouTube sent offers to over 3,000 creators that ranged from $100 to $10,000 per month. In February 2023, the YouTube Shorts Fund was replaced by a revenue sharing model, where monetizing partners earn money from ads that are viewed between videos in the Shorts Feed. References External links YouTube Creators page New Features and Updates for Shorts Viewers & Creators YouTube Internet properties established in 2020 2020 in Internet culture Articles containing video clips Vertical video
Salto do Jacuí is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 12,481. See also List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul References Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul
Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site is a state park located along the Pedernales River in Gillespie County, Texas, United States west of Johnson City and east of Fredericksburg. The state created the park with donated land to honor Lyndon B. Johnson as a "national and world leader." The park opened to the public in 1970 and is managed by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. History Friends of Johnson raised the money to buy the land across the Pedernales River from Johnson's Ranch (now part of the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park) for the park and donated the land to the State of Texas in 1965. The master plan for the park was developed by Austin-area architect J. Roy White, a personal friend of the Johnson family who had worked extensively on the Johnson Ranch. White also designed the park's visitor center. The park was officially dedicated in August, 1970, in a ceremony attended by the Johnson family and a host of dignitaries. Since the dedication, the park has been expanded to approximately . Features The park has a large visitor center complex with an interpretive center about Johnson's life. Tours of the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park are by permit only and are by self-guided driving tour departing from the state park's visitor center. The park offers recreational facilities for swimming, tennis and baseball. Fishing is allowed in the Pedernales River and there is a nature trail for hiking. The park maintains small herds of Texas Longhorn cattle and American bison. Sauer-Beckmann Farmstead The Sauer-Beckmann Farmstead is a living history farm that presents rural Texas life as it was around 1918. The park employees wear period clothing and perform the daily routine of life using period tools and techniques. The farm was settled by John Sauer and his family in the late 19th century and then by Herman Beckmann and his sons in the early 20th century. Nature Animals White-tailed deer are often spotted within the park. Flora The park abounds with wildflowers during the spring and summer including Texas bluebonnets and Indian blankets. Trees documented in the park include southern catalpa, cedar elm, Mexican buckeye, live oak, ashe juniper and post oak. See also List of Texas state parks Presidential memorials in the United States References Parent, Laurence. The Official Guide to Texas State Parks. University of Texas Press, Austin. Fourth printing, 2005. pp 90–91. External links Texas Parks and Wildlife: Lyndon B. Johnson State Park & Historic Site Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site in Google Cultural Institute Lyndon B. Johnson State Park in Exploring the Texas State Park System on the Texas Archive of the Moving Image State parks of Texas Protected areas of Gillespie County, Texas Museums in Gillespie County, Texas Living museums in Texas Farm museums in Texas Presidential museums in Texas Protected areas established in 1970 1970 establishments in Texas
Shania is a feminine given name, popularized by the country and pop singer Shania Twain. It is pronounced with the stress on the i, as in Mariah. Twain, born Eilleen Regina Edwards, adopted the surname of her stepfather, Gerald "Jerry" Twain, an Ojibwe, and later changed her given name to "Shania" in his honour. Several sources contend that the name is of Ojibwe origin meaning "I'm on my way", or "she is on her way". However, Twain's biographer, Robin Eggar, writes: "There is a continuing confusion about what 'Shania' means and if indeed it is an Ojibwe word or phrase at all. [...] There is no mispronounced or misheard phrase in either Ojibwe or Cree that comes close to meaning 'on my way.' Yet the legend of her name continues to be repeated in the media to this day." Robin Eggar was incorrect about there being no Ojibwe phrase with a similar meaning which sounds like Shania. "Ani aya'aa", pronounced "Ah-nih Eye-uh-ah", means "someone on the way" in Ojibwe. It is therefore possible that someone with an imperfect knowledge of the Ojibwe language created Shania with the incorrect idea it would mean "she's on the way". According to the English onomastician Patrick Hanks, the name is a recent elaboration of the given name Shana. Persons with this given name include: Shania Collins (born 1996), African-American athlete , Indonesian singer and a member of the Indonesian idol group JKT48 Shania Hayles (born 1999), Jamaican footballer , Indonesian singer and former member of JKT48 Shania Robba (born 2001), Gibraltarian footballer Shania Twain (born 1965), Canadian singer-songwriter See also Sania Sanja Sanya (name) References English feminine given names Feminine given names
Kiisa is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. It has a population of 47 (as of 4 January 2010). Poet, politician and doctor Johannes Vares (1890–1946) was born in Kiisa. References Villages in Viljandi County
From a Distance may refer to: "From a Distance", song by Julie Gold, made famous by Nanci Griffith and Bette Midler "From a Distance", song by P. F. Sloan From a Distance: The Very Best of Nanci Griffith, album by Nanci Griffith From a Distance: The Event, album by Cliff Richard From a Distance (Elaine Paige album), album by Elaine Paige see also Death from a Distance, 1935 American film directed by Frank R. Strayer "Touching from a Distance, biography by Deborah Curtis about Ian Curtis, lead singer of Joy Division
"Edelweiss" is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music. It is named after the edelweiss (Leontopodium nivale), a white flower found high in the Alps. The song was created for the 1959 Broadway production of The Sound of Music, as a song for the character Captain Georg von Trapp. In the musical, Captain von Trapp and his family sing this song during the concert near the end of Act II. It is a statement of Austrian patriotism in the face of the pressure put upon him to join the navy of Nazi Germany following the Anschluss (Nazi annexation of their homeland). It is also Captain von Trapp's subliminal goodbye to his beloved homeland, using the flower as a symbol of his loyalty to Austria. In the 1965 film adaptation, the song is also sung by the Captain earlier in the film when he rediscovers music with his children. This was the final song of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical collaboration as well as the last song written by Oscar Hammerstein II, who died in August 1960. Writing While The Sound of Music was in tryouts in Boston, Richard Rodgers felt Captain von Trapp should have a song with which he would bid farewell to the Austria he knew and loved. Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II decided to write an extra song that von Trapp would sing in the festival concert sequence towards the end of the show. As they were writing it, they felt this song could also use the guitar-playing and folk-singing talents of Theodore Bikel, who had been cast as the Captain. The Lindsay and Crouse script provides the metaphor of the simple edelweiss wildflower as a symbol of the Austria that Captain von Trapp, Maria, and their children knew would live on, in their hearts, despite the Nazi annexation of their homeland. The metaphor of this song builds on an earlier scene when Gretl presents a bouquet of edelweiss flowers to Baroness Elsa Schräder, during the latter's visit to the von Trapp household. Rodgers provided a simple, yet haunting and affecting, waltz-time melody, to the simple Italian style ritornello lyric that Hammerstein wrote about the appearance of the edelweiss flower. "Edelweiss" turned out to be one of the most beloved songs in the musical, as well as one of the best-loved songs by Rodgers and Hammerstein. "Edelweiss" is the last song Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together; Hammerstein was suffering from stomach cancer, which took his life nine months after The Sound of Music opened on Broadway. Film adaptation Although the stage production uses the song only during the concert sequence, Ernest Lehman's screenplay for the film adaptation uses the song twice. Lehman created a scene that makes extra use of the song. This scene, inspired by a line in the original script by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, calls for Captain von Trapp to sing "Edelweiss" with his children in their family drawing room and rediscover the love he felt for them, with Liesl accompanying him. Lehman also expanded the scope of the song when it was sung in the Salzburg Festival concert scene, so that Captain von Trapp and his family would call on the crowds to join in the song with him, in defiance of the Nazi soldiers posted around the arena. Christopher Plummer played the part of Captain von Trapp in the film adaptation. However, his singing was overdubbed with the voice of Bill Lee despite Plummer recording the song himself. An instrumental version of the song is also heard as the final song played during the party as Maria leaves to return to the abbey at the end of the first half of the film. Austrian attitudes The edelweiss is a popular flower in Austria and was featured on the old Austrian 1 schilling coin. It can also now be seen on the 2 cent Euro coin. The flower is protected in Austria and illegal to pick. An "edelweiss" is also worn as a cap emblem by certain Austrian Army and the German Gebirgsjäger (mountain troopers) units stationed in the nearby Bavarian Alps. In the original run, the musical The Sound of Music was treated with disdain by Austrians, and the song "Edelweiss" has been singled out for criticism. When US President Ronald Reagan quoted the song in 1984 to toast Austrian President Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian newspapers complained that the song was full of clichés and called it "kitsch." When the musical premiered on the national stage in Vienna in 2005, one critic called it "boring" and another referred to "Edelweiss" as "an insult to Austrian musical creation." However, attitudes have improved as film tourism became a bigger attraction than Salzburg's attraction for being the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. When the musical premiered in Salzburg in 2011, most performances were sold out. Misconceptions The great popularity of the song has led many of its audience to believe that it is an Austrian folk song or even the official national anthem. However, Austria's official anthem is "Land der Berge, Land am Strome", and the anthem used from 1929 until the Anschluss was "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende". There is similar confusion about another song co-authored by Hammerstein, "Ol' Man River" from the musical Show Boat, which is widely (though erroneously) believed to be an African-American spiritual. The similarity between the misconceptions about the two songs has been noted by two writers, both of whom see it as testament to Hammerstein's talents. Alyson McLamore, in her book Musical Theater: An Appreciation, writes, "The last song to be written for the show was 'Edelweiss,' a tender little homage to a native flower of Austria that has the effect of authentic Austrian folksong, much as 'Ol' Man River' struck listeners as a genuine African American spiritual." Hugh Fordin, in his biography of Oscar Hammerstein, writes about "the ability of the authors to simulate the quality of an authentic folk song... 'Ol' Man River' had the ring of a black laborer's song... Thirty years later, 'Edelweiss' was widely believed to be an old Austrian song, though Oscar...composed it for the Sound of Music." Theodore Bikel, in his autobiography, Theo (2002), wrote that, after a performance, he was once approached by a native Austrian who said, "I love that Edelweiss" and then added, with total confidence, "Of course, I have known it for a long time, but only in German". Another misconception about the song is that it is a real-life Nazi anthem, even though "Edelweiss" is not a pro-Nazi song within the context of The Sound of Music, nor did the song even exist during the Nazi era. Legal problems The estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein have not authorized the use of alternative lyrics with the melody of the song, making certain commercial uses of those versions potentially infringing if they do not fall under fair use. Rodgers stated that "he would take legal action against any group" using the "Edelweiss" melody with altered words; the current rightsholders comply with his wishes, refusing to grant permission for these commercial requests, which are "inconsistent with the creators' intentions". Other versions Josephine Siao (蕭芳芳) performed a Chinese (Cantonese) version in the 1967 movie Lightning Killer (閃電煞星). in 2013, American country singer Carrie Underwood and English actor Stephen Moyer, along with Ariane Rinehart, Michael Nigro, Ella Watts-Gorman, Joe West, Sophia Caruso, Grace Rundhaug and Peyton Ella, would perform the song in The Sound of Music Live! and would do a studio recording of the song for the soundtrack. English singer Vince Hill reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 with his cover version of the track. A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used in the opening sequence of the 2015 Amazon series The Man in the High Castle. References 1959 songs Songs from The Sound of Music Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II 1950s ballads Songs about flowers Vince Hill songs
Voyage to the Crystal Grotto is a tow boat ride that is currently operating at Shanghai Disneyland Park. The ride is the first ride to take riders inside a Disney castle and opened along with the rest of the park on June 16, 2016. Ride experience The ride is described officially as "an enchanting excursion that travels the waters of Fantasyland. Fanciful fountains and sculptures line the water’s edge, celebrating classic tales of magic and imagination. At journey’s end, guests glide beneath Enchanted Storybook Castle, into a secret, underground chamber in which fountains of light leap and dance in shimmering pools, surrounding guests with magic, music and color. The experience is sure to inspire the dreams and imaginations of all who make this wondrous voyage." The boat takes riders past sculpture gardens featuring characters from Disney movies such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Sorcerer's Apprentice from Fantasia, Tangled, Mulan, and The Little Mermaid. Afterwards, the boat glides into a chamber underneath the Enchanted Storybook Castle, which has "fountains of light", music, and water effects. References External links Shanghai Disneyland Amusement rides introduced in 2016 Tow boat rides Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions 2016 establishments in China
Dansmuseet (the Dance Museum) is a museum for the performing and visual arts located in Stockholm, Sweden. Opened in 1953 in the basement of the Royal Swedish Opera, it originally displayed a large collection of dance-related art that belonged to Rolf de Maré, a leader of the Ballets suédois in Paris from 1920 to 1925. In 1969, a library, named after the Swedish dancer, Carina Ari was endowed by Ari and attached to the museum with Bengt Hägar as its curator. The library contains the most comprehensive archive of literature on dance in Northern Europe. The museum is currently located at Drottninggatan 17. The library, receives no state funds, as it is privately endowed. The majority of its collection are materials from Western Europe which date between 1500 and 1850, a journal collection dating at the turn of the 20th century, and a video library of thousands of films. There is also a large collection of books on Russian dance. As of 2017, the director of the museum is Eva-Sofi Ernstell. References External links Dansmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Museums in Stockholm Performing arts museums 1953 establishments in Sweden
William Mills (28 January 1915 – 1991) was a professional footballer, who played for Aberdeen, Huddersfield Town, Dumbarton and Clyde. He was born in Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. Playing career Mills was signed by Aberdeen from Junior club Bridgeton Waverley in 1932. He entered their first team almost immediately, aged 17. Mills was primarily a creative player, but also scored frequently and was the club's top goalscorer in the 1933–34 season. He was transferred to Huddersfield Town in March 1938 for £6,500. Mills did not stay long in English football, however, as the Second World War curtailed league play. After the war concluded he played in the Highland Football League for Lossiemouth and Huntly. International Mills represented Scotland three times between October 1935 and December 1936. Personal life His brother Hugh 'Bunty' Mills was also a footballer, who began his career at Bridgeton and featured for West Ham. Career statistics Club * Unofficial wartime appearances International References Sources External links Profile and stats at AFC Heritage Trust 1915 births 1991 deaths Scottish men's footballers Men's association football inside forwards English Football League players Scottish Football League players Scottish Junior Football Association players Aberdeen F.C. players Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Clyde F.C. players Bridgeton Waverley F.C. players Dumbarton F.C. wartime guest players People from Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire Footballers from West Dunbartonshire Scotland men's international footballers Huntly F.C. players Lossiemouth F.C. players Date of death missing Highland Football League players
Lalitha Jewellery is an Indian retail jewellery company. Kiran Kumar is the chairman and managing director. History Lalithaa Jewellery is a BIS certified Indian jewellery group based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The company was established in 1985. In 2016 the Rajnikanth film Lingaa was shot in Lalitha Jewellery for about 20 minutes' visual in the film. In 2017, the company opened its fifteenth and largest showroom, with of space, at a cost of around 750 crores. In that year, according to the The New Indian Express, Lalitha Jewellery made a turnover of ₹110 billion, The company has 50 showrooms in India at present. In 2020, 13 crores worth of diamond, gold and platinum jewellery was robbed from a showroom in Tamil Nadu by masked robbers. Later the robbers were arrested. In 2023 Lalithaa Jewellery manufactured 108 gold lotus worth 2 crores for D. Raja Reddy's donation to Tirumala Temple. References Jewellery retailers of India Retail companies established in 1985 Luxury brands Indian jewellery designers Diamond dealers Companies based in Tamil Nadu Indian brands Indian companies established in 1985
Nicola "Nico" Zahner (born 2 August 1994) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for TSG Hofherrnweiler. Career Zahner made his professional debut for VfR Aalen in the 3. Liga on 21 November 2015, coming on as a substitute in the 81st minute for Alexandros Kartalis in the 0–1 away loss against Mainz 05 II. References External links Profile at DFB.de Profile at kicker.de Nico Zahner at FuPa 1994 births Living people People from Aalen Footballers from Stuttgart (region) German men's footballers Men's association football midfielders VfR Aalen players 3. Liga players
Rajiv Chandrasekaran is an American journalist. He is a senior correspondent and associate editor at The Washington Post, where he has worked since 1994. Life He grew up mostly in the San Francisco Bay area. He attended Stanford University, where he became editor-in-chief of The Stanford Daily and earned a degree in political science. At The Post he has served as bureau chief in Baghdad, Cairo, and Southeast Asia, and as a correspondent covering the war in Afghanistan. During 2003, the Post put his stories on the front page 138 times. In 2004, he was journalist-in-residence at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, and a public policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Chandrasekaran's 2006 book Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone won the 2007 Samuel Johnson Prize and was a finalist for the 2006 National Book Awards for non-fiction. The film Green Zone (2010) is "credited as having been 'inspired by'" the book. References Bibliography (with Howard Schultz) External links Official page Interview with The Guardian C-SPAN Q&A interview with Chandrasekaran on Imperial Life in the Emerald City, September 24, 2006 Living people Stanford University alumni The Washington Post people American male journalists American writers of Indian descent Year of birth missing (living people)
Bahamas is competing at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain between 19 July and 4 August 2013. Swimming Bahamian swimmers earned qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard): Men Women References External links Barcelona 2013 Official Site Nations at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships 2013 World Aquatics Championships
Kisan may be: The Kisan dialect of the Kurux language The Kisan dialect of the Maithili language The Nepalese name of the Sadri language
Narasimha Temple is a 14th–15th-century temple in Bhubaneswar city of the state of Odisha, India. The time period of its construction is estimated from its architectural features. Its tradition and legends are same as the Gosagaresvara temple. It is situated in the precinct of Gosagaresvara on the southeastern side of Gosagaresvara Shiva and Paradaresvara Shiva temples. The presiding deity is a four armed Narasimha image seating on a pedestal. His upper left hand holding a conch, upper right hand holds a disk while in his major left and right hand are busy in killing the demon. The base of the pedestal is carved with series of females, in anjalii mudra. The cella measures 1.15 square metres and is facing towards west. Physical description Surroundings The temple surrounded by Sanisvara Siva temple in west, Paradaresvara Siva and Gosagaresvara Siva temple in the north western corner and Isanesvara in the north eastern corner. Orientation The temple is facing towards west. Architectural features (plan and elevation) The temple stands over a low pista. On plan, temple is pancharatha with a square vimana measuring 2.10 square metres and a frontal porch of 0.40 metres. On elevation, temple is in pidha order with usual bada, gandi and mastaka measuring 3.38 metres in height from bottom to top. The bada measuring 1.28 metres has threefold divisions in which pabhaga measures 0.38 metres, jangha 0.73 metres and baranda measures 0.27 metres in height. The gandi measures 1.15 metres and the mastaka 0.95 in height. Condition of the temple The temple was repaired by the Orissa State Archaeology under X and XI Finance Commission Award and presently maintained by the locals living around the temple. At the moment the temple is in a good state. Detached sculptures of a four armed Ganesha and a lingam made of sandstone are there inside the sanctum. References Lesser Known Monuments of Bhubaneswar by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan () http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda009.pdf Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar Narasimha temples
is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball. He plays outfield. References 1989 births Living people Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders Orix Buffaloes players Baseball people from Kumamoto Prefecture
Pink slip may refer to: Pink slip (U.S. automotive), In the United States also known as "certificate of title", a legal form, establishing a person or business as the legal owner of a vehicle Pink slip, a deprecated vehicle inspection paper in Australia Pink slip (employment), a form of termination notice Pink Slip, an EP released in 2009 by artist and singer Justin Bond Pink Slip, a fictional pop rock band from the film Freaky Friday (2003) Pink Slip, the stage name of American musician and record producer Kyle Buckley See also Pink sheet (disambiguation) Pink (disambiguation)
Leleupidia is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species: Leleupidia angusticollis Basilewsky, 1953 Leleupidia coiffaiti Mateu, 1970 Leleupidia elilae Basilewsky, 1960 Leleupidia emerita Basilewsky, 1951 Leleupidia grossepunctata Basilewsky, 1953 Leleupidia kaboboana Basilewsky, 1960 Leleupidia kahuziana Basilewsky, 1953 Leleupidia luvubuana Basilewsky, 1951 Leleupidia ruandana Basilewsky, 1951 Leleupidia vadoni Basilewsky, 1967 References Dryptinae
Ambroise Michel (born 31 March 1982) is a French actor, director and writer. Theater Filmography References External links Ambroise Michel on Allociné People from Meaux 20th-century French male actors 21st-century French male actors French male television actors French male film actors French male comedians 1982 births Living people
Paper Bicycle is a Scottish bicycle manufacturer based in Ayrshire. It is also the name of the bicycle that the company produces. This is derived from the fact that the original prototype had its chaincase panels covered with wallpaper. The Paper Bicycle company was founded to develop a prototype that had been rejected by the Royal Mail as a replacement for the Pashley Mailstar. Part of the design brief had been to develop a bicycle that would fit 'everyone'. The result was a bicycle without a top tube or seat stays. Instead, horizontal rigidity was achieved by an additional 'chaincase' on the non-drive side of the frame. The Paper Bicycle utilizes a powder-coated cromo-steel frame that is fabricated in Taiwan and finished in Scotland. The frame's design is licensed to the Swiss company Velobility who use it as the basis for bicycle share schemes in cities across Austria, Germany and Switzerland. References Cycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom Manufacturing companies of Scotland Public transport in Austria Public transport in Germany Scottish brands Transport in Switzerland
The Jamaican tody (Todus todus) is a species of bird in the genus Todus endemic to Jamaica. Local names for the Jamaican tody include rasta bird, robin and robin redbreast. Taxonomy It was thought that the genus Todus was established in 1760, after the split from the kingfisher from the genus Alcedo. However, the exact historical relationship between the genus Todus and other close relatives was not confirmed until around 2004 when a paper was published on the molecular phylogenic relationships for the tody species. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene sequences were used to discover the heterogeneity among genes in these species. Genus Todus is monophyletic and a relatively old group based on divergence approximations. Todies are closer to the Baryphthengus and Hylomanes genera, from the family Momotidae, than the Ceryle and Chloroceryle genera, from the family Alcedinidae. The family Todidae likely derived from a motmot-like ancestor during the Oligocene period. Palaeotodus emryi is the only tody that is known to be from the late Pleistocene, and it is a close relative of the tody motmot (Hylomanes momotula), the primitive genus of the Momotidae and possibly the closest living relative to the todies. It is believed that the Todidae were once widespread across North America but when there was a decrease in tropical conditions there, it is thought that this led to the confinement of the motmot-tody group to the Neotropics. The Jamaican tody is a member of the genus, Todus, which is composed of five species restricted to the Greater Antilles. All five species are very similar morphologically. The Cuban tody (Todus multicolor) is confined to the island of Cuba and can be found throughout the island, but tends to be more concentrated in shoreline habitats. The narrow-billed tody (Todus angustirostris) and the broad-billed tody (Todus subulatus) are both endemic to Hispaniola, composed of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The narrow-billed tody is mainly found in very humid montane forest while the broad-billed tody generally inhabits very dry forest and sub-desert areas. However, both of these species can be found in either habitat and are most equally distributed in dry, lower montane forests. The Puerto Rican tody (Todus mexicanus) is only found on the island of Puerto Rico. Similar to other tody species, they can be found in a variety of habitats ranging from the moist, Luquillo Rainforest to the more dry, limestone forest. Description The Jamaican tody is a small, chunky bird that averages about 9 cm (or 4.25”) in size. The wing size for all tody species ranges between 42.8mm and 50.3mm. The Jamaican tody's wing size is intermediate between these sizes (about 46mm) compared to the Cuban and Puerto Rican todies, which tend to have smaller wings, and the broad-billed tody, which has the largest. The wing size of the Jamaican tody correlates with their average flight distance, which is about 1.5m, and their maximum flight distance, which is 26m. The average weight of the Jamaican tody is around 6.4 grams. They have a bright green head, red throat and a long, broad and flat red bill. They look very similar to the Puerto Rican tody (Todus mexicanus) but have a whitish breast that is blended with green, becoming even slightly yellow on the abdomen and under the tail-coverts. The Jamaican tody also has blue-gray subauricular feathers. Their legs and feet are reddish brown. Todies are generally a sexually monomorphic genus. However, some tody species have different eye colors between males and females, but in the Jamaican tody, this iris color is undistinguishable. Jamaican todies are very quiet birds during nonbreeding months but can be heard more frequently during the spring and summer. The vocalizations of the Jamaican tody are predominately a loud beep sound and a throat-rattle. (see external link below) The loud beep is a nasal sounding note that is similar in length to the loud beep of the Puerto Rican tody. The throat-rattling is a rapid, harsh-sounding noise that is produced often in territorial defense. Distribution and habitat The Jamaican tody is endemic to Jamaica. They are found all around the island and can be seen near the semi-arid coast or in the humid mountains. They generally travel in pairs and can be found most commonly in forested areas, occurring in second-growth, untouched habitats, including mesic limestone forests, arid limestone forests, montane forest, shaded coffee plantations and even mangroves. The Jamaican tody is most visible during the spring and summer months, and are much more silent and easy to find during the fall and winter. Ecology and behavior Maintenance behavior Todies can be found generally performing two bathing techniques, bathing in flight after a dive and bathing in wet plant leaves or in light rain. They also perform bill-wiping, where they will clean both sides of their beak, from base to tip, especially after eating or preening and fluffing their feathers. To fluff their head feathers, they will shake their head back and forth in a fast, jerky movement. Todies also preen their feathers with their flat bills and this mainly occurs in their breast and wing areas on their body. Breeding The Jamaican tody is a relatively quiet bird during the non-breeding season. However during the breeding season, they perform increased wing-rattling for both courtship and to show other todies that this is their territory. Courtship feeding has also been observed in the Jamaican tody where a dead insect is exchanged between two partners. In one observation of Jamaican tody copulation, the male chased the female a short distance and once she landed, he swooped down on her and held her crown while performing 29 cloacal contacts in the span of 35 seconds. Soon after, throat-rattles were heard and the two todies flew away in separate directions. Jamaican todies can sometimes be found digging, in which they mainly use their rhamphotheca to create a nesting site. Their eggs are laid in unlined chambers near the end of their burrows, which are holes created in the soil on top of the hard, limestone habitats. The eggs are round, shiny and white, except when they are freshly laid and have a pinkish tint to them. They lay between 1 and 4 white eggs during their breeding season which lasts from December to July. The average size of a Jamaican tody egg is about 16.1 mm long and 13.3 mm wide. One egg is laid each night until the clutch is finished, and then eggs are incubated between 21 and 22 days before hatching asynchronously. Once the young emerge from the shell, the eggs are left in the chamber. While the burrows are generally occupied by todies, other species can sometimes be found inhabiting their homes such as spiders, field mice and lizards. Food and feeding The Jamaican tody uses a sit-and-watch foraging strategy to capture its prey, which is similar to other todies in the genus Todus that can be found on nearby islands in the West Indies. They nearly entirely feed on insects and the larvae of insects but will occasionally eat fruit as well. The majority of their foraging is done below nine-tenths of the maximum canopy height of the forest, and is done in both dry and wet forests. From a perch, Jamaican todies scan the undersides and occasionally, uppersides of leaves for insects in which they will swoop down or up, respectively to catch insects. The smaller insects are swallowed in air while the larger ones are smashed against twigs before consuming. This insect consumption occurs almost continuously throughout the day, where they will eat around 1 to 2 insects per minute if available. The method of drinking for the Jamaican tody has not been observed but it is assumed that they get most of their water from leaf droplets and food they consume. Threats to survival Forest fragmentation may have an impact on the Jamaican tody. When the todies were translocated between 0.6km and 4km in a study, only 62% returned to their territories. Increasing the number of tree coverage seemed to increase normal bird movement and therefore supports the need to increase protection of forested areas as well as increase restoration of tree coverage in deforested areas. Aside from humans, loud noises, such as cars, may seem threatening to the Jamaican tody and cause them to display territorial behavior. These displays include wing-flicking, flank displays where the flank feathers expand over the edge of lower wings, and a horizontal glare, where the Jamaican tody will stare down an opponent as a form of intimidation. Territorial vocalizations can also be heard and include throat-rattles and loud beeps. The major predatory threat to the Jamaican tody is the introduced mongoose, which destroy tody burrows that house young that are still in their nestling stage. Relationship to humans A large number of avian habitats in Jamaica are being altered by humans for both settlement as well as farming purposes. Coffee production is a large export for Jamaica and with coffee farms comes a great amount of biodiversity, some more welcomed than others. The pest control services provided by birds was examined in Jamaica's Blue Mountains. The most common pest found was the coffee berry borer, since their entire life is spent inside of coffee berries. The Jamaican tody was found to be one of the top five birds on coffee farms in the Blue Mountains that help to keep the number of pests under control, leading to more saleable fruit, increased coffee yields and increased income for farmers. Status According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Jamaican tody is classified as least concern. The justification for this classification is that although they live in a small range, they still meet the size criterion and do not have greater than 30% decrease in population size over 10 years. References External links Video Recording Todus Birds of Jamaica Birds described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Consequentia mirabilis (Latin for "admirable consequence"), also known as Clavius's Law, is used in traditional and classical logic to establish the truth of a proposition from the inconsistency of its negation. It is thus related to reductio ad absurdum, but it can prove a proposition using just its own negation and the concept of consistency. For a more concrete formulation, it states that if a proposition is a consequence of its negation, then it is true, for consistency. In formal notation: . Equivalent forms Given being equivalent to , the principle is equivalent to . History Consequentia mirabilis was a pattern of argument popular in 17th-century Europe that first appeared in a fragment of Aristotle's Protrepticus: "If we ought to philosophise, then we ought to philosophise; and if we ought not to philosophise, then we ought to philosophise (i.e. in order to justify this view); in any case, therefore, we ought to philosophise." Barnes claims in passing that the term consequentia mirabilis refers only to the inference of the proposition from the inconsistency of its negation, and that the term Lex Clavia (or Clavius' Law) refers to the inference of the proposition's negation from the inconsistency of the proposition. See also Ex falso quodlibet Tertium non datur Peirce's law References Theorems in propositional logic Latin logical phrases
```c++ // -- C++ -- // // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms // Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later // version. // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but // WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU // along with this library; see the file COPYING. If not, write to // the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, // MA 02111-1307, USA. // As a special exception, you may use this file as part of a free // software library without restriction. Specifically, if other files // instantiate templates or use macros or inline functions from this // file, or you compile this file and link it with other files to // produce an executable, this file does not by itself cause the // resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public // reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU General // Permission to use, copy, modify, sell, and distribute this software // is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright // notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice // and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation. None // of the above authors, nor IBM Haifa Research Laboratories, make any // representation about the suitability of this software for any // purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied // warranty. /** * @file const_point_iterator.hpp * Contains an iterator class returned by the table's const find and insert * methods. / #ifndef PB_DS_LEFT_CHILD_NEXT_SIBLING_HEAP_CONST_FIND_ITERATOR_HPP #define PB_DS_LEFT_CHILD_NEXT_SIBLING_HEAP_CONST_FIND_ITERATOR_HPP #include <ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp> #include <debug/debug.h> namespace pb_ds { namespace detail { #define PB_DS_CLASS_T_DEC \ template<typename Node, class Allocator> #define PB_DS_CLASS_C_DEC \ left_child_next_sibling_heap_node_const_point_iterator_<Node, Allocator> // Const point-type iterator. template<typename Node, class Allocator> class left_child_next_sibling_heap_node_const_point_iterator_ { protected: typedef typename Allocator::template rebind<Node>::other::pointer node_pointer; public: // Category. typedef trivial_iterator_tag iterator_category; // Difference type. typedef trivial_iterator_difference_type difference_type; // Iterator's value type. typedef typename Node::value_type value_type; // Iterator's pointer type. typedef typename Allocator::template rebind< value_type>::other::pointer pointer; // Iterator's const pointer type. typedef typename Allocator::template rebind< value_type>::other::const_pointer const_pointer; // Iterator's reference type. typedef typename Allocator::template rebind< value_type>::other::reference reference; // Iterator's const reference type. typedef typename Allocator::template rebind< value_type>::other::const_reference const_reference; public: inline left_child_next_sibling_heap_node_const_point_iterator_(node_pointer p_nd) : m_p_nd(p_nd) { } // Default constructor. inline left_child_next_sibling_heap_node_const_point_iterator_() : m_p_nd(NULL) { } // Copy constructor. inline left_child_next_sibling_heap_node_const_point_iterator_(const PB_DS_CLASS_C_DEC& other) : m_p_nd(other.m_p_nd) { } // Access. inline const_pointer operator->() const { _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(m_p_nd != NULL); return &m_p_nd->m_value; } // Access. inline const_reference operator() const { _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(m_p_nd != NULL); return m_p_nd->m_value; } // Compares content to a different iterator object. inline bool operator==(const PB_DS_CLASS_C_DEC& other) const { return m_p_nd == other.m_p_nd; } // Compares content (negatively) to a different iterator object. inline bool operator!=(const PB_DS_CLASS_C_DEC& other) const { return m_p_nd != other.m_p_nd; } public: node_pointer m_p_nd; }; #undef PB_DS_CLASS_T_DEC #undef PB_DS_CLASS_C_DEC } // namespace detail } // namespace pb_ds #endif ```
The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the major joint of the shoulder, but can more broadly include the acromioclavicular joint. In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, and the head sits in the glenoid cavity. The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint. The shoulder joint is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The joint capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint and contribute to the shoulder's stability. The muscles of the rotator cuff are supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor. The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the humeral head. The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing, and pulling. Structure The shoulder consists of a ball-and-socket joint formed by the humerus and scapula and their surrounding structures - ligaments, muscles, tendons - which support the bones and maintain the relationship of one to another. These supporting structures attach to the clavicle, humerus, and scapula, the latter providing the glenoid cavity, acromion and coracoid processes. The main joint of the shoulder is the shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint), between the humerus and the glenoid process of the scapular. The acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint also play a role in shoulder movements. White hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) allows the bones to glide and move on each other, and the joint space is surrounded by a synovial membrane. Around the joint space are muscles - the rotator cuff, which directly surrounds and attaches to the shoulder joint - and other muscles that help provide stability and facilitate movement. Two filmy sac-like structures called bursae permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion. The glenoid labrum is the second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. Joint The shoulder joint (also known as the glenohumeral joint) is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid cavity of the scapula). The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid cavity, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. The shallowness of the cavity and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to dislocate than most other joints in the body. There is an approximately 4-to-1 disproportion in size between the large head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity.The glenoid cavity is made deeper by the addition of the fibrocartilaginous ring of the glenoid labrum. The capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments. The transverse humeral ligament, which passes from the lesser tubercle to the greater tubercle of humerus, covers the intertubercular groove, in which the long head of biceps brachii travels. Rotator cuff The rotator cuff is an anatomical term given to the group of four muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. These muscles are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis and that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during movement. The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the head of the humerus. Together, these keep the humeral head in the glenoid cavity, preventing upward migration of the humeral head caused by the pull of the deltoid muscle at the beginning of arm elevation. The infraspinatus and the teres minor, along with the anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle, are responsible for external rotation of the arm. The four tendons of these muscles converge to form the rotator cuff tendon. This tendon, along with the articular capsule, the coracohumeral ligament, and the glenohumeral ligament complex, blend into a confluent sheet before insertion into the humeral tuberosities. The infraspinatus and teres minor fuse near their musculotendinous junctions, while the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons join as a sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon at the entrance of the bicipital groove. Other muscles Muscles from the shoulder region In addition to the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the deltoid muscle and teres major muscles arise and exist in the shoulder region itself. The deltoid muscle covers the shoulder joint on three sides, arising from the front upper third of the clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula, and travelling to insert on the deltoid tubercle of the humerus. Contraction of each part of the deltoid assists in different movements of the shoulder - flexion (clavicular part), abduction (middle part) and extension (scapular part). The teres major attaches to the outer part of the back of the scapula, beneath the teres minor, and attaches to the upper part of the humerus. It helps with medial rotation of the humerus. Muscles from the front Muscles from the chest wall that contribute to the shoulder are: Muscles from the back Armpit The armpit () is formed by the space between the muscles of the shoulder. The nerves and blood vessels of the arm travel through the armpit, and it possesses several sets of lymph nodes that are able to be examined. The armpit is formed by the pectoralis major and minor muscles at the front, the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles at the back, the serratus anterior muscle on its inner surface, and the intertubercular groove of the humerus on the outer side. Nerve supply and passage The skin around the shoulder is supplied by C2-C4 (upper), and C7 and T2 (lower area). The brachial plexus emerges as nerve roots from the cervical vertebrae C5-T1. Branches of the plexus, in particular from C5-C6, supply the majority of the muscles of the shoulder. Blood vessels The subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and directly from the aorta from the left. This becomes the axillary artery as it passes beyond the first rib. The axillary artery also supplies blood to the arm, and is one of the major sources of blood to the shoulder region. The other major sources are the transverse cervical artery and the suprascapular artery, both branches of the thyrocervical trunk which itself is a branch of the subclavian artery. The blood vessels form a network (anastamosis) behind the shoulder that helps to supply blood to the arm even when the axillary artery is compromised. Function The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable range of motion, making it one of the most mobile joints in the human body. The shoulder can abduct, adduct, rotate, be raised in front of and behind the torso and move through a full 360° in the sagittal plane. This tremendous range of motion also makes the shoulder extremely unstable, far more prone to dislocation and injury than other joints The following describes the terms used for different movements of the shoulder: Development Puberty Under the influence of testosterone and growth hormone, the shoulders broaden in males during puberty. Clinical significance The shoulder is the most mobile and potentially unstable joint in the body. Due to this, it is often prone to problems. Fracture Fractures of shoulder bones can include clavicular fractures, scapular fractures, and fractures of the upper humerus. Pain Shoulder problems, including pain, are common and can relate to any of the structures within the shoulder. The primary cause of shoulder pain is a rotator cuff tear. The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. Arthritis Frozen shoulder Impingement syndrome Shoulder dislocation Nerve entrapment syndrome Imaging Imaging of the shoulder includes ultrasound, X-ray and MRI, and is guided by the suspected diagnosis and presenting symptoms. Conventional x-rays and ultrasonography are the primary tools used to confirm a diagnosis of injuries sustained to the rotator cuff. For extended clinical questions, imaging through Magnetic Resonance with or without intraarticular contrast agent is indicated. Hodler et al. recommend starting scanning with conventional x-rays taken from at least two planes, since this method gives a wide first impression and even has the chance of exposing any frequent shoulder pathologies, i.e., decompensated rotator cuff tears, tendinitis calcarea, dislocations, fractures, usures, and/or osteophytes. Furthermore, x-rays are required for the planning of an optimal CT or MR image. The conventional invasive arthrography is nowadays being replaced by the non-invasive MRI and ultrasound, and is used as an imaging reserve for patients who are contraindicated for MRI, for example pacemaker-carriers with an unclear and unsure ultrasonography. X-ray Projectional radiography views of the shoulder include: AP-projection 40° posterior oblique after Grashey The body has to be rotated about 30 to 45 degrees towards the shoulder to be imaged, and the standing or sitting patient lets the arm hang. This method reveals the joint gap and the vertical alignment towards the socket. Transaxillary projection The arm should be abducted 80 to 100 degrees. This method reveals: The horizontal alignment of the humerus head in respect to the socket and the lateral clavicle in respect to the acromion Lesions of the anterior and posterior socket border, or of the tuberculum minus The eventual non-closure of the acromial apophysis The coraco-humeral interval Y-projection The lateral contour of the shoulder should be positioned in front of the film in a way that the longitudinal axis of the scapula continues parallel to the path of the rays. This method reveals: The horizontal centralization of the humerus head and socket The osseous margins of the coraco-acromial arch and hence the supraspinatus outlet canal The shape of the acromion This projection has a low tolerance for errors and, accordingly, needs proper execution. The Y-projection can be traced back to Wijnblath’s 1933 published cavitas-en-face projection. Ultrasound There are several advantages of ultrasound. It is relatively cheap, does not emit any radiation, is accessible, is capable of visualizing tissue function in real time, and allows the performance of provocative maneuvers in order to replicate the patient’s pain. Those benefits have helped ultrasound become a common initial choice for assessing tendons and soft tissues. Limitations include, for example, the high degree of operator dependence and the inability to define pathologies in bones. One also has to have an extensive anatomical knowledge of the examined region and keep an open mind to normal variations and artifacts created during the scan. Although musculoskeletal ultrasound training, like medical training in general, is a lifelong process, Kissin et al. suggests that rheumatologists who taught themselves how to manipulate ultrasound can use it just as well as international musculo-skeletal ultrasound experts to diagnose common rheumatic conditions. After the introduction of high-frequency transducers in the mid-1980s, ultrasound has become a conventional tool for taking accurate and precise images of the shoulder to support diagnosis. Adequate for the examination are high-resolution, high-frequency transducers with a transmission frequency of 5, 7.5, and 10 MHz. To improve the focus on structures close to the skin an additional "water start-up length" is advisable. During the examination the patient is asked to be seated, the affected arm is then adducted and the elbow is bent to 90 degrees. Slow and cautious passive lateral and/or medial rotations have the effect of being able to visualize different sections of the shoulder. In order to also demonstrate those parts which are hidden under the acromion in the neutral position, a maximum medial rotation with hyperextension behind the back is required. To avoid the different tendon echogenicities caused by different instrument settings, Middleton compared the tendon’s echogenicity with that of the deltoid muscle, which is still lege artis. Usually the echogenicity compared to the deltoid muscle is homogeneous intensified without dorsal echo extinction. Variability with reduced or intensified echo has also been found in healthy tendons. Bilateral comparison is very helpful when distinguishing and setting boundaries between physiological variants and a possible pathological finding. Degenerative changes at the rotator cuff often are found on both sides of the body. Consequently, unilateral differences rather point to a pathological source and bilateral changes rather to a physiological variation. In addition, a dynamic examination can help to differentiate between an ultrasound artifact and a real pathology. To accurately evaluate the echogenicity of an ultrasound, one has to take into account the physical laws of reflection, absorption and dispersion. It is at all times important to acknowledge that the structures in the joint of the shoulder are not aligned in the transversal, coronal or sagittal plane, and that therefore during imaging of the shoulder the transducer head has to be held perpendicularly or parallel to the structures of interest. Otherwise the appearing echogenicity may not be evaluated. MRI Orthopedics established the MRI early on as the tool of choice for joint- and soft tissue-imaging because of its non-invasiveness, lack of radiation exposure, multi planar slicing possibilities and the high soft tissue contrast. MRIs can provide joint details to the treating orthopedist, helping them to diagnose and decide the next appropriate therapeutic step. To examine the shoulder, the patient should lay down with the concerned arm is in lateral rotation. For signal detection it is recommended to use a surface-coil. To find pathologies of the rotator cuff in the basic diagnostic investigation, T2-weighted sequences with fat-suppression or STIR sequences have proven value. In general, the examination should occur in the following three main planes: axial, oblique coronal and sagittal. Most morphological changes and injuries are sustained to the supraspinatus tendon. Traumatic rotator cuff changes are often located antero-superior, meanwhile degenerative changes more likely are supero-posterior. Tendons are predominantly composed of dense collagen fiber bundles. Because of their extreme short T2-relaxation time they appear typically signal-weak, respectively, dark. Degenerative changes, inflammations and also partial and complete tears cause loss of the original tendon structure. Fatty deposits, mucous degeneration and hemorrhages lead to an increased intratendinal T1-image. Edema formations, inflammatory changes and ruptures increase the signals in a T2-weighted image. MRA While using MRI, true lesions at the rotator interval region between the parts of the supraspinatus and subscapularis are all but impossible to distinguish from normal synovium and capsule. In 1999, Weishaupt D. et al. reached through two readers a significant better visibility of pulley lesions at the rotator interval and the expected location of the reflection pulley of the long biceps and subscapularis tendon on parasagittal (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/100%; specificity: 90%/70%) and axial (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/93%; specificity: 90%/80%) MRA images. When examining the rotator cuff, the MRA has a couple of advantages compared to the native MRI. Through a fat suppressed T2-weighted spin echo, MRA can reproduce an extreme high fat-water-contrast, which helps to detect water-deposits with better damage diagnosis in structurally changed collagen fiber bundles. Other animals Tetrapod forelimbs are characterised by a high degree of mobility in the shoulder-thorax connection. Lacking a solid skeletal connection between the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column, the forelimb's attachment to the trunk is instead mainly controlled by serratus lateralis and levator scapulae. Depending on locomotor style, a bone connects the shoulder girdle to the trunk in some animals; the coracoid bone in reptiles and birds, and the clavicle in primates and bats. In primates, the shoulder shows characteristics that differ from other mammals, including a well developed clavicle, a dorsally shifted scapula with prominent acromion and spine, and a humerus featuring a straight shaft and a spherical head. Additional images See also Shoulder girdle (Pectoral girdle) Sternoclavicular joint Chip on shoulder Ambe Milwaukee shoulder syndrome References External links Video of the shoulder carriage in motion NIH (article includes text from this source) University of Michigan Medical School module on movements of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand Upper limb anatomy
HTMS may refer to: The ICAO code of Moshi Airport, an airport in northeastern Tanzania Initialism of His Thai Majesty's Ship, the ship prefix for ships in the Royal Thai Navy Hewitt-Trussville Middle School, Alabama, United States
Damlarca () is a village in the Güçlükonak District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds of the Welatî tribe and had a population of 157 in 2021. The hamlet of Darıca is attached to the village. References Villages in Güçlükonak District Kurdish settlements in Şırnak Province
HNLMS Kortenaer (F807) () was a frigate of the . The ship was in service with the Royal Netherlands Navy from 1978 to 1997 and today serves as HS Kountouriotis with the Hellenic Navy . The frigate was initially named after Dutch naval hero Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer and then after Pavlos Kountouriotis, distinguished Admiral of the Hellenic Navy, responsible for Greek naval victories in the Aegean Sea that secured the Aegean for Greece during the First Balkan War. The ship's radio call sign was "PADA". Design and construction In the early 1970s the Royal Netherlands Navy developed a 'Standard' frigate design to replace the destroyers of the and es. The 'Standard' design would have anti-submarine (the ) and anti-aircraft (the ) variants with different armaments on a common hull design. The first eight Kortenaers were ordered in 1974, with four more ordered in 1976, although two were sold to Greece while being built, and replaced by two of the anti-aircraft variant. Kortenaer was long overall and between perpendiculars, with a beam) of and a draft of . Displacement was standard and full load. The ship was powered by two Rolls-Royce Olympus TM 3B and two Rolls-Royce Tyne TM 1C gas turbines in a combined gas or gas (COGOG) arrangement, driving two propeller shafts. The Olympus engines gave a speed of and the Tyne cruise engines gave a speed of . Kortenaers main anti-aircraft armament was an 8-round NATO Sea Sparrow surface-to-air missile launcher in front of the bridge. An OTO Melara 76 mm was fitted forward of the Sea Sparrow launcher, while a Goalkeeper CIWS was planned to be fitted aft, on the roof of the ship's hangar. Goalkeeper was not available when the ships were built, however, and Kortenaer was completed with a second Oto Melara 76 mm gun in its place. Eight Harpoon anti-ship missiles could be carried in two quadruple launchers, although two or four Harpoons was a more normal peacetime load-out. A hangar and fight deck were fitted to accommodate two Westland Lynx helicopters, although only one was normally carried. Close-in anti submarine armament was provided by four 324 mm tubes for US Mark 46 torpedoes. A Signaal LW-08 long-range air search radar was fitted, together with a ZW-06 surface-search radar, with WM-25 and STIR-180 fire control radars to direct the ship's armament. A Canadian SQS-505 hull-mounted sonar was fitted. Kortenaers aft Oto Melara 76 mm gun was replaced by a Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft gun in 1982, and this, in turn, was replaced by the intended Goalkeeper by 1995. On transfer to Greece, the Goalkeeper was removed. Greece replaced it by an American Phalanx CIWS, while Agusta-Bell AB 212 helicopters replaced the Lynxes. HNLMS Kortenaer, the name-ship of her class was laid down at the Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde (KM de Schelde) shipyard in Vlissingen on 8 April 1975. She was launched on 18 December 1976 and commissioned into service on 26 October 1978. Dutch service history On 12 March 1979 she and the frigate and the destroyer and the replenishment ship departed for a trip to the Far East to show the flag. In 1988 Kortenaer and the frigates and and the replenishment ship made a trip to the far east and Australia to show the flag and for practice. In June 1994 the ship participated in the BALTOPS 94 naval exercise with vessels from several other navies. On 15 February 1996 Kortenaer was decommissioned and in June 1997 she was sold to the Hellenic Navy. Greek service history The ship was put into service on 15 December 1997 where the ship was renamed Kountouriotis (Κουντουριώτης) and the pennant number F 462, using the radio call sign was "SZCT". In September 2017 the ship was assigned to NATO SNMG2. Notes References Kortenaer-class frigates 1976 ships Ships built in Vlissingen Frigates of the Cold War
Communist Party of Nepal (Democratic) was a splinter group of the Communist Party of Nepal (Rayamajhi) formed in 1979, in the backdrop of the popular movement that surged in that year. The party was led by Bishnu Bahadur Manandhar. History The party was initially formed as the Communist Party of Nepal (Manandhar) in 1979. Bishnu Bahadur Manandhar and his supporters had broken away from CPN (Rayamajhi) because of the failure of Keshar Jang Rayamajhi to support the 1979 student protests and supporting the status quo. Manandhar accused Rayamajhi of being a royalist pointing to his appointment in the Royal Council. The party was sympathetic to the Soviet Union and supported the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979. Ahead of the 1991 parliamentary election the party changed its name to Communist Party of Nepal (Democratic). The party contested the 1991 general elections, two candidates from the party got elected out of the 75 candidates that had filed their candidacy. Two months after the election CPN (Democratic) merged with two other parties, Communist Party of Nepal (Burma) and Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya), to form Communist Party of Nepal (United). Electoral performance See also List of communist parties in Nepal References Defunct communist parties in Nepal Political parties established in 1979 1979 establishments in Nepal Political parties disestablished in 1991 1991 disestablishments in Nepal
```xml import React from 'react' import { getWorkspaceShowPageData } from '../../../api/pages/teams/workspaces' import { GetInitialPropsParameters } from '../../../interfaces/pages' import WorkspacePage from '../../../components/WorkspacePage' import { getTeamIndexPageData } from '../../../api/pages/teams' import { parse as parseQuery } from 'querystring' const WorkspaceShowPage = ({ pageWorkspace }: any) => { return <WorkspacePage workspace={pageWorkspace} /> } WorkspaceShowPage.getInitialProps = async ( params: GetInitialPropsParameters ) => { const result = await getWorkspaceShowPageData(params) return result } WorkspaceShowPage.getInitialProps = ( (prev: { value: string \| null }) => async (params: GetInitialPropsParameters) => { const [, teamId] = params.pathname.split('/') const [result, teamData] = await Promise.all([ getWorkspaceShowPageData(params), prev.value != teamId ? getTeamIndexPageData(params) : Promise.resolve({ merge: true, } as any), ]) prev.value = teamId const query = parseQuery(params.search.slice(1)) return { ...teamData, ...result, thread: query.thread } } )({ value: null }) export default WorkspaceShowPage ```
Moment in Peking is a 1988 Taiwanese TV series produced by Chinese Television System, based on Lin Yutang's 1939 English-language novel of the same name, set in Peking (Beijing) in the first half of the 20th century. Cast Angie Chiu as Yao Mulan Ouyang Lung as Tseng Sunya Lin Tzay-peir as Kung Lifu Chao Chia-jung as Yao Mochow Fu Lei as Yao Sze-an Wu Ching-hsien as Mrs. Yao Lee Lee-feng as Cassia Wen Shuai as Tseng Chinya Tseng Ya-chun as Sun Manni Chang Feng as Mr. Tseng Awards and nominations 1989 Golden Bell AwardsWon—Best Television SeriesWon'''—Best Actress (Lee Lee-feng) 1988 Taiwanese television series debuts 1988 Taiwanese television series endings Chinese Television System original programming Mandarin-language television shows Television shows based on Chinese novels
William John Bushby (born 26 September 1935) is an English former cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Southwick, Sussex. Bushby made his debut for Bedfordshire against Shropshire in the 1961 Minor Counties Championship. He played minor counties cricket for Bedfordshire from 1961 to 1975, making 80 Minor Counties Championship appearances. He made his List A debut against Northamptonshire in the 1967 Gillette Cup. He made 5 further List A appearances, the last of which came against Lancashire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. In his 6 List A matches, he scored 110 runs at an average of 27.50, with a high score of 80 not out. This score was against Essex in the 1971 Gillette Cup. With the ball, he took 4 wickets at a bowling average of 56.00, with best figures of 2/10. References External links 1935 births Living people People from Southwick, West Sussex English cricketers Bedfordshire cricketers Cricketers from West Sussex
On May 14, 1988, the Atlantic Records label held its 40th Anniversary Celebration by staging, at Madison Square Garden, New York, a non-stop concert lasting almost 13 hours starting at noon and ending just shortly before 1am the following morning. The event was dubbed "It's Only Rock And Roll". Only artists who had released material on the Atlantic label in the United States performed, spanning the company's forty-year existence. Lavern Baker and Ruth Brown were the longest tenured Atlantic acts to perform, while Debbie Gibson was the most recent. Some Atlantic signings, who had either officially split up or not performed together for a number of years, re-formed especially to perform. These included The Rascals, Iron Butterfly, and the former members of Led Zeppelin. Other notable performers included Yes, Genesis, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Keith Emerson and Carl Palmer (representing Emerson, Lake & Palmer), Foreigner, Paul Rodgers, Bob Geldof, Booker T. Jones, Wilson Pickett, The Coasters, The Spinners, Phil Collins, Peabo Bryson, The Blues Brothers (featuring Dan Aykroyd and Sam Moore), Roberta Flack, The Manhattan Transfer, Bee Gees, Ben E. King, and Vanilla Fudge. Plans to close the performance with a greatest hits all-star jam were shelved. Instead, the former members of Led Zeppelin were the last act. "No rehearsal and just shambling on," recalled guitarist Jimmy Page. The concert was broadcast live in the US on FM radio and HBO television; commentary for the latter being provided backstage by comedian Robert Townsend. HBO commenced its live broadcast a few hours into the event and interspersed footage of the concert that had been taped earlier by the network. In so doing, some of the artists' sets were edited or omitted. An edited version aired later that year on ABC hosted by Robert Hays. The audio was recorded by David Hewitt and Stanley Johnston on the Record Plant Black Truck. Banners heralding the reunion of Led Zeppelin were displayed like tapestry by excited fans – but, to the fans' dismay, were taken down before HBO went with their live feed. In the United Kingdom, the event was broadcast over four weeks by BBC Two, presented as hour-long episodes. Atlantic issued this production on video as Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary: It's Only Rock 'n' Roll. The release intercut concert footage with highlights of earlier performances, and older footage from the Atlantic archives. Performances Marv Albert Introduction The Coasters "That Is Rock-N-Roll" "Charlie Brown" Phil Collins "In the Air Tonight" Phil Collins Introduction of LaVern Baker Lavern Baker "Jim Dandy" "Saved" Roberta Flack Introduction of Foreigner Foreigner "Hot Blooded" "Juke Box Hero" "Urgent" "I Want To Know What Love Is" Iron Butterfly "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" Laura Branigan "Gloria" Stephen Stills Introduction of Ben E. King Ben E. King "Spanish Harlem" "There Goes My Baby" "Save the Last Dance for Me" Roberta Flack "Killing Me Softly with His Song" Roberta Flack and Peabo Bryson "The Closer I Get to You" Michael Douglas Introduction of Crosby, Stills & Nash Crosby, Stills & Nash "Wooden Ships" "Our House" "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" Bee Gees "To Love Somebody" "Lonely Days" "Jive Talkin'" 3 (as Emerson & Palmer with Robert Berry on bass) "America (including Rondo, Tocata, Tank)" Yes "I've Seen All Good People" "Hold On" "Owner of a Lonely Heart" "Perpetual Change" "Roundabout" Dan Aykroyd and Bill Murray Introduction of The Rascals The Rascals "Good Lovin'" "Groovin'" "People Got to Be Free" Vanilla Fudge "You Keep Me Hangin' On" "Take Me for a Little While" Average White Band "Pick Up the Pieces" Ruth Brown "Teardrops from My Eyes" "(Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean" Lisa Bonet Introduction of Debbie Gibson Debbie Gibson "Staying Together" "Foolish Beat" medley "Out of the Blue" "Shake Your Love" "Only in My Dreams" "Happy Birthday to You" Phil Collins Introduction of Robert Plant Robert Plant "Heaven Knows" "Ship of Fools" "Tall Cool One" Alan Paul & Tim Hauser of The Manhattan Transfer "Mack the Knife" The Manhattan Transfer "Birdland" The Spinners "Mighty Love" "Could It Be I'm Falling in Love" "Working My Way Back to You" Dan Aykroyd Introduction of Steve Cropper and Duck Dunn The MG's "Last Night" Steve Cropper Introduction of Carla Thomas Carla Thomas and the MG's "Gee Whiz" Steve Cropper Introduction of Paul Rodgers Paul Rodgers and the MG's "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" Steve Cropper Introduction of Miki Howard Miki Howard and the MG's "Try a Little Tenderness" Carla Thomas, Paul Shaffer and the MG's "Tramp" Dan Aykroyd (as Elwood Blues), Sam Moore and the MG's "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" "Soul Man" "I've Been Loving You Too Long" Dan Aykroyd (as Elwood Blues), Sam Moore, Phil Collins, and the MG's "You Don't Know Like I Know" "Knock on Wood" Roberta Flack Introduction of Bob Geldof Bob Geldof "You Can't Be Too Strong" Wilson Pickett and the MG's "In the Midnight Hour" Wilson Pickett, Dan Aykroyd (as Elwood Blues) and the MG's "Land of a Thousand Dances" Mike Green Presentation to Ahmet Ertegun Ahmet Ertegun Introduction of Genesis Genesis medley "Turn It On Again" "Land of Confusion" "Misunderstanding" "Throwing It All Away" "You Can't Hurry Love" "Shortcut to Somewhere" "All I Need Is a Miracle" "That's All" "Tonight, Tonight, Tonight" "Invisible Touch" "Turn It On Again (Reprise)" Paul Shaffer Introduction of Rufus Thomas Rufus Thomas "Walking the Dog" Robert Townsend, Phil Collins, and Ahmet Ertegun Introduction of Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin (John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant) with Jason Bonham on drums "Kashmir" "Heartbreaker" "Whole Lotta Love" "Misty Mountain Hop" "Stairway to Heaven" References External links "The Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary Bash" by Shawn Perry "20 Years Ago: Vanilla Fudge reunite at Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary!", by Shawn Perry, May 16, 2008 "Atlantic Records Plans An 11-Hour Concert", The Associated Press, April 7, 1988 Concerts in the United States Led Zeppelin 1988 in music Atlantic Records 1988 in New York City 1980s in Manhattan Madison Square Garden
Kyle Owen McGinn (born 23 May 1988) is an Australian politician. He was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council at the 2017 state election, as a Labor member in Mining and Pastoral Region. His term began on 22 May 2017. McGinn worked as a union representative before entering state politics. References 1988 births Living people Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council 21st-century Australian politicians
Maroa is a town in the southern Venezuelan state of Amazonas. This town is the shire town of the Maroa Municipality (or Guainía Municipality) and, according to the 2001 Venezuelan census, the municipality has a population of 890. History Maroa was founded by the brave Cacique Maruwa in the year 1760. Demographics The Maroa Municipality, according to the 2001 Venezuelan census, has a population of 890 (down from 1,140 in 1990). This amounts to 2% of Amazonas's population. The municipality's population density is 0.2 people per square mile (0.0625/km2). Government Maroa is the shire town of the Maroa Municipality (or Guainía Municipality) in Amazonas. The mayor of the Maroa Municipality (or Guainía Municipality) is Thaimir Briceño Angulo, elected in 2004 with 61% of the vote. She replaced Antonio Briceño shortly after the last municipal elections in October 2004. References External links maroa-amazonas.gov.ve Information on the municipalities of Amazonas Populated places in Amazonas (Venezuelan state)
The art collection of Holkham Hall in Norfolk, England, remains very largely that which the original owner intended the house to display; the house was designed around the art collection acquired (a few works were commissioned) by Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester, during his Grand Tour of Italy during 1712–18. To complete the scheme it was necessary to send Matthew Brettingham the younger to Rome between 1747 and 1754 to purchase further works of art. The design of the house was a collaborative effort between Thomas Coke, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and William Kent, with Matthew Brettingham the elder acting as the on-site architect. The house was built between 1736 and 1764, with work on the interiors only completed in 1771. By 1769 all the men involved had died, leaving Thomas's widow, Lady Margaret Tufton, Countess of Leicester (1700–1775), to oversee the completion of the house. Their only child to survive infancy, Edward Coke, Viscount Coke, had died without issue in 1753. The house is designed with a corps de logis containing the state rooms on the first floor (piano nobile), surrounded by four wings: to the south-west the family wing, to the north-west the guest wing, to the south-east the chapel wing and to the north-east the kitchen wing. With all the intervening doors open it is possible to stand in the Long Library and look down the full length of the southern State Rooms and see the east window of the Chapel in the opposing wing the full length of the house. The family wing is a self-contained residence, meant for daily living. The Marble Hall is in the centre of the north front. To its west is the North Dining Room (also called the State Dining Room), then along the west side of the corps de logis is the Statue Gallery, to its east on the south front is the Drawing Room, then the Saloon, South Dining Room, Landscape Room north of which on the east side of the corps de logis is the Green State Bedroom, Green State Dressing Room, North State Dressing Room, the North State Bedroom, and finally to the west the State Sitting Room with the Marble Hall to its west. Much thought went into the placing of sculptures and paintings, involving subtle connections and contrasts in the mythological and historical characters and stories depicted. The state rooms were designed with symmetrical arrangements of doors, windows and fireplaces; this meant that some walls have false doors to balance real doors. This need for balance and harmony extended to the placing of sculpture, paintings and furniture, each artwork being balanced by a piece of similar size though sometimes of contrasting subject matter. Examples are the two paintings commissioned by Thomas Coke above the fireplaces in the Saloon, Tarquin Raping Lucretia and Perseus and Andromeda. In the first painting Sextus Tarquinius, the son of the last king of Rome, is violating a woman, while in the second painting a man is rescuing a woman from being killed. The result of the rape of Lucretia is the overthrow of a tyrant; the rescue of Andromeda results in Perseus becoming a king. Other connections are the sculptures in the two exedras of the Statue Gallery: in the southern one are two satyrs, symbols of ungoverned passion and lust, while opposite are the virgin Athena, goddess of wisdom, and Ceres, the preserver of marriage and sacred law. In the Landscape Room it is possible to go from looking at the paintings to looking through the window at a real Landscape garden, one influenced by the images on the walls. The works collected in Italy include: sculpture, paintings, mosaics, books, manuscripts and old master drawings (most of which have been sold). The books included one of Leonardo da Vinci's note books now known as the Codex Leicester which was sold from the collection in 1980. Sculpture Grand Tour. The collection of 60 Ancient Roman marble sculptures is amongst the finest in any private collection in the world. The collection consists of both life size and greater than life size statues and busts that include several of the Twelve Olympians, characters from Greek mythology, ancient Greek philosophers and ancient Romans of the imperial era, plus other sculptures. Most have been repaired to varying extents. The full length statues are mainly displayed in the Statue Gallery along with busts which are also to be found throughout the State Rooms. Matthew Brettingham the Younger dispatched the first consignment of sculptures from Rome in 1749. Because of the difficulty in getting permission from the Papal authorities to export the sculpture of Isis the second consignment was not dispatched until 1751, after which sculptures were exported annually until the last shipment in the summer of 1754. Among the finest of the works are: The bust of Thucydides dated 100–120 AD, of Carrara marble 79.5 cm high, purchased by Matthew Brettingham. With only minor repairs this is one of the finest busts of the era to survive. This powerful characterisation presents the historian in late middle age with a strong-boned squarish face with a high broad forehead, receding temples and bald patch. The three furrows on the brow make this a convincing portrait. The goddess Artemis/Diana dated to 190–200 AD, believed to be a copy of a mid-4th-century BC Hellenistic original, with only minor repairs. Purchased in Rome by Thomas Coke on 13 April 1717 for 900 crowns (about £250), this was Thomas's most expensive purchase. The marble statue is 1.86 metres high, shown wearing a peplos, holding a bow in the left hand; the right hand is reaching for an arrow held in a quiver on the sculpture's back. Marsyas, dated to 180–190 AD, probably a copy of a 2nd-century BC Greek statue. Originally owned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, it was purchased by Matthew Brettingham. The marble statue is 2.01 metres in height. The bearded figure is naked, left elbow leaning on a tree stump, in a contrapposto stance, with a lion skin knotted across its chest and hanging down the back. The right arm is bent upwards holding a cudgel. The Empress Livia, dated mid-1st century AD, purchased for 300 crowns by Matthew Brettingham. Made from Parian marble 2.23 metres in height, the statue is contrapposto, dressed in a floor length chiton girt under the breasts, forming an apoptygma or overfold, with short sleeves. A cloak is pulled to the crown of the head and envelopes the lower body, crossing the left shoulder and drawn across the front of the body and is draped over the left forearm. In the left hand is held a bunch of wheat ears. The god Poseidon/Neptune dated late 1st to early 2nd centuries AD is thought to be a copy of a Greek sculpture of the 1st half of the 2nd century BC, purchased in Rome in 1752 by Matthew Brettingham for 800 crowns. Made from Parian marble, it is 1.73 metres high, the god is depicted naked, standing; the left leg is slightly bent and drawn back resting on the ball of the foot. The left hand holds onto a trident resting on the ground and the right arm is raised slightly. The head has thick curly hair and a beard. In the following list sculptures marked with an * were purchased by Thomas Coke on his Grand Tour; any marked # were purchased by Matthew Brettingham the younger. The Roman statues include: The Statue Gallery: the southern exedra: Satyrs, one playing a flute# and one wearing a pigskin#; south of the fireplace: Meleager#, Marsyas# & Poseidon/Neptune#; above the fireplace: Apollo; north of the fireplace: Dionysus/Bacchus#, Artemis/Diana and Aphrodite/Venus#; the northern exedra: Athena/Minerva# and Demeter/Ceres#. The North Tribune: Isis# repaired with a head from another statue, Livia# repaired with a head of Lucius Verus* and an unidentified man wearing a toga (purchased as Lucius Antonius). The Marble Hall: in the niches of the apse: a statue repaired with a head of Septimius Severus# and a heavily restored statue of Julia Mamaea; within the niches of the exedra an Ephebos restored as a Satyr# and a heavily restored Satyr playing cymbals. Private Rooms: Tyche/Fortuna# (purchased as Isis) and a torso of a draped male (purchased as Jupiter. (It was this statue that William Kent intended to restore and place in the centre of the stairs in the Marble Hall, thus placing the main god of Olympus at the literal centre of the House). The Roman busts include depictions/portraits of the following: The Marble Hall: On a half-column outside the door to the State Sitting Room is the bust of Roma dated 130–140 AD; the head is of white marble mounted on a post-Roman body of rosso antico marble (probably purchased in Rome by Edward Coke in 1737). The Statue Gallery: Cybele* in the pediment above Apollo, flanking the northern exedra; Lucius Cornelius Sulla# and Thucydides#; flanking the southern exedra Lucius Junius Brutus# and Pseudo-Seneca#; between the windows an unidentified man# and a woman# (these last two are not part of Thomas Coke's arrangement of the sculptures). The North Tribune: Above the doors, Emperor Philip as a youth# and Faustina the Elder#. The South Tribune: Above the doors and bookcases, Hadrian#, Julia Mamaea#, Julia di Tito#, Caesar Marcus Aurelius, Gallienus# and Geta#. The North Dining Room: In oval niches above the fireplaces Aelius Verus# and Juno#; flanking the apse Marcus Aurelius# & Caesar Geta# (these last two busts have white marble heads mounted on post-Roman bodies of variegated marble). The Saloon: Above the central door Hera/Juno#. Private Rooms: Zeus/Jupiter, Artemis (acquired c1737, origin unknown), Salonina#, Nerva, Plato#, Caracalla#, Gordian III#, Maecenas# and a badly eroded male head, possibly Greek, c400 BC. acquired by the 5th Earl in 1955. Other Roman sculptures include: The Statue Gallery: Between Apollo and the fireplace an oval white marble relief of Julius Caesar# in profile, enclosed in an 18th-century dark veined marble frame. The South Vestibule: Flanking the north door, the Ash Altar of Caius Calpurnius Cognitus, 1st quarter of the 1st century AD, and the Cinerarium of Petronius Hedychrus, 1st quarter 2nd century AD. Private Rooms: Profile relief of Carneades#, a statuette of the Nile river god#, Sarcophagus of T. Flabius Hermetes#, marble Oscillum# depicting a cavorting satyr, a Herma# and fragments of a sarcophagus decorated with sea-creatures. There are several sculptures dating from the post-Roman era: The Marble Hall contains a series of plaster casts of eight sculptures: in the niches of the east wall Apollo, Flora, Bacchus, Isis, and in the niches of the west wall Aphrodite, Hermes, St. Susanna and Capitoline Antinous, plus a plaster copy of Louis-François Roubiliac's marble bust of Thomas Coke above the door in the apse (the original is part of his tomb in Tittleshall church), and on marble half-columns Francis Chantrey's marble busts of 'Coke of Norfolk' and a second one of Thomas Coke. There is a set of four white marble reliefs in the apse flanking the niches (added by 'Coke of Norfolk'): Thomas Banks's The Death of Germanicus, Richard Westmacott's Death of Socrates, Stoldo Lorenzi's Lorenzo I and Francis Chantrey's The Passing of the Reform Bill 1832, plus a marble plaque of two woodcock by Chantrey. The Drawing Room: Marble copies of busts of Marcus Aurelius and Caracalla on the mantelpiece, and plaster busts of Faustina, Carneades, Pythagoras and Zeno above the doors. The South Dining Room: Four plaster busts above the doors. The South Vestibule consisting of a rectangular room beneath the Portico linked by five arches to a semicircular section beneath the Saloon, that has a large niche flanked by smaller ones each side of the north door; these used to house plaster casts of statues, to the west: Dancing Faun, Apollo Belvedere and Ganymede; and to the east: Ptolemy, Meleager and The Venus des Belles Fesses. There also used to be busts on brackets between the piers of the arches: Cicero, Plato, Lysias and Seneca. The Long Library: above the pedimented bookcases a marble bust of Alexander Pope and plaster copies of busts of Venus, Cybele and A Vestal Virgin. The Classical Library: six plaster busts above the four bookcases and doors on the side walls. Private Rooms: A series of 18th-century marble copies of ancient busts, including: Homer and Alexander the Great. 'Coke of Norfolk' commissioned marble busts including Napoleon and Charles James Fox The Corridor linking the Guest Wing to the North Tribune: in niches flanking the bookcase and window, plaster casts of Venus de' Medici, Camillus, Urania and Apollino (Medici Apollo). Paintings The 7th Earl of Leicester restored most of the paintings to the positions designed for them. Three paintings however are no longer in the collection. These are Titian's Venus and the Lute Player, sold in 1931, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has been replaced in the current hang in the South Dining Room by Melchior d'Hondecoeter's bird painting. The Saloon also originally had in the centre of the side walls Chiari's Continence of Scipio (commissioned by Thomas Coke in Rome) and Pietro da Cortona's Coriolanus: their present whereabouts is unknown. The Rubens and Van Dyck paintings originally hung in the centres of the side walls in the Drawing Room are now hung in the Saloon and are replaced in the Drawing Room by family portraits. The fact that the greater works of art were not originally hung in the Saloon, the main room of the state apartment, suggests that the subject matter of the lost paintings was of prime importance to Thomas Coke's scheme. The Continence of Scipio depicts the return of a captured young woman to her fiancé by Scipio, having refused to accept her from his troops as a prize of war, and Coriolanus using his military victory as an excuse to fight democracy and his failure leading to his betrayal of Rome. Again like the paintings over the fireplaces in this room, these paintings contrast the use and abuse of power, in this case clemency versus betrayal. The Drawing Room contains eleven paintings: above the fireplace Pietro da Pietri's Madonna in Gloria; two works by Melchior d'Hondecoeter on the upper wall flanking the fireplace of fighting birds (these are allegories on William III of England's wars, each bird representing a European nation); lower left of the fireplace Gaspar Poussin's The Storm; lower right of the fireplace, Claude Lorraine's Apollo flaying Marsyas; above the doors four landscapes by van Bloemen; in the centre of the east wall Jonathan Richardson's portrait of Thomas Coke 1st Earl of Leicester in the robes of the Order of the Bath; and in the centre of the west wall Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger's portrait of Sir Edward Coke, founder of the family's fortune. The Saloon contains eight paintings: in the centre of the west wall Rubens' The Return of the Holy Family; in the centre of the east wall van Dyck's Duc D'Arenberg on Horseback (purchased in Paris in 1718 by Thomas Coke on his way back to England from Italy); above the fireplaces two works commissioned by Thomas Coke in Rome, namely, Andrea Procaccini's Tarquin Raping Lucretia and Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari's Perseus and Andromeda; above the western doors two paintings by Maratta, Woman Playing a Spinet and Jael Murdering Sisera; and above the eastern doors Agostino Scilla\|'s paintings of Summer and Winter. The South Dining Room contains eleven paintings: above the fireplace Thomas Gainsborough's portrait of Coke of Norfolk; upper left of the fireplace a Naked Venus in the style of Titian; upper right of the fireplace Hondecoeter's bird painting; lower left and right of the fireplace two works by Gaspar Poussin, A Stormy Landscape and A classical landscape with reclining figures; in the centre of the east wall Reni's Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (acquired by 'Coke of Norfolk' in 1773); above the eastern doors Cristoforo Roncalli's Pope Julius II after Raphael; and Sir Peter Lely's Portrait of Edmund Waller; in the centre of the west wall Batoni's portrait of Coke of Norfolk while on his Grand Tour; above the western doors Sir Thomas More (School of Holbein) and A Venetian Lady (School of Titian). The Landscape Room contains 22 paintings. The hang is symmetrical. Luca Giordano's Saint John the Baptist Preaching is the upper painting above the chimneypiece. All the other paintings in the room are landscapes: five works by Gaspar Poussin, seven works by Claude Lorraine including Queen Esther approaching the palace of Ahasuerus, two works by Vernet, one work by Salvator Rosa, two works by Locatelli, two works by Jan Frans van Bloemen, one work by Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi and one work by Domenichino. The Green State Bedroom contains five paintings all commissioned by Thomas Coke: above the fireplace Gavin Hamilton's Jupiter caressing Juno and above the four doors paintings by Francesco Zuccarelli depicting the seasons. The Green State Dressing Room includes small-scale works by Jacopo Bassano, Sebastiano Conca, Maratta and Gaspar van Wittel. The North State Dressing Room: above the chimney piece Bastiano da Sangallo's copy of Michelangelo's destroyed cartoon of Florentines surprised by the Pisans while bathing; Procaccini's The Venerable Lawgiver Numa Pompilius giving law to Rome and Annibale Carracci's Galatea and Polyphemus The North State Bedroom: Jonathan Richardson's Portrait of Lady Margaret Tufton, Countess of Leicester & Edward Viscount Coke; Jonathan Richardson's Portrait of Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester and Portrait of William Heveningham (Thomas Coke's grandfather). The Chapel: the east wall above the altar, Guido Reni's The Assumption of the Virgin flanked by Giovanni Battista Cipriani's paintings of St. Anne and St. Cecilia; in the west gallery, Maratta's Virgin Holding a Book and a 16th-century Head of Christ by an unknown painter of the Milanese School; above the fireplace Giorgio Vasari's portrait of Pope Leo X, Bernardino Luini's Holy Family with St John the Baptist, Mazzuola's Penitent Magdalen, and in the manner of van Dyke Archbishop Laud; on the south wall, Preti's The Adoration of the Magi, Andrea Sacchi's Abraham, Hagar and Ishmael, Lanfranco's The Angel appearing to Joseph; on the north wall, Carlo Maratta's The Virgin reading with St. John and Pietro da Cortona's A scriptural piece from the history of Jacob. The Classical Library: above the fireplace Trevisani's 1717 portrait of Thomas Coke on his Grand Tour. Lady Leicester's Sitting Room: Canaletto's View of the Palace of St Mark, Venice, with preparations for the Doge's Wedding in the overmantel anzd four views of Rome by Gaspar van Wittel. The private rooms contain many paintings, including Andrea Casali's portraits of Thomas Coke and his wife and Rosalba Carriera's portraits of Edward, Viscount Coke, and his wife Lady Mary Coke. In 1716 Thomas Coke commissioned Sebastiano Conca's The Elysian Fields, in which Coke is depicted as Orpheus. The Guest Wing: Frans Snyders' Parrot, and works by Joshua Reynolds, Anthony van Dyck and Thomas Gainsborough. The Kitchen: unusually high up on the east wall is a large early 19th-century portrait of a servant dressed in livery. List of principal paintings by school Dutch School Hondecoeter, Melchior d' – 3 paintings Wittel, Gaspar van – 5 paintings 'English School' Lely, Sir Peter – 1 painting Gainsborough, Sir Thomas – 2 paintings Reynolds, Joshua – 1 painting Richardson, Jonathan – 4 paintings Flemish School Bloemen, Jan Frans van – 6 paintings Dyck, Anthony van – 2 paintings Gheeraerts, Marcus (the Younger) – 1 painting Rubens, Peter Paul – 1 painting Snyders, Frans – 1 painting French School Dughet, Gaspard (known as Gaspar Poussin) – 8 paintings Lorraine, Claude – 8 paintings (including Queen Esther approaching the palace of Ahasuerus) Vernet, Claude Joseph – 2 paintings German School Holbein, Hans (the younger) (school of) – 1 painting Italian School Bassano, Jacopo – 1 painting Batoni, Pompeo – 1 painting Canaletto – 1 painting Carracci, Annibale – 1 painting Carriera, Rosalba – 2 paintings Casali, Andrea – 2 paintings Chiari, Giuseppe Bartolomeo – 1 painting Cipriani, Giovanni Battista – 2 paintings Conca, Sebastiano – 2 paintings Cortona, Pietro da – 1 painting Giordano, Luca – 1 painting Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco – 1 painting Lanfranco, Giovanni – 1 painting Locatelli, Andrea – 2 paintings Luini, Bernardino – 1 painting Maratta, Carlo – 5 paintings Parmigianino, (known by Francesco Mazzola) – 1 painting Pietri, Pietro da – 1 painting Preti, Mattia – 1 painting Procaccini, Andrea – 2 paintings Reni, Guido – 2 paintings Roncalli, Cristoforo – 1 painting (Pope Julius II (after Raphael)) Rosa, Salvator – 1 painting Sacchi, Andrea – 1 painting Sangallo, Bastiano da – Florentines surprised by the Pisans while bathing (copy after Michelangelo's destroyed cartoon) Scilla, Agostino – 2 paintings Titian, (known as Tiziano Vecelli) (style of) – 1 painting Titian, (known as Tiziano Vecelli) (school of) – 1 painting Trevisani, Francesco – 1 painting Vasari, Giorgio – 1 painting Zampieri, Domenico – 1 painting Zuccarelli, Francesco – 4 overdoor paintings Scottish School Gavin Hamilton – 1 painting Old master drawings Sadly most of the old master drawings have been sold, including: Raphael's Cartoon of the Virgin and Child with the Infant St John the Baptist, Bernini's Design for the Tomb of Cardinal Carlo Emanule Pio da Carpi, Pietro da Cortona's Christ on the Cross and Assembly of the Gods, Nicolas Poussin's View of the Tiber Valley and Wooded Landscape with River God Gathering Fruit, Guido Reni's Head of a Young Woman Looking Up, Jusepe de Ribera Adoration of the Shepherds, Frans Snyders Wild Boar at Bay, Paolo Veronese's Allegorical Female Figure Holding a Sceptre & Globe. Books and manuscripts Thomas Coke had purchased many books and manuscripts while on his Grand Tour, though he continued to purchase items after the Tour ended. In 1719 he bought the 'Codex Leicester', in 1721 several Greek manuscripts acquired via Consul Joseph Smith in Venice. He employed a Neapolitan called Domenico Ferrari as his librarian at Holkham on a salary of £100 per annum. He would purchase all the significant books on architecture published in England including, Giacomo Leoni's English translation of Palladio's books and Colen Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus. Other architectural books include Leone Battista Alberti's De re aedificatoria (1452, Ten Books of Architecture) of which both an Italian edition of 1565 and an English edition of 1726 are to be found in the library as is Antoine Desgodetz's Les edifices antiques de Rome dessinés et mesurés très exactement (Paris 1682). Other interests of Coke covered were politics and music. An extensive archive of material relating to the building of the house and the acquisition of the collections exists including letters from both Matthew Brettingham the elder, the executive architect and Baron Lovell (Thomas Coke's title before becoming Earl of Leicester), as well as several architectural plans and elevations showing various alternative designs including many drawings by William Kent. In 1761 Matthew Brettingham the elder published The Plans, Elevations and Sections, Of Holkham in Norfolk in which he down played the role of Kent in the design of the House. The 2nd edition of 1773 by Brettingham the Younger corrected the first edition and gave due weight to Lord Burlington's and Kent's roles in the design process. The correspondence with Matthew Brettingham the younger whilst he was in Italy is extensive, there was much discussion about potential purchases of art works, their cost, shipping and custom fees, also his account book survives with detailed entries for each art work purchased. The Long Library: Contains 2,000 of the 10,500 books & manuscripts bought by Thomas Coke although 'Coke of Norfolk' also acquired several volumes when on his Grand Tour. All are bound in leather with gilt titles (the collection has around 15,000 books in total some of which are modern). The core of the library are books from and on Italy, especially the Renaissance. The North Tribune: which houses around 300 of the largest books in the collection, elephant folio volumes which include architectural books of which the collection has several examples, including Italian editions of I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura. The Classical Library: There are 700 titles, of which 209 are incunabula. Holkham Manuscript 311 is an illuminated manuscript of Virgil's Aeneid dated c1500 just one of many still in the collection. Many manuscripts have been sold from the collection including Holkham Manuscript 48 Dante's Divine Comedy, Italian 14th century, now in the Bodleian Library. The Manuscript Library: Contains 558 literary, theological and legal manuscripts, dating from the 12th to 18th centuries. Including some that once belonged to Sir Edward Coke's, including ones related to the settlement of North America, Coke helped draft the charter of the Virginia Company. Other of his legal documents includes a 15th-century copy of Magna Carta. There is also a collection of Civil War and Commonwealth pamphlets. Additionally there is extensive book shelving in the attics. The design of Holkham Hall When the idea of building Holkham Hall as it is seen today occurred is not known. It may have been during his grand tour that the idea first emerged, Coke had met William Kent in early 1714 and then Richard Boyle the 3rd Earl of Burlington later that same year. Later they went travelling through Italy and experienced Andrea Palladio's architecture first hand, particularly his villas in the Veneto. Palladio's I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture) sets out the theories that underlie his designs and includes an extensive series of woodcut illustrations. These villas formed the basis of the design, though reinterpreted as the centre of an English country estate rather than a summer retreat from Venice, that included working farm buildings. Whereas in a Palladio villa the family would have lived in the Corp de Logis the wings being reserved for agricultural use, at Holkham the State Rooms housing the finest works of art occupy the centre of the House the wings being used for daily life and service functions. In 1773 Matthew Brettingham the younger published a new edition of his father's book The Plans, Elevations and Sections of Holkham with additional text in which it is stated that the concept of a central corp de logis with wings was taken from Palladio's unfinished Villa of Trissino at Meledo but that another of the architect's unbuilt designs Villa Mocenigo on the Brenta was the model for four wings. Brettingham also stated that Lord Leicester found the design with curved colonnades wasteful and adopted the current short corridor links. One of the subjects covered in Palladio's writings are the ratios of room dimensions, this is seen in the House where the ratios of 1:1 occur in the Landscape room and the North Dining room both square, 3:1 is seen in the Long Library, 2:3 in the South Dining room and Drawing Room, 3:4 in Lady Leicester's Sitting Room and the Venetian Room and 1:1.41 (the square root of two) in the Saloon. There were several major influences on the interior decoration of the house including Inigo Jones's designs. Burlington had purchased Jones's surviving architectural drawings in 1720. These were then published in 1727 in the two folio volumes of The Designs of Inigo Jones by William Kent. Ceilings divided up by deep plaster beams that are found throughout Holkham are in the style of Jones, who designed ceilings like these for the Queen's House. Other features showing the influence of Jones's designs include many of the door surrounds, fireplaces such as those in the Drawing Room that are massively sculptural and the decorative niche above the Statue Gallery fireplace. Antoine Desgodetz's publication Les edifices antiques de Rome dessinés et mesurés très exactement (Paris 1682) with its engravings of the monuments and antiquities of Rome, provided suitable architectural details based on illustrations in this book for rooms including: The Marble Hall the columns of which are based on those of the Temple of Fortuna Virilis the coffering is based on the Pantheon, The Statue Gallery exedra are based on those at the Temple of Venus and Roma, in the Saloon the coffering of the cove is copied from the Basilica of Maxentius and the ceiling frieze in the Drawing Room is from the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Daniele Barbaro's translation with extended commentary of the De architectura (Ten books of Architecture) by Vitruvius, contains a woodcut interpretation of a plan of Vitruvius's Roman House and was in part the inspiration for the Marble Hall, especially the atrium which is shown flanked by six columns and with a coffered ceiling. Matthew Brettingham the younger stated that the concept for the Marble Hall was Lord Leicester's, inspired by "Palladio's example of a Basilica, or tribunal of justice, exhibited in his designs for Monsignor Barbaro's translation of Vitruvius". Between 1725 and 1731, William Kent had been at work designing interiors at nearby Houghton Hall, prior to the building of Holkham this was the grandest Palladian style house in Britain and was also built to house an extensive collection of paintings. The earliest surviving elevations and plans for Holkham are preserved in the British Library and date from the 1720s, for which a payment of 10 guineas was made to Matthew Brettingham the Elder in 1726, these show a house heavily influenced by Houghton, but without any wings, the Marble Hall is as designed by Kent prior to the changes of 1755, plus the Statue Gallery is in a form close to that built. The first design to show the four wings is by Kent dated 1728. An influence on the finished House is Chiswick House designed by Lord Burlington and with interiors by William Kent, the gallery being the basis of the design of the Statue Gallery at Holkham. Influence of the design The building most influenced by Holkham is Kedleston Hall, the first architect of which was Matthew Brettingham the Elder, who probably designed the entrance hall, the house was to have four wings, though only the two northern were built. The portico leads to grand entrance hall with its high alabaster Corinthian columns. The interiors at Holkham were the culmination of designs based on Roman public buildings and temples, even before they were completed they were old fashioned. Robert Adam had returned from his grand tour in 1758. His interiors are some of the earliest Neo-classical designs influenced by the newly discovered Roman domestic interiors at Pompeii which are all together lighter in style. He designed the state rooms at Kedleston and lightened the design of the entrance hall. This was the future of domestic design, the grand style of Holkham would never be repeated in a British House. Although Palladio would remain a major influence in British architecture, never again would a great house be built that was so closely influenced by the Italian's designs and theories. Furnishings and decoration Chronology of the construction and decoration of Holkham Hall The extensive archives at Holkham list all the materials that went into building the house, their cost and the names of craftsmen employed. Annual expenditure varied between £500 and £2,500, but peaked at £6,500 in 1755 and fell to £1,200 in 1759. The chronology of the building is as follows: 1707 – Thomas Coke aged ten inherits the estate on the death of his father. 1712–18 – Begins acquiring works of art during the Grand Tour. 1718 – Marries Lady Margaret Turton. 1722 – Thomas Coke makes a loss of £37,928, 14s. 8d. in the South Sea Bubble seriously delaying construction work. 1726 – First designs for the House produced. 1728 – Thomas Coke granted title of Baron Lovel. 1729 – Landscaping of the Park to William Kent's designs commences. 1730 – Obelisk half a mile south and on axis with the house erected. 1734 – 4 May foundation of Family Wing laid. 1738–41 – Family wing completed, decoration designed by William Kent who was paid £50 for his services. Carving of door friezes and chimneypieces by Mr Marsden. Furniture made by William Bradshaw and Benjamin Goodison. 1740 – October foundations of Corp de Logis commenced. December Joseph Pickford of Derby (uncle of the architect Joseph Pickford) was paid for chimneypieces. 1741 – Gilding and Painting in the family wing, Benjamin Carter provided chimneypiece for 'My Lady's Closet'. 1742 – Statues set up temporarily in wing. 1743 – Foundation stone for main house acquired. 1744 – Timber acquired. A mason Joseph Howell searching for suitable stone in Yorkshire. Bricklayers and carpenters assembled. Thomas Coke granted title of Earl of Leicester. 1747–54 – Matthew Brettingham the Younger in Italy buying art works. Bath & Portland stone acquired. 1748 – William Kent dies. 1753 – The Statue Gallery and North Dining Room glazed. The wood carver and joiner James Lillie at work as is the plasterer Thomas Clark. The Earl of Burlington dies. 1754 – Purbeck marble and paving stones delivered. The staircase in the Chapel Wing built. Statues and Pictures being installed in the Corp de Logis. Benjamin Carter's chimneypieces are installed in the Saloon. 1755 – Alabaster from Castlehay arrives. Benjamin Carter and Joseph Pickford carving chimneypieces. The decision was made to alter William Kent's design for the Marble Hall, the plan to place the statue of Jupiter in the centre of the staircase is abandoned as are the planned fireplaces, these are replaced by a heated floor, also it was decided to have a wrought iron balustrade instead of a stone one and the order of the columns is changed from Corinthian to Ionic, the columns were also originally going to continue along the north wall leaving the ground floor as a square, the wall to support them had been built. 1756 – More alabaster delivered. Statue niches in the Marble Hall being created. Alabaster columns and sculptures being delivered. The Kitchen wing completed and in use. 1757 – John Neale gilding rooms including the bookcases in the South Tribune. James Lillie carving models for sofas and chairs. Clark continues plastering. The old house being demolished to make way for the Guest Wing. The white marble Ionic capitals for the Marble Hall begin to be delivered. The bricklayer John Elliott is modifying the Marble Hall to the revised design of 1755. 1758–9 – Floor behind columns in Marble Hall being laid. Lillie continues carving. William Townson is fabricating the mahogany doors for the Marble Hall and William Atkinson is carving the alabaster door surrounds. 1759 – The Earl of Leicester Thomas Coke dies on 20 April. Matthew Brettingham the Elder is sacked as executive architect and replaced by the carver James Miller who designs the Chapel and Interiors of the Guest Wing. 1760 – Timber acquired for Chapel ceiling. The plasterwork by Thomas Clark in the Marble Hall completed. 1761 – Wrought iron balustrade in Marble Hall forged and installed probably by Thomas Tilston. The Birmingham locksmith Thomas Blockley was paid for providing locks, bolts, hinges and screws £110. 5s. 0d.. 1764 – The Chapel is plastered by Thomas Clark, while Robert May and Peter Moor carve mahogany doors and the cedar screen and altar rails. 1765 – Building of the House complete, workmen dismissed. 1769 – Matthew Brettingham the Elder dies. 1771 – Lady Leicester pays the final installment for the furniture. 1773 – The final works of art are installed, purchased by the heir to Holkham 'Coke of Norfolk' on his Grand Tour. The total amount spent on building and decorating the House was nearly £90,000. with a further £8562. 3s. 5d. spent on furnishings. Including £3,166. 16s. 0d. on damask, velvet and other textiles from a London mercer called Carr. Between 1734 and 1762, 2,700,000 yellow bricks were manufactured at Burnham Market at £1 per thousand bricks. Description of the major interiors The Corp de Logis The Marble Hall: This is the grandest and most complex room in the House. Rising the full height of the house the room is nearly high, the main body being square, at the upper floor level taking up most of the south wall is a large apse, which in turn has a coffered-exedra in its centre. The ground floor is a rectangle, it being surrounded by walls to the east, west and south sides, which support a Colonnade of eighteen full columns and two matching pilasters on the north wall high of the Ionic order, which in turn are surrounded by a passageway. There are six columns down each flank of the room, with two more at the end, the remaining four columns follow the curve of the apse. The apse contains a wide flight of white marble steps that rises to the upper level at the southernmost columns. The columns have an extremely rich plaster entablature, the soffit has richly decorated plaster panels edged in egg and dart, the frieze has bucrania and putti between festoons of fruit, the cornice in turn supports the deep coffered cove of the ceiling that rises to the flat centre over both the apse and the main part of the room, which is enriched with molded plaster beams also richly decorated with rosettes and other decoration. The fluted columns are of pink-veined Derbyshire alabaster, with white marble capitals. The walls surrounding the ground floor are also faced in the same alabaster, there are two arched doorways at the northern end of the walls leading to the service areas. These walls have a skirting of black marble decorated with a white marble meander, there is also a band of black marble decorated with a white marble scroll pattern just below the bases of the columns. The floor is white marble edged with grey marble. Between the columns is an elaborate black painted s-scroll wrought iron balustrade, supporting a mahogany hand rail. The upper corridor behind the columns is more restrained in its decoration, the alabaster is restricted to the skirting and door frames, with a white marble floor, the flat ceilings having simple large coffers between each column, separated by a rich band of guilloché patterned plasterwork, the walls like the ceiling being white plaster. The east and west walls of the upper level have four plain statue niches alternating with three doors, the southern apse is flanked by doors with windows above, then within the apse are two more statue niches flanking the central exedra with its hexagonal coffering, this contains two more statue niches flanking the doorway into the Saloon with its alabaster door surround with rich entablature and brackets, these like all the doors in the state rooms are of panelled mahogany. All the statue niches are semicircular in plan and rise from dado level to a half domed termination. The northern wall continues the alabaster and marble decoration across the ground floor, above is a Venetian window framed in white plaster, consisting of Corinthian pilasters and matching entablature, this is flanked by two sash windows. Beneath the central window is the main entrance which is flanked by black marble Ionic engaged-columns, supporting an alabaster pediment in the frieze of which is this inscription: THIS SEAT, on an open barren Estate Was planned, planted, built, decorated. And inhabited the middle of the XVIIIth Century By THO's COKE EARL of LEICESTER The North Dining Room: Is a cube of a side, with a large apse in the middle of the south wall, this is richly coffered, and flanked by pilasters with richly carved rinceaux and mirrored panelling on their side facing the apse. Within the apse just behind the pilasters are two doors leading to a staircase that links to the service areas and kitchen. The two fireplaces are carved from Sicilian Jasper & white marble, with reliefs from Aesop's Fables, the eastern fireplace with The Bear and the Bee-Hive and the western The Sow and the Wolf, were carved by Thomas Carter, above are oval niches surrounded by plaster swags held in the talons of gilt plaster eagles. The ceiling has a small cove above a cornice, the edge of the ceiling proper being edged by a plaster beam that enclose a circular plaster beam both decorated with rinceaux, the centre of the ceiling is a shallow dome. The four doors that flank the fireplaces have pediments. The Venetian window is framed by Corinthian pilasters and columns. A large classical style porphyry table from Italy is in the centre of the apse, the curve of which follows that of the apse, with a red granite wine-cooler, two marble top tables flank the apse above which are brackets to support a bust. There is an elaborate silver candelabra over three feet in height in the centre of the circular dining table, the dining chairs are mahogany originally the sets were of red leather and the richly patterned and coloured Axminster carpet mirrors the form of the ceiling dome and plaster beams. The room is white with some gilding. An early 18th-century bracket clock sits in the centre of the porphyry table. The Statue Gallery: Is a tripartite room long by wide, consisting of two plain-domed octagonal tribunes high with elaborate entablatures and are linked by arches to the coffered-exedras at either end of the rectangular central room that is high and long, including the exedra. The Northern Tribune has large niches in the form of exedras in the corners that extent down to floor level to take large sculptures on plinths, there are busts in the open pediments above the two doors. The Southern Tribune has bookcases in the corners with swan-neck pediments, which like the doors take busts, above the window flanked by Corinthian pilasters, in plaster is the year 1753. The statue niches in the central room rise from dado level, two in each of the exedras and three either side of the fireplace the central one of which is larger than the flanking ones. The elaborately carved chimneypiece carved by Joseph Pickford is of white marble with coloured panel, is surmounted by a niche with a carved pedimented frame, all the other niches are plain. The busts sit on brackets projecting from the walls, the central Palladian window is framed by elaborate Corinthian columns and pilasters, the room has a gilt cornice around the plain ceiling. The walls are painted a very pale grey, with the ceiling, dado, window surrounds and niche over the fireplace white with gilt highlights. In the tribunes hanging from plaster pendants are two cut-glass crystal chandeliers, English dated c1760. In the central room are two chandeliers of gilt bronze, there are two side tables between the windows, that have richly veined marble tops, the frames richly carved and gilt. On the tables are two matching marble urns. Flanking the chimneypiece are sofas flanked by matching chairs of parcel-gilt wood with dark blue leather upholstery made by Saunders in 1757. The Drawing Room: Is 20 by , the fireplace of white marble was richly carved by Joseph Pickford, the frieze of which has two swags of fruit either side of a plain cartouche, the walls are covered in patterned red velvet, the plaster ceiling divided into nine rectangular compartments, divided by plaster beams richly decorated with foliage and masks where the beams cross, it has a rich entablature the frieze decorated with standing griffins between foliage. The four doors on the side walls have open pediments. The dado, ceiling and door surrounds are white highlighted in gilt. The seat furniture is designed by William Kent, an upholstered in red patterned velvet there are sofas each side of the chimneypiece and arm-chairs on each side wall flanking tables, there is a fine carved and gilt pier glass between the windows carved by James Millar, below which is carved gilt pier-table with marble top. The Saloon: Is 28 by . The ceiling has a rich entablature, the frieze of which is of rinceaux of acanthus leaves, with a small family coat of arms flanked by ostrich and a dragon in the centre of each wall, this supports the deep octagonal coffered-cove, each coffer containing a rosette, rising to in height to the flat area of the ceiling, also coffered but with a mixture of octagonal, hexagonal and square coffers. On the north wall are two fireplaces the work of Benjamin Carter, of white marble with Sicilian marble Ionic columns and Frieze with carvings in white marble including central plaques of Cybele with a lion and a personification of astronomy, which flank the large central door, the frame being richly carved, including acanthus foliage in the frieze and surmounted with a segmental open pediment. The four doors at the ends of the side walls are surmounted by an Earl's coronet above two crossed palm branches. The walls are clad in red patterned Genoa caffoy, the dado, ceiling and door cases are white with gilt highlights. In the middle of the east and west walls are William Kent side tables, whose supports are carved eagles (probably the work of Matthias Lock) and their tops are covered by geometrical mosaics dated 123–125 AD from Hadrian's Villa. Between the five windows are four sets of mirrors with elaborately carved & gilt frames consisting of two oval mirrors with a girandole between and matching marble topped pier-tables below, . The seat furniture gilt and red velvet upholstered, to match the walls, is by William Kent. There are four gilt wood torchieres flanking the fireplaces. The South Dining Room: Is 20 by , the fireplace is of white marble with an inlaid panel of Lapis Lazuli and richly carved boys heads beneath large corbels, the walls are covered in patterned red velvet, the plaster ceiling divided into nine compartments the central one enclosing an oval, divided by plaster beams richly decorated with vine leaves and masks where the beams cross, has a rich entablature the frieze decorated with seated griffins. The four doors on the side walls have open pediments. The dado, ceiling and door surrounds are white highlighted in gilt. The seat furniture is designed by William Kent, an upholstered in red patterned velvet there are sofas each side of the chimneypiece and on each side wall, there is a fine gilt pier glass between the windows probably carved by James Whittle, below which is carved gilt pier-table with marble top of giallo antico. The Landscape Room: Is square, the fireplace is of white marble with inlaid panels of coloured marble, the walls are covered in patterned red Damask, the plaster ceiling is divided into nine compartments the central one an octagon, divided by plaster beams decorated with a guilloché pattern with rosettes where the beams cross. The four doors, flanking the fireplace and in the centres of the east and west walls have entablatures. There is a Venetian window with Corinthian columns and pilasters. The dado, ceiling and door surrounds are white highlighted in gilt. The furniture consists of a small desk and two carved gilt, two seater sofas upholstered in red velvet and a pair of torchieres flank the fireplace. The Green State Bedroom: Is 32 by , the fireplace is of white marble including two Caryatids at the corners and a carved plaque in the centre backed by yellow marble with black veins. The ceiling has shallow plasterwork beams outlining a circle in the centre with two semicircles from the side walls touching it, there are large rosettes in each corner and paired above the fireplace and opposite in front of the middle window. The four doorways on the side walls have entablatures. The dado, ceiling and door surrounds are white highlighted in gilt. The central chandelier is of gilded bronze and hangs from a plaster pendant. The walls are covered by the tapestries of the four continents, Europe, America & Africa are Brussels tapestries all signed A. Auwercx. Asia is a Mortlake tapestry in the same style, either side of the central window are two small Mortlake tapestries of Sleep & Vigilance, all woven by Paul Saunders and George Smith Bradshaw in 1757. The canopied bed, seat furniture and curtains, have retained their original multicoloured Genoa velvet upholstery and was designed by William Kent. There are two small pier-tables with marble tops between the windows. The Green State Dressing Room: a small fireplace of white marble with dark-veins, the frieze being of white marble inlaid with black marble of unusual geometric design, the walls are covered in patterned green velvet. The North State Dressing Room: fireplace of white marble with yellow and black veins, the frieze of yellow marble with a raised meander of white marble and a white marble plaque of a swag, the walls are covered in patterned green velvet. The North State Bedchamber: Is square. The fireplace is of white marble, the side pilasters carved with shallow reliefs of eagles, patera and other motifs, the frieze is of a darker white-veined marble with carved central plaque and meander of white marble. The ceiling has a rich entablature, the frieze decorated with palmettes, the centre of the ceiling has a circle outlined by a richly molded plaster beam. The dado, ceiling and door surrounds are white highlighted in gilt. There is a table with a top made from a mosaic bought as originating from Hadrian's Villa, now believed to be an 18th-century copy. The four-poster bed is Regency. The walls are covered in patterned red velvet. The State Sitting Room: Is 27 by . The fireplace with shallow carvings of dark green marble with white veins, the frieze of onyx with a plain central plaque of polished red granite. The dado, ceiling and door surrounds are white highlighted in gilt. The walls are covered by 17th-century Brussel's tapestries designed by Peemans, depicting the twelve months of the year. There is a Kent sofa and arm-chairs covered in red velvet and a pair of torchieres. The Family Wing The Long Library: Is 54 by and is on the west side of the wing. This was the first major interior of the House to be completed, in 1741, and has a chimneypiece carved by one Marsden, of yellow Siena marble with black veins with details in white marble. The overmantel with a pediment enclosing acanthus foliage and a shell, contains a mosaic depicting a lion fighting a leopard. Originally from the Roman theatre at Gubbio, the mosaic once adorned Palazzo Gabrielli-Mignanelli in Rome, and was acquired in that city by Coke of Norfolk, during his Grand Tour in Italy in c1772. The built-in bookcases were designed by William Kent, there are four matching large bookcases with open pediments flanking the fireplace and the central window of the west wall, plus eight smaller bookcases flanking the windows in the south and north walls, and at each end of the east and west walls. The ceiling has a deep plain cove that is half groin vaulted, three on the end walls and seven on the long walls, the flat centre of the ceiling has a meander plaster beam along the edge, centered by three octagon medallions defined by plaster beams, with two gilt brass chandeliers hanging from the two side medallions. The two doorways have entablatures with richly carved friezes. There is a third door, disguised as part of the bookcase between the south door and fireplace, this is covered in leather books spines. The walls, bookcases, ceiling, overmantel and door cases are all white with gilt highlights on the mouldings. Most of the furniture is of little historic interest, being for comfort, as this is the main room in the family wing. The Classical Library: Is 18 by , created in 1816 by 'Coke of Norfolk' from a former ante-room and is the central room on the north side of the wing. The fireplace is fairly plain of white-veined dark marble. It is flanked by two doors with entablatures with decorative friezes. The doors in the middle of the side walls are surmounted by open pediments; four built-in bookcases in the style of Kent, flank the doors (with open pediments). The ceiling is divided into nine zones by plaster beams with simple decoration. The walls, bookcases, ceiling, overmantel and door cases are all white with gilt highlights on the mouldings. The Manuscript Library: Created in 1816 by 'Coke of Norfolk' from the former dressing room belonging to the main family bedroom, pedimented bookcases flank each door of the side walls. Lady Leicester's Sitting Room: Is 18 by and is the central room on the south side of the wing. The fireplace carved by Marsden is of white marble richly carved with egg and dart around the grate, and the frieze with acanthus foliage and a central rosette. The overmantel with its Canaletto painting is richly decorated and is surmounted by a small oval portrait beneath an open pediment with two flanking urns. The four doors have entablatures with carved friezes. The ceiling has a decorated frieze, the ceiling divided by plaster beams into various geometrical shapes. The walls, ceiling, overmantel and door cases are all white with gilt highlights on the mouldings. The Guest Wing The Venetian Room: Is 18 by , is the main guest bedroom and is the central room on the north side of the wing. The fireplace is of black marble with white veins, the carved frieze of white marble has a plain central plaque of green marble with mottling. The plaster decorative overmantel has an open pediment and surrounds an oval portrait. Two doors flank the fireplace with two more on the side walls near the window, all have entablatures with decorative frieze and surmounted by portraits. The ceiling has a rich entablature with a rinceaux frieze, and plaster beams dividing the ceiling into various geometric shapes. The window Venetian with central Corinthian columns and matching pilasters. The walls are covered by 18th-century tapestries with a pastoral theme with playing cupids. There is a gilt wood chandelier. There are a total of six bedrooms in the Guest Wing, four on the first and two on the second floor. Including: The Red Parrot bedroom named after the painting by Frans Snyders, the Red Bedroom and The Yellow Tapestry room. The Chapel Wing The Chapel: Is 54 by , rising through two floors, the ground floor and piano nobile. The cedar-wood gallery supported by two Corinthian columns, was for use by the family and is at piano nobile level. The lower walls are clad in alabaster, the upper in white plaster with the paintings inset in plaster frames and a white plaster richly coffered-ceiling surrounded by a rich plaster entablature. The paintings above the altar are enclosed in an alabaster reredos with engaged-Corinthian columns flanking the central painting and matching pilasters the side paintings, these support a segmental alabaster pediment and moulded plaster work surrounding the window above. The walls, ceiling, overmantel and door cases are all white. The Kitchen Wing The Kitchen: Is 24 by . Rising through the ground and first floors running north to south across the centre of the wing, the north wall has a Venetian window at upper floor level. The east wall has a series of cast iron cooking ranges. The extensive copper Batterie de cuisine survives. This kitchen has not been used as such since 1939. References Bibliography Schmidt, Leo and others (2005). Holkham. Munich, Berlin, London, New York: Prestel Angelicoussis, Elizabeth (2001). The Holkham Collection of Classical Sculptures, Verlag Philipp von Zabern Hussey, Christopher (1955), Pages 131–146, English Country Houses: Early Georgian 1715–1760, London, Country Life Pevsner, Nicholas & Wilson, Bill (1999) Pages 413–424, Buildings of England: Norfolk 2: North-West and South, London, Penguin Wilson, Michael I. (1984), William Kent: Architect, Designer, Painter, Gardener, 1685–1748, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Hassall W.O., ed. (1970), The Holkham library: illuminations and illustrations in the manuscript library of the Earl of Leicester, Oxford, The Roxburghe Club Mortlock, D.P., (2006) The Holkham Library: A History and Description, Oxford, The Roxburghe Club Sayer, Michael (1993), Pages 144–146, The Disintegration of a Heritage: Country Houses and their Collections 1979–1992, Norwich, Michael Russell Brettingham, Matthew, (1761), The Plans, Elevations and Sections, Of Holkham in Norfolk, London, J. Haberkorn, the 2nd edition (1773) with additional material by Matthew Brettingham the younger Harris, Eileen, (1990), Pages 123–124 British Architectural Books and Writers 1556–1785, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Hiskey, Christine, (1997), The Building of Holkham Hall: Newly Discovered Letters, published in Architectural History Volume 40: 1997, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain Scott, Jonathan, (2003), Pages 73–82 The Pleasures of Antiquity: British Collectors of Greece and Rome, New Haven & London, Yale University Press Beard, Geoffrey, (1981), Pages 180–184, Craftsmen and Interior Decoration in England 1660–1820, London, Bloomsbury Books Cornforth, John, (2004), Pages 313–324, Early Georgian Interiors, New Haven & London, Yale University Press Worsley, Giles, (1995), Pages 139–140, Classical Architecture in Britain: The Heroic Age, New Haven & London, Yale University Press Lees-Milne, James, (1962), Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester in Pages 221–263, Earls of Creation: Five Great Patrons of Eighteenth-Century Art, London, Hamish Hamilton Tourist attractions in Norfolk Collections of museums in the United Kingdom Culture in Norfolk Arts in Norfolk Art collections of
A political gaffe is an error in speech made by a politician. Definition According to Barack Obama it is: used by the press to describe any maladroit phrase by a candidate that reveals ignorance, carelessness, fuzzy thinking, insensitivity, malice, boorishness, falsehood, or hypocrisy – or is simply deemed to veer sufficiently far from the conventional wisdom to make said candidate vulnerable to attack. Kinsley gaffe A Kinsley gaffe occurs when a political gaffe reveals some truth that a politician did not intend to admit. The term comes from journalist Michael Kinsley, who said, "A gaffe is when a politician tells the truth – some obvious truth he isn't supposed to say." The term political gaffe may be used to describe an inadvertent statement made by a politician, who believes the statement to be true, while having not fully analyzed the consequences of publicly stating it. Another definition is a statement made when the politician privately believes it to be true, realizes the dire consequences of saying it, and yet inadvertently utters it in public. Another definition is a politician's statement of what is on their mind—this may or may not be inadvertent—thereby leading to a ritualized 'gaffe dance' between candidates. While exhibiting umbrage or shock, and playing on the mistake, the ostensibly offended candidate must not exhibit anything resembling glee. A propensity to concentrate on so-called 'gaffes' in campaigns has been criticized as a journalistic device that can lead to distraction from real issues. The Kinsley gaffe is said to be a species of the general 'political gaffe.' Kinsley himself posed the question: "Why should something a politician says by accident automatically be taken as a better sign of his or her real thinking than something he or she says on purpose?" Steven Pinker has contended that politicians use vague and indirect language to avoid making concrete statements, and that lazy journalists base political coverage around "gaffe spotting" rather than analysis of political platforms. The rise of Internet activism has created a new generation of negative campaigning where a political campaign can create attack ads within an hour of a politician making a gaffe. See also Error#Gaffe Freudian slip Hot mic Footnotes References Further reading Political culture Politics-related lists
Hendrick Manufacturing Company is an American perforated metal manufacturer founded in 1876 in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, where it is still based. Over the years, additional manufacturing locations were established in California, Tennessee, Kentucky and Illinois. Plants in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Illinois are still in operation. History Eli Hendrick Born in 1832, Eli Hendrick apprenticed as a wood turner in his native Michigan. After developing an interest in oil refining, he built a refinery in Carbondale, Illinois. The company later developed new products including “Galena Signal Oil,” an extra-fine kerosene for railway lighting, and “Plumboleum”, a gear box lubricant that remained a basic ingredient of automotive lubricants for 75 years. The filter presses used in the refining process consisted of mats of woven wire and canvas. In constant use, the wire eventually was abraded to the point where it pierced the canvas, reducing the efficiency of the filter. Hendrick reasoned that a metal sheet, properly perforated, could replace the canvas-and-wire filter, giving it a longer life. Several tries at drilling holes, first individually, then in a multiple drill-press proved that the concept was sound, but the production process was too costly. He then conceived the idea of punching holes simultaneously in the sheet metal. The metal-punching machine he developed was a pilot for the modern perforating press and the foundation upon which Hendrick Manufacturing Company was started in 1876. Over the next 100 years, the company steadily expanded its technology and its product lines, branching out from the original oil and coal industries into aggregate, iron, steel, paper, material handling, construction and other industries where perforated or slotted sheets of material are required. California Perforating Company In 1884, California Perforating Screen Company (Cal-Perf) was founded by the Wagner family to manufacture hammer mill and grain-cleaning screens for California’s growing agricultural industry. These items were produced on throat presses using tooling limited to 6” lengths. In order to penetrate additional markets, Cal-Perf purchased stock-size sheets and light plates that were perforated on multi-punch, all-across presses operated by the Eastern and Mid-Western perforators at the time. Cal-Perf stocked these sheets for resale in its San Francisco warehouse. Hendrick Manufacturing Company purchased California Perforating Screen Company in 1966 and moved the operation into a larger facility. This larger plant could accommodate additional throat presses and supporting equipment such as shears, straightening rolls, press brakes and bending rolls. Three new, multi-punch, all-across presses were added to product custom perforated sheets that were being purchased at the time from Hendrick's Carbondale plant. Under Hendrick ownership, Cal-Perf grew from an office manager and four plant operators to a total of 23 employees. When the lease on the San Francisco facility expired in 1982, Hendrick moved the Cal-Perf operations to Visalia, California, in order to be closer to the Los Angeles market. At the same time, in order to gain warehouse space and a sales office, Hendrick purchased Berglund Perforated Metal in Los Angeles. In 1985, at the termination of the purchase agreement, Hendrick merged the operations of Berglund into Cal-Perf. Profile screens Hendrick Manufacturing Company first entered the profile screen market in the early days of World War II. This demand was created when the US supply of profile screens from Germany were cut off. At that time, Hendrick was asked to furnish perforated u-clips to the Wedge Bar Screen Corporation, a small manufacturer of profile screens located in Queens, New York. In 1943, Fred Goldbeck joined the sales force in Hendrick's New York office. Goldbeck was knowledgeable in the use of profile screens, and he led efforts to manufacture complete profile screens for the coal, mining and paper industries. The market for screens increased rapidly after World War II. Hendrick Manufacturing Company began to import fine wire screens from Aumeca, a Belgian firm. In 1953, Greening, a company located in England was selected to supply wedge wire screens for Hendrick. Greening introduced a series of mini-wedge wire screens and Hendrick abandoned the Aumeca screens from that point forward. In 1969, Hendrick employed Leon Bixby to serve as product manager for profile screens. Bixby’s father had previously worked in design and development of profile screens for the Wedge Wire Screen Corporation of Wellington, Ohio, which had been started by his father. Bixby brought new success to the profile screen business for Hendrick. In the early 1970s, he convinced ownership that profile screens would always be considered a secondary product as long as they were manufactured in Carbondale alongside the far more popular perforated metal products. Because the largest market for profile screens was the coal industry that was growing rapidly in West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana, Hendrick chose Owensboro, Kentucky, for the site of the Hendrick Screen Company. This was a separate incorporation which opened up in a brand new facility in 1974. Since then, Hendrick Screen Company has expanded into other markets such as wastewater treatment, water intake, petrochemical, dewatering, and architectural. Tennessee Perforating In 1971, Hendrick Manufacturing Company commissioned the Georgia Institute of Technology to evaluate demand for perforated metal in the nine states of the southeastern United States. The study supported the idea of a satellite location. Hendrick did not move on this information quickly, and the competition opened plants in the Southeast during the late 1970s. In 1984, Hendrick conducted a site survey and determined that Memphis, Tennessee, was a good location to service the southeast and still be competitively located to service the Midwest. A new plant was opened with three 36” wide high-speed, all-across perforating presses relocated from the Carbondale plant. These presses were selected to supply a full range of light gauge, small hole perforations in materials up to 18 gauge thickness. The associated equipment was installed and operations began in September 1984. References External links Hendrick Screen Company website Hendrick Metal Products website Hendrick Manufacturing website Hendrick Architectural Products website Hendrick Manufacturing Company records at Hagley Museum and Library Hendrick drawings in the Smithsonian Invoice from 1894 Development of deburring machine Metalworking Fluids by Jerry Byers, , 1994 Plumboluem Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania Metal companies of the United States Carbondale, Pennsylvania Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania American companies established in 1876 Manufacturing companies established in 1876 1876 establishments in Pennsylvania Privately held companies based in Pennsylvania
Hıdır Aslan (1958 – 25 October 1984) was a Kurdish rebel in Turkey, member of Devrimci Yol who was sentenced to death and executed by hanging. He was born 1958 in Hozat, Tunceli Province. Due to his success at the secondary school in his hometown, he was sent to Ankara for high school. He got interested in politics during his high school years. For his participation in a political incident, he was tried and imprisoned for seven months. In 1978, he moved to Izmir, where he was involved in armed actions of Devrimci Yol, an illegal Marxist-Leninist movement. Following a week of confrontations between the workers class and the Turkish authorities, Aslan was arrested on 26 February 1980 in Izmir and put in prison in Buca. He was accused of murdering three law enforcement officers. Following trials lasting for four years, he was sentenced to death along with two other comrades. At the end he was convicted of being the leader of the local Devirmci Yol but was not found guilty for a murder. He was hanged on the 25 October 1984 in the prison of Burdur. The European Parliament as well as Amnesty International condemned the fact that he was not charged of a violent crime, but for his opposition to the current government. He was the 27th person to be hanged after the coup d'état on the 12 September 1980, and became the last person to be executed by Turkey. Turkish Grand National Assembly suspended all death penalty cases for approval after his execution. In conformity with European Convention on Human Rights, the parliament enacted on 3 August 2002 abolishment of the death penalty in all instances, including wartime. References 1958 births 1984 deaths People from Hozat Turkish people convicted of murder Kurdish rebels Executed Kurdish people People convicted of murder by Turkey People executed by Turkey by hanging People executed for murdering police officers
Commandos is the special forces formation of the Singapore Army responsible for conducting special operations. Commandos are tasked with infiltrating behind enemy lines by raiding and reconnaissance operations using airborne raids, helicopter assault and sea landings. The formation is made up of only one battalion, the 1st Commando Battalion (1 CDO BN), and is based in Hendon Camp. History The Commandos formation traces its origin to 1967 when two officers, Major Clarence Tan and Major James Chia, were tasked with recruiting eligible candidates from any unit within the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) to form an elite unit. On 1 December 1969, ten officers and 20 men, all regulars, came together to form a unit called the Regular Battalion. Captain Tham Chee Onn was initially the acting commanding officer until Major Clarence Tan subsequently joined the unit, became its commanding officer, and established a training programme for the unit. A second recruitment drive was launched in early 1970 to increase the number of officers in the unit. On 3 May 1971, the battalion introduced the red beret for its soldiers, and it was renamed 1st Commando Battalion (1 CDO BN) on 16 July 1971. The battalion had only one company at the time. After the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) allowed Full-Time National Servicemen (NSFs) to join the 1 CDO BN in 1972, a second company was formed on 15 January 1973 from the first batch of conscripts enlisted in the Commandos. From July 1973 to January 1975, three more companies were created. In April 1975, 1 CDO BN was restructured and placed under the command of the 3rd Division (3 DIV). In 1977, 1 CDO BN and two Guards battalions came under the command of the 7th Singapore Infantry Brigade (7 SIB), and they received the state and regimental colours on 22 January 1977 from Minister for Defence Goh Keng Swee. On 1 July 1980, 1 CDO BN was placed under the command of HQ Infantry. On 1 October that year, the School of Commando Training was established to take charge of 1 CDO BN. Brigadier-General Tan Chin Tiong, acting Chief of the General Staff, presented the 1 CDO BN with its current formation logo, which incorporates a winged stiletto denoting their airborne status, as well as the formation's motto, "For Honour and Glory". On 17 December 1984, the first company, which used to comprise only regulars, started taking in conscripts and training for long-range reconnaissance patrol and divisional disruptive operations. In December 1986, a new Commando tradition started when a stiletto (Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife) was presented to every Commando of the second company during the ceremony when they received their red berets. Since then, every Commando has received a stiletto after completing two years of service in the battalion. In 1989, HQ Commandos was established and it received its state and formation colours from President Wee Kim Wee on 20 October 1991. On 27 January 1994, Lieutenant-General Ng Jui Ping, Chief of Defence Force, officially opened Hendon Camp, which has since been the base of the Commando formation. Since 1992, the 1 CDO BN has organised an annual Commando Skills-at-Arms Meet, involving the Commandos competing in various skills such as marksmanship, demolition and completion of the standard obstacle course in full battle order. In 2005, a sixth company was formed in the 1 CDO BN. It was reported that some Commandos had been deployed to the War in Afghanistan as part of the SAF's Operation Blue Ridge between 2007 and 2013. Selection and training The selection process for Commandos is stringent. Potential candidates are screened during the pre-National Service check-up before they enlist in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Shortlisted candidates undergo further tests, security clearance checks, among other things, as well as a panel interview, before they are directly enlisted into one of the 1st Commando Battalion's companies. Basic Military Training All newly enlisted recruits undergo Basic Military Training (BMT) at the Commando Training Institute in Pasir Ris Camp. Upon completing BMT, they proceed for vocational training in specific roles, such as signaller, combat medic, weapons specialist, sniper, small boat operator, and demolition expert. Outstanding trainees who have demonstrated leadership potential may be sent for further training to be specialists or officers. Basic Airborne Course All trainees need to pass the Basic Airborne Course conducted by the Parachute Training Wing to earn the parachutist badge. After completing the basic airborne course, trainees undergo company-level training at Hendon Camp and an overseas training course in Brunei. To mark the end of nine months of training, they go for a route march before attending a ceremony in Hendon Camp to receive their red berets. The Commandos will continue training extensively in battalion-level operations, rappelling, fast-roping, small boat operations, and other advanced tactics. Commando reservists are routinely called up for in-camp training after completing their full-time national service and are required to achieve standards higher than their non-Commando counterparts when they take the Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) every year. School of Commandos The School of Commandos has two training wings: the Commando Training Wing which conducts the "Singapore Armed Forces Ranger Course" (SAF RC) and the Parachute Training Wing which conducts the "Basic Airborne Course" (BAC). The Commando Training Wing, established in 1974, conducts the Commando Section Leaders' Course, the Commando Small Boat Operators' Course, the Commando Officer Conversion Course, and the Singapore Armed Forces Ranger Course. The Commando Section Leaders' Course trains selected Commandos to become specialists, serving as section leaders. The best performing trainees are selected to undergo further training at the Officer Cadet School (OCS) at the SAFTI Military Institute. After they are commissioned, they return to the Commando Training Wing to attend the Commando Officer Conversion Course to be trained as platoon commanders. Singapore Armed Forces Ranger Course (SAF RC), 65 day long, is toughest small unit leadership course with intense combat leadership training focused on the small-unit-tactics. First conducted in 1978, it is now conducted annually at Pasir Ris Camp with a limited number of slots open for application to not only Commandos, but also eligible regulars from other formations. Commando regulars have to enrol in the course and, upon completion of the course, they may be recommended to attend the United States Army's Ranger School. Basic Airborne Course (BAC) covers the static line jumps. The Parachute Training Wing was established in 1974 as the Parachute Training School and started out with instructors trained in the United States and New Zealand. It completed training the first batch of Commandos on 19 October 1974 and subsequently started taking in non-Commando trainees as well. It conducts the Basic Airborne Course for about 120 to 160 trainees per class, as well as more advanced courses such as the Parachute Jump Instructor Course and the Military Free Fall Course. Known Operations Laju ferry hijacking On 1 January 1974, four terrorists from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and Japanese Red Army attacked an oil refinery on Pulau Bukom and hijacked the ferry Laju and took five hostages. After negotiations with the Singapore Government, the terrorists freed the hostages on 8 February 1974 and boarded a flight to Kuwait. They were escorted by 13 men, of which four were Commandos. Operation Thunderstorm On 8 May 1975, the Commandos and the Navy stormed several vessels carrying Vietnamese refugees intruding into Singapore waters. They kept watch on the refugees and the crews until they were resupplied and escorted out of Singapore about two days later. Operation Thunderbolt On 26 March 1991, Singapore Airlines Flight 117 was hijacked by four Pakistani militants, who took all 129 people on board hostage. When the plane landed at Changi Airport, an unknown number of Commandos from the Special Operations Force (SOF) stormed the plane, killed the four hijackers and freed the hostages within five minutes. The Commandos were awarded the Medal of Valour for their achievement. United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia Commandos were deployed as peacekeepers alongside Super Puma helicopters. Operation Blue Heron Commandos were deployed as peacekeepers to East Timor from May 2001 to November 2002 while having small arms. Operation Blue Orchid Commandos deployed to Iraq from 2002 to 2008 to protect Singaporean Air Force aircraft and crew providing humanitarian relief and transporting essential supplies. Operation Flying Eagle Commandos were deployed in Aceh to ensure safety of SAF forces providing humanitarian relief. Operation Blue Ridge Commandos were deployed alongside regular SAF forces from 2007 to 2013 for protection and support operations. Accidents and controversies The Commandos have won the Singapore Armed Forces' annual Best Combat Unit competition many times since 1969. However, in 2003, 1 CDO BN was barred from the competition after it was found guilty of doctoring score-keeping records and fitness test results. Serious accidents during training are rare and were hardly, or probably never, publicised in the media until 2003, when the Singapore Armed Forces' standards of safety in training came under increased scrutiny following the deaths of some servicemen during training. On 21 August 2003, a Guardsman, Second Sergeant Hu Enhuai, died during a combat survival training course conducted by the Commandos. Four Commandos were charged in court a year later for carrying out the "dunking" procedure deemed inappropriate for training purposes. On 3 September 2003, another Guardsman, Second Sergeant Rajagopal Thirukumaran, died after a run during the selection process for the Ranger Course conducted by the Commando Training Wing. On 15 June 2005, Second Sergeant Ong Jia Hui, a member of the Maritime Counter-Terrorism Group, drowned during training at Changi Naval Base. On 13 July 2005, First Sergeant Shiva s/o Mohan fell from 20 metres above the ground while rappelling from a helicopter and was pronounced dead in hospital about two hours later. On 20 June 2006, Lieutenant Lionel Lin died after encountering difficulties while training at the swimming pool in Hendon Camp. On 13 March 2010, First Sergeant Woo Teng Hai was accidentally shot by a villager during overseas training in Thailand. He was flown back to Singapore on the same day and was discharged from hospital by the end of that month. Equipment The following is a list of equipment known to be used by the Commandos: References Works cited 1969 establishments in Singapore Formations of the Singapore Army Special forces of Singapore Commando units and formations
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Hareh Shun Dasht (, also Romanized as Hareh Shūn Dasht; also known as Harshūn Dasht) is a village in Tula Rud Rural District, in the Central District of Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 34, in 5 families. References Populated places in Talesh County
Jackson Rogow (born October 5, 1991) is an American actor. He is best known for starring in the Cartoon Network live action series Dude, What Would Happen? Career Rogow was on Dude, What Would Happen on Cartoon Network until it was cancelled in 2011. Rogow was also on the Lego Top Secret Project after The Yoda Chronicles on Cartoon Network. Personal life Rogow resides in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California. Filmography References External links Living people 1991 births People from Kissimmee, Florida People from Bel Air, Los Angeles Los Angeles County High School for the Arts alumni American male television actors

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