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St. John's University (SJU; ) is a higher education institution in Tamsui District, New Taipei, Taiwan. It is the successor institution of the former St. John's University, Shanghai and St. Mary's Hall, Shanghai. Two well-known educational institutions, they were founded in 1879 and 1918, respectively, by Bishop John Schereschewsky of the American Episcopal Church.
SJU is accredited by the and affiliates with and .
History
In 1952, the Chinese Communists forced St. John's University in Shanghai to give up its name and merge with other universities. In response to the loss of the school's identity, a group of distinguished alumni in Taiwan resolved to restore their alma mater in Taipei. In 1961, with the approval of the American Episcopal Church in Taiwan, the alumni of St. John's University, in conjunction with the alumnae of the former St. Mary's Hall of Shanghai, enthusiastically donated money to purchase land in the town of Tamsui in Taipei County for the school campus.
In 1967, The Ministry of Education authorized the school to open as a five-year junior college of Industry and named it after its location, Hsin-pu (新埔). Nonetheless, its English name—St. John's & St. Mary's Institute of Technology—continued to honor the history and traditions of the alumni's two illustrious alma maters. In 1993, the school was accredited as an Institute of Business and Industry; and then, because of its excellent educational reputation, upgraded its status to an Institute of Technology in 1999. After decades of work to fulfill the aspirations of its alumni at home and abroad, the school's official Chinese name was changed on October 10, 2003, from 新埔技術學院 (Hsinpu Institute of Technology) to 聖約翰技術學院 (St. John's & St. Mary's Institute of Technology). On August 1, 2005, after constant and collective efforts, the school was officially upgraded to a University of Science and Technology, and was able to restore its original school name, St. John's University (SJU).
The founder of the school was Dr. James C. L. Wong, the first Chinese Bishop of the Taiwan Episcopal Church. Dr. Vivien Yen was the school's first president, and Bishop James C. L. Wong was its first board chairman. The succeeding chairpersons have been Dr. George K. C. Yeh( Acting Chair); Bishop James T. M. Pong; and, since 1972, Dr. Cecilia Koo. Past presidents, in addition to Dr. Yen, were Bishop James Pong, Professor William Yue-Jen Hsia, Dr. Yeh Chi-Tung, and Dr. Andrew C. Chang. Dr. Peter Tuen-Ho Yang has served as president since August 1, 2002.
In 2019, the university had an enrollment rate of 43.10%.
Academic departments
College of Engineering
Master's Program in Industrial Engineering and Management
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
Department of Mechanical and Computer Aided Engineering
Graduate School of Automation and Mechatronics
College of Electrical-Electronic and Computer Engineering
Master's Program in Electrical Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Master's Program in Electronic Engineering
Department of Electronic Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
Department of Computer and Communication Engineering
College of Business and Management
Department of Information Management
Department of Business Administration
Department of International Business
Department of Finance
Department of Marketing and Logistics Management
Department of Fashion Administration & Management (The first one and the only one fashion management department in Taiwan)
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
Department of Applied English
Department of Digital Literature and Arts
Department of Leisure Sports and Health Management
Research Laboratories
Precision Instrument Center
The Precision Instrument Center (PIC) of St. John's University was founded on April 26, 2006 with the purposes of improving teaching quality and promoting high-tech researching calibers. The PIC has integrated Opto-Mechatronics Research Center(OMRC) and High Speed Circuit Board(HSPCB) Research Center of this school, it is installed with valued instruments and equipment (Clean Room and Sputter are donated by alumnus) to support teaching and the R&D works for the academic and industrial users.
The PIC is part of the Department of Mechanical and Computer Aided Engineering; Dr. Rwei-Ching Chang is the dean.
Research Focus:
Education Programs Offered
Semiconductor Technology Program
Electric Properties Measuring and Testing Program
Physical Properties Measuring and Testing Program
Micro Mechatronical Technology Program
Nano Science and Technology Program
Semiconductor Equipment Program
Research Fields
High Dielectric oxidize Electric Characteristic Research of Silicon Semiconductor
Electric Characteristic and Etching Research of Porous Silicon
Printed Circuit Board Dielectric Material Characteristic Research
High Frequency Electric Circuit Designing
Cordless Reception System Making
Nano Technology Research
TFT Making and Analysis
Micro Mechatronical System Making and Analysis
See also
List of universities in Taiwan
St. John's College, University of British Columbia, also founded by SJU alumni
References
External links
Fashion Andministration and Management Department
1967 establishments in Taiwan
Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia
Universities and colleges established in 1879
Educational institutions established in 1967
Universities and colleges in New Taipei
1879 establishments in China |
Killer Frequency is a 2023 first-person horror-adventure game developed and published by Team17. The game takes place in a small town in 1987, where players control a DJ who acts as an impromptu radio dispatcher when a serial killer returns to terrorize the town's residents. The player must take calls from the survivors and solve various puzzles to help them escape the killer. It received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised its gameplay and comedy horror elements.
Overview
Killer Frequency is a first-person adventure game with murder mystery elements. The game takes place in 1987, and its aesthetics are heavily based on 1980s nostalgia, including neon color palettes and a wood paneled environment. The art style has been described as reminiscent of cell-shaded animation. The plot is inspired by slasher films, and the game includes references to numerous horror films including The Fog, Friday the 13th, and the Scream franchise.
Players take the role of Forrest Nash (Josh Cowdery), a formerly popular DJ and radio host from Chicago who relocated to the small town of Gallows Creek after his career declined. Forrest must become an impromptu dispatcher when The Whistling Man, a serial killer, returns to terrorize the town thirty years after his supposed death.
Throughout the game, the player character takes calls from victims of the slasher and instructs them on how to escape by solving puzzles and problems that they face. Players must successfully complete these puzzles using clues and information found around the studio to prevent the victims from being killed. Aaron Riccio of Slant Magazine described its mechanics as "sort of reverse escape room where you provide the vital hints to help others get out alive." The survival of the victims and outcome of the game is dependent on the player's choices and ability to solve these puzzles.
Development
The game was Team17's first virtual reality game. On June 1, 2023, the game was released on PC, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Series S, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and Quest 2.
Reception
The game had a mostly positive reception and has a score of 81 on Metacritic indicating generally favorable reviews. Critics praised the game's balance of tension and campy, comedy horror. Softpedia awarded the game 4 out of 5 stars, praising the quality of its voice acting and gameplay, but criticizing the final act as being "rushed". Reyna Cervantes of Bloody Disgusting praised the game's use of the slasher genre, comparing it favorably to horror films such as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. Rachel Watts, writing for Rock Paper Shotgun, praised Killer Frequency's gameplay and puzzle elements.
References
External links
2023 video games
2020s horror video games
Horror video games
Team17 games
Video games set in the 1980s
Video games set in 1987
First-person adventure games
Virtual reality games
Nintendo Switch games
Xbox Series X and Series S games
Windows games
PlayStation 5 games
PlayStation 4 games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Xbox One games
Meta Quest games |
Ferdinando "Nando" Gazzolo (16 October 1928 – 16 November 2015) was an Italian actor and voice actor.
Biography
Born in Savona, the son of the actor and voice actor Lauro Gazzolo and EIAR radio announcer Aida Ottaviani Piccolo, Gazzolo debuted at young age on radio, and in 1948, at twenty years old, he started his acting career entering the stage company led by Antonio Gandusio. He achieved his first personal success in 1951, in the adaptation of Antonio e Cleopatra staged by Renzo Ricci. He later worked on stage with Vittorio Gassman and Luigi Squarzina, among others, before focusing in voice acting and dubbing. Gazzolo was also active in films and starred in several TV-series of good success.
As a voice actor, Gazzolo served as the regular dubbing voice for Peter Cushing, David Niven and Richard Widmark. Other actors he occasionally dubbed included Rex Harrison, Michael Caine, Frank Sinatra, Yul Brynner, Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Donald Sutherland, Laurence Olivier, Clint Eastwood, Louis Jourdan, Henry Fonda and was also the voice of the narrator in the Italian dubbed version of Beauty and the Beast.
Personal life
Gazzolo was married with three children. One of whom, Matteo, is also an actor. He also had a half-brother, Virginio, from his father's second marriage.
Death
Gazzolo died on 16 November 2015 in Nepi, aged 87.
Filmography
Cinema
Black Sunday (1960) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)
Constantine and the Cross (1961) - Licinius
The Trojan Horse (1961)
Jeff Gordon, Secret Agent (1963) - Le docteur Mercier
Toto and Cleopatra (1963) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)
Il mistero del tempio indiano (1963) - Narrator (voice)
La Cittadella (1964, TV Mini-Series) - Freddie Hamson
Gladiators Seven (1964) - Sar / Milo
Pirates of Malaysia (1964) - Lt. Clintock
West and Soda (1965) - Johnny (voice)
The Spy with Ten Faces (1966) - Kobras
The Hills Run Red (1966) - Ken Seagull / Ken Milton
Django Shoots First (1966) - Ken Kluster
La volpe e le camelie (1966)
Un caso di coscienza (1970) - Alfredo Serpieri
Maddalena (1971)
Il nano e la strega (1973) - Narratore (voice)
Angeli a sud (1992)
Magnificat (1993) - Narrator (voice)
Valeria medico legale (2000-2002, TV Series) - Il procuratore
The Comeback (2001)
Our Tropical Island (2001) - Tacchini
Le ragioni del cuore (2002, TV Mini-Series)
Il sottile fascino del peccato (2010) - Padre Edo (final film role)
Dubbing roles
Animation
Narrator in Beauty and the Beast
Live action
Phileas Fogg in Around the World in 80 Days
Raymond in Bonjour Tristesse
Major David Angus Pollock in Separate Tables
Miles Doughton in Ask Any Girl
Chris Walters in Happy Anniversary
Lawrence Mackay in Please Don't Eat the Daisies
Corporal Miller in The Guns of Navarone
Sir Charles Lytton in The Pink Panther
Lawrence Jameson in Bedtime Story
James Bond in Casino Royale
Colonel Race in Death on the Nile
Memnon in Alexander the Great
Sherlock Holmes in The Hound of the Baskervilles
John Banning in The Mummy
Abraham Van Helsing in The Brides of Dracula
Dr. Namaroff in The Gorgon
Dr. Schreck in Dr. Terror's House of Horrors
Mike King in How the West Was Won
Johnny Gannon in Warlock
Clint Hollister in The Law and Jake Wade
William Edwards in Time Limit
Tom Rossiter in Alvarez Kelly
Ralph Anderson in The Trap
Rolfe in The Long Ships
Henry Higgins in My Fair Lady
Doctor John Dolittle in Doctor Dolittle
Old Man Marley in Home Alone
Cledus "Snowman" Snow in Smokey and the Bandit
Ross Webster in Superman III
Matthew Yelland in The Final Countdown
References
External links
1928 births
2015 deaths
People from Savona
Italian male stage actors
Italian male film actors
Italian male television actors
Italian male voice actors
Italian male radio actors
20th-century Italian male actors |
George Abdullah Ghanim (1924 - 2 June 1992) was a Lebanese poet. He was born into a family that loves literature in Baskinta, Matn district. His father was also a poet. George studied in his hometown and then in Beirut and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Sciences from the Lebanese Academy in Beirut. He also was assigned as the head of the Department of Fine Arts in the Ministry of National Education, and taught Arabic literature at the Lebanese University and the Institute of Wisdom. Ghanim also founded the Al-Thuraya literary circle in 1956. George Abdullah Ghanim is known to have many poetry collections.
Early life and career
George Abdullah Ghanim was born in Baskinta, Matn District, in 1932. His father is the poet Abdullah Ghanim, and his brother is Robert Ghanim. He studied at the Nuns of Charity School in his hometown, then at the School of Wisdom and the School of Lycée, and at the Lebanese Academy in Beirut. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science and obtained a master's degree in Economic Sciences, a bachelor's degree in arts, and a Diploma in Educational Planning.
Ghanim worked in teaching, administration, and journalism. He moved between several administrative positions and was chosen as a member of the Lebanese Writers Union. He founded the Literary Association of Baskinta in 1955, and was its first president. Then he founded the literary episode "Al Thuraya" in 1956 with Edmond Rizk, Michel Nehme, Shawky Abi Chakra, Anwar Salman and others. He participated in the establishment of the Northern Matn Council for Culture, the Lebanese Writers Union, the House of the Lebanese Artist, the Academy of Lebanese Thought, the National Cultural Council, the Literary Salon, and the Scientific Wisdom Academy, and he headed some of these institutions.
Ghanim was also assigned as the head of the Department of Fine Arts in the Ministry of National Education in 1965, and continued as its head for fifteen years until 1980, when he resigned from the national functions. 12 years later, George Ghanim died on June 2, 1992.
Personal life
George Ghanim married Noha Khalil Salmon in 1962, and had four children: Zeina, Nada, Mia and Abdullah. His brothers are Robert, Ghaleb and Rafeeq.
Awards and achievements
1949: Poetry Prize for secondary students in Lebanon.
1974: State Prize in Poetry.
The Lebanese state awarded him a medal after his death.
2001: A monument was erected in his hometown as a tribute for him.
Publications
Autumn Flowers, (1955)
The Call of the Far, (1957)
Campers, (1960)
Travel of Words, (1966)
The Stone of Love and Poems of Joy, (1968)
Poets and Opinions: Research and Thoughts, (1971)
Coming Without Winds: Words and Songs, (1973)
On the Borders of Oblivion, (1980)
Mirrors of Dust, (1983)
Love Poems, (1989)
Studies and Thoughts on 24 Poets from 1900 to 1970
Voices Beyond Borders: Literary Studies, (1993)
References
Lebanese male poets
20th-century Lebanese poets
1924 births
1992 deaths
Date of birth missing
People from Matn District
Academic staff of Lebanese University
Education ministers of Lebanon |
Ryan James Yates (born 21 November 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Nottingham Forest. Yates joined Nottingham Forest's youth academy in 2005, and has been signed professionally to the club since 2016.
Club career
Yates was named as part of the Nottingham Forest first-team squad at the start of the 2016–17 season, before heading north to National League side Barrow for an initial period of one-month on 26 August 2016. On 21 September Barrow opted to extend the loan deal, and again on 2 November until 9 January 2017. After this final extension to the deal, Barrow manager Paul Cox said of Yates: "He's a diamond in terms of wanting to learn, wanting to get better, wanting to get stronger. That's what makes Ryan so potent in this squad. He rubs off on other people with his hunger and desire."
Yates was recalled by Forest on 13 January, having made nineteen appearances and scoring twice in all competitions for Barrow.
On 31 January, shortly after his recall from Barrow, Yates was loaned out to League One's Shrewsbury Town for the remainder of the season. He made his professional league debut on 14 February as a 64th-minute substitute of a 2–1 loss to Peterborough United. On 27 February, whilst on loan with Shrewsbury Town, Yates extended his contract at Forest until 2019. Yates was shown the first red card of his professional career on 1 April for two sliding tackles in a game at Bristol Rovers, despite having been pushed to the floor by the opponent's players after the second challenge, in a decision described by his loan club as "harsh".
On 4 August 2017 Yates joined Notts County on loan for the 2017–18 season, joining fellow Forest midfielder Jorge Grant at the club. His debut for the club came on 8 August away at Scunthorpe United in the first round of the EFL Cup. Yates started the match and scored in the last minute of the second period of extra time to equalise the score to 3–3. Although Notts lost the subsequent penalty shootout, Yates received praise from his manager Kevin Nolan, who described the teenager as a "leader" with "bags and bags of potential".
On 11 January 2018, Yates signed a deal keeping him at Nottingham Forest until 2020, and was recalled from his loan at Notts County to join League One club Scunthorpe United for the remainder of the 2017–18 season. He scored on his Iron debut against Peterborough United, in what the Scunthorpe Telegraph described as a "man of the match performance". Sky Sports awarded Yates the man of the match trophy for the 1–1 draw with Oxford United on 30 March.
On 5 July 2018, Yates signed a new three-year deal with Nottingham Forest, keeping him at the club until 2021. In December 2019 he extended his contract until 2023.
Yates received praise for his performances during the 2021–22 season, with a particular increase in his goal output. He was heavily involved in the Nottingham Forest team which gained promotion to the Premier League for the first time in 23 years, making 43 EFL Championship appearances, 3 play-off appearances, and scoring 8 league goals. He featured in the EFL Championship Team of the Season. Nottingham Forest manager Steve Cooper has described Yates as a "culture-setter" within the Nottingham Forest team.
Career statistics
Honours
Nottingham Forest
EFL Championship play-offs: 2022
Individual
EFL Championship Team of the Season: 2021–22
References
External links
Profile at the Nottingham Forest F.C. website
1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Nottingham
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players |
Bruno Franco Fernandes (born April 6, 1978) is a Brazilian martial arts teacher (5th degree Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Black belt) based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
In 2010, he founded Gracie Barra (GB) Montreal, a school of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and became President of GB Wear Canada. He is also the regional Director of Gracie Barra Association for Quebec, Canada. During his martial arts career, he won multiple World Championship titles and received many awards and recognitions in international Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournaments such as the Mundials (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu World Championships), Pan-American Championships, and Brazilian Nationals, as well as in local state- and city-sponsored cups.
Awards and achievements
Fernandes won 2 medals at the IBJJF world championships as an adult black belt—a bronze in 2001 and a silver in 2002. From an early age, Bruno Fernandes has participated regularly in world, regional, national, state and city championships. A collection of his tournament successes are listed below.
Notable students
As Founder and Head instructor of the Montreal branch of Gracie Barra, Bruno Fernandes has been teaching many students the art of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. He is assisted by BJJ practitioners, MMA fighters and conditioning coaches including Ivan Menjivar and Olivier Aubin-Mercier.
- Georges St-Pierre, a MMA fighter and world champion, is a student of Fernandes. He was awarded a Black Belt in 2008 and a related first stripe in 2011.
- Rodolphe Beaulieu was awarded a Black Belt in 2011 after training with Bruno F Fernandes from 2006.
Local championships
2013: IBJJ Montreal Open middleweight Champion (age: 35).
2013: IBJJ Montreal Open category, Absolute Champion (age: 35).
2013: Australian National Championship, Champion (age: 35).
2000: São Paulo State Championship, Open category, Third place (age: 22).
2000: São Paulo State Championship, middleweight, Champion (age: 22).
1997: Rio de Janeiro State Championship, middleweight, Third place (age: 19).
1996: Rio de Janeiro State Championship, middleweight, Champion (age: 18).
1994: Rio de Janeiro State Championship, middle-heavyweight, Champion (age: 16).
1991: Rio de Janeiro State Championship, middle-heavyweight, Champion (age: 13).
See also
List of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners
References
1978 births
Living people
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian expatriates in Canada
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from Montreal
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city) |
Neil Ritchie (1897–1983) was a British Army general. General Ritchie may also refer to:
Andrew Ritchie (British Army officer) (born 1953), British Army major general
Archibald Ritchie (British Army officer) (1869–1955), British Army major general
Richard Stephen Ritchie (born 1942), U.S. Air Force brigadier general |
The Oil City Cubs were a minor league baseball team based in Oil City, Pennsylvania. From 1906 to 1908, Oil City teams played as members of the Class D level Interstate League, winning the 1907 league championship. The 1906 team played as the "Oil City-Jamestown Oseejays." Oil City hosted home minor league games at the Sedwick Grounds. The 1898 and 1941 Oil City Oilers teams preceded and succeeded the Interstate League Oil City teams.
History
The Oil City Interstate league teams were preceded in minor league play by the 1898 Oil City Oilers, who finished their third season of play as members of the Independent level Iron and Oil League.
In 1906, Oil City resumed minor league play, when the Oil City-Jamestown "Oseejays" became members of the eight–team Class D level Interstate League, playing in partnership with regional neighbor Jamestown, New York for the season. The Bradford Drillers, DuBois Miners, Erie Sailors, Hornell Pigmies, Kane Mountaineers, Olean Refiners and Punxsutawney Policemen teams joined Oil City in beginning league play on May 14, 1906.
Oil City and the other Interstate League franchises operated with a team salary cap of $750 per month for the total roster. The league rules required the host team to guarantee the visiting team $50.00 per game, with a rain guarantee of $25.00. On Saturdays and holidays, the home team's gate receipts were to be divided equally by both teams.
In their first season of Interstate League play, the Oil City-Jamestown Oseejays finished last in the Interstate League final standings. Finishing with a record of 44–69, the eighth place Oseejays were managed by Alfred Lawson. In the final standings, Oil City-Johnstown finished 24.5 games behind the first place Erie Fisherman.
In 1907, Oil City continued minor league play, as the Oil City "Cubs." The Bradford Drillers, Franklin Millionaires, DuBois Miners, Erie Fishermen, Kane Mountaineers, Olean Oleaners and Punxsutawney Policemen teams joined the Cubs in continuing Interstate League play, with the schedule beginning on May 15, 1907 and many changes to occur during the upcoming season.
In their second season of Interstate League play, Oil City won the 1907 league championship in unique circumstances. In the regular season, the Oil City Cubs placed fourth overall, with three of the eight league teams folding before completing the season. Kane disbanded on July 16; Olean disbanded on July 18; Punxsutawney disbanded on August 3 and DuBois disbanded August 5. The league played a third season, August 7 through September 8, won by Bradford. Oil City was declared the first half champion because DuBois had disbanded. The team was also referred to as the "Oilers." Oil City ended their season with a record of 54–57, as Jim Collopy and C.L. Rexford served as managers. The Cubs finished 8.0 games behind first place Erie in the final regular season overall standings. In the Playoff, Oil City defeated Bradford four games to three to claim the championship. Franklin and the other teams of the Interstate League were plagued by bad weather and corresponding financial troubles in 1907, with Erie being the only league franchise without debt. Jake Weimer, who played for DuBois and then Oil City, won the Interstate League batting title with a .338 average. Oil City teammate Ben Jewell led the league with 66 runs scored and Earl Syles had 108 total hits, most in the league. On the mound, Jiggs Parson had a 15-5 pitching record to lead the league.
Oil City continued Interstate League play in 1908, before the league folded during the season. After beginning play on May 13, 1908, the league folded on June 7, 1908. The Oil City Cubs ended their 1908 season with a record of 6–13, placing fifth in the overall Interstate League standings. O.C. Rexford served as the Oil City manager, as the team ended the season 10.0 games behind the first place Olean Candidates.
Oil City next hosted minor league baseball, when the 1941 Oil City Oilers resumed play, becoming members of the Class D level Pennsylvania State Association.
The ballpark
The Oil City teams hosted Interstate League home games at the Sedwick Grounds.
Timeline
Year–by–year records
Notable alumni
Alfred Lawson (1906, MGR)
Jiggs Parson (1907)
Jake Weimer (1907)
References
External links
Oil City - Baseball Reference
Defunct minor league baseball teams
Baseball teams established in 1907
Baseball teams disestablished in 1908
Defunct baseball teams in Pennsylvania
Defunct Interstate League teams
Oil City, Pennsylvania |
```xml
import fs from 'fs';
import { URL } from 'url';
import { LogLevel } from '@stryker-mutator/api/core';
import { factory, LoggingServer, testInjector } from '@stryker-mutator/test-helpers';
import { expect } from 'chai';
import { CheckResult, CheckStatus } from '@stryker-mutator/api/check';
import { CheckerFacade, createCheckerFactory } from '../../../src/checker/index.js';
import { coreTokens } from '../../../src/di/index.js';
import { LoggingClientContext } from '../../../src/logging/index.js';
import { IdGenerator } from '../../../src/child-proxy/id-generator.js';
import { TwoTimesTheCharm } from './additional-checkers.js';
describe(`${createCheckerFactory.name} integration`, () => {
let createSut: () => CheckerFacade;
let loggingContext: LoggingClientContext;
let sut: CheckerFacade;
let loggingServer: LoggingServer;
let pluginModulePaths: string[];
function rmSync(fileName: string) {
if (fs.existsSync(fileName)) {
fs.unlinkSync(fileName);
}
}
beforeEach(async () => {
// Make sure there is a logging server listening
pluginModulePaths = [new URL('./additional-checkers.js', import.meta.url).toString()];
loggingServer = new LoggingServer();
const port = await loggingServer.listen();
loggingContext = { port, level: LogLevel.Trace };
createSut = testInjector.injector
.provideValue(coreTokens.loggingContext, loggingContext)
.provideValue(coreTokens.pluginModulePaths, pluginModulePaths)
.provideClass(coreTokens.workerIdGenerator, IdGenerator)
.injectFunction(createCheckerFactory);
});
afterEach(async () => {
await sut.dispose?.();
await loggingServer.dispose();
rmSync(TwoTimesTheCharm.COUNTER_FILE);
});
async function arrangeSut(name: string): Promise<void> {
testInjector.options.checkers = [name];
sut = createSut();
await sut.init?.();
}
it('should pass along the check result', async () => {
const mutantRunPlan = factory.mutantRunPlan({ mutant: factory.mutant({ id: '1' }) });
await arrangeSut('healthy');
const expected: CheckResult = { status: CheckStatus.Passed };
expect(await sut.check('healthy', [mutantRunPlan])).deep.eq([[mutantRunPlan, expected]]);
});
it('should reject when the checker behind rejects', async () => {
await arrangeSut('crashing');
await expect(sut.check('crashing', [factory.mutantRunPlan()])).rejectedWith('Always crashing');
});
it('should recover when the checker behind rejects', async () => {
const mutantRunPlan = factory.mutantRunPlan();
await fs.promises.writeFile(TwoTimesTheCharm.COUNTER_FILE, '0', 'utf-8');
await arrangeSut('two-times-the-charm');
const actual = await sut.check('two-times-the-charm', [mutantRunPlan]);
const expected: CheckResult = { status: CheckStatus.Passed };
expect(actual).deep.eq([[mutantRunPlan, expected]]);
});
it('should provide the nodeArgs', async () => {
// Arrange
const passingMutantRunPlan = factory.mutantRunPlan({ mutant: factory.mutant({ fileName: 'shouldProvideNodeArgs' }) });
const failingMutantRunPlan = factory.mutantRunPlan({ mutant: factory.mutant({ fileName: 'somethingElse' }) });
testInjector.options.checkerNodeArgs = ['--title=shouldProvideNodeArgs'];
// Act
await arrangeSut('verify-title');
const passed = await sut.check('verify-title', [passingMutantRunPlan]);
const failed = await sut.check('verify-title', [failingMutantRunPlan]);
// Assert
expect(passed).deep.eq([[passingMutantRunPlan, factory.checkResult({ status: CheckStatus.Passed })]]);
expect(failed).deep.eq([[failingMutantRunPlan, factory.checkResult({ status: CheckStatus.CompileError })]]);
});
});
``` |
Boana caipora is a frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Scientists have seen it 700 to 800 meters above sea level in Atlantic forest.
Original description
References
Amphibians described in 2008
Boana
Amphibians of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil |
Eli Thayer (June 11, 1819 – April 15, 1899) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1861. He was born in Mendon, Massachusetts. He graduated from Worcester Academy in 1840, from Brown University in 1845, and in 1848 founded Oread Institute, a school for young women in Worcester, Massachusetts. He is buried at Hope Cemetery, Worcester.
He is chiefly remembered for his crusade to ensure that the Kansas Territory would enter into the United States as a free state. With this aim in view, early in 1854 Thayer organized the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. In 1855, this organization joined with the New York Emigrant Aid Company and the name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company. The motives of Thayer in establishing the New England Emigrant Aid Company were questioned by historian David S. Reynolds, who wrote that Thayer "opposed slavery not on moral grounds but because [he] wanted to foster laissez-faire capitalism in the Territory."
Local leagues were established whose members emigrated to Kansas and established towns. The Company provided hotels for temporary accommodation (such as the Free State Hotel in Lawrence) and provided sawmills and other improvements. Settlements were established at Manhattan, Lawrence, Topeka, and Osawatomie. The clash of these settlers and other "Free-Stater" Northerners with pro-slavery settlers spawned the violence of Bleeding Kansas.
Thayer wanted to establish an antislavery colony in Virginia, but land was too expensive. He then looked to western Virginia. Thayer chose to build his colony at the mouth of Twelvepole Creek in Wayne County, Virginia (now West Virginia). He named his town Ceredo after the goddess Ceres. The town was founded in 1857.
He enlisted fellow abolitionist Zopher D. Ramsdell to settle there and establish a boot and shoe factory. Ramsdell's house is open (2022) as a historic house museum.
Eli Thayer died at his home in Worcester on April 15, 1899.
Books by Thayer
References
External links
1819 births
1899 deaths
Bleeding Kansas
Worcester Academy alumni
Politicians from Worcester, Massachusetts
People from Mendon, Massachusetts
American abolitionists
Brown University alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
19th-century American politicians
Burials at Hope Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts) |
Bainskloof Pass () is a mountain pass on the R301 regional road between Wellington and Ceres in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The 18-kilometer (11-mile) pass, opened in 1854, was constructed by road engineer Andrew Geddes Bain with the use of convict labour. Originally built for horse-drawn traffic, the pass was later tarred.
The pass reaches at its highest point. Here, the road joins the Witte River, which descends the northern side of the mountains through a precipitous cleft to a stretch of rapids, waterfalls and natural pools. Bainskloof Pass is now a national monument.
After roadworks starting in 2018, it finally reopened to the public in June 2022.
See also
Andrew Geddes Bain
Bainskloof moss frog
Bain's Cape Mountain Whisky
References
External links
Passes Index at Wild Dog Adventure Riding website
Bainskloof history
Mountain passes of the Western Cape
1854 establishments in the Cape Colony |
Chicago Golf Club is a private golf club in the central United States, located in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago. The oldest 18-hole course in North America, it was one of the five founding clubs of the United States Golf Association (USGA) in 1894. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.
The club has hosted several prominent events, including multiple U.S. Opens and Walker Cups, and was founded by renowned course designer and World Golf Hall of Fame member Charles B. Macdonald. In July 2018, the club hosted the inaugural U.S. Senior Women's Open, created as the 14th USGA national championship.
History
Known as the Father of Golf in Chicago, Macdonald went to college in Scotland at the University of St Andrews, where he learned to play the game. He brought back a set of clubs, and in early 1888, on the Lake Forest estate of a friend, C.B. Farwell, and his son-in-law, Hobart Chatfield-Taylor, laid out seven informal golf holes on an interesting piece of lakefront property known as "Bluff's Edge". His group of friends were fascinated by the new game and demanded a course be built on a dedicated site. In late spring of 1892, Macdonald passed around a hat with his friends, who contributed $10 each for a total of two or three hundred dollars. Macdonald spent that money in laying out a nine-hole course, about west of Chicago's Union Station, on the stock farm of A. Haddow Smith at Belmont, located one block north of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad line. This was to become the first golf course built west of the Alleghenies, and second to Shinnecock Hills in Long Island, New York, which opened 12 holes in 1891.
With contacts in Scotland, Macdonald next cabled the Royal Liverpool Golf Club and ordered six sets of clubs. As soon as they arrived, his newfound associates were soon bitten by the golf bug.
The first American woman to win an Olympic event, Margaret Abbott, was a member at the Chicago Golf Club in the 1890s.
In the spring of 1893, Macdonald wrote in his c. 1925 book Scotland's Gift – Golf, that he increased the number of holes at Belmont to 18, creating the first 18-hole golf course in North America. On July 18, 1893, the charter was granted for the Chicago Golf Club.
The club became so popular that, in 1894, the members bought a piece of property to build an improved 18-hole course. They purchased a parcel of the Patrick farm in Wheaton, for a complete sum totaling $28,000, which became "a first class 18-hole course of 6,500 yards." The site was chosen because of its vast rolling hills covered with native grasses, which reminded Macdonald of Scotland.
Macdonald designed the links-style layout himself; since he was a chronic slicer, he routed the holes so that both nines would play in a clockwise fashion so that he would stay out of trouble. Once the private land adjacent to the course became developed, a new rule was needed for errant golf balls leaving the premises. The United States Golf Association Rule of Golf for "Out Of Bounds" (27-1) had its origin at Chicago Golf Club.
Ossian Cole Simonds was commissioned to design the landscape architecture for the course at the Wheaton property in 1894. O.C. Simonds went on to do the landscape architecture for many famous Chicago properties including Lincoln Park, the Morton Arboretum and other golf courses including the Glen View Golf Club in 1897.
The Chicago clubhouse was designed by renowned Chicago architect Jarvis Hunt.
Around 1902, the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad constructed an electrified third-rail railroad between the far western terminus of the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad at 52nd Avenue (now Laramie Avenue) in Chicago, and the Fox River towns of Aurora and Elgin. The branch line splitting to Aurora from downtown Wheaton traveled just past the main entrance to Chicago Golf Club, where was built a splendid brick station. A large majority of the club members commuted from downtown Chicago, and on weekends and special occasions a luxuriously appointed wood-paneled club car with a well-stocked bar and linen tablecloth dinner service was employed to ferry golfers out to the Chicago Golf Club. At the club's station was a siding, where the club car was parked until it was needed for the evening return trip.
Macdonald also brought the Foulis brothers to Chicago from St Andrews, Scotland, to help grow the new game. The Foulis' father, James Foulis Sr., worked as a foreman in the clubmaking shop of the legendary Old Tom Morris—which was located across the street from the Old Course at St Andrews. Macdonald invited Robert Foulis to be the first club professional at Chicago Golf, but, as he was already under contract at a separate club, he passed the offer to his brother, James Foulis, who became the golf professional at Chicago Golf in 1895; he had worked for both Old Tom Morris and clubmaker Robert Forgan.
In 1905, Jim was succeeded by his brother David Foulis, who stayed at the Wheaton course until 1916. In addition to their skills as golf professionals, clubmakers and players, they were responsible for many innovations to the game of golf. They were first to apply the bramble (reverse-dimple) pattern on the cover of Coburn Haskell's new rubber-cored wound golf ball, and in response to the demands of the new ball developed the "mashie-niblick", the modern 7-iron, which fell between the traditional mashie (5-iron) and niblick (9-iron). Jim and Dave also designed many golf courses, most of which still exist today. While at Chicago Golf, Dave brought the metal hole-liner to the U.S. from Scotland and improved the design to hold the flagstick upright, even in the wind. Another brother, John, was a ballmaker and bookkeeper at the club until his death in 1907.
After the Chicago Golf Club vacated the Belmont location, Herbert J. Tweedie, a one-time member of the Royal Liverpool Golf Club, formed the Belmont Golf Club, of which the charter was granted in 1899. By that time, however, the course was back to nine holes. The original site has remained a golf course through the years, passing through several owners, and now is owned and operated as a public facility by the Downers Grove Park District.
Chicago Golf Club is ranked the fifth-most exclusive in the world. There are only 120 members and it will never exceed this amount, the only way to get in is by invitation from a member.
Current members include Cleveland Golf founder Roger Cleveland, former ServiceMaster chief executive Jonathan P. Ward, actor Chris O'Donnell, former ServiceMaster vice chairman Charles Stair and former Amoco chairman H. Laurence Fuller. Two-time Masters champion Ben Crenshaw is a non-resident member, and recently deceased members include radio great Paul Harvey and International Harvester scion Brooks McCormick. Club President Bob King (1990–1991) led the process which allowed African Americans and women to be admitted as members of the club. Despite being in close proximity to multiple all-male clubs, Chicago Golf Club began admitting female members in 2001 with the admission of Judith Whinfrey. Chicago Golf Club admitted its first African-American member, Charles Thurston, in 1993.
(History collected from Chicagoland Golf magazine, April 1992, by Phil Kosin)
Course
USGA Championships
1897 U.S. Open and Amateur
The 1897 Open was the first tournament hosted at Charles Blair MacDonald's club as well as the first championship west of the Appalachia. Macdonald ended up losing the championship on his home turf in the semifinals to W. Rosstier Betts. The actual open championship was played over 36 holes in one day between the semifinals and finals of the Amateur championship and was won by Scotsman Joe Lloyd with a score of 162. Local club professional James Foulis finished in third place two shots behind Lloyd. Eventual Amateur champion H.J. Wigham finished as the low amateur in a tie for eighth.
1900 U.S. Open
The 1900 Open was the sole USGA Championship won by Englishman Harry Vardon, who is regarded by many to be one of the greatest players of all time. Vardon competed in the championship after finishing a 90 match tour of the United States and Canada. He won the Open by two strokes over Englishman J.H. Taylor
1911 U.S. Open
The 1911 Open was the first of back to back championships won by John McDermott. This came following a defeat in a playoff in the 1910 U.S. Open in his hometown of Philadelphia. McDermott was the first American to win the Championship, and to this day is the youngest ever to win the U.S. Open at 19 years of age. McDermott won in a playoff over Mike Brady and Chicago Golf Club member George Simpson. He would go on to successfully defend his title the following year.
1928 Walker Cup
The 1928 Walker Cup was the first championship played across the newly designed Seth Raynor course at Chicago Golf Club. The American team crushed their GB&I foes 11 to 1. The team is widely regarded as one of the greatest Walker Cup teams of all time, having a combined 6 U.S. Open and 12 U.S. Amateur Championships among the eight of them. The team featured superstars such as Bobby Jones, Francis Ouimet, and Chick Evans
2005 Walker Cup
2018 U.S. Senior Women's Open
The 2018 Senior Women's Open was the inaugural edition of the championship. It was won by 1987 U.S. Women's Open champion Laura Davies, who went on to complete a "women's senior slam" by, three months later, winning the Senior LPGA Championship.
Tournament results
Notable events at Chicago Golf Club:
U.S. Open
1897 Joe Lloyd
1900 Harry Vardon
1911 John McDermott
U.S. Amateur
1897 H. J. Whigham
1905 Chandler Egan
1909 Robert A. Gardner
1912 Jerome Travers
U.S. Women's Amateur
1903 Bessie Anthony
U.S. Senior Amateur
1979 William C. Campbell
Walker Cup
1928 United States 11, Great Britain & Ireland 1
2005 United States 12½, Great Britain & Ireland 11½
Western Junior
1992 John Curley
U.S. Women's Senior Open
2018 Laura Davies
References
External links
Detailed look at Chicago and Mid-Ocean courses
Original Chicago Golf Club
Rated #5 most exclusive by Golf.com
1892 establishments in Illinois
Railway stations opened in 1902
Railway stations closed in 1957
Buildings and structures in Wheaton, Illinois
Golf clubs and courses in Illinois
Golf clubs and courses designed by Charles B. Macdonald
National Register of Historic Places in DuPage County, Illinois
Sports venues completed in 1892
Sports venues in DuPage County, Illinois
Tourist attractions in DuPage County, Illinois
Walker Cup venues |
Colony Club is an unincorporated community located in Brunswick County, in the U.S. state of Virginia.
References
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Brunswick County, Virginia |
The 32nd People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 2005, were held on January 10, 2006 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Craig Ferguson and broadcast on CBS.
Awards
Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order.
References
External links
People's Choice.com
People's Choice Awards
2005 awards in the United States
2006 in Los Angeles
January 2006 events in the United States |
Manakkattu Sree Bhadra Temple is a Hindu temple located in Chirakkadavu village near Ponkunnam in Kottayam district in the Indian state of Kerala. Goddess Bhadrakali presides there in the form of "Manakkattuamma". Devi provides "Sree" (wealth/prosperity) and "Bhadratha" (security) to the devotees equally. The temple is famous for daily Guruthi Pooja & is a major pitstop for Sabarimala pilgrims with Annadana (offering free food).
Legend
The present structure is believed to be built in the early 19th century. According to the legend, once a saint lived in Chirakkadavu village and he belonged to the Thaingannoor family. He was mastered to control certain supernatural forces like Yakshis, Gandharvas and ghosts. He was often invited to distant regions to perform rituals to control them. He used to place these spirits in a "Kanjiram" tree (i.e. nux-vomica tree) or in an idol and consecrate them at appropriate spots. One day, a Yakshi who was installed in an idol begged to the saint to release her. She promised him that she wouldn't do any harm and will accompany him to his house.
Upon her request, the saint took her to his house and instructed to stay in the "Arapura" (central room). But the saint put a magical thread as a precaution if she violates her promise that she wouldn't harm anybody. Yakshi wasn't pleased with the action of saint and thus she too put some conditions that the Arapura must be preserved like a shrine and nobody should enter the house without talking a bath. Low cast people shouldn't enter or touch the saint within the Padippura (entrance) of the house. If any of these conditions are not obeyed, she will get free from the magical thread and will do anything.
The saint agreed to the conditions of Yakshi and she started staying in his house. She was only visible to the saint and his aged mother. The mother saw her as a beautiful young girl and she thought that the girl was brought by his son to help her. One day, the saint went for a long journey. He returned to his house after a long time. By seeing his master after a long time, one of the saint's labors accidentally came in joy and touched him within the Padippura. By seeing this, the Yakshi who was staying in the Arapura immediately disappeared from the house.
After getting released, the Yakshi started to harm the villagers and she spread various contagious diseases like small pox. By seeing the pathetic situation, the helpless saint along with some chieftains went in search for a person who could find a solution for the chaotic situation. They finally reached the "Manakkattu Mana" and told the situations to the "Karanavar" (head). The Karanavar instructed them to build a shrine for Goddess Bhadrakali in their village and that was the only way to avoid further troubles from the evil spirit.
They returned to their village and erected a small Sreekovil as per the instructions of Karanavar of Manakkattu Mana. The Karanavar was summoned to the village after constructing the shrine. He consecrated a "Kannadibhimbam" idol, made of Panchaloha and invoked the energy of Sree Bhadra Devi into it. Idols of "Kodumkali" and Yakshi were installed near to Sree Bhadra Devi. After the installation of Devi, the Karanavar appointed a Velichappadu, who represents Devi and a Pujari (chief priest) to do the Poojas. The Thantri performed "Panthirukulam gurithi" and he distributed the guruthitheertham (sacred water) to the village folks as a cure to the contagious diseases. He also instructed the villagers to perform this guruthi after every twelve years in order to avoid further misfortune incidents.
Location
The temple is located 4 km from Ponkunnam and 10 km from Erumely, on Ponkunnam - Mannamplavu road
Deity
Apart from Bhadrakali, Durga, Bhuvanesvari, Nagaraja, Nagadevatha, Rakshassu and Vishnumaya are the subordinate deities in the temple.
Festivals
Mandala festival in December and "Pongala" in April are the noted festivals of the temple. Thiruvutsavam or annual festival is hosted in the Malayalam month of Dhanu (i.e. December).
References
Hindu temples in Kottayam district
Devi temples in Kerala |
Daktyla () is a leavened 'country' or 'village' bread from Greece, but also popular in Cyprus and Turkey.
It has a segmented shape resembling fingers of bread, which give it its name of 'finger bread' (Δάχτυλα, Daktyla in Greek means "fingers"), which is made by making deep slashes in a loaf before baking, or making a row of rolls of dough and allowing them to become attached to each other at proving stage. It is traditionally made from a 'country' flour, which is a mix of wheat flours and fine cornmeal, which gives it a light yellow colour, and is topped with sesame and nigella seeds, some recipes also include nigella seeds in the dough.
See also
Greek cuisine
List of breads
References
Yeast breads
Greek cuisine
Greek breads
Turkish cuisine
Cypriot cuisine |
Batman: The Enemy Within is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure video game developed and published by Telltale Games and distributed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment under its DC Entertainment label, based on the DC Comics character Batman. The game is a sequel to 2016's Batman: The Telltale Series. It received positive reviews, and is viewed as an improvement over the original, with the game's depiction of the Joker (and the ability to stop him from becoming a villain) being singled out for praise.
Though Telltale Games shut down in 2018, the licenses for the Batman and The Enemy Within games were acquired by Athlon Games, and both games were rereleased by LCG Entertainment under a new Telltale Games label as the combined "Shadows Edition" in December 2019.
Gameplay
Like most Telltale games, the game features a similar episodic format found in other titles (such as Game of Thrones, The Walking Dead, The Wolf Among Us and Tales from the Borderlands). The player controls Bruce Wayne and his alter-ego Batman, with the game evenly split for both characters. The game features a branching narrative, similar to past Telltale games, giving the player options in approaching a situation and having that choice affect later events in the game. If the player had played the previous game, choices made, such as saving certain characters or stopping a criminal, may also be imported, though the game can be played as a standalone title. The game includes action sequences that are resolved similar to Telltale's other games, using quick time events. The series also includes investigation sequences, allowing the player to use Batman's detective skills to investigate areas. Sections of the game also present situations to the player where they may choose to approach as Bruce Wayne or as Batman. Crowd Play, a feature implemented in the predecessor, also returns for The Enemy Within, allowing streamers to let their audience interact with their session with the game.
Synopsis
Characters
The player once again assumes control of Bruce Wayne / Batman (Troy Baker), a billionaire who secretly fights crime in Gotham City. His butler and former legal guardian Alfred Pennyworth (Enn Reitel), Police Commissioner James Gordon (Murphy Guyer), and Wayne Enterprises Chief of Technology Lucius Fox (Dave Fennoy) return to assist Batman in the field. The game introduces "The Agency", a mysterious government organization with its own agenda led by the ruthless Amanda Waller (Debra Wilson). New supporting characters are introduced, including Special Agent Iman Avesta (Emily O'Brien), one of the Agency's operatives and a fan of Batman, and Tiffany Fox (Valarie Rae Miller), the daughter of Lucius and an employee at Wayne Enterprises.
"John Doe" (Anthony Ingruber) and Selina Kyle / Catwoman (Laura Bailey) also return, now members of a group of criminals called "the Pact". Other members of the group include Riddler (Robin Atkin Downes), Bane (JB Blanc), Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze (Matthew Mercer) and Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn (Laura Post).
Detective Renee Montoya (Sumalee Montano), Reporter Jack Ryder (Robert Clotworthy) and Wayne Enterprises Chairwoman Regina Zellerbach (Lorri Holt) return with smaller roles within the series. New minor characters introduced include Police Detective Harvey Bullock (Keith Szarabajka), Agency operative Vernon Blake (Christian Lanz), international arms dealer Rumi Mori (Keone Young), Riddler's second-in-command Eli Knable (Alex Hernandez), and Stacked Deck patrons Frank Dumfree and Willy Deever (Kirk Thornton and Dave B. Mitchell respectively).
Setting
The Enemy Within is set in the same Batman continuity introduced in Batman: The Telltale Series, which took place a number of years into Batman's career. Like the previous installment, the game is set during the mid-to-late 2010s in Gotham City, primarily the Batcave, Wayne Enterprises and Gotham City Police Headquarters. The game also follows the events of the previous game, taking place between a couple of months to a year after these events.
Plot
A year after defeating the Children of Arkham, Bruce Wayne witnesses the return of the Riddler to Gotham while investigating arms dealer Rumi Mori. Batman, Commissioner Gordon, and the GCPD fail to capture Riddler, and the investigation is taken over by the mysterious Agency, led by Amanda Waller. Riddler leaves behind a puzzle box for Batman. When Lucius Fox investigates the puzzle at Bruce's request, he is killed by a homing missile summoned by a signal emitted from the device. At Lucius's funeral, Bruce reunites with Arkham patient John Doe, who offers to help Bruce track down Riddler if Bruce agrees to meet his friends, known as "the Pact". Following John's tip to Riddler's lair, Batman and Gordon deduce that Riddler is targeting Agency operatives with missiles he had purchased from Mori. Batman apprehends Riddler, who reveals he is also a member of the Pact, but Riddler is shot dead by an unknown person. Waller assumes control of Gotham law enforcement. With Riddler, her previous lead to the Pact, dead, she reveals she knows Batman's secret identity and blackmails him to infiltrate the Pact as Bruce.
After Batman fails to stop Bane from raiding a GCPD armory, Bruce establishes a friendship with John to infiltrate the Pact through him. Harley Quinn demands Bruce prove himself by stealing an electronic skeleton key from Wayne Enterprises. Bruce succeeds but arouses suspicion from Lucius's daughter Tiffany. After convincing fellow Pact members Bane and Mr. Freeze to trust him, Bruce accompanies them as they raid an Agency convoy and recover Riddler's preserved body. Catwoman, revealed to be a former associate of Riddler, helps Bruce and John uncover SANCTUS, a rogue faction of the Agency with which Riddler was formerly involved. From Riddler's laptop, the Pact tracks down their target: the hidden SANCTUS lab in Gotham. Tipped off by Tiffany, Gordon arrests Bruce for colluding with the Pact, but Waller intervenes and has Gordon dismissed. Just before their raid on SANCTUS, the Pact suspects a mole, and Bruce is forced to give up either himself or Catwoman as the traitor. Bruce, as himself or Batman, foils the raid, but Harley escapes with a sample of a biological weapon known as the Lotus virus.
From a captive Mr. Freeze, Bruce and Waller's aide Iman Avesta learn that the Lotus virus was a failed SANCTUS project, with Riddler the only survivor of its experiments. The Pact planned to use Riddler's blood to convert the virus into a healing serum and cure their various ailments, while Waller planned to use it to make them serve her. Avesta, suspicious of Waller, destroys Riddler's preserved blood. John reluctantly agrees to help track Harley, but when Bruce discovers him surrounded by agents he has killed, John claims he acted in self-defense, and the player must decide whether to trust him or arrest him. Depending on the choice made, John either helps bring in Harley or helps her escape.
Weeks later, John reemerges as the Joker, either a vigilante with a twisted sense of morality or a villain colluding with Harley to exact revenge on Bruce for "betraying" him. The former scenario follows Batman, Joker, and Avesta as they collaborate against the corrupt Agency, now in control of the Pact and Catwoman, until Joker, frustrated with Batman's non-lethal policy, kidnaps and attempts to kill Waller. The latter scenario has Harley distributing the Lotus virus across Gotham in an attempt to recreate the healing serum from another survivor's blood, while Joker pits Bruce against Gordon, Tiffany, Alfred, and Selina Kyle in cruel games of trust. In either setting, Bruce learns that Tiffany was the one who assassinated Riddler and eventually defeats Joker. Waller pulls the Agency out of Gotham and vows to protect Bruce's identity in gratitude. Alfred resigns from Bruce's employ, disillusioned by the effects Batman has had on Gotham, and Bruce either abandons his Batman identity or lets Alfred leave.
In the post-credits scene, Joker either plots his revenge against Bruce in Arkham Asylum or is visited by him there.
Episodes
All episodes below were released for macOS, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One, and mobile platforms on the dates given. The Nintendo Switch version was released as a single package on October 2, 2018.
Shadows Edition
Following Telltale Games' closure in 2018, some of the studio's games were acquired by company. A new Telltale Games was reformed by LCG Entertainment in 2019. A Telltale Batman Shadows Edition has both of the Telltale Batman games, which includes a special noir-like filter the user can apply to the game, as well as graphical upgrades and bug fixes. This edition was released on December 17, 2019 for Windows and Xbox One users, with other platforms to follow. Owners of either original game on any platform could upgrade to this version by purchasing a piece of downloadable content.
Reception
Batman: The Enemy Within received generally positive reviews and is considered to be an improvement over its predecessor, earning praise for its story, choices, action sequences, and the portrayal of the Batman mythos. The game won the award for "Performance in a Drama, Supporting" with Debra Wilson at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, whereas its other nomination was for "Game, Franchise Adventure". Episode 5 was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing" at the Writers Guild of America Awards 2018, while the game itself was again nominated at the 18th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, this time for "Writing in a Drama".
The game's portrayal of the Joker stood out for many reviewers, with the opportunity to prevent him from becoming a villain critically lauded. Scott Maslow from GQ said it managed to make "Batman's most overexposed villain interesting again; The Joker has always said his past is multiple-choice, but this is the first time I've felt like I was the one checking the boxes". Bradley Shankar from MobileSyrup gave a positive review, saying that "Batman: The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told". He explained that "while there have been numerous great interpretations of the Batman-Joker relationship over the years, there has never been one quite as complex and morally grey as what Telltale has created with The Enemy Within". Tamoor Hussain from GameSpot gave the final episode a 9/10, concluding: "While Telltale's first Batman season stuck a bit too close to established mythos and delivered an underwhelming ending, the second is a memorable Joker origin story that Bat-fans should make a point of playing". Stephanie Chan from VentureBeat was slightly less enthusiastic but still gave the game a score of 80/100: "By the end of the series, I'll say that Batman: The Enemy Within has tentatively won me over. That's purely on the strength of the relationship between Batman and The Joker".
Recall
The second episode of the game has been recalled and edited, after it was discovered that a photograph was used of the dead body of murdered Russian ambassador Andrei Karlov.
References
External links
2017 video games
Android (operating system) games
Batman video games
Episodic video games
IOS games
Video games based on DC Comics
MacOS games
PlayStation 4 games
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games
Telltale Games games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Jared Emerson-Johnson
Bioterrorism in fiction
Windows games
Xbox One games
Video games set in the United States
Nintendo Switch games |
This is a list of albums released under Pledis Entertainment.
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Notes
References
Pledis Entertainment Official Website
Pledis Entertainment on YouTube
Pledis Entertainment
Pop music discographies
Discographies of South Korean record labels |
Births and deaths
Deaths
Fred Jordan (5 January 1922 – 30 July 2002)
Cyril Tawney (1930–2005)
Recordings
2000: The Wood and the Wire (Fairport Convention)
2000: Dazzling Stranger (Bert Jansch)
2000: Bedlam Born (Steeleye Span)
2001: Going and Staying (Brass Monkey)
2002: Anglicana (Eliza Carthy)
2002: XXXV (Fairport Convention)
2002: Present--The Very Best of Steeleye Span (Steeleye Span)
2003: Rhythm Of The Times (Fairport Convention)
2003: An echo of hooves (June Tabor)
2004: Flame of Fire (Brass Monkey)
2004: Waiting For Angels (Martin Carthy)
2004: Over the Next Hill (Fairport Convention)
2004: The Quiet Joys of Brotherhood (Fairport Convention)
2004: They Called Her Babylon (Steeleye Span)
2004: Winter (Steeleye Span)
2005: Journeyman's Grace (Fairport Convention)
2005: At The Wood's Heart (June Tabor)
2006: Off The Desk (Fairport Convention)
2006: Bloody Men (Steeleye Span)
2006: Holy Heathens and the Old Green Man (Waterson–Carthy)
2007: Sense of Occasion (Fairport Convention)
2007: Live at the BBC (Fairport Convention)
2007: The Bairns (Rachel Unthank and the Winterset)
2009: Poetry of the Deed (Frank Turner)
See also
Music of the United Kingdom (1990s-present)
English folk music by date
2000s in British music
2000s in England |
Pseuduvaria trimera is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to China, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
William Grant Craib, the British botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its fascicles of flowers that often occur in three (Latinized form of Greek , tri-) parts (Latinized form of Greek , -meros).
Description
It is a tree reaching 20 meters in height. The young, brown branches are densely hairy, but become hairless with maturity. Its egg-shaped to elliptical, slightly leathery leaves are 15-25 by 4–8.5 centimeters. The leaves have blunt to wedge-shaped bases and tapering tips, with the tapering portion 4-17 millimeters long. The leaves are sparsely hairy on their upper surface and hairless on their lower surface. The leaves have 14-18 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its very densely hairy petioles are 4-11 by 1.5-2.5 millimeters with a broad groove on their upper side. Its Inflorescences occur in groups of 3–6 on branches, and are organized on indistinct peduncles. Each inflorescence has up to 1-2 flowers. Each flower is on a very densely hairy pedicel that is 10-30 by 0.5-1.5 millimeters. The pedicels are organized on a rachis up to 5 millimeters long that have 2-3 bracts. The pedicels have a medial, very densely hairy bract that is up to 0.5-1.2 millimeter long. Its flowers are unisexual. Its flowers have 3 free, oval sepals, that are 1-1.5 by 2-2.5 millimeters. The sepals are hairless on their upper surface, densely hairy on their lower surface, and hairy at their margins. Its 6 petals are arranged in two rows of 3. The yellow to light green, oval, outer petals are 2-3 by 1.5-3 millimeters with hairless upper and very densely hairy lower surfaces. The yellow to light green, triangular inner petals have a 2.5-5 millimeter long claw at their base and a 5-8 by 3-3.5 millimeter blade. The inner petals have flat bases and pointed tips. The inner petals are sparsely hairy on their upper surfaces and densely hairy on lower surfaces. The male flowers have 46-56 stamens that are 0.6-0.8 by 0.5-0.8 millimeters. Female flowers have 7-14 carpels that are 1.5-2 by 0.7-1 millimeters. Each carpel has up to 5-6 ovules arranged in two rows. The female flowers have 7-9 sterile stamen. The fruit occur in clusters of 7-8 are organized on indistinct peduncles. The fruit are attached by sparsely nearly hairless pedicles that are 20-30 by 2.5-3.5 millimeters. The green, globe-shaped fruit are 16-22 by 16-21 millimeters. The fruit are wrinkly, and densely hairy. Each fruit has up to 6 hemispherical to lens-shaped, wrinkly seeds that are 12.5-17 by 7.5-9.5 by 4.5-7 millimeters. Each seed has a 0.5-2 by 0.5-1.2 millimeter circular to elliptical hilum. The seeds are arranged in two rows in the fruit.
Reproductive biology
The pollen of P. trimera is shed as permanent tetrads.
Habitat and distribution
It has been observed growing in evergreen and deciduous forests below limestone mountains at elevations of 240–1500 meters.
Uses
Extracts of bioactive molecules from its tissues have been reported to contain aporphine derivatives with cytoxic activity in tests with culture human cancer cells.
References
trimera
Flora of China
Flora of Myanmar
Flora of Thailand
Flora of Vietnam
Plants described in 1913
Taxa named by William Grant Craib
Taxa named by Yvonne Chuan Fang Su
Taxa named by Richard M.K. Saunders |
Lipie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarna, within Bieszczady County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately south-east of Czarna, south-east of Ustrzyki Dolne, and south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Lipie |
TSOG: The Thing That Ate the Constitution is a book by Robert Anton Wilson published in 2002. TSOG stands for 'Tsarist Occupational Government,' stemming from Wilson's belief that there were strong parallels with the oppressive Tsarist government of pre-revolutionary Russia and the United States government under George W. Bush. It focuses on issues such as civil liberties, the influence of faith-based organisations on the government and the war on drugs.
References
2002 non-fiction books
Books by Robert Anton Wilson |
Fatepur is a census town and a gram panchayat within the jurisdiction of the Falta police station in the Falta CD block in the Diamond Harbour subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Geography
Area overview
Diamond Harbour subdivision is a rural subdivision with patches of urbanization. Only 14.61% of the population lives in the urban areas and an overwhelming 85.39% lives in the rural areas. In the western portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 11 census towns. The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta and the western part, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, is covered by the Kulpi Diamond Harbour Plain, which is 5–6 metres above sea level. Archaeological excavations at Deulpota and Harinarayanpur, on the bank of the Hooghly River indicate the existence of human habitation more than 2,000 years ago.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Location
Fatepur is located at .
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Fatepur had a total population of 8,105 of which 4,117(51%) were males and 3,988 (49%) were females. There were 617 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Fatepur was 6,549 (87.46% of the population over 6 years).
Infrastructure
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Fatepur covered an area of 2.7588 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved uncovered wells and hand pumps. It had 806 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at Diamond Harbour 13 km away. Three important commodities it produced were: rice, dal (legume) and oil.
Transport
Fatepur is on the National Highway 12.
Education
Fatepur Srinath Institution is a higher secondary institution.
Tatini Balika Bidyapith is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1948. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.
Healthcare
Falta Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds, at Falta, is the major government medical facility in the Falta CD block.
References
Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district |
Sayeman Beach Resort is a five-star seaside resort located by Kolatoli Square in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. It is the successor of Sayeman Hotel, the first private hotel of the city. The construction of the resort was started initially in 2013 and completed in 2015.
History
In 1964, Sayedur Rahman established a private hotel named "Hotel Sayeman" in Cox's Bazar, East Pakistan. It was the first privately owned hotel in the city. Five years later, in 1969, Mosharraf Hossain, son of the hotel's founder, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stayed at this hotel during a trip to Cox's Bazar, and a candlelight dinner was organized in their honor. In independent Bangladesh in 1979, Mosharraf Hossain converted it into a resort with 75 rooms. Later Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana were also guests of this hotel. In 2013 it was announced to build a resort condominium called "Sayeman Heritage Residence" in place of the old hotel and the hotel was shifted from Baharchora to Kolatoli which was renamed as "Sayeman Beach Resort". The new resort was inaugurated on 15 January 2015 in the presence of Rashed Khan Menon, the then minister of civil aviation and tourism.
Features
The Cox's Bazar beach can be seen from most of the rooms of this 288-room resort. There are ocean and deluxe suites, restaurants, swimming pools, bar deck, ballroom and convention hall.
Tax evasion
According to a report published by Income Tax Department in 2021, no income tax return has been submitted by the resort authority for 6 years from 2015. After publication of the report, the authority paid in advance as income tax return. The report also noted that the resort had falsified their income.
Pollution
In 2019, the Environment Department fined the authority for allegedly dumping polluted water into the sea.
Lawsuit
In 1999, 15 square kilometers of coastal area of Cox's Bazar was legally declared as a protected area for environmental reasons, but the Sayeman Beach Resort authority took the land of the area on lease to build the resort at Kolatoli. In 2019, a lawsuit ruled that the lease was invalid and the resort building was ordered to be demolished.
Award
In 2019, Sayeman Beach Resort won South Asian Travel Awards (SATA) award under leading beach resort category. In an event was held in Sri Lanka, the award was given to Mahboob Rahman, managing director of the resort.
References
External links
Cox's Bazar
Hotels in Bangladesh
Resorts in Bangladesh
Hotel buildings completed in 2015
1964 establishments in East Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Chittagong Division |
Edwin Lee may refer to:
Edwin Gray Lee (1836–1870), American soldier and Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War
Edwin Ferdinand Lee (1884–?), American Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Church
Ed Lee (Edwin M. Lee, 1952–2017), mayor of San Francisco, California
Edwin Lee (footballer) (1879–?), English footballer
See also
Robert Edwin Lee (1918–1994), American playwright and lyricist
Walter Edwin Lees (1887–1957), American aviator |
Lepidocoleidae is a family of polychaetes belonging to the order Phyllodocida.
Lepidocoleidaes have an armor-like exoskeleton that consists of large enclosed mineralized calcite plates with two different crystalline layers with both rugae and growth lines on their external surface.
Genera:
Carnicoleus Dzik, 1986
Clarkeolepis Elias, 1958
Compacoleus Schallreuter, 1985
Kerrycoleus Prokop, 2002
Lepidocoleus Faber, 1886
Sokolophocoleus Pope, 1960
Turrilepas Woodward, 1865
References
3. Gügel, De Baets, K., Jerjen, I., Schuetz, P., & Klug, C. (2017). A new subdisarticulated machaeridian from the Middle Devonian of China: Insights into taphonomy and taxonomy using X-ray microtomography and 3D-analysis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 62(2), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00346.2017
4. Pereira, Colmenar, J., Mortier, J., Vanmeirhaeghe, J., Verniers, J., Štorch, P., Taylor Harper, D. A., & Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C. (2021). Hirnantia Fauna from the Condroz Inlier, Belgium: another case of a relict Ordovician shelly fauna in the Silurian? Journal of Paleontology, 95(6), 1189–1215. https://doi.org/10.1017/ jpa.2021.74
5. Vinther, & Briggs, D. E. . (2009). Machaeridian locomotion. Lethaia, 42(3), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00165.x
Phyllodocida
Annelid families |
NH 117 may refer to:
National Highway 117 (India)
New Hampshire Route 117, United States |
The New York State Bridge Authority (NYSBA) is a public benefit corporation in New York State, United States. The NYSBA was born out of the necessity to build a bridge over the Hudson River to link the city of Hudson and the village of Catskill. It owns, operates, and maintains five Hudson River bridge crossings in the Mid-Hudson River Valley of New York State. It also owns and maintains the Walkway Over the Hudson, but that structure is operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.
Organization
NYSBA is guided by an unpaid 7-member Board of Commissioners (one seat of which is currently vacant) who are appointed by the New York State Governor. NYSBA's management team is headed by Executive Director Dr. Minosca Alcantara. In 2017, NYSBA had operating expenses of $51.08 million, an outstanding debt of $89.72 million, and a staffing level of 282 people.
NYSBA has been self-sufficient throughout its more than eighty-five year history, operating without Federal or State tax monies and reinvesting toll revenues to continue to maintain and improve these vital Hudson River Crossings.
History
The origin of the NYSBA was embodied in the Great Depression during the 1930s and 1940s. State finances were in short supply and an originally proposed plan for the state to build the Rip Van Winkle Bridge was vetoed by then Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. A possible precursor to the New Deal, Roosevelt supported the creation of an Authority, separate from state finances.
On March 31, 1932, Roosevelt signed into law a bill sponsored by Greene County Assemblyman Ellis Bentley that created the Bridge Authority as an entity that would issue toll revenue bonds to pay for what would become the Rip Van Winkle Bridge.
In 1933, during the construction of the Rip Van Winkle Bridge, the Authority acquired the Mid-Hudson Bridge, originally built by the State Department of Public Works in 1930.
Of note, the toll for a round trip across the Mid-Hudson Bridge for a car with 3 passengers in 1933 was $2.20, more than the $1.75 charged today. The 1933 $1 toll for a one horse wagon is no longer charged.
The Rip Van Winkle Bridge was dedicated in 1935.
The Bear Mountain Bridge, originally built by a private venture in 1924, was sold to the Authority in 1940.
The Authority dedicated the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge in 1957, the first span of the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge in 1963 and the second span in 1980.
The Bridge Authority charges an auto cash toll of $1.75 for eastbound traffic on all five bridges. E-ZPass customers pay $1.35. The last rate increase was May 1, 2020, a 25 cent increase from the prior rate of $1.50. Commercial tolls are based on axle count. NYSBA is a member of the E-ZPass electronic toll collection system.
In 2020 Governor Andrew Cuomo proposed to merge NYSBA with the New York State Thruway Authority but withdrew the plan after opposition from the Hudson Valley delegation to the state legislature, who feared it would be detrimental to the bridges and lead to higher tolls They believed Cuomo's real goal was to use NYSBA's budget surpluses to offset the Thruway Authority's deficits and subsidize its construction projects. The year's state budget did give Cuomo the authority to replace the Bridge Authority's entire board even if they had not finished their terms, and he did. Legislators accused Cuomo of trying to install a board that would be more amenable to the governor's merger plans; state senator Sue Serino of Hyde Park voted against confirming all of the replacements, and some of her colleagues from the region opposed some. One, Jen Metzger of Rosendale, said the Hudson Valley legislators would be watching the new appointees closely to make sure they were "independent thinkers".
Statutory authority
The law creating the New York State Bridge Authority is found in the Bridge Authority Act, currently Sections 525 to 542 of the New York Public Authorities Law and defines the Bridge Authority's mission as “to maintain and operate the safe vehicle crossings over the Hudson River entrusted to its jurisdiction for the economic and social benefit of the people of the State of New York.”
The crossings listed in the statute are: the Rip Van Winkle Bridge between Hudson and Catskill; the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge; the Mid-Hudson Bridge between Poughkeepsie and Highland; the parallel Newburgh-Beacon spans; and the Bear Mountain Bridge.
The Authority believes its mandate imposes a responsibility to provide reliable, safe and convenient access across the river to all lawful traffic and to achieve that goal within the framework of a sound long-term financial policy. The elements of that policy are:
An unqualified commitment to meet all obligations to the bondholders in the full letter and spirit of the Authority's General Revenue Bond Resolution and the covenants made therein;
A vigorous, integrated program of inspection, maintenance, repair and rehabilitation to insure the structural integrity of its facilities and the safety of its patrons;
Control of expenditures to the extent consistent with prudent stewardship and responsible administration; and
The lowest possible toll rates which at the same time enable the Authority to meet its obligations and responsibilities as well as provide for adequate financial reserves.
Police
The New York State Bridge Authority has 1 sworn police officer who is assigned to the Bridge Authority's Command Center in Highland as well as numerous facilities under control of the Bridge Authority. The Bridge Authority police officer is unarmed and is responsible for system-wide security. This officer also acts as liaison to the multiple police agencies whose jurisdictions overlap Authority facilities and performs traffic enforcement and incident response services.
Bridge facilities (north to south)
Rip Van Winkle Bridge (cantilever truss)
Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge (continuous under-deck truss)
Walkway over the Hudson (cantilever truss)
Mid-Hudson Bridge (suspension bridge)
Newburgh-Beacon Bridge (cantilever truss)
Bear Mountain Bridge (suspension bridge)
The Bridge Authority operates all 5 of the vehicular road bridges on the Hudson between the Bear Mountain and Rip Van Winkle Bridges. It also owns and maintains the Walkway over the Hudson, but does not operate it. To the north and south of its jurisdiction are, respectively, two of the New York State Thruway Authority's bridges: Tappan Zee Bridge to the south and the Berkshire Extension bridge to the north, known as the Castleton Bridge.
See also
New York State Canal Corporation
New York Power Authority
References
External links
New York State Bridge Authority
New York State Bridge Authority in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations
New York State Department of Transportation
Bridge Authority
Hudson River
1932 establishments in New York (state) |
Molden is a general molecular and electronic structure processing program.
Major features
Reads output from the ab initio packages GAMESS (US), Gaussian, MOLPRO, PySCF and from semi-empirical packages such as MOPAC, and supports a number of other formats.
Displays molecular orbitals or electron density as contour plots or 3D grid plots and output to a number of graphical formats.
Animates reaction paths and molecular vibrations.
A Z-matrix editor.
Molden program has been tested on different platforms, namely Linux, Windows NT, Windows95, Windows2000, WindowsXP, MacOSX, Silicon Graphics IRIX, Sun SunOS and Solaris.
Ambfor, the main force field module of Molden, is an external program that can be initialized from Molden. Ambfor admits protein force field Amber and GAFF (General Amber Force Field). Use of Ambfor is automatic when a protein is studied with Molden. The GAFF force field is used only small molecules. Both Amber and GAFF are based on atomic charges. The differences are largely in computational cost, with GAFF being very expensive.
Molden can read several file formats with crystal information.
See also
List of molecular graphics systems
List of software for molecular mechanics modeling
CMBI
References
Molden: a pre- and post-processing program for molecular and electronic structures.
Chemistry software for Linux
Computational chemistry software
Molecular modelling software |
Dragan Trajković may refer to:
Dragan Trajković (footballer, born 1986), Serbian association football player
Dragan Trajković (footballer, born 1997), Serbian association football player for FK Radnički 1923 |
Yunus Khan (b. 1416 – d. 1487) (), was Khan of Moghulistan from 1462 until his death in 1487. He is identified by many historians with Ḥājjī `Ali (, Pinyin: Hazhi Ali) (), of the contemporary Chinese records. He was the maternal grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire.
Yunus Khan was a direct male-line descendant of Genghis Khan, through his son Chagatai Khan.
Background and family
Yunus Ali was the eldest son of Uwais Khan (or Vais Khan) of Moghulistan. When Vais Khan was killed in 1428 AD, the Moghuls were split as to who should succeed him. Although 12-year-old Yunus Khan was his eldest son, the majority favored Yunus' younger brother, Esen Buqa. As a result, Yunus and his supporters fled to Ulugh Beg, the Timurid ruler of Transoxiana, who however imprisoned the group. Ulugh Beg's father, Shah Rukh, took charge of the young Yunus and treated him well. He sent Yunus to Yazd in Iran to study under Maulana Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. Yunus Khan spent several years studying under the Maulana in Yazd, in the process becoming one of the most educated Moghuls of his time. After the Maulana died, Yunus wandered around for some time before settling down in the city of Shiraz in Iran.
The following observation was made by a religious dignitary called Mauláná Muhammad Kázi:
Early career
In 1456, Abu Sa'id, the Timurid ruler of Transoxiana, sent for Yunus Khan. Abu Sa'id had become annoyed with the frequent raids that the Moghuls under Esen Buqa made into his territory and wanted to put an end to the menace. He knew that Esen Buqa had dispossessed Yunus, and that the latter would welcome the chance for a comeback; further, Yunus had both a claim on his brother's throne and kinship ties within the community. Abu Sa'id therefore raised Yunus to Khanship by placing him at the head of an army and sent him to Moghulistan to reduce his brother.
As expected, Yunus Khan's ties of kinship and claim to tribal leadership proved great advantages. He quickly gained the support of several amirs (nobles) and married the daughter one of them, Mir Pir Haji Kunji. Her name was Isan Daulat Begum, and she is believed to have been his first wife, although Yunus was already about 40 years old by this time. She would bear Yunus three daughters:
Mihr Nigar Khanim (b. 1457), wife of Sultan Ahmed Mirza, eldest son of Yunus Khan's mentor Abu Sa'id.
Qutlugh Nigar Khanum (b. 1459), wife of Umar Shaikh Mirza II, fourth son of Abu Sa'id and younger brother of Sultan Ahmed. Their only son, Babur, would become the founder of the Mughal empire.
Khub Nigar Khanim (b. 1463). After her father died, her half-brother (see below) gave her in marriage to Muhammad Hussain Mirza Kurkan. She became the mother of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, famous historian and future ruler of Kashmir.
Despite his success in making allies, Yunus did not succeed in his project of displacing Esen Buqa, perhaps because he had no experience of war. When Yunus moved to take the town of Kashgar, he was faced by the joined armies of Amir Sayyid Ali of Kashgar and Esen Buqa, and in the ensuing battle, he was defeated. Soon afterwards, he retreated from Moghulistan and returned to the court of Abu Sa'id, who gave him territory around Lake Issyk-Kul as a fiefdom (in appanage). After a while, Yunus Khan again entered Moghulistan and again gained the support of the amirs, but was again unable to make any substantial gains in the country against Esen Buqa.
In 1457, dughlat Amir Sayyid Ali of Kashgar (Esen Buqa's ally the previous year) died and his son Saniz Mirza sought Yunus Khan's assistance to gain power in Kashgar. Yunus Khan came into Kashgar after receiving this invitation. Shortly afterwards, he sent one of the most respectable Sayyids of Kashgar, Amir Zia-ud-Din, to Badakhshan to meet Shah Sultan Muhammad Badakhshi and seek one of his six daughters in marriage. Shah Sultan Muhammad Badakhshi (also known as "Prince Lali") was believed to be a direct descendant of Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great), son of Filikus Rumi (Philip II of Macedon), who according to (dubious) legend left one of his sons in the isolated mountain country out of reach of rivals in hope that his progeny would continue his dynasty in the East. Prince Lali agreed to give a daughter to Yunus Khan in marriage. He entrusted his fourth daughter, Shah Begum, to Sayyid Zia-ud-Din, who brought her back with him to Kashgar and delivered her over to Yunus Khan, and the wedding was celebrated with due ceremony. Note that Yunus Khan entered into his second marriage just around one year after his first marriage, and he was already around 40 years old by this time. This would indicate that because of his poverty and lack of prospects, he had been unable to secure wives of respectable rank until this time. His consciousness of his high birth would have prevented him from accepting wives of inferior birth, but his recent rise had removed all obstacles and provided him with two suitable wives. He was soon blessed with progeny by both wives and became the father of a numerous family. Yunus Khan begat two sons and two daughters by Shah Begum:
Sultan Mahmud Khan, eldest child by Shah Begum, born in 1462.
Sultan Ahmad Khan, second son, known later as Alacha (Slayer) Khan for his brutal attempts to usurp absolute power in the steppe by slaughtering the Kalmaks.
Sultan Nigar Khanim, wife of Sultan Mahmud Mirza, third son of Yunus Khan's mentor Abu Sa'id
Daulat Sultan Khanim, daughter
Khanship
In 1462, Yunus's brother Esen Buqa died. The Moghuls were divided over whether to support his son, Dost Muhammad, or his elder brother, namely Yunus himself, as his successor. The dughlat amir of Kashgar, Muhammad Haidar Mirza, supported Dost Muhammad, but his brother Saniz Mirza, the amir of Yarkand (who, it will be recollected, had taken Yunus Khan's help and invited him into Kashgar in 1457) supported Yunus Khan, and expelled Dost Mohammad from Kashgar. Dost Mohammad however consolidated his hold on all settled lands in Eastern Moghulistan, known at the time as Uyghurstan. He became the ruler of that region and took up residence in the town of Aksu, thus abandoning the nomadic style of life. Saniz Mirza died after only a few years, in 1464, and Dost Muhammad plundered Kashgar to avenge his previous expulsion. Shortly aftwewards however, in 1468 or 1469, Dost Muhammad died and Yunus Khan found it possible to seize Aksu. Dost Muhammad's son, Kebek Sultan, who was only a child, was whisked away by his supporters to Turpan (Uyghurstan), where he ruled nominally for a few years before being killed by the same supporters.
Ruling from Aksu as Khan, Yunus Khan maintained good relations with the Timurids and with Janybek Khan and Karai Khan, the founders of the Kazakh Horde (in 1465-1466). As a consequence of his alliance with the Kazakhs, he made an enemy out of the rival Uzbeks. In 1468, the Uzbeks under Shaikh Haidar came into conflict with the Moghuls; they were defeated and Shaikh Haidar was killed, breaking Uzbek power until the rise of Muhammad Shaibani by the end of the century.
Yunus' dealings with the Timurids were far more complex. The Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id had been Yunus Khan's great mentor in life, who had called him from obscurity and exile in Iran and bestowed lands and an army upon him. After Abu Sa'id Mirza was killed by the White Sheep Turkmen in 1468, his realm was split between his sons. The eldest son, Sultan Ahmad Mirza, ruled over Samarkand & Bukhara, the third son, Sultan Mahmud Mirza took Balkh & Badakhshan, and the fourth son, Umar Shaikh Mirza II, became the ruler of Ferghana. All three of these princes were to eventually marry three daughters of Yunus Khan, but his relationship with them began on a discordant note.
By the time Abu Sa'id Mirza was killed in 1468, Yunus Khan had been overlord of the Mughals for about six years. During this time, his support among his principal amirs (noblemen) had eroded. The amirs were apparently upset over Yunus Khan's desire to reside in towns and abandon the traditional nomadic way of life. Since Yunus Khan had spent much of his early life in the towns of Yazd and Shiraz as a student, he had developed a taste for settled life in towns and a certain discomfort with the nomadic lifestyle of his community, the Mughals. This was a major issue in that milieu, and the amirs invited Sultan Ahmad's governor of Tashkent, Shaikh Jamal Khan, to displace Yunus Khan and usurp power. This duly happened; the Moghuls submitted to Shaikh Jamal Khan, who took over power and also imprisoned Yunus Khan for a year. However, the amirs soon had cause to regret the choice they had made, for Shaikh Jamal Khan was not a wise and moderate man; he was given to over-reach and excess. He demonstrated these qualities strikingly when he gave Yunus Khan's first wife, Isan Daulat Begum, maternal grandmother of Babur, as a present (or booty of war) to his officer Khoja Kalan. When Khoja Kalan entered Isan Daulat Begum's apartments to claim her for himself, he was trapped inside and killed there by female attendants of Isan Daulat Begum, and thus the lady managed to preserve her honour. Khoja Kalan lost his life, and Shaikh Jamal Khan who lost his honour in the eyes of the amirs for having been so cavalier and insensitive in handing over a married woman to someone as booty of war. Some time after this event, Shaikh Jamal himself was killed by Moghul amirs and Yunus Khan was restored, after promising not to live in towns but follow the nomadic way of life. This happened in 1472. Shortly afterwards, after learning that Kebek Sultan (the young son of Dost Mohammad) had been killed by his followers, Yunus Khan to take control of Eastern Moghulistan (Uyghurstan). This happened in the same year, 1472.
After Shaikh Jamal was killed, Yunus Khan began actively participating (or intervening) in the affairs of the Timurids. He forged ties of kinship with most of the prominent Timurids; three of Yunus Khan's daughters were given in marriage to three sons of his former mentor Abu Sa'id. Mihr Nigar Khanim was married to Sultan Ahmad Mirza; Qutlugh Nigar Khanum was married to Umar Shaikh Mirza II in 1475 (their son was Babur, founder of the Great Moghul Empire in India), and finally, Sultan Nigar Khanum was given in marriage to Sultan Mahmud Mirza (their son, Sultan Vais Mirza, better known as Mirza Khan, would become king of Badakhshan). Yunus Khan kept on especially friendly terms with his second son-in-law, Umar Shaikh Mirza II, and it was Umar Shaikh who usually gave his father-in-law territory to reside in during the winters (the Timurids were settled in towns and ruled the attached provinces; Yunus Khan, after having promised his amirs to maintain the nomadic lifestyle, kept his word). Being of a rather unworldly and poetic temperament, Umar Shaikh II often needed the help of his father-in-law to deal with his own elder brother, Ahmad Mirza, with whom his relations had been bad since childhood for no particular reason. Yunus Khan often intervened to iron out the issues between his two sons-in-law.
Later years
In 1484, Yunus Khan took advantage of one of the periodic conflicts between Sultan Ahmad and Umar Shaikh Mirza II to take possession of Tashkent. He was almost seventy years old by this time, and was once again yearning to give up the nomadic lifestyle for a settled life in some town. This had been a constant issue for him, due to the fact that his life until almost the age of forty had been spent in large cosmopolitan Persian cities like Yazd and Shiraz. Tashkent, an important city along the silk route, and cosmopolitan enough to rival the cities of Persia and was as good as it could get in central Asia. His decided to live in the city for at least a prolonged period, a decision which upset the other Moghuls, and many of them left for Moghulistan under the leadership of Yunus' own son Ahmad Alaq. Yunus Khan was also unable to prevent the rise of the Dughlat Mirza Abu Bakr, who had earlier taken Yarkand, Khotan and Kashgar from other members of his family, and defeated Yunus Khan's attempts to quell him. During the Ming Turpan Border Wars he had taken Hami in 1473, but the Chinese evicted him into Turfan.
Yunus Khan died in Taskhent in 1487 after a long illness. He was succeeded in Tashkent by his eldest son, Sultan Mahmud Khan, while the Moghuls in the east followed Ahmad Alaq.
Paternal lineage
Genealogy of Chaghatai Khanates
In Babr Nama written by Babur, Page 19, Chapter 1; described genealogy of his maternal grandfather Yunas Khan as:
In the Tarikh-i Rashidi by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; page-break-inside:avoid"
|+ Genealogy of Younas Khan/Haji Ali according to Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
|- valign="top"
| style="border:none;"| Chingiz Khan (known in the west as Genghis Khan)
Chaghatai Khan
Mutukan
Yesü Nto'a
Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
Duwa
Esen Buqa I
| style="border:none"| <ol start="8">
Tughlugh Timur
Khizr Khoja
Muhammad Khan (Khan of Moghulistan)
Shir Ali Oglan
Uwais Khan(Vaise Khan)
Yunus Khan, the subject of this page
Ahmad Alaq</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| Sultan Said Khan
Abdurashid Khan
Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)
|}
Ancestry
Notes
References
Mirza Muhammad Haidar. The Tarih-i-Rashidi ( A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N.Elias. London, 1895
M.Kutlukov. About emergence of the Yarkand state''. Almaty,1990
1487 deaths
Chagatai khans
Uyghurs
Year of birth uncertain |
Sierra de Utiel () is a long mountain range in the Alt Palància, Alt Millars and Plana Baixa comarcas, Valencian Community, Spain. Its highest point is the 1,306 m high El Remedio (). There is often snow in the winter.
Minor ranges
There are four ranges running parallel to each other:
Sierra del Negrete, also known as Sierra del Remedio (), the main range, with the 1,306 m high El Remedio (), where there is a shrine and the Cerrochico (1,223 m).
The Sierra de Utiel proper with the 1,112 m high Cabeza del Fraile
The Sierra de Juan Navarro with the 1,177 m high Cinco Pinos, the Juan Navarro (1,167 m) and the Ropé (1,140 m), where both former ranges merge to meet the tectonic depression of Chera.
The Sierra de la Atalaya, whose highest summit is La Atalaya (1,157 m).
The Utiel Range has been declared a Site of Community Importance (SCI).
See also
Mountains of the Valencian Community
References
External links
Red de senderos de la Plana de Utiel - Sierras de Utiel y del Negrete
Parcs Naturals de la Comunitat Valenciana - Official List
Utiel
Requena-Utiel
Los Serranos |
Gerze is a town in Sinop Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Gerze District. Its population is 19,144 (2022). It is 49 km east of Sinop and 140 km west of Samsun. It was first settled by the Ionians and was known in antiquity as Carusa. In 2012, the region was subjected to protests and controversy around the proposed construction of a coal power plant, a project that was later withdrawn by the government after a negative environmental impact assessment.
Region
The Çeçe Sultan Tomb, a pilgrimage place, is 15 km from the town. The date of its construction is unknown. The region is noted for its traditional domestic architecture. The regions of Değirmenler and İdemli, and Gazhane Bay are popular excursion places.
References
External links
Populated places in Sinop Province
Black Sea port cities and towns in Turkey
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Gerze District
Cittaslow
District municipalities in Turkey |
Lobophytum irregulare is a species of soft coral in the family Alcyoniidae.
References
Alcyoniidae
Animals described in 1970 |
An electrical crimp is a type of solderless electrical connection which uses physical pressure to join the contacts.
Crimp connectors are typically used to terminate stranded wire.
History
The technique of soldering wires has remained common for at least a century, however crimp terminals came into use in the middle of the 20th century. In 1953, AMP Incorporated (now TE Connectivity) introduced crimp barrel terminals, and in 1957 Cannon Brothers experimented with machined contacts integrating crimp barrels. During the 1960s, several standards for crimp connectors were published, including MS3191-1, MS3191-4 and MIL-T-22520. In 2010, the predominant standard for crimp connectors changed to MIL-DTL-22520.
Characteristics
The benefits of crimping over soldering and wire wrapping include:
A well-engineered and well-executed crimp is designed to be gas-tight, which prevents oxygen and moisture from reaching the metals (which are often different metals) and causing corrosion
Because no alloy is used (as in solder) the joint is mechanically stronger
Crimped connections can be used for cables of both small and large cross-sections, whereas only small cross-section wires can be used with wire wrapping
Crimping is normally performed by first inserting the terminal into the crimp tool. The terminal must be placed into the appropriately sized crimp barrel. The wire is then inserted into the terminal with the end of the wire flush with the exit of the terminal to maximize cross-sectional contact. Finally, the handles of the crimp tool are used to compress and reshape the terminal until it is cold-welded onto the wire.
The resulting connection may appear loose at the edges of the terminal, but this is desirable so as to not have sharp edges that could cut the outer strands of the wire. If executed properly, the middle of the crimp will be swaged or cold-formed.
More specialized crimp connectors are also used, for example as signal connectors on coaxial cables in applications at high radio frequencies (VHF, UHF) . These often require specialised crimping tools to form the proper crimp.
Crimped contacts are permanent (i.e. the connectors and wire ends cannot be reused).
Theory
Crimp-on connectors are attached by inserting the stripped end of a stranded wire into a portion of the connector, which is then mechanically deformed by compressing (crimping) it tightly around the wire. The crimping is usually accomplished with special crimping tool such as crimping pliers. A key idea behind crimped connectors is that the finished connection should be gas-tight.
Effective crimp connections deform the metal of the connector past its yield point so that the compressed wire causes tension in the surrounding connector, and these forces counter each other to create a high degree of static friction which holds the cable in place. Due to the elastic nature of the metal in crimped connections, they are highly resistant to vibration and thermal shock.
Two main classes of wire crimps exist:
Closed barrel crimps have a cylindrical opening for a wire, and the crimping tool deforms the originally circular cross section of the terminal into some other shape. This method of crimping is less resilient to vibration.
Open barrel crimps have "ears" of metal that are shaped like a V or U, and the crimp terminal bends and folds them over the wire prior to swaging the wire to the terminal. Open-barrel terminals are claimed to be easier to automate because of avoiding the need to funnel stranded wire into the narrow opening of a barrel terminal.
In addition to their shape, crimped connectors can also be characterized by their insulation (insulated or non-insulated), and whether they crimp onto the conductor(s) of a wire (wire crimp) or its insulation (insulation crimp).
Shapes
C crimp
D crimp
F crimp (a.k.a. B crimp)
O crimp
W crimp
Overlap/OVL crimp
Oval (confined) crimp
Four-Mandrel crimp
Mandrel (crescent) crimp
Mandrel crimp-narrow (indented)
Hexagonal crimp
Mandrel (indent) crimp
Square crimp
Trapezoidal crimp
Trapezoidal indent crimp
Trapezoidal crimp front
Tyco crimp
Western crimp
Applications
Crimped connections are common alternatives to soldered connections. There are complex considerations for determining which method is appropriatecrimp connections are sometimes preferred for these reasons:
Easier, cheaper, or faster to reproduce reliably in large-scale production
Fewer dangerous or harmful processes involved in termination (soldered connections require aggressive cleaning, high heat, and possibly toxic solders)
Potentially superior mechanical characteristics due to strain relief and lack of solder wicking
Crimped connectors fulfill numerous uses, including termination of wires to screw terminals, blade terminals, ring/spade terminals, wire splices, or various combinations of these. A tube-shaped connector with two crimps for splicing wires in-line is called a butt splice connector.
Single-wire crimp terminals include:
Blade or quick disconnect (e.g. Faston or Lucar)
Bullet (e.g. Shur-Plug)
Butt splice
Flag tongue
Rectangular tongue
Hook tongue
Spade tongue (flanged, short spring, long spring)
Ring tongue (slotted, offset)
Multiple stud
Packard 56
Pin (SAE/J928)
Wire pin
Crimping is also a common technique to join wires to a multipin connector, such as in Molex connectors or modular connectors.
Crimp plug-and-socket connectors can be classified as rear release or front release, referring to the side of the connector where the pins are anchored:
Front release contacts are released from the front (contact side) of the connector, and removed from the rear. The removal tool engages with the front portion of the contact and pushes it through to the back of the connector.
Rear release contacts are released and removed from the rear (wire side) of the connector. The removal tool releases the contacts from the rear and pulls the contact out of the retainer.
Crimp connections are used typically to fix connectors, such as BNC connectors, to coaxial cables quickly, as an alternative to soldered connections. Typically the male connector is crimp-fitted to a cable, and the female attached, often using soldered connections, to a panel on equipment. A special power or manual tool is used to fit the connector. Wire strippers which strip outer jacket, shield braid, and inner insulation to the correct lengths in one operation are used to prepare the cable for crimping.
Quality
A crimped connection will only be reliable if a number of criteria are met:
All strands have been deformed enough to cold-flow into the terminal body
The compression force is not too light, nor too strong
The connector body is not overly deformed
Wires must be in solid working condition, cannot have scrapes, nicks, severing or other damages
Insulation should not show any signs of pinching, pulling, fraying, discoloration, or charring
Large voids are not left inside the crimp (caused by not enough wire inside the connector)
The wire should have as many strands as possible, so that a few damaged or uninserted wires will not adversely affect the crimp density, and thus degrade the electrical and mechanical properties of the connection.
Micrographs of the crimped connections can be prepared to illustrate good and bad crimps for training and quality assurance purposes. The assembled connection is cut in cross-section, polished and washed in nitric acid to dissolve any copper dust that may be filling voids leading to a false indication of a good crimp.
Tools
A wide variety of crimping tools exist, and they are generally designed for a specific type and size of terminal. Handheld tools (sometimes called crimping pliers) are most common, which may be ratcheting. For mass production operations, automated devices are available.
Terminal insulation colors
References
Electrical connectors |
The Stolpersteine in Loštice lists the Stolpersteine in the town Loštice, Czech Republic. Stolpersteine is the German name for stumbling blocks collocated all over Europe by German artist Gunter Demnig. They remember the fate of the Nazi victims being murdered, deported, exiled or driven to suicide.
Generally, the stumbling blocks are posed in front of the building where the victims had their last self-chosen residence. The name of the Stolpersteine in Czech is: Kameny zmizelých, stones of the disappeared.
59 people of Jewish faith were deported from Loštice in 1942, only three could survive. On 21 September 2017, the first eight Stolpersteine were collocated in the city to commemorate the inhabitants murdered by the Nazi regime.
Stolpersteine
Dates of collocations
The Stolpersteine in Loštice were collocated by the artist himself on 21 September 2017.
See also
List of cities by country that have stolpersteine
External links
stolpersteine.eu, Demnig's website
holocaust.cz
References
Loštice
Monuments and memorials |
Yang Qianhe (or Yang Chiang-Ho in Wade-Giles; 楊千鶴 in Chinese characters) (1921–2011) was a Taiwanese journalist, and considered Taiwan's first woman journalist.
Biography
Yang Qianhe was born in Taipei in 1921. She was educated in Japanese as Taiwan was under Japanese control at this time, and graduated from Taipei Women's College. She initially worked as a journalist for a Taiwan-based Japanese newspaper Taiwan Daily News.
She also wrote novels and short stories. In 1942 she published a short story, The Seasons When Flowers Bloom, which reflects on women's choices in upper-middle class society and social expectations on women to marry. In 1995 she published her memoir, Prism of Life.
References
1921 births
2011 deaths
Taiwanese expatriates in Japan
Taiwanese journalists
Taiwanese women journalists
20th-century journalists
Taiwanese memoirists
Women memoirists
20th-century memoirists |
CNR Radio or CN Radio (officially the Canadian National Railways Radio Department/Société radiodiffusion des chemins de fer nationaux du Canada) was the first national radio network in North America. It was developed, owned and operated by the Canadian National Railway between 1923 and 1932 to provide en route entertainment and information for its train passengers. As broadcasts could be received by anyone living in the coverage area of station transmitters, the network provided radio programming to Canadians from the Pacific coast (at Vancouver) to the Atlantic coast (at Halifax).
During its nine-year existence, CNR Radio provided music, sports, information and drama programming to Canadians. Programming was produced in English, French and occasionally in some First Nations languages, and distributed nationwide through the railway's own telegraph lines and through rented airtime on other private radio stations. However, political and competitive pressure forced CNR Radio to close, with many of its assets and personnel migrating to a new government-operated agency, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), which ultimately led to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
Origins
The network's origins were in the establishment by CNR president and chairman Sir Henry Thornton on June 1, 1923 of the CNR Radio Department after the CNR began installing radio sets with headphones in their passenger cars and needed stations to provide programming that passengers could listen to along the CNR's various routes, particularly its coast-to-coast transcontinental line. The general public could also receive the broadcasts if they lived in the vicinity of a CNR radio station and CN hotels were also equipped with radio sets for guests. Radio was also intended as an innovation that made travel on CNR trains more attractive and provided it with a competitive advantage over its rival, the Canadian Pacific Railway.
On October 9, 1923, the network made international news when it carried a broadcast of former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George being interviewed by reporters travelling with him on a Montreal to Toronto train. The first regularly scheduled coast-to-coast network program produced by CN Radio was broadcast December 27, 1928. By the end of 1929 there were three hours of national programming a week.
The CNR used its already-established network of telegraph wires along the rail line to connect the stations.
Aims
In comments to the House of Commons of Canada, the radio service's aims were:
In 1929, the CNR's brief to the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting stated that the radio service had five aims.
to advertise the railway
to publicize Canada's attractions to tourists
to entertain passengers
to "create a proper spirit of harmony among [CNR employees] and a broader appreciation of Management"
to assist colonization of Canada by providing radio service to remote settlers.
CNR president Thornton saw CNR Radio as a device to diffuse "ideas and ideals nationally by radio".
Programming
While most programming was produced locally, increasingly there was a trend towards centralization and producing content with a national scope. Programming consisted largely of live music, drama, educational broadcasts, children's programming and simulcasts of American programming. Canada's first regular radio drama was CNRV Players produced at CNR Vancouver station CNRV by the CNR Drama Department from 1927 to 1932.
One of the network's most notable broadcasts was its transmission of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Canadian confederation from Parliament Hill in Ottawa on July 1, 1927. The three-part broadcast, consisting of speeches, songs, poems and the peals of the carillion bells of the Canadian Parliament Buildings' Victory Tower, was CNR Radio's, and Canada's, first live coast-to-coast broadcast and was heard by an estimated audience of 5 million people listening to 23 stations in Canada, which received the broadcast via telephone and telegraph wires. The broadcast was also carried on NBC Radio in the United States and a shortwave relay was used to transmit the programme to the British Broadcasting Corporation which rebroadcast it throughout the United Kingdom and Europe.
Public service broadcasts such as news bulletins, weather reports, and local announcements were included. CNR Radio also produced, as a public service, educational programmes such as An Introduction to the Gilbert and Sullivan Operas, which was a series of lectures and performances for adults, and for children Radio Train in which an imaginary train travelled to a different location in each episode, with information about the sights and history of each locale. "In addition, the travelers would also encounter some mysterious problem that could only be solved at the end of the episode by the recall of facts and events that had been
described." In 1927, CNRV in Vancouver aired a series of music lessons prepared by the Vancouver School Board.
Romance of Canada was a series of radio plays written by Merrill Denison and produced at CNR's Montreal studios. Renowned BBC radio playwright Tyrone Guthrie was director of the first 14 episodes. Broadcast over two seasons in 1931 and 1932, Romance of Canada recalled epic moments in Canadian history. Thornton hoped Romance of Canada would "kindle in Canadians generally a deeper interest in the romantic early history of their country".
What is now Hockey Night In Canada originated on the network in November 1931 as the General Motors Hockey Broadcast and was also known as Saturday Night Hockey featuring games of the Toronto Maple Leafs in Ontario and the Montreal Maroons and Montreal Canadiens in Quebec.
Music programing included Old-Time Fiddlers contests which were broadcast to the full network from Moncton. In 1925, CNRT in Toronto broadcast a complete performance of Yeoman of the Guard as well as performances of classical music. In the same year, CNRM in Montreal broadcast a complete in-studio production of The Mikado and other Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas with a full orchestra and CNR Radio signed a contract with the Hart House String Quartet and in 1927, put them on national tour with broadcasts from each station in celebration of Beethoven's centenary. By the 1930s, the network was airing condensed studio productions of great operas. In 1929, CNR Radio launched North America's first transcontinental concert series, the All-Canada Symphony Concerts featuring the Toronto Symphony Orchestra conducted by Luigi von Kunits for a series of 25 broadcasts. The music performed was composed entirely by Canadian composers. CNRV Vancouver produced several shows celebrating Beethoven's centenary. The network also had its own radio orchestra conducted by Henri Miro in 1930 and 1931.
Other programming included broadcasts in French beginning in 1924 with the opening of CNRM in Montreal; by the 1930s CNR Radio had a French network in operation. Some programs were also produced and broadcast in some Native Canadian languages from 1927 over CNRO Ottawa and CNRW Winnipeg. Regular network distribution of CNR programming to all its stations and affiliates began in 1928.
Operations
Thornton's goal was for the CNR to create a network of radio stations along the CNR's transcontinental line from coast-to-coast with CNR sponsoring and controlling the content allowing programming across the country to be consistent, if desired, so that passengers could listen to programmes consistently as they travelled across the country rather than have conflicting programs fade in and fade out along the way. The CNR was able to use its existing network of telegraph wires, which were strung on poles alongside CN's track network, to transmit programs from one station to another, which allowed CN Radio to broadcast programs over stations across the country, simultaneously.
By 1925, a 10-station network was established. By 1930, the network consisted of 27 stations, 87 amplifiers, eight studios as well as 27 radio engineers and many telegraph engineers and line repair staff. Three of the stations, CNRA in Moncton, CNRV in Vancouver and CNRO in Ottawa, were owned by the CNR and transmitted at a strength of 500 watts. CNRO was located in the towers of the Chateau Laurier hotel. The rest of the network consisted of "phantom stations", or existing privately owned radio stations on which CNR leased airtime. A CNR call sign would be heard on the phantoms during times of the day when it was leased by the railway, after which the CNR station would "sign off" and the regular station would resume broadcast. The radio network broadcasts could be received by train passengers through headsets or loud speakers aboard specially equipped train cars as well as by anyone living within signal range of a station. CNR issued printed
program guides for free distribution to any member of the general public who requested them. CNR stations and affiliates were linked by the CNR's telegraph lines that ran alongside the rail track. The network owned studios in several cities where it used "phantom stations" for transmission including Toronto where it had studios located in the King Edward Hotel, Halifax with studios in the CNR owned Hotel Nova Scotian and Montreal where it had studios in the King's Hall Building.
Demise
In 1928, the Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King commissioned a Royal Commission on Broadcasting (the Aird Commission) to study the future of radio in Canada. The Aird Commission issued its report in late 1929 calling for the creation of a public broadcasting system in Canada along the lines of the British Broadcasting Corporation and other national broadcasters around the world in order to prevent U.S. domination of Canadian airwaves and to promote national objectives. To this end, the report called for the creation of a Canadian Radio Broadcasting Company which would build high-powered radio stations across the country as part of a public radio network.
Meanwhile, CNR's radio network was a target of its commercial rival, the privately owned Canadian Pacific Railway. CNR Radio was a commercial venture with the primary purpose of attracting riders to the CNR by offering them entertainment as well as, beginning in 1929, providing direct revenue to its parent by selling advertising. The CPR complained intently that by allowing government-owned Canadian National to operate a radio network, particularly one that sold advertising, the government was allowing CNR to engage in unfair competition. In 1930, the CPR began construction of its own radio network — CPR Radio — but due to financial difficulties during the Great Depression it was closed in 1935.
The 1930 federal election resulted in the defeat of the Mackenzie King government and the assumption of power by a Conservative government led by R.B. Bennett who, as a corporate lawyer who had had the Canadian Pacific Railway as one of his clients, proved sympathetic to its arguments and opposed any government competition with the CPR and was determined to strip the CNR of its radio network.A group of Conservative Members of Parliament successfully pressured Thornton, the radio network's principal champion, to resign as president of CNR in 1932 - he was also stripped of his pension.
In November 1931, as a result of intense pressure from the Railway Committee of the House of Commons of Canada, the CNR ended its on-train radio reception service, and ceased broadcasting entirely in 1932. The Canadian Radio League lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Aird Commission report creating a public broadcasting system under the aegis of a new government agency, and in 1932 the Bennett government agreed to set up the CRBC. In early 1933, the CNR sold its radio stations and studios to the CRBC for $50,000; many of the CNR's radio staff went to the CRBC as well. In turn, the CRBC's facilities and much of its staff were taken over by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation when it was created in 1936.
CNR owned and operated stations
CNRO Ottawa - (originally CKCH) - later CRCO, now CBO-FM
CNRA Moncton - went dark in 1933 as CRCA, replaced in 1939 by CBA Sackville
CNRV Vancouver - later CRCV and CBR, now CBU
CNR leased "phantom stations"
CNRC Calgary leasing CFAC and CFCN
CNRE Edmonton leasing CJCA; CKUA was the network's affiliate beginning in 1930-1931
CNRW Winnipeg leasing CKY
CNRT Toronto leasing CFCA
CNRX Toronto leasing CFRB and CKGW
CNRM Montreal leasing CKAC
CNRQ Quebec leasing CKCV
CNRR Regina leasing CKCK
CNRS Saskatoon leasing CFQC
CNRD Red Deer leasing CKLC
CNRL London leasing CJGC
CNRH Halifax leasing CHNS
Phantom stations also existed at various times in Saint John, Fredericton, London/Kitchener-Waterloo, Chatham, Brandon, Yorkton, Red Deer, two in Hamilton, a third in Toronto and one in Michigan.
See also
History of broadcasting in Canada
Canadian Pacific Railway Radio - operated by the CNR's rival from 1930 to 1935
References
External links
Canada's first network: CNR Radio
Radio stations established in 1923
1933 disestablishments in Canada
Defunct Canadian radio networks
Canadian National Railway subsidiaries
1923 establishments in Canada
Radio stations disestablished in 1933 |
The Spokane River Bridge at Long Lake Dam, at Long Lake Dam near Reardan, Washington, is a historic concrete bridge that was built in 1949. It was a work of the State Department of Highways and of Henry Hagman. Its center span is a open-spandrel arch. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
It brings State Route 231 across the Spokane River, connecting Lincoln County and Stevens County.
See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
List of crossings of the Spokane River
References
External links
Bridges completed in 1949
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Transportation buildings and structures in Lincoln County, Washington
Transportation buildings and structures in Stevens County, Washington
Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Washington
National Register of Historic Places in Stevens County, Washington
Concrete bridges in Washington (state)
Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States |
Al-Yamun () is a Palestinian town located nine kilometers west of Jenin in the Jenin Governorate of Palestine, in the northern West Bank. Al-Yamun's land area consists of approximately 20,000 dunams, of which 1,300 dunams is built-up area.
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 16,383 inhabitants in the 2007 census and 20,774 by 2017. The population is formed mainly of a number of families such as Frehat, Khamaysa, Samudi, Hushiya, Abu al-Hija, Samara, 'Abahra, Zaid, Jaradat, Sharqieh and Nawahda that sourced many inspirational figures such as Jad and Ayham Frihat.
History
The town is an ancient one, where two columns and two capitals have been reused at the door of the mosque.
Potsherds from the early and late Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and the Middle Ages have been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1517 al-Yamun was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.
In the census of 1596, the village appeared as “Yamoun”, located in the nahiya of Sha'ara in the liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 28 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 15,000 akçe. Potsherds from the Ottoman era have also been found here.
In 1799, al-Yamun was named the village Ellamoun on the map Pierre Jacotin made during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
In 1838 Edward Robinson noted it on his travels, and in 1870 Victor Guérin found that Yamun had 500 inhabitants, and was divided into two quarters, each commanded by its own sheikh.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya of Shafa al-Gharby.
In 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as “A large village, with olives round it, standing on high ground, with a well on the east. This appears to be the 'Janna of the Onomasticon,’ 3 miles south of Legio; does not exactly agree, being 7 English miles."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yamun had a population of 1,485; all Muslims except one Christian who was Orthodox. The population increased in the 1931 census to 1,836; all Muslim, in a total of 371 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 2,520; all Muslims, with 20,361 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 6,036 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 11,121 dunams for cereals, while a total of 58 dunams were built-up, urban land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, al-Yamun came under Jordanian rule. Some of al-Yamun inhabitants descended from Abu-Hija, a commander who came to Palestine with Saladin. After 1948, al-Yamun received fellow Abu-Hija descendants from the depopulated village of Ein Hod, presently in Israel.
In 1961, the population of al-Yamun was 4,173.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, al-Yamun has been under Israeli occupation.
On October 29, 2008, Muhammad 'Abahra, a farmer in the town was killed by the IDF. 'Abahra had a shotgun in his possession leading the IDF to believe he would fire at them. 'Abahra's son, however, alleged, that his father was guarding his sheep from suspected thieves.
References
Bibliography
(p. 225)
External links
Welcome to al Yamun
Yamun, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Jacotin map #46
many photos from al yamoun
Jenin Governorate
Cities in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
Aqeela Asifi is an Afghan woman teacher who has educated thousands of refugee children in Mianwali, Pakistan.
Education
Asifi trained in Afghanistan as a teacher of history and geography.
Career
Asifi was forced to leave Afghanistan when the Taliban took over in 1992. When she arrived as a refugee at the Kot Chandna camp in Mianwali, there were no schools for refugee children. Asifi set up a school in a borrowed tent. As of 2017, there are nine schools in the camp with over 1,500 students. Several of these schools are also attended by Afghan refugee girls.
In 2015, Asifi was awarded the Nansen Refugee Award for her efforts in providing Afghan refugee children with an education. She has used most of her US$100,000 Nansen prize money to build a new school. The Award honours extraordinary service to refugees.
In 2017, the Community Girls Model School No 2 in Kot Chandna, started by Asifi, was recognised by the Department of Education as a higher-secondary school. It is now the first refugee school in the Punjab to be affiliated with a Board of Education.
Over a period of 23 years, Asifi has taught more than 1,000 girls. In 2020 another 1,500 refugee boys and girls were enrolled in six schools.
References
Afghan refugees
Living people
1966 births
20th-century Afghan educators
21st-century Afghan educators
Afghan emigrants to Pakistan
Nansen Refugee Award laureates |
The Centre for Missional Leadership (CML) was a theological centre specialising in applied theology. It was based in Watford, 20 miles northwest of central London, England.
CML taught applied theology with the aim of equipping Christians for practical evangelism. Located on the Watford High Street, CML was an urban centre for Christian learning in the fields of applied theology and Christian mission. The centre trained Christians for ministries that are both in and outside the church. Many non-church ministries were also developed.
Workplace ministry
Movements that aim to equip people in the workplace are trying to create a shift in attitude from seeing work as a "necessary evil" to a vehicle for evangelism.
CML rejected what it believed to be a false dichotomy and dualism of the sacred and secular divides. An early proponent of this thinking was the theologian John Stott who, through his seminal work with the Lausanne movement, sought to affirm belief in the central calling to ministry and mission of all Christians, regardless of their field of work. Stott wrote: “Every honourable work should be seen by Christians as some kind of co-operation with God, in which we share with Him in the transformation of the world which He has made and committed to our care”. A particular expression of Stott’s thinking reached culmination in the founding of the London Institute for Contemporary Christianity (LICC) in 1982, now led by Mark Greene who has been a visiting lecturer at CML. The aim of LICC is to encourage evangelical Christians to put all areas of their lives under belief in the lordship of Jesus Christ.
C. S. Lewis has spoken about William Tyndale's rejection of the secular/sacred divide. This is based on the Puritan ideals of leading an ordered and disciplined life that integrates both secular and religious aspects.
The Business as Mission Movement also aims to assist Christians in the workplace. The movement was inspired by YWAM and aims to provide "resources for Christians to live out their faith in all aspects of life and to have purpose, perspective and impact that glorifies the Kingdom of God."
CML was also influenced by the "Seven Mountains" movement that emerged after a meeting in 1973 between Bill Bright, founder of Campus Crusade for Christ (CCCI), and Loren Cunningham, founder of Youth with a Mission (YWAM). A consensus emerged from their meeting stating that if post-modern secular western countries were going to be re-evangelised, then the wider church needed to take seriously sending advocates into various secular spheres rather than encouraging them to leave such spheres of influence and serve the church. Seven areas of influence were highlighted, namely arts and entertainment, business, education, family, church, government and the media. These fields are seen as culture shapers that are especially influential within the post-modern era. As the Seven Mountains movement emerged, the church was encouraged to repent for its retreat from these places of influence and instead infiltrate and permeate these areas as strategic mission outposts.
There has also been criticism that the church is out of touch with the pressures faced by people in secular jobs. Efforts have been made to educate church leaders about this concern, such as the third Lausanne congress in Cape Town 2010.
CML was in the Evangelical tradition and non-denominational and worked with people from a number of denominations. It was part of the London School of Theology, the largest Evangelical theological college in Europe. The Evangelical tradition placed emphasis on personal conversion, sharing the Gospel, belief in the inerrancy of the Bible and the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ as being historical events. The college aimed specifically to equip people for whole-life discipleship as reflected in courses such as Mission and Bible Overview.
History
CML was started as the Watford School of Leadership (WSOL), opening its doors in September 2009. Steve Cardell, a businessman, along with Greg Downes, an Anglican priest, theologian and evangelist, started WSOL. The college emerged relationally from St Andrew’s Chorleywood, where Cardell was a member and Greg Downes was an associate minister.
Courses
CML offered a Certificate in Missional Leadership, a one-year programme that provided a Bible overview, training in evangelism, mission and leadership skills. Everyday practitioners of these areas served as lecturers on the course including: William Challis, Gerald Coates, Charles Foster, Mark Greene and George Verwer.
Closure
The centre closed down in late 2013.
References
External links
Official website
Centre for Missional Leadership in Vancouver, Canada
Bible colleges, seminaries and theological colleges in England
Buildings and structures in Watford
Education in Hertfordshire
Religion in Hertfordshire |
Mimozethes angula is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Hong-Fu Chu and Lin-Yao Wang in 1987. It is found in China (Sichuan, Henan, Hubei).
References
Moths described in 1987
Cyclidiinae |
Kaysia Christina Schultz (born 17 April 1997) is a Guyanese cricketer who currently plays for Guyana and Guyana Amazon Warriors as a slow left-arm orthodox bowler. Schultz was born in Bartica, Guyana, and began playing cricket when she was ten.
In August 2020, she was named in the West Indies' squad for the Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) series against England, earning her maiden call-up to the national team. She was one of five Guyanese cricketers to be named in the squad for the tour to England. In May 2021, Schultz was awarded with a central contract from Cricket West Indies. In June 2021, Schultz was named in the West Indies A Team for their series against Pakistan.
In January 2022, Schultz was named in the West Indies' Women's One Day International (WODI) squad for their series against South Africa. In February 2022, she was named as one of three reserve players in the West Indies team for the 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup in New Zealand. She made her One Day International debut on 9 December 2022, against England.
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
People from Cuyuni-Mazaruni
Guyanese women cricketers
West Indian women cricketers
West Indies women One Day International cricketers
Guyana Amazon Warriors (WCPL) cricketers |
Expressway S10 or express road S10 (in Polish droga ekspresowa S10) is Polish highway which, when completed, will serve as a direct route between Szczecin and Warsaw. It has been planned to run from the junction with Motorway A6 on the eastern outskirts of Szczecin, through Bydgoszcz and Toruń, to a junction with express road S50 near Płock, west of Warsaw.
As of 2023, only short stretches of S10 serving as bypasses of Bydgoszcz, Toruń and several smaller towns have been built (about in total), out of the total planned length of . According to the plans, the road from Bydgoszcz to Toruń will be constructed by 2026, from Szczecin to Bydgoszcz – by 2030, and from Toruń to Warsaw – by 2032.
Exit List
See also
Highways in Poland
References
Expressways in Poland
Proposed roads in Poland |
Hannu Juhani Siitonen (born 18 March 1949) is a retired Finnish javelin thrower. He competed at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics and placed fourth and second, respectively. He won the European javelin title in 1974 and finished fourth in 1971.
References
1949 births
Living people
People from Parikkala
Finnish male javelin throwers
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Finland
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Sportspeople from South Karelia |
is a train station in the village of Funahashi, Nakaniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.
Lines
Etchū-Funahashi Station is served by the Toyama Chihō Railway Main Line, and is 8.5 kilometers from the starting point of the line at .
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms serving two tracks. The station is staffed on weekdays.
Platforms
History
Etchū-Funahashi Station was opened on 15 August 1931.
Adjacent stations
Surrounding area
Funahashi Village Hall
Funahashi Elementary School
Funahashi Junior High School
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Toyama Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1931
Stations of Toyama Chihō Railway
Funahashi, Toyama |
Dr. Rama Sofat Hospital is an infertility hospital in the Ludhiana city of the Indian state of Punjab. It is affiliated with the Indian Medical Association. The hospital was established in 1972 with a 10-bed capacity which later expanded. It was the first hospital in Northern India to provide all the infertility-related treatments.
History
The hospital was established by Dr. Rama Sofat in 1972, offering better facilities and making patients aware of the options for the treatment of infertility, particularly in the lesser-educated and rural areas of Punjab.
Facilities
Infertility
Endoscopy
Male Sexual Dysfunction
Recurrent Pregnancy Lost
Aesthetic Gynaecology
Urogynaecology
Gynea Cancer Clinic
Maternity
Menopausal Clinic
Paediatric
Radiology
Dentistry
See also
Healthcare in India
References
External links
Hospitals in Punjab, India
Ludhiana
Hospitals established in 1972
1972 establishments in Punjab, India |
The Stuart Sapphire is a blue sapphire that forms part of the British Crown Jewels. It weighs 104 carats (20.8 grams) and is believed to have originated from Asia, potentially present-day Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar or Kashmir.
Beginning
The early history of the gem is quite obscure, though it probably belonged to Charles II, and was definitely among the jewels that his successor James VII and II took with him when he fled to France after the Glorious Revolution in December 1688.
From there it passed to his son, James Stuart (the 'Old Pretender') who bequeathed it to his son, Henry Benedict, known later as Cardinal York, who wore it in his mitre.
As the last descendant of James VII and II, the cardinal put the sapphire, along with many other Stuart relics, up for sale. It was purchased by George III in 1807 and returned to the United Kingdom from Italy.
On the Imperial State Crown of Queen Victoria, the jewel took pride of place at the front of the circlet, just below the Black Prince's Ruby.
In 1909, during the reign of Edward VII, it was moved to the back of the crown to make way for the Cullinan II diamond; it still occupies that position in the back of the Imperial State Crown made in 1937 (a copy of Victoria's) and used by Elizabeth II.
The Stuart Sapphire is on public display with the other Crown Jewels in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.
Description
The sapphire weighs . It is oval-shaped, about long and wide, and has one or two blemishes but was evidently deemed to be of high value by the Stuarts. At some point a hole was drilled at one end, probably to introduce an attachment by which the stone could be worn as a pendant.
On the back is a miniature plaque engraved with a short history of the Imperial State Crown.
See also
List of individual gemstones
List of sapphires by size
References
Individual sapphires
Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
Charles II of England
James II of England
James Francis Edward Stuart
Henry Benedict Stuart
George III of the United Kingdom |
Orthobunyavirus is a genus of the Peribunyaviridae family in the order Bunyavirales. There are currently ~170 viruses recognised in this genus. These have been assembled into 103 species and 20 serogroups.
The name Orthobunyavirus derives from Bunyamwera, Uganda, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered, along with the prefix () meaning 'straight.'
Epidemiology
The genus is most diverse in Africa and Oceania, but occurs almost worldwide. Most orthobunyavirus species are transmitted by gnats and cause diseases of cattle. The California encephalitis virus, the La Crosse virus and the Jamestown Canyon virus are North American species that cause encephalitis in humans.
Virology
The virus is spherical, diameter 80 nm to 120 nm, and comprises three negative-sense single stranded RNA molecules encapsulated in a ribonucleocapsid.
The three RNAs are described as S, M and L (for Small, Medium and Large) and are circa 1kb (kilobases), 4.5kb and 6.9kb in length
The S RNA encodes the Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) and a non structural protein (NS Protein).
The M RNA encodes a polyprotein which is cleaved by host protease into Gn, NSm and Gc proteins.
The L RNA encodes the viral RNA dependent RNA Polymerase or L Protein
Life cycle
Vectors
The primary vectors of Orthobunyaviruses are hematophagous insects of the Culicidae family, including members from a number of mosquito genera (including Aedes, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta, and Anopheles) and biting midges (such as Culicoides paraensis). Although transmission by ticks and bed bugs may also occur. Viral vector preference is generally strict, with only a one or very small number of vectors transmitting a specific virus in the region, even where multiple viruses and vectors overlap. Organisms related to the preferential vector may be able to carry a virus but not competently transmit it.
The vector arthropod acquires the virus while taking a blood meal from an infected host. In mosquitoes, replication of orthobunyaviruses is enhanced by immune modulation that occurs as a result of blood protein digestion producing GABA and the activation of GABAergic signalling. Infection is transmitted to a new host via viral particles in vector saliva. Orthobunyavirus infection in arthropod cells is not fully understood, but is generally non-cytopathological and deleterious effects are minimal. Infected mosquitoes may experience an increase in fitness. Transorvarial transmission has been observed among mosquitoes infected with orthobunyaviruses of the California serogroup Like mosquitoes, only female culicoid midges feed on blood; they prefer indoor feeding particularly during rain.
Sylvatic Cycle Hosts
In the sylvatic cycle, viruses are transmitted between mammalian hosts by the arthropod vector. A diverse range of mammals have been identified or implicated as hosts or reservoirs of orthobunyaviruses including: non-human primates, sloths, wild and domestic birds, marmosets, rodents, and large mammals such as deer, moose, and elk.
Infection
Infection begins with the bite of an infected competent vector organism. Viral entry proceeds by receptor-mediated (clathrin-dependent) endocytosis, but which receptors unknown. Although, Heparan sulfate and DC-SIGN (CD209 or Dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin) have been identified as viral entry components in some orthobunyaviruses. Gn/Gc heterodimers on the viral surface are responsible for target cell recognition, with Gc is considered the primary attachment protein, although Gn has been suggested as the attachment protein for LACV in arthropod cells. Acidification of the endosome triggers a conformational change in the Gc fusion peptide, uncoating the ribonuclearprotein (RNP) as it is released into the cytoplasm.
Upon release into the cytoplasm, primary transcription begins with an endonuclease domain on L protein engaging in a process known as "cap-snatching." During cap-snatching, 10-18 nucleotides of 5' 7-methylguanylate primers are cleaved from host mRNAs and attached to prime the 5' end of the viral RNAs. Like all negative-sense RNA viruses, orthobunyaviruses require ongoing, concurrent translation by the host cell to produce full-length viral mRNAs, consequently the 3' end of orthobunyavirus mRNAs lack polyadenylation. Notably they are also missing the signal for polyadenylation; instead the 3' ends are thought to form a stem-loop structure. Antigenomes (full length positive-sense RNAs) used as templates for replication of the viral genome are produced by L protein RdRp without the need for primers. Both negative-sense genomes and positive-sense antigenomes are associated with N proteins (forming RNPs) at all times during the replication cycle. Thus, N and L are the minimum proteins required for transcription and replication
The M genome segment codes for the Gn-NSm-Gc polyprotein on a single open-reading frame (ORF) which is cotranslationally cleaved by internal signal peptides and host signal peptidase. The free glycoproteins Gc and Gn insert into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and form heterodimers. A Golgi retention signal on Gn, permits transport of the heterodimers to the Golgi apparatus, where glycosylation occurs. The presence of the viral glycoproteins modifies the Golgi membrane to enable budding of RNPs into a Golgi derived tubular viral factory (viroplasm). As segmented viruses, orthobuynaviruses require precise packaging of one of each of the three genomic segments into the final virion to produce a mature, infectious particle. Packaging appears to be directed by signals contained entirely within UTR sequences. The packaged genomes acquire a lipid membrane as they bud into the viral factories, are then transported to the host cell plasma membrane and released via exocytosis. A final gylcoprotein modification upon release produces a mature, infectious particle.
Evolution
Orthobunyaviruses evolve partly by a key mechanism known as genomic reassortment, which also occurs in other segmented viruses. When viruses of the same group co-infect a host cell, mixtures and novel combinations of the S, M, and L segments can be produced, increasing diversity. The most common reassortment events are with the L and S segments.
Taxonomy
There are 103 species in the genus:
See also
63U-11 virus
75V-2621 virus
References
External links
ICTV Report: Peribunyaviridae
Viralzone: Orthobunyavirus
Orthobunyaviruses
Virus genera |
The 2023 European Cadet Judo Championships was held at the Sports complex Multiusos in Odivelas, Portugal, from 22 to 25 June 2023, with the mixed team competition taking place on the competition's last day.
Medal table
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Source results:
Mixed
Source results:
References
External links
European Cadet Judo Championships
U18
European Championships, U18
European Championships 2023, U18
Judo
European Cadet Judo Championships |
The meridian 51° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 51st meridian west forms a great circle with the 129th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 51st meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="120" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Lincoln Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|Wulff Land
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Sherard Osborn Fjord
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing through several fjords, the Nuussuaq Peninsula and Alluttoq Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Disko Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing through several fjords
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Amapá Pará — from , passing through several islands in the mouth of the Amazon River Mato Grosso — from Goiás — from Mato Grosso do Sul — from Minas Gerais — from São Paulo — from Paraná — from Santa Catarina — from Rio Grande do Sul — from , passing through Lagoa dos Patos
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Claimed by both (Argentine Antarctica) and (British Antarctic Territory)
|-
|}
See also
50th meridian west
52nd meridian west
w051 meridian west |
Gabrielle Calvocoressi is an American poet, editor, essayist, and professor.
Life and career
Gabrielle Calvocoressi was born in 1974 in central Connecticut. Their family owned movie theaters, including a drive-in, in several small towns across the state. Calvocoressi, who identifies as nonbinary and lesbian, has used their writing to reflect on their mother's mental illness and suicide; their work also explores small town America, history, sexuality, faith, violence, gender, and the body.
They studied at Sarah Lawrence College and earned an MFA from Columbia University.
They have been a visiting professor of poetry at UCLA, Bennington College, and UC-Irvine, and held a Stegner Fellowship and a Jones Lectureship at Stanford University. They also taught in the MFA program at California College of the Arts.
Calvocoressi is Poetry Editor at Large for the Los Angeles Review of Books (LARB). Stemming from their "deep interest in interdisciplinary approaches to writing, art, and ecological culture," they created Voluble, an "off-the-page makers’ space for writers and artists of all kinds," supported by LARB.
They have written about their experiences with nystagmus and how the visual/neurological difference has shaped their work as a poet and a reader.
They now teach in the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers, and at University of North Carolina Chapel-Hill, where they are an Associate Professor and Walker Percy Fellow in Poetry. They live in North Carolina with their partner Angeline Shaka. Currently, they serve as the director for The Frost Place Conference on Poetry in Franconia, NH.
Awards and honors
2000 Stegner Fellowship at Stanford University.
2002 Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award.
2002 Jones Lectureship at Stanford University.
2006 Connecticut Book Award in Poetry, winner for The Last Time I Saw Amelia Earhart.
2009 Los Angeles Times Book Prize, finalist for Apocalyptic Swing.
2012 Lannan Foundation Writers' Residency in Marfa.
Works
The Last Time I Saw Amelia Earhart. Persea Books. 2005. .
Apocalyptic Swing. Persea Books. 2009. .
The New Economy Chapbook Vol. 1: Inexpensive, Healthy, Hopeful Feasts for 2017.
Rocket Fantastic. Persea Books. September 2017. .
References
External links
Chapbook: Southern Foodways Alliance > The New Economy Chapbook Vol. 1: Inexpensive, Healthy, Hopeful Feasts for 2017
Poem: The American Poetry Review > Vol. 44, No. 6 > Praise House: The New Economy by Gabrielle Calvocoressi
Poem: Boston Review > 2013 > from Rocket Fantastic by Gabrielle Calvocoressi
Interview: Divedapper > No. 19, March 2015 > An Interview with Gabrielle Calvocoressi by Kaveh Akbar
1974 births
Living people
21st-century American poets
American LGBT poets
Poets from Connecticut
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
American women poets
21st-century American women writers
American lesbian writers
American non-binary writers |
Eragrostis mexicana, the Mexican lovegrass, is an annual grass found from North America down to Argentina. Its specific epithet "mexicana" means "from Mexico". Its diploid number is 60.
Taxonomy
Eragrostis mexicana was formerly four distinct Eragrostis species: E. mexicana, E. neomexicana, E. orcuttiana, and E. virescens. They are now united into E. mexicana, with the first two species forming E. mexicana subsp. mexicana and the last two forming E. mexicana subsp. virescens. All four former species are related by their diploid number of 60, their flowers with three stamens, and dark brown, reticulate caryopses. The two subspecies differ in the occurrence of glandular depressions below culm nodes, spikelet color, and plant size. Subspecies mexicana consists of smaller ( tall) grasses lacking glands with more purplish spikelets, while subspecies virescens consists of larger ( tall) grasses possessing glands with grey-green spikelets. The former grows in compact soil while the latter grows in cultivated areas.
Description
Eragrostis mexicana is a densely tufted annual growing tall, with slender culms that are either simple or loosely branching. The pale leaves are long-attenuate, growing wide. The top of the leaf sheaths are bristly, with sheaths being about a half to two-thirds as long as the internodes. Its ligules are ciliate. The ellipsoid to ovoid panicle is very lax and open, growing long (usually less than half the height of the total plant), with the spreading and ascending floral branches bearing scattered spikelets. The ovate-lanceolate spikelets are borne on ascending, stiff pedicels up to long. The straw-colored or orangish spikelets are wide, and can be tinged with purple. The acute glumes have scabrous keels, the first being about 1.5 mm long and the second 1.8–2 mm long. The grey-green lemmas are 1.8-2.5 mm long and also have scabrous keels. Its hyaline paleas have scabrous keels as well, with obtuse to truncate apices. Its anthers tend to be purplish. Its caryopses have shallow to deep grooves.
The grass flowers from August to October.
Distribution and habitat
Eragrostic mexicana can be found in disturbed areas such as waste places and road verges, or on dry hills and mountains. It grows from Iowa and Delaware down to southwest American states and Mexico, advancing as far south as Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, sometimes in lomas regions.
References
mexicana
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Southern America
Plants described in 1827 |
The Artistic Gymnastics Federation of Russia (AGFR; ) is the governing body of gymnastics in Russia. It is a member federation of both the European Union of Gymnastics and the International Gymnastics Federation.
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) barred Russian athletes and officials, including judges. It also announced that "all FIG World Cup and World Challenge Cup events planned to take place in Russia ... are cancelled, and no other FIG events will be allocated to Russia ... until further notice." FIG also banned the Russian flag and anthem at its events. European Gymnastics announced in March 2022 that no athletes, officials, and judges from the Russian Gymnastics Federation can participate in any European Gymnastics events, that no European Gymnastics authorities from Russias can pursue their functions, and that European Gymnastics had removed from its calendar all events allocated to Russia and would not allocate any future events to Russia.
History
The first national federation for Russian gymnastics was the Russian Gymnastics Society, established in the Russian Empire in 1883. Its founding members included Vladimir Gilyarovsky and Anton Chekhov.
Following the revolution of 1917, gymnastics in the Russian SFSR and later Soviet Union was governed by the Gymnastics Section under the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The most likely year of the Gymnastics Section's creation is 1930, when the All-Union Council on Physical Culture and Sports was formed on the basis of the Committee. The Gymnastics Section became known as the USSR Gymnastics Federation after it joined FIG in 1949.
In 1946, the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports of the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR created the Gymnastics Section of the Russian SFSR as the central department of the USSR Gymnastics Section. From 1949, the Gymnastics Section of the Russian SFSR became known as the Federation of Gymnastics of the Russian SFSR.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Artistic Gymnastics Federation of Russia was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation as the successor to the Gymnastics Section of the USSR.
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) barred Russian athletes and officials, including judges. It also announced that "all FIG World Cup and World Challenge Cup events planned to take place in Russia ... are cancelled, and no other FIG events will be allocated to Russia ... until further notice." FIG also banned the Russian flag and anthem at its events.
Events
The Artistic Gymnastics Federation of Russia organizes a number of gymnastics competitions in Russia. Those include:
Administration
Vasily Titov — President (since October 2014)
Sponsors
VTB — general sponsor
See also
Russia men's national gymnastics team
Russia women's national gymnastics team
Russian Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation
References
External links
Russia
Gymnastics
Artistic gymnastics
Gymnastics organizations
Gymnastics in Russia
Organizations based in Moscow
1991 establishments in Russia
Sports organizations established in 1991 |
Brave Eagle is a 26-episode half-hour Western television series which aired on CBS from September 28, 1955, to March 14, 1956, with rebroadcasts continuing until June 6. Keith Larsen, who was of Norwegian descent, starred as Brave Eagle, a peaceful young Cheyenne chief.
The program was unconventional in that it reflects the Native American viewpoint in the settlement of the American West and was the first series to feature an American Indian character as a lead character.
Larsen's co-stars were Kim Winona (1930–1978), a Santee Sioux Indian, as Morning Star, Brave Eagle's romantic interest; Anthony Numkena (born 1942) of Arizona, a Hopi Indian then using the stage name Keena Nomkeena, appeared as Keena, the adopted son of Brave Eagle; Pat Hogan (1920–1966) as Black Cloud, and Bert Wheeler (1895–1968) of the comedy team Wheeler & Woolsey, as the halfbreed Smokey Joe, full of tribal tall tales but accompanying wisdom.
The episodes center upon routine activities among the Cheyenne, clashes with other tribes, attempts to prevent war, encroachment from white settlers, racial prejudice, and a threat of smallpox.
Episodes
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; background:#fff;"
Guest stars
Ann Doran
William Fawcett
Anthony George
Jonathan Hale
Brett Halsey
Dennis Moore
Steve Pendleton
Steve Raines
Henry Rowland
Rick Vallin
Lee Van Cleef
Pierre Watkin
Gloria Winters
Production notes
Though Brave Eagle was produced by NBC, it aired on CBS at 7:30 p.m. Wednesday preceding Arthur Godfrey and His Friends. Since the 1980s, several episodes have been released on videotape. Brave Eagle was filmed by Roy Rogers Productions on Rogers' ranch in Chatsworth in Los Angeles, California, as well as the Corriganville Ranch in Simi Valley.Brave Eagle'''s principal competition was ABC's Disneyland, the Walt Disney anthology series.
Merchandising
Dell Comics released a Brave Eagle'' comic book series based on the TV show. It was published between 1956 and 1958 and drawn by Dan Spiegle.
References
External links
1950s Western (genre) television series
1955 American television series debuts
1956 American television series endings
CBS original programming
Black-and-white American television shows
Television shows adapted into comics |
Paul Milford Muller (1937–2013) was an American aerospace engineer, fiction author, and the co-founder of Sage Group, the United Kingdom's largest software business.
Early life and education
Muller was born on September 30, 1937, in Los Angeles, California. Muller studied mathematics and history at California State University and later was awarded a PhD in physics: astronomy & planetary science by Newcastle University in 1975. This PhD work was published as a book, An analysis of the ancient astronomical observations with the implications for geophysics and cosmology. In 1963 Muller became a high school teacher of Mathematics in California.
Scientific career
Muller worked for NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory between 1966 and 1977 and was as a senior member of the Apollo navigation team. In 1971 Muller was awarded the Magellanic Premium award along with William L. Sjogren the for their discovery of mass concentrations in the moon's ringed basins. In 1970 Muller was made a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, proposed by Harold Urey.
Later career
In the early 1980s, Muller co-founded the business software company Sage Group along with David Goldman and Graham Wylie in Newcastle upon Tyne, England while he was a computer science lecturer at Newcastle University. Muller left Sage in late 1985 following a dispute with fellow shareholders and took legal action against them and the company in the following years. After leaving Sage Muller returned to the United States.
In later life Muller lived in Mae Sot, Thailand and became an author of fiction novels having three books published by Club Lighthouse in 2012; Suicide Inc., Flight of the Marbles and The Circle of Ouroboros. He also co-founded the Aarau Literary Agency in 2001.
Death
Muller was found dead inside a house in Tak Province, Thailand in late May 2013, aged 75.
References
External links
1937 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American novelists
NASA people
American aerospace engineers
Businesspeople in software
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
American technology company founders
American computer businesspeople
Alumni of Newcastle University
California State University alumni
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Sage Group people
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles |
This is a list of 147 species in Isonychus, a genus of May beetles and junebugs in the family Scarabaeidae.
Isonychus species
Isonychus aenescens Moser, 1919 c g
Isonychus aequatorialis Moser, 1924 c g
Isonychus albicinctus (Mannerheim, 1829) c g
Isonychus albofasciatus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus albosignatus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus alienus Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus angosturanus Moser, 1924 c g
Isonychus arbusticola Erichson, 1847 c g
Isonychus argentinus Moser, 1919 c g
Isonychus arizonensis Howden, 1959 i c g b
Isonychus bahianus Frey, 1974 c g
Isonychus bimaculatus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus bistrigus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus bivittatus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus boliviensis Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus braumeisteri Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus bruchiformis (Germar, 1813) c g
Isonychus burmeisteri Von Dalle Torre, 1912 c g
Isonychus callosipygus Frey, 1965 c g
Isonychus castaneus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus catharinae Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus caudiculatus Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus cervicapra Frey, 1965 c g
Isonychus cervinalis Frey, 1965 c g
Isonychus cervinodes Frey, 1965 c g
Isonychus cervinus Erichson, 1847 c g
Isonychus chacoensis Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus chiriquinus Bates, 1887 c g
Isonychus cinereus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus costaricensis Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus crinitus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus denudatus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus discolor Moser, 1924 c g
Isonychus egregius Frey, 1965 c g
Isonychus elegans Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus elongatus Frey, 1965 c g
Isonychus erectepilosus Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus fasciatipennis Moser, 1924 c g
Isonychus fasciolatus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus flaviventris Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus flavopilosus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus fraternus Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus fraudulentus Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus fulvescens Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus fulvipennis Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus fuscipennis Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus gracilipes Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus gracilis Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus granarius Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus granuliventris Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus griseolus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus griseopilosus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus griseus Mannerheim, 1829 c g
Isonychus guayanensis Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus hiekei Frey, 1965 c g
Isonychus hirsutus Bates, 1887 c g
Isonychus kulzeri Frey, 1967 c g
Isonychus kuntzeni Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus laevipygus Frey, 1964 c g
Isonychus leechi Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus limbatus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus lindemannae Frey, 1974 c g
Isonychus lineatus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus lineola Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus lituratus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus lojanus Frey, 1967 c g
Isonychus maculatus Waterhouse, 1874 c g
Isonychus maculipennis Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus marmoratus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus marmoreus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus microsquamosus Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus minutus (Fabricius, 1801) c g
Isonychus murinus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus mus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus mutans Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus neglectus Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus nigripes Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus nitens Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus nitidus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus nubeculus Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus nubilus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus nudipennis Frey, 1967 c g
Isonychus obesulus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus oblongoguttatus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus oblongomaculatus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus obsoletus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus ocellatus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus ochraceus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus ohausi Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus ornatipennis Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus ovinus Erichson, 1847 c g
Isonychus paganus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus paradoxus Bates, 1887 c g
Isonychus parallelus Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus paranus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus parvulus Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus pauloensis Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus pavonii Erichson, 1847 c g
Isonychus penai Frey, 1966 c g
Isonychus pereirai Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus peruanus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus phlaeopterus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus pictus Sharp, 1877 c g
Isonychus pilicollis Moser, 1924 c g
Isonychus pilosus Evans, 2003 c g
Isonychus piperitus Bates, 1887 c g
Isonychus podicalis Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus politus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus prasinus Nonfried, 1891 c g
Isonychus psittacinus Dejean, 1836 c g
Isonychus pulchellus Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus religiosus Evans, 2003 c g
Isonychus rosettae Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus rugicollis Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus saltanus Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus saylori Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus schneblei Frey, 1964 c g
Isonychus scutellaris Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus setifer Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus similis Frey, 1973 c g
Isonychus simplex Frey, 1976 c g
Isonychus simulator Frey, 1969 c g
Isonychus soricinus Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus squamifer Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus squamulosus Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus striatipennis Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus striolatus Frey, 1970 c g
Isonychus submaculatus Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus sulcicollis Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus sulphureus Mannerheim, 1829 c g
Isonychus suturalis Mannerheim, 1829 c g
Isonychus tessellatus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus tomentosus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus unicolor Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus unidens Frey, 1972 c g
Isonychus uniformis Moser, 1920 c g
Isonychus ursus Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus varians Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus variegatus (Germar, 1824) c g
Isonychus variipennis Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus ventralis Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus vestitus (Castelnau, 1840) c g
Isonychus vicinus Moser, 1918 c g
Isonychus vittatus Burmeister, 1855 c g
Isonychus vittiger Blanchard, 1850 c g
Isonychus vittipennis Moser, 1921 c g
Isonychus zikani Moser, 1921 c g
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
Isonychus
Articles created by Qbugbot |
Ferdinand Ries (baptised 28 November 1784 – 13 January 1838) was a German composer. Ries was a friend, pupil and secretary of Ludwig van Beethoven. He composed eight symphonies, a violin concerto, nine piano concertos (the first concerto is not published), three operas, and numerous other works, including 26 string quartets. In 1838 he published a collection of reminiscences of his teacher Beethoven, co-written with Beethoven's
friend, Franz Wegeler. Ries' symphonies, some chamber works—most of them with piano—his violin concerto and his piano concertos have been recorded, exhibiting a style which, given his connection to Beethoven, lies between the Classical and early Romantic styles.
Early life
Ries was born into a musical family of Bonn. His grandfather, Johann Ries (1723–1784), was appointed court trumpeter to the Elector of Cologne at Bonn. Ries was the eldest son of the violinist and Archbishopric Music Director Franz Anton Ries (1755–1846) and the brother of violinist and composer (Pieter) Hubert Ries (1802–1886) and violinist Joseph Ries. He received piano lessons from his father and was instructed by Bernhard Romberg, who also belonged to the Bonn Hofkapelle as a cellist. At the end of 1798 he went for further training in Arnsberg to meet an organist friend of his father; a year later he went to Munich. There he worked hard as a music copyist.
The French dissolved the Electoral court of Bonn and disbanded its orchestra, but in the early months of 1803 the penniless Ries managed to reach Vienna, with a letter of introduction written by the Munich-based composer Carl Cannabich on 29 December 1802. Ries was then the pupil of Ludwig van Beethoven, who had received some early instruction at Bonn from Ries's father, Franz Ries. Together with Carl Czerny, Ries was the only pupil who Beethoven taught during these years. Beethoven took great care of the young man, teaching him piano, sending him to Albrechtsberger for harmony and composition and securing for him positions as piano tutor in aristocratic households in Baden and Silesia.
Ries was soon also Beethoven's secretary: he had correspondence with publishers, copied notes, completed errands and provided Beethoven the beautiful apartment in the Pasqualati House where the composer lived for several years. Ries made his public debut as a pianist in July 1804, playing Beethoven's C minor concerto, Op. 37, with his own cadenza, which he was allowed to write. His performance received glowing reviews. Ries spent the summers of 1803 and 1804 with Beethoven in Baden bei Wien, as well as in Döbling.
Ries' work as a secretary and a copyist won Beethoven's confidence in negotiations with publishers and he became a fast friend. One of the most famous stories told about Ries is connected with the first rehearsal of the Eroica Symphony, when Ries, during the performance, mistakenly believed that the horn player had come in too early and said so aloud, infuriating Beethoven.
Ries feared conscription in the occupying French army (though he was blind in one eye) and so he fled Vienna in September 1805. He stayed in Bonn for a year with his family, and this is where he wrote his first piano concerto in C major, now known as Concerto no. 6 for piano and orchestra. While Ries was living in Bonn, his two piano sonatas, op. 1, dedicated to Beethoven were published by Simrock.
Starting in 1807, Ries spent the next two years in Paris before returning to Vienna. Here Ries quickly expanded his catalogue of works (mainly to chamber and piano music, such as the later popular Septet op. 25). Ries had great difficulty succeeding in the capital city of the French Army and was at times so discouraged that he wanted to give up the profession of music and seek a position in the civil service.
On 27 August 1808, Ries arrived back in Vienna, where he again made contact with Beethoven. Ries helped Beethoven with the premieres of the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies and other works for the benefit concert held on 22 December 1808. In July 1809, Ries left Vienna for the second time; this time he was threatened by the call-up to the Austrian military, which mobilized all forces against the threat to Vienna by Napoleon. Again he took refuge in his paternal home of Bonn and spent the next one and a half years composing a series of larger works: his first Symphony, his second Piano Concerto in C minor (later known as Concerto no. 4 op. 115) and his Violin Concerto (unpublished during his lifetime) in E minor op. 24.
Later life
In January 1811, Ries left for Russia with the goal of an extended concert trip via Kassel, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm to St. Petersburg. There, he met his old teacher Bernhard Romberg, with whom he played concerts in Western Russia. He composed two piano concertos for this tour, No. 2 in E flat major, op. 42 and No. 3 in C sharp minor, op. 55. However, in the summer of 1812, with Napoleon advancing on Moscow, Ries left Russia to tour across Europe, arriving in London in April 1813.
The composer's next eleven years were spent in England. Johann Peter Salomon, the great friend and patron of Haydn—who had formerly played with Franz Anton Ries in the court orchestra at Bonn—included Ries regularly in his Philharmonic concert series, where a review praised his "romantic wildness". In London too, Ries established himself as a respected piano teacher in the wealthy districts of the city and in 1814 he married Harriet Mangeon (1796–1863), from an opulent family. In 1815 he became a member of the Philharmonic Society and in the same year was elected to be one of its directors. In 1818 he was a founding member of the Regent’s Harmonic Institution; a music publishing firm established with the intent of raising funds for the Philharmonic Society and its restoration of the Argyll Rooms. Ries never lost touch with Beethoven and had a role in the London publications of many works of Beethoven after the peace of 1815, including the 1822 commission from the Philharmonic Society that resulted in the Choral Symphony.
Ries wrote his Symphony No. 2 in D minor (numbered as no. 5), inspired by the quality of the Orchestra of the Philharmonic Society. His compositional work is effectively split in two at this time. Ries composed most of his orchestral works during his time in London: six of his eight symphonies (as well as two of his five concert overtures) were created for concerts of the Philharmonic Society. On the other hand, he wrote now increasingly light fare for the piano: fantasies, rondos, variations, adapted divertimentos and others, mostly about well-known opera arias or popular folk song melodies. the production of chamber music (string quartets, violin sonatas) and intermediate piano music (sonatas) came almost to a standstill. After 1820, he had disagreements with his fellow directors of the Philharmonic Society; Ries was of the opinion that his works were not adequately taken into account in the programming of concerts. In 1821, he resigned his position of Director and began to increase his contacts with continental Europe with the idea of a return. On 3 May 1824, he gave his farewell concert in London, at which he dedicated a Piano Concerto (Concerto no. 7 in A minor for piano and orchestra op. 132).
In July 1824, Ries retired to Germany with his English wife and three children, but returned to musical life in Frankfurt am Main as composer and conductor. His reputation as an instrumental composer and bandleader had strengthened now in Central Europe. In 1834 he was appointed head of the city orchestra and Singakademie in Aachen, for which he wrote two oratorios, Der Sieg des Glaubens (1829) and Die Könige in Israel (1837), both of which have been recorded. In addition, he was festival director of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival eight times — between 1824 and 1837. During his first year as director of the festival, Ries conducted the German premiere of Beethoven's 9th Symphony. In Godesburg during 1825 and 1826, Ries wrote five string quartets (op. 150, no. 1–2; op. 166, no. 1; WoO 34 and 36).
Beginning in April 1827, the Ries family moved to Frankfurt am Main. In Frankfurt, the existence of a renowned Opera House attracted him. Since 1826, he had had plans to write operas, which he brought to fruition in the years 1827/28. On 15 October 1828, his first opera, The Robber Bride, was premiered in Frankfurt with great success. To the direction of the Dublin Music Festival in 1831 he used a month's stay in London, where he composed his second opera, The Sorceress (published in Germany under the title Liska or the Witch by Gyllensteen). It was premiered on 4 August 1831 at the London Royal Adelphi Theatre. His third opera was composed in 1834 (Die Nacht auf dem Libanon WoO 51), which for many years remained unperformed. In 1832/33 Ries and his wife made a several-month journey through Italy for a concert tour (which would be his last), with concerts in Venice, Milan, Rome and Naples. During the trip, Ries wrote his final Piano Concerto (in G minor op. 177), his final Piano Sonata (A flat major op. 176) and his final String Quartet (F minor WoO 48, during his lifetime, unpublished). In the summer of 1834, Ries was briefly Director of the Aachen Theatre Orchestra in conversation; but he rejected the offer. During the winter of 1836-37 Ries visited Paris; while there, he composed his last work for orchestra (the overture dramatique L'apparition WoO 61) and briefly went to London, where he succeeded in the world premiere of his new overture in a concert of the Philharmonic Society on 13 March 1837. Ries returned to Frankfurt where he died on 13 January 1838, after a short and unexpected illness. When Ries died, he was so forgotten that no leading music magazine wrote an obituary for him.
Ferdinand Ries is buried in the Tomb (No. 45) of the Klotz family in the Frankfurt am Main cemetery.
The music
Cecil Hill wrote a scholarly thematic catalog, listed below, of Ries's 300 works: for each work he provided incipits (opening themes) for each movement, dedications, known early reviews, and known dates of composition.
While one of the few widely circulated recordings of Ries's music was for some time that of his third piano concerto, now all of his symphonies, the other concertos, and a number of chamber works are available on compact disc, and his surviving music for piano and orchestra and chamber works are the focus of ongoing projects on various record labels as well.
Selected list of works
Operas
Die Räuberbraut, opera in three acts op. 156 (1827/28; 1830/31)
Liska, oder die Hexe von Gyllensteen, opera in two acts op. 164 (1831); premiered in London as The Sorceress
Die Nacht auf dem Libanon, Romantische Oper in three acts WoO. 51 (1834–38)
Other Works for Voice
Der Morgen, Cantata for four voices and orchestra op. 27 (1806)
Iphigenia in Aulis; Scene for a voice and Orchestra WoO 17 (1810)
Requiem in c minor (1815, unfinished)
Melodrama
Die Zigeunerin, melodrama in two acts WoO. 53 (1835)
Symphonies
No. 1 in D major, op. 23 (1809)
No. 2 in C minor, op. 80 (1814)
No. 3 in E flat major, op. 90 (1816)
No. 4 in F major, op. 110 (1818)
No. 5 in D minor, op. 112 (1813)
Symphony (unpublished, sometimes known as No. 8) in E flat major, WoO. 30 (1822)
No. 6 in D major, op. 146 (1822, last movement revised in 1826)
No. 7 in A minor, op. 181 (1835)
Concertos
Concerto for 2 Horns in F major WoO. 19 (1811)
Concerto No. 1 for Violin and Orchestra in E minor op. 24 (1810)
Concerto No. 2 for Piano and Orchestra in E flat major op. 42 (1808; pub. 1812)
Concerto No. 3 for Piano and Orchestra in C sharp minor, op. 55 (1812; pub. 1815)
Concerto No. 4 for Piano and Orchestra in C minor, op. 115 (1809, pub. 1823)
Concerto No. 5 for Piano and Orchestra in D major, op. 120 'Concerto Pastoral' (c.1816; pub. 1823)
Concerto No. 6 for Piano and Orchestra in C major, op. 123 (1806; pub. 1824)
Concerto No. 7 for Piano and Orchestra in A minor, op. 132 'Abschieds-Concert von England' (1823; pub. 1824)
Concerto No. 8 for Piano and Orchestra in A flat major, op. 151 'Gruss an den Rhein' (1826; pub. 1827)
Concerto No. 9 for Piano and Orchestra in G minor, op. 177 (1832/33)
Concert overtures
Ouvertüre zu Schillers Trauerspiel Don Carlos op. 94 (1815)
Ouverture bardique WoO 24 (1815)
Ouvertüre zu Schillers Trauerspiel Die Braut von Messina op. 162 (1829)
Große Fest-Ouvertüre und Siegesmarsch op. 172 (1831/32)
Dramatische Ouvertüre L’Apparition WoO 61 (1836)
Other works for piano and orchestra
Swedish National Airs with Variations, Op. 52 (1812)
Grand Variations on 'Rule, Britannia', Op. 116 (1817)
Introduction et Variations Brillantes, Op. 170 (sometime between 1813 and 1824, pub. 1832)
Introduction et Rondeau Brillant, Op. 144 (1825)
Introduction and Polonaise, Op. 174 (1833)
Introduction et Rondeau Brillant, WoO. 54 (1835)
Concertino for Piano and Orchestra, WoO. 88 (1836, lost)
Oratorios
Der Sieg des Glaubens, op. 157 (1829)
Die Könige in Israel, op. 186 (1837)
Chamber music
Cello Sonata in C minor, WoO. 2 (1799)
Violin Sonata in A-flat major, WoO. 5 (1800)
Violin Sonata in E-flat major, WoO. 7 (1804)
String Quartet in F minor, WoO. 48 (1833–35)
Nocturne for Wind Sextet, WoO. 50 (Flute, 2 Clarinets, Horn, 2 Bassoons, 1834)
Nocturne for Wind Sextet, WoO. 60 (Flute, 2 Clarinets, Horn, 2 Bassoons, 1836)
Piano Trio in E flat major, op. 2
2 Violin Sonatas op. 8
Violin Sonata in B-flat major, op. 10 (1808, pub. 1810)
Octet in F major, op. 12 (1808)
Piano Quartet in F minor, op. 13 (1809)
Violin Sonata in E-flat major, op. 18 (1810)
Violin Sonata in F minor, op. 19 (1810)
Cello Sonata in C major, op. 20
Cello Sonata in A major, op. 21
Grand Septuor in E flat major for piano, clarinet, 2 horns, violin, cello and double bass, op. 25 (1812)
Clarinet Trio in B flat major, op. 28 (1809)
Clarinet Sonata in G minor, op. 29 (1808)
3 Violin Sonatas, op. 30 (1811)
Horn Sonata in F major, op. 34 (1811)
Flute Trio in E-flat major, op. 63 (1815)
3 String Quartets, op. 70 (1812, rewritten 1815)
Quintet in B minor for piano, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, op. 74 (1815)
Violin Sonata in D major, op. 83 (1808, pub. 1818)
Romance for cello & pianoforte in G major (arrangement of the 2nd mvt. of piano sonata, op. 86/2) (1819)
Flute Sonata in G major, op. 87
Grand Sextuor for 2 violins, viola, cello, double bass & piano in C major, op.100
Introduction and a Russian Dance for the Piano Forte and Violoncello in E flat major, op. 113/1 (1823)
Introduction & Polonaise for piano and flute, op. 119
Cello Sonata in G minor, op. 125
Grand Otetto in A flat major for piano, violin, viola, clarinet, horn, bassoon, cello and double bass, op. 128 (1816, pub. 1831)
Piano Quartet No.3 in E minor, op. 129 (London 1820 or 1822)
Sextet in G minor for harp, piano, clarinet, bassoon, horn and double bass, op. 142 (1814)
Piano Trio in C minor, op. 143
Flute Quartets Nos. 1-3, op. 145
Variations on a Portuguese Hymn for piano and flute, op. 152/1 (1826)
Flute Sonata in E-flat major, Sonate sentimentale, op. 169 (1814)
Piano music
Piano Sonata in C major, op. 1 no. 1 (1806)
Piano Sonata in A minor, op. 1 no. 2 (1803-4)
2 Piano Sonatinas, op. 5
Sonatina for Piano Four Hands, op. 6
Grande Sonate in D major, op. 9 no. 1
Grande Sonata Fantaisie in F sharp minor, 'L'Infortune' op. 26
2 Piano Sonatas, op.11
Piano Sonata in A minor op.45
The Dream, Op. 49
References
Footnotes
Citations
Sources
Hill, Cecil. Ferdinand Ries: A Thematic Catalogue. Armidale, NSW: University of New England. 1977. . Online
Hill, Cecil, Ferdinand Ries. A Study and Addenda. Armidale, NSW: University of New England. 1982 Online
Hill, Cecil. "Ferdinand Ries", in The Symphony: Ferdinand Ries London: Garland Publishing (1982)
Ries, Ferdinand. Beethoven Remembered: The Biographical Notes of Franz Wegeler and Ferdinand Ries (translated from the German.) Arlington, VA: Great Ocean Publishers. 1987. .
Zanden, Jos van der. "Ferdinand Ries in Vienna. New Perspectives on the Notizen", in: The Beethoven Journal, 2004.
Jin-Ah Kim, Bert Hagels (ed.), Über / About Ries, Vol. 1 [ger. / eng.], Berlin 2012 (includes Michael Schwalb, "Basecamp for the Compositional Summit Ascent. Ferdinand Ries as a romantic Manqué by Choice")
Jin-Ah Kim, Bert Hagels (ed.), Über / About Ries, Vol. 2 [ger. / eng.], Berlin 2013 (includes an interview with Howard Griffiths; Bert Hagels, "Ries's last journey and 'The Night on Lebanon'")
External links
Brief biography
Biography from Naxos site
Biography from Artaria Editions
Ferdinand Ries Society in Bonn: English German
1784 births
1838 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
German classical pianists
German male classical composers
German male classical pianists
German opera composers
German Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Bonn
Composers for piano
Pupils of Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
Pupils of Ludwig van Beethoven
String quartet composers |
Ranzovius clavicornis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in North America. It scavenges dead insects for food, and can be found inhabiting the webs of Anelosimus studiosus, stealing the spider's prey.
References
Further reading
Phylini
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1927
Hemiptera of North America |
HMS Fisgard was a shore establishment of the Royal Navy active at different periods and locations between 1848 and 1983. She was used to train artificers and engineers for the Navy.
History
First Fisgard
HMS Fisgard was a 46-gun fifth rate Leda class frigate. She had been a depot ship and harbour flagship for Woolwich since 1848, and was used to train engineers and support those working onshore. Between 1853 and 1873 she served as the Headquarters ship of the Royal Naval Coast Volunteers. The facility closed in 1872 and Fisgard herself was broken up in 1879.
Fisgard revived
The idea for a specialised department to train engineers for an increasingly mechanised and professionalised navy came from the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John Fisher. By early 1903 he had become concerned that the Imperial German Navy represented a threat to the interests of the Royal Navy, which might be in danger of being overtaken in seagoing technical expertise. He initiated a programme whereby engineers and artificers could be trained for service in the navy, and within two years the navy had established training centres in the major naval bases of Chatham, Plymouth Dockyard and Portsmouth. The Portsmouth base was established in a number of Victorian hulks, initially the old battleship HMS Audacious. This centre was named HMS Fisgard in 1904, in recognition of the previous engineer training establishment at Woolwich. Audacious was joined by HMS Invincible, named HMS Fisgard II in 1906, HMS Hindustan, named HMS Fisgard III in 1905 and HMS Sultan, named HMS Fisgard IV in 1906. The hulks were commissioned on 1 January 1906 under the joint name of HMS Fisgard.
Audacious left the establishment in 1914 to serve as a repair workshop at Scapa Flow, having been named Imperieuse. Invincible also left in 1914 for the same purpose but sank en route whilst under tow. Audacious was replaced as Fisgard by HMS Spartiate which took the name on 17 July 1915. Invincible was replaced as Fisgard II by HMS Hercules which also took the name on 17 July 1915. They were joined in 1919 by HMS Terrible, and when Hindostan left in 1920 Terrible became Fisgard III in her place.
Move to Chatham and the Second World War
The experiment proved a success and by the early 1920s the training of Artificer Apprentices had been expanded with an electrical and ordnance branch. The entire operation was concentrated in Fisgard at Portsmouth, before being moved to Chatham in 1930. The decision was made to move ashore and by July 1932 all of the hulks had been sold off with the exception of Fisgard IV, the old HMS Sultan. She was renamed HMS Sultan and retained as a depot ship. The establishment remained ashore at Chatham until 1939, when the pressures of the Second World War brought more apprentices into the service. At the same time the risk of German bombs led to the decision to disperse the base's resources. Two new training establishments were established, one at Rosyth, Scotland and another at Torpoint, Cornwall in October 1940. The Scottish branch was named HMS Caledonia and the Cornish one was named RNATE (Royal Navy Artificer Training Establishment) Torpoint. RNATE Torpoint was commissioned as HMS Fisgard in December 1946. HMS Sultan remained as the depot ship until being sold on 13 August 1946.
Postwar
After the end of the war and by the late 1940s the artificer training was concentrated back into Fisgard, taking on the shipwright and Fleet Air Arm apprentices; Fleet Air Arm apprentices were for sometime prior to 1946 inducted at H.M.S. Daedalus Lee-on Solent for the first three weeks after entry and then divided into two with one half going to RNATE Torpoint and the other half to HMS 'Caledonia'. After one year both halves would then re-join at HMS 'Condor', Arbroath Scotland for the next three years of their apprenticeship. They would commence that period with the trade specialisation with for which they had been assessed at the end of the first year. After 1946 when direct entry into the Fleet Air Arm finished the 'Series' Entry system commenced. 'Fisgard' was commissioned as an independent command on 1 December 1946. By 1950 all Artificer Apprentices were recruited at HMS Fisgard to spend 16 month there for initial training in all the trades. They were then sent off to either HMS Collingwood (Electrical), HMS Condor (Aircraft) or HMS Caledonia (Engineroom, Ordnance & Shipwright) to complete the four-year shore-based training. The final year was spent as Leading Hand Artificers with a ship at sea. During the 1980s, further training was carried out by the apprentices at either HMS Caledonia (Rosyth) (then later at HMS Sultan, Gosport) for Marine Engineering specialisation, HMS Collingwood (Fareham) for Weapons Electrical specialisation or HMS Daedalus (Lee on Solent) for Air Electrical Engineering specialisation. The base continued in service until 21 December 1983, when it was absorbed into HMS Raleigh, which retained a Fisgard squadron to train artificers and engineers until the decision was taken to end the separate role of artificers. The Artificer Apprentices museum was situated here. When HMS Fisgard closed (August 1983) the Fisgard Museum was moved to HMS Raleigh and housed in the Fisgard Squadron. When the Fisgard Squadron closed in 1997 moving to new premises as the Fisgard Division, The Fisgard Museum was moved to HMS Sultan to become part of the Marine Engineering Museum which had been set up in 1985 and which also houses records and Artefacts from HMS Caledonia. Although still known by many ex Artificers as the Fisgard Museum, it was renamed on its absorption into the Mechanical Engineering (ME) Museum.
References
Sources
Warlow, Ben, Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy, Liskeard : Maritime, 2000.
History of HMS Fisgard
Royal Navy shore establishments
Military of the United Kingdom in Cornwall
Military installations established in 1904
Military installations closed in 1983 |
Taurian J. Fontenette (born 1983), also known as "Air Up There" and "Mr. 720", is a streetball player from Hitchcock, Texas. He is a former player on the AND1 Mixtape and Ball4Real Tours. He is 6'2" tall and weighs 185 pounds. Fontenette attended Hitchcock High School (class of 2000) and attended three different colleges: UTEP in 2000–01, Richland Junior College in 2001–04, and Paul Quinn College in 2004–05. His original streetball name was "Air Up There", but due to naming rights claimed by AND1, he goes by "Mr. 720", "Birdman", "The Human Pogo Stick", "Your Highness", and "Way Up There".
As his nickname implies, Fontenette is best known for his leaping and dunking ability. During the AND1 game in Houston, Texas, in 2006, Fontenette stunned fans by performing the first ever widely documented 720-degree dunk. Video clips of the feat have been shown on ESPN's SportsCenter and also have been widely distributed over the internet. He is also well known for his signature dunk, the axle-rider (a.k.a. the 360-degree between-the-legs), which he says he did before everyone else back in his high school days. Fontenette is considered by some to be one of the best dunkers ever due to his sole ability to do a 720 degree dunk and the ease with which he can perform his axle-rider dunk (such as in games and on breakaways).
Professional career
Dallas Generals (2009)
Fontenette signed a contract to play for the Dallas Generals of the American Basketball Association in 2009. However, the team folded in January 2010.
References
External links
Taurian Fontenette dunk videos
1983 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Texas
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Paul Quinn College alumni
Sportspeople from Galveston County, Texas
Street basketball players
University of Texas at El Paso alumni |
ARTHUR is an inverted-spinning dark ride roller coaster at Europa-Park in Rust, Germany. The attraction opened in spring 2014 as part of the wider "ARTHUR - In the Minimoys Kingdom" area themed after the Arthur series of books and films by Luc Besson.
History
In mid-November 2012, Europa-Park announced the addition of an Arthur and the Invisibles themed area for 2014. The announcement was timed with the annual International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) Trade Show in Orlando, Florida, and detailed a dark ride and a carousel would be included in the area. Construction for the attraction began in early 2013 on a plot of land set aside for an indoor attraction in 2000. Testing for the ride was scheduled to begin in February 2014. Arthur – The Ride, along with the larger Kingdom of the Invisibles themed area, is officially opened to the public in June 2014.
Ride experience
The ride system behind Arthur – The Ride was developed by Mack Rides, who own Europa-Park, making it the first, and currently only inverted coaster produced by a company other than B&M, Intamin, or Vekoma. Riders are suspended beneath the steel roller coaster track in one of nine, 12-person vehicles. The attraction features a theoretical hourly capacity of 1,600 riders. The ride features seven scenes both inside and outside the show building. Unlike most roller coasters, Arthur – The Ride does not require gravity for movement, instead it is powered by motors inside the trains. It begins with a spiral lift hill. The ride features animatronics by Life Formations and Heimotion, as well as other 4D effects such as water, wind and scents.
Themed area
Arthur – The Ride is one of several attractions within the Kingdom of the Invisibles themed area. The area spans , beneath a dome and encompass an island, two streams and an enchanted forest. Theming inside the area was developed by P&P Projects, Neverland Decors, TAA and AAB. This theming is proportionately oversized, such that a guest feels like they are the size of an ant. Other attractions within the area include Poppy Tower, a family drop tower by Zierer; Mul-Mul, a Jump Around by Zamperla; and a playground with slides by Atlantics GmbH. The area also features food, beverage, and retail outlets.
Reception
Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times ranked the attraction as number 8 on his top 14 most anticipated attractions for 2014.
See also
2014 in amusement parks
References
External links
Animatronic attractions
Enclosed roller coasters
Rides at Europa-Park
2014 establishments in Germany |
Haloplaca is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Teloschistaceae of the family Teloschistaceae. It contains three species of crustose lichens. The genus was circumscribed by Ulf Arup and colleagues in 2013, with Haloplaca britannica assigned as the type species. The genus name alludes to the preference of its species for salt-rich environments. All three species occur in the United Kingdom, but H. suaedae also occurs in Greece, Morocco and Turkey. Haloplaca species occur near the sea, either on rocks or on plant debris.
Description
The thallus (the vegetative tissue of lichens) of Haloplaca is typically crustose; in some species, the margin may extend slightly outward, giving it a more distinct shape. The colour ranges from yellow to pale yellow, and in certain instances, it can appear greyish. Frequently, the surface may be covered in small grain-like structures or soredia, which are reproductive structures in lichens. The , or the outer protective layer, is either not well-defined or is made up of interwoven () fungal tissues, which might be a special kind of cortex termed a . The apothecia, which are disc-like structures where the lichen produces spores, are in form, though they might be absent in some species. The spores are , meaning they develop in a way that the two ends are distinct, and have a medium-length dividing wall or septum. , which are small fruiting bodies for asexual reproduction, are observed in one species, H. suaedae. The spores produced in the , known as , are oval or slightly elongated in shape.
Species
Haloplaca britannica
Haloplaca sorediella
Haloplaca suaedae
References
Teloschistales
Teloschistales genera
Lichen genera
Taxa described in 2013
Taxa named by Ulrik Søchting
Taxa named by Patrik Frödén
Taxa named by Ulf Arup |
The 2009 Big West Conference men's basketball tournament took place in March 2009.
Format
The top two seeds receive byes into the semifinals. Seeds 3 and 4 receive byes into the quarterfinals. If necessary, the bracket will be adjusted after each round so that the top and bottom seeds in each round play in the same game. The ninth place team, Cal Poly, did not receive a tournament invitation.
Bracket
References
2008–09 Big West Conference men's basketball season
Tournament
Big West Conference men's basketball tournament
Big West Conference men's basketball tournament |
"Rosalita" is a 1942 song performed by Al Dexter and His Troopers. It was recorded on March 18, 1942 at the CBS Studio at Radio Station KNX, Sunset Blvd., Hollywood, California with session musicians Frank Marvin, Johnny Bond and Dick Reinhart. It was released on Okeh Records #6708 in March 1943, paired with "Pistol Packin' Mama". After the "Most Played Jukebox Folk Records" chart was established on January 8, 1944., it remained for six months, peaking at #1 on March 11, 1944.
References
1942 songs
1943 singles
Songs written by Al Dexter |
The 1st constituency of the Yonne is a French legislative constituency in the Yonne département.
Description
Yonne's 1st Constituency covers the south west of the department and includes its prefecture Auxerre.
Since 1988, the constituency has never returned left-of-centre candidates to the Assembly.
Between 1981 and 2012, the deputy was Jean-Pierre Soisson. Soisson was mayor of Auxerre between 1971 and 1998. He became a minister between 1988 and 1993, as part of president Mitterrand ouverture efforts, to include centre-right politicians in his left-wing governments.
In 2012, Soisson retired and the election was a close call between Guy Férez, the socialist mayor of Auxerre, and Guillaume Larrivé, an advisor to various ministers and the president Nicolas Sarkozy between 2005 and 2012. Larrivé was reelected in 2017 against Paulo Da Silva Moreira, the candidate from La République en marche, president Emmanuel Macron's party.
In 2022, Larrivé is eliminated in the first round of the election and the second round is decided between Florence Loury, a green candidate supported by the left-wing NUPES alliance, and Daniel Grenon, the far-right National Rally candidate. The latter is elected by a slim margin of 729 votes.
Historic representation
Election results
2022
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2017
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2012
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2007
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2002
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1997
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Sources
Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).
1 |
Smoljinac is a village in the municipality of Malo Crniće, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1873 people.
References
Populated places in Braničevo District |
Burwarton is a small village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. Local governance is provided through the 'grouped' Parish Council for Aston Botterill, Burwarton and Cleobury North. The Parish falls within the Brown Clee Division of the Shropshire Unitary Council. There is no village meeting place, but the combined parishes share the facilities of the Village Hall at Cleobury North. The Burwarton Parish embraces most of the 'home estate' around Burwarton House. This rises westward from the main Bridgnorth-Ludlow road, passing north–south through the village, up to the ridge summit of Brown Clee Hill.
Notable Landmarks and Events: nearby are Burwarton Cottage owned by the Scout organisation and Wenlock hills. The Shropshire Way passes along the western border of the parish close to the Brown Clee summit. Orienteering and Mountain Bike events take place periodically. The famous annual Burwarton Show has its offices here. The show is actually held in the adjacent village of Cleobury North. Public Footpaths criss-cross the parish and the Boyne Estate. Burwarton Parish Church is now a private residence.
Burwarton House is the seat of Viscount Boyne, whose family gives their name to the village pub, the Boyne Arms. Hiking route information is also available from links on the website of the Boyne Arms at
See also
Listed buildings in Burwarton
References
External links
Civil parishes in Shropshire
Villages in Shropshire |
Patapios of Thebes (fl. 4th century AD) is the patron saint of dropsy. Saint Patapios’ memory is celebrated on 8 December (main celebration) and also at the Tuesday 2 days after the Sunday of Easter (in memory of the day that his relic was discovered). His relic is kept at the female monastery of Saint Patapios at Loutraki, a spa town near Athens, Greece.
Biography
Patapios was born in the 4th century AD in Thebes, Roman Egypt, to wealthy Christian parents. Patapios, at a young age, lived the life of a hermit in the desert. Many visited him to take his advice and to listen to his preaching. Later in his life, Patapios left Thebes and the desert for Constantinople. There he met two other ascetics, Varas and Ravoulas, who both became saints. Saint Ravoulas was hermit at the gate of Romanos. Saint Varas built the monastery of St John the Baptist at Petrion.
Patapios lived in the area of Blachernae at the Xero Oros (dry mountain) and he established a monastery, the Monastery of the Egyptians, where he eventually died.
Veneration of his relic
Early history
Patapios' relic after the destruction of the Monastery of the Egyptians in 536 AD was transferred by Saint Varas to the Monastery of Saint John at Petrion, which during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire was under the protection of the royal family of Constantinople, the Palaiologoi, and especially the Augusta Helena Dragaš, the mother of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, who became a nun and a saint under the monastic name of Saint Hypomone ("patience").
After the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire in 1453, a relative of the Palailogos emperors and nephew of the Augusta Helena, Aggelis Notaras, in order to protect the relic of Saint Patapios from the Ottomans, transferred it to Mount Geraneia in southern Greece, near the town Thermai (Loutraki). There he hid it in a cave and a hermitage was established, but some centuries later it was abandoned. It has to be mentioned that the cave where the relic of Saint Patapios was transferred had actually functioned as a hermitage since the 11th century AD. It is located at a height of 650 meters (2132 feet).
The discovery of the cave and the foundation of the monastery
The cave with the relic of the saint was discovered in 1904 by citizens of Loutraki. In the cave they found also the skull of Helena Dragaš, known as Saint Hypomone. However, some visitors from the cave took pieces of the relics of St Patapios as an amulet, as Sister Patapia mentions. Then, a priest from Loutraki, father Constantinos Susannis, took the relic of Patapios and kept it at home with the permission of the church to keep it away from vandals. Originally they found in the cave an despoiled wooden cross, a membrane and coins which were delivered to the authorities. Later in 1952, Father Nektarios (in the world Kyriakos) Marmarinos, a priest from the Synoikismos (meaning settlement) of Corinth (and later chancellor in the diocese of Corinth), who was originated from Aegina (and was student of St. Jerome), founded at the monastery and the relic returned to the cave where it was found. The official founding of the monastery took place on August 1, 1952, by Metropolitan of Korinth Prokopios Tzavaras.
The first abbess in the monastery in 1952, was sister Synglitiki. Sister Patapia helped at the establishment and building of the monastery. She was mother superior from 1963 to 1970, when she resigned because of health problems. The next and current mother superior is sister Isidora.
Father Nektarios, the founder of the monastery, is still visiting the monastery. He has a rich Christian work and has established other monasteries as the male monastery The 3 Hierarchs (near the village Perachora) and a summer camp for children (called Bethlehem). He has also created a female nursing home in Loutraki (where nuns serve the elderly women). Today Elder Nektarios has retired. He has received numerous awards from the Church of Corinth which was chancellor. Even today, though in old age, every Sunday in the settlement of Corinth makes it even lectures on Christian content and Sunday school.
The Monastery of St. Patapios today
The monastery includes the hostels, cells for the 40 nuns, a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the cemetery (with the chapel of St. Mary of Egypt) and the katholikon of the Holy Trinity. Finally there is an exhibition room for the visitors. The Cave of St. Patapios is beside the church. There they keep the holy relic of the saint, covered with a robe (that changes every year in the day if the saints' celebration). In the cave there are Byzantine icons (including St. Patapios and St. Patience) by an unknown artist, which were painted probably in the 15th century. Many visitors take as a single amulet from the cave a bit of cotton soaked with holy oil (from the hanging oil - lamp burning in the cave of the Saint) and also take holy water from a source adjacent to the cave. The skull of Saint Hypomone, known as Helena Dragaš, is also kept at Saint Patapios' nunnery.
In the monastery of St. Patapios live 40 nuns. It is located in Greece, mountain Gerania at an altitude of 650 meters (2132 feet) and is close to Loutraki (known resort located 1 hour from the capital Athens). The monastery overlooks the sea and Loutraki. Entering the monastery of St. Patapios we encounter the church Virgin Mary. The church was sanctified on August 1, 1968, by the Metropolitan bishop of Korinth Panteleimon. Inside the church we see an icon in center with the saint that celebrates that day. On the right we see the image of St. Patapios which is across the icon of Virgin Mary on the wall, which is full of offerings (from miracles). You can also see the image of St. Hipomoni left which is across the large picture of St. Patapios on the wall who is with Saint Hypomone, known as Helena Dragaš, and Saint Nikon the New. Adjucent the church of Virgin Mary, is the church of Agioi (Saints) Anargyroi.
Miracles
Saint Patapios is well known for the miracles that he did in the past and still does nowadays, which are recorded with full details in the historical archives of the monastery which maintains a large library.
Celebration of the saint
The memory of Patapios is celebrated on December 8; and also Tuesday after Easter (as a remembrance of the day of finding the relic). The holy skull of Saint Hypomone, known as Helena Dragaš, is also kept in the monastery of St. Patapios.
References
«The Holy Monastery of Saint Patapios in Loutraki» [edition of the Metropolis of Corinth, Sikyon, Zemenou, Tarsus and Polyfengous, 2012].
«The Greek Monasteries» [Ev. Lekkou, Ihnilatis, Athens, 1995].
"Agiologio of Orthodoxy," [Christos Tsolakidis, Athens, 2001 edition]
«O Megas Synaxaristis of the Orthodox Church" Saint Patapios, p. (254) - (261) [m Victoras Mattheos, 3rd edition, Metamorfosi Sotiros Monastery, Athens, 1968]
"Saint Patapios" [Stylianos Papadopoulos, professor of the University of Athens, Holy Monastery of Saint Patapios, Loutraki, Greece, edition 2006).
"St. Patapios and his miracles," [Dr. Charalambos Busias, edition of Holy Monastery of Saint Patapios Loutraki 2004]
"Life, akolouthia, paraklitikos kanonas and egomia of the holy mother ‘’Saint Hypomone" [Dr. Charalambos Busias, edition of Holy Monastery of Saint Patapios, Loutraki 1999]
"Deltos of Miracles of our miraculous father St. Patapios" [Dr. Charalambos Busias, edition of Holy Monastery of Saint Patapios 4th Edition, Loutraki 2011]
External links
http://www.imkorinthou.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41&Itemid=139
https://web.archive.org/web/20101122123551/http://www.city-of-loutraki.gr/byzantine/nunnery_of_hosios_patapios.htm
Saints from Constantinople
4th-century Christian saints
4th-century Egyptian people
Saints from Roman Egypt
People from Thebes, Egypt |
Hunter Jumper (born February 28, 1989) is an American soccer player who last played as a defender for National Premier Soccer League club Georgia Storm.
College career
Jumper played his collegiate career at Virginia. During his four years with the Cavaliers, he was named to the Atlantic Coast Conference All-Tournament team three times.
Professional career
Chicago Fire
Jumper was selected with the 28th pick of the 2012 MLS SuperDraft by Chicago Fire. After taking part in preseason, he officially signed for the club on March 6. Jumper made his club and professional debut on March 17, coming on as a 68th-minute substitution in a 1–1 draw against Montreal Impact. His lone professional goal came on August 23, 2013, helping the fire defeat Sporting Kansas City by a 1–0 scoreline.
At the beginning of the 2014 season, Jumper was diagnosed with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. After undergoing treatment at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Johns Hopkins Hospital, he was denied medical clearance to play sports and was forced to retire as a professional player. The Fire officially declined his contract option on November 18, ending his time with the club after eight appearances and one goal in all competitions.
Retirement and comeback
Following his retirement, Jumper returned to the University of Virginia to complete his bachelor's degree, "went into finance, got a master’s degree, and started writing for a sports analytics company.” He stayed active in soccer, spending the 2014 collegiate season as a graduate assistant coach at Virginia and criticizing the coaches, owner, and club culture of the Fire on Twitter. In 2020, Jumper received medical clearance to begin playing soccer again. He made his return to the sport on January 4, 2021, signing for National Premier Soccer League expansion club Georgia Storm after going through the club's tryout process. He became the first senior-level signing in club history.
International career
Jumper made one appearance for the United States under-18 national team.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Soccer players from Texas
Sportspeople from Plano, Texas
Men's association football defenders
Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer players
Chicago Fire FC draft picks
Chicago Fire FC players
Major League Soccer players
United States men's youth international soccer players |
Gotherington is a small village north of Bishops Cleeve in Gloucestershire, England. It is surrounded on the north by the villages of Woolstone and Oxenton, and to the south by Woodmancote and Bishop's Cleeve, a very large urban village. Gotherington has a population of around 1,200, while its neighbour, Bishops Cleeve, has a population of 15,000 (including celebrity chef Martin Bettan). The populations reduced at the 2011 census to 995 for Gotherington.
History
It is believed that Gotherington was founded in about 780 A.D. The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Godrinton, and was for around six centuries split into Upper Gotherington and Lower Gotherington. It was a strongly agricultural area until the mid-nineteenth century, from which point market gardening increased in its place. Development of the village began in the 1880s when the village was one of the first to have its own rural nurse that had been organised by Elizabeth Malleson. The village school opened in 1881 and a post office in 1894. The local Parish Council was formed in the same year.
Gotherington railway station opened in 1906 and closed in 1955. However, it is open on rare occasions and for private hire. It has recently been restored by a private owner, and a halt built on the neighbouring Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway this links to the Cheltenham Racecourse. Unfortunately a Landslide on Nottingham hill meant there had to be repairs done to the track near Manor Lane in Gotherington and only part of the track was open for sometime, but it was fully opened once again in 2011. Various trains use this line other than the main steam train for certain events such as Thomas the Tank Engine weekends and the occasional Diesel Engined Train.
Historic buildings
Gotherington contains twenty Grade II listed buildings:
The Holt, 18 Cleeve Road
Willow Bank, Granna Lane
Dormer House, Gretton Road
Elm Tree Cottage, Gretton Road
Baldwin's Farmhouse, Gretton Road
Stables, Baldwin's Farm, Gretton Road
The Folly and East Folly, Gretton Road
Bee Bole Wall, The Folly, Gretton Road
Willow Cottage, 53 Gretton Road
Woodbine Cottage, 1 Gretton Road
The Homestead, Long Furlong Lane
Ashmead, Malleson Road
Home Farmhouse, Malleson Road
Stonehouse, Malleson Road
Elm Cottage, 62 Malleson Road
Manor Farmhouse, Manor Lane
Dovecot at Manor Farm, Manor Lane
Truman's Farmhouse, Manor Lane
The Malt Shovel, Shutter Lane
The Shady Nook, Shutter Lane
White's Farm, Shutter Lane
Badger House, Manor Lane
Schooling
Gotherington Primary school is a relatively small school with just over 200 pupils on the roll. It was inspected by Ofsted in March 2009, who rated every single aspect as "outstanding". The sole area noted as needing improvement was the library provision.
Nearby is the Rex Rhodes building, housing the Garden House Nursery School, and an after school club for the children of Gotherington school. The Village Hall hosts a regular Parent and Toddler group for young families.
The first school in the village was opened in 1881.
Sport
The village has several sports opportunities, with locals fielding cricket and football teams, with Cheltenham North rugby club nearby and playing fields behind the village hall. It is home to the Battens Bruisers rivals.
Churches
Anglican (Church of England)
As is common in the Church of England, Gotherington is part of a complex structure of rural parishes.
The overall benefice of Bishop's Cleeve and Woolstone with Gotherington and Oxenton is made up of two ecclesiastical parishes - Bishop's Cleeve, and Woolstone with Gotherington and Oxenton.
The parish of Woolstone with Gotherington and Oxenton encompasses the tiny villages of Woolstone and Oxenton as well as Gotherington. There are two church buildings - St Martin de Tours at Woolstone, and St John the Baptist at Oxenton - but there is no Anglican church building in Gotherington even though most of the population live there. To redress this imbalance, services are held from time to time in Gotherington Village Hall (see the link below for details.)
Gotherington Free Church
Prior to 2000 there was a Free Church in Gotherington. This building, now recognised as 'The Old Chapel', owned by the Countess of Huntingdon Trust, was purchased in 2018 by a newly set up charity, the Old Chapel Community Project, using funds raised from the communities of Gotherington, Woolstone and Oxenton and from the Church.
Local Services
Despite being a relatively small village Gotherington is served by a local shop, Gotherington Stores, which also has a tea room and carries the village's post office. The village also has a pub, The Shutter Inn. Many houses in the village of Gotherington are old and original, with some new houses being built adjacent to the local pub, and others clad in local stone clustered around the school.
The children's recreation area has been upgraded to meet the needs of all age groups. A gardening club, wine club and community group are also active.
Gotherington railway station is located on the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway. The village is served by bus companies Stagecoach West and Swanbrook.
Governance
The village falls in the 'Oxenton Hill' electoral ward. This ward stretches from Gotherington in the east to Stoke Orchard in the west. The total ward population at the 2011 census was 1,592.
References
Further reading
External links
Main Gotherington website
Details of church services in Gotherington
Website of St Michael's, Bishop's Cleeve, which explains the larger structure of the benefice
Gotherington Primary School
Villages in Gloucestershire
Borough of Tewkesbury |
Bringing Down the Colonel: A Sex Scandal of the Gilded Age, and the "Powerless" Woman Who Took On Washington is a 2018 book by Patricia Miller, a journalist for Religion Dispatches. The book describes the late-19th century political sex scandal between Kentucky politician William Breckinridge and Madeline Pollard, a student. It details the affair and subsequent legal battle over Breckinridge's breach of contract, and discusses the resulting change in public opinion towards women and sex.
References
External links
Q&A interview with Miller on Bringing Down the Colonel, January 20, 2019
Federal political sex scandals in the United States
Books about American politicians
Breckinridge family
2018 non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about sexuality
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books |
Sangram is a 1950 Indian Hindi-language film about a spoilt child in adulthood, directed by Gyan Mukherjee and starring Ashok Kumar, Nalini Jaywant in lead roles. A box office success, the film became the sixth highest earning Indian film of 1950, earning an approximate gross of Rs. 1,00,00,000 and a net of Rs. 55,00,000.
"Sangram" is a precursor to the cop-father – criminal-son theme that later came to be a favourite in Bollywood, though it was made in film noir style that had begun to inspire filmmakers, and Gyan Mukherjee was no exception. An intense, bold 139-minute violent crime drama, with Ashok Kumar daring to essay a negative character, at a time that he was in great demand as a hero. And he excelled in it. The first of the many such films he went on to star in during the early '50s.
Plot
A cop brings up his motherless son, spoiling him by succumbing to even his unnecessary demands, resulting in his getting familiar with ruffians and even gambling. The boy Kumar (Shashi Kapoor) even once carries his father's pistol and fires it at a chum in a fit of rage. Timely help from his father (Nawab) saves him from the lock-up.
On growing up, Kumar (Ashok Kumar) moves to a city and starts running a casino in the guise of a hotel. But he is betrayed by one of his own confidantes, and the police raid the hotel, and although gets hurt, manages to escape, and happens to meet his childhood companion Kanta (Tabassum), who has grown up to be an attractive young woman (Nalini Jaywant). Kumar's dark past catches up with him in the form of an old accomplice (Tiwari), who blackmails him as he is about to get married. He steals his deceased mother's jewellery helped by the dancing girl in his casino who, unwittingly, gets arrested.
To avenge the wrong, he goes after the criminals. During the fight in a running train, the gangster falls off and gets killed. When he returns with the stolen jewellery, the cops recognise him as the guy wanted in the casino raid, and put him behind bars. He escapes from prison on learning that his ladylove was going to be married off.
He kidnaps her and takes her to the dancing girl's house for refuge. The story takes yet another twist as the dancer feels betrayed, as she too loves him, and tries to alert the cops.
In a frenzy he shoots her, upsetting his own woman in the process. Cornered by cops, he indiscriminately fires, killing them all in the process. He is eventually shot dead by his own father when he tries to fool him by threatening to kill his own beloved though his pistol is empty.
But not before the customary dying speech.
Cast
Ashok Kumar as Kumar
Nalini Jaywant as Kanta
Sajjan as Babulal
Nawab as Kumar's Father
Shashi Kapoor as Young Kumar
Tabassum as Young Kanta
Soundtrack
The film, which had C. Ramchandra composing for the six songs by P. L. Santoshi, Raja Mehndi Ali Khan and Vijendra Gaur, who also wrote the dialogue, with insightful black-and-white camerawork by Josef Wirsching turned out to be one of the biggest blockbusters of its time, raking in, reportedly, Rs.55 lakhs in profits. "Sangram" was also Guru Dutt's last film as an assistant director.
References
External links
1950 films
1950s Hindi-language films
Films scored by C. Ramchandra
Films directed by Gyan Mukherjee
Indian drama films
1950 drama films
Indian black-and-white films |
Pio Gama Pinto (31 March 1927 – 24 February 1965) was a Kenyan journalist, politician and freedom fighter. He was a socialist leader who was key in Kenya's struggle for independence. He was assassinated in 1965, leading many to consider him independent Kenya's first political martyr.
Early years
Pinto was born in Nairobi on 31 March 1927 to a Kenyan Asian family of Konkani Goan Catholic descent. Born to immigrant Goan parents hailing from the Indian Overseas Province of Goa, his father was an official in the colonial government of Kenya while his mother was a housewife. At age eight, he was sent to India for his education and spent the next nine years there, passing his matriculation exams at St. Joseph's High School, Arpora and then studying science at Karnatak College, Dharwar for two years before joining the Indian Air Force in 1944 as an apprentice ground engineer. He then took up a job in the Posts and Telegraph office in Bombay, participated in a general strike and became a founding member of the Goa National Congress whose aim was the liberation of Goa from Portuguese rule. When only seventeen, he started an agitation in Bombay against the Portuguese colonial occupation of Goa. His political activism soon made it necessary for him to return to Kenya to avoid being arrested and deported to the Tarrafal concentration camp in Cape Verde.
Political career
In 1949 Pinto returned to Kenya and, after a succession of clerical jobs, became involved in local politics aimed at overthrowing British colonial rule in Kenya. In 1951, he co-founded the East African Indian Congress, a nationalist political party dedicated to building support for independence amongst the South Asian community of Kenya. Pinto also turned to journalism, writing for the Colonial Times, Daily Chronicle and The Uzwod. From 1952, he was also a regular contributor to the international services of All India Radio, where he produced a popular anti-colonial program named Goan Newsletter. He also worked closely with British anti-colonial activists, including the Independent Labour MP Fenner Brockway, to inform the world press of political developments in Kenya. This international activism, however, brought Pinto to the attention of Kenya's colonial authorities. In 1954, five months after his marriage to Emma Dias, he was rounded up in the notorious Operation Anvil and spent the next four years in detention on Manda Island. He was kept in confinement from early 1958 until October 1959 at Kabarnet.
In 1960, he founded the Kenya African National Union (KANU) newspaper Sauti Ya KANU, and later, Pan African Press, of which he subsequently became Director and Secretary.
Pinto also formed Kenya Freedom Party, a multiracial socialist organisation, but dissolved the party when KANU allowed non-Africans to join its ranks for the first time. Pinto subsequently played an active role in campaigning for KANU during the 1961 elections, which the party won comfortably. From 1962, Pinto turned his attention to Mozambique, which was still under Portuguese colonial rule, and worked closely with the anti-colonial group FRELIMO. In 1963 he was elected a Member of the Central Legislative Assembly and in July 1964 was appointed a Specially Elected Member of the House of Representatives. He worked to establish the Lumumba Institute in 1964 to train KANU party officials.
Assassination
On 24 February 1965, at the Westlands neighbourhood of Parklands in Nairobi, Pinto was shot at close range in the driveway while waiting for the gate to be opened. He was with his daughter in his car at the time of his killing. The police set out to find three gunmen in connection with the murder. Kisilu Mutua and Chege Thuo, young adults at the time, were arrested on the day of the murder. Kisilu and Chege informed the C.I.D. that they were hired by Ochola Mak’Anyengo, the secretary general of the Kenya Petroleum Oil workers union, to frighten Pinto ostensibly on account of his interfering with the union. Mak’Anyengo was arrested following these accusations. At the police lineup however, the accused affirmed that Mak’Anyengo resembled the man who hired them, but he was not the actual culprit who had identified himself as Mak'Anyengo. Mak’Anyengo was cleared of any involvement and released. After the case was heard in court, Thuo was acquitted, but Mutua was given the death sentence. This sentence was later reduced to life in prison following an appeal.
Pinto became the first Kenyan politician to be assassinated after Independence. At the time of his assassination, Pinto was 38. He was survived by his wife, Emma and his three daughters Linda, Malusha and Tereshka. Two years after the assassination, Emma and her daughters emigrated to Canada. Different theories have been forwarded about the assassination with some suggesting that Pinto was killed by Jomo Kenyatta's men and others seeing Pinto's assassination as the extermination of an avowed Communist with links to the Mozambican liberation movement by neocolonial forces. An article published in Transition magazine in 1966 noted that a letter was circulated amongst Members of Parliament after Pinto's murder warning of the risks of cooperating with the eastern bloc. Bildad Kaggia was quoted saying that Pinto's killing was not an ordinary murder but a political one. Despite the wide perception that this was a political assassination, the police investigation treated the murder as not political.
When Mutua, convicted for the murder of Pinto, was released after 35 years in prison through a presidential pardon by the late President Daniel Arap Moi, Mutua insisted on his innocence and called for thorough investigations to identify Pinto's true assassins.
Posthumous commemoration
After his death, Pio Pinto's colleagues established a Pinto Trust Fund to help his widow and family to which leftist governments such as those of China and Tanzania contributed. In September 1965, Mrs. Emma Gama Pinto was invited to Santiago, Chile, to receive a posthumous prize awarded to her husband by the International Organisation of Journalists for his contribution in journalism to the liberation of African countries from foreign domination and exploitation. In 2008, Kenya released a series of four stamps titled Heroes of Kenya, one of which depicted Pinto.
References
Kenyan newspaper journalists
Assassinated Kenyan journalists
1927 births
1965 deaths
Assassinated Kenyan politicians
Deaths by firearm in Kenya
Kenya African National Union politicians
Kenyan people of Indian descent
Goan Catholics
People murdered in Kenya
Kenyan people of Goan descent
Kenyan Roman Catholics
Kenyan trade unionists
Kenyan politicians of Indian descent
Kenyan socialists
1960s assassinated politicians
Assassinated trade unionists |
Allastair Malcolm Cluny McReady-Diarmid VC (21 March 1888 – 1 December 1917) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Details
He was 29 years old, and an Acting Captain in the 17th (S) Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 30 November/1 December 1917 at the Moeuvres Sector, France, when the enemy penetrated into our position, and the situation was extremely critical, Captain McReady-Diarmid led his company through a heavy barrage and immediately engaged the enemy and drove them back at least 300 yards, causing numerous casualties and taking 27 prisoners. The following day the enemy again attacked and drove back another company which had lost all its officers. The captain called for volunteers, and leading the attack, again drove them back. It was entirely due to his throwing of bombs that the ground was regained, but he was eventually killed by a bomb.
He is commemorated on the Cambrai Memorial to the Missing.
Further information
As a boy, McReady-Diarmid went to Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, Hertfordshire. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum, Chelsea, England.
References
Bibliography
External links
The Middlesex Regiment 1755-1966 (detailed history of the original "Die Hards")
1888 births
1917 deaths
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Middlesex Regiment officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
People educated at Victoria College, Jersey
People from Southgate, London
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from London |
Viscount Lorton, of Boyle in the County of Roscommon, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 28 May 1806 for General Robert King, 1st Baron Erris. He had already been made Baron Erris, of Boyle in the County of Roscommon, on 29 December 1800, also in the Peerage of Ireland. King was the second son of Robert King, 2nd Earl of Kingston (see Earl of Kingston for earlier history of the family). In 1823 he was elected an Irish Representative peer. His son, the second Viscount, succeeded to the earldom of Kingston on the death of his cousin in 1869. The titles remain united.
The Honourable Laurence King-Harman, younger son of the first Viscount, was the father of Edward King-Harman, a politician, and Sir Charles King-Harman, High Commissioner to Cyprus.
Viscounts Lorton (1806)
Robert Edward King, 1st Viscount Lorton (1773–1854)
Robert King, 2nd Viscount Lorton (1804–1869) (succeeded as 6th Earl of Kingston in 1869)
For further succession, see Earl of Kingston.
See also
Baron Kingston
Stafford-King-Harman baronets
References
Viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1806
King family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy) |
Regan Lauscher (born February 21, 1980 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian luger. Competing in three Winter Olympics, she earned her best finish of tenth in the women's singles event at Turin in 2006.
Her second-place finish at the Luge World competitions at Lake Placid, New York in 2004 was the best ever time by a Canadian female luger. Lauscher's best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was ninth in the women's singles event at Park City, Utah in 2005.
During the 2006 Winter Olympics, Lauscher wrote an online journal for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation about her views and actions during those games. Prior to the 2006 games, she had earned her journalism degree from Mount Royal College.
Lauscher had surgeries on both of her shoulders in May 2008 and resumed training in October.
References
2002 luge women's singles results
2006 luge women's singles results
After operations on both shoulders. at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (24 October 2008 article accessed 24 October 2008.)
External links
1980 births
Canadian female lugers
Canadian people of German descent
Living people
Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Mount Royal University alumni
Olympic lugers for Canada
Sportspeople from Saskatoon |
House of Dust is a 2014 supernatural thriller film directed by A.D. Calvo. The movie had its world premiere on May 20, 2014 and focuses on a group of college students that become possessed by the ghosts of former mental patients. Filming took place in Willimantic, Connecticut and Mansfield, Connecticut at the Mansfield Training School and Hospital, University of Connecticut, and Eastern Connecticut State University during the summer of 2011.
Plot
1951 - Having already killed OCD patient Billy Brown (Michael Goodin) at the Redding House Asylum, a psychiatrist (Stephen Spinella) experiments on simple-minded inmate Melvin Veman (Peyton Clarkson) and sociopath Levius Laitura (John Lee Ames). With Levius still alive, the psychiatrist has his orderlies put the bodies of all three men inside the crematorium to burn them.
Present Day - Camden College student Dylan (Eddie Hassell) tells his girlfriend Gabby (Holland Roden) and his roommate Kolt (Steven Grayhm) about the now abandoned asylum's haunted history. New student Emma (Inbar Lavi) moves in as Gabby's roommate and Kolt takes a liking to her. However, fellow students Allyson (Alesandra Assante), Christine (Nicole Travolta) and Blythe (Joy Lauren) do not.
Dylan, Kolt, Gabby and Emma break into Redding House after a party to look around despite a warning from campus security guard Clyde (Justin James Lang). Emma has strange experiences while exploring on her own. The other three knock over a container of cremated ashes and inhale the dust of the three men burned there in 1951.
A recovering psychiatric patient herself, Emma begins experiencing haunting visions upon returning to the dorm. The behavior of the other three students gradually changes as Billy possesses Dylan, Melvin inhabits Gabby and Levius takes control of Kolt's body.
Allyson is killed by someone unseen while doing laundry. Christine is later killed while taking her dog outside. Suspecting that the disappearances and the odd behaviors are related to the asylum, Emma tries to go back to Redding House, but Clyde prevents her from going inside.
With Levius in full control of his actions, Kolt attacks Emma. Emma eventually flees into the asylum and confirms her suspicions when she examines patient records and finds the empty urn knocked over by the others. Emma then finds the dead bodies of Allyson, Christine and Blythe (who was killed off screen).
Kolt captures Emma, but Dylan knocks him unconscious (he also knocks Emma unconscious as well) and traps Kolt in the crematorium with Gabby. Emma recovers and frees Kolt and Gabby from the fire, which releases everyone from their possessions. Dylan coughs up Billy's spirit as well. The four students escape Redding House with Clyde's assistance. The crematorium dust goes through the chimney and into the air, ultimately possessing a little boy (Anthony Scarpone-Lambert) playing in the park with the other children nearby.
Cast
Inbar Lavi as Emma
Steven Grayhm as Kolt
Eddie Hassell as Dylan
Holland Roden as Gabby
John Lee Ames as Levius Laitura
Peyton Clarkson as Melvin Veman
Michael Goodin as Billy Brown
Stephen Spinella as Psychiatrist
Justin James Lang as Clyde
Alesandra Assante as Allyson
Joy Lauren as Blythe
Nicole Travolta as Christine
Anthony Scarpone-Lambert as Boy
Reception
HorrorNews.net panned House of Dust, praising the movie's cast while stating that the movie "didn’t bring anything new to the table and was just lackluster and forgettable overall". DVD Verdict gave a mixed review and commented that while the movie was "no classic", that "A.D. Calvo directs the action well and gets good performances from actors lacking much experience" and that it would appeal best to fans of independent horror or films set in mental institutions.
References
External links
2013 films
2013 psychological thriller films
Films set in Connecticut
American independent films
American ghost films
American supernatural horror films
Films about psychiatry
Films set in abandoned houses
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films directed by A. D. Calvo
2010s English-language films
2010s American films |
USS Uvalde (AKA-88) was an in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1957 and from 1961 to 1968. She was scrapped in 1969.
History
Uvalde (AKA-88) (formerly projected as the merchant freighter Wild Pigeon) was named after Uvalde County, Texas, the home of former Vice President John Nance "Cactus Jack" Garner. She was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1188) on 27 March 1944 at Oakland, California, by the Moore Dry Dock Co.; launched on 20 May 1944; sponsored by Mrs. George J. Kean; and commissioned on 18 August 1944.
World War II, 1944–1945
After fitting out at Oakland, Uvalde ran her trials before departing San Francisco Bay on 29 August, bound for San Pedro, California She conducted extensive shakedown training out of that port before she shifted to San Diego, there to train in amphibious warfare from 15 through 30 September in company with the attack transport .
In yard hands at Terminal Island, California, for post-shakedown availability until 10 October, Uvalde got underway and churned out of Los Angeles harbor, bound for San Francisco. Uvalde subsequently loaded cargo at that port from 11 through 19 October.
The destruction of Mount Hood
Departing "Frisco" on 20 October, Uvalde reached Manus, in the Admiralty Islands, on 6 November. Over the next few days, the ship lay at anchor in Seeadler Harbor, Manus, awaiting orders for onward routing. While there, she witnessed the explosion of the ammunition ship at 0820 on 11 November. Fortunately at a distance far enough away to be unaffected by the blast, Uvalde responded to the emergency by sending medical assistance and supplies to some of the other ships closer to where the ill-fated ammunition ship had been anchored — ships that had taken heavy casualties when shrapnel from the atomized Mount Hood had ripped into them.
Subsequently, three days after the Mount Hood tragedy, Uvalde got underway to unload cargo at East Murzim Dock. Completing that evolution a little over a week later, on the 21st, Uvalde got underway for New Guinea on the 29th, reaching Milne Bay, her destination, on 3 December. The attack cargo ship then took on board 100 tons of miscellaneous cargo earmarked for the 489th Port Battalion, Transportation Corps, 6th Army. She shifted to Oro Bay, New Guinea, within a few days, there loading additional cargo — 1,025 tons of vehicles, gasoline, and organizational equipment for the 6th Army. On 21 December, Uvalde and her escort, got underway for the Admiralties, reaching their destination the following day.
Philippines campaign
Uvalde spent Christmas at Manus before she got underway on her first "mission of war" as part of Task Group (TG) 77.9 on 2 January 1945, shaping course for the island of Luzon. The attack cargo ship subsequently entered Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 11 January and, at 0925, sent her first wave of landing craft onto the beaches. During her ensuing stay at Lingayen Gulf, Uvalde's sailors witnessed their first attacks by the Japanese kamikazes on ships in the vicinity.
On the 13th, Uvalde weighed anchor, shifting to Leyte and reaching there on the 16th. Two days later, the attack cargo ship got underway again, this time headed for the Schouten Islands. Bound for Biak, Uvalde reached her destination on the 23rd and commenced loading cargo at dock number 2 soon thereafter.
Completing loading on 2 February, Uvalde returned to Leyte, joining formation with TG 78.5 on the following day. Subsequently anchoring in Leyte Gulf on the 6th, the attack cargo ship pushed on for Mindoro the following day, arriving on the 9th. Twenty-seven hours later, the ship completed the unloading evolution, receiving a "well done" from Capt. R. W. Abbott, the officer in tactical command of the task group.
Uvalde returned to Leyte and, over the days that ensued, prepared for her next operation. For six weeks, the attack cargo ship participated in the practice evolutions that ultimately led up to the final big assault landing of the war in the Pacific — the invasion of Okinawa in the Ryūkyūs.
Okinawa campaign
Underway on 27 March, Uvalde reached the assault areas on 1 April, the day of the initial landings. By noon of that day – Easter Sunday – the loading operations were proceeding apace. At 0559 on 2 April, Uvalde's gunners drew their first blood, downing a suicide aircraft making a run on the nearby attack transport . Uvalde received official credit for the kill — she soon sported a miniature Japanese flag on her bridge.
Off Okinawa from 1 April to 9 April, Uvalde spent much of her time at general quarters due to the heavy Japanese aerial resistance. The attack cargo ship subsequently weighed anchor on the 9th and headed to Saipan in the Marianas, en route to her ultimate destination.
The end of the war
After provisioning ship at Pearl Harbor, Uvalde returned to the western Pacific, departing the Hawaiian Islands on 10 May. Reaching Eniwetok in the Marshalls 10 days later, the attack cargo ship got underway for Guam in the Marianas after exchanging cargo and embarking passengers. Uvalde then discharged and unloaded at Guam before she proceeded for the west coast of the United States on 27 June, her course shaped for San Francisco. Uvalde arrived at the Golden Gate on 12 July, en route to Everett, Washington, for a drydocking and repairs. Reaching Everett on the 16th, the ship underwent nearly two weeks of repair work there, completing her assigned availability on 28 July.
Departing the Pacific Northwest on 1 August, Uvalde proceeded to San Francisco to load cargo in preparation for her return to the western Pacific theater of operations. Completing the loading process on 11 August, the attack cargo ship got underway for the Hawaiian Islands on the 12th. She was at sea when at 1400 on 14 August 1945, President Harry S. Truman announced in a radio broadcast address that a state of war no longer existed between the United States and Japan. World War II was over at last.
Post-war operations, 1944–1950
For Uvalde, the war had been a short one, but there still remained the duty of returning the many soldiers, sailors, marines, and airmen home from the fighting fronts. The attack cargo ship took part in those operations well into 1946, also earning the Navy's Occupation Service Medal for operations in Chinese waters in ensuing months.
Korean War, 1950–1953
Up until mid-1950, Uvalde transported troops and cargo to American outposts in Asia, supporting the United States presence in that area of the world Uvalde participated in the United Nations efforts to stem North Korean aggression after that nation invaded neighboring South Korea in June 1950, deploying to Korean waters with troops and cargo on numerous occasions.
New Year's Day 1951 found Uvalde at Sasebo, Japan – nine days later she got underway, bound for the west coast of the United States, and she reached her destination two weeks later on the 24th. Shifting to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for repairs and alterations on the 30th, the attack cargo ship remained in yard hands until early April, when she shifted to San Diego to conduct underway training evolutions.
After three weeks of post-repair training, Uvalde shifted to the naval supply center at Oakland, California, when she loaded cargo earmarked for the Far East. The attack cargo ship subsequently made three round-trip voyages, touching at Sasebo and Yokosuka in the west and Oakland in the east over the remainder of 1951.
Uvalde spent much of 1952 engaged in the same shuttle operations that had kept her occupied since the onset of the Korean War. She visited Korean waters in the latter half of the month of March 1952, touching at Sokcho Ri and Paengyong Do before resuming her west coast-to-Japan shuttle voyages with her termini at Oakland, Sasebo, and Yokosuka. During August 1952, the ship made a short recreational stop at Pearl Harbor.
During the late autumn of 1952, Uvalde remained in Japanese waters, undergoing a drydocking at Yokosuka in late November before she sailed for Oakland on the 23rd of that month. Reaching Treasure Island, San Francisco, on 8 December, the attack cargo ship went into the naval shipyard at Mare Island three days later.
Uvalde overhauled at Mare Island into mid-February, 1953, after which time she conducted the usual under way training evolutions before resuming west coast-to-Japan shuttle voyages. She called at Korean ports once, visiting Pohang in May 1953, spending most of her time in Japanese waters. Ports included during that cruise included Sasebo, Yokosuka, and Nagasaki.
Pacific Fleet, 1954–1957
February through July of the following year, 1954, was spent in shuttle service between the Naval Supply Center, Oakland, and the Far East, with a recreational visit to Nagasaki in April. During July, the ship arrived at Yokosuka and, after a trip to Sasebo and return, loaded a cargo of rice and medical supplies, setting sail for French Indochina to assist in "Operation Passage to Freedom."
Uvalde reached Tourane Bay, French Indochina, on 28 August and remained there, supporting "Passage to Freedom" operations until 10 September, when she got underway to return to Oakland. Over the next few years, Uvalde's routine would remain much the same, sailing back and forth across the Pacific on the supply line from the west coast of the United States to American military bases in the Far East.
Reserve and reinstatement, 1957–1961
Mothballed in 1957, and becoming a part of the Reserve Fleet, Uvalde was struck from the Navy List on 1 July 1960, but was reinstated on 1 September 1961, because of the Berlin Crisis. Uvalde was recommissioned on 18 November 1961.
Atlantic Fleet, 1957–1962
Ordered to duty with the Atlantic Fleet, the attack cargo ship — with a new lease on life — got underway for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and five weeks of training in December. After a voyage that had taken her via Mazatlán, Mexico; the Panama Canal; and Guantanamo (where she engaged in refresher training operations as scheduled), Uvalde reached her new assigned home port, Norfolk, Virginia, in February 1962. She thus became a part of the Amphibious Force of the Atlantic Fleet.
After a post-shakedown overhaul, Uvalde took part in amphibious exercises at Vieques, Puerto Rico (Lant-PhibLex 1-62) in April — her first major exercise since recommissioning. By the end of the year 1962, the veteran attack cargo vessel had deployed on various 2nd Fleet exercises and maneuvers in the western Atlantic and Caribbean areas. Attached to Amphibious Squadron (PhibRon) 10 from 22 October to 5 December, Uvalde supported the Fleet during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when President John F. Kennedy "quarantined" Cuba over the presence of offensive Soviet missiles on that strategic isle.
Mediterranean, 1963–1968
Subsequently, Uvalde spent all of January 1963, engaged in pre-deployment upkeep. She sailed on 4 February, shaping course for the Mediterranean, and operated with the 6th Fleet through mid-May, touching at Naples, Italy; Athens, Greece; İzmir, Turkey; Rhodes, Greece; Golfe Juan, France; and Barcelona, Spain; during the course of her operations.
After returning to Norfolk for upkeep and independent ship exercises, Uvalde deployed to the Caribbean as part of the Amphibious Ready Squadron, calling at San Juan, Puerto Rico, during that cruise that carried over into late February 1964 as part of PhibRon 8. She deployed again to the Caribbean from late June to late September 1965, before she later participated in Exercise "Steel Pike I", during the latter cruise, she visited Gran Canaria, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands.
Returning to her home port, Norfolk, in late November, Uvalde shifted to the New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn, New York, on 7 January. She remained there, undergoing repairs and alterations, until 28 April, after which time she headed south, ultimately conducting refresher training in Guantanamo Bay.
In late June, Uvalde supported the American intervention in the Dominican Republic, serving as "bulk fuel control ship" between 18 June and 28 June. The ship then conducted independent exercises and underwent some needed upkeep through mid-July.
Uvalde subsequently trained out of Little Creek, Virginia, for 10 days in July before resuming scheduled independent ship exercises and upkeep periods out of, and at, Norfolk. That autumn, she deployed to the Mediterranean for the second time as a unit of PhibRon 10. During that cruise — lasting into mid-March 1966 — Uvalde operated with Task Force 61, visiting Marseilles and Toulon, France; Malta; Naples, Genoa, and Livorno, Italy; Barcelona and Mazarron, Spain; and Porto Scudo and Santa Manza, Corsica.
Reaching the end of the deployment, Uvalde left Palma, Majorca, in her wake on 17 March, bound for Rota, Spain, the turnover point, where she would be relieved of her duties with the 6th Fleet. She then began her homeward-bound voyage on 20 March, setting course for Morehead City, North Carolina.
Midway across the Atlantic, Uvalde picked up distress signals from a Danish merchantman, the refrigerator ship SS Chilean Reefer. One of the freighter's crewmen was desperately ill and needed prompt medical attention — care that the ship was apparently unable to supply. Uvalde immediately reversed course and sped to her assistance. The attack cargo ship took on board the patient, transferring him from Chilean Reefer in an LCM, where treatment commenced as soon as he came on board. The sailor remained on board to return to a hospital in the United States for treatment.
Uvalde ultimately reached Morehead City and there disembarked her detachment of marines and off-loaded their equipment. Uvalde's crew, eager to continue on the homeward-bound leg of their voyage after the six-month Mediterranean cruise, worked all night to unload the ship so that the ship could sail the next morning, as soon as possible. Uvalde reached her home port, Norfolk, on 3 April 1966. As her commanding officer wrote in retrospect: "It was a good deployment, but it was even better to be back home again."
The attack cargo ship subsequently deployed to the Mediterranean two more times in her career, from April to August 1967 and again during the summer of 1968, returning to Morehead City, N.C., on 14 September and Norfolk the following day. She remained on active operations with the Atlantic Fleet into 1968.
Decommissioning and sale
Ultimately declared "unfit for further service", and replaced by a , with significant increases in combat vehicle and cargo stowage and better combat characteristics, Uvalde was decommissioned and struck from the Navy List on 1 December 1968. Transferred to the Maritime Administration on 26 June 1969 for disposal, Uvalde's hulk was simultaneously sold to Levin Metals Corp., of San Jose, California, and scrapped.
Awards
Uvalde earned one battle star for her World War II service and three for the Korean War. The anchor and bell of the USS Uvalde are displayed in Uvalde, Texas.
References
External links
USS Uvalde web site
Military.com: USS Uvalde
51 Years of AKAs
Andromeda-class attack cargo ships
Ships built in Oakland, California
1944 ships
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Korean War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
USS Uvalde (AKA-88) |
Mária Balážová (born 31 August 1956) is a contemporary Slovak artist. Her practise as an artist is usually associated with new geometry, post-geometry and postmodern.
Life and work
Balážová studied at the Academy of Muse Arts, Bratislava and Magister of Arts degree received in 1984. Since 1997, Balážová is also known as a teacher at the University of Trnava. Her husband is Blažej Baláž, Slovak painter.
Immediately at the beginning, Mária Balážová, created her own „personal mythology“, emphasizing a snake motif in the geometrically stylised form of a cobra. This animal, which occupies an important position in world mythologies and religions, became the main motif of cycles of paintings, to which the artist gave the name Serpent Geometry. Balážová distinguished herself from classic Neo-Constructivism, outlined on subjectless combinations of shapes and colours, put together into geometric structures. Art theorists appreciate the „new significance“ she achieved by creating radically reductive forms (Jiří Valoch, 2002). "
In her latest works, fear of violence, power and hegemony are projected in the intimate family background, where the dominant men´s element is systematically planned in the painting area and it culminates in the series of drawings and paintings called Domestic Violence. A distinctly expressive handwriting used in some places refers very straightforwardly to Balážová´s personal story and moves the general criticism of an androcentric society to a more intimate position. Here, the key role is played by the figure of a despotic father who permanently and demonically comes back in acrylic canvases and large-format drawings – destructively and aggressively . In the latest works, Mária Balážová bet on a straightforward expression of her personal story associated with a therapeutic character. This approach in her works represents a new dimension not only for her herself, but also for geometric painting in general. (Roman Gajdoš)
Her works are held in the collections of Slovak National Gallery, Bratislava, National Gallery, Prague (CZ), Wannieck Gallery Brno (CZ), Jan Koniarek Gallery , Trnava.
The artist has been a member of the revived Club of Concrete Artists 2 and the artist's group East of Eden. She lives and works in Trnava.
Awards
1990 Honorable Mention, Drawing 1990, Provo (USA)
1995 Prize of Masaryk's Academy, Prague (CZ)
2019 Honorary Mention Award, International Drawing Biennale India 2018-19, New Delhi (India)
Selected solo exhibitions
Maria Balazova, Jan Koniarek Gallery, Trnava, 26 June – 30 July 1991 (catalogue)
Maria Balazova, Gallery Arpex, Bratislava, 28 January – 17 February 1993
Serpent Geometry, Cyprian Majernik Gallery, Bratislava, 19 April – 8 May 1995
Serpent Geometry 2, Jan Koniarek Gallery, Trnava, 23 May – 23 June 1996 (catalogue)
Dozen 1988-2000, The Central Slovakian Gallery, Banská Bystrica, 5 May – 30 June 2000
Dozen 1988-2000, The East Slovak Gallery, Košice, 14 September – 15 October 2000
Nadowessioux, Bratislava City Gallery, 1 February – 11 March 2001
Mária and Blažej Baláž : The Discreet Charm of the Painting , House of Art, Česke Budějovice, 27 March – 21 April 2002, Czech Republic
Alphabet, Jan Koniarek Gallery, Trnava, 9 September – 24 October 2004 (catalogue)
New significance, Nitra Gallery, Nitra, 28 June – 23 July 2007
Mária Balážová : Post-Geo, Liptov Gallery, Liptovský Mikuláš, 10 February – 9 April 2011
Mária Balážová-Blažej Baláž : Post-Geo-Text, Slowakisches Institut, Berlin, 14 April – 30 May 2011, Germany
Mária Balážová : Male and Female Pictures, Gallery of Art, Nové Zámky, 7 February – 16 March 2013
Mária Balážová – From Order to Chaos, Martin, Turiec Gallery, 11 September - 2 November 2014
Mária Balážová – Female Geometry, Bratislava, Gallery Z, 2 September - 9 October 2016
Mária Balážová – Geo-Femina,The Central Slovakian Gallery, Banská Bystrica, 18 May – 27 June 2017
Mária Balážová – Under the Skirt,The Museum of Art, Žilina, 19 October – 19 November 2017
Mária Balážová – Women´s Tread, Jan Koniarek Gallery, Trnava, 12 September – 27 October 2019
Selected group exhibitions
Interplays, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, 1987
Art Basel 20´89, Basel, Switzerland, 1989
Drawing 1990, Provo, Utah, USA, 1990
Vth International Drawing Triennale, Wrocław, Poland, 1992
Fibre, Slovak National Gallery, Bratislava, Slovakia, 1994
1st International Triennial of Graphic Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1995
BRIDGing, Esztergom, Duna Múzeum, Hungary, 1997
Club of Concretists, Bratislava, Slovak National Gallery, Bratislava, Slovakia, 1999
Neo-Constructivism in Slovak Art, Jan Koniarek Gallery, Trnava, Slovakia, 2000
Eine kurze Geschichte zur Malerei, Leverkusen, Germany, 2001
Slovak Contemporary Art, Prague, Gallery Art Factory, Czech Republic, 2002
Slovak Contemporary Art, Kraków, International Cultural Centre, Poland, 2004
Draught / Contemporary Slovak Painting 2000–2005, Prague, City Gallery, Czech Republic, 2006
Allied... , National Gallery, Prague, Czech Republic, 2006
Contemporary Slovak Art 1960–2000, National Museum of Contemporary Art (Romania), Bucharest, Romania, 2007
1960 – present / The Slovak Art, Prague, City Gallery, Czech Republic, 2008
Borders of Geometry, Bratislava, House of Art Bratislava, Slovakia, 2010
After Hours : Phase 2 / Artists from Slovakia, Santa Ana, Orange County Center for Contemporary Art, USA, 2010
Daisies and clones, Bratislava, Slovak National Gallery, Slovakia, 2011
ObraSKov/ Contemporary Slovak Painting, Brno, Wannieck Gallery, Czech Republic, 2011
IV New Zlín Sallon, Zlín, Regional Gallery of Fine Arts, Czech Republic, 2011
VIII International Biennial of Drawing Plzeň 2012, Plzeň, Czech Republic, 2012
IX International Biennial of Drawing Plzeň 2014, Plzeň, Czech Republic, 2014
3rd International Salon Graphics, Kraljevo (RS), 2015
Here and Now, Budapest, Kunsthalle (HU), 2015
5th International Drawing Triennale, Tallinn, Kunsthalle (EE), 2015
4th International Salon Graphics, Kraljevo (RS), 2016
Osten Biennial of Drawing Skopje 2016, Osten Drawing, Skopje (MK), 2016
Socially alive, Bratislava, Slovak Union of Visual Arts, 2016
Sew Long! Fashion in Slovakia 1945–1989, Slovak National Gallery, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2017
Contemporary European Geometrically Tendencies, Slovak Union of Visual Arts, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2018
Hommage à Peter Vajda, Prague, Museum Kampa – The Jan a Meda Mládek Foundation, Czech Republic, 2018
International Drawing Biennale India 2018–19, New Delhi India, 2019
Works
Archetyp (1988) : Collection of Slovak National Gallery, Bratislava
Pose VII (1989)
Rocket Man 1 (1989)
Lexicon 1 (1990)
Flowing 6 (1993) : Collection of Jan Koniarek Gallery, Trnava
Serpent Geometry 2 (1994) : Collection of Jan Koniarek Gallery, Trnava
Serpent Geometry 3 (1994)
Serpent Geometry 5 (1996)
Serpent Geometry 15 – Church (1998)
Serpent Geometry 33 – Fatum (2000/01)
Serpent Geometry 40 – Alphabet 3 (2002) : Collection of National Gallery, Prague
Serpent Geometry 43 (2004)
Serpent Geometry 49 - Portrait (2005/06) : Collection of Wannieck Gallery Brno
Serpent Geometry – Shoot (2005)
Serpent Geometry 70 – History (2005/07)
Chaos 1 (2006/09)
Domestic Violence 5 (2019)
Domestic Violence 6 (2019)
Domestic Violence 8 (2019)
Books and Catalogues
BALGAVÁ, B. - ORAVCOVÁ, J. - VALOCH, J. 1997. Mária Balážová. Trnava : Ján Koniarek Gallery, 32 p.
VALOCH, J. 2002. Mária Balážová / Serpent Geometry 1997-2002. Trnava : Trnava University, 12 p.
BESKID, V. - VALOCH, J. - GAJDOŠ, R. 2009. Mária Balážová / 1985-2009. Trnava : Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis, (English – Slovak, colour), 111 p.
References
Further reading
BESKID, V. 1998. 6 Slovak contemporary painters. Košice : V. Löffler Museum, 24 p.
ORIŠKOVÁ, M. 1999. Abstract art. In GERŽOVÁ, J. 1999 (ed). Dictionary of World and Slovak Fine Art in the 2nd half of the 20th century Bratislava : Kruh súčasného umenia Profil, p. 16
BESKID, V. 1999. New geometry. In GERŽOVÁ, J. 1999 (ed). Dictionary of World and Slovak Fine Art in the 2nd half of the 20th century. Bratislava : Kruh súčasného umenia Profil, p. 201
BARTOŠOVÁ, Z. 1999. Mária Balážová. In Contemporary Slovak Art. Bratislava : Rabbit and Solution, p. 6
VALOCH, J. 2001. In-between Pure Geometry and Semantics. In Ateliér, vol.14, no.6, p. 9 (CZ)
BÖHMEROVÁ, Z. – JANČÁR, I. 2007. Slovak Graphics of the 20th Century. Bratislava : Municipal Gallery, 2007, p. 267, 314
BARTOŠOVÁ, Z. 2007. 20th Century. In Art in Slovakia / Summary History of Pictures. Bratislava : Slovart, p. 224, 225
TOMÁŠOVÁ, I. 2007. New significance. In Vlna, vol. IX, no.32, p. 90 - 91. Bratislava : Občianske združenie Vlna
BELOHRADSKÁ, Ľ. – TROJANOVÁ, E. 2009. Borders of Geometry. Bratislava : PETUM, 429 p. (English – Slovak, colour)
KNÍŽÁK, M. – VLČEK, T. (eds.). 2009. 909 / Art from the Turn of the Millennium in the National Gallery in Prague 1990 - 2009. Prague - National Gallery, p. 147, 362
GERŽOVÁ, J. 2009. Talks about Painting. Bratislava : Slovart, VŠVU Bratislava, p. 232 - 247
BESKID, V. 2012. The image of painting in the „Picture du nouveau“. In ObraSKovo nanovo / Contemporary Slovak Painting. Poprad : Tatranská Gallery, p. 15
GUILLAUME, M. 2013. Male and Female Images. In Ateliér, vol. 26, no.6, 21.3.2013, p. 8 (CZ)
GUILLAUME, M. 2013. Mária Balážová – Personal Geometry. In Ostium, vol. 9, no.4/2013
External links
http://www.bbalaz.sk/
http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/maria-balazova-148595/profile.html
http://www.kunstaspekte.de/index.php
http://www.artgallery.sk
http://www.osobnosti.sk/index.php?os=zivotopis&ID=59281&mainkat=4
:sk:Mária Balážová
https://web.archive.org/web/20081014100026/http://pdfweb.truni.sk/fak/katedry/kpvu/mbalazova/index.html
http://www.nitrianskagaleria.sk/index.php?cmd=vys_det&id=387
https://www.gjk.sk/en/exhibition/archive-of-expositions/2019/maria-balazova-womans-tread/
1956 births
Living people
People from Trnava
Abstract artists
Slovak contemporary artists
Concrete art
Contemporary painters
20th-century women artists
Slovak women painters
Slovak painters |
The Twisted Whiskers Show is an animated comedy television series based on the Twisted Whiskers greeting cards created by Terrill Bohlar for American Greetings. It began airing as the first program of the Hasbro/Discovery TV network, Discovery Family (formerly known as The Hub until October 13, 2014) on October 10, 2010. 26 half-hour episodes of the CG series were produced by American Greetings Properties, DQ Entertainment, MoonScoop LLC, CloudCo, Inc., and Telegael. The series was also aired on Teletoon in Canada, CBBC in the United Kingdom, MTV3 Junior in Finland and Disney Channel in Japan.
Characters
Yawp (voiced by Scott McNeil) - Although this feisty little puppy can't talk, he's definitely not short on personality.
Dander (voiced by David Kaye) is a cat who was used to "the good life," lives with a woman who works in politics and foreign relations. Anything outside his kitty cat world is approached with a naïveté that gets him into trouble. Usually seen with his pal, Yawp, they are on a continuous saga to get back home after falling off a moving truck.
Goosers (voiced by Scott McNeil) is a consummate yellow Labrador Retriever who is loyal and trustworthy. He usually has to deal with protecting his owner Claude (voiced by David Kaye) or something the man holds dear, from some strange occurrence.
Von Ripper (voiced by Scott McNeil) is a shark-like guard dog with a silvery gray coat, a spiked collar and a mouth full of nasty sharp teeth. He usually serves as an antagonist most of the time.
Cutie Snoot (voiced by Kathleen Barr) - This little kitten has pink fur, appearing cute yet with an evil streak on her.
Dine (voiced by Peter Kelamis) and Dash (voiced by Lee Tockar) are two streetwise alley cats with matching black and white "prison" stripes, Dine is the fast talking leader and Dash the lovable dope. The two usually go to great lengths to get food from stealing to conning.
Zippy the Greyhound (voiced by Lee Tockar) - This retired racing dog is shell-shocked from too many years on the track. The littlest sound causes him to bolt, usually into something painful.
Mister Mewser (voiced by Bill Kopp) is a shut-in house cat with tuxedo markings who lives in a huge Victorian mansion, the fate of its owners never revealed. Seeing himself more as a sophisticated human, Mewser keeps mice as indentured servants and enjoys watching old Westerns.
Smidgeon is Mister Mewser's little mouse butler. He and Mewser like each other more than either would like to admit.
Ird (voiced by Scott McNeil) is a blue jay with a deep voice, Ird makes a cameo in most episodes and serves as an antagonist in some.
Sinister Squirrel (voiced by Scott McNeil) is a crazy squirrel identified by a chunk of fur missing from his tail. Known as an enemy to Goosers and a neighbor to Ird.
Tiny Head (voiced by Colin Murdock) is a full-grown tabby cat with a kitten-sized head, Tiny Head is an eternal optimist whose talking often makes him oblivious to everything around him.
Cambridge Kitty (voiced by Colin Murdock) is an alleyway psychologist, offering his scientific opinion to whoever comes for his guidance.
Flouncie (voiced by Kathleen Barr) is a large dog with a self-image problem and wants a playmate, seeing herself to be dainty despite being strong enough to unknowingly kill any unfortunate animal she befriends.
Gasper (voiced by Scott McNeil) is Tiny Head's pet goldfish and victim of his friend's unintentionally harmful tokens of kindness.
Jack (voiced by Bill Kopp) is an intellectual terrier with glasses, taking them off while in the presence of his owner.
Broken Bear (voiced by Colin Murdock) is a bear whose tagging by wildlife authorities placed him under the delusion that he was abducted by aliens. As a result, Broken Bear expects the aliens to return so he can be taken again and serve them as their leader.
Series overview
Episodes
International broadcast
United States
Animal Planet (2010)
The Hub (2010-2014)
United Kingdom
CBBC
Only run: 2009-2010
Finland
MTV Juniori
India
Hungama TV
Sony Yay
Indonesia
Global TV
Netherlands
Z@PP
NPO 1
NPO 2
NPO 3
Belgium
Ketnet
Nickelodeon
Disney XD
Latin America
Cartoon Network
First run: 2011-2012
Second run: 2013
Third and final run: 2014
Boomerang
Only run: 2014-2016
Canada
Teletoon
Middle East and North Africa
Jeem TV
Jcctv (Al Jazeera Children's Channel)
United Arab Emirates
e-Junior
Japan
Disney Channel
Australia
ABC Me
References
External links
Official site at American Greetings
2010 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2010s American animated television series
2010s Canadian animated television series
2010 Canadian television series debuts
2010 Canadian television series endings
2010s French animated television series
2010 French television series debuts
2010 French television series endings
American children's animated comedy television series
American computer-animated television series
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian computer-animated television series
French children's animated comedy television series
French computer-animated television series
Animated television series about bears
Animated television series about birds
Animated television series about cats
Animated television series about dogs
Animated television series about fish
Animated television series about mice and rats
Animated television series about squirrels
Television series by Splash Entertainment
Discovery Family original programming
English-language television shows |
The 2001 Clipsal 500 was the third running of the Adelaide 500 race. Racing was held form Friday 6 April until Sunday 8 April 2001. The race was held for V8 Supercars and was Round 2 of the 2001 Shell Championship Series.
Format
The format, unique to V8 Supercar and loosely similar to the Pukekohe 500 format, splits the 500 kilometres into two separate 250 kilometres races each held on a different day. Points were assigned separately to the races, with more points allocated for Race 2 over Race 1, and they combined to award a round result.
Official results
Top fifteen shootout
Race 1
Race 2
Round results
Championship Standings
References
External links
Official race results
Official V8 Supercar website
Adelaide 500
Clipsal 500
2000s in Adelaide |
Archivolva clava is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.
References
Ovulidae
Gastropods described in 1991 |
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The fall of Outremer describes the history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the end of the last European Crusade to the Holy Land in 1272 until the final loss in 1302. The kingdom was the center of Outremer—the four Crusader states—formed after the First Crusade in 1099 and reached its peak in 1187. The loss of Jerusalem in that year began the century-long decline. The years 1272–1302 are fraught with many conflicts throughout the Levant as well as the Mediterranean and Western European regions, and many Crusades were proposed to free the Holy Land from Mamluk control. The major players fighting the Muslims included the kings of England and France, the kingdoms of Cyprus and Sicily, the three Military Orders and Mongol Ilkhanate. Traditionally, the end of Western European presence in the Holy Land is identified as their defeat at the Siege of Acre in 1291, but the Christian forces managed to hold on to the small island fortress of Ruad until 1302.
The Holy Land would no longer be the focus of the West even though various crusades were proposed in the early years of the fourteenth century. The Knights Hospitaller would conquer Rhodes from Byzantium, making it the center of their activity for a hundred years. The Knights Templar, the elite fighting force in the kingdom, would be disbanded and its knights imprisoned or executed. The Mongols converted to Islam, but disintegrated as a fighting force. The Mamluk sultanate would continue for another century. The Crusades to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land were over.
The Last Crusades
The Eighth Crusade ended badly in 1270 and freed the Mamluks to continue to ravage Syria and Palestine. The Frankish fortresses soon fell, and the last major expedition, Lord Edward's Crusade, ended in 1272 and failed to free Jerusalem. There would be at least two planned crusades over the next decade but none that came to fruition, and two more planned before the final expulsion of the Franks from Syria in 1291. At the Second Council of Lyon in 1274, Gregory X, who had accompanied Edward I of England to the Holy Land, preached a new crusade to an assembly which included envoys from both the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Paliollogos and the Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa, as well as from the princes of the West. Many among the Western nobles took the cross. Gregory was successful in temporarily uniting the churches of Rome and Constantinople, and in securing Byzantine support for his new crusade, which reflected a general alarm at the plans of Charles I of Anjou. On 10 January 1276, Gregory X died and there was to be no crusade. Charles was able to resume his plans. In 1277, Maria of Antioch sold her claims to Charles who was then able to establish a presence in Acre, under the regency of Roger of San Severino. In 1278, he took possession of the Principality of Achaea. With these bases, he prepared for a new crusade, to be directed against Constantinople. His plans were disrupted by the War of the Sicilian Vespers and the coronation of Peter III of Aragon as king of Sicily which occupied him until his death in 1285. This was the last serious attempt at a crusade on behalf of the kingdom for two decades.
Baibars and the Assassins
During the Eighth Crusade in Tunis, Mamluk sultan Baibars expected that he would have to defend Egypt against Louis IX of France. In order to weaken the Frankish position, he arranged for the assassination of a leading baron, the Lord of Tyre, Philip of Montfort. The Assassins in Syria had thrived despite the successful Mongol campaign against the Nizaris in Persia. They owed much to the sultan, who freed them from paying tribute to the Knights Hospitaller, and resented the Frankish negotiations with the Mongol Ilkhanate. At the behest of Baibars, the Assassins sent one of their operatives to Tyre. On 17 August 1270, pretending to be a Christian convert, the would-be assassin entered the chapel where Philip and his son John of Montfort were praying. Philip was mortally wounded, surviving long enough to learn that his heir was safe. His death was a heavy blow to the Franks as John lacked his father's experience and prestige.
The death of Louis IX on 25 August 1270 relieved Baibars of the obligation to assist Tunisian caliph Muhammad I al-Mustansir. In February 1271, he marched into Frankish territory towards the settlement of Safita where the Chastel Blanc stood, a major fortress of the Knights Templar. The Mamluk attack was briefly repelled but the garrison was ordered to surrender by Grand Master Thomas Bérard, and the defenders were allowed to retire to Tortosa. On 3 March 1271, Baibars marched on the huge Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers. He was joined by contingents of the Syrian Assassins and the army of al-Mansur II Muhammad, emir of Hama. The Mamluks conveyed a forged letter from Grand Master Hugues de Revel directing the surrender of the garrison and on 8 April they capitulated and were allowed to travel to Tripoli. Krak des Chevaliers had defied even Saladin and it gave Baibars effective control of the approaches to Tripoli. He followed it up with the capture of Gibelacar Castle, falling on 1 May 1271.
Later in 1271, two Assassins were sent by Bohemond VI of Antioch to murder Baibars. The Isma'ili leaders that ordered the assassination were caught and agreed to surrender their castles and live at Baibars' court. Bohemond did not wish for Tripoli the same fate as Antioch and so he proposed a truce to Baibars. The sultan, sensing a lack of courage, demanded that he should pay all the expenses of his recent campaign. Bohemond refused the insulting terms, and Baibars then attacked the small fortress at Maraclea, built on a rock off the coast between Baniyas and Tortosa. Barthélémy de Maraclée, a vassal of Bohemond, fled the attack and took refuge in Persia at the court of Abaqa, where he pleaded with the Mongol Ilkhan to intervene in the Holy Land. Baibars was so furious at this attempt to bring his old nemesis into the equation that he directed the Assassins to murder Barthélémy.
In May 1271, Baibars offered Bohemond a truce for ten years, satisfied with his recent conquests. Bohemond accepted and the sultan returned to Egypt, pausing only to take Montfort Castle, belonging to the Teutonic Knights since 1220. The castle, first besieged in 1266, surrendered on 12 June after one week's siege and was demolished shortly thereafter. All the inland Frankish castles had now been captured. Baibars then sent a squadron of ships to attack Cyprus, having heard that Hugh III of Cyprus had left for Acre. His fleet appeared off of Limassol, but ran aground and its sailors were captured by the Cypriots.
Edward I of England
Edward I of England had attempted to join Louis IX on the Eighth Crusade, but arrived in North Africa after the Treaty of Tunis had been signed. That treaty marked the end of the Louis' last expedition in 1270, freeing up troops that Baibars had planned to send into the theater. Edward proceeded on to the Holy Land to confront the Mamluks, beginning his Crusades, the last from the West.
Early in 1272, Edward realized his expedition was futile, lacking in both manpower and allies. He decided to seek a truce that would preserve Frankish Outremer, at least temporarily. Baibars was ready for a truce as the remnants of the Frankish kingdom could then be attacked once the English had left. His major enemies were the Mongols and he needed to secure on that front before his assaults on the last of the Frankish fortresses. To prevent Western intervention, he need to maintain good relations with Charles I of Anjou, the only one who might bring effective help to Acre. Charles' main ambition was Constantinople, with Syria of secondary interest. He did have ambitions of adding Outremer to his empire and so wanted wished to preserve its existence but not by supporting Hugh III of Cyprus, then king of Jerusalem. He was willing to mediate between Baibars and Edward and on 22 May 1272, a treaty was signed between the sultan and Acre at Caesarea, under Mamluk control since 1265. The kingdom's possessions were guaranteed for ten years and ten months, primarily the narrow coastal plain from Acre to Sidon, plus the unhindered use of the road to Nazareth frequented by pilgrims. Tripoli was safeguarded by the truce that followed the Siege of Tripoli in 1271.
Edward wished to return to the Holy Land leading a greater crusade, and so, despite their truce, Baibars decided to have him assassinated. On 16 June 1272, an Assassin disguised as a native Christian penetrated into Edward's chamber, stabbing him with a poisoned dagger. Edward survived, but was seriously ill for months. After he had recovered, Edward prepared to sail for home. His father was dying, his own health was bad and there was nothing remaining to do. He left Acre on 22 September 1272, and returned to England to find himself king.
Gregory X and the Aftermath of the Crusades
Teobaldo Visconti, the archdeacon of Liege, was with Edward I on his Crusade when he received the news that he had been elected pope, taking the name Gregory X. As pope, one of his missions was to see how the crusading spirit could be revived with the goal of recovery of the Holy Land. His appeals for soldiers to take the cross and fight against the Muslims were circulated throughout Christendom, with limited response. As time went on, he received reports that were disturbing and would explain the hostility of public opinion towards the cause. Crusades were viewed as an instrument of an aggressive papal policy. Spiritual rewards were promised to men who would fight against the Greeks, the Albigensians and the Hohenstaufen, and so the fight against the Muslims in a Holy War was just one of many. Even loyal supporters saw no reason for making a long and uncomfortable journey to the Holy Land when there were so many opportunities of gaining holy merit in less exacting campaigns.
Gregory had convoked the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Church on 31 March 1272, wanting to discuss reunion of the Church with the Greeks, a new crusade, and Church reform. He issued the papal bull Dudum super generalis on 11 March 1273, asking for information on all the infidels that threatened Christendom. Among the many reports that he received were ones that pointed the blame for failure at the policies of papacy. Criticism of crusading, a minor occurrence after the earlier Crusades, was sparked anew after the failure of the later Crusades, generally describing needed changes for a successful expedition to the East. They were nevertheless reflected continued interest in and support for the crusading movement. Notable examples included the following:
Guibert of Tournai, a French Franciscan, wrote his Collectio de Scandalis Ecclesiae describing of the harm done to the Crusades by the quarrels of the kings and nobility. The main themes were the corruption of the clergy and the abuse of indulgences, with agents raising money by the redemption of Crusading vows. The clergy would not contribute to pay for the Crusades, even though Louis IX had refused them exemption. Yet the general public was taxed again and again for Crusades that never took place.
Bruno von Schauenburg, the bishop of Olmutz, wrote a report that spoke of scandals in the Church and called for a strong emperor, namely his benefactor, Ottokar II of Bohemia. Crusades to the East were now pointless and should instead be directed against the heathens on the eastern frontiers of the Empire. The Teutonic Knights were mishandling this work and, if it were directed by a suitable leader, it would provide financial as well as religious advantages.
William of Tripoli, a Dominican from Acre, wrote a more constructive memoir. He had little hopes for a Holy War in the East conducted from Europe, but he believed the prophecies that the end of Islam was close, to be destroyed by the Mongols. As a member of a preaching order he had faith in the power of sermons and it was his conviction that the East would be won by missionaries, not by soldiers. His opinion was supported by the theology of philosopher Roger Bacon.
Humbert of Romans, the fifth Master General of the Order of Preachers, provided a complete report in his Opus Tripartitum. This was written in anticipation of an ecumenical council which would discuss the crusade, the East-West Schism and Church reform. He did not believe that it was possible to convert the Muslims but thought the conversion of the Jews was a divine promise and that of the East European pagans could also be converted. He proposed that another crusade in the Holy Land was both feasible and essential to the Christian cause. He believed that vice and cowardice kept men from sailing eastward, and the love of their homelands and feminine influences anchored them at home. According to Humbert, few believed in the spiritual merit that was promised to the crusader. Clerical reform may be of some help, but the reform of public sentiment was impractical and his recommendations for the execution of a crusade were valueless. In the area of finance, he implied that papal methods of extortion had not always been popular, clearly an understatement. He believed that if the Church and the princes were to sell some of their treasures, it would have positive psychological as well as material results.
The Second Council of Lyon
The Second Council of Lyon convened the next year to consider three major themes: (1) union with the Greeks, (2) the crusade, and (3) the reform of the church. Its sessions opened in May 1274. There was good participation, including by Paul of Segni, then bishop of Tripoli, and Guillaume de Beaujeu, recently elected grand master. But the kings of Christendom were notably absent. Philip III of France and Edward I of England, now king, declined to attend. James I of Aragon appeared and was eager to set out on another adventure, but he was soon bored and returned home. Delegates from emperor Michael VIII Paliollogos made an empty promise towards the submission of the Patriarchate of Constantinople as the emperor feared the ambition of Charles I of Anjou. The ambassadors of Abaqa, Ilkhan of the Mongols, also attended. Thomas Aquinas had been summoned to the council, but died en route. Bonaventure was present at the first four sessions, but died at Lyon on 15 July 1274. As at the First Council of Lyon, Thomas Cantilupe was an English attendee and a papal chaplain. Nothing of any value was achieved for the reform of the Church. The delegates were ready to talk about the crusades, particularly the recovery of the Holy Land, but none came forward with realistic offers of help that would be necessary to launch it.
In 1273, Gregory had prepared for the union of the churches by sending an embassy to Constantinople, and by inducing Charles I of Anjou and Philip I of Courtenay, Latin Emperor in exile, to moderate their political ambitions. Among those arriving at Lyons were Germanus III, George Akropolites and other dignitaries represent Byzantium. Their letter from the emperor had been endorsed by fifty archbishops and five hundred bishops. On 29 June 1274 at the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, Gregory celebrated Mass in the Church of St. John. On 6 July, after a sermon by Pierre de Tarentaise and the public reading of the letter from the emperor, the Byzantines pledged fidelity to Rome and promised protection of Christians in the Holy Land. In response, Gregory wrote letters of encouragement to the emperor, his son Andronikos II Palaiologos, and forty-one metropolitans. Letters in response indicated that George Akropolites' assurances of fidelity had not been expressly authorized by the emperor.
The Crusade of Gregory X and the Mongols
Gregory X was the first pope to combine plans for a general crusade––a passagium generale––with plans for smaller interventions, called a "dual crusading policy". The council followed Gregory's lead and drew up plans for a crusade to recover the Holy Land, to be financed by a tithe imposed for six years on all the benefices of Christendom. The plans were approved but nothing concrete was done. James I of Aragon wished to organize the expedition at once, an idea that was opposed by the Templars. Fidentius of Padua, who had experience in the Holy Land, was commissioned by the pope to write a report on the recovery of the Holy Land.
The delegation of Mongols created a great stir, particularly when their leader underwent a public baptism. Among this delegation were the English Dominican David of Ashby and the clerk Rychaldus, and their objective was to conclude an alliance with the Christians. Rychaldus delivered a report to the council, outlining previous European-Ilkhanid relations under Abaqa's father Hulagu. There, after welcoming the Christian ambassadors to his court, Hulagu had agreed to exempt Latin Christians from taxes and charges in exchange for their prayers for the Khagan. Hulagu had also prohibited the molestation of Frankish establishments, and had committed to return Jerusalem to the Franks. Rychaldus told the assembly that Abaqa was still determined to drive the Mamluks from Syria and, at the bequest of the pope, would leave Christians in peace during their war against Islam.
At the council, Gregory promulgated a new crusade to start in 1278 in conjunction with the Mongols. He outlined a significant program to launch the crusade, which was documented in his Constitutions for the Zeal of the Faith. This text put forward four main milestones to accomplish the Crusade: (1) the imposition of a new tax over three years; (2) the interdiction of any kind of trade with the Muslims; (3) the supply of ships by the Italian maritime republics; and (4) the alliance of the West with Byzantium and the Ilkhanate. Despite the papal plans, there was little support from European monarchs who were reluctant to commit troops and resources. Gregory persevered, seeking to force the Western rulers carry out the pious resolutions of by the council. In 1275, Philip III of France took the Cross, followed by Rudolph of Hapsburg, in return for the promise of a coronation by the pope at Rome.
Gregory began preparing the Holy Land for the arrival of the crusade, ordering that fortresses be repaired and mercenaries deployed. From his personal experience, there was nothing to be expected from the government of Hugh III of Cyprus. He was sympathetic to Maria of Antioch, encouraging her to sell her claims to the Jerusalem throne to Charles I of Anjou. The pope wished Charles to take an active interest in Outremer, not only for its own protection but also to divert him from his ambitions towards Byzantine. But all of the plans of Gregory X came to nothing. He died on 10 January 1276. No Crusade had left for the Holy Land, and none was likely to leave. The money that had been gathered was instead distributed in Italy.
Gregory's Successors through the Loss of Acre
Gregory X was followed by, in quick succession, Innocent V, Adrian V and John XXI. During John's eight-month papacy, he attempted to launch a crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land, pushed for a union with the Eastern church, and did what he could to maintain peace between the Christian nations. He also launched a mission to convert the Mongols, but he died before it could start. He was succeeded by Nicholas III, who had served as a powerful cardinal under his predecessors. In 1278, at the request of Abaga, Franciscan missionaries were dispatched by the new pope to preach the Gospel first in Persia and then in China. The realization of the pope's desire for the organization of a crusade was not possible given the distracted state of European politics.
Nicholas III died on 22 August 1280 and was succeeded by Martin IV. Dependent on Charles I of Anjou in nearly everything, the new pope appointed him to the position of Summus Senator of Rome. At the insistence of Charles, Martin excommunicated emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus on 18 October 1281, as he stood in the way of Charles's plans to restore the Latin Empire of Constantinople established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade and overthrown in 1261. This broke the tenuous union which had been reached between the Greek and the Latin Churches at Lyon, and further compromise was rendered impossible. In 1282, Charles lost control of the island of Sicily in the violent massacre known as the Sicilian Vespers. The Sicilians had elected Peter III of Aragon as their king and sought papal confirmation. This was denied although the pope reconfirmed Sicily as a vassal state of the papacy. Martin IV used all of his resources against the Aragonese in order to preserve Sicily for the House of Anjou. He excommunicated Peter III, declared his kingdom of Aragon forfeit, and ordered Aragonese Crusade, but it was all in vain.
Martin IV died in March 1285 and was succeeded by Honorius IV. Honorius inherited plans for another crusade, but confined himself to collecting the tithes imposed at Lyon, arranging with the great banking houses of Italy to act as his agents. Honorius IV died in 1287 and was succeeded by Nicholas IV. The loss of Acre in 1291 stirred Nicholas to renewed enthusiasm for a crusade. He sent papal legates including the Franciscan John of Monte Corvino to the Great Khan, the Ilkhan Arghun Khan, son of Abaqa, and other leading personages of the Mongol Empire. After his death, he was succeeded briefly by Celestine V and then by Boniface VIII in December 1294. When Frederick III of Sicily attained his throne after the death of his father Peter III of Aragon, Boniface tried to dissuade him from accepting the throne of Sicily. When Frederick persisted, in 1296, Boniface excommunicated him, and placed the island under interdict. Neither the king nor the people were moved. The conflict continued until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Peter's son Frederick III of Sicily recognized as king of Sicily while Charles II the lame was recognized as king of Naples. To prepare for a crusade, Boniface ordered Venice and Genoa to sign a truce. They fought each other for three more years, and turned down his offer to mediate peace.
The Crusade of Charles I of Anjou
After Lyon, Gregory X prohibited Charles I of Anjou from launching military actions against the Byzantine Empire, allowing only the sending of reinforcements to Achaea. A new crusade to the Holy Land remained his principal goal and persuaded Charles to start negotiations with Maria of Antioch about purchasing her claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Haute Cour had already rejected her in favour of Hugh III, of whom the pope had a low opinion. After the death of Gregory, Charles was determined to secure the election of a pope willing to support his plans. Gregory's successor Innocent V had always been supportive of Charles, and he mediated a peace treaty between Charles and Genoa, signed in Rome on 22 June 1276. When John XXI was elected pope on 20 September 1276, he excommunicated Charles' opponents and confirmed the treaty between Charles and Maria on 18 March 1276, transferring her claims to Jerusalem to Charles. Charles I of Anjou now laid claim to the title of King of Jerusalem.
Charles appointed Roger of San Severino to administer the kingdom as bailli, arriving at Acre on 7 June 1277. Hugh III's bailiff, Balian of Arsuf, surrendered the town without resistance. Initially only the Hospitallers and the Venetians acknowledged Charles as the lawful ruler. The barons of the realm later paid homage to San Severino in January 1278, after he had threatened to confiscate their estates. John XXI died early in 1277 and could not prevent the election of his nemesis Nicholas III later that year. Charles swore fealty to the new pope on 24 May 1278 after lengthy negotiations. Nicholas then confirmed the excommunication of Charles' enemies in Piedmont and started negotiations with Rudolph of Habsburg to prevent him from making an alliance against Charles with Margaret of Provence and Edward I of England. Charles had meanwhile inherited Achaea from William II of Villehardouin, who had died on 1 May 1278. Nicephoros I of Epirus acknowledged Charles' suzerainty on 14 March 1279 to secure his assistance against the Byzantines. Nicholas III died on 22 August 1280 and, after much intrigue, one of Charles' staunchest supporter was elected as pope Martin IV on 22 February 1281, dismissing his predecessor's relatives.
Michael VIII Palaeologus had been excommunicated and the pope soon authorized Charles to invade Byzantium. Hugh of Sully, Charles vicar in Albania, had already unsuccessfully launched the Siege of Berat in 1280. The victory at Berat the next year represented the emperor's greatest success in battle over the Latins since the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259. On 3 July 1281, Charles and his son-in-law Philip of Courtenay, the titular Latin emperor, made an alliance with Venice for the restoration of the Roman Empire. They decided to start a full-scale campaign early the next year.
Margaret of Provence called Robert II of Burgundy and Otto IV of Burgundy and other lords who held fiefs in the Kingdom of Arles to a meeting at Troyes in the autumn of 1281. They were willing to unite their troops to prevent Charles' army from taking possession of the kingdom, but Philip III of France strongly opposed his mother's plan and Edward I would not promise any assistance to them. Charles' ships started to assemble at Marseilles to sail up the Rhone in the spring of 1282. Another fleet was gathering at Messina to start the crusade against the Byzantine Empire.
In 1279, a former chancellor of Manfred of Sicily named John of Procida is credited with plotting against Charles convincing Michael VIII Palaeologus, the Sicilian barons and Nicholas III to support a revolt. Michael's wealth enabled him to send money to the discontented Sicilian barons. Peter III of Aragon decided to lay claim to Sicily in late 1280 and he did not hide his disdain when he met with Charles II of Naples in December 1280. He began to assemble a fleet, ostensibly for another crusade to Tunis. Through John's secret diplomatic actions the conditions were set enabling the destruction of Charles' crusading invasion fleet (aimed first at recapturing Constantinople) at anchor in Messina. This provided the conditions for the security of Constantinople and the ability of Peter III to recover the island.
The Situation in Outremer
The Crusader states, known as Outremer, had not changed much in the century after Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187. At their largest in 1144 following the successes of the First Crusade, the loss of Edessa that year was the first blow which could not be reversed by the Second Crusade. The Third Crusade did not recover Jerusalem and Frankish Outremer had not changed significantly after the end of the last of the major Crusades in 1272. The Fourth Crusade reworked the Byzantine Empire in 1204, but it was back force in 1261. The Fifth Crusade met disaster in Egypt, and the return of Jerusalem in 1229 after the Sixth Crusade was temporary, with Jerusalem lost along with the military strength of the Frankish kingdom in 1244. The Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade never advanced past North Africa. Some territory changed hands through the various minor Crusades, but the Frankish presence in the Holy Land continued to shrink through 1277.
Principality of Galilee
The Principality of Galilee was essentially destroyed by Saladin in 1187, although the title "Prince of Galilee" was used by some relatives of the kings of Cyprus, the titular kings of Jerusalem. Some of its former holdings were briefly reclaimed by a treaty made during the Barons' Crusade of 1239–1241, but by 1272, the only fief that remained in Frankish hands was Beirut. At that time, Hugh III of Cyprus considered it his duty to defend Outremer, but did not either expect or desire a crusade. He rather wished to preserve the truce with the sultan Baibars, weak as it was. His first setback was losing control of Beirut. The lordship of Beirut had passed to Isabella of Beirut upon the death of her father John II of Ibelin in 1264. Isabella's liaison with Julian of Sidon provoked the papal letter De sinu patris which strongly urged her to marry. In 1272 she married Haymo Létrange––the Foreigner––a wealthy lord who may have been a companion of Edward I. Haymo died in 1273. While on his deathbed, he put Isabella and Beirut under the unusual protection of Baibars. Hugh III wanted to use Isabella's status as a wealthy heiress to choose a new husband for her,in order to attract a knight to the fight in the Holy Land. Hugh forcibly took Isabella to Cyprus to arrange a new marriage, leaving her mother Alice de la Roche as regent of Beirut. Isabella resisted and received the support of both Baibars and the Knights Templar. The matter was brought to the Haute Cour and became a political dispute. The court ruled in favor of Baibars and Mamluk guards were assigned to Isabella's protection. After Baibars' death in 1277, Hugh resumed control of the fief and, when died in 1282, Beirut passed to her sister Eschive of Ibelin, the wife of Humphrey de Montfort, a loyal friend of Hugh's.
Principality of Antioch
The fall of the Principality of Antioch began shortly after the end of the first of Louis IX's Crusades when, in 1254, Bohemond VI of Antioch married Sibylla of Armenia. This ended an epic power struggle, with Armenia was the more powerful and Antioch a vassal state. Both were swept up by the conflict between the Mamluks and the Mongols. In 1260, under the influence of his father-in-law Hethum I of Armenia, Bohemond VI submitted to the Mongol ruler Hulagu, making Antioch a tributary state to the Mongols. Bohemond and Hethum fought on the side of the Mongols during the conquests Syria, taking first Aleppo and then Damascus.
When the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Baibars began to threaten Antioch, which, as a vassal of the Armenians, had supported the Mongols. Baibars finally took the city after the Siege of Antioch in 1268, and all of northern Syria was quickly under Egyptian control. The exception was the city of Latakia at which the Franks had a minor victory. Latakia, lost to Saladin in 1188, had recently been recaptured from the Mamluks. It remained the only portion of the principality still under Frankish control. Baibars did not consider it to be covered by his treaties with Tripoli or with Acre and his army had the city surrounded. The Latakians appealed to Hugh III who was able to negotiate a truce with Baibars.
Ownership of the castle at Maraclea remained a matter of dispute between the principality and the Hospitallers. In 1271, the city itself was destroyed by the Mamluks. The Lord of Maraclea was a vassal of Bohemond's named Barthélémy de Maraclée who fled from the Mamluk offensive, taking refuge in Persia at the Mongol Court of Abaqa, where he exhorted the Mongols to intervene in the Holy Land.
County of Tripoli
Hugh III also had problems within the County of Tripoli. Bohemond VI of Antioch died in 1275, leaving two underaged children Bohemond VII of Tripoli and Lucia, Countess of Tripoli. Hugh, as the senior member of the House of Antioch, claimed the regency of Tripoli. But the princess Sibylla of Armenia, Bohemond VI's widow, had immediately assumed power. When Hugh arrived at Tripoli to assert his claim, Bohemond VII had already been sent to the court of his uncle Leo II of Armenia, who succeeded his father Hethum I in 1269. In Bohemond's absence, the city was administered by Bartholomew Mansel, the bishop of Tortosa. Hugh did not enjoy popular support in Tripoli. Bartholomew had the people's support but was the bitter enemy of Paul of Segni, the bishop of Tripoli and Bohemond VI's uncle. Paul of Segni and his sister Lucienne of Segni had installed many loyalist Romans in the county who subsequently were purged by Sibylla and Bartholomew, some exiled and other put to death. Complicating the situation, Paul of Segni was supported by the Templars, having met Guillaume de Beaujeu at Lyon. The arrival of Bohemond VII from Armenia in 1277 to take over the government would lead to civil war in the county.
Lordship of Tyre
At the creation of the kingdom in 1099, Tyre remained in Muslim hands and was paying tribute to the Crusaders. On 7 July 1124, the Siege of Tyre was successful, bringing the last city to be taken by the Frankish army, supported by a fleet of the Venetian Crusade. In 1246, Henry I of Cyprus separated Tyre from the royal domain and created a quasi-independent Lordship of Tyre, under its first lord Philip of Montfort. In 1257, one year after the beginning of the War of Saint Sabas between Genoa and Venice over control of Acre, Philip expelled the Venetians from the one third of the city that had been conceded to them more than a century earlier.
In May 1269, Baibars led an abortive raid upon Tyre after failed negotiations towards a truce. In September 1269, Hugh III was crowned king of Jerusalem in Tyre and a year later, Philip was killed by an Assassin, apparently in the employ of Baibars. He was succeeded by his eldest son, John of Montfort who entered into a treaty with Baibars, transferring control over several villages to him. In 1277, he also restored Venetian privileges. Tyre would enter into a treaty with Baibars' successor Qalawun in 1284 and would remain in Christian hands until 1291.
The Remnants of the Kingdom
After his crusade ended, Edward I, together with Hugh III, negotiated a truce with Baibars. A 10-year-10-month-and-10-day agreement was reached in May 1272, at Caesarea. Nevertheless, Hugh's problems with Acre began in earnest, reflecting a long-held opposition to his direct rule. The Templars had both disapproved with his reconciliation with the Montforts and had opposed his accession to the throne. He may have looked to the Hospitallers for help, but their influence had faded after the loss of its headquarters at Krak des Chevaliers. Its only remaining great castle in Syria was Margat. By 1268, Hugues de Revel, wrote that the Hospital could maintain but 300 knights in the Holy Land, down from a peak of 10,000. But the Templars still possessed Tortosa, Sidon, the Château Pèlerin, and maintained formidable banking connections. Thomas Bérard, Templar Grand Master through 1273, disliked Hugh but had never openly challenged him. His successor Guillaume de Beaujeu was elected in Apulia, the territory of his cousin Charles I of Anjou. He came to the Holy Land in 1275 determined to further Charles' projects and opposed to the priorities of Hugh III.
In October 1276, the Templars purchased a village south of Acre called La Fauconnerie (La Féve), deliberately omitting to secure Hugh's consent to the transaction. As the latest in a string of complaints that were ignored, he decided to leave the kingdom, retiring first to Tyre with the intention of sailing to Cyprus. He left Acre without appointing a bailli. The Templars and the Venetians were happy to see Hugh leave, but they were in the minority. The Latin patriarch, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights and the Genoese sent delegates to Tyre to plead with him to return, or at least appoint a responsible party. He was too angry at first to listen to them, but at last, probably on the pleading of John of Montfort, he appointed Balian of Ibelin as administrator as well as various judges for kingdom's courts. He then embarked for Cyprus where he wrote to the pope to justify his actions. Balian had the impossible task of maintaining the government of the kingdom in the absence of a king, real or claimant. The Templars and the Hospitallers backed competing factions and the Venetians and the Genoese exhibited old hostilities.
Shortly thereafter, Charles I of Anjou assumed the title of king, but was engrossed elsewhere, and his interests in the Holy Land were handled by Roger of San Severino. Thanks to the help of the Templars and Venetians, Roger and his accompanying forces were able to land at Acre, where he produced credentials signed by Charles, Maria of Antioch and John XXI. Balian of Ibelin was caught off guard as he was without instructions from Hugh, and was opposed by the Templars and Venetians. Neither the Latin patriarch or the Hospitallers would intervene. Avoiding bloodshed, Balian delivered the Citadel of Acre, a Hospitaller site, to Roger who hoisted Charles' banner. The barons hesitated to support this state of affairs, primarily objecting to the thought that the throne of the kingdom could be transferred without a decision of the Haute Cour. They sent a delegation to Cyprus asking Hugh to release them from their allegiance to him. Hugh refused to give an answer. Finally, Roger threatened confiscation of the estates of those who would not pay him homage. After further entreaties to Hugh, again fruitless, the barons acquiesced and soon Bohemond VII of Tripoli acknowledged him as lawful bailli. Roger soon installed those loyal to Charles in key positions.
The Mamluks
The problems in Outremer were much to the benefit of Baibars, as he could trust that Roger of San Severino would not promote a new Crusade nor to engage in activities with the Mongols. With minimal threats from the Franks, he could deal with the Ilkhanate. Abaqa was keenly aware of the dangers posed by the Mamluks and wished to build an alliance with the West, culminating in his sending embassies to Lyon in 1274. In 1276, he tried again, with a letter to Edward I of England, apologizing that he had been unable to provide more help in 1271. None of this produced any results as Edward I wished to go on another crusade, but neither he nor Philip III of France was ready yet to do so. With a succession of new popes that year, the Papal Curia was very influential and strongly influenced by Charles I of Anjou, who disliked the Mongols intensely as the friends of his enemies, the Byzantines and the Genoese. At that time, the policy of Charles I was one of entente with Baibars. The popes also hoped to bring the Mongols into the Church. Even Leo II of Armenia, both a Mongol vassal and in communion with Rome, could not produce any results.
Baibars' Final Invasions
Baibars was able to pursue his ambitions without the threat of Western intervention. Early in 1275, he led a raid into Armenian Cilicia, sacking the cities of the plain, but was unable to advance to Sis. Undetered, he invaded the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. Sultan Kaykhusraw II was the last of the powerful rulers of Rûm and was a vassal of the Mongols. After his death in 1246, his son Kilij Arslan IV became sultan, dying in 1266. The new sultan was now Arslan's young son Kaykhusraw III. His minister, Pervâne Suleyman was the chief power in the land but was unable to control the local emirates. The Ilkhan maintained Rûm as a protectorate, enforced by a Mongol garrison. On 18 April 1277, this garrison was routed by the Mamluks at Elbistan. Pervâne was in command of the Seljuk contingent and fled with Kaykhusraw III to Tokat. Five days later, Baibars made a triumphal entry into Kayseri, then returning to Syria. At the news of his troops' defeat, Abaqa hastened to Anatolia, sternly punished the Seljuks, with massacres of tens of thousands of people reported. Pervâne, who had rushed to congratulate Baibars on his victory, was held by Abaqa responsible for the Mamluk campaign and had him killed. It was rumored that the flesh of Pervâne was served to his subjects at a state banquet. Abaga quickly recovered control of the sultanate.
The Death of Baibars
Baibars did not long survive his Anatolian invasion. He died in Damascus on 1 July 1277. As he was the greatest enemy to Christendom since Saladin, there was rejoicing throughout the Holy Land and Europe at the news of his death. His successor was his eldest son, al-Said Barakah, a weak youth who set about limiting the power of the emirs from his father's administration and promoting those loyal to him. One such emir was al-Mansûr Qalawun, whose daughter had married Barakah. In 1279, the sultan and his father-in-law, commander of the Syrian troops, were on a campaign in Armenian Cilicia when a revolt occurred in Cairo. Returning home, Barakah abdicated in favor of his seventeen-year-old brother Badr al-Din Solamish. Qalawun installed himself as atabeg and essentially took over the government. Within four months, Qalawun displaced the child and proclaimed himself sultan.
Qalawun
Qalawun was a Kipchak who became a mamluk in the 1240s after being sold to a member of the household of Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil's household. He was known as al-Alfī (the Thousander) as it was believed that the sultan's son as-Salih Ayyub bought him for a thousand dinars of gold. Qalawun rose in power and influence and became an emir under Baibars and eventually became sultan after displacing Baibars' heirs. In 1279, Qalawun took the title al-Malik al-Manṣūr (the victorious king). In Damascus, its viceroy Sunqur al-Ashqar used the turmoil of succession in Cairo to assert Syrian independence, declaring himself sultan. Sunqur's claim of leadership was soon quashed, and he was soon ensconced in Sahyun Castle. The common threat of the Mongols caused a reconciliation of Qalawun and Sunqur. Abaqa had invaded Syria, taking Aleppo in October 1280.
Barakah, Solamish and their brother Khadir were exiled to al-Karak, once a Crusader castle taken by the Ayyubids in 1188. Barakah died there in 1280 (possibly poisoned on the orders of Qalawun), and Khadir gained control of the castle. In 1286, Qalawun took it over directly. As his predecessor had, Qalawun entered into land control treaties with what was left of the Crusader states, Military Orders and individual lords who wished to remain independent. He also recognized Tyre and Beirut as separate from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre. The treaties were always in Qalawun's favor, and his treaty with Tyre mandated that the city would not build new fortifications, would stay neutral in conflicts between the Mamluks and other Crusaders, and Qalawun would be allowed to collect half the city's taxes. In 1281, Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with the emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in order to foster resistance against Charles I of Anjou, who was threatening both Byzantium and the kingdom.
Qalawun's truce with the Hospitallers at Acre and Bohemond VII was to last 10 years. The Hospitallers at Margat did not respect this treaty and joined the Mongol forces of Möngke Temür. Qalawun and Sunqur al-Ashqar, now working together, engaged the Ilkhanate in combat. resulting in the defeat of the Mongols at the bloody Second Battle of Homs on 29 October 1281. Qalawun would take his revenge on Margat. On 17 April 1285, in spite of the agreement of peace, Qalawun attacked Margat. The Hospitallers negotiated their surrender and Margat capitulated on May 25. They were allowed to leave with 2,000 gold coins and what 25 mules could carry. They left for Tripoli and Tortosa. Rather than destroy Margat as he did with other fortresses, Qalawun repaired its defenses and placed a strong garrison there due to its strategic value.
Qalawun's early reign was marked by policies that were meant to gain the support of important societal elements, namely the merchant class, the Muslim bureaucracy and the religious establishment. These policies included extensive construction projects at Islam's holiest sites, such as the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron. He also reduced taxes on the merchant community. After 1280, Qalawun launched a large-scale arrest campaign to eliminate internal dissent, imprisoning dozens of high-ranking emirs in Egypt and Syria. He also began other construction activities focusing on more secular and personal purposes, including the Qalawun Complex in Cairo across from the tomb of as-Salih Ayyub. In contrast to his Mamluk predecessors who focused on establishing madrasas, the complex was built to gain the goodwill of the public, create a lasting legacy, and secure his spot in the afterlife. Its location facing as-Salih's tomb was meant demonstrate Qalawun's lasting connection to his former master and to honor the Salihiyyah. While the Salihi mamluks were typically Kipchaks, Qalawun diversified mamluk ranks purchasing numerous non-Turks, particularly Circassians (from which the Burji dynasty was born in the next century).
The Kingdom through Henry II
At the end of Lord Edward's Crusade, the House of Lusignan had ruled the Kingdom of Jerusalem for four years and would maintain their dominance through the kingdom's demise. Hugh III of Cyprus was King of Cyprus when he began to rule Jerusalem and was a rival of Charles I of Anjou. He was succeeded by his son John I of Cyprus, serving a short-lived term from 1284 to 1285. He was succeeded by his brother Henry II of Cyprus who would be the last king of Jerusalem.
Civil War in Outremer
When Bohemond VII returned to Tripoli in 1277, he was already on bad terms with the Templars. Soon thereafter, he got into a quarrel with his vassal and cousin Guy II Embriaco. Guy had been promised the hand of a local heiress for his brother. Bartholomew Mansel had other ideas, convincing Bohemond to consent to the marriage of the young lady to Bartholomew's nephew. In response, Guy kidnapped the girl and married her to his brother, fleeing to the Templars. Bohemond responded by destroying the Templars' buildings at Tripoli and cutting down a nearby forest that they owned. Templar grand master Guillaume de Beaujeu immediately led his knights against Tripoli, first burning the castle at Botroun. He then attacked Fort Nephin, which resulted in the capture of numerous Templars. The Templars soon moved back to Acre, and Bohemond began an attack on Byblos, a city ruled by Guy. Guy and a contingent of Templars met him, engaging in a fierce battle north of Botroun. Bohemond's small force was defeated and he accepted a year-long truce, broken in 1278 when Guy and the Templars attacked once more. Once again Bohemond was defeated and he responded with a naval attack against Templar positions in Sidon. Hospitaller grand master Nicolas Lorgne intervened and arranged another truce.
Guy remained determined to capture Tripoli. On 12 January 1282, Guy, his brother and others entered Tripoli expecting to be greeted by his Templar allies, but owing a misunderstanding, the Templar commander was absent. Fearing treachery, Guy sought refuge in the house of the Hospitallers. After an hours-long standoff, he was convinced to surrender to Bohemond on the promise that his and his companions' lives would be spared. His friends were blinded, but Bohemond had Guy and his relatives taken to Nephin and buried up to their necks in sand in the moat. There they were left to starve to death. Guy died in February 1282.
To the south, the government of Roger of San Severino at Acre was resented by the local nobles. In 1277, the Templars under Guillaume de Beaujeu attempted enlist John of Montfort as an ally. They initially succeeded in reconciling John with the Venetians, who were allowed to return to Tyre. In 1279, Hugh III brought a large Cypriot army to Tyre, hoping that a display of strength and bribery would be enough to restore his authority over the city. John was on his side, but de Beaujeu's enduring opposition to Hugh frustrated the plan. Upon returning to Cyprus, he seized the Templars' properties and destroyed their fortifications in reprisal. The Templars complained to the pope, who asked Hugh to restore their property, but he declined.
Second Battle of Homs
When Hugh came to Tyre with his army in 1279, he may have planned to assist the Mongols in their attempted invasion of the Mamluk-held Levant. Abaqa was eager to strike in Syria before Qalawun could consolidate his power as Damascus was still defying Cairo. In September 1280, the Mongol army crossed the Euphrates and occupied the strategic fortifications of Aintab, Baghras and Darbsak. On 20 October 1280, they took Aleppo, pillaging the city and burning the mosques, send the Moslem inhabitants fleeing south to Damascus. Soon thereafter, a Mongol ambassador appeared at Acre asking the Franks to join their offensive. The Hospitallers forwarded the message to Edward I, but no response came from Acre. Qalawun acted swiftly on the news of the coming Mongol invasion. He made peace with Sunqur and signed a ten-year truce with the Hospitallers and Templars on 3 May 1281, supplementing the one already in force with Acre. On 16 July 1281, Bohemond VII entered into a similar pact.
The Second Battle of Homs was set in motion in September 1281 with two Mongol armies advancing into Syria. The first was commanded by Abaqa, attacking the Moslem fortresses along the Euphrates. The second was under his brother Möngke Temur who first joined with the Armenians and then marched into the Orontes valley. He had an impressive force of 50,000 Mongol troops, with 30,000 Armenians, Georgians, Greeks, and 200 Hospitallers from Margat. Qalawun had assembled his forces at gone to Damascus and then moved to the north. On 30 October 1281, the opposing armies met outside Homs. Temur commanded the center, with other Mongols on his left, and on his right the Georgians, Armenians and Hospitallers. The Mamluk center was led by Qalawun with Egyptians and Damascenes under Lajin al-Ashqar, with his right commanded by al-Mansur II Muhammad of Hama and on the left was Sunqur al-Ashqar leading the Syrians and Turcomans.
The Christian forces on the Mongol right routed the Syrians and pursued Sunqur to his camp at Horns, leaving their flank uncovered. The Mongol left held firm, but Temur was wounded in the attack and he ordered a retreat, isolating the Armenians. Leo II of Armenia, leading that force fled to the north with heavy loss of life. Qalawun had lost too many men to follow and so the Mongol army fled across the Euphrates without further losses. The English Hospitaller Joseph of Chauncy was present at the battle and wrote a letter to Edward I of England describing it. In it, Joseph shielded Hugh III and Bohemond VII, claiming they were unable to join the battle (on the Mongol side), shielding them from the anger of the king. In fact, Hugh had done nothing and Bohemond had made a truce with the Moslems. Even worse, Roger of San Severino made a special effort to congratulate Qalawun on his victory.
The Fall of Charles I and Hugh III
On 30 March 1282, the Sicilians rebelled against Charles I of Anjou and his soldiers and massacred the French on the island. A popular uprising against Charles' government known as the Sicilian Vespers began. The rebels, many of the Sicilian nobles, asked Peter III for help, offering him the crown as they considered his wife their rightful queen. After receiving an embassy from the rebels, they traveled to Sicily and were proclaimed king and queen of Sicily, beginning the House of Barcelona as Peter I the Great (Peter III of Aragon) and Constance II of Sicily, on 4 September 1282. Charles was forced to flee across the Straits of Messina and be content with his Kingdom of Naples. With Martin IV's bull dated 18 November 1282, he again excommunicated Michael—as well as Peter, John of Procida, and Benedetto Zaccaria—as part of the conspiracy that led to the Sicilian Vespers. Skirmishes and raids continued to occur in southern Italy. Aragonese guerillas attacked Catona and killed Peter of Alençon in January 1283. The Aragonese seized Reggio Calabria in February and the Sicilian admiral, Roger of Lauria, annihilated a newly raised Provençal fleet at Malta in April. However, tensions arose between the Aragonese and the Sicilians and in May 1283 one of the leaders of the anti-Angevin rebellion, Walter of Caltagirone, was executed for his secret correspondence with Charles' agents.
The collapse of Charles' power was a surprise to Qalawun, but he still needed to keep the Franks from forming an alliance with the Mongols. In June 1283, when the truce signed at Caesarea ended, Qalawun offered the seneschal Odo Poilechien to renew it for another ten years. Odo accepted, but he was unsure of his authority and so the treaty was signed in the name of the Commune of Acre and the Templars of Château Pèlerin and Sidon. It guaranteed the Franks in their possession of the territory from the Ladder of Tyre to Mount Carmel and included the Templar sites. Tyre and Beirut were excluded, but the right of pilgrimage to Nazareth was maintained.
Odo was glad to preserve the peace as Hugh III was again to try to recover his mainland kingdom. Isabella of Beirut had died and the city had passed to her sister Eschive of Ibelin. Eschive was married to Humphrey of Montfort, the younger brother of John of Montfort. Believing that he could trust the brothers, Hugh sailed from Cyprus in July 1283 with his sons Henry II and Bohemond. Unfavorable winds blew them from Acre to Beirut, arriving on I August. He sailed on to Tyre, sending his troops by land down the coast where they were attacked by Muslim raiders. While Hugh was at Tyre, he was not met by officials at Acre, who preferred the hands-off style of government provided by Odo Poilechien. Hugh's Cypriot nobles would not stay in Tyre for more than the lawfully required four months. Then on 13 November, Hugh's heir-apparent Bohemond died, followed soon after by the death of his close friend John of Montfort. The lordship of Tyre then passed to John's brother Humphrey, who then died the following February 1284. His widow Eschive then married Hugh's youngest son Guy of Poitiers-Lusignan who left his position of constable of Cyprus to go to Beirut. Tyre remained under the rule of John's widow Margaret of Antioch-Lusignan, coincidentally Hugh's sister. Hugh remained on at Tyre where he died on 4 March 1284.
Hugh was succeeded by his eldest son, John I of Cyprus, a boy of about seventeen. He was crowned king of Cyprus at Nicosia on 11 May 1284, and immediately afterwards crossed to Tyre where he was crowned king of Jerusalem. But outside of Tyre and Beirut his authority was unrecognized on the mainland. He reigned only one year, dying of poisoning at Cyprus on 20 May 1285. His successor was his brother Henry II of Cyprus, aged fourteen and suspected of the poisoning. Henry II was crowned king of Cyprus on 24 June 1285, remaining in Cyprus for a year before venturing to Acre where he was crowned king of Jerusalem on 15 August 1286.
The Aragonese Crusade
The Aragonese Crusade was part of the larger War of the Sicilian Vespers. The Crusade was declared against Peter III of Aragon on 2 February 1284 because Sicily was a papal fief and its conquest by Aragon caused the pope depose Peter III as king. Peter's nephew Charles of Valois, son of Philip III, was anointed as king. The crusade caused a civil war to begin in Aragon, as Peter's brother, James II of Majorca, joined the French. Peter's eldest son Alfonso III of Aragon, was placed in charge of defending the border with Navarre, which was ruled by Philip III's son, Philip IV of France. Philip IV would eventually rule France and oversee the final loss of the Holy Land in 1291.
In 1284, the first French armies under Philip and Charles entered Roussillon. Though the French had James' support, the local populace rose against them. The city of Elne was valiantly defended by the so-called bâtard de Roussillon (bastard of Roussillon), the illegitimate son of Nuño Sánchez, late count of Roussillon. Eventually he was overcome and the cathedral was burnt, and the royal forces continued their advance. In 1285, the city of Girona was taken. Charles was crowned there, but without an actual crown. The French then experienced a reversal at the hands of Roger de Lauria. The French fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Les Formigues on 4 September 1285. The French were dealt a crushing blow at the Battle of the Col de Panissars on 1 October.
Peter III died on 2 November 1285, following the deaths of Philip III and Charles I of Anjou that same year. The wars continued for years until the Battle of the Counts on 23 June 1287, where the Angevins were defeated near Naples. The Treaty of Tarascon of 1291 restored Aragon to Alfonso III and lifted the ban of the church.
The Sieges of Margat and Maraclea
In the summer of 1285, Qalawun was preparing to attack the Franks in Syria who were not protected by the truce of 1283. The governors Eschive of Beirut and Margaret of Tyre asked for a truce, which was granted. His objective was the castle of the Hospitallers at Margat, who had often allied with the Mongols. On 17 April 1285, he led his army to the foot of the castle, bringing a large number of mangonels. The castle was well equipped, and the garrison's mangonels had the advantage of position, destroying many of the attacker's machines. After a month with little progress the Mamluk engineers dug a mine under the Tower of Hope. The mine was lit afire, bringing the tower down. The garrison surrendered and the Hospitaller officers were allowed to leave fully armed, on horseback. The rest of the garrison could take nothing with them but were allowed to live. Qalawun entered the castle on 25 May 1285.
Having established a Mamluk garrison at the supposedly impregnable Hospitaller fortress of Margat, Qalawun turned his attention to the castle of Maraclea. In 1271, the lord of the castle, Barthélémy de Maraclée, a vassal of Bohemond VI of Antioch, had fled from the on-going Mamluk offensive. He took refuge in Persia at the court of Abaqa, where he exhorted the Mongols to intervene on behalf of the Franks. In 1285, Qalawun blackmailed Bohemond VII of Antioch into destroying the last fortifications in the area of Maraclea. Barthélémy was entrenched in a tower standing near the shore. Qalawun said he would besiege Tripoli if the Maraclea fort was not dismantled.
Henry II of Cyprus
The loss of Margat came shortly after the death Charles I of Anjou on 7 January 1285. The kingdom was falling without the benefit of a king, and Henry II of Cyprus was encouraged by the Hospitallers to send an envoy to negotiate for his recognition as king. The commune of Acre acquiesced and was supported by the grand masters Jacques de Taxi, Guillaume de Beaujeu and Burchard of Schwanden. When Henry landed at Acre on 4 June 1286 where he intended to lodge in the castle, as previous kings had done. But Odo Poilechien refused to leave the castle, where he was garrisoned with a French contingent that reported directly to Philip IV. The Bishop of Famagusta and other religious leaders pleaded with Odo, and eventually drew up a legal protest. Henry II was staying in the palace of Humphrey of Montfort, the late lord of Tyre, and told the French soldiers in the castle that they could leave in peace. The citizens of Acre became frustrated with inaction and prepared to attack Odo. The three grand masters, trying to avoid bloodshed, persuaded Odo to relinquish the castle, and it was given to Henry II on 29 June. On 15 August 1286, Henry II was crowned at Tyre by the archbishop Bonacursus de Gloire. He did not remain long at Acre but returned to Cyprus, leaving Baldwin of Ibelin as bailli.
The Mongols and the West
By the mid-1280s, Abaga's son Arghun took the Ilkhan throne and proposed a new crusade to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims. Had the proposed Mongol alliance been supported by the Western kingdoms, the existence of Outremer would almost certainly have been prolonged. The recent Mamluk territorial ambitious would have been curtailed, and the Ilkhanate of Persia would be a power friendly to the Christians and the West. Instead, the Mamluk Sultanate would survive through the sixteen century. and the Mongols of Persia would shift to Islam.
Arghun
The Mongol Ilkhanate at Tabriz remained a threat to the kingdom. Abaqa had died on 4 April 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Tekuder. The new Ilkhan had been baptized as a Nestorian under the name of Nicholas, but he was inclined to support the Muslims. Upon taking the throne, Tekuder converted to Islam and took the name of Ahmed and title of sultan. He then proposed a treaty of friendship with Qalawun, a policy that led to complaints to Kubilai Khan. Kubilai authorized a revolt by Abaga's son Arghun in Khorasan where he was governor. Ahmed was turned on by his generals and was murdered on 10 August 1284, allowing Arghun to take the throne. Religion within the Ilkhanate was complicated. Arghun was Buddhism, his vizier, Sa'ad al-Daula was a Jew, and his friend was the Nestorian Catholicos named Yahballaha III. Yahballaha was an Ongud Turk born in Shanxi who had come west with Rabban Bar Ṣawma to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When the Catholicate fell vacant in 1281, he was elected to the office. He had a great influence over Arghun, whose objective was to liberate, with the support of Western Christendom, the Holy Land from the Muslims.
In 1285, Arghun wrote to Honorius IV to suggest a common course of action. The letter was delivered by a Christian on the khan's court, Isa Kelemechi, who offered to remove the Mamluks and divide Egypt (called the land of Sham) with the Franks. The message said:
Honorius IV was hardly capable of acting on this invasion and could not muster the military support necessary to achieve this plan.
Rabban Bar Ṣawma
Early in 1287, Arghun again sent an embassy to the West, this time choosing Rabban Bar Ṣawma as his ambassador. In Constantinople, he was received by Andronikos II Palaiologos. The emperor was on excellent terms with the Mongols and was ready to help them. From Constantinople, Bar Ṣawma rode on to Rome where he found that Honorius IV had just died. The twelve Cardinals who were resident in Rome received him, but he found them ignorant and unhelpful, knowing nothing of the spread of Christianity among the Mongols. At his next stop, the Genoese welcomed him, as the Mongol alliance was important to them.
At the end of August, Bar Ṣawma crossed into France, reaching Paris early in September. There he was given an audience by Philip IV who listened with interest to his message. Philip pledged that he would himself lead an army to Jerusalem, and later escorted him to the Sainte-Chapelle to see the sacred relics that Louis IX had bought from Constantinople. When he left Paris, Philip nominated Gobert de Helleville as ambassador to return with him to the Ilkhan's court and arrange further details of the alliance.
Bar Ṣawma next met with Edward I of England at Bordeaux, the capital of his French possessions. Edward had long favored a Mongol alliance and provided measured responses to Sauma's proposals. But neither Edward nor Philip III of France could commit to a timeline for a new crusade. Bar Ṣawma returned to Italy feeling uneasy and met with Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza and told him his fears. The Egyptians were preparing destroy the last Christian states in the Holy Land, and no one in the West was taking the threat seriously.
Nicholas IV
Honorius IV died on 3 April 1287 and shortly thereafter the lengthy 1287–1288 papal election commenced. Finally, on 22 February 1288, Nicholas IV was elected pope. One of his first actions was to receive the Mongol ambassador Rabban Bar Ṣawma. They had excellent rapport, with Bar Ṣawma addressing the pope as First Bishop of Christendom and Nicholas acknowledged him as Patriarch of the East. Bar Ṣawma celebrated Mass before all the Cardinals, and he received Communion from the pope himself. He and Gobert de Helleville left Rome in the late spring of 1288, laden with precious relics including a tiara to be presented to Yahballaha and with letters to the Ilkhan court and the Jacobite bishop of Tabriz. The letters were vague and the pope unable to promise a definite date for any action. In 1289, Nicholas dispatched the Franciscan Giovanni da Montecorvino as papal legate to Kubilai Khan, Arghun, and other leading personages of the Mongol Empire, as well as to Yagbe'u Seyon, emperor of Ethiopia.
The Situation in Europe
The rulers of Europe were too occupied in continental affairs to effectively mount a new crusade. The situation left by Charles I of Anjou and the vindictiveness of the papacy combined to block any serious consideration of another crusade. The pope had given Sicily to the Angevins, and the Sicilians had then turned against them. Both the papacy and France felt obligated to fight for the reconquest of the island, going against Genoa and Aragon, the two prominent naval powers of the Mediterranean. Until the Sicilian question was settled, neither Philip IV nor Nicholas IV could consider a new crusade. In 1286, Edward I managed to arrange a precarious truce between France and Aragon. Edward I also had his own ambitions in Britain, finding it the return to Jerusalem less of a priority than to conquer Wales and Scotland. After the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286, Edward looked to the north, as he planned to control the Scottish kingdom through its child-heiress, Margaret, Maid of Norway. The Holy Land would have to wait, as the rulers of Europe were otherwise engaged and there was no strong feeling with the public to urge the monarchs to crusade. As Gregory X had discovered fifteen years previous, the crusading spirit was all but dead.
Arghun's Crusade
Arghun could not believe that the Christian West, with their claims of devotion to the Holy Land, would not be concerned about its near-certain demise. He welcomed the reports that Rabban Bar Ṣawma and Gobert de Helleville gave, but he needed further information. In April 1289, he sent a second envoy, a Genoese named Buscarello de Ghizolfi with letters for the pope and the monarchs of France and England. The letter to Philip IV was written in the name of Kubilai Khan, and in it Arghun proposes to invade Syria in January 1291, to reach Damascus in February. It further proposed that if the king will send his forces and the Mongols capture Jerusalem, it will be France's. Added to the letter is a note in French by Buscarello, which compliments Philip and adds that Arghun will bring with him the Georgian Christians Demetrius II and Vakhtang II and thirty thousand horsemen, and will provide the Westerners provisions. Buscarello then travelled to England to bring Arghun's message to Edward I, arriving in London on 5 January 1290. Edward answered enthusiastically to the project, but deferred the decision about the date to the Pope, failing to make a clear commitment. After his meeting with Edward, Buscarello returned to Persia, accompanied by the English envoy Geoffrey de Langley, a veteran of an earlier crusade.
Unhappy with the responses that Buscarello received, Arghun sent him west once again. He stopped first at Rome, where Nicholas IV received them, and then set out for England. He was armed with urgent letters from the pope who thought the English were likelier crusaders than the French. He reached Edward I early in 1291 with no success. Margaret of Norway had died the previous year,and Edward was immersed in Scottish affairs. By the time they returned, Arghun had died, succumbing to an alchemic potion aimed to lengthen life. He was succeeded by his half-brother Gaykhatu. But by then it was too late, as the fate of Outremer had already been decided.
The Fall of the Kingdom
Shortly after Henry II returned to Cyprus, open warfare began off the Syrian coast between the Pisans and the Genoese. In early 1287, a Genoese naval squadron was dispatched. One group went to Alexandria to appease Qalawun, while to other patrolled the Syrian coast, attacking ships of the Pisans or Franks. The Templars intervened to keep captured sailors from being sold as slaves. The Genoese then retired to Tyre, to plan an attack on the harbor of Acre. The Venetians joined the Pisans to protect the harbor. They lost a skirmish with the Genoese on 31 May 1287 but the port remained safe. When squadron sailed up from Alexandria, the Genoese were able to blockade the whole coast. The Grand Masters Jean de Villiers and Guillaume de Beaujeu persuaded the Genoese to return to Tyre and allow free passage for shipping.
Latakia
The port of Latakia had not been impacted by this conflict. However, the merchants of Aleppo had been complaining to Qalawun about sending their goods to a Christian port. Then, on 22 March 1287, an earthquake struck the region, seriously damaged the walls of Latakia. The city and port, as the last remnant of the Principality of Antioch, was not covered by the truce with Tripoli, and so Qalawun sent the Aleppine emir Husam ad-Din Turantai, to take the town. The town fell easily into his hands and, on 20 April, the garrison surrendered, with no relief coming from Christian forces in the area.
Bohemond VII of Antioch, the town's former ruler, died soon after, on 19 October 1287. His heir at Tripoli was Lucia of Tripoli, who now lived in Apulia and was married to Charles I of Anjou's former admiral, Narjot de Toucy. The nobles of Tripoli had other ideas and instead offered the county to Lucia's mother Sibylla of Armenia. Sibylla invited Bartholomew Mansel to be her bailli, which was unacceptable to the nobles. She refused to give way and, in response, they dethroned the dynasty and established a Commune as the sovereign authority. Its first mayor was Bartholomew Embriaco. Sibylla retired to the care of her brother Leo II of Armenia in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, then under a truce with the Mamluks.
Early in 1288, Lucia arrived with her husband at Acre to take her inheritance at Tripoli. She was received by her allies the Hospitallers, who escorted her to the frontier town of Fort Nephin. There she proclaimed her hereditary rights. The Commune responded with their lengthy list of grievances and complaints against actions of her family. Rather than deal with her dynasty, they put themselves under the protection of the Republic of Genoa. The Genoese Doge was informed, dispatching admiral Benedetto I Zaccaria with a naval force to make terms with the Commune. At the same time, the Grand Masters Jean de Villiers, Guillaume de Beaujeu and Burchard von Schwanden went to Tripoli to plead the cause of the heiress, primarily because they backed Venice against Genoa. But they were told that Lucia must recognize the Commune as the government of the county.
Lucia of Tripoli
When Zaccaria arrived he insisted on a treaty favoring the Genoese and to appoint a podestà to govern the colony, causing concern among the locals. In particular, Barthelemy Embriaco wanted control of the county. He had secured control of Jebail by marrying his daughter Agnes to Peter Embriaco, son of Guido II Embriaco, and sent a message to Qalawun to ascertain the sultan's interest in supporting in this endeavor. The motives of Barthelemy were suspect, and the Commune wrote to Lucia at Acre offering to accept her if she would confirm its position. Lucia shrewdly informed Zaccaria, who was at Ayaş negotiating a treaty with the Armenians. He went to Acre to interview her and she agreed to confirm the privileges both of the Commune and of Genoa. She was shortly thereafter recognized as countess of Tripoli.
Unhappy with this sequence of events, Qalawun was warned by Barthelemy that if the Genoese controlled Tripoli, they would dominate the entire region, and the trade of Alexandria would be imperiled. The sultan took this invitation as an excuse to break his truce with Tripoli. In February 1289, he moved the Egyptian army into Syria, without revealing their objective. However, one of his emirs sent word to the Templars that Qalawun's destination was Tripoli. Guillaume de Beaujeu warned the city, but his warnings were not heeded, and it was suspected that he had invented the story in the hope of being invited to mediate. Nothing was done in the city and at the end of March, the Mamluk army appeared before the city walls.
The Fall of Tripoli
Qalawun started the Siege of Tripoli in March 1289, arriving with a sizable army and large catapults. Inside the city, Lucia was given the supreme authority by the Commune and the nobles alike. The Templars' force was commanded by their marshall, Geoffrey of Vendac, and that of the Hospitallers was led by their marshal Matthew of Clermont. The French regiment marched from Acre under the command of Jean I de Grailly. From Cyprus, Henry II sent his young brother Amalric of Tyre, whom he had just appointed Constable of Jerusalem. There were many galleys and smaller boats protecting the harbor, from Cyprus, Genoa, Venice and Pisa. Meanwhile, many non-combatant citizens fled to Cyprus.
Two of Tripoli's fortified towers soon fell under the bombardment of the Mamluk catapults, and the defenders hastily prepared to flee. The crumbling walls were breached, and the city was captured the city on 26 April 1289. The loss of Tripoli marked the end of an uninterrupted Christian rule of 180 years, the longest of any of the Frankish conquests in the Holy Land. Lucia, the marshals of the orders and Almaric fled to Cyprus. The commander of the Templars Peter of Moncada was killed, as well as Barthelemy Embriaco. The population of the city was massacred, although many managed to escape by ship. Those who had taken refuge on a nearby island were captured by three days later. Women and children were taken as slaves, and 1200 prisoners were sent to Alexandria.
In the area of Tripoli, only Jebail remained free from the Mamluks, remaining under Peter Embriaco for ten years in exchange for the payment of a tribute to the sultan. Tripoli was razed to the ground, and Qalawun ordered a new city to be built a few miles inland at the foot of Mount Pilgrim. Soon other nearby cities were also captured, such as Fort Nephin and Le Boutron.
Three days later, Henry II came to Acre where he met with an envoy from Qalawun. Despite the attack on Tripoli, their 1283 truce was renewed, covering of Jerusalem and Cyprus for another ten years, ten months and ten days. Lucia and Leo II of Armenia soon joined the pact. Henry had little faith in Qalawun's word but could not appeal to the Mongols as that would be breach of the truce. He returned to Cyprus in September, leaving Amalric of Tyre as bailli and sending Jean I de Grailly to Europe, to impress upon them how desperate the situation was.
The Crusade of Nicholas IV and the Massacre at Acre
The West was shocked by the loss of Tripoli, but the Sicilian issue and Edward's Scottish problem was more pressing the leaders. still filled the minds of all except Edward of England; and his Scottish problem was reaching a crisis. Nicholas IV received Jean I de Grailly who briefed him on the situation. Since his discussion with Bar Ṣawma, the pope was inclined to revive the plans for a crusade by Gregory X, which had never been totally abandoned. In 1280, Alfonso X of Castile had asked Edward I to help him assemble ships, and Magnus III of Sweden allocated funds for the crusade in 1285. In 1288, Edward I asked the pope for a delay until 1293. The Ilkhan Arghun was also anxious to begin, and Buscarello de Ghizolfi had gone to Europe towards that goal. The Dominican Riccoldo da Monte di Croce was in Mesopotamia at the time and reported on the satisfaction among the Muslims at the fall of Tripoli.
Nicholas sent funds to support the Holy Land to Latin patriarch Nicholas of Hanapes and dispatched a squadron of galleys to Acre. On 10 February 1290, he proclaimed a crusade with an objective of:
The crusade was preached everywhere including in the Holy Land. For those who took the Cross, the patriarch received the authority to absolve those who had used force against the clergy, supported the Sicilians or had visited the Holy Sepulchre despite pontifical prohibition. All trade with the sultan, including pilgrimages, was prohibited. The departure date for the crusade was 24 June 1293.
Edward I sent a contingent of Savoyard knights led by Otto de Grandson to Acre to bolster the city's defenses. James II of Aragon pledged to provide a force of almogavares and crossbowmen over the next two years, despite having promised Qalawun not to join a crusade in exchange for trading privileges. Genoa had made reprisals for Tripoli by capturing an Egyptian merchant ship and by raiding the port of Tinnis. But when the sultan closed Alexandria to them, they made peace with him. Even the patriarch Nicholas of Hanapes petitioned the pope to lift the embargo, which he did on 21 October 1290.
The pope's call was taken unexpectedly by a group of townsfolk from Lombardy and Tuscany. He accepted their help and put them under the command of Bernard of Montmajour, bishop of Tripoli. The Venetians provided a naval squadron under the command Nicholas Tiepolo, son of Lorenzo Tiepolo, and assisted by Jean I de Grailly. The fleet was soon joined by galleys sent by James II of Aragon. The truce between Henry II and Qalawun had restored the peace at Acre. By summer of 1290, the merchants of Damascus were again sending their caravans to the coast and Acre was bustling. In August, the Italian crusaders arrived and they immediately began causing trouble. Their commanders had no control over them. They had come to fight the infidel and began to attack the Muslim merchants and citizens. At the end of August, a riot flared and they began slaying all Muslims. Deciding that every man with a beard was a Muslim, many Christians were also attacked. All that the authorities could do was do was to rescue a few of the Muslims and take them to the safety of the castle. The ringleaders were arrested, but the damage was done.
The news of the massacre soon reached Qalawun, who decided to eradicate the Franks from the Holy Land. Acre sent apologies and excuses, but he demanded that the guilty parties be handed over to him for punishment. This was rejected as public opinion would not allow the sending of Christians to certain death at the hands of an infidel. Instead, there was an attempt to blame the Muslim merchants. Qalawun had no option to resort to arms, believing that he was legally justified in breaking the truce. He mobilized the Egyptian army and sent the Syrian army to the coast of Palestine. Guillaume de Beaujeu was again alerted, but, as with Tripoli, no one believed him. Sending an envoy to Cairo, Qalawun offered to spare the city in return for a bounty. The offer was rejected and the Templar Grand Master was accused of treason.
Death of Qalawun
Acre continued to be complacent about the looming threat when news came from Cairo that Qalawun had died. He had given up any attempt to hide his intent to take Acre by force. In a letter to Hethum II of Armenia, he related his vow not to leave a single Christian alive in Acre. In early November 1290, he led his army from Cairo, but immediately fell ill. Six days later, on 10 November 1290, he died at Marjat at-Tin, five miles from Cairo. He was succeeded by his son, al-Ashraf Khalil. On his deathbed, he made Khalil promise to continue the campaign against the Franks. Khalil's transition to sultan was not without incident. In 1280, Qalawun had named Khalil's older brother as-Salih Ali as his heir-apparent, changing his mind at some point. The support for al-Salih Ali was strong and the naming of Khalil as sultan included an attempted assassination by the emir Husam ad-Din Turuntay. Turuntay was killed after three days of torture, and Qalawun was laid to rest when his mausoleum was completed, some two months later.
The Siege of Acre
By this time, it was now too late in the year to march against Acre, and the Mamluk campaign was postponed to the spring. Acre attempted one more attempt at negotiations, sending several envoys to Cairo. Khalil refused to receive them, and they were thrown into prison where they did not survive for long. When the weather permitted, Khalil set out from Cairo, in March 1291. The Mamluk army, augmented by several Syrian contingents, greatly outnumbered the crusaders. The army included substantial siege engines from fortresses across the Mamluk empire. On 5 April 1291, Khalil's army arrived before Acre with their vast forces. The Siege of Acre had begun.
The crusaders appeals for aid met with little success. England had sent a few knights and some reinforcements came from Henry II, who fortified the walls and sent troops led by Amalric of Tyre. The only major contingent to leave were the Genoese, who had concluded a separate treaty with Khalil. The forces facing the Mamluks were divided into four components. The first under the orders of Jean I de Grailly and Otto de Grandson. The second under the orders of Henry II and Conrad of Feuchtwangen, the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. The third was under the orders of Jean de Villiers and the grand master of the Order of St. Thomas of Acre. The fourth was under the orders of the grand masters of the Templars and St. Lazarus, Guillaume de Beaujeu and Thomas de Sainville.The Christians were hopelessly outnumbered and, fortunately, many women and children had been evacuated to Cyprus in March. As the sultan's siege began, terms of surrender were discussed. Khalil offered to allow the Christians to depart as long as the city was left undamaged. The Franks refused, apparently concerned at the dishonour of such a concession of defeat. As the Mamluks pounded Acre with their siege engines, the Christians made some vain attempts to launch counterattacks outside the city gates. They were quickly dispatched, and their heads presented to the sultan.
By 15 May 1291, Khalil's troops had taken control of the outer battlements, and Acre's towers began to fall under Mamluk control. With panic rising in the city, women and children began to evacuate by ship. Three days later, on 18 May, the attack began with a cacophony of war drums and thousands of Muslims began breaching the walls, some deploying Greek fire. With Acre's defenses punctured, the Franks made a desperate stand to contain the incursion. Marshall of the Hospitallers Matthew of Clermont was killed in the Genoese quarter. In the thick of the fighting, the Templar Guillaume de Beaujeu was killed by a spear piercing his side. Jean de Villiers took a lance thrust between his shoulders but survived.
The sack of Acre soon began. Hundreds were slaughtered as the Mamluks surged through the city. Desperate Franks tried to escape in any remaining boats. Some got away, including Henry II and Amalric, later accused of cowardice. Otto de Grandson took control, commandeering Venetian ships as he could find and placed fellow Savoyard Jean I de Grailly and all soldiers that he could rescue on board, and himself was the last to board. Jean de Villiers was carried to a boat and sailed to safety. Latin patriarch Nicholas of Hanapes drowned when his overburdened craft sank. Many took refuge in the fortified compounds of the Military Orders, many holding out for days. The Templar citadel collapsed on 28 May, killing the Templars within. Those under the Hospitallers' protection were promised safe conduct, only to be led out of the city to be slaughtered.
The fall of Acre was a fatal blow to the Latin Christians of Outremer. The Hospitaller Master Jean de Villiers survived to pen a letter to Europe describing his experiences, his wound making it difficult to write. He said:
For the Muslims, the victory at Acre affirmed their faith's dominance over Christianity and their triumph in the war for the Holy Land. Reflecting on this event, Kurdish historian Abu'l Fida wrote:
The siege of Acre was depicted in a painting displayed in the Salles des Croisades (Hall of Crusades) at the Palace of Versailles. The painting, Matthieu de Clermont défend Ptolémaïs en 1291, by French artist Dominique Papety (1815–1849) is displayed in the fourth room of the hall. Note that nineteenth century historians frequently referred to Acre as Ptolémaïs.
The Destruction of the Remaining Cities
The remaining Frankish cities soon met the same fate as Acre. On 19 May 1291, Khalil sent a large contingent of troops to Tyre, the strongest city on the coast. A few months earlier Margaret of Tyre had handed the city over to her nephew Amalric of Tyre. Its garrison was small and the city was abandoned without a struggle. At Sidon, the Templars decided to put up a defense. Thibaud Gaudin, installed as grand master after the death of Guillaume de Beaujeu, remained there with the Templar's treasure. Within a month, a large Mamluk army approached, causing the knights and citizens to relocate to the Castle of the Sea, a hundred yards from shore and recently refortified. Gaudin left for Cyprus to get assistance, but once he was there he did nothing, either from cowardice or despair. The Mamluk engineers built a causeway to the island, and the Templars gave up hope and sailed to Tortosa. On 14 July 1291, the Mamluks took the castle and ordered its destruction. Within a week, the Mamluks approached Beirut, where the citizens had hoped that the treaty between Eschive of Ibelin and the sultan would save them. When the leaders of the garrison were summoned to pay their respects, they were imprisoned. Those that remained fled to their ships, carrying with them sacred relics. The city was entered on 31 July 1291, its walls and the Castle of the Ibelins partially destroyed, and the cathedral turned into a mosque.
Christian resistance in the Holy Land vanished. Within a month, the last outposts at Tyre, Beirut and Sidon had been abandoned by the Franks. That August, the Templars withdrew from their strongholds at Tortosa and Château Pèlerin. The Mamluks ravaged the coastal lands, destroying anything of value to the Franks should they ever attempt another attack. The only major castles that were left standing were Mount Pilgrim and Margat. Embittered by the long religious wars, the victorious Muslims had no mercy for the Christians. Those that escaped to Cyprus did not fare much better, living lives as unwanted refugees, and as the years passed sympathy for them wore thin. They only served to remind the Cypriots of the terrible disaster. With this, the Franks' reign over Outremer was over.
The Last Battles
The Mamluks occupied Haifa without opposition on 30 July 1291 and destroyed the monasteries on Mount Carmel and slew their monks. There remained two Templar castles in the region, but in neither strong enough to withstand the Mamluks, and Tortosa was evacuated on 3 August and Château Pèlerin on the 14 August. All that was left to the Templars was their island fortress at Ruad, two miles off Tortosa. There they maintained their hold for twelve more years, only quitting the island in 1302, when the whole future of the Order began to be in doubt.
When Nicholas IV learned of the fall of Acre, he wrote to Arghun, asking him to be baptized and to fight against the Mamluks. But Arghun had died on 10 March 1291, followed by Nicholas on 4 April 1292, effectively ending their efforts towards combined action. Then, Mamluk sultan Khalil was assassinated on 14 December 1293. Nicholas was succeeded by Celestine V after a two-year papal election, resigning five months later. He was then succeeded by Boniface VIII who would serve as pope from 1296 to 1303. As Ilkhan, Arghun was followed in rapid succession by his half-brother Gaykhatu and then cousin Baydu. Stability was restored when Arghun's son Ghazan took power in 1295, who converted to Islam to secure cooperation from other influential Mongols. Despite being a Muslim, Ghazan maintained good relations with his Christian vassal states including Cilician Armenia and Georgia. Khalil was succeeded by his brother an-Nasir Muhammad in December 1293.
Ghazan
In 1299, Ghazan made the first of three attempts to invade Syria. As he launched his invasion, he sent letters to Henry II and the Grand Masters of the military orders inviting them to join him in his attack on the Mamluks in Syria. The Mongols successfully took the city of Aleppo, and were there joined by their vassal Hethum II of Armenia, whose forces participated in the rest of the offensive. The Mongols soundly defeated the Mamluks in the Third Battle of Homs (Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar) on 23 December 1299. The success in Syria led to rumors in Europe that the Mongols had successfully recaptured the Holy Land. But Jerusalem had been neither taken nor even besieged. There were some Mongol raids into Palestine in early 1300 going as far as Gaza. When the Egyptians advanced from Cairo in May 1300, the Mongols retreated without resistance.
In 1303, they suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Marj al-Saffar, which marked the end of their incursions into Syria. Ghazan died on 11 May 1304 and was succeeded by his brother Öljaitü. In 1312, Öljaitü decided to cross the Euphrates to attack the Mamluks. He laid siege to the heavily fortified town of Rahbat. After about a month of fighting in which they suffered heavy casualties, the Mongols ultimately failed to take the fortified place and withdrew. This was to be the last major Mongol incursion into the Levant.
Counterattack at Tortosa
Following the death of Guillaume de Beaujeu at Acre, Thibaud Gaudin briefly served as Templar grand master before the election of Jacques de Molay, who had been marshall, in 1292. De Molay was not only the best known of the Templars, he was to be the last grand master. In 1300, Molay and other forces from Cyprus put together a small fleet of sixteen ships which committed raids along the Egyptian and Syrian coasts. The force was commanded by Henry II and accompanied by Amalric of Tyre and the heads of the military orders, with the ambassador of the Mongol leader Ghazan also in attendance. The ships left Famagusta on 20 July 1300 and raided the port cities of Egypt and Syria before returning to Cyprus.
Tortosa was the most likely stronghold which had the potential to be recaptured. The first phase was to establish a bridgehead on island of Ruad where they could launch raids on the city. In November 1300, Jacques de Molay and Amalric launched the expedition to reoccupy Tortosa. Six hundred troops, including about 150 Templars, were ferried to Ruad in preparation for a seaborne assault on the city. In conjunction with the naval assault, there would also be a land-based attack by Ghazan's forces planned. The attack on Tortosa lasted only twenty-five days, with the Franks acting more like plunderers, destroying property and taking captives. They did not stay permanently in the city, but set up base on Ruad. Ghazan's Mongols did not show up as planned, being delayed by the winter weather. In February 1301, the Mongols commanded by general Kutlushka, accompanied by forces of Hethum II of Armenia, finally made their advance into Syria. The Armenian force also included Guy of Ibelin and Jean II de Giblet. While commanding an impressive force of 60,000, Kutlushka could do little else than engage in minor raids raiding in the environs of Aleppo. When Ghazan canceled his operations for the year, the Franks returned to Cyprus, leaving only a garrison on Ruad.
The Siege of Ruad
Jacques de Molay continued to appeal to the West for troops and supplies to fortify the island. In November 1301, Boniface VIII granted Ruad to the Templars, where they strengthened its fortifications, and installed a small force as a permanent garrison. They were under the command of the marshal Barthélemy de Quincy. Plans for combined operations between the Franks and the Mongols were made for the winters of 1301 and 1302.
In 1302, the Mamluks sent a fleet to Tripoli where they began the Siege of Ruad. The Templars fought hard against the invaders, but were eventually starved out. The Cypriots began assembling a fleet to rescue Ruad, but it arrived too late. The Templars surrendered on 26 September 1302, with the understanding that they could depart unharmed. However, most were executed, and the surviving Templar knights were taken as prisoners to Cairo, eventually dying of starvation after years of ill treatment.
Aftermath
In the 19th century, false stories circulated that Jacques de Molay and the Templars had captured Jerusalem in 1300. These rumors are probably related to the fact that the Gestes des Chiprois wrote about the Mongol general Mulay who occupied Syria and Palestine for a few months in early 1300. The confusion was enhanced in 1805, when the French playwright and historian François Raynouard made claims that Jerusalem had been captured by the Mongols, with Molay in command of one of the Mongol divisions. This story of wishful thinking was so popular in France that in 1846, a large-scale painting was created by Claude Jacquand titled Molay Prend Jerusalem, 1299 , which depicts the supposed event. Today the painting hangs in the Salles des Croisades at Versailles.
Boniface VIII died on 11 October 1303 and was succeeded first by Benedict XI and then Clement V, who assumed the papacy on 5 June 1305. Öljaitü sent letters to Philip IV, the pope, and Edward I again offering a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks. European nations discussed another Crusade but were delayed, and it never took place. Edward I of England died on 7 July 1307 and was succeeded by his son Edward II of England. On 11 August 1308, Clement proclaimed a Hospitaller passagium particulare in what became known as the Crusade of the Poor. Early in 1310, a fleet departed eastward under the leadership of Foulques de Villaret. Rather than go to the Holy Land, it sailed for the island of Rhodes. The Crusader army facilitated the Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes in August 1310.
On 4 April 1312, another Crusade was promulgated at the Council of Vienne where, in order to placate Philip IV, the Templars were condemned and their wealth in France give to him. On 13 October 1307, Philip ordered an arrest of all Templars in France and on 22 November, Clement V, under pressure from the King, issued the papal decree Pastoralis praceminentiae ordering the arrest of all Templars and the confiscation of their lands. Despite the papal request, not all the monarchs complied immediately, including Edward II of England who at first refused to believe the allegations, but later carried out the order. Their 1308 trial was called for in the bull Faciens misericordiam. The knights were tortured into giving false confessions, and then many were burned at the stake. Clement V disbanded the order in 1312. Even though Jacques de Molay later retracted his confession, he and Geoffroi de Charney were sentenced to death. They were burned at the stake on 11 March 1314. Philip IV, having taken the cross the year before, died on 29 November 1314 before he could depart on his crusade.
Historiography
The principal work that chronicling the fall of Outremer is Les Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots), by an unknown historian referred to as Templar of Tyre. Gestes is an Old French chronicle of the history of the Crusader states and Kingdom of Cyprus between 1132–1309 and was based on previous and original sources, and was completed in 1315–1320. The work includes an eyewitness account of the fall of Acre in 1291, the deeds of Hospitaller Matthew of Clermont, and the Trial of the Knights Templar in 1311. Other Western histories include:
Francesco Amadi (died after 1445) was an Italian chronicler whose Chroniques d'Amadi et de Stromboldi covers the Crusades from 1095 and a history of Cyprus through 1441.
Fidentius of Padua (before 1226 – after 1291) was a Franciscan friar and historian who published Liber recuperations Terre Sancte, a history of the Holy Land and approaches to retaking the Kingdom of Jerusalem, delivered to Pope Nicholas IV.
Thaddeus of Naples (fl. 1291) wrote Hystoria de desolacione civitatis Acconensis based on eyewitness accounts of the fall of Acre of 1291. It is supplemented by the De excisions urbis acconis, an anonymous account of the siege of Acre.
Guigliemo of Santo Stefano (fl. c. 1278 – 1303) wrote the first complete history of the Knights Hospitaller after the fall of Acre in 1291.
Riccoldo da Monte di Croce (c. 1243 – 1320) was an Italian Dominican friar, travel writer, missionary, and Christian apologist who wrote Letters on the Fall of Acre, five letters in the form of lamentations over the fall of Acre, written about 1292.
De Excidio Urbis Acconis (Destruction of the City of Acre) is an anonymous account of the siege of Acre of 1291, with earlier material based on William of Tyre's Historia. De Excidio presents a more popular view (as opposed to nobleman) of the history and of the Knights Hospitaller's last stand. The work takes a dim view of the Knights Templar and, in particular, Otto de Grandson, master of the English knights at Acre.
Other works include those from Arabic, Persian, Mongolian and Armenian sources.
Abu'l-Fida (1273–1331) was a Kurdish politician, geographer and historian from Syria who had descended from Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Saladin. He wrote numerous works including Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar (Concise History of Humanity), a history called An Abridgment of the History at the Human Race, a continuation of ibn al-Athir's The Complete History, through 1329, and texts Taqwim al-Buldan (A Sketch of the Countries) and Kunash, concerning geography and medicine, respectively.
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318) was a Jewish-turned-Islamic physician and historian who was vizier to the Ilkhan Ghazan. His Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) is a history of the Mongols from the time of Adam until 1311. The books include History of the Mongols, regarding the Khanate conquests from Genghis Khan through that of Ghazan. They also include the History of the Franks through 1305, based on sources such as Italian explorer Isol the Pisan and the Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum of Martin of Opava. A third part on geography has been lost.
The Secret History of the Mongols by Yuan Ch'ao Pi Shih is the oldest surviving literary work in Mongolian, describing the history of the Mongols from 1241. The work was discovered by Russian sinologist Palladius Kafarov and first translations by Erich Haenisch and later Paul Pelliot.
Hayton of Corycus (1240–1310/1320), also known as Hethum of Gorigos, was an Armenian noble and historian whose La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient (Flower of the Histories of the East) concerns the Muslim conquests and Mongol invasion.
Several travelogues, letters from the Holy Land and other artifacts are also relevant.
Rabban Bar Ṣawma (1220–1289) was a Turkic monk who travelled from Mongol-controlled China to Jerusalem from 1287 to 1288 and recorded his activities in The Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, translated by E. A. W. Budge. He also wrote a biography of his traveling companion Nestorian Yahballaha III.
Burchard of Mount Sion (fl. 1283) was a German friar who took a pilgrimage to the Holy Land from 1274 to 1284 and documented his travels in Descriptio Terrae Sanctae (Description of the Holy Land), one of the last detailed accounts prior to 1291. Burchard traveled to Cyprus and was received by Henry II of Jerusalem and later prepared a plan for an eventual crusade to retake Jerusalem.
Marco Polo (1254–1324) was an Italian explorer who traveled in Asia from Persia to China in 1271–1295. He documented his exploits in The Travels of Marco Polo.
Joseph of Chauncy (before 1213 – after 1283), Prior of the English Hospitallers, wrote to Edward I of England concerning the activities of Hugh III of Cyprus and Bohemond VII of Antioch following the Second Battle of Homs in 1281.
Jean de Villiers (fl. 6 July 1269 – 1293), Grand Master of the Hospitallers, wrote a letter to Europe following the siege of Acre in 1291 trying to explain the loss of the city to the Mamluks. The letter recounts the story of Hospitaller Marshall Matthew of Clermont, who leapt into the midst of the Mamluks causing them to flee like "sheep from wolves". This story is also told in De Excidio Urbis Acconis, Thaddeus of Naples' Hystoria de desolacione civitatis Acconensis, and Gestes des Chiprois.
Chinon Parchment, dated 17–20 August 1308, claiming that Clement V absolved Jacques de Molay, and the rest of the leadership of the Knights Templar from charges brought against them by the Inquisition.
See also
Criticism of crusading
Crusader states
Franco-Mongol alliance
History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant
History of the Knights Templar
Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
Mongol invasions of the Levant
Mongol raids into Palestine
References
Bibliography
Catholicism and Islam
Medieval history of the Middle East
Fall of Outremer
13th-century crusades |
The Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represents California State University, Fullerton in NCAA Division I college baseball.
Along with the other CSUF athletic teams, the baseball team participates in the Big West Conference. Since its early days, Titan Baseball has been considered an elite program in college baseball, making 18 College World Series appearances and winning four national championships (1979, 1984, 1995, and 2004).
The Titans play their home games on Fullerton's campus at Goodwin Field and are currently coached by Jason Dietrich.
Conference membership history
1975–1976: Pacific Coast Athletic Association (PCAA)
1977–1984: SCBA
1985–1989: PCAA
1990–present: Big West Conference
History
1979 national championship
1984 national championship
The Return of Augie Garrido
1995 national championship
George Horton era
Horton played for Garrido in 1975 and 1976, before beginning his coaching career. Horton began his coaching career immediately after the 1976 season, but left Cerritos College after 1990 to return to Fullerton as an assistant under Garrido. He would remain in that position, until after the 1996 season. When Garrido left Fullerton for the second time, George Horton was named head coach of the baseball program.
The Titans finished 39–24–1 in Horton's first year, and 47–17 winning the Big West South title in his second year. Even though he had success in first two seasons, the Titans failed to make it to Omaha. In 1999, Horton led the Titans to their first 50 win season since 1995, and made his first appearance as head coach in the College World Series. The Titans lost their opening round game to Stanford, but bounced back to beat Texas A&M to give Horton his first career win at the CWS. That would be the end of the road though for the 1999 Titans, as they lost their next game to Florida St. and were eliminated from the CWS. Horton would go on to lead the Titans back to Omaha again in 2001 and 2003, but did not reach the championship round.
2004 national championship
In 2004, Horton and Titans had an up and down regular season, but breezed through conference play. The Titans compiled an overall record of 36–20, including an impressive 19–2 record in conference play. The Titans were awarded a host regional site in the 2004 NCAA Division I baseball tournament and the No. 2 seed at their regional. In regional play, the Titans won their opening round game, but were forced into the loser's bracket after losing to the No. 4 seed, Pepperdine, 7–6. Facing elimination, the Titans beat No. 1 seed Arizona St. 5–0, who was all the No. 7 national seed that year. In the championship round, Fullerton left little doubt, defeating Pepperdine 15–1 and 16–3 to advance to the super regional round of play.
Fullerton hosted Tulane in the super regional round after Tulane won the Oxford regional. Once again, Fullerton completely dominated the games. They advanced to the College World Series after winning, 9–0 and 10–7. In the College World Series, the Titans advanced through the winner's bracket beating South Carolina 2–0 and Miami 6–3. After Carolina advanced through the loser's bracket, they would have to defeat the Titans twice to advance to the championship round. The Gamecocks won the first contest 5–3, but the Titans fought back the next day to win the second game 4–0. Fullerton advanced to the championship round for the first time since winning it all in 1995.
The championship round saw Horton face off against his mentor and former Fullerton coach Augie Garrido. Garrido led Texas back to the championship after previously winning it all with the Longhorns in 2002. The Titans won the first game in the best-of-three series, 6–4. On Sunday June 27, 2004, the Titans defeated the Longhorns 3–2 to claim their 4th national title. The Titans finished the season 47–22 overall.
Horton leaves for Oregon
After the 2004 national championship, Horton coached the Titans for 3 more season. After the 2007 season, Horton left his alma mater to become head coach of the Oregon Ducks. Oregon did not field a baseball team from 1982 until they played their first game in 2009. Oregon reportedly made Horton one of the highest paid coaches in Division I baseball at the time. Fullerton was left in a similar situation after losing Garrido to Texas after the 1996 season. During his 11 seasons as head coach of the Titans, Horton compiled a record of 490–212–1.
Dave Serrano era
After losing another great coach to a school that offered a better financial situation, Fullerton was back in the same position it was 11 years earlier. A program that was only 3 years removed from its fourth national title was once again in search of a new head coach. Once again Fullerton went after another former player. In early September 2007, Dave Serrano became just the fourth head coach of the Cal St. Fullerton Titans baseball program. Serrano also played under Augie Garrido during his first tenure as Titans coach, and then followed a similar path as Horton. He began his coaching career at Cerritos College as an assistant, and after a short stint at Tennessee as an assistant George Horton hired him at Fullerton. Serrano became Horton's top assistant and remained in that position until 2004. In 2004, he left Fullerton to become head coach at UC Irvine. After four seasons with the Anteaters, Serrano departed to return to Fullerton. Serrano had just led the Anteaters to their first ever College World Series.
In his first year as head coach, Serrano posted a 37–19 mark during the regular season. That mark was good enough to earn the Titans the No. 5 national seed in the 2008 NCAA Division I baseball tournament. After winning the Fullerton regional, the Titans hosted Stanford during the Super Regional round of play. The Cardinals won the first game by a single run, and went on to eliminate the Titans the following day. Overall Serrano posted a 41–22 mark during his first year as head coach of the Titans.
Serrano's improved on the 2008 season success during the 2009 campaign. Although they finished second in the Big West in 2009, the Titans still finished the regular season with a mark of 42–14. That record was good enough to earn the Titans the No. 2 national seed during the 2009 NCAA Division I baseball tournament. The Titans breezed through the Fullerton regional, winning it in 3 games by scores of 18–2, 7–4, and 16–3. Louisville traveled to Fullerton during the super regional round, and once again Fullerton had no problem with the Cardinals. Fullerton eliminated Louisville in two games with scores of 12–0 and 11–2. Serrano earned his first trip to the College World Series as Titans head coach, and his second overall as a head coach. The Titans failed to meet expectation in Omaha though. They were quickly eliminated losing their first two games. They lost their opening round game to Arkansas 10–6, and lost in an elimination game to Virginia 7–5. The Titans completed the 2009 season with a 47–16 overall record.
Serrano leaves for Tennessee
Serrano was announced as the Tennessee Volunteers baseball head coach on June 15, 2011. He became the 24th head coach of Tennessee baseball, replacing Todd Raleigh. Much like Garrido and Horton, it is believed that Serrano left for a better financial situation. According to reports, Serrano made approximately $140,000 at Fullerton, while Tennessee was reportedly offering around $500,000. During his 4 years as head coach, the Titans compiled a 175–73 record overall.
Rick Vanderhook era
On June 24, 2011, CSUF named Rick Vanderhook head baseball coach, the fifth coach in the program's esteemed history. He played on the Titan's 1984 national championship team and was an assistant coach from 1985–88 and 1991–2007, at which point he departed to become an assistant coach at UCLA. Three years later, Vanderhook accepted the job on a three-year contract at Fullerton. Coach Vanderhook's accomplishments to date include NCAA tournament appearances in almost every year (except 2019) he has been the head coach, the program's second highest single season winning percentage at .836 in 2013, and guiding the 2015 club back to Omaha thus ending a 5-year drought that was the longest lapse in Titans representation at the CWS in 40 years. In 2017, CSUF made its 18th appearance at the CWS, 2nd in the past three years, after winning the Stanford regional and beating Big West rivals CSULB at the Long Beach super regional. Vanderhook retired after the 2021 season.
Goodwin Field
Goodwin Field is a baseball stadium in Fullerton, California named for Jerry and Merilyn Goodwin, who donated $1 million for renovations. It was opened on April 18, 1992 with a two-game sweep of Loyola Marymount.
Head coaches
Records updated through end of the 2023 season
Year-by-year NCAA Division I results
Records taken from the Cal. St. Fullerton baseball archive.
National championships
Fullerton in the NCAA tournament
The NCAA Division I baseball tournament started in 1947.
The format of the tournament has changed through the years.
Fullerton began Division I baseball in 1975.
The Titans' all-time NCAA record is 163–90 (.644)
The Titans' Regional record is 107–45 (.704)
The Titans' Super Regional record is 21–14 (.600)
The Titans' are 34–29 (.540) in Omaha
Notable players
J. D. Davis (born 1993), third baseman for the San Francisco Giants
Jeremy Giambi
Mark Kotsay
Mike Lamb
Phil Nevin
Tim Wallach
Kurt Suzuki
Justin Turner
Player awards
As of the 2021 season, there have been 70 MLB players who previously played for the university.
All-College World Series
The following is a listing of Cal State Fullerton players that were selected to the all-tournament teams during the College World Series.
^ denotes player was named MOP of the College World Series
1979
Dan Hanggie (3b)
Tony Hudson^ (p)
Kurt Kingsolver (c)
Matt Vejar (of)
1984
Bob Caffrey (c)
Eddie Delzer (p)
John Fishel^ (of)
Blaine Larker (3b)
1988
Jim Osborn (of)
1992
Phil Nevin^ (3b)
James Popoff (p)
Chris Powell (of)
Nate Rodriquez (ss)
1994
Mark Kotsay (of)
1995
Mark Kotsay^ (of)
Brian Loyd (c)
Tony Martinez (3b)
Ted Silva (p)
2001
David Bacani (2b)
2003
P. J. Pilittere (dh)
Bret Day (3b)
Justin Turner (ss)
2004
Felipe Garcia (dh)
Ricky Romero (p)
Jason Windsor^ (p)
2006
David Cooper (dh)
Danny Dorn (of)
Justin Turner (2b)
2017
Timmy Richards (ss)
Golden Spikes Award
The following is a listing of Cal State Fullerton players who received the Golden Spikes Award.
1979
Tim Wallach
1992
Phil Nevin
1995
Mark Kotsay
National Player of the Year awards
The following is a listing of Cal State Fullerton players who were named national player of the year by various publications.
1979
Tim Wallach – The Sporting News
1992
Phil Nevin – Baseball America
1995
Mark Kotsay – Rotary Smith Award & Collegiate Baseball
2004
Kurt Suzuki – Brooks Wallace Award
2006
Wes Roemer – Collegiate Baseball
Stadiums
On April 18, 1992, Goodwin Field (then known as the third Titan Field) became the home field for Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball. It is the third on-campus park to serve as the Titans' home field.
The second on-campus stadium, Titan Field, was built around 1970 on the site of Goodwin Field, but with home plate located where the left field foul pole is now located. The Cal State Fullerton Titans football team also played at the stadium from 1980 to 1982.
The team's first on-campus field, Original Titan Field, was located to the west of Titan House, which is southeast of Goodwin Field. Home plate was laid around 1965 in the southeast corner of a field plowed from citrus groves.
Throughout the team's history, the Titans also played home games at Amerige Park (1992) and Anaheim's Boysen Park. In 1983, the Titans also played at junior college fields at Fullerton College, Orange Coast College and Santa Ana College during the installation of lights at Titan Field.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball programs
References |
Carl Lauten is an American television director, associate director and yoga teacher.
Career
In 1977, Lauten began his career as a stage manager on the sitcom Soap. He has also associate directed for The Cosby Show, You Again?, ALF, The Mommies, Spin City, That's So Raven, Hope & Faith, Cory in the House and Sonny with a Chance. In addition to taking over as head director for the some of aforementioned sitcoms, he also directed episodes of Taina, Clarissa Explains It All and The Suite Life on Deck.
In 1985, he won a Directors Guild of America Award for directorial work on The Cosby Show.
Lauten is also yoga instructor and yoga video director. During the early 2000s, he directed a number of yoga and pilates videos.
References
External links
American television directors
American yoga teachers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Walter John Alsford (6 November 1911 – 3 June 1968) was an English footballer who played for Tottenham Hotspur and Nottingham Forest, as well as the England national side.
References
External links
Player profile at EnglandStats.com
1911 births
1968 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Footballers from Edmonton, London
English Football League players
Men's association football wing halves |
Samuli Piipponen (born February 13, 1993) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Lukko of the Liiga.
Piipponen made his Liiga debut for SaiPa during the 2013–14 season, playing seven games and scoring one goal and two assists. He signed for Jukurit of Mestis the following season, who were then granted membership to Liiga in 2016 to replace Blues after they folded due to bankruptcy.
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Finnish ice hockey defencemen
Iisalmen Peli-Karhut players
KeuPa HT players
KooKoo players
Lukko players
Mikkelin Jukurit players
SaiPa players
SaPKo players
Ice hockey people from Helsinki |
Disney Junior (formerly Playhouse Disney) was a Southeast Asian pay television preschool channel owned by The Walt Disney Company Southeast Asia. Aimed mainly at children between ages 2 to 7 years old, its programming consisted of original first-run television series and theatrically released and made-for-DVD movies, as well as other select third-party programming, some of which originally having aired on PBS Kids in the United States.
Disney Junior also lent its name to an early morning program block seen on sister network Disney Channel, branded as Disney Junior on Disney Channel until 31 July 2018. The preschool channel ceased operations at the end of 2021.
History
Negotiations for an Asian version of Playhouse Disney started in 2000 as a block on Disney Channel. It was later launched as a channel for Hong Kong and Indonesia on 2 April 2004. From 2004 to 2005, it later expanded in several Southeast Asian countries. In the Philippines, the channel was broadcast in English language without the usage of native Tagalog.
On 30 June 2011, Laura Wendt, announced that Playhouse Disney will be rebranded as Disney Junior in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong on 11 July 2011. Laura said that Disney Junior will feature the hallmarks of the Disney brand, story, and character. They will take classic Disney characters, beloved, through generations, and bring them to life on TV with elements that encourage early childhood learning.
Due to increasing localization of the Indian feeds of Disney Channel and Disney XD, they were banned from broadcasting in Bangladesh in 2013. Later, in 2016, the Southeast Asian feeds of the Disney channels, including Disney Junior Asia, became available on certain cable operators in Bangladesh.
On 1 March 2016, Disney Junior started broadcasting on widescreen (16:9).
On 31 July 2018, the Disney Junior on Disney Channel block was discontinued with no explanation given.
Closure
On 1 June 2020, Disney Channel, Disney XD and Disney Junior ceased transmission in Singapore on both Singtel and StarHub after failing the contract renewal with both service providers in the country. Select programs from these 3 channels were moved to, replaced by and made it available via Disney+ on 23 February 2021.
On 5 August 2020, Disney Junior upgraded to HD on Astro alongside Disney Channel. On 1 January 2021, the channels ceased operations across Astro and Astro-owned TV providers (including NJOI and Kristal-Astro) in Malaysia due to the launch of Astro's Refreshed Kids Pack, while airing PJ Masks, that announced back on 14 December 2020. While its shows moved to Disney+ Hotstar in the said country on 1 June 2021.
After 17 years of broadcasting, Disney Junior, along with Disney Channel, and most of its Fox channels in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong ceased on 1 October 2021, at exactly 1:00 am (UTC+08:00)/12:00 am (UTC+07:00), concluding with Mira, Royal Detective, thus the channel space originally created by Playhouse Disney Channel in 2004 folded and ceased to exist.
Most Disney Junior shows will be shown instead on Disney+ Hotstar and Disney+ depending on their countries. Nevertheless, the Disney Junior Taiwan block on Disney Channel will continue to operate after this date. But the block ended on New Year's Eve (31 December 2021).
Final Feeds
Main: Available in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It was formerly provided in Southeast Asia, Singapore and Malaysia. It ceased operations on October 1, 2021.
Hong Kong: Available in Hong Kong with its own schedule differing from the main pan-Asian feed. It broadcast in both Cantonese and English language. Along with the pan-Asian feed, it ceased operations on October 1, 2021, due to the launch of Disney+ on November 16 of that year.
Taiwan: Available in Taiwan with its own TV block on Disney Channel, runs from 6 am to 1 pm (UTC+08:00). It broadcast in Taiwanese Mandarin and English, and it also aired continuities and promos. It ceased operations on December 31, 2021, due to the launch of Disney+ on November 12 of that year.
Disney Junior Magazine Philippines
Disney Junior Magazine Philippines (known as Disney Junior Magazine and formerly known as Playhouse Disney Magazine Philippines) was an educational magazine published in the Philippines by Summit Media in collaboration with The Walt Disney Company Southeast Asia.
References
Asia
Children's television channels in the Asia Pacific
Defunct television channels
Commercial-free television networks
Television programming blocks in Asia
Television channels and stations established in 2004
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2021
Mass media in Southeast Asia
English-language television stations |
Urf Ghanta is a 2021 Indian Hindi comedy film written and directed by Aayush Saxena, starring Mukesh S. Bhatt, Pamela Singh Bhutoria, Samridhi Chandola, Ram Naresh Diwakar, Rajendra Gupta, Mohan Kapur, Ravi Kishan, Sunita Rajwar, and Chitrashi Rawat.
Plot
The movie begins when a bus driver sees a nude man. This nude man named Ghanta or Ghanteshwar is the protagonist.
Urf Ghanta is the story of a forty-year-old unmarried man who is looking for a wife. The Gods do not help Ghanta to achieve his goal though he is devout. His best friend Sudama tries to help him, but without success.
Cast
Jitu Shivhare as Ghanta
Mukesh S. Bhatt
Pamela Singh Bhutoria as Jagmeera
Samridhi Chandola as Meenakshi
Ram Naresh Diwakar as Sudama
Rajendra Gupta as Doctor
Mohan Kapur as Unknown Stranger
Ravi Kishan as Shiva God
Sunita Rajwar as Ghanta's chachi
Chitrashi Rawat as Lollypop
Himanshu Sharma as Guddan
Vijay kumar Dogra as Piddi Chacha
References
External links
2021 comedy films
2021 films |
Robert Nicholas may refer to:
Robert Nicholas (MP) (1758–1826), member of Parliament for Cricklade in England
Robert Carter Nicholas Sr. (1728/9–1780), Virginia politician and judge
Robert C. Nicholas (1787–1856), U.S. senator from Louisiana
Robert C. Nicholas (New York politician) (1801–1854), New York politician
Bob Nicholas (born 1957), American politician
See also
Robert Nicolas (1595–1667), English judge and MP |
Broxburn Academy is a secondary school in Broxburn, West Lothian, Scotland.
Notable alumni
Hannah Bardell – Scottish National Party MP for Livingston (2015–present)
Sir Alexander Haddow – Physician and pathologist
Chris Lilley – Computer scientist
Graeme Morrice – Former Labour Party MP for Livingston (2010-2015), who was unseated by Bardell at the 2015 UK general election.
Catchment area
Associated Primary Schools: Broxburn Primary, Kirkhill Primary, Uphall Primary, Pumpherston & Uphall Station Community Primary. (Pupils occasionally come from St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Primary and Winchburgh Primary)
References
External links
Official School Website
Secondary schools in West Lothian
Broxburn, West Lothian
1962 establishments in Scotland
Educational institutions established in 1962 |
USNS Private Jose F. Valdez (T-AG-169), named after World War II Medal of Honor recipient PFC Jose F. Valdez, was a technical research ship in operation during the 1960s. The "Galloping Ghost of the Ivory Coast" or "Grey Ghost of the African Coast", as she was affectionately called by her crew, was deployed around Africa from 1961 until 1969.
Army service, 1945–1949
Private Jose F. Valdez, originally Joe P. Martinez, was laid down by Walter Butler Shipbuilders, Duluth, Minnesota, 22 April 1944; was launched as Round Splice on 27 October 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Guy R. Porter; and transferred to the American Ship Building Company, Chicago, Illinois, for completion on 15 December 1944; and delivered to the U.S. Army for operation 16 February 1945. The ship was delivered to the War Shipping Administration for operation by its agent American Export Lines at New Orleans on 5 July 1945 and then allocated for operation by the U.S. Army under bareboat charter on 12 July. Round Splice was one of 35 C1-M-AV1 vessels delivered to the Southwest Pacific Area's permanent local fleet with arrival in that fleet between 14 September and 16 December 1945 with designation in that fleet as X-350 into January 1946. The Round Splice was transferred to the War Department 30 August 1946 and renamed Private Jose F. Valdez.
Transfer to the Navy, 1950–1959
On 2 September 1950 she was acquired by the United States Navy, designated T-APC-119, and assigned to Military Sea Transportation Service. Manned by a civil service crew she operated in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean areas until August 1951. Between then and December she cruised the Mediterranean Sea and in January 1952 began runs to Newfoundland and Greenland which continued until she was ordered inactivated in late 1959. On 22 December she arrived in the James River National Defense Reserve Fleet berthing area and was transferred to the custody of the Maritime Administration.
Technical Research Ship, 1961–1969
Private Jose F. Valdez was reacquired by the Navy in August 1961. Converted to a Technical Research Ship and reassigned to MSTS, she departed Brooklyn, her homeport, in November 1961 on the first of her extended hydrographic cruises to the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
The USNS designation indicates that the ship was manned by civilians. A crew of approximately 55 civilians operated the ship while a detachment of approximately 100 Navy personnel carried out the research operations. The Navy detachment typically included three officers; almost all enlisted men were Communications Technicians (a rating that has been renamed Cryptologic Technician). An advantage of the USNS designation is that the ship was not required to return to an American port on a regular basis. Thus the first deployment of Private Jose F. Valdez started in 1961 and she did not return to the USA until 1967.
Operation in African waters
Since the "Happy Jose" did not regularly return to the US, the crew was rotated by flying them to a major port city in Africa, such as Cape Town. This occurred on an annual basis. The old crew would be flown back to the USA.
Private Jose F. Valdez was typically at sea for about 30 days and then spent four or five days in port. Some of the sub-Saharan ports of call, from West to East, were Dakar, Senegal; Freetown, Sierra Leone; Monrovia, Liberia; Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Lagos, Nigeria; Brazzaville, Republic of Congo; Luanda, Angola; Walvis Bay, Southwest Africa (now Namibia); Cape Town, South Africa; Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Durban, South Africa; Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), Mozambique; and Mombasa, Kenya.
A brush with fate
In May 1967 tensions were rising in the Middle East between Israel and her Arab neighbors; this resulted in the Six-Day War in June 1967. The National Security Agency (NSA) decided to deploy a SIGINT collection ship to the area to monitor the situation. Most of the technical research ships were too far away: and were in Southeast Asia, and were in South America, and was off Cuba.
Choice of a ship for the operation narrowed between Private Jose F. Valdez, then headed from the eastern Mediterranean to Gibraltar, and in port at Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The NSA selected Liberty because she had superior cruising speed (18 knots vs. 8 knots for Private Jose F. Valdez), because her VHF/UHF multichannel collection capability was better, and because she was, unlike Private Jose F. Valdez, at the beginning of a deployment. On 23 May 1967 Liberty was diverted for duty in the eastern Mediterranean. Liberty stopped at Rota on 1 June and departed the next day for the eastern Mediterranean. Eastbound Liberty passed westbound Private Jose F. Valdez on the night of June 5/6. June 7 Contact X (Private Jose F. Valdez was Contact A ) removed from Libertys navigation chart. Seven days after arriving Rota, Liberty was attacked by Israeli forces and suffered heavy damages, with 34 crew members killed and 171 injured (see USS Liberty incident). Private Jose F. Valdez arrived in Bayonne, New Jersey in June 1967.
Final deployments
After repair and overhaul, Private Jose F. Valdez departed for her second extended tour in the African region on 18 September 1967. She returned to the USA unexpectedly early in September 1968 for installation of Technical Research Ship Special COMMunications (TRSSCOMM), a system that could relay messages directly to Washington by bouncing a microwave signal off the moon. This was not a new system; it had already been used on Liberty and Oxford. This system consisted of a sixteen-foot, dish shaped antenna mounted on a movable platform and capable of bouncing a 10,000 watt microwave signal off a particular spot on the moon and down either to the receiving station at Cheltenham, Maryland, or to one of the other Navy SIGINT ships. The TRSSCOMM had the advantage of being able to transmit large quantities of intelligence information very rapidly without giving away the ship's location to hostile direction finding equipment or interfering with incoming signals. But its major disadvantage is that it could only work if the moon was visible and the stabilization system worked properly.
The third extended deployment commenced on 22 January 1969 when Private Jose F. Valdez transited to Africa via Recife, Brazil. Private Jose F. Valdez was ordered home later that year to prematurely end her final deployment. All the vessels in the Technical Research Fleet were inactive by 1970.
Final fate
The Maritime Administration assumed custody of Private Jose F. Valdez on 7 November 1969. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register, 15 August 1976 and transferred for disposal. She, and three other ships, were sold on 27 July 1977 to Consolidated-Andy Inc., Brownsville, Texas for $309,999 and scrapped by that company later that year.
References
Bibliography
External links
DANFS: Pvt. Jose F. Valdez
Website of the Worldwide CT Community
A complete listing of the Technical Research Ships
Type C1-M ships
Ships built in Duluth, Minnesota
1944 ships
Type C1-M ships of the United States Army
Type C1-M ships of the United States Navy
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States |
Adamsville is a village in Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. The population was 140 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Zanesville micropolitan area.
History
Adamsville was laid out in 1832 and named after John Quincy Adams or according to another source, Mordecai Adams, the proprietor of the village. A post office called Adamsville has been in operation since 1837. The village was incorporated in 1864.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 114 people, 45 households, and 33 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 54 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 99.1% White and 0.9% from two or more races.
There were 45 households, of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 11.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.91.
The median age in the village was 39.6 years. 27.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.9% male and 49.1% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 127 people, 46 households, and 35 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 49 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.
There were 46 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.17.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $27,813 versus $16,964 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,703. There were 7.9% of families and 4.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 13.3% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Adamsville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
References
Villages in Muskingum County, Ohio
Villages in Ohio
1832 establishments in Ohio
Populated places established in 1832 |
David Hellebuyck (born 12 May 1979) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Career
Born in Nantua, Hellebuyck began playing youth football with Lyon. He signed a three-year contract with Spanish club Atlético Madrid at age 17, but the transfer was rejected by FIFA before he could play for Atlético's B team. Hellebuyck eventually made his professional debut with Lyon in 1999, but his relationship with the club was strained and Guy Lacombe was able to recruit him on loan to Guingamp.
He would also play for Lausanne-Sport, Saint-Étienne, Paris Saint-Germain and Nice, making 210 Ligue 1 appearances in total. Hellebuyck ended his playing career at the end of the 2011–12 season due to a recurring knee injury.
Hellebuyck won the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship with France.
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
People from Nantua
Footballers from Ain
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Olympique Lyonnais players
En Avant Guingamp players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
AS Saint-Étienne players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
OGC Nice players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Swiss Super League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland |
Joseph "Clayne" Crawford (born April 20, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Martin Riggs on the Fox series Lethal Weapon (2016–2018) and Teddy Talbot on the SundanceTV series Rectify (2013–2016), the latter earning him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He has also had supporting roles in the films A Walk to Remember (2002), Swimfan (2002), A Love Song for Bobby Long (2004), The Great Raid (2005), and Wristcutters: A Love Story (2006).
Early life
Joseph Crawford was born in Clay, Alabama, on April 20, 1978, the son of Lennie and design engineer Brian Crawford. He graduated from Hewitt-Trussville High School, where he was on the football and wrestling teams.
Career
In 1996, Crawford moved to Los Angeles to look for acting work. He took construction jobs to support himself while appearing in small theaters. In 2000, to distinguish himself from others with a similar name, he stopped using the name "Joey Crawford" and began appearing with the name "Clayne Crawford". He created his new first name by taking the name of his hometown (Clay, Alabama) and combining it with the word "clan" in honor of an ancestor. He had a recurring role in the first season of Jericho as Mitchell "Mitch" Cafferty. In 2008, he appeared on Life in the episode "Evil ... and His Brother Ziggy". Crawford was the protagonist in the 2010 straight-to-DVD prequel to Smokin' Aces, Smokin' Aces 2: Assassins' Ball. In 2010, he had a recurring role in the eighth season of 24 as Kevin Wade, a young, mysterious man. He also appeared in the first and second season of the A&E series The Glades.
Crawford played the role of Ted "Teddy" Talbot Jr. in the first SundanceTV original series, Rectify, which was aired for four seasons from 2013 to 2016. The series, exploring a man who is released from prison after 19 years on death row after DNA evidence appears to support his innocence, also looks at the effects on his family and town. It received critical praise and won a Peabody Award in 2014, also receiving notice for its treatment of issues in criminal justice. In 2015, Crawford played the role of Cade LaSalle, older brother to Christopher LaSalle on NCIS: New Orleans.
Beginning in 2016, Crawford portrayed Martin Riggs in the Fox television reboot Lethal Weapon. In May 2018, during reports of bad behavior and hostility between cast and crew on the show's set, Crawford was fired after two seasons and replaced with a new character played by Seann William Scott. His co-star, Damon Wayans, quit the series shortly afterwards.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards
2016 Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (nominated)
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
People from Clay, Alabama
Male actors from Alabama
American male film actors
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors |
Pearl Fryar (born December 4, 1939) is an American topiary artist living in Bishopville, South Carolina.
Biography
Pearl Fryar was born on December 4, 1939 in Clinton, North Carolina to a sharecropper family. In the late 1950s, he attended the North Carolina College in Durham. He served in the military and was in the Korean War. After leaving the military, he moved to Queens, New York. In 1975, he began work as a factory engineer at a Coca-Cola soda can factory in Bishopville until his retirement in 2006.
Initially, Fryar wanted to move into Bishopville's city limits, however he was blocked from purchasing a home in the area due to white residents thinking he wouldn't maintain his property and instead built on the outskirts of town. He began working in his yard to prove his white neighbors wrong with "throwaway" plants rescued from the compost pile at local nurseries and received the 'Yard of the Month' in 1985.
Around 1988, Fryar began trimming the evergreen plants around his yard into unusual shapes. In addition to the boxwood and yew found there originally, he began transplanting holly, fir, loblolly pine and other plants as they became available. His living sculptures are astounding feats of artistry and horticulture. Pearl Fryar and his garden are now internationally recognized and have been the subject of numerous newspaper and magazine articles, television shows.
In 2006, the documentary A Man Named Pearl was produced by Scott Galloway and Brent Pierson about his work.
Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden
Pearl's garden is a living testament to one man's firm belief in the results of positive thinking, hard work, and perseverance, and his dedication to spreading a message of "love, peace, and goodwill." and today, the Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden draws visitors from around the globe. Visitors to the Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden experience a place that is alternately beautiful, whimsical, educational, and inspiring. Pearl's garden contains over 400 individual plants and is integrated with "junk art" sculptures. The aesthetics of Fryar's work are a departure from traditional topiary work and are considered abstract, inventive, and free-form.
In 2007, the Friends of Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden and the Garden Conservancy formed a partnership with Pearl Fryar to preserve and maintain the Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden and to further Pearl's message of inspiration and hope. In 2008, a scholarship was created by Fryar and the Friends of Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden to provide for students with lower grades. The nonprofit dissolved in 2018.
In 2021, Mike Gibson, a topiary artist from Youngstown, Ohio who had first met Fryar in 2016, began tending the garden due to Fryar's declining health and the COVID-19 pandemic. His position is funded by a $50,000 Central Carolina Community Foundation grant. The garden received the grant after Jane Przybysz, Executive Director at the McKissick Museum in Columbia noticed the decline in the garden's maintenance.
During 2020-2022, a new nonprofit, The Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden, Inc. was established to work collaboratively and support the preservation of the artistic and horticultural legacy of Pearl Fryar.
Awards and accolades
“The Heart Garden” collaboration with Philip Simmons for Spoleto Festival USA’s “Human/Nature” installations (1997)
June 27 was recognized as Pearl Fryar Day by the South Carolina General Assembly for his “humanitarian ideals and artistic influence” (1998)
Elizabeth O’Neill Verner Governor’s Award for the Arts (2013)
Award of Excellence from National Garden Clubs Inc. (2017)
References
External links
The Pearl Fryar Topiary Garden - official site
Official movie site, A Man Named Pearl
American gardeners
Artists from South Carolina
Living people
Outsider artists
1940 births
People from Clinton, North Carolina
People from Bishopville, South Carolina
Artists from North Carolina
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American artists |
Ng Swee Hong () (1934–2006) was a Malaysian businessman who founded Pacific Andes company.
Ng Swee Hong moved to Singapore in 1963 where he operated trading and real estate ventures until in the wake of general economic depression in the 1980s, and his business were forced to close with about $30 million of debt.
In 1985, Ng and his family moved to Hong Kong, where he and his son Joo Siang founded Pacific Andes, which grew from a regional trader of shrimp to a global fish harvest, processing, and distribution company. Ng remained as chairman until his death in 2006.
Notes
Malaysian businesspeople
2006 deaths |
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