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Gornji Bogovići is a village in the municipality of Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was 2, both Bosniaks.
References
Populated places in Goražde |
The 1990 Sunkist Fiesta Bowl was the 19th edition of the Fiesta Bowl, played on January 1, in Tempe, Arizona. The game featured the sixth-ranked Nebraska Cornhuskers of the Big Eight Conference and the independent fifth-ranked
Game summary
Less than four minutes into the game, Nebraska quarterback Gerry Gdowski threw a 9-yard touchdown pass to Morgan Gregory for the only score of the first quarter. Florida State got on the scoreboard with a 14-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Peter Tom Willis to wide receiver Terry Anthony, tying the game at seven early in the second quarter. Chris Drennan responded with a 39-yard field goal to put Nebraska ahead with over twelve minutes left in the half.
Willis connected with wide receiver Reggie Johnson for a 5-yard touchdown pass and a 14–10 Seminole lead. He later connected with for a 10-yard touchdown pass with 24 seconds left in the half, as the Seminoles took a lead into the locker room.
With six minutes left in the third quarter, Paul Moore scored for Florida State on a 1-yard touchdown run, but the extra point attempt was blocked and the score was With 3:37 left in the quarter, Willis threw his fourth touchdown pass of the game, an 8-yard strike to Johnson, widening the gap With two seconds left in the quarter, Willis threw a 24-yard touchdown pass to Terry Anthony for a In the second and third quarters, Florida State outscored Nebraska Nebraska scored the only points of the fourth quarter on a touchdown run by quarterback with It was the Huskers' worst defeat in a bowl game in 23 years.
Florida State climbed to third in the final AP poll, while Nebraska dropped to eleventh.
It was the fourth loss in as many appearances at the Fiesta Bowl for the they won their next two in 1996 and 2000.
Scoring
First quarter
Nebraska – Morgan Gregory 9 pass from Gerry Gdowski (Gregg Barrios kick), 11:19
Second quarter
Florida State – Terry Anthony 14 pass from Peter Tom Willis (Richie Andrews kick), 13:42
Nebraska – Field goal, Chris Drennan 39, 12:15
Florida State – Reggie Johnson 5 pass from Willis (Andrews kick), 6:55
Florida State – Dexter Carter 10 pass from Willis (Andrews kick), 0:24
Third quarter
Florida State – Paul Moore 1 run (kick blocked), 5:59
Florida State – Johnson 8 pass from Willis (Andrews kick), 3:37
Florida State – Anthony 24 pass from Willis (Andrews kick), 0:02
Fourth quarter
Nebraska – Mickey Joseph 2 run (Drennan kick), 1:16
Statistics
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Statistics !! Nebraska !! FloridaState
|-
|align=left|First Downs || 18 || 18
|-
|align=left|Rushes–yards|| 46–115|| 24–72
|-
|align=left|Passing yards || 207 || 422
|-
|align=left|Passes || 15–26–2 || 25–41–0
|-
|align=left|Total yards || 322 || 494
|-
|align=left|Punts–average ||3–34|| 3–36
|-
|align=left|Fumbles–lost ||5–3|| 0–0
|-
|align=left|Turnovers by||5||0
|-
|align=left|Penalties-yards ||6–48|| 13–135
|-
|align=left|Time of possession ||32:30||27:30
|}
References
External links
http://huskerpedia.com/games/1989/12floridastate.html
Fiesta Bowl
Fiesta Bowl
Florida State Seminoles football bowl games
Nebraska Cornhuskers football bowl games
Fiesta Bowl
January 1990 sports events in the United States |
Alison Buchan is the Carolyn Fite Professor at the University of Tennessee. She is known for her work on bacteria in natural environments, especially bacteria within the Roseobacter group. In 2022 she was named as a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.
Education and career
Buchan received a B.Sc. from James Madison University in 1994. She then moved to the University of Georgia where she earned a M.Sc. (1997) and a Ph.D. (2001). She was a postdoctoral investigator at Yale University from 2003 until 2005 at which point she moved to the University of Tennessee. In 2016 she was promoted to professor, and as of 2022 she is the Carolyn Fite Professor. </ref>
Research
Buchan's early research examined biochemical pathways used by Roseobacter, a common marine bacteria, and the chemical compounds used by Roseobacter as they grow on surfaces. Buchan's research revealed how viruses change the chemical compounds released by bacteria and how heterotrophic bacteria alter the organic carbon produced by marine phytoplankton. She has also examined the interactions between Roseobacter and the viruses that infect them.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 2022 Buchan was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, and received the 2022 faculty achievement award from the University of Tennessee.
References
External links
Living people
Women microbiologists
Women chemists
Ecologists
University of Georgia alumni
James Madison University alumni
University of Tennessee faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Johann Sebastian Bach's Magnificat, BWV 243, is a musical setting of the biblical canticle Magnificat. It is scored for five vocal parts (two sopranos, alto, tenor and bass), and a Baroque orchestra including trumpets and timpani. It is the first major liturgical composition on a Latin text by Bach.
In 1723, after taking up his post as Thomaskantor in Leipzig, Bach set the text of the Magnificat in a twelve movement composition in the key of E-flat major. For a performance at Christmas he inserted four hymns (laudes) related to that feast. This version, including the Christmas interpolations, was given the number 243.1 (previously 243a) in the catalogue of Bach's works.
Likely for the feast of Visitation of 1733, or another feast in or around that year, Bach produced a new version of his Latin Magnificat, without the Christmas hymns: instrumentation of some movements was altered or expanded, and the key changed from E-flat major to D major, for performance reasons of the trumpet parts. This version of Bach's Magnificat is known as BWV 243.2 (previously BWV 243).
After publication of both versions in the 19th century, the second became the standard for performance. It is one of Bach's most popular vocal works.
History
In Leipzig, the Magnificat was regularly part of Sunday services, sung in German on ordinary Sundays but more elaborately and in Latin on the high holidays (Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) and on the three Marian feasts Annunciation, Visitation and Purification.
Bach's tenure as Thomaskantor in Leipzig
Apart from an early setting of the Kyrie, on a mixed Greek and German text (BWV 233a), all of Bach's known liturgical compositions in Latin were composed during his tenure as Thomaskantor in Leipzig, from 1723 until his death in 1750. Compared to Lutheran practice elsewhere, an uncharacteristic amount of Latin was used in church services in Leipzig. An early account of Bach showing interest in liturgical practices in Leipzig dates from 1714, when he noted down the order of the service on the first Sunday in Advent during a visit to the town. At the time Johann Kuhnau was the Cantor in Leipzig. When Kuhnau died in 1722, one of the candidates applying for the post of Thomaskantor was Christoph Graupner, a former pupil of Kuhnau, who reused a Magnificat he had composed for Christmas 1722 as an audition piece in January 1723, three weeks before Bach presented his audition cantatas Jesus nahm zu sich die Zwölfe, BWV 22 and . Bach assumed the position of on 30 May 1723, the first Sunday after Trinity, performing an ambitious cantata in 14 movements, , followed by a comparable cantata, the next Sunday.
Traditional setting of the German Magnificat
The traditional setting of Luther's German translation of the Magnificat ("Meine Seele erhebt den Herren") is a German variant of the , a rather exceptional psalm tone in Gregorian chant. The tonus peregrinus (or ninth tone) is associated with the ninth mode or Aeolian mode. For the traditional setting of Luther's German Magnificat that is the minor mode for which the last note of the melodic formula is the tonic, a fifth below its opening note.
The tonus peregrinus variant that is associated with Luther's German Magnificat appears in compositions by, among others, Johann Hermann Schein, Heinrich Schütz, Johann Pachelbel and Dietrich Buxtehude. Bach uses the melodic formula as an instrumental in movement 10 (Suscepit Israel) of his Latin Magnificat. He uses it again in his "German Magnificat", i.e. the cantata composed for Visitation of 1724, in the chorale harmonisations BWV 323 and 324, and in the fourth Schübler Chorale BWV 648. Also in BWV 733, Fuga sopra il Magnificat, the melodic formula is used as a theme: this chorale prelude may however be the work of Bach pupil Johann Ludwig Krebs.
Extended settings of the Magnificat
Being a quintessential part of vespers, evensong or matins, the Magnificat was, already for over a century before Bach's composition, the liturgical text that was most often set to music apart from the Mass ordinary. In Protestantism there was no Latin text more often set to music than the Magnificat. Also settings of the German text of the Magnificat were current from the early 17th century, without one form suppressing the other.
Extended settings of the Magnificat, also indicated as settings in a concertato sectional construction, that is in several movements with chorus, orchestra and vocal soloists, and a non-linear treatment of the text (parts of the text repeated multiple times by the singers), go back to the old Italian school of music. Such an example can be found in Claudio Monteverdi's Magnificat a 7 voci, one of two alternative Magnificat settings included in his Vespro della Beata Vergine. In a Lutheran tradition there is for example Schütz' Latin Magnificat, SWV 468. Magnificat composers like Johann Levini, Antonio Lotti and Francesco Durante are cited as possible inspirations for Bach. Around Bach's time there are also examples by Heinichen and by Vivaldi.
In many of these settings a single verse of the Magnificat can be sung by one or more soloists alternating with choral singing, as Bach does in his treatment of the third Magnificat verse: the soprano sings the first words of the verse, while the chorus concludes it. This particular split of the third verse, leaving only the last two words (omnes generationes) to the chorus, had been practised before by Ruggiero Fedeli, and in a Magnificat in G minor from 1720 which Bach probably knew (that Magnificat in G minor used to be attributed to Tomaso Albinoni). Also Graupner's 1722 Magnificat had this split.
Another characteristic of Bach's Magnificat is that it is set for a five-part chorus. Extending a standard SATB choir with more voice parts was however no novelty for Magnificat compositions: for example Johann Pachelbel, the teacher of Johann Sebastian's eldest brother, had composed half a dozen Magnificats for SSATB choir, and one for soli, SSATB double choir and orchestra. Kuhnau's Magnificat setting also used a SSATB choir. Bach had already composed for a SSATB choir in Weimar (Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret, BWV 31, an Easter cantata from 1715). He did the same in his funeral motet Jesu, meine Freude. Around the time when the D major version of the Magnificat originated, he composed for the same extended chorus in his Mass for the Dresden court. Other extended choral settings by Bach include his Sanctus for six vocal parts (SSSATB) for Christmas 1724, and compositions for double choir like the St Matthew Passion (1727) and the secular cantata Preise dein Glücke, gesegnetes Sachsen, BWV 215 (1734). Such compositions with an extended choir are however outside Bach's usual routine for liturgical music.
Bach was not the first to include mixed German/Latin Christmas interpolations in a Magnificat sung in Latin: Hieronymus Praetorius published a Magnificat with such interpolations in 1622. Samuel Scheidt's Geistliche Konzerte III (1635) contained three Magnificats with interpolations, the first of these (SSWV 299 for SSATTB and basso continuo) with the first stanza of "Vom Himmel hoch da komm ich her" as first interpolation.
The Visitation version(s)
In the Gospel of Luke the words of the Magnificat are spoken by Mary when she visits her cousin Elizabeth, both being pregnant, Mary with Jesus and Elizabeth with John the Baptist. In Christianity, the feast commemorating that visit is called Visitation. It is a chosen opportunity to give more than ordinary attention to the Magnificat canticle in liturgy, while the feast celebrates the event tied to its origin.
In Bach's time the feast day of Visitation fell on 2 July. The D major version of Bach's Magnificat (BWV 243.2) may have been performed on , as part of the church service in the St. Thomas Church (Thomaskirche) in Leipzig. That year there had been a period of mourning after the death of the sovereign, Augustus the Strong. During that mourning period, which ran from Sexagesima Sunday (15 February) to the fourth Sunday after Trinity (28 June), no concerted music was allowed in the churches. During that period Bach had been composing a Kyrie-Gloria mass in B minor which he dedicated to the successor, Frederick Augustus II, in a letter signed .
The first occasion after the mourning period that re-allowed concerted church music was the feast of Visitation, Thursday . It is possible that Bach produced his new version of the Magnificat for this occasion, although Christmas of the same year as first performance date for the new version is possible too: it can not be determined with certainty on which day around 1732–1735 the D major version of the Magnificat was first performed, and until when Bach amended the score to its final state. Around 1733 Bach filed two cantatas by Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel, for the fifth and the sixth Sunday after Trinity (5 and 12 July in 1733): Bach may have relied on church music by other composers for the services in Leipzig in July 1733, while composing and copying out the performance parts of the extensive first part of the Mass in B minor.
In 2003 Bach scholar Andreas Glöckner argued that the very first version of Bach's Magnificat, that is the E major version before the four Christmas interpolations were added to the autograph, was first performed on 2 July 1723. That would have been exactly ten years before the transposed version, and composed for the same Marian feast. Bach had taken up his post as in Leipzig on 30 May, the first Sunday after Trinity in 1723. Visitation was the first feast day of his tenure, which called for exceptionally festive music.
The Christmas interpolations
Before Glöckner's 2003 article on the origin of the Magnificat, and for some authors still after that, it was generally assumed that Bach had composed his Magnificat in the quiet time of Advent 1723 for a first performance at the Christmas vespers. For that performance Bach composed four laudes, songs of praise partly in German, partly in Latin to be inserted at certain points in the E-flat major version of the Magnificat. The E-flat major version of the Magnificat including these interpolations is known as BWV 243.1 (previously BWV 243a).
The text of these laudes had been used in Leipzig in a Christmas cantata by Bach's predecessor Kuhnau. Possibly those settings in C major of the same four texts as the laudes Bach had included in his Christmas Magnificat were not a self-contained cantata, but laudes Kuhnau had composed for insertion in his C major Magnificat when it was to be performed at Christmas. These laudes illustrate what the Gospels describe as the circumstances around Christ's birth, and were embedded in an old tradition named (rocking of the cradle).
As these laudes were to be performed with a very limited accompaniment of instruments, they were supposedly performed from the small loft in the high choir of the Thomaskirche, opposite to the large organ loft where the other movements of the Magnificat were performed. The autograph of the E-flat major version of the Magnificat (BWV 243.1) suggests that Bach intended to perform the first version of his Magnificat also without the laudes, depending on circumstances, for example on other feasts than Christmas.
Other Magnificats by Bach?
Bach's Nekrolog, the 1754 obituary written by Johann Friedrich Agricola and the composer's son Carl Philipp Emanuel, mentions that the composer wrote several Magnificats. Apart from the extant copies of the Latin Magnificat BWV 243, of the German Magnificat BWV 10 and of the chorale harmonisation BWV 324, a Magnificat for soprano solo was considered lost in the 19th century. The score of that so-called "little" Magnificat () was rediscovered in the 20th century, and listed as however, its authenticity was doubted. In 1982 Melchior Hoffmann was identified as the composer of this German Magnificat Meine Seel erhebt den Herren. A similar cantata on a German paraphrase of the Magnificat, Meine Seele rühmt und preist, BWV 189 for tenor solo and composed for Visitation, has also been attributed to Hoffmann.
Another German libretto paraphrasing the Magnificat, published by Picander in his 1728–29 cantata cycle for performance on 2 July 1728, may have been set by Bach. Similarly, a Meine Seele erhebet den Herrn cantata by an unknown librettist for Visitation 1725. Further, Bach copied Latin Magnificats by other composers:
in the early 1740s Bach copied Antonio Caldara's Magnificat in C major, arranging its Suscepit Israel movement (BWV 1082).
is a Magnificat in C major for double SATB choir and orchestra, copied by Bach around 1742. The manuscript score indicates no composer, but in 2012 it was discovered that it is Bach's arrangement (by adding parts for timpani and for a third trumpet) of a late 17th-century composition by Pietro Torri. An earlier attribution of the work had been to Antonio Lotti.
Structure and movements
Bach's Magnificat consists of eleven movements for the text of Luke 1:46–55, concluded by a twelfth doxology movement. Each verse of the canticle is assigned to one movement, except verse 48 (the third verse of the Magnificat) which begins with a soprano solo in the third movement and is concluded by the chorus in the fourth movement. The traditional division of the Magnificat, as used by composers since the late Middle Ages, was in 12 verses: it differs from Bach's 12 movements in that Luke's verse 48 is one verse in the traditional division, while the doxology is divided into two verses.
There is however no numbering of movements in Bach's autographs, nor is there a caesura between the third and the fourth movement: the 25th measure of the Quia respexit (where the soprano soloist sings their last note) is the first measure of the Omnes generationes movement. The four Christmas interpolations are placed after the second, the fifth, the seventh and the ninth movement on the Magnificat text. These four laudes movements are usually indicated by the letters A to D, with these text sources:
A: Hymn by Martin Luther
B: Verse attributed to Sethus Calvisius
C:
D: Fragment of a Christmas hymn
Performance time of the Magnificat lies typically between 25 and 30 minutes, with an additional five minutes for the Christmas interpolations. The duration of the version without Christmas hymns is comparable with that of an average Bach cantata. However, there are many differences: the Magnificat contains about twice as many movements as an average cantata, keeping it short by avoiding da capos in the arias, and altogether no recitatives. Also the text is in Latin (not the usual language for a Bach cantata), the architecture of the movements is fairly complex, as opposed to the fairly simple structure of an average cantata, and the choral writing is in five parts, "outside the normal routine of Bach's sacred vocal works".
Scoring and key signature
The movements 1 (Magnificat), 7 (Fecit potentiam) and 12 (Gloria patri) are the cornerstones of the composition: they are in the tonic key (E major for BWV 243.1, D major for BWV 243.2), and are the only movements that feature a five-part chorus as well as a tutti orchestra. The chorus also sings in movement 4 (Omnes generationes), accompanied by an orchestra without trumpets and timpani, and in movement 11 (Sicut locutus est), there only accompanied by the continuo. The first three choral movements are, in the version without the Christmas hymns, followed by two movements for a vocal soloist, the second one often with richer scoring. In the movements for vocal soloists the instrumentation is as usual in Bach's cantata's: the soloists are accompanied by an obbligato instrument, only strings and/or continuo. Movement A (Vom Himmel hoch) is the only a cappella movement.
As natural trumpets were usually tuned in D in Saxony, this is given as a reason why Bach transposed the initial E-flat major version to D major.
Voices
Bach set the Magnificat for SSATB five-part choir. Five vocal soloists are required: two sopranos (sI, sII), alto (a), tenor (t) and bass (b). In movement 10 (Suscepit Israel) both sopranos sing together with the alto.
Orchestra
The Baroque orchestra for BWV 243.1 consists of "due violini, due oboe, tre trombi, tamburi, basson, viola e basso continuo", i.e. two violins (Vl), two oboes (Ob), three trumpets (Tr, tonic), timpani (Ti, tonic and dominant), bassoon, viola (Va) and basso continuo (Bc). Two recorders (flauto dolce, Fl) are required for aria No. 9 Esurientes, but are not part of the tutti.
For the 1733 version, Bach used a somewhat more extended orchestra: the recorders are replaced by traversos (Fl) and they get separate parts in all four choral movements. In movements three and four the oboes are replaced by oboes d'amore (Oa). In the 10th movement (Suscepit Israel) the oboes replace the trumpet for the obbligato instrumental part.
The continuo part is played by organ, bassoon, cello and violone in most movements. In the 1723 version movement 10 (Suscepit Israel) has a bassett (Ba) part played exclusively by violins and viola in unisono. In the 1733 version this continuo line is given to a continuo that includes cello, but not bassoon and violone.
Symmetrical structure
Bach's Magnificat is built symmetrically around the 7th movement (Fecit potentiam): Between the first and the 7th movement there are four verses of the Magnificat, between the 7th and the last there are also four. First, seventh and last movement are in the tonic key, with full orchestra and choir. The second and 11th movement are in the same major key, the third and the 10th movement are in the relative minor key. The movement preceding, and the one following, the central 7th movement are also in a minor key. The fifth and the ninth are in a major key, different from the tonic. The Christmas additions are separated by two Magnificat verses, the first addition being after the second verse. The Christmas hymns are always in the same key as the preceding movement. By verse, this is what the harmonic structure looks like:
Verse 1 and 2 (movements 1 and 2, followed by movement A in the Christmas version): tonic key (major)
Verse 3: starts in relative minor key (movement 3), moving to another minor key (movement 4)
Verse 4 (movement 5, followed by movement B in the Christmas version): major key different from tonic
Verse 5 (movement 6): minor key
Verse 6 (movement 7, followed by movement C in the Christmas version): tonic key
Verse 7 (movement 8): minor key
Verse 8 (movement 9, followed by movement D in the Christmas version): major key different from tonic
Verse 9 (movement 10): relative minor key
Verse 10 and doxology (movements 11 and 12): tonic key
Regarding voices and orchestration the four Magnificat verses between the first and the seventh movement, and those between the seventh and the last, have a less symmetrical build-up: here the idea is rather that after a tutti movement there are two or three arias building up to the next choral movement:
movements two and three, both for solo soprano, build up to the Omnes generationes choral movement No. 4
movements five (solo) and six (duet), build up to the 7th tutti movement
movements eight and nine (both solo movements), followed by an aria for vocal trio, build up to the final two choral movements
The last aria in each of these sets of arias is first a solo, then a duet, then a terzet (trio). When inserting the Christmas hymns, building up to the seventh movement alternates arias with choral movements, while in the second half of the composition the choral movements at the outer ends are separated by a set of four arias: solo → solo → duet → trio. In such sixteen-movement performance there is however another symmetry: the third section (movement A), and the third counting down from the last (movement 10) both use a Lutheran chorale melody as cantus firmus: soprano voices in the first case ("Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her"), instrumental in the second ("Meine Seele erhebt den Herren"). The symmetry of the Christmas version can be pictured as follows:
Two movements (1, 2) in tonic key → "cantus firmus" movement (A)
Verse in minor key (mvt. 3, 4) → two movements in the same major key (5, B)
Verse in minor key (mvt. 6) → two movements in tonic key (7, C)
Verse in minor key (mvt. 8) → two movements in the same major key (9, D)
Two movements in tonic key (11, 12) ← "cantus firmus" movement (10)
This is also 5 times two verses of the Magnificat followed by a movement with a text that comes from elsewhere, the only bible quote of these other texts (movement C, also a doxology like the last movement) being coupled with the central 7th movement.
The structure of Bach's Magnificat has been compared with that of Kuhnau's, which he probably knew, and with that of Johann Philipp Krieger's Magnificat of 1685, which Kuhnau probably knew. Kuhnau's Magnificat, his largest extant vocal work, has a similar orchestration as the first version of Bach's Magnificat (differences: Kuhnau's has a second viola, Bach's has two recorders in one movement), and it has the same "expandability" with settings of the same laudes for a Christmas performance. Kuhnau's Magnificat has standard SATB soloists, but like Bach's, a SSATB choir. All three Magnificats set verses 1, 6, 10 and 12 of the Magnificat text for chorus. Kuhnau's has five choral movements, like Bach's, but his second is verse 4 (instead of 3b for Bach), and his last is only verse 12, where for Bach that final chorus sets both verse 11 and 12. In all three Magnificats the other verses are set for soloists, as a single voice or combined into duets and trios.
The twelve movements of the Magnificat canticle
1. Magnificat
("My spirit gives great praise to the Lord", ) is the text used for the opening chorus. The movement consists of 6 blocks of 15 measures, totalling 90 bars of music, exactly half of them with choral singing:
Measure 1–30: the orchestra presents itself with what looks like a ritornello, but is in fact rather a concerto tutti. The movement has the form of an Italian aria, modelled after the concerto style Bach had developed in Köthen: in that style the material is presented in an instrumental tutti.
Measure 1–15: the motive played by oboe I in the first measure sets the jubilant tone of the tutti. It is the first of two main motives.
Measure 16–30: in measure 16, almost imperceptible in the whirling movement of other instruments, violin I presents a new motive: it is the second main motive. The last measures before the entrance of the choir that motive is repeated by multiple instruments.
First motive (as sung by sopranos I in measure 31):
Second motive (as sung by the tenors in measure 35):
Measure 31–75: accompanied by the continuo, the chorus enters as a concerto soloist, imitating the opening material.
Measure 31–45: The sopranos enter first, with the first main motive, and from measure 32 alto and tenor imitate the same. The basses enter from measure 33 while the full orchestra plays a short intervention for two measures. In measures 35–36 the chorus sings the second main motive from the opening tutti. After that the orchestra dominates again, with the chorus following or giving contrasting melodies. From the end of measure 37 voices one after another start singing "anima mea", until in the last three measures of this block all singers take the text (the Lord) once, all of them with the last syllable of that word on the first beat of the 45th measure, after which the orchestra, apart from the continuo, is silent till the beginning of measure 47: the singers bridge the central barline between measures 45 and 46 with the first main motive sung by altos, sopranos I and sopranos II consecutively.
Measure 46–60: after the sopranos recapitulate the start of the movement with their voices, and a brief intervention by the orchestra in measures 47–48, the second main motive is sung again, first by the highest voices in measure 49, followed by the lower voices in measure 50. In this block the chorus takes a leading role, limited groups of instruments accompanying with short ideas taken from the opening tutti, until in the last two measures all instruments join, ending with the second main motive played by trumpet I in measure 60. In this second of three blocks for the singers, the only text they sing is a repetition of the word "magnificat".
Measure 61–75: in the first measure of this block the altos sing the first main motive while all instruments halt for at least a few beats. The singers keep the leading role, while groups of instruments play additional motives. Later the orchestral writing thickens, returning from the subdominant to the tonic. The text remains for most of this block, the conclusion "anima mea" (my soul) is heard by the alto for the first time, in measure 67, embedded in the other voices' . All parts sing "" once again, soprano II beginning with a long note continued by a melisma in measure 73, the others in 74.
Measure 76–90: after 45 measures of choral singing follow fifteen measures of instrumental postlude, with material condensed from the opening tutti.
2. Et exultavit
("And my spirit has rejoiced [in God my Saviour]") is an aria sung by soprano II, accompanied by the strings. The aria continues the feelings of joy from the first movement, but in a less extrovert way. In the Christmas 1723 version, this movement is followed by the first interpolation, the hymn "Vom Himmel hoch da komm ich her".
3. Quia respexit
(Because he has looked upon the humility) is an aria sung by soprano I with an obbligato oboe (oboe d'amore in the D major version). It is the only movement for which Bach marked the tempo at the beginning: Adagio (only the D major version). Steinberg notes that voice and instrument first share the material in a "contemplative duet", but on (from henceforth shall call me blessed) the voice changes to a "simpler, more declamatory style". Spitta notes: "Scarcely ever has the idea of virgin purity, simplicity, and humble happiness found more perfect expression than in this German picture of the Madonna, translated, as it were, into musical language."
4. Omnes generationes
The continuation of the verse and completion of the sentence, (all generations), is given to the chorus. The setting has been likened to a turba chorus as used by Bach in his Passions. Some commentators see an atmosphere close to aggression, others rather an evocation of multitude. The sound in the E-flat major version is somewhat harsher than in the D major version, for example the bass line in measure three, and in measure 24 where the first version has a dissonant dominant ninth which was changed to a less dissonant harmony in the later version.
5. Quia fecit
(Because he did great things for me) is an aria sung by the bass, accompanied only by the continuo. The motif, again beginning with repeated notes, is introduced by four measures of the continuo, then repeated by the voice.
6. Et misericordia
(And mercy), a duet for alto and tenor, begins with an undulating movement in 12/8 time, played by violins and violas. In the D major version these strings play con sordino, flutes doubling the violins.
7. Fecit potentiam
(He shows strength) shares key and scoring with the first movement. The tenor is the first voice to enter, followed by alto, SII, bass and SI, leading to two calls without melismas near the middle of the movement. appears in various voices, but then isolated, in a sequence from the highest voice to the lowest. The conclusion, , is marked Adagio and illustrates the text in long chords, with accents by the trumpets.
8. Deposuit
(He hath put down the mighty) is an aria for tenor, accompanied by continuo and unisono violins, presenting material in a 14 measure ritornello. The second thought of the verse, beginning with (and exalted the humble), is sung without introduction. After a shorter ritornello, the tenor sings the complete text again, the first part in a slightly modified version, but the exaltation considerably expanded after which the ritornello in full length is repeated at the end.
9. Esurientes
(The hungry) is sung by the alto, accompanied by two flutes. The ritornello of eight measures introduces a motiv moving up, on a continuo of steady quarter notes, for four measures, later sung on (He hath filled the hungry with good things), while downward lines and a continuo moving in eighth notes later go with (and the rich he hath sent away). In Latin, the last word is (empty-handed).
10. Suscepit Israel
(He hath holpen his servant Israel) is scored for an unusual combination of the three highest voices and two oboes in unison (a single trumpet in the E-flat major version). The wind instrument(s) cite the as a , on a continuo line that most of the time only changes every measure, moving one step down or up. The voices imitate each other, in gentle movement. Almost the only leaps in the whole measure occur on the word , with a downward fourth on each syllable.
11. Sicut locutus est
(As he spake [to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever]), the last line of the Magnificat has a theme in four distinct measures: the first repeated notes, the second flowing eighth notes, the third quarter notes in leaps, the fourth half notes leaping up a sixth. When the theme is developed the first time, four voices enter from bottom to top. In the second development, soprano I begins, followed by alto, tenor and bass. The movement ends with a more homophonic section in which the bass has the theme once more, while soprano I sings long suspended notes in a descending scale covering almost an octave.
12. Gloria patri
The work is concluded by the doxology, (Glory to the father), performed by the complete ensemble. The first part of the text ends in a long cadenza. After changing the time signature from common time to triple metre, the second part of the text, (as it was in the beginning), repeats material from the beginning of the work.
The hymns added in the Christmas 1723 version
The first time the Christmas hymns of the E-flat major version of Bach's Magnificat were printed was in the same volume as the D major version of the Magnificat, in the 1862 Bach Gesellschaft XI/1 publication, which presented the hymns in an annex. In that publication the hymns were however not transposed to fit in the D major setting of the Magnificat. More recently publishers offer such transposed (and completed) versions of the hymns, so that they can be performed as part of the D major version of the Magnificat, for instance Novello in 2000 (Neil Jenkins) and Bärenreiter in 2014.
A. Vom Himmel hoch
The text is the first stanza of "", a hymn by Martin Luther paraphrasing the annunciation to and adoration of the shepherds from . Bach sets this first laudes a cappella in four parts, and, like the two preceding movements, in the tonic key. The form is a chorale fantasia, with all sopranos singing the 1539 chorale melody attributed to Luther as a cantus firmus, while the lower voices make the counterpoint by imitating sections of the melody line in diminished time. Where the Latin of the preceding movements may have been largely incomprehensible for the congregation in Bach's time, here is a first movement that was not only recognizable for the words, but also for the melody: the chorale would have been sung by the congregation the preceding evening during the Christmas Eve service.
Quarter of a century later Bach returned to the chorale melody of "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her", writing a set of five canonic variations on that theme (BWV 769), one of a few compositions printed during the composer's lifetime. Bach also included three settings of the chorale melody in his Christmas Oratorio. (in the Orgelbüchlein), 700, 701, 738 and 738a are chorale preludes based on the "Vom Himmel hoch" theme.
B. Freut euch und jubiliert
The text of this movement is "" (Rejoice with pious mind, To Bethlehem go now and find The fair and holy new-born Boy, Who is your comfort peace, and joy), a verse by Sethus Calvisius.
For SSAT, , .
C. Gloria in excelsis
The text, "", is a variant of the opening verse of the . The better known version from the Vulgate, ending on "... bonae voluntatis", is an incorrect rendering of the original Greek version of , there said by angels in the Christmas night. The Vulgate version translates as "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to people of good will", while the end of the Greek version is rendered more correctly as "Peace on earth, and good will towards men", as it was understood by Luther (""). Lutheran theologians thus rejected the Vulgate version (they would have the verse end on "... bonae voluntes" in Latin), while composers were attached to the classic formula for its melodious rhythm. This Magnificat interpolation is the only place where Bach uses a version of the Gloria text that differs from the Vulgate, more or less catching the spirit of the theologian-approved version.
For SSATB and violins, E-flat major, .
D. Virga Jesse floruit
The text is "" (The stem of Jesse hath flourished, Our Emanuel hath appeared, And hath put on human flesh, And become a lovely child, Alleluja!) and is a fragment of a longer Christmas hymn that was printed in Gottfried Vopelius' Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch.
For S B, F major, 12/8.
Reception history
After the composer's death the autographs of both the E-flat major and the D major version of the Magnificat were owned by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel. Publication followed in the 19th century, including the Christmas hymns of the E-flat major version, and a variety of vocal and instrumental scores adapted to contemporary performance practice for the D major version. By the end of that century "The Magnificat in D (was) considered one of the grandest illustrations of Bach's genius." Generally it was also the D major version without the Christmas hymns that was chosen for performance.
A new critical edition of both BWV 243.2 and 243.1 was published in 1955 as Series 2, Volume 3 of the New Bach Edition. Although the D major version remained the standard for life performance and studio recordings, half a century later also the E-flat major version had been published in new editions adapted to performance, it had been recorded several times, and its composition history had been further unravelled.
18th century
In 1749, a year before his father's death, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach's Magnificat in D major had been performed in Leipzig, like his father's an extended setting. When Johann Sebastian had died, Carl Philipp Emanuel owned the autograph of both versions of his father's Magnificat, and staged the composition in Hamburg in 1786.
Laudes A and B (transposed to fit in a D major composition) were combined with a movement of a cantate by Graun (probably Carl Heinrich Graun) to form a Christmas motet, Kündlich groß ist das gottselige Geheimnis,
19th century
The score of the E-flat major version of Bach's Magnificat was first published by Simrock in 1811, edited by Georg Pölchau, however with printing errors, and without the Christmas hymns. It was the first composition of Bach for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra that was printed in orchestral score, but at the time this publication had little success in sales. When in 1822 young Felix Mendelssohn composed a Magnificat in D major he showed that he knew Bach's version.
The D major version of Bach's Magnificat didn't appear in print before the Bach-revival that followed Mendelssohn's 1829 performance of the St Matthew Passion. In the 1840s a piano reduction by Robert Franz of Bach's D major version of the Magnificat appeared. In 1862 the orchestral and vocal score was published in Volume 11/1 of the Bach-Gesellschaft edition. The same edition printed the Christmas interpolations for the first time. A year later Robert Franz complained the composition had still received too little attention from music critics and so remained virtually unknown to the general public. A year later he published the D major version of the Magnificat with an orchestral score in line with 19th century performance practice, for example expanding the "organ and continuo" single stave with annotated bass from the autograph and the Bach-edition into several separate staves for organ, bassoon and celli.
Novello printed an Octavo edition of the D major Magnificat in 1874, using a translation to English which John Troutbeck based on the text in The Book of Common Prayer. In 1880, when Bach's autographs of the composition were already kept in the Royal Library (later State Library) of Berlin, Philipp Spitta devoted many pages to the Magnificat in his Bach-biography, considering it recognized as one of the greatest achievements of the composer's genius. Bach's Magnificat was performed several times in the last quarter of the 19th century, for instance in Germany and the Netherlands.
20th century
In 1924 Arnold Schering edited the full orchestral score of the D major version of Bach's Magnificat for publication by Ernst Eulenburg and Edition Peters. Performances of the Magnificat by, among others, Serge Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra were recorded in the 1940s and appeared on 78 rpm records. LP recordings of the early 1950s included live performances of the Magnificat directed by Otto Klemperer and by Herbert von Karajan, the last one with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf as soprano.
The Neue Bach Ausgabe published Bach's Magnificat (both BWV 243.1 and BWV 243.2) in 1955, edited by Alfred Dürr. This Urtext score was reused in several ensuing publications by Bärenreiter, among which several with an English translation. More recordings of the Magnificat became available, for instance directed by Kurt Redel, Leonard Bernstein, Karl Richter and Karl Ristenpart. The second half of the 1960s saw the first recordings of the Christmas version of the Magnificat BWV 243.1 including the laudes, and new recordings of the D major version by von Karajan, Karl Münchinger and Daniel Barenboim.
The earliest LP-releases that contained the Christmas laudes of BWV 243.1 inserted them, transposed, in the D major version BWV 243.2 of the Magnificat. In this form Helmuth Rilling's recording with the Bach-Collegium Stuttgart and the appeared in 1967 with a performance time of 40:06. Wolfgang Gönnenwein's Bach: Magnificat in D (Including Christmas Interpolations), with the Deutsche Bachsolisten and the Süddeutscher Madrigalchor appeared in the 1970s.
Bruno Maderna recorded BWV 243.1, with the choir and orchestra of the Südwestdeutscher Rundfunk, and Hedy Graf, Hildegard Laurich, Adalbert Kraus and Michael Schopper as vocal soloists, in 1971. Its CD-release as volume 8 of the Maderna Edition by Arkadia was in 1991. The first recording on period instruments of Bach's Magnificat, with the four choral Christmas interpolations (BWV 243.1), was released by Simon Preston and the Academy of Ancient Music in 1978 (L'Oiseau Lyre / Decca), coupled with Vivaldi's Gloria. Nicolaus Harnoncourt's first recording of the D major version followed in 1984. Also Helmuth Rilling and John Eliot Gardiner had by then recorded the D major version of the Magnificat.
20th century Magnificat composers often refer to Bach's composition in their new setting: Vaughan Williams (1932) and Rutter (1990) include hymns and songs outside the liturgical text in their extended settings, like Bach's Christmas version; Penderecki's extended setting (1973–74) makes musical associations to Bach's D major setting; Pärt uses a SSATB choir in his a cappella setting (1989).
Before the end of the century CD recordings of the D major version of Bach's Magnificat by Sigiswald Kuijken, Robert Shaw, Andrew Parrott, Philippe Herreweghe, Neville Marriner, Peter Schreier, Harry Christophers, Ton Koopman, and by the Bach Collegium Japan had been released. Philip Pickett's 1995 recording of the E-flat major version appeared on L'Oiseau Lyre. Other CD releases with BWV 243.1 that became available before the end of the century include a recording by Rilling and the Gächinger Kantorei, one with the Regensburger Domspatzen, and one with Rolf Schweizer, the Motettenchor Pforzheim and L'arpa festante playing on period instruments.
Novello published both the E-flat major and the D major version of the Magnificat in a single publication in 2000, edited by Neil Jenkins. This edition also offered a transposed version of the Christmas 1723 laudes so that they could be fitted in performances of the D major version of the Magnificat. The last measures of the Virga Jesse, missing from the autograph score, were in this edition completed on the basis of a similar composition by Bach.
21st century
Philippe Herreweghe's 2002 recording of BWV 243.1 with Collegium Vocale Gent was released by Harmonia Mundi in 2003. In 2003 Ton Koopman recorded the Christmas version of Bach's Magnificat with Amsterdam Baroque in the St. Thomas church in Leipzig. A DVD of the recording, which included a performance of Kuhnau's Magnificat with his four Christmas interpolations, and of Bach's German Magnificat BWV 10, was released in 2004. Thomas Hengelbrock's recording of BWV 243.1, with the Balthasar-Neumann-Chor and Ensemble, was released by Deutsche Harmonia Mundi in 2008. In 2009 Philippe Pierlot performed the D major version of the Magnificat with the Ricercar Consort, with five vocal soloists without choir.
Facsimiles of Bach's autographs of both versions of the Magnificat became available on-line. Bärenreiter published a critical edition of all score versions, based on Dürr's 1955 edition, again in 2014/15. The "synthetic" D major version, that is the D major version of the Magnificat with the Christmas laudes transposed to fit in that version, now published both by Novello and Bärenreiter, found performers and audiences.
That the composition ranges among Bach's most popular vocal works is illustrated by its regular appearance in classical music polls like Klara's . In December 2016, Bach's autograph of the D major version of his Magnificat was among the top three most visited scores at the Bach Digital website.
References
Sources
Bach, Johann Sebastian. Magnificat in E-flat major.
(1720–1739) Autograph: Magnificat E-flat major and Christmas hymns (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, D-B Mus. ms. Bach P 38, at ) Note: Virga Jesse incomplete
(1811) First edition of the Magnificat score, E-flat major version, without the Christmas hymns.
(1862) Von Himmel hoch (SATB) / Freut euch und jubiliert (SSAT, continuo) / Gloria (SSATB with colla parte instruments & violino obligato) / Virga Jesse (fragment – S, B, continuo). Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe, Volume 11.1, Appendix. Edited by Wilhelm Rust. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel
(1959) Magnificat Es-dur: Herausgegeben von Alfred Dürr, Taschenpartituren No. 58. Bärenreiter, 1959.
(2014a)
Bach, Johann Sebastian. Magnificat in D major.
( 1732–1735) Autograph: Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, D-B Mus. ms. Bach P 39:
Manuscript of BWV 243.2 at
Composer's Manuscript at IMSLP
(1841) Magnificat in D-Dur : Klavierauszug, edited by Robert Franz. Breslau: Leuckart.
(1862) Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe, Band 11.1. Magnificat D dur und vier Sanctus, edited by Wilhelm Rust. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
(1864) Magnificat (in D-dur) bearbeitet von Robert Franz. Leipzig: Leuckart
(1874) Magnificat in D, in vocal score with an accompaniment for the organ or pianoforte – The adaptation to English words by J. Troutbeck. Novello's Original Octavo Edition. Novello, Ewer and Co.
(1895) Magnificat in D dur: Klavierauszug von Salomon Jadassohn. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel
( 1956) Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke, Series 2: Messen, Passionen und oratorische Werke, Volume 3: Magnificat D-dur BWV 243: Klavierauszug (Eduard Müller). Kassel (etc.): Bärenreiter.
( 1956) Magnificat D-Dur, BWV 243. Urtext of the New Bach Edition (Alfred Dürr). Foreword by the editor in German. English translation by Hans Ferdinand Redlich. For solo voices (SSATB), chorus (SSATB) and orchestra. Parts for: fl1, fl2, ob1, ob2, bsn1, tpt1, tpt2, tpt3, timp. – organ – strings (3,3,2,2). Duration: 30 min.
(1959) Magnificat in D major, BWV 243 Urtext edition taken from: J.S. Bach, Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke, Series II, Vol. 3: Magnificat (Alfred Dürr). Preface in German with English translation by Hans Ferdinand Redlich, Jeremy Noble and J. Bradford Robinson. Kassel / New York : Bärenreiter. 11th printing, 2005.
(2014b)
Bach, Johann Sebastian. Magnificat in E-flat major and Magnificat in D major (published together)
(2000)
Bach, Johann Sebastian.
Gresham College lecture.
Spitta, Philipp. "Fünftes Buch: Leipziger Jahre von 1723–1734" in Johann Sebastian Bach, Zweiter Band. Breitkopf & Härtel, 1880.
"Fünftes Buch: Leipziger Jahre von 1723–1734" pp. 3–479 in Johann Sebastian Bach, Zweiter Band. Dritte unveränderte Auflage, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1921.
Further reading
External links
Performance of the Magnificat in D major (BWV 243) by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
Magnificat (MIDI) from impresario.ch, with practice files for choristers
Keep it Short: J S Bach Magnificat, a 2011 Gresham College lecture by Christopher Hogwood
Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
1733 compositions
Bach
Compositions with natural trumpets in D |
Kang Sue-jin (; born 24 April 1967) is a South Korean ballerina. She is a principal dancer at Stuttgart Ballet.
Early life
Kang Sue-jin was born in Seoul, South Korea. After initial ballet lessons at Sun Hwa Arts Middle School, where she majored in Korean traditional dance, she continued her education at Sun Hwa Arts High School until 1982. Following graduation from high school, Kang went to Marika Besobrasova at Monte Carlo Dance School. In 1986, she became a member of the Stuttgart Ballet, where she was appointed Soloist in 1994 and Principal Dancer in 1997.
Following her long career as a ballet dancer, Kang was awarded an honorary degree from Sookmyung Women's University in 2016.
Career
Kang joined Stuttgart Ballet in 1986 and was its first and youngest Asian ballerina.
In 2002, Kang appeared in Die Kameliendame and two years later, she performed with Benito Marcellino in Cranko's Onegin. Following the 2016 performance of the same ballet with Jason Reilly as partner, Kang had retired from performance.
In 2003, Kang debuted in USA in a role of Juliet from Cranko's Romeo and Juliet opposite to Romeo role by Filip Barankiewicz. In 2008, Kang reprised the role of Juliet in the same ballet.
In 2013, Kang published her first memoir titled I Don't Wait for Tomorrow. The same year she also became an honorary ambassador of PyeongChang at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
In 2015, Kang performed in John Neumeier's Die Kameliendame in her hometown Seoul, South Korea and the same year appeared in Cranco's Onegin at Seoul Arts Center where she sang the "Swan song".
In 2017, Kang became a jury member of the Prix de Lausanne, Prix Benois de la Danse. and of the Beijing International Ballet and Choreography Competition.
Featured performances
1992 Mata Hari
1992 Romeo and Juliet
1993 The Magic Flute
1994 The Sleeping Beauty
1996 Giselle
1997 The Hunchback of Notre Dame
1998 Die Kameliendame
1999 Gala performance - Korea's best Ballerina
2006 Korean Nat'l Ballet, 2006 New Year's Gala
2008 Appeared at Lotte Dept. Store CF.
2016 The Lady and the Fool
Honours and awards
Won a scholarship of Prix de Lausanne in 1985
Recipient of the Korean Young Artist Award, 1998
Recipient of the Best Female Ballerina Award at the Prix Benois de la Danse, 1999
National Hwa-Gwan Order of Cultural Merit by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (South Korea), 1999
Ho-Am Prize in the Arts, 2001
Recipient of the German title “Kammertänzerin” (German: Royal Court Dancer), 2007
Recipient of the John Cranko Award, 2007
Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg, 2014
Order of Cultural Merit, 2018
In 1998, German Orchid Society named an orchid from the Phalaenopsis genus in her honor.
See also
Stuttgart Ballet
References
External links
Kang Sue-Jin, Stuttgart Ballet Interview at CriticalDance.com
1967 births
Living people
Prix Benois de la Danse winners
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Prix de Lausanne winners
South Korean ballerinas
South Korean expatriates in Germany
Entertainers from Seoul
Korea National Ballet
20th-century ballet dancers
21st-century ballet dancers
Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in the Arts |
These are the official results of the Women's Pole Vault event at the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland, held on August 7 and August 12, 2005.
Medalists
Schedule
All times are Eastern European Time (UTC+2)
Records
Results
Qualification
Group A
1. Anna Rogowska, Poland 4.45m Q
2. Jillian Schwartz, United States 4.45m Q
2. Tatyana Polnova, Russia 4.45m Q
4. Caroline Hingst, Germany 4.45m Q
5. Vanessa Boslak, France 4.40m q
6. Tracy O'Hara, United States 4.40m q
6. Naroa Agirre, Spain 4.40m q (SB)
8. Janine Whitlock, Great Britain 4.40m
9. Thórey Edda Elisdóttir, Iceland 4.15m
9. Takayo Kondo, Japan 4.15m
9. Kirsten Belin, Sweden 4.15m
12. Melina Hamilton, New Zealand 4.15m
13. Natalya Kushch, Ukraine 4.15m
14. Kelsey Hendry, Canada 4.00m
14. Zhao Yingying, China 4.00m
Group B
1. Monika Pyrek, Poland 4.45m Q
1. Yelena Isinbayeva, Russia 4.45m Q
3. Gao Shuying, China 4.45m Q (SB)
4. Dana Ellis, Canada 4.40m q
4. Pavla Hamáčková, Czech Republic 4.40m q
6. Tatiana Grigorieva, Australia 4.45m q
7. Fabiana Murer, Brazil 4.40m (NR)
8. Stacy Dragila, United States 4.40m
9. Anzhela Balakhonova, Ukraine 4.15m
9. Krisztina Molnár, Hungary 4.15m
9. Afroditi Skafida, Greece 4.15 m
12. Elisabete Tavares, Portugal 4.00m
13. Teja Melink, Slovenia 4.00m
Anna Fitidou, Cyprus NM
Nadine Rohr, Switzerland NM
Final
External links
IAAF results, heats
IAAF results, final
Pole vault
Pole vault at the World Athletics Championships
2005 in women's athletics |
```objective-c
/*your_sha256_hash------------*/
/**
* This confidential and proprietary software may be used only as
* authorised by a licensing agreement from ARM Limited
* (C) COPYRIGHT 2011-2012 ARM Limited
* ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
*
* The entire notice above must be reproduced on all authorised
* copies and copies may only be made to the extent permitted
* by a licensing agreement from ARM Limited.
*
* @brief Soft IEEE-754 floating point library.
*/
/*your_sha256_hash------------*/
#ifndef SOFTFLOAT_H_INCLUDED
#define SOFTFLOAT_H_INCLUDED
#if defined __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif
#if defined __cplusplus && !defined(_MSC_VER)
/* if compiling as C++, we need to define these macros in order to obtain all the macros in stdint.h . */
#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
#define __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS
#include <stdint.h>
#else
typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
typedef signed char int8_t;
typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
typedef signed short int16_t;
typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
typedef signed int int32_t;
#endif
uint32_t clz32(uint32_t p);
/* targets that don't have UINT32_C probably don't have the rest of C99s stdint.h */
#ifndef UINT32_C
#define PASTE(a) a
#define UINT64_C(a) PASTE(a##ULL)
#define UINT32_C(a) PASTE(a##U)
#define INT64_C(a) PASTE(a##LL)
#define INT32_C(a) a
#define PRIX32 "X"
#define PRId32 "d"
#define PRIu32 "u"
#define PRIX64 "LX"
#define PRId64 "Ld"
#define PRIu64 "Lu"
#endif
/* sized soft-float types. These are mapped to the sized integer types of C99, instead of C's
floating-point types; this is because the library needs to maintain exact, bit-level control on all
operations on these data types. */
typedef uint16_t sf16;
typedef uint32_t sf32;
/* the five rounding modes that IEEE-754r defines */
typedef enum {
SF_UP = 0, /* round towards positive infinity */
SF_DOWN = 1, /* round towards negative infinity */
SF_TOZERO = 2, /* round towards zero */
SF_NEARESTEVEN = 3, /* round toward nearest value; if mid-between, round to even value */
SF_NEARESTAWAY = 4 /* round toward nearest value; if mid-between, round away from zero */
} roundmode;
/* narrowing float->float conversions */
sf16 sf32_to_sf16(sf32, roundmode);
/* widening float->float conversions */
sf32 sf16_to_sf32(sf16);
sf16 float_to_sf16(float, roundmode);
float sf16_to_float(sf16);
#if defined __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
``` |
Torpedo Bombers () is a Soviet war drama film directed by Semyon Aranovich based on the unfinished story of Yuri German.
Plot
1944 year. The Second World War. The naval aviation regiment is based at a small airfield. For pilots, this is both front and rear. They complete combat missions and return to their families. But each flight may be the last.
Cast
Rodion Nakhapetov as Senior Lieutenant Alexander Belobrov
Aleksei Zharkov as Petty Officer Fyodor Cherepets
Andrei Boltnev as Captain-Engineer Gavrilov
Stanislav Sadalskiy as Senior Lieutenant Dmitrienko
Tatyana Kravchenko as Masha
Vera Glagoleva as Shura
Nadezhda Lukashevich as Nastya
Vsevolod Shilovsky as Sergeant Major Artyukhov
Sergey Bekhterev as Lieutenant Colonel Kurochkin
Aleksandr Filippenko as Soviet Air Force Major-General
Yury Kuznetsov as Lieutenant Colonel Fomenko, Air Regiment Commander
Eduard Volodarsky as guard captain, crew commander
Vyacheslav Voronin as episode
Awards
1984 All-Union Film Festival
Prize for the Best military-patriotic film
Jury diploma for Best Cinematography (Vladimir Ilyin)
1986 USSR State Prize
Svetlana Karmalita, Semyon Aranovich, Vladimir Ilyin, Isaac Kaplan, Rodion Nakhapetov
References
External links
1983 films
1980s Russian-language films
1980s war drama films
Soviet war drama films
1983 drama films
Films about aviators
Films about shot-down aviators
Lenfilm films
Films directed by Semyon Aranovich
Films based on Russian novels |
Ibn Bazzaz (; ) was the author of the Safvat as-safa, a Persian hagiography of the Sufi shaykh Safi-ad-din Ardabili (died 1334), the eponymous founder of the Safavid Sufi order. The original name of the work was al-Mawahib al-saniyya fi l-manaqib al-Safaviyya.
According to an unpublished waqf (charitable endowment) from Ardabil dated September/October 1360, Ibn Bazzaz's full name was Rukn al-Din Tavakkuli ibn Shuja al-Din Ismail ibn Haji Mahmud. He belonged to a family of cloth and fabric sellers, thus his epithet "Ibn Bazzaz". Ibn Bazzaz was a follower of Safi-ad-din Ardabili, as well as the latters son and successor Sadr al-Din Musa (died 1377/78). Ibn Bazzaz received his education at Ardabil. Some of his own writings indicate that he studied Shafi'i jurisprudence and theology with a distinguished local religious scholar and Sufi preacher, named Shams al-Din Tavakulli Va'iz Ardabili.
References
Sources
14th-century Iranian historians
14th-century Persian-language writers
Safaviyeh order |
Itziar Ituño Martínez (born June 18, 1974) is a Basque actress, who performs in her native Basque language as well as in Spanish. She is best known for her role as Inspector Raquel Murillo in the Spanish television series La Casa de Papel (Money Heist).
Early life
Ituño was born in Basauri, on June 18, 1974. She studied acting at the Basauri Theater School and also graduated in urban-industrial and political sociology from the University of the Basque Country.
Career
Ituño's first appearance was in the Basque film Agur Olentzero, agur (Goodbye Olentzero, Goodbye) which was released in 1997.
In 2001 she got a role in the soap opera Goenkale. In this television series, she played Nekane Beitia, a bisexual policewoman from the fictional village of Arralde. She played the role until 2015, when the show was canceled. This role increased her visibility in the Basque Country.
She continued to work as an actress, starring in the films Loreak (Spanish submission for the Academy Awards) and Igelak, released in 2015 and 2016 respectively. In 2017, she starred in the television series La casa de papel (broadcast on Antena 3 and then acquired by Netflix) in the role of Raquel Murillo, a police inspector.
In addition to her film, television, and theater roles, she is also a singer in three bands: Dangiliske, EZ3, and INGOT.
On 26 September 2017, she was a presenter of the Basque Film Gala and the EITB Gala for the 65th edition of the San Sebastian International Film Festival.
It was announced in May 2020 that Ituño will make her English language debut in the British animated short film Salvation Has No Name, due for release in 2020.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theater
Izarrak/Estrellas (2003).
Pakitarentzat Bakarrik (2004).
Zeta/Seda (2005).
Jostailuen Istorioak/Historia de juguetes (2005).
Lapurzuola/Cueva de ladrones (2007).
Grönholm Metodoa (2008).
AURI-AURI (2010).
Ilunpetan/El Apagón (2010).
Amantalaren Ahotsa (2011).
Herioa eta Dontzeila (2012).
Hitzak/Palabras (2013–2014).
Koadernoa Zuri/Cuaderno en blanco (2016–2017).
Desoxirribonucleico (2017).
Funtzak (2017).
Yo soy Pichichi (2018)
La Tarara (2022)
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
People from Basauri
Spanish television actresses
Spanish film actresses
Spanish stage actresses
20th-century Spanish actresses
21st-century Spanish actresses
University of the Basque Country alumni
Basque-language actors
Actresses from the Basque Country (autonomous community) |
The Plantagenets: The Kings and Queens Who Made England is a history book written by Dan Jones. It was published in 2012 in the United Kingdom and a year later in the United States, where it was listed on the New York Times bestseller list. The book, which covers the history of the Plantagenet dynasty from Henry II to Richard II, received mostly positive reviews from critics.
Content
The Plantagenets: The Kings and Queens Who Made England is divided into seven sections, termed by Jones as "ages". These sections successively deal with periods in the history of the Plantagenet dynasty's rule over England.
Reception
The Plantagenets: The Kings and Queens Who Made England was positively received. HistoryNet, in their review of the book, described it as "lively and entertaining" and "a must for those interested in medieval history". Becca Selby, writing in The Manchester Historian, gave a positive review, praising the book's writing style, which she likened to that of a work of historical fiction. David Horspool of The Daily Telegraph gave it five stars out of five, calling it "a great story" and described Jones' writing as inspiring the feel of an "impressively confident guide". Christina Hardyment, in a review in The Independent, gave the book a more measured review, praising the work's characterisation and insight, but finding that its presentation of cycles of prosperity and hardship was confusing, and that it lacked "a proper presentation of the profoundly religious medieval mindset", which made understanding the mindset of the featured kings harder. Ben Wilson, writing in the New Statesman, praised the book, declaring that it described the period "with verve", and that Jones' insights into the nature of medieval rule were good.
References
2012 non-fiction books
English non-fiction books
HarperCollins books
History books about the Middle Ages |
```objective-c
/*
* This file is part of libsidplayfp, a SID player engine.
*
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
*/
#ifndef OPAMP_H
#define OPAMP_H
#include <memory>
#include <vector>
#include "Spline.h"
#include "sidcxx11.h"
namespace reSIDfp
{
/**
* Find output voltage in inverting gain and inverting summer SID op-amp
* circuits, using a combination of Newton-Raphson and bisection.
*
* +---R2--+
* | |
* vi ---R1--o--[A>--o-- vo
* vx
*
* From Kirchoff's current law it follows that
*
* IR1f + IR2r = 0
*
* Substituting the triode mode transistor model K*W/L*(Vgst^2 - Vgdt^2)
* for the currents, we get:
*
* n*((Vddt - vx)^2 - (Vddt - vi)^2) + (Vddt - vx)^2 - (Vddt - vo)^2 = 0
*
* where n is the ratio between R1 and R2.
*
* Our root function f can thus be written as:
*
* f = (n + 1)*(Vddt - vx)^2 - n*(Vddt - vi)^2 - (Vddt - vo)^2 = 0
*
* Using substitution constants
*
* a = n + 1
* b = Vddt
* c = n*(Vddt - vi)^2
*
* the equations for the root function and its derivative can be written as:
*
* f = a*(b - vx)^2 - c - (b - vo)^2
* df = 2*((b - vo)*dvo - a*(b - vx))
*/
class OpAmp
{
private:
/// Current root position (cached as guess to speed up next iteration)
mutable double x;
const double Vddt;
const double vmin;
const double vmax;
std::unique_ptr<Spline> const opamp;
public:
/**
* Opamp input -> output voltage conversion
*
* @param opamp opamp mapping table as pairs of points (in -> out)
* @param Vddt transistor dt parameter (in volts)
* @param vmin
* @param vmax
*/
OpAmp(const std::vector<Spline::Point> &opamp, double Vddt,
double vmin, double vmax
) :
x(0.),
Vddt(Vddt),
vmin(vmin),
vmax(vmax),
opamp(new Spline(opamp)) {}
/**
* Reset root position
*/
void reset() const
{
x = vmin;
}
/**
* Solve the opamp equation for input vi in loading context n
*
* @param n the ratio of input/output loading
* @param vi input voltage
* @return vo output voltage
*/
double solve(double n, double vi) const;
};
} // namespace reSIDfp
#endif
``` |
Perdido Beach is a town located on the northern shore of Perdido Bay, between the mouths of Soldier Creek and Palmetto Creek in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. In an April 2009 plebiscite, over 60% of local voters supported incorporation as a town. On June 10, 2009, Baldwin County Probate Judge Adrian Johns issued an order which incorporated the area as a town. The first municipal elections, in which the mayor and town council will be elected, were scheduled for the fall of 2009. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 581.
Perdido Beach is part of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley metropolitan area.
Overview
There has been tremendous growth in Baldwin County in recent years, particularly southern Baldwin County. Several of the coastal cities have been eyeing the northern shore of Perdido and Wolf Bays for many years, including Perdido Beach. Neighboring Orange Beach has gone so far as to buy property and make plans for a private bridge connecting to a vast amount of undeveloped land on the northern shore. Spurred by the prospect of annexation into Orange Beach, the Perdido Beach Property Owners and Residents Association began laying the groundwork for an incorporation referendum in early 2008. On April 21, 2009, the residents of the community voted to incorporate, becoming Baldwin County's fourteenth municipality.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 581 people, 273 households, and 189 families residing in the town.
Education
Perdido Beach is a part of the Baldwin County Public Schools system.
Climate
Perdido Beach and Baldwin County are located in the humid subtropical climate zone. High temperatures in the winter average around 65 degrees; summer-time high temperatures average above 90 degrees. Perdido Beach also averages 61 inches of rainfall per year. The temperature however, can dip significantly at times, during the months of December, January, and February, occasionally as low as the lower 40s.
The location of Perdido Beach on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico makes it especially vulnerable to hurricanes.
References
External links
Town of Perdido Beach official website
Towns in Baldwin County, Alabama
Populated coastal places in Alabama
Populated places established in 2009
Towns in Alabama |
Sport Águila is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Huancayo, Junín.
History
In the 2007 Copa Perú, the club classified to the National Stage, but was eliminated by Juan Aurich of Chiclayo in the finals.
In May 2010, IDUNSA and Sport Águila withdrew before the start of the 2010 Segunda División Peruana season being relegated to the Copa Perú.
Honours
National
Copa Perú: 0
Runner-up (1): 2007
Regional
Región VI:
Winners (2): 2007, 2014
Liga Departamental de Junín:
Winners (2): 2013, 2016
Runner-up (1): 2007
Liga Provincial de Huancayo:
Runner-up (1): 2013
Liga Distrital de Huancán:
Winners (2): 2007, 2013
See also
List of football clubs in Peru
Peruvian football league system
Football clubs in Peru
Association football clubs established in 1947 |
```objective-c
//
// Printf variants that place their output in a C++ string.
//
// Usage:
// string result = StringPrintf("%d %s\n", 10, "hello");
// SStringPrintf(&result, "%d %s\n", 10, "hello");
// StringAppendF(&result, "%d %s\n", 20, "there");
#ifndef _BASE_STRINGPRINTF_H
#define _BASE_STRINGPRINTF_H
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "kudu/gutil/port.h"
// Return a C++ string
extern std::string StringPrintf(const char* format, ...)
// Tell the compiler to do printf format string checking.
PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE(1,2);
// Store result into a supplied string and return it
extern const std::string& SStringPrintf(std::string* dst, const char* format, ...)
// Tell the compiler to do printf format string checking.
PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE(2,3);
// Append result to a supplied string
extern void StringAppendF(std::string* dst, const char* format, ...)
// Tell the compiler to do printf format string checking.
PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE(2,3);
// Lower-level routine that takes a va_list and appends to a specified
// string. All other routines are just convenience wrappers around it.
extern void StringAppendV(std::string* dst, const char* format, va_list ap);
// The max arguments supported by StringPrintfVector
extern const int kStringPrintfVectorMaxArgs;
// You can use this version when all your arguments are strings, but
// you don't know how many arguments you'll have at compile time.
// StringPrintfVector will LOG(FATAL) if v.size() > kStringPrintfVectorMaxArgs
extern std::string StringPrintfVector(const char* format, const std::vector<std::string>& v);
#endif /* _BASE_STRINGPRINTF_H */
``` |
Tarachodes chopardi is a species of praying mantis in the family Eremiaphilidae.
See also
List of mantis genera and species
References
Tarachodes
Insects described in 1917 |
The Maritje Kill is a tributary of the Hudson River in Hyde Park, New York. Its source is three miles northeast of the village of Hyde Park, and it enters the Hudson at the Hyde Park campus of the Culinary Institute of America (CIA). The river's name uses an old Dutch version of the given name Marietje, meaning "little Mary". It is one of two major waterways in Hyde Park, and flows north to south through the town.
The river was used by natives since around 1700 BCE, and farms and mills existed around the river from the 18th to mid-20th centuries. The Culinary Institute of America purchased part of the surrounding area in 1970.
Course
The source of the Maritje Kill is roughly two miles east of the Hudson River, just east of New York State Route 9G. The river runs generally southeast, through land and two trails of the FDR Home's Roosevelt Farm & Forest, until it reaches the Hudson River at a cove at an undeveloped plot of the Hyde Park campus of the Culinary Institute of America, crossing under Amtrak's Empire Corridor railway in the process.
Name
The river uses an old Dutch version of the name Marietje, meaning "little Mary". It is a kill, a word taken from the Dutch word for "creek". The river had kept that name since the area's early history, around the United States' Colonial Era. Other names in use include Marytie's Kill and Maricha Kill. In 1936, Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote in a letter to Helen W. Reynolds that "Maritje Kill runs, as you know, right through our place. We have always called it by that name, but I do not know who the little Mary was." Reynolds was a friend and longtime collaborator with FDR, on local history; they were both founding members of the Dutchess County Historical Society.
History
The Culinary Institute of America owns forested land around the river toward the north end of its developed campus. The site's earliest inhabitance likely started near the Maritje Kill, possibly due to the river's abundance in fish, edible plants, and clean water. A one-year archaeological survey found evidence of human activity in the wooded property dating at least 3,600 years, with elements dating from around 1700 BCE and up until the mid-20th century. Prehistoric objects included stone tools, byproducts of tool production, projectile points, and fire hearths found in the site's portion used for crop cultivation.
The earliest settlements in the area date to the 1600s, however the earliest recorded land transfer was in 1719. A saw mill was located on the property since at least 1786, owned by a Revolutionary War militia officer and his family. The family burial ground is a short distance across the kill. According to a 1789 map, a grist mill was located on the northern bank of the kill a short distance west of US Route 9. An 1893 county atlas shows large ponds or lakes behind the dam, indicating that the stream level had once been considerably higher. The property changed ownership multiple times in the 1800s. James Roosevelt owned the land as part of his estate in the 1820s, and by the 1860s a farmhouse and stone terraces were constructed along the stream by Moses Beach. In the 1890s the Webendorfer family of Long Island built additional farm buildings. Artifacts and ruins from the Colonial Era dwellings exist, including a site with two house structures, a dam, a mill, retaining walls, and outbuildings and barns. The site was found to be eligible as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. Excavations unearthed foundation walls, a well, cistern, and post molds, and artifacts from the mid-to-late 1700s, including ceramics, tobacco pipes, coins, buttons, buckles, military objects, thimbles, domesticated animal remains, and an inscribed piece of slate. There are no documents of mills existing on the river east of Route 9, though a large stone dam lies a short way east of the highway, which has a long wooden trough built into it.
In February 1976, a collision of two freight trains caused a wreck at the mouth of the river. One of the cars fell into the Maritje Kill's cove, and reportedly the cars spilled hydrochloric acid.
A large development, Bellefield at Historic Hyde Park, is planned to be constructed in the forestland across the highway from the CIA. The development will include shops, hotels, spas, 559 units of housing, and a 45-acre farm. It will also include the Parkside Residences at Maritje Place, a group of houses, apartment-style townhouses, and other residential buildings along the Maritje Kill. The developer T-Rex Capital has owned it for several years, after acquiring it from the developer Baker-Gagne, which planned a similar project and abandoned it during the Financial crisis of 2007–2008.
Trails
The kill crosses through land and two trails of the FDR Home's Roosevelt Farm & Forest. The National Park Service has also desired a connection through to south of the CIA campus, which would require a crossing of the kill. The school plans to eventually make a road crossing the kill, however a concern is over the unstable riverbanks there and a historic site just south of the river.
Environmental protection
The Maritje Kill Critical Environmental Area surrounds part of the kill in Hyde Park. It includes wetlands and areas designated as containing rare animals and plants.
See also
List of rivers of New York
References
External links
The Culinary Institute of America
Hyde Park, New York
Tributaries of the Hudson River
Rivers of New York (state)
Rivers of Dutchess County, New York |
This is a List of United States Air Force attack squadrons.
Attack squadrons
See also
49th Wing
432d Wing
926th Wing
References
Attack |
Harold Hall may refer to:
Harold Hall (footballer) (1887–?), English footballer
Harold Hall (cricketer) (1875–1915), English cricketer
Harold Wesley Hall (1888–1974), Australian aviator and philanthropist
Harold Hall Australian expeditions, 1960s ornithological expeditions sponsored by H. W. Hall
Sonny Hall (unionist), born Harold Hall (1932–2022), American labor union leader
See also
Harry Hall (disambiguation) |
Mr. Vampire 1992, also known as Chinese Vampire Story, is a 1992 Hong Kong comedy horror film directed by Ricky Lau. The film is the fifth of a series of five jiangshi films directed by Ricky Lau in the Mr. Vampire franchise. The Chinese title of the film literally translates to New Mr. Vampire.
Mr. Vampire 1992 is considered to be the true sequel to the original 1985 Mr. Vampire, as the main cast (Lam Ching-ying, Ricky Hui and Chin Siu-ho) in the first film reprised their roles. Mr. Vampire 1992 is also set directly after the events in Mr. Vampire, with some references to the first film, such as Man-choi commenting on how he felt after being infected with the "hopping corpse virus". New characters were introduced in Mr. Vampire 1992, and some actors from the first film, such as Billy Lau, were recast in new roles.
Plot
The film is based on the concept of the souls of aborted fetuses who reside in statues awaiting reincarnation. One of these is a particularly nasty soul who possesses a nanny. She in turn sets to work to find the suitable host pregnant lady, which turns out to be Priest Kau's childhood sweetheart, Mai Kei-lin.
The other storyline involves a General (who is married to the aforementioned Mai) who was infected by the vampire virus from his dead father and seeks Kau's help in healing him. This involves grinding the fangs of his vampiric father to make the antidote. After failing in the task, Kau's disciples are sent to hunt out a group of vampires to obtain their fangs.
Both storylines converge at the finale with the demon child taking full possession of Mei and the group of vampires seeking revenge in a final all-out battle at the General's residence.
Cast
Lam Ching-ying as Master Kau (九叔)
Ricky Hui as Man-choi (文才)
Chin Siu-ho as Chau-sang (秋生)
Sandra Ng as Kwan-yue
Billy Lau as the General
Suki Kwan as Mai Kei-lin (米淇蓮)
Tam Hoi-yan as Mai Nim-ying
Tsui Man-wah as Mai Kei-lin's nanny
Yu Mo-lin as the female jiangshi
Si Gai-keung as Darn
Goo Wai-jan as Wai-heung
Lee Hin-ming as Wai-heung's husband
Tse Wai-kit as Kiu
Lee Chi-git as a jiangshi victim
Bowie Lam
Michael Chan
Guest stars
Yip Wing-cho as the General's sushi chef
Siu Yam-yam as the retarded boy's mother
External links
Mr. Vampire 1992 at Hong Kong Cinemagic
1992 films
1992 comedy horror films
1992 action comedy films
1992 martial arts films
Hong Kong horror films
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Jiangshi films
Martial arts horror films
Martial arts comedy films
Mr. Vampire
Vampire comedy films
Hong Kong sequel films
1990s Hong Kong films
Films about spirit possession
1990s Cantonese-language films |
The Intrepid Museum (originally the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum) is an American military and maritime history museum in New York City. It is located at Pier 86 at 46th Street, along the Hudson River, in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood on the West Side of Manhattan. The museum is mostly composed of exhibits, aircraft, and spacecraft aboard the museum ship , a World War II–era aircraft carrier, as well as the cruise missile submarine and Pier 86. The Intrepid Museum Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization established in 1979, operates the museum.
The museum was proposed in the late 1970s as a way to preserve Intrepid, and it opened on August 3, 1982. The Intrepid Museum Foundation filed for bankruptcy protection in 1985 after struggling to attract visitors. The foundation acquired the submarine USS Growler and the destroyer USS Edson in the late 1980s to attract guests and raise money, although it remained unprofitable through the 1990s. The museum received a minor renovation in 1998 after it started turning a profit. Between 2006 and 2008, the Intrepid Museum was completely closed for a $115 million renovation. A new pavilion for the Space Shuttle Enterprise opened in 2012.
The Intrepid Museum spans three of the carrier's decks; from top to bottom, they are the flight, hangar, and gallery decks. Most of the museum's collection is composed of aircraft, which are exhibited on the flight deck. Among the museum's collection are a Concorde SST, a Lockheed A-12 supersonic reconnaissance plane, and the Space Shuttle Enterprise. The hangar and gallery decks contain a variety of attractions such as exhibit halls, a theater, and flight simulators, as well as individual objects like a cockpit and an air turbine. Several craft and other objects have been sold off or removed from the museum's collection over the years. The museum serves as a space for community and national events, such as Fleet Week and awards ceremonies.
History
Context and founding
, an Essex-class aircraft carrier, was launched in 1943. She participated in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, and was a recovery ship for space missions. Intrepid was supposed to be scrapped after decommissioning in the late 1970s, but Odysseys in Flight, a nonprofit organization founded by Michael D. Piccola and Bruce Sherer, wished to convert Intrepid into a museum ship. Odysseys in Flight had initially planned to salvage the carriers or . The United States Navy wanted the organization to raise $3 million for the carrier's upkeep. The organization hosted an exhibit at 6 World Trade Center to raise support for the project, and Odysseys in Flight had raised $2 million by March 1979. One of the museum's largest supporters was local real estate developer Zachary Fisher, who established the Intrepid Museum Foundation in March 1978 and contributed over $25 million to the museum during his lifetime. Fisher was enthusiastic about the project, eventually attracting other high-profile supporters such as radio and TV personality Arthur Godfrey and actress Maureen O'Hara. The Navy also hoped that Intrepid could be used for recruitment.
Mayor Ed Koch announced plans for the Intrepid conversion in mid-April 1981, and the United States Department of the Navy transferred the Intrepid to Fisher, who led the nonprofit Intrepid Museum Foundation, on April 27, 1981. The conversion of the carrier's top two decks cost $22 million and was funded by $2.4 million in private donations, as well as $15.2 million of tax-exempt bonds and $4.5 million from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. After the New York City Board of Estimate gave the Intrepid Museum Foundation permission to sell tax-exempt bonds in December 1980, the bonds were sold to the public in July 1981. The federal grant was approved in January 1982, even though the project "had nothing to do with housing". The renovation involved the addition of a theater, several planes on Intrepid deck, and aviation and maritime exhibit halls. The carrier's navigation and flight bridges were also restored. The city spent around $2.5 million to renovate Pier 86 on the West Side of Manhattan, where Intrepid was to be docked. The museum leased the pier from the city for 33 years at $50,000 per year, making annual payments in lieu of taxes totaling $400,000.
Intrepid was towed to her permanent home at Pier 86 in June 1982. Following a soft opening on July 4, the museum opened on August 3, 1982, as the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum. This made Intrepid the second aircraft carrier in the U.S. to be converted into a museum, after the . Larry Sawinski was named as the museum's director of exhibits. When the Intrepid Museum opened, it showcased several aircraft and spacecraft, and it also contained an exhibit on the early history of carriers. The exhibit halls on hangar level (including Pioneer Hall and Navy Hall), as well as the theater, were not completed. Maritime and aviation schools were planned for the lower two decks, the renovation of which was expected to cost $22 million. The museum had 50 paid staff, who worked mostly in the cafeteria, gift shop, and ticket booths; another 100 volunteers were responsible for the museum's displays and expansion. The museum's opening was expected to create 469 jobs in the surrounding area, though many of these jobs never materialized.
1980s
The Intrepid Museum Foundation dedicated the Hall of Honor, the United States' first archive dedicated to Medal of Honor recipients, on December 10, 1983; the Medal of Honor Society also relocated into offices within the carrier. The museum originally was projected to attract 1.3 to 1.4 million visitors annually, but it recorded only half of this amount in its first year. This forced the museum's directors to delay payments on its debt. Attendance had been negatively impacted because of the lack of nearby public transit, so the museum had recorded 450,000 patrons in 1984, nearly half of the 800,000 annual patrons that were required to break even. The museum struggled to raise money despite increasing its ticket prices. Nonetheless, the museum planned to expand by 1984; it had received $250,000 from the Astor Foundation for classrooms and conference rooms, and the New York state government gave $850,000 for historic preservation. Film and television executive Stanley Abrams was named as the museum's president in June 1984.
The Intrepid Museum Foundation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1985, declaring $28.4 million in debt and $16.5 million in assets. Only about a third of the museum's revenues came from admissions, with the remaining two-thirds coming from grants, donations, or fundraisers and other such events. Nonetheless, museum officials planned to continue normal operations and launch a campaign to attract visitors; Lawrence Sowinski, the director of exhibits, described the museum as "too valuable a resource to close". Advertising firm McCann-Erickson was hired to promote the museum, running cheap advertisements in newspapers, on the radio, and in New York City Subway cars. The state also provided $1.024 million for the museum in its 1985 budget, though ultimately the museum got $850,000. Intrepid was officially designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986, and its annual allocation from the state was raised to $895,000 that year. Investigators announced in early 1987 that members of the Westies gang had engaged in racketeering, stealing $100,000 to $120,000 annually from the Intrepid Museum.
During the late 1980s, the museum had 400,000 annual visitors; its low attendance was attributed to competition from more popular tourist attractions. Additionally, the museum was the only major point of interest on the rundown Hudson River waterfront, in part due to delays in the construction of nearby developments such as Javits Center. The Intrepid Museum Foundation presented a reorganization plan to the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in July 1987, in which nearly half of the museum's $28.4 million debt would be forgiven, but creditors would only receive a portion of their claims. After successfully exiting bankruptcy proceedings, the museum planned to display a submarine alongside Intrepid. Fisher funded the addition of two permanent exhibits in the late 1980s, at which point Intrepid had 39 aircraft. , a that carried nuclear Regulus missiles, was towed to the museum in late 1988 and opened to the public the next May. , a that was the last all-gun destroyer in the United States Navy, was displayed at the Intrepid Museum starting in July 1989. At the time, the museum had few repeat visitors, and Fisher hoped that Growler and Edson would attract returning patrons.
1990s
The outbreak of the Gulf War in the early 1990s caused interest in the Intrepid Museum to increase; at the time, the museum was displaying an exhibit on the Gulf War. By early 1991, the museum recorded 5,000 visitors on a typical weekend, more than twice the previous year's weekend patronage. The Intrepid Museum received $900,000 from the state, $350,000 from the New York City Board of Education, and $60,000 from the city government annually. All of this funding was eliminated in 1992, forcing the museum to fire a quarter of its staff, and two young men formed the Intrepid Museum Society and raised money through various events. The Intrepid Museum held numerous fundraisers and received $1.1 million from numerous city and state agencies between 1992 and 1996. Despite this, the museum continued to struggle to remain solvent; the Village Voice wrote in 1996 that "the continued taxpayer subsidies seem hard to justify". Although the museum rented Pier 86 from the city for $252,000 annually, it paid no rent between March 1995 and October 1997.
To raise money, the museum tried to acquire the decommissioned aircraft carrier in 1994, berth her next to Intrepid, and use Guadalcanal as a heliport. Although the United States Senate approved the plan, residents of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood objected to the fact that the heliport would cut off their access to Pier 84. That year, the museum received part of a $1 million appropriation earmarked for the restoration of the in Baltimore. The museum remained unprofitable, recording a $1 million loss in 1996. Annual revenue from ticket sales totaled $3 million, less than half of the museum's budget; donations and event rentals covered the rest of the budget. Agencies that had loaned planes to the Intrepid Museum, such as the Air Force Museum Foundation, expressed concerns that the museum was incapable of properly maintaining the aircraft. After the Guadalcanal plan was canceled in early 1996, the Intrepid Museum launched an advertising campaigns to attract patrons; previously, most of its publicity came from word of mouth and public service announcements.
Retired Marine Corps general Donald Ray Gardner replaced Sowinski as the Intrepid Museum Foundation's president in September 1996. Gardner laid off staff, sharply restricted expense spending, deaccessioned some costly artifacts, and reduced the number of planes on exhibit. Gardner also planned to add electronic kiosks to attract children, as well as develop an endowment fund. U.S. President Bill Clinton approved $13 million for a renovation of the Intrepid Museum in late 1997, over his staff's objections to the project; at the time, the museum had 500,000 annual visitors. The next year, Gardner closed the Intrepid Museum for a minor renovation, the first in its history; the museum reopened in February 1998 with two new exhibits. The city waived $600,000 in unpaid rent, as well as future rent payments for Pier 86, in late 1998 after Fisher donated to mayor Rudy Giuliani. By then, the museum received hundreds of thousands of dollars annually from the Navy, the state, and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs.
In mid-1999, retired Marine Corps general Martin R. Steele took over as the Intrepid Museum Foundation's president and began planning 15 modifications to exhibits and 17 construction projects, including a $5.25 million renovation of the flight deck. Steele wished to attract students and increase annual patronage to 1.2 million, and he installed interactive kiosks within a year of taking over. Restaurant Associates took over the museum's food service the same year to accommodate the high number of after-hours parties and events at the Intrepid Museum. The Intrepid Museum constructed a new visitor center at 46th Street and 12th Avenue that year. In addition, the museum planned to improve Pier 86, build a 245-seat theater, and erect a pedestrian overpass on 12th Avenue.
2000s
As part of a project announced in May 2001, Earth Tech Inc. built a cable-stayed bridge connecting the museum to the east side of 12th Avenue. By then, nearly half of the museum's patrons hailed from foreign countries, and Steele described the Intrepid as the "largest naval museum in the world". After the September 11 attacks, the museum was temporarily closed and served as temporary field headquarters for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) while they investigated the attacks. Additionally, part of the flight deck was cleared to make way for a temporary helipad. The museum reopened after five weeks and hosted an exhibit commemorating attack victims. The footbridge across 12th Avenue was completed in May 2003 for $11 million. Its construction experienced delays because of difficulties in constructing the foundations and because of the need to decontaminate the site.
A Concorde supersonic aircraft was towed to the Intrepid Museum in November 2003, making the museum one of two in the United States with a Concorde. In conjunction with this acquisition, the museum created a new exhibit on transatlantic crossings. Also in late 2003, the Intrepid Museum offered to resell Edson back to the Navy, citing the fact that the adjacent pier needed to be repaired and could not be used for berthing Edson. After Edson was removed from the Intrepid Museum in 2004, the Navy sold the destroyer to the Saginaw Valley Naval Ship Museum. The Michael Tyler Fisher Center for Education opened within the museum in 2004, and the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation, cofounded by the Fishers, occupied some space during the early 2000s. By the middle of that decade, the museum had 750,000 visitors per year, including over 100,000 students; it had recorded ten million all-time visitors by August 2005. The museum spent $17 million annually just on overhead costs.
Renovation
By June 2006, the Intrepid Museum Foundation executives had notified state and federal governments of their plans to renovate Intrepid, though few details of this renovation were disclosed publicly. The foundation had already asked the United States Army Corps of Engineers to help dredge the mud around the keel so tugboats could tow her to a dry dock. That July, the foundation announced that Intrepid, along with Pier 86, would undergo renovations and repairs. Initially, the project was supposed to cost $58 million and take 18 months. The project was to be funded with $31 million from the federal government, $17 million from the New York City Council, and $5 million from the state; the city later increased its share to $23 million. Intrepid closed on October 1, 2006, in preparation for being towed to a dry dock at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne, New Jersey. Museum officials had decided to tow the carrier away, as they estimated that the project would cost $100 million and take five years if Intrepid were left in place.
Just before the renovation was scheduled to begin, Newsday reported that corrupt activities may have been involved in the renovation contract for Pier 86, prompting concerns that Intrepid and the Intrepid Museum Foundation were being investigated. Furthermore, after the dry dock in Bayonne was found to be deteriorated, museum officials decided to move Intrepid to another pier in that city until the dry dock was repaired. Before the carrier was moved, workers had to dredge about of silt around her propellers. The scheduled move on November 6, 2006, was delayed when Intrepid propellers stuck in the Hudson River mud, preventing tugboats from moving the ship out of her berth. The Navy and USACE spent $3 million to extricate the carrier, removing of sediment and mud from the propellers and pier., Tugboats made a successful second attempt on December 5, 2006. By the end of the year, Growler was also towed to Bayonne for renovation, while the Concorde on Pier 86 was floated to Floyd Bennett Field so the pier could be repaired. The Intrepid Museum Foundation also sold $7.08 million in bonds to fund its continuing operations.
Pier 86 was demolished and rebuilt to accommodate plumbing and cables, which had not been present in the original pier. After sitting at a cruise-ship port for four months, Intrepid was towed to dry dock in April 2007 and received exterior modifications, including new paint, new propellers, and a restored hull. After exterior modifications were completed, the carrier was towed to Staten Island, New York, for interior repairs in June 2007, on the anniversary of D-Day. At Staten Island, Intrepid facilities were upgraded and expanded; for example, workers replaced on Intrepid three top decks. The fo'c'sle was restored, the starboard side and flight deck were deoxidized, a new aircraft elevator was installed, and new wiring was installed. The firm of Perkins + Will was hired to redesign several exhibits and create other exhibits within space that had been closed to the public. The exterior renovations were budgeted at $4.8 million, while the interior cost another $6 million to $8 million.
The renovation, including the cost of Pier 86, ultimately cost $115 million or $120 million. The cost overruns almost bankrupted the museum, which asked donors and politicians to contribute an additional $10 million each to the project. The carrier was towed back to Pier 86 at the beginning of October 2008, and the Concorde was moved back to Pier 86. The museum reopened to the public on November 8. Four aircraft were added to the museum's collection when the museum reopened. At the time, the Intrepid Museum planned to attract one million annual visitors, with ten percent of this figure being students. Museum officials hired advertising firm Austin & Williams to promote the museum.
2010s to present
The museum's president Bill White, who had overseen the 2000s renovation, resigned in 2010 and was succeeded the next year by Susan Marenoff-Zausner, who had been the executive director. Before resigning, White had tried to obtain a Space Shuttle for the museum's collection. The Intrepid Museum announced in May 2011 that it would acquire the Space Shuttle Enterprise. It initially planned to exhibit the Space Shuttle on Pier 86, but then announced plans to display the spacecraft in a parking lot across 12th Avenue, prompting U.S. senator Sherrod Brown to ask that NASA award the shuttle to another museum. The museum took title to the spacecraft that December, after engineers determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once again. Enterprise was flown to the nearby JFK Airport in April 2012 and then moved by barge to the Intrepid Museum that June. To make room for the Enterprise display, three aircraft were transferred to the Empire State Aerosciences Museum near Schenectady, New York. The Enterprise went on public display July 19, 2012, at the Intrepid Museum's new Space Shuttle Pavilion, charging an additional fee for admission.
The museum was closed in October 2012 due to Hurricane Sandy, which damaged Enterprise. Although the museum reopened that December, the Space Shuttle Pavilion did not reopen until July 2013. Museum officials contemplated erecting a permanent pavilion for Enterprise on Pier 86 or on a parking lot across 12th Avenue. At the time, the museum had 915,000 annual visitors.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the museum was closed between March and September 2020, though it continued to host online events during its closure. The museum's Concorde aircraft, which had been displayed on Pier 86, was removed for restoration in 2023. As part of the project, the museum planned to add of park space to Pier 86. The Intrepid Museum dropped "Sea, Air & Space" from its official name in October 2023 as part of a rebranding.
Description
The Intrepid Museum is located along Hudson River Park at the intersection of 46th Street and 12th Avenue, on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Most of the collection is on board Intrepid, the third Essex-class carrier built and one of four preserved Essex-class carriers, besides Yorktown, Lexington, and . When Intrepid was converted into a museum ship, only one-quarter of her area was accessible to the public. Additionally, many of the carrier's equipment, including the large airplane elevators, were disabled. One of the carrier's former elevators, which transported planes between the flight and hangar decks, was converted into a theater. Due to regulations that require "easy passage", and to prevent theft, much of Intrepid equipment has been removed or relocated.
Flight, hangar, and gallery decks
The Intrepid Museum spans three of the carrier's decks; due to fire-safety regulations, Intrepid other decks remain closed to the public. The carrier's topmost deck, the flight deck, showcases many of the museum's craft (see ). The Space Shuttle Enterprise is housed within a pavilion on the flight deck, originally within an inflatable tent placed on the stern of Intrepid. The superstructure's command bridges are accessible to the public. There is a three-inch weapon mount on the carrier's island on the starboard side, as well as an anti-aircraft mount in a gun tub on the starboard bow. Also on the flight deck is a plaque marking the spot where a 1944 kamikaze attack killed or injured 22 soldiers.
The museum's main entrance has been through the carrier's hangar deck, below the flight deck, since 2008. The hangar deck originally contained four permanent exhibit halls, in addition to a space for temporary exhibits. The permanent exhibit halls were Pioneer Hall, which was dedicated to early air travel; Technology Hall, which contained displays about spaceflight; Navy Hall, which had Navy artifacts and a film; and Intrepid Hall, which discussed Intrepid role in World War II. The exhibits about the oldest artifacts are toward the rear or aft; the back of the carrier contains a cafeteria, bathrooms, and a terrace on the stern. The hangar deck also contains a space dedicated to Medal of Honor winners, as well as some aviation artifacts and plaques detailing the carrier's history and exhibits. Also on the hangar deck is the Exploreum, an interactive hall with exhibits such as a full-size Bell 47 helicopter. The hangar deck also has a event space called Michael Anthony Fisher Hall, as well as the 245-seat Lutnick Theater, which shows a 16-minute film on the carrier's history.
The gallery deck houses the Combat Information Center and Men of the Intrepid exhibits. At the front of the carrier, artifacts from the officers' quarters are displayed in the fo'c'sle, which was opened to the public in 2008. The junior officers' and general berthing quarters are publicly accessible, and the crew's quarters are open to the public as well. There are replicas of two rooms that were created when the mess was subdivided in the 1970s. The middle of the carrier contains a hole that allows visitors to see through seven decks.
The museum originally displayed newsreels of pre–World War II events, dioramas of World War II battles, and models of ships. By the 1990s, the museum also featured an undersea-exploration hall, a children's ride, a flight simulator, as well as a bathysphere that was closed to the public. Following the 2008 renovation, the museum has contained three flight simulators, a 4D theater, and interactive exhibits for children. There is also a space dedicated to Zachary Fisher and his wife Elizabeth M. Fisher. The Michael Tyler Fisher Center for Education occupies a three-story space in the museum, with a meeting space, breakout rooms, and classrooms.
Other structures
There was originally two gift shops: one at the entrance to Pier 86 and one on the hangar deck. The current visitor center at 46th Street and 12th Avenue, completed in 1999, replaces the original visitor center. The new edifice had a metal and glass facade, and it incorporated about one-fourth of the old visitor center. A bridge measuring long connects the museum to a ramp on the eastern side of 12th Avenue. This bridge contains a central tower, as well as sail-shaped fabric canopies.
Exhibits and collection
Aircraft
All of the aircraft on Intrepid flight deck are retired craft that are no longer capable of flying, either due to mechanical problems or because they had flown more than their maximum flight hours. Many of the aircraft lack engines, and some were disassembled before arriving at the museum. According to The New York Times, the vast majority of aircraft were transported to the museum by airplane, helicopter, or barge. One aircraft, a Bell AH-1J Sea Cobra gunship, flew to the museum under its own power before its engine was removed. Visitors cannot ordinarily go inside the aircraft.
Bombers/attack
Douglas A-1 Skyraider from the US Navy
Douglas A-4 Skyhawk from the US Navy, served on Intrepid between 1966 and 1969
Grumman A-6 Intruder from the US Navy, used as a testbed for new radar and avionics in 1988
Grumman TBM-3E Avenger from the US Navy
Fighters
Grumman F-11 Tiger from the US Navy, once jet number 5 on the Blue Angels
McDonnell F3H Demon from the US Navy
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 from Poland
North American FJ-2/-3 Fury from the US Navy
PZL-Mielec Lim-5 (MiG-17), built in Poland and painted in North Vietnamese camouflage
Vought F-8 Crusader from the US Navy
Multirole
General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon, a multi-role fighter aircraft. This particular F-16 was flown by the US Air Force in Operation Desert Storm.
Grumman F-9 Cougar, a carrier-based fighter from the US Navy
Grumman F-14 Tomcat, a carrier-based fighter/interceptor. This particular Tomcat was used in 1973 as a Super Tomcat prototype.
Hawker Siddeley AV-8C Harrier, a V/STOL aircraft. This particular Harrier was flown by the US Marine Corps.
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, a carrier-based fighter. This particular Phantom was flown by the US Marine Corps during Operation Eagle Claw in 1980.
IAI Kfir from Israel
Helicopters
Bell UH-1A Iroquois from the US Army
Bell AH-1J Sea Cobra gunship from the US Marine Corps
Piasecki HUP-2 Retriever, painted to resemble a similar helicopter that was once based from Intrepid
Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw from the US Coast Guard
Sikorsky HH-52 Seaguard from the US Coast Guard
Reconnaissance and surveillance
Grumman E-1B Tracer from the US Navy
Lockheed A-12 Blackbird (#60-6925 / Article 122) flown by the CIA. This particular A-12 was the first production example of its model.
Trainers
Aermacchi MB-339 used by the Italian Air Force. This particular MB-339 is painted in the colors of the Frecce Tricolor.
Beechcraft T-34 Mentor used by the US Navy
Northrop T-38 Talon used by NASA
Concorde
In 2003, the museum received a Concorde, labeled G-BOAD, that had been used by British Airways. This airplane set a world speed record for passenger airliners on February 7, 1996, when it flew between London and New York in 2 hours, 52 minutes and 59 seconds. This airplane logged the most flying hours (23,397) of the 20 Concordes built; it typically occupies an exhibit space on Pier 86.
Ships
The vast majority of the museum's collection is displayed on the Essex-class aircraft carrier . Like other "long-hull" Essex-class carriers, Intrepid has a displacement of 27,100 tonnes (26,700 long tons; 29,900 short tons). She has an overall length of , a beam of , and a draft of . Most of the museum's aircraft and spacecraft are placed on Intrepid flight deck (see ).
, a diesel electric submarine which carried out nuclear deterrent patrols armed with Regulus missiles, is berthed next to Pier 86. The submarine is accessed exclusively through a series of narrow oval bulkhead doors and she can only fit roughly twenty guests at once. Due to restrictions created by fire codes, disabled visitors and individuals under forty inches tall cannot enter Growler.
Spacecraft
The museum has two pieces of spacecraft from NASA. One of these is a replica of a NASA Aurora 7 Mercury capsule. The other is a Rockwell OV-101 Enterprise (Space Shuttle Enterprise), which was used as a test orbiter and is located within a pavilion on the flight deck. The museum also contains a Russian Soyuz descent module, which had docked with the International Space Station during the Soyuz TMA-6 mission.
Other exhibits
The museum has some individual objects in its collection. These include a ram air turbine, salvaged from an F-8 Crusader and restored. as well as a Boeing 707 cockpit from El Al and a Curtiss Pusher on the hangar deck. The below-decks spaces contain several thousand artifacts, such as a helmet that belonged to an aviation machinist fighting in the Vietnam War. The New York Times estimated in 2016 that former Intrepid crew members and their families donated 10 objects to the museum every month. Artifacts donated by Intrepid crew members have included a Royal Navy uniform, gauge, dinner bell, and parachute-packing tool.
Temporary and former exhibits
The museum has hosted some attractions on a temporary basis; for example, the lightship Frying Pan (LV-115) was docked outside the museum during mid-1993. Many objects from the Intrepid Museum's collection were loaned from the Army and Navy. In the late 1990s, some of the craft were given back to their respective owners. Numerous other craft were relocated during that time, including the destroyer escort and the lightship Nantucket (LV-112). The destroyer Edson was given back to the Navy in 2004. Additional objects were returned when the museum's renovation commenced in 2006, including a Saturn rocket loaned from the National Air and Space Museum. After the Enterprise was lifted onto the Intrepid flight deck in 2012, a Douglas F3D Skyknight, a Royal Navy Supermarine Scimitar, and a MiG-15 were transferred to the Empire State Aerosciences Museum. Growler was also displayed next to Intrepid until 2004.
Pier 86 formerly contained a graffitied portion of the Berlin Wall, which was displayed temporarily during the 1990s and early 2000s. This segment of the Berlin Wall weighed and was painted by German artist Kiddy Citny, who gave it to artist Peter Max. Felix de Weldon's 1954 sculpture Iwo Jima Monument (a smaller version of the Marine Corps War Memorial in Virginia), was installed outside the Intrepid Museum in 1995. The monument was removed after the Intrepid Museum closed for renovation in 2006, as the Intrepid Museum Foundation could not afford to buy the monument. A fiberglass model of the Statue of Liberty was given to the then-planned National September 11 Memorial & Museum when the Intrepid was renovated.
Governance
The Intrepid Museum Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 1979, operates the museum. , Susan Marenoff is listed as the principal officer of the foundation. For the fiscal year that ended in December 2021, the organization recorded $23,304,017 in revenue and $23,432,181 in expenses. In addition to operating the museum, the Intrepid Museum Foundation is associated with programs such as the Intrepid Family Support Fund and the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, and it distributes funds to families of US armed service members killed in action. The museum also employs some youth through internship programs. As part of the Free Fridays program, admission to the museum is typically waived on selected Fridays during the summer.
Programming and events
Recurring events
The museum serves as an event space for community and national events. For example, it started hosting annual Fleet Week activities in 1988. It continues to host Fleet Week activities every year . During past Fleet Weeks, Intrepid has hosted activities including tug-of-war, cooking, and arm wrestling contests, as well as a "Flight Deck Olympics" and exhibitions of ships. In addition, the Intrepid Museum has presented Kids' Week, a series of activities geared toward children. It held the New York Tugboat Race annually in the 1990s and early 2000s, with events such as line-throwing, nose-to-nose pushing, and spinach-eating contests. The museum has hosted sleepovers since 2009 as part of an event called Operation Slumber.
The Intrepid Museum Foundation issues several awards each year. These include the Intrepid Freedom Award, for political leaders; the Intrepid Salute Award, for philanthropists and businesspeople; the Intrepid Salute Award for the Performing Arts, for performing-arts organizations; the Zachary & Elizabeth Fisher Award for Patriotism; the Intrepid Leadership Award, for community leaders; the Hometown Heroes Award, for residents of the New York metropolitan area who have contributed to the community; and the Intrepid Lifetime Achievement Award, for people who have helped others throughout their lifetime. Recipients of the awards have included U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush; foreign heads of state; members of U.S. presidential cabinets; U.S. Congress members; and mayors of New York City,
Other events
In the museum's year, the Intrepid Museum Foundation hosted a party to celebrate the Intrepid 40th anniversary. Starting in 1982, the Intrepid also hosted an annual benefit called Night to Remember, described by Naval History magazine as "a black-tie affair with thousands of couples dining and dancing to a swing band's music on the flight deck and disco tempos on the hangar deck". The Intrepid Museum Foundation, in conjunction with Radio City Music Hall Productions, also hosted concerts and other events on the nearby Pier 84 during the late 1980s. Other craft such as the battleship , also berthed outside Intrepid for special events in the 1980s. After the Gulf War started, the museum held events such as a tribute for the first New Yorker who died in the war, as well as a commemoration of the war's first anniversary. During the 1990s, the museum continued to host other events such as memorials, benefits, ceremonies, parties, and weddings. The museum's flight deck was temporarily converted to a 3,300-seat stadium during the 1998 Goodwill Games, when it hosted boxing and wrestling bouts.
A series of professional boxing matches commenced at the museum in 2001, and the museum's flight deck was used as a filming location for the 2004 movie National Treasure and the 2007 film I Am Legend. When the museum reopened in 2008, the New York Daily News estimated that the carrier hosted 150 events annually, ranging "from black-tie galas to bar mitzvahs, photos shoots and runway shows". It held concerts during the 2013 MLB All-Star Weekend and during Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. In addition, the museum continued to host other events such as political fundraisers, film screenings, and social events like Astronomy Night. The museum's operators have also rented out the flight deck and halls for weddings.
See also
List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
List of maritime museums in the United States
List of museum ships
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
U.S. Navy museums (and other aircraft carrier museums)
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
1982 establishments in New York City
Aerospace museums in New York (state)
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
Hudson River Park
Hudson River
Maritime museums in New York (state)
Military and war museums in New York (state)
Museums established in 1982
Museums in Manhattan
Naval museums in the United States
Space Shuttle tourist attractions
Transportation museums in New York City
West Side Highway |
George Lorne Monkley (June 24, 1914 – March 8, 1997) was a civil servant and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 5th Prince in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1960 to 1963 as a Progressive Conservative.
He was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, the son of Edward H. Monkley and Mae MacDonald. Monkley was secretary-treasurer for Amalgamated Dairies Ltd. In 1939, he married Edna Jane Champion. Monkley served in the armed forces during World War II. After the war, he was a director for the Hillcrest Housing Company which managed housing at CFB Summerside. Monkley served as Clerk of the Legislative Assembly before being elected to office. He resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1963 to run for a federal seat. Monkley later served as chairperson for the province's Civil Service Commission. He was the first Chief Electoral Officer for Prince Edward Island, serving from 1965 to 1978. He died in Charlottetown at the age of 77.
References
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
1914 births
1997 deaths
People from Summerside, Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island candidates for Member of Parliament
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 1963 Canadian federal election |
Raymond Vincent Reckmack (August 26, 1914 – April 28, 1982) was an American football player.
Reckmack was born in 1914 in Cheshire, Connecticut. He attended the Roxbury School where he was an all-around athlete.
He enrolled at Syracuse University in 1933 and played college football as a halfback and fullback for Syracuse from 1934 to 1936. While playing for Syracuse, he was known as "one of the finest forward passers in the country" and "an excellent blocking back."
After his time at Syracuse, he played professional football in the National Football League (NFL). He began his professional career in August 1937 with the Brooklyn Dodgers. He played one game at the end position for the Dodgers before being placed on waivers. He was then claimed by the Detroit Lions in October 1937. He appeared in one game for the Lions as a blocking back.
He also played at the fullback and halfback positions for the Danbury Trojans of the American Association from 1937 to 1939. He appeared in 12 games for the Trojans.
After his football career ended, Reckmack was a production analyst for the Western Electric Company's Allentown Works from 1947 to 1980. He died in 1982 at the Allentown and Sacred Heart Hospital Center in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
References
1914 births
1982 deaths
American football ends
Syracuse Orange football players
Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) players
Detroit Lions players
Players of American football from Connecticut |
The La Crosse Catbirds was an American basketball team based in La Crosse, Wisconsin and member of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). The Catbirds were the 1990 and 1992 CBA champions. The team moved to La Crosse from Louisville in 1985, and left La Crosse for Pittsburgh in May 1994. La Crosse would see the CBA return in 1995 when the La Crosse Bobcats took to the court.
Widely known as the training ground for future NBA coach Flip Saunders, who led the team to both championships.
Several future and previous NBA players played for the Catbirds, including Andre Turner, David Rivers, Mark Davis, Derrick Gervin, Elliot Perry, Jaren Jackson, Kevin Lynch, Dennis Nutt and Kenny Battle.
Season By Season
Notable players
Brad Leaf
References
Continental Basketball Association teams
Defunct basketball teams in the United States
Basketball teams in Wisconsin
Sports in La Crosse, Wisconsin |
This is a list of neighbourhoods and outlying communities within the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In 2001, the old city of Ottawa was amalgamated with the suburbs of Nepean, Kanata, Gloucester, Rockcliffe Park, Vanier and Cumberland, and the rural townships of West Carleton, Osgoode, Rideau and Goulbourn, along with the systems and infrastructure of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, to become one municipality. The city is now organized into 24 wards.
Old City of Ottawa
Central Ottawa
ByWard Market
Centretown
Centretown West
Downtown
The Glebe
Golden Triangle
LeBreton Flats
Lower Town
Old Ottawa East
Old Ottawa South
Sandy Hill
East end
Carson Meadows
Castle Heights
Forbes
Lees Avenue
Lindenlea
Manor Park
New Edinburgh
Overbrook
Rockcliffe Park
Vanier
Viscount Alexander Park
South end
Airport-Uplands
Alta Vista
Billings Bridge
Confederation Heights
Ellwood
Elmvale Acres
Greenboro
Hawthorne Meadows
Heron Gate
Heron Park
Hunt Club
Hunt Club Park
Riverside Park
Riverview
Mooney's Bay Park
Sheffield Glen
South Keys
Urbandale
West end
Ambleside
Bel-Air Heights
Bel-Air Park
Belltown
Braemar Park
Britannia
Britannia Heights
Britannia Village
Carleton Heights
Carlington
Carlingwood
Central Park
Champlain Park
Civic Hospital
Copeland Park
Courtland Park
Glabar Park
Hampton Park
Highland Park
Hintonburg
Kenson Park
Lincoln Heights
McKellar Heights
McKellar Park
Mechanicsville
Michele Heights
Qualicum
Queensway Terrace North
Redwood
Rideau View
Tunney's Pasture
Wellington Village
Westboro
Whitehaven
Woodpark
Woodroffe North
Gloucester
Beacon Hill
Blackburn Hamlet
Blossom Park
Carlsbad Springs
Carson Grove
Cedardale
Chapel Hill
Chateau Neuf
Convent Glen
Cyrville
Edwards
Elizabeth Park
Ficko
Findlay Creek
Gloucester Glen
Hiawatha Park
Honey Gables
Johnston Corners
Kempark
Leitrim
Limebank
Manotick Station
Orleans
Orléans Village
Orléans Wood
Pineview
Piperville
Ramsayville
Riverside South
Rothwell Heights
South Gloucester
Victory Hill
Windsor Park Village
Kanata
Beaverbrook
Bridlewood
Glen Cairn
Harwood Plains
Kanata
Kanata Lakes
Kanata West
Kanata Estates
Katimavik-Hazeldean
Lakeside
Malwood
Marchhurst
Marchwood
Morgan's Grant
South March
South March Station
Strathearn
Town Centre (Kanata)
Nepean
Arbeatha Park
Arlington Woods
Barrhaven
Bayshore
Bells Corners
Belltown
Borden Farm
Boyce
Briargreen
Carleton Heights
Cedarhill Estate
Centrepointe
City View
Clearview
Country Place
Craig Henry
Crestview
Crystal Bay
Crystal Beach
Davidson Heights
Fallowfield
Fisher Glen
Fisher Heights
Fraservale
Graham Park
Grenfell Glen
Hearts Desire
Hillsdale
Jockvale
Knollsbrook
Leslie Park
Longfields
Lynwood Village
Manordale
Meadowlands
The Meadows
Merivale Gardens
Navaho
Orchard Estates
Parkwood Hills
Pheasant Run
Pineglen
Qualicum
Rideau Glen
Rocky Point
Ryan Farm
Shirleys Bay
Skyline
Stonehedge
Tanglewood
Trend Village
Twin Elm
Valley Stream
Westcliffe Estates
Cumberland
Avalon
Bearbrook
Beckett Creek
Bella Vista
Burromee
Canaan
Chaperal
Chartrand
Chatelaine Village
Cumberland Village
Cumberland Estates
Fallingbrook
French Hill
Leonard
Martins Corners
Notre-Dame-des-Champs
Navan
River Walk
Sarsfield
Town Centre (Orleans)
Queenswood Heights
Queenswood South
Queenswood Village
Vars
Goulbourn
Amberwood Village
Ashton
Bryanston Gate
Dwyer Hill
Fringewood
Healey's Heath
Mansfield
Munster
Old Stittsville
Red Pine Estates
Richmond
Stanley Corners
Stapledon
Stittsville
Woodside Acres
Osgoode Township
Belmeade
Dalmeny
Greely
Herbert Corners
Kenmore
Marionville
Marvelville
Metcalfe
Osgoode
Pana
Reids Mills
Spring Hill
Vernon
West Osgoode
Rideau
Marlborough
Baxters Corners
Becketts Landing
Burritts Rapids
Goodstown
Malakoff
Mills Corners
Moores Corners
Pierces Corners
North Gower
Carsonby
Kars
Manotick
Reevecraig
North Gower
Watterson Corners
West Carleton
Fitzroy
Antrim
Fitzroy Harbour
Galetta
Kinburn
Marathon
Marathon Village
Marshall Bay
Mohr Corners
Panmure
Quyon Ferry Landing
Smith's Corners
Vydon Acres
Willola Beach
Woodridge
Huntley
Carp
Corkery
Huntley
Huntley Manor Estates
Manion Corners
Westmont Estates
Westwood
Torbolton
Baskin's Beach
Buckhams Bay
Constance Bay
Crown Point
Dirleton
Dunrobin
Dunrobin Heights
Dunrobin Shore
Kilmaurs
MacLarens
McKay's Waterfront
Torwood Estates
Woodlawn
Business improvement areas
Bank Street Promenade
Barrhaven
Bells Corners
ByWard Market
Carp
Downtown Rideau
The Glebe
Heart of Orleans
Manotick
Preston Street
Somerset Street Chinatown
Somerset Village
Sparks Street
Vanier
Wellington Street West
Westboro Village
Historical neighbourhoods
Ottawa - Central End
Ashburnham - residential area downtown, bordered by Wellington St, Lyon St., Laurier Ave. and the Lebreton Aqueduct
Mount Sherwood - 19th-century community located around where the Adult High School on Gladstone is today
Nanny Goat Hill - 19th-century community today part of the LeBreton Flats, located at the foot of the eponymous Nanny Goat Hill
Parkview - today part of The Glebe
Rideauville - today part of Old Ottawa South
Rochesterville - today makes up Centretown West
Stewarton - today makes up The Glebe and Centretown
Ottawa - East End
Clandeboye - today part of Vanier
Clarkstown - today part of Vanier
Cummings Bridge - today part of Vanier
Eastview Centre - today part of Vanier
Finter - today part of Viscount Alexander Park
Village of Gloucester - today part of the Lindenlea neighbourhood south of New Edinburgh
Janeville - see Vanier
Rockcliffe Annex - today part of Viscount Alexander Park
Rockville - also known as Rock Village, this neighbourhood developed around Gloucester Quarries opened by Antoine Robillard on Montreal Road
Ottawa - South End
Bowesville - today part of the Macdonald-Cartier International Airport
Brookfield - today part of Riverside Park
Chaudiere Junction - Railway junction near Bank and Walkley
Gateville - located just south of Billings Bridge
Gloucester Station - located near High Road and Earl Armstrong Road
Hawthorne - Hawthorne & Russell Road, today close to Hawthorne Meadows
Hurdman Bridge - area near Hurdman Station
Willowdale - today part of the Eastway Gardens neighbourhood
Ottawa - West End
Bayswater - today part of the Hintonburg neighbourhood
Baytown - today part of the Westboro neighbourhood
Birchton - today part of the Westboro neighbourhood
Britanniaville - included what is today the neighbourhood of Britannia
Evansville - today located in the neighbourhood of Carlington
McLeansville - today part of Tunney's Pasture
Merivale Village - today part of Carlington
Nepeanville - located where the Central Experimental Farm is today
Ottawa - Others
Bells Corners Station - close to Highway 416 and Baseline Road
Blackburn - today part of Blackburn Hamlet
Blackburn Station - area near Anderson Road and Renaud Road
Cathartic - also known as Eastman's Springs; see Carlsbad Springs.
Daniston - today part of Orleans
Eagleson Corners - today part of Kanata
Fallowfield Station - area near Cedarview Road and Strandherd Drive. Not to be confused with the current Fallowfield Station
Federal Station - Prince of Wales Dr and Colonnade Road area
Graham Bay Station - area near Richmond Road and Highway 417
Hazeldean - today part of Katimavik-Hazeldean, Kanata
Long Island Village - located opposite the north end of Long Island near the community of Manotick
Merivale Station - area near Fallowfield Station
St. Joseph - see Orleans
Wellington - see Kars
Main communities
This is a list of the main communities in the Ottawa area along with population numbers.
Greater areas and CMAs
Greater Ottawa-Gatineau Area population, year-end 2006: (pop. 1,316,830)
Ottawa-Gatineau CMA, mid-2006: (pop. 1,158,314)
Cities
Ottawa - (pop. 1,000,000)
Gatineau - (pop. 242,124)
Former cities
Ottawa (pop. 382,076) (Downtown Ottawa, The Glebe, Centretown, Lower Town, Sandy Hill, Billings Bridge)
Cumberland (pop. 52,430) (former township, became city in 1999)
Gloucester (pop. 110,264) (former township, became city in 1981)
Kanata (pop. 90,000) (merger of March, parts of Goulbourn and parts of Nepean)
Nepean (pop. 124,878) (former township, became city in 1978)
Vanier (pop. 17,632) (formerly known as Eastview)
Former villages
Rockcliffe Park (pop. 1,927)
Former townships
Goulbourn
Osgoode
Rideau (merger of Marlborough and North Gower)
West Carleton (merger of Torbolton, Fitzroy and Huntley)
Other main suburban areas
Orleans (pop. 100,000) (located in the former cities of Cumberland and Gloucester)
Barrhaven (pop. 70,000) (located in the former city of Nepean)
Stittsville (pop. 18,913) (located in the former township of Goulbourn)
Bells Corners (pop. 9,720)
Blackburn Hamlet (pop. 8,955)
Hunt Club (pop. 13,000)
Morgan's Grant (pop. 8,000)
Riverside South (pop. 8,000)
Riverview (pop. 11,704)
Rural villages and hamlets
Dalmeny, Ontario (pop. unknown)
Antrim (pop. unknown)
Corkery (pop. unknown)
Dwyer Hill (pop. unknown)
Burritts Rapids (pop. 100)
Ashton (pop. 108)
Galetta (pop. 177)
Dunrobin (pop. 288)
Kinburn (pop. 288)
Kenmore (pop. 321)
Fallowfield (pop. 366)
Edwards (pop. 402)
Sarsfield (pop. 474)
Vernon (pop. 597)
Kars (pop. 648)
Fitzroy Harbour (pop. 654)
Marionville (pop est. 900)
Vars (pop. 981)
Munster (pop. 1,320)
Carp (pop. 1,416)
Navan (pop. 1,593)
North Gower (pop. 1,749)
Cumberland (pop. 1,884)
Metcalfe (pop. 2,070)
Constance Bay (pop. 2,619)
Osgoode (pop. 2,784)
Richmond (pop. 3,301)
Greely (pop. 4,395)
Manotick (pop. 7,545)
Carlsbad Springs (pop. 916)
Piperville (pop. 593)
See also
List of roads in Ottawa
References
External links
City of Ottawa: Neighbourhoods of Interest
History of seven of Ottawa's urban communities: Virtual Museum of Canada Exhibit
Neighbourhoods
Lists of neighbourhoods in Canadian cities |
Trio () is the second feature film by South Korean film director Park Chan-wook, released in 1997.
Similarly to his debut film, The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream, it has been seen by relatively few people outside of Korea.
Plot
Three outsiders are united by a common cause. A suicidal saxophonist named Ahn is pushed over the edge after he discovers his wife’s infidelity, and decides to rob a bank, aided by a violent man (Moon), and a young woman (Maria), who is looking for her missing child.
Cast
Lee Geung-young as Ahn
Seon-kyeong Jeong as Maria
Kim Min-jong as Moon
Kim Bu-seon as Ahn's wife
Jang Yong as Captain Choi
Production
Park was asked by film producer Dong-gyu Ahn to make a film similar in tone to Léon, a French film written and directed by Luc Besson. Park had never seen the film, but had previously wanted to make a film about a series of armed robberies committed from 1972 to 1974 in South Korea, and chose to use that as a basis. Park was also initially influenced by the works of Abel Ferrara.
However, as time passed, the production company for the film changed, and the film lost its wild and violent conception, becoming closer to a mainstream film. Park took blame for the film's perceived failure, saying, "I regret Trio much more than my first movie."
References
External links
Threesome (Sam-injo) at the Korean Movie Database
3인조 at Naver
1997 films
Films directed by Park Chan-wook
1990s Korean-language films
1990s South Korean films |
Sunil Deodhar (born 29th September 1965) is the National Secretary of the Bhartiya Janata Party. He is a former RSS pracharak, and son of Marathi journalist Vi Na Deodhar. He was campaign manager for Narendra Modi in Varanasi constituency in 2014. He founded an NGO My Home India of North-East India.
References
Living people
1965 births
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra |
The 2022 División Profesional season (officially the Copa de Primera TIGO-Visión Banco 2022 for sponsorship reasons) was the 88th season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top-flight professional football league in Paraguay. The season began on 4 February and ended on 13 November 2022. The fixtures for the season were announced on 14 December 2021.
In the Torneo Apertura Libertad won their twenty-second league championship, clinching the title with one match in hand after beating Cerro Porteño by a 1–0 score on 25 June, whilst the Torneo Clausura was won by Olimpia, who claimed their forty-sixth league title after drawing 1–1 with Nacional on the last matchday played on 12 November. Cerro Porteño were the defending champions, having won the 2021 Clausura tournament.
Teams
Twelve teams competed in the season: the top eight teams in the relegation table of the 2021 season, the top three teams in the 2021 Paraguayan División Intermedia (General Caballero (JLM), Resistencia, and Tacuary), as well as Sportivo Ameliano, winners of the promotion/relegation play-off. The promoted teams replaced River Plate and Sportivo Luqueño, who were relegated to the second tier at the end of the previous season.
Stadia and locations
Notes
Managerial changes
Notes
Torneo Apertura
The Campeonato de Apertura, named "Homenaje a Luis Alberto Pettengill Castillo", was the 125th official championship of the Primera División and the first championship of the 2022 season. It started on 4 February and ended on 3 July.
Standings
Results
Top scorers
Source: Soccerway
Torneo Clausura
The Campeonato de Clausura, named "Homenaje to Alexandro Arce Añazco", was the 126th official championship of the Primera División and the second championship of the 2022 season. It began on 14 July and ended on 13 November.
Standings
Results
Top scorers
Source: Soccerway
Aggregate table
Relegation
Relegation was determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the number of points earned per game over the past three seasons. The two teams with the lowest average were relegated to the División Intermedia for the following season.
Source: APF
Season awards
On 14 November 2022 a ceremony was held at the Sheraton Hotel in Asunción to announce the winners of the season awards (Premios de Primera), who were chosen based on voting by the managers of the 12 Primera División teams, local sports journalists, the APF's Referee Commission, the public as well as official statistics.
See also
2022 Copa Paraguay
2022 Paraguayan División Intermedia
References
External links
APF's official website
Paraguay
Paraguayan Primera División seasons
2022 in Paraguayan football |
Caladenia attingens subsp. gracillima, commonly known as the small mantis orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a relatively common orchid with a single erect, hairy leaf and one or two green, yellow and red flowers. It differs from subspecies attingens in having smaller flowers and a more easterly distribution.
Description
Caladenia attingens subsp. gracillima is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single hairy leaf, long and wide. One or two green, yellow and red flowers long and wide are borne on a stalk tall. The sepals and petals have thin, brown, club-like glandular tips long. The dorsal sepal is erect, long and wide and the lateral sepals are long, wide, upswept and parallel to each other. The petals are long, wide and are arranged in a similar way to the lateral sepals. The labellum is wide, wide and green with a dark red tip. The sides of the labellum have narrow teeth and there are four or more rows of crowded, red calli along its centre, including near its tip. Flowering occurs from August to early October. This subspecies differs from the other two subspecies in having sepals that are less than wide and a labellum that is more than wide.
Taxonomy and naming
Caladenia attingens was first formally described in 2001, Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown. In the same paper, Hopper and Brown described two subspecies including Caladenia attingens subsp. gracillima and the description was published in Nuytsia. The subspecies name ("gracillima") is the comparative form of the Latin word gracilis meaning "thin" or "slender", hence "more slender", referring to the thinner sepals of this subspecies.
Distribution and habitat
The small mantis spider orchid is found between Jerramungup and Israelite Bay in the Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions where it grows near creeks, granite outcrops and salt lakes.
Conservation
Caladenia attingens subsp. gracillima is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
References
attingens subsp. gracillima
Orchids of Western Australia
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 2001
Taxa named by Stephen Hopper
Taxa named by Andrew Phillip Brown |
Ezequiel Santiago (April 22, 1973 – March 15, 2019) was an American politician.
Early life
Santiago was born in Camden, New Jersey. He moved with his family to Bridgeport, Connecticut. Santiago worked on the political campaigns of his father Americo Santiago and stepfather Mitch Robles. His father also served in the Connecticut General Assembly. Ezequiel Santiago served on the Bridgeport City Council until 2008, when he ran for the open seat in the 130th district of the Connecticut House of Representatives. Santiago took office as a member of the Democratic Party in 2009, succeeding Felipe Reinoso.
Notes
1973 births
2019 deaths
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in Connecticut
Politicians from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Politicians from Camden, New Jersey
Connecticut city council members
Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians |
Omagh High School is a secondary school in Omagh, County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. The school is located on the east side of town.
History
Christos Gaitatzis became the new principal in 2019.
Community
The school is supported by Friends Of Omagh High School, a charity recognised by the Charity Commission for Northern Ireland.
References
Omagh
Secondary schools in County Tyrone |
Approaching is the fourth live album by contemporary classical chamber orchestra Symphony Number One. The album was released on November 3, 2017 and features the music of Nicholas Bentz, Martha Horst, and Hangrui Zhang. The majority of the disk is taken up by Nicholas Bentz’s work Approaching Eternity.
Track listing
Personnel
Symphony Number One
Additional musicians
References
External links
2017 live albums
Symphony Number One albums |
The Shaftesbury Park Estate, commonly known as The Shaftesbury Estate, is a residential estate in Battersea in South London, England. It lies north of Lavender Hill and Clapham Common and east of Clapham Junction railway station.
The estate occupies a flat area of land at the edge of the River Thames flood plain, just north of the slope rising to Clapham Common.
Historically, the area was occupied by Battersea Fields, the poorly drained common land covering the area as far as the river. The Heathwall River ran along the foot of the slope and drained into the River Effra and Falcon Brook, making Battersea an island; present-day Heathwall Street marks the line of this watercourse. A stream crossed the area on the line of present-day Grayshott Road.
History
In the Middle Ages the area was known as Pig Hill because of the large number of piggeries in the area. The Domesday Book says that brickmaking was carried on in some fields on Pig Hill. Cattle breeding also flourished to some extent in the area. Pig Hill formed part of Latchmoor Common, an area of common land belonging to the parish for the common good.
Under the power of the Inclosure Act dating back to William IV, the overseer of any parish had the power to enclose waste or common land, less than , lying in or near the parish. Under the Act, the parish then had to cultivate and improve such waste land for the use and benefit of the parish, and also had the power to let such enclosed land in allotments to the inhabitants of the parish to be cultivated on their own account. Taking advantage of this Act, the churchwardens and overseers of Battersea enclosed about of Latchmoor Common and let it out in allotments at a low rental, to the residents of the parish, for the cultivation of vegetables.
At the start of the seventeenth century, the allotments were flourishing and Battersea had become famous for its market gardening. The gardeners were known for their quality produce which fetched high prices in the London markets and were the first growers to cultivate and introduce asparagus. One gardener had of asparagus under cultivation, and at one time there were three hundred acres of market gardens within a mile of St Mary's Church, Battersea. The gardens were most probably improved by the Huguenots who settled in Wandsworth in 1639.
When Pig Hill became Latchmere Road this land was known as the Latchmere allotments. The allotments were later sold to Samuel Poupart (the rail junction to the north is still known as Poupart's Junction) and became known as Poupart's Market Garden.
Housing
In the 1870s, it became residential when the Artizans, Labourers and General Dwelling Company, a housing co-operative founded in 1867 by William Austin, built several thousand small homes on it.
The company was dedicated to providing decent accommodation for the working classes at a time when overcrowding and squalid living conditions were rife amongst the poor. Money was raised to undertake small developments for sale, the proceeds of which were then invested in larger estates, like Shaftesbury Park, for renting.
The land for the Battersea estate was purchased in 1872; three other estates were developed elsewhere. The original concept was to combine new housing of various classes with social facilities such as meeting rooms, school rooms, a wash house and baths, and to provide integral open space (3 acres of the bought). One facility certainly not to be provided on the estate was a public house, which was an attempt by the reformers behind the scheme to avoid the social problems of cheap alcohol.
At the same time as the conception of the estate, the social reformer and peer Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury was pushing legislation through parliament to improve the living and employment conditions of working people and sponsoring philanthropic efforts to provide schooling for their children. Under Shaftesbury's guardianship new so-called Ragged Schools were established providing free education in 1844. On 3 August 1872, Shaftesbury laid the foundation-stone of buildings at the estate, thus giving it a name.
The estate layout and house designs were by the company's Architect and Surveyor, Robert Austin, formerly a carpenter with the company. However, financial difficulties, caused by poor accounting, led to replacement of the directors of the company and a change of approach during the construction of the estate. Rents and lease prices were raised, excluding many lower paid workers who were originally intended to benefit, and the planned area of open space was built over – Brassey Square in the centre of the estate.
Buildings and townscape
The estate was built between 1873 and 1877 and comprises about 1,200 two-storey houses with gardens laid out in wide tree-lined streets. The estate houses are of four basic types or classes distinguished by the number of rooms (only the highest class originally had bathrooms). The street elevations are varied slightly to avoid monotony, creating generally attractive street frontages.
They are consistently of stock brick with red brick dressings and pitched slate roofs, which gives the estate a sense of identity and distinctiveness. The grid layout, with streets of varying lengths but always straight (except Eversleigh Road, which is aligned with the railway embankment), allows for easy movement throughout the estate. There is a sense of formality in the townscape arising from the grid layout and the repetition in the building frontages.
The Peabody Trust owns most of the estate, but many homes are already privately owned, and the number continues to rise as the Trust gradually releases more units for sale.
References
External links
Housing estates in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Buildings and structures in Battersea |
Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) is an apex-level body constituted by the government of India. The idea to create such a super regulatory body was first mooted by the Raghuram Rajan Committee in 2008. Finally in 2010, the then Finance Minister of India, Pranab Mukherjee, decided to set up such an autonomous body dealing with macro prudential and financial regularities in the entire financial sector of India. An apex-level FSDC is not a statutory body. The recent global economic meltdown has put pressure on governments and institutions across the globe to regulate their economic assets. This council is seen as India's initiative to be better conditioned to prevent such incidents in future. The new body envisages to strengthen and institutionalise the mechanism of maintaining financial stability, financial sector development, inter-regulatory coordination along with monitoring macro-prudential regulation' of economy. No funds are separately allocated to the council for undertaking its activities. Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman chaired the 26th meeting of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) on September 15, 2022.
Composition of the council
Chairperson: The Union Finance Minister of India
Members:
Governor Reserve Bank of India (RBl),
Finance Secretary and/ or Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (DEA),
Secretary, Department of Financial Services (DFS),
Secretary, Ministry of Corporate Affairs,
Secretary, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology,
Chief Economic Advisor, Ministry of Finance,
Chairman, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI),
Chairman, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA),
Chairman, Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA),
Chairman, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI),
Additional Secretary, Ministry of Finance, DEA, will be the Secretary of the Council,
The Chairperson may invite any person whose presence is deemed necessary for any of its meetings.
Responsibilities
Financial Stability
Financial Sector Development
Inter-Regulatory Coordination
Financial Literacy
Financial Inclusion
Macro prudential supervision of the economy including the functioning of large financial conglomerates
Coordinating India's international interface with financial sector bodies like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Financial Stability Board (FSB) and any such body as may be decided by the Finance Minister from time to time.
The institutional structure for India’s Financial Inclusion/ Literacy programme is unique as it has an apex body in the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC), headed by the Finance Minister of Government of India, mandated, inter alia, to focus on attaining financial inclusion/ literacy goals.
Structural and Functional changes
To Entrust it with the tasks of existing regulators i.e. RBI, IRDA, SEBI, PFRDA.
The Council shall have a sub-committee headed by the Governor, RBl. The sub-committee will replace the existing High Level Coordination Committee on Financial Markets.
Sectoral regulators’ autonomy to be protected.
Guidelines prepared on functioning of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC), a high-level body set up to sort out inter-regulatory issues, will define the role of the finance ministry and how member regulators’ autonomy is not compromised.
FSDC was formed to bring greater coordination among financial market regulators. The council is headed by the finance minister and has the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor and chairpersons of the Securities and Exchange Board of India, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority and Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority as other members along with finance ministry officials.
RBI and other regulators had earlier feared that their autonomy was at stake as FSDC was headed by the finance minister herself. After the assurance of FM, this fear was set to rest but functional guidelines was supposed to address this issue.
References
External links
Government agencies of India
Great Recession
Financial regulatory authorities of India
Regulatory agencies of India |
Capital punishment in India is a legal penalty for some crimes under the country's main substantive penal legislation, the Indian Penal Code, as well as other laws. Executions are carried out by hanging as the primary method of execution as given under Section 354(5) of the Criminal Code of Procedure, 1973 is "Hanging by the neck until dead", and is awarded only in the 'rarest of cases'.
Currently, there are around 488 prisoners on death row in India. The most recent executions in India took place in March 2020, when four of the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder perpetrators were executed at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.
History
In the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1898 death was the default punishment for murder and required the concerned judges to give reasons in their judgment if they wanted to give life imprisonment instead. By an amendment to the CrPC in 1955, the requirement of written reasons for not imposing the death penalty was removed, reflecting no legislative preference between the two punishments. In 1973, when the CrPC was amended further, life imprisonment became the norm and the death penalty was to be imposed only in exceptional cases, particularly if a heinous crime committed deems the perpetrator too dangerous to even be 'considered' for paroled release into society after 20 years (life imprisonment without parole does not exist in India since it is too expensive to freely feed and house dangerous criminals all their lives, and eliminating the possibility of parole after a life sentence removes the positive and rehabilitative incentive to improve behavior; all criminals sentenced to life imprisonment in India are automatically eligible for parole after serving 20 years, as per IPC 57), and required 'special reasons'. This significant change indicated a desire to limit the imposition of the death penalty in India. The CrPC, 1973 also bifurcated a criminal trial into two stages with separate hearings, one for conviction and another for sentencing.
Capital offences
Capital punishment in the Indian Penal Code
Capital punishment in non-IPC offences
List of capital offences challenged in the court
Categories of people exempted from capital punishment
Process
Trial court
After the completion of proceedings as prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, the judge pronounces the judgment in a case under Section 235. In case of conviction of the accused, there shall be a mandatory pre-sentencing hearing as according to Section 235(2), Code of Criminal Procedure. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, also contains a provision regarding special reason for death sentence. Section 354(3) of the Code provides that the court must record "Special reasons" justifying the sentence and state as to why an alternative sentence would not meet the ends of justice in the case, according to the principle 'Life imprisonment is the rule and death sentence is the exception'.
Confirmation by High Court
After the decision and sentencing by the Court of Sessions, a high court needs to confirm it for the death sentence to be valid. The high court may confirm the death sentence awarded by the Court of Sessions, pass any other sentence warranted by law, annul the conviction, convict the person of any offence for which the Court of Sessions might have convicted them, order a new trial on the same or amended charge or acquit the accused person under Section 368, Code of Criminal Procedure. The High Court may also enhance the sentence awarded by the Court of Session to death sentence according to Section 386 (c), CrPC. The High Court shall not enhance the sentence awarded to the accused without giving them a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against such enhancement and while showing such cause, the accused may even plead for acquittal or reduction of sentence awarded by the Court of Session. Additionally, the State Government or the Central Government under Section 377, CrPC may direct the public prosecutor to appeal to the High Court against the sentence granted by the Court of Session on grounds of inadequacy. Further, exercising of its suo-moto revisional powers under Section 397, CrPC read with Section 401, CrPC, the High Court may, even in the absence of an appeal enhance the sentence awarded by the Court of Session. The High Court may also in accordance with Section 367 of the Code conduct or direct further inquiry into or additional evidence to be taken on any point bearing upon the guilt or innocence of the convicted person. Unless directed by the High Court, the accused need not be present during this period of this inquiry or when additional evidence is taken. The High Court also has the power under Section 407 of the CrPC to withdraw a case pending before a subordinate court and conduct the trial, and may award the sentence of death.
Special leave petition
After the death sentence is confirmed by the High Court, an appeal by Special Leave Petition (SLP) under Article 136 of the Constitution may be filed. The Supreme Court may in its discretion after considering the issues grant special leave to appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution. Exercising its power under Article 136, the Supreme Court decides whether the special leave petition deserve to be heard as appeals. Correcting an earlier trend of dismissal of SLPs involving the death sentence in limine (dismissal of Special Leave Petition at the threshold without giving any detailed reasons) it was held in two cases of Babasaheb Maruti Kamble v. State of Maharashtra, November 2018 and Jitendra @ Jeetu v. State Of Madhya Pradesh & Others, July 2020 that special leave petition filed in those cases where death sentence is awarded by the courts below, should not be dismissed without giving reasons, at least qua death sentence. It was opined that in such cases a deeper scrutiny coupled with reasons in support of death penalty should be given by the Court.
Review and reopening of a review
A petition seeking review of a judgment or order passed by the Supreme Court may be filed under Article 137 of the Constitution before the Supreme Court within thirty days from the date of such judgment or order. As per the Supreme Court in Mohd Arif @ Ashfaq v. The Registrar, Supreme Court of India & Ors, September 2014, review petitions for death sentence cases should be heard in open court, but there would be a time limit of 30 minutes for oral hearing. Such a procedure would be just and fair. The cases would be heard by a bench of three judges, and the special procedure would apply to all cases of death sentence where the review had been dismissed but the sentence was yet to be executed, including cases brought under Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act. Various cases such as M. A. Antony @ Antappan v. State of Kerala, April 2009, Md. Mannan @ Abdul Mannan v. State Of Bihar, April 2011, Ambadas Laxman Shinde And Ors V. The State Of Maharashtra, October 2018 were reopened after being dismissed earlier to be heard in the open court after the above judgement, which resulted in commutations and an acquittal.
Curative petition
As per the Supreme Court judgment in Rupa Ashok Hurrah v. Ashok Hurrah & Ors, April 2002 after the dismissal of the review petition, the Supreme Court may allow a curative petition to reconsider its judgment or order if it is established that there was a violation of principles of natural justice or apprehension of bias on part of a judge. The Supreme Court in the said case held that in order to prevent abuse of its process and to cure gross miscarriage of justice, it may reconsider its judgements in exercise of its inherent powers. The curative petition would be circulated before the same bench which decided the review petition, if available, or the three senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. The curative petition would be disposed of without oral arguments, unless ordered otherwise by the Supreme Court.
Mercy
Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution gives power to the President of India and the Governor to grant pardons and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. The president or the governor may consider the case of the convict and may pardon the death sentence.
Various legal issues surrounding mercy petition has arisen time and again, one of them being delay. In V. Sriharan @ Murugan v. Union of India, February 1947, the Supreme Court reiterated that the clemency procedure under Article 72/161 provides a ray of hope to the condemned prisoners and his family members for commutation of death sentence into life imprisonment and, therefore, the executive should step up and exercise its time honoured tradition of clemency power of guaranteed in the constitution one way or the other within a reasonable time. In the case of Shatrughan Chauhan v. Union of India, January 2014, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgment on the death penalty: holding, in particular, that an excessive delay in carrying out the death sentence was an essential mitigating factor in a plea for commutation. This was also held in a previous case Triveniben V. State of Gujarat & Ors, February 1989 stating that the Court may consider whether there was undue long delay in disposing of mercy petition; whether the State was guilty of dilatory conduct and whether the delay was for no reason at all. Though the inordinate delay may be a significant factor, that by itself cannot render the execution unconstitutional. Further, the courts have also recognised some other supervening circumstances which should be considered during mercy petition such as mental illness/insanity, trauma, solitary confinement etc.
Death warrant
In cases where the death sentence is awarded, Form No. 42 in the Second Schedule of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 contains the form of the "death warrant" or "black warrant". It is addressed to the superintendent of the relevant prison who is supposed to return the warrant to the court after certifying that the death sentence has been carried out. If a sessions court issues a death warrant before the end of the judicial and administrative process, it would amount to a serious violation of the law as laid down by the Supreme Court in Shabnam v. Union of India, May 2015 which affirmed the guidelines laid down by the Allahabad High Court in PUDR v. Union of India, January 2015. In Shabnam v. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that the principles of natural justice have to be read into death warrant proceedings. The convict should be allowed to exhaust all the legal remedies available such as appeal, review and mercy petitions. The guidelines given in the PUDR case are needed to be followed before issuing the death warrant.
Constitutionality of the death penalty
Prior to the examination of Supreme Court of India, the abolition of the death sentence in India was examined by the 35th Law Commission report in response to a resolution moved by Raghunath Singh, Member of Lok Sabha. The Law Commission of India stressed on the reasoning that the conditions in India demands the contrary position to the proposition of 'abolition of death penalty' and concluded the death penalty should be retained. It said that the variety of upbringing, the diversity of the population, the disparity in the levels of education and morality and the paramount need for maintaining law and order were fundamental factors and issues that impede India from taking a favourable position to abolish the capital punishment. However, the jurisprudence regarding the capital sentence inordinately changed throughout various landmark judgments pronounced by the Supreme Court of India.
Supreme Court of India on the constitutional validity of the death penalty
The first challenge to the capital punishment in India came during the 1973 case of Jagmohan Singh v. State of U.P, October 1972. The judgment came before the CrPC was re-enacted in 1973, whereby the death sentence constituted an exceptional sentence. It was argued that the death penalty violates to the right to life and equality and guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. Moreover, the uncontrolled and unguided arbitrary discretion in the judges to impose capital punishment violates Article 14 of the Indian Constitution and the petitioners contended that the procedure for consideration of circumstances in order to pronounce finding and reasoning to make judicial decision between capital punishment and life imprisonment is not available under CrPC, 1898, therefore it violated Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. However, the Supreme Court of India refused to accept the argument and held that the death sentence is pronounced after detailed recording and evaluation of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, thus such procedure justifies the imposition of capital punishment and does not violate Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Moreover, the criticism of judge-centric or wide discretion on the judges on the fixation of the punishment is subject to the scrutiny of the superior judges and premised on the well recognized judicial principles. The judgment also discussed the US Supreme Court Decision in Furman v. Georgia, October 1971 where the US Supreme Court struck down the death sentence scheme as it violated the Eighth Amendment of the US Constitution as being cruel and unusual punishment. But, the Supreme Court of India refused to accept the reasoning and stated that there is no rational basis for concluding the death sentence as unconstitutional because the Indian Constitution does not have an equivalent to the Eighth Amendment.
Landmark cases on constitutionality of the death penalty
Since the incorporation of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, while imposing the death sentence, the courts were obliged to provide 'special reasons' for not imposing the death sentence. The true departure from death sentence as a norm to an exception came after the introduction of Code of Criminal Procedure re-enacted in 1973. The CrPC 1973 introduced Section 354(3), the section mandated that judge must provide 'special reasons' for inflicting or imposing the death sentence. Also, the CrPC 1973 introduced the Section 235(2), which allowed the post-conviction hearing on sentencing which drastically changed the jurisprudence allowing a careful evaluation and analysis of circumstances revolving around the jurisprudence of death sentence.
Rajendra Prasad v. State of Uttar Pradesh, February 1979
Post the re-enactment of CrPC 1973, there was ambiguity in the jurisprudential understanding of 'special reasons' for imposing the death sentence. The Supreme Court in Rajendra Prasad v. State of Uttar Pradesh, February 1979 dealt with the legal policy on sentencing discretion and also comprehensively discussed the meaning of 'special reasons' for inflicting death sentence on exceptional grounds. The Court departed from retributive theory and emphasized on the deterrence and reformative theory as the social goals. Furthermore, the Court held that the 'special reasons' required to impose the capital punishment must not relate to the crime, but focus must be on the criminal.
Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980
The constitutional validity of death penalty was again challenged in the Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, in May 1980, and it was premised on multiple new developments. Firstly, the re-enactment of CrPC 1973 had made the death penalty as an exception with regards to the rule of imposing life imprisonment for offences consist of choice between life imprisonment and death sentence. Secondly, the dictum of Rajendra Prasad v. State of Uttar Pradesh, February 1979, had interpreted the parameter on which 'death sentence' must be related to circumstance of the criminal and not the crime itself. Thirdly, it reviewed the death sentence in the light of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, January 1978 since every punitive action must satisfy the test of reasonableness after satisfying the golden triangle test of Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. The primary challenges to the death penalty in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980 was that the death punishment is unnecessary, cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment and the punishment of death sentence does not serve the purpose of deterrence. Furthermore, the constitutional validity of Section 302 of IPC and Section 366(2) of CrPC was challenged in this case on the ground that the imposition of death penalty is arbitrary and whimsical. However, the Supreme Court by a majority of 4:1 did not accept this contention and affirmed the constitutional validity of death sentence but propounded the doctrine of 'rarest of rare' as that the death sentence can only imposed 'in the rarest of rare cases when the alternative option is unquestionably foreclosed." Moreover, the Supreme Court ascertained that the "special reasons" in the context of inflicting death sentence must pay due regard to both the crime and criminal and the relative weight has to be given both aggravating and mitigating circumstance prior to the stating of special reasons for inflicting the death sentence. The Supreme Court recognized that the mitigating factors includes the mental condition, the age of the accused, the possibility of reforming or that the person committed the crime under the superior orders. The Supreme Court recognized and emphasized on the individual yet principled sentencing of the death sentence, the court refused to create categories, instead provided discretion to the judges to apply the principled reasoning of inflicting death sentence in each individual case on the basis of aggravating and mitigating circumstances.
In the dissenting opinion written by Justice P. N. Bhagawati in August 1982, two years after the majority's decision, he held the death penalty to be unconstitutional. He opined that the capital sentencing system, which required 'special reasons' without any guidance on its meaning, essentially left decision-making to the subjective assessment of individual judges, making it arbitrary.
Mithu v. State of Punjab, April 1983
In this case, the court discussed Section 303 of the IPC which provided for a mandatory death sentence for offenders serving a life sentence. This section was based on the logic that any criminal who has been convicted for life and still can kill someone is beyond reformation and so, the only suitable punishment left would be death. It was discussed that the original idea behind drafting of this section was to discourage assaults by life convicts on the prison staff, but the language chosen by the legislature had widely exceeded its intention. It was held that Section 303 violated right to equality and right to life and personal liberty as conferred under Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution.
Channulal Verma v. State of Chhattisgarh, November 2018
In Channulal, the Supreme Court, through Justice Kurian Joseph noted that the time was appropriate to review the constitutionality of the death penalty and take into consideration reformative aspects of punishment. While dissenting on the question of propriety of the death penalty, the remaining two judges on the bench emphasized on the duty of courts to be constitutionally correct, even if its views are counter-majoritarian. Public opinion is generally formed by emotionally charged narratives which need not necessarily be legally correct, properly informed. They may even be against the values of rule of law and constitutionalism that courts are bound by. The court reiterated the view in Santosh Kumar Satishbhushan Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra that in death penalty sentencing, public opinion is neither an objective circumstance relating to crime nor to the criminal. The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment after taking into consideration the possibility of reform and rehabilitation of the appellant that was evidenced by his good conduct in prison.
Methods of execution
Execution by hanging
Hanging is an ancient method of execution which was a part of the Roman law, Anglo-Saxon law, English law, French law, and German law. Hanging as a punishment was a prevalent and standard mode of execution until the abolition of capital punishment in the United Kingdom in 1965. This traditional method of execution may involve suspending the convict from a gallows or crossbeam until death occurs from asphyxia, or it may be that the condemned person stands on a trapdoor and when the trap is released he falls a couple of metres until stopped by the rope tied around his neck or a knot in the noose helps jerk back the victim's head sharply enough to break the neck. This mode of execution is widely debated and the Law Commission in its report in 2015 stated that the shift from hanging to more advanced methods execution must be made in India.
In the case of Deena v Union of India, September 1983 the constitutional validity of execution by hanging was challenged on grounds that hanging as contemplated under Section 354(5) Cr.P.C was barbarous and inhuman and thereby infringed on the right to life of the person. The court discussed various historical influences as well as the reports of the law commission and held that execution by hanging was a fair, just and reasonable procedure within the meaning of Article 21 and hence is constitutional.
In the case of Rishi Malhotra v. Union of India, October 2017, hanging as a method of execution was challenged in a writ petition and it was argued that Section 354(5) CrPC was not only barbaric, inhuman and cruel but also against the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC). This case brought out the discussion around the shift from hanging to other advanced methods of execution in various developed countries. It was also discussed that as per international standard, execution should be as quick and as simple as possible and should produce immediate unconsciousness passing quickly into death.
Execution by shooting
Apart from hanging, the other method of execution allowed under the Indian law is shooting, which is provided for under the Army Act, Navy Act, and Air Force Act. Section 34 of the Air Force Act, 1950 empowers the court martial to impose the death sentence for the offences mentioned in Section 34 (a) to (o) of The Air Force Act, 1950. It is at the discretion of the court martial whether the method is by hanging or shooting. The Army and Navy Acts have similar provisions. Section 163 of the act provides for the form of the sentence of death as;
Sentencing procedure and framework: Landmark cases
Sentencing procedure
Section 235(2) of the CrPC provides for a bifurcated trial, where the conviction and sentencing are meant to be separate proceedings. This has been affirmed in the following judgments of the Supreme Court.
Santa Singh v. State of Punjab, August 1976
The Supreme Court held that sentencing is an important stage in the process of administration of criminal justice and required an interdisciplinary approach. The words "hear the accused" in Section 235(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 were interpreted to mean that the accused had to be given an opportunity to place before the Court various circumstances relating to the sentence, and was not limited to just an oral hearing. It was further stated that non-compliance of Section 235(2) is not an irregularity curable under Section 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 as it amounts to omitting an important stage of the trial. In his concurring opinion, Justice Fazl Ali stated that an opportunity to give evidence in respect of sentence may necessitate an adjournment; and to avoid delay, the adjournment ordinarily should be for not more than 14 days. The matter was remanded to the Trial Court for giving an opportunity to the accused to make a representation regarding the sentence.
Dagdu v. State of Maharashtra, April 1977
The Supreme Court held that the decision in Santa Singh v. State of Punjab, August 1976 cannot be read to say that failure on the part of the court to 'hear' an accused on the question of sentence must necessarily entail a remand to the trial court. After convicting an accused, courts must unquestionably hear him on the question of sentence but if they omit to do so, it would be open to the higher court to remedy the breach by giving a real and effective hearing to the accused on the question of sentence. The accused must be permitted to adduce before the Court all the data which he desires to adduce on the question of sentence. The Court may adjourn the matter in order to give to the accused sufficient time to make submissions on sentence. Consequently, the Supreme Court granted liberty to the accused persons to produce materials on the question of sentence.
Mukesh v. State of NCT of Delhi, May 2017
It was argued by the accused persons that the Trial Judge had not considered the aggravating and mitigating circumstances in respect of each individual accused. The Court went through the law laid down by the Supreme Court in Santa Singh v. State of Punjab, August 1976 and Dagdu v. State of Maharashtra, April 1977, and held that there are two modes to cure sentencing defects- 1. to remand the matter; 2. to direct the accused persons to produce necessary data and advance the contention on the question of sentence. Following the second mode, the Court gave an opportunity to the accused persons to file affidavits along with documents stating the mitigating circumstances. The counsels for the accused were allowed daily visits to the prison in order to communicate with the accused persons and file the requisite affidavits and materials. The prosecution was also granted liberty to file affidavits in response to the ones filed by the accused. The final judgment in this case was delivered on 5 May 2017.
Sentencing framework
In Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India while upholding the constitutionality of the death penalty in India, also laid down an elaborate sentencing framework, requiring sentencing judges to impose the punishment only in the 'rarest of rare' cases. The 'rarest of rare' doctrine developed in Bachan Singh requires judges to balance aggravating and mitigating circumstances while determining whether a death sentence is the appropriate punishment. Other landmark judgments which have elaborated on the 'rarest of rare' framework are as follows:
Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, July 1983
The Supreme Court attempted to explore the doctrine of rarest of rare in the Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, July 1983, three years after the Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980 judgment. The court reinstated and reemphasized the principles of sentencing policy propounded in the Bachan Singh case. Also, the Court listed the two question that needs to be answered prior to the imposition of death sentence on individual cases. Firstly, is the offence committed so exceptional that there is no scope for awarding any other sentence? Secondly, even when weightage is accorded to the mitigating circumstances does the circumstances still warrants death penalty? It was held that the judges must prepare a balance sheet of aggravating and mitigating circumstance of the crime and criminal and analyze the factors prior to making up choice between death sentence and life imprisonment. However, the Supreme Court held that the death penalty may imposed on the ground where the collective conscience of the society is shocked that expect the judicial authorities impose the death sentence. Thereafter, it listed five categories of the cases, where the death sentence is appropriate. (i) Manner in which the crime was committed: Murder committed in an extremely brutal, grotesque, diabolical, revolting or drastic manner so as to arouse intense and extreme indignation of the community; (ii) Motive behind the criminal act: Murder committed for a motive which evinces total depravity and meanness; (iii) The Nature of the crime: Murder that arouse social wrath (like homicide of a person belonging to SC/ST or a minority community, dowry-death etc.); (iv)The degree of the crime: Multiple murders of a family or a large number of persons of a particular caste, community, or locality; and (v) The Status of the victim: Murder of an innocent child or a helpless woman or a person rendered helpless by old age or infirmity; murder of a person by the murderer who is in a position of domination or trust or murder of a public figure generally loved and respected by the community for the services rendered by him and the murder is committed for political or similar reasons other than personal reasons. It focused more on the 'crime factors' or adopted 'crime centric approach' on the sentencing policy of the death sentence. Furthermore, it moved towards the practice of balancing aggravating and mitigating circumstances to impose death sentence, where Bachan Singh judgment mandated that death sentence be imposed where life imprisonment is unquestionably foreclosed. Thus, this precedent and subsequent line of cases had systematically permitted the justification of death sentence on the manner, nature and gravity of the crime, without taking into the account of circumstances of the criminal, in order to exercise judicial discretion on the death sentence.
Ravji v. State of Rajasthan, December 1995
The fundamental contribution of Bachan Singh was that the focus of sentencing policy in regards to the death penalty shifted from crime to crime and criminal both. However, this judicial contribution was drastically altered in the Ravji v. State of Rajasthan, December 1995. The two bench of Supreme Court held that the nature and gravity of the crime, not the criminal should be considered as an appropriate method, for opting between choice of life imprisonment and death penalty. Subsequently, the precedent in Ravji was relied on as authoritative precedent. These judgments confirmed the death sentence without considering any mitigating circumstances related to the criminal. This position was directly contradictory to Constitutional bench judgment of Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980. Finally, the Ravji v. State of Rajasthan, December 1995 decision delivered by the Supreme Court of India was rendered as per incuriam by another bench of Supreme Court in Santhosh Kumar Satishbhushan Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra, May 2009.
Santhosh Kumar Satishbhushan Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra, May 2009
The Santhosh Kumar Satishbhushan Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra, May 2009 judgment holds an important position in the attempt of Supreme Court to principally regulate the judicial discretion and bring consistency in the sentencing discretion of the judiciary in regards to death penalty. The Supreme Court in Bariyar held that the exclusive focus on the crime provided in the Ravji v. State of Rajasthan, December 1995 precedent is per incuriam, as it breaches the principles revolving around doctrine of rarest of rare propounded in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980. The Bariyar judgment again reemphasized that the aggravating and mitigating circumstances related to the sentencing discretion must not only be limited to crime alone, but both the factor crime and criminal should be taken into account. It has interpreted the Bachan Singh dictum in a radical manner, specifically on the sentencing aspect of death penalty. The Court expressed concern that there is lack of consistency and coherence in the aspect of sentencing discretion in regards to death penalty. The first and foremost contribution of Bariyar judgment is that it undoubtedly rejected the strict channeling of discretion or classification of particular types of offences deserves death sentence. The Supreme Court emphasized that the weight accorded to the aggravating and mitigating circumstances must be decided on the case to case basis. Furthermore, it also deconstructed the notion of 'shock to the collective conscience' as standard to impose the death sentences. The Court categorically stated the relevance and desirability of 'public opinion', is no more important in the jurisprudence and adjudication of death sentences. It also disregarded the social necessity as criteria for the infliction of death sentence. The Court asserted that the judiciary is a counter-majoritarian institution and individual rights should be given more importance.
Sangeet v. State of Haryana, November 2012
The Supreme Court in Sangeet v. State of Haryana, November 2012, seriously expressed reservation regarding inconsistent and incoherent application of sentencing policy with respect to analyzing the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. The court critiqued the process of drawing a balance sheet of aggravating and mitigating circumstances and stated that they cannot be compared with each other as each of the factors are two distinct and different constituents of the incident. Moreover, the court itself admitted that the doctrine of rarest of rare is not followed properly and departed from the 'principled sentencing' to a judge-centric sentencing policy of the death sentence. Furthermore, the Supreme Court also critiqued the categorization of the crime (manner of commission of murder, motive for commission of murder, antisocial or socially abhorrent nature of the crime, magnitude of crime and personality of victim of murder) propounded in Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, July 1983. The Court noted that Machi Singh standardization of the crime considerably enlarged the scope of imposing death sentence, which was severely restricted in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980 and also affirmed that the standardization shall not be taken as absolute or inflexible rule in the sentencing policy of the death sentence.
Shanker Kisanrao Khade v. State of Maharashtra, April 2013
The Supreme Court in Shanker Kisanrao Khade v. State of Maharashtra, April 2013, acknowledged that the difficulty in the application of 'rarest of rare' since there is lack of empirical data for making twofold comparison between murder (not attracting death penalty) and murder (attracting penalty). The Court also envisaged a new triple test, while awarding the death sentence and it required 'crime test'. 'criminal test' and the 'rarest of rare test' and this test was not equivalent to 'balance test'. The Court stated that the death sentence can only be inflicted, once they satisfy the 'crime test 100%', 'criminal test 0%' (there must no mitigating circumstances favouring the accused) such as possibility of reform, young age of the accused, lack of intention to commit the crime, no antecedents of criminal record. Once the aggravating circumstances are the fullest extent and no mitigating circumstances, the court needs to be satisfied with the rarest of rare case. The rarest of rare must be depended on the 'society centric' instead of 'judge centric' as to whether society approve death sentence in the awarding of the death penalty.
Rajendra Prahladrao Wasnik v. State of Maharashtra, December 2018
In this case, the accused was convicted of the rape and murder of a three-year-old girl. In review, a three-judge bench commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. Invoking Bachan Singh, the Court observed that it was required to consider the probability of reform and rehabilitation and not its possibility or its impossibility... 'it is the obligation on the prosecution to prove to the court, through evidence, that the possibility is that the convict cannot be reformed or rehabilitated'. The Court also held that mere pendency of one or more criminal cases against a convict cannot be a factor for consideration while awarding sentence.
Manoharan v. State by Inspector of Police, August 2019
The Supreme Court, through the majority opinion of Justice Nariman, upheld the sentence of death imposed upon the appellant. Justice Sanjeev Khanna dissented on the question of sentence and chose the lesser sentence of life imprisonment without remission. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Khanna noted that the Court in Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, July 1983 required two questions to be answered to determine if a case was rarest of rare. These were whether there was something uncommon about the crime which rendered life imprisonment inadequate and whether the circumstances of the crime were such that there was no alternative but to impose the death sentence. Justice Khanna opined that the five categories indicated by the court in Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, July 1983 (manner of commission of murder, motive of the murder, anti-social or abhorrent nature of the crime, magnitude of the crime and personality of the victim) related to the first question. The second question also has to be answered which could be done by reference to mitigating circumstances. He reiterated that the death sentence could be imposed only when the sentence for life is unquestionably foreclosed. In the facts of the case, Justice Khanna noted that the appellant had confessed to the crime before a magistrate without compulsion and this, he stated, was the first step back into society and should be treated as a mitigating circumstance. He therefore opined that the appropriate punishment in this case would be life imprisonment without remission.
Role of public opinion
The role of public opinion first gained prominence in the capital sentencing framework through the case of Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab, July 1983, which allowed imposition of the death penalty in case of anti-social or socially abhorrent nature of the crime.
Subsequently, in the case of Dhananjoy Chatterjee v. State of West Bengal, January 1994, the Supreme Court held that the punishment must befit the crime so that courts reflect public abhorrence of the crime. It held that courts must consider not only the rights of the criminal, but also the rights of the victim and society at large while considering the question of appropriate sentence.
Recently, in MA Antony v. State of Kerala, December 2018, the Supreme Court commuted the death sentence into life imprisonment and noted that the trial court committed an error by taking into account the disturbance caused by the crime to the collective conscience of the society. It was held that reference to public opinion and what is perceived by the judges to be the collective conscience of the society must be avoided while sentencing a convict guilty of a brutal crime.
However, public opinion and collective conscience have played a major role in imposition of the death penalty in several cases in India, including Mukesh v. State of NCT Delhi, May 2017, which resulted in the execution in March 2020 of four persons convicted of gang rape and murder of a young woman in Delhi.
Residual doubt
In Ashok Debbarma v. State of Tripura, March 2014, the Supreme Court commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment with a minimum of twenty years. It introduced the concept of 'residual doubt' as a mitigating circumstance in Indian sentencing jurisprudence. The court stated that there could be a state of lingering uncertainty that exists, beyond 'reasonable doubt' but below 'absolute certainty'.
In 2019, the Supreme Court reiterated the 'residual doubt principle' of Ashok Debbarma in Ravishankar v. State of Madhya Pradesh, October 2019 and held that it creates a higher standard of proof over and above the 'beyond reasonable doubt' threshold in order to sentence someone to death.
Life imprisonment without remission or parole
Union of India v. V. Sriharan Murugan, December 2015
One of the questions involved the validity of the special category of sentence as created by Swamy Shraddhanada @ Murli Manohar Mishra v. State of Karnataka, July 2008. The court held that the special category of sentence created by Swamy Shraddhanada @ Murli Manohar Mishra v. State of Karnataka, July 2008 was valid in law. It further added that such a sentence could only be imposed by the high courts or the Supreme Court. However, the constitutional powers of remission under Articles 72 and 161 would be unaffected by such a sentence. The dissenting judges, Lalit and Sapre, speaking through Lalit held that such a sentence was not valid in law as it would amount to legislating a new sentence, and it was also trenching into the domain of the executive.
Mental illness and death penalty
The law provided for certain persons to be exceptions to the liabilities imposed by Criminal law. The law assumes persons such as children below the age of 7 and insane persons to be incapable of understanding the consequences of their act and therefore does not hold them accountable for any of the offences. The rule further extends to death penalty as well, i.e. persons who are insane and declared so by a competent court, cannot be given death penalty. The legality of the death sentence and its relation with the mental illness of the accused was discussed in various cases by the Indian Judiciary.
In the case of Devender Pal Singh Bhullar (Navneet Kaur v. NCT of Delhi, March 2014), the Court commuted the death sentence of the convict on the ground of inordinate delay in the execution of sentence and mental health problems faced by the petitioner.
In the case of Shatrughan Chauhan v. Union of India, January 2014, while discussing various other supervening circumstances which would lead to the sentence of death being commuted, it was held that mental illness of the prisoner would be a factor which would lead to a commutation and that no mentally ill person may be executed.
In Accused X v. State of Maharashtra, April 2019, the Supreme Court in this case recognized post conviction mental illness as a mitigating factor to convert death penalty to life imprisonment. The SC noting that there appear to be no set disorders or disabilities for evaluating the 'severe mental illness' laid down 'test of severity' as a guiding factor for recognizing those mental illnesses which qualify for an exemption. The court noted that these disorders generally include schizophrenia, other serious psychotic disorders, and dissociative disorders with schizophrenia. Therefore, the test envisaged herein predicates that the offender needs to have a severe mental illness or disability, which simply means that a medical professional would objectively consider the illness to be most serious so that he cannot understand or comprehend the nature and purpose behind the imposition of such punishment. The notion of death penalty and the sufferance it brings along causes incapacitation and is idealised to invoke a sense of deterrence. If the accused is not able to understand the impact and purpose of his execution because of his disability, the purpose for the execution itself collapses.
Sexual violence and calls for the death penalty
Nirbhaya and Justice Verma Committee Report
The infamous and brutal gang rape case also known as the Nirbhaya rape case brought the issue of sexual violence into the notice of public, media and the Government of India. Responding to the protests and campaigns the government formed a committee headed by former Chief Justice of India, Justice J.S. Verma, Justice Leila Seth, and Mr Gopal Subramanium, former Solicitor General of India. The Committee submitted its report on 23 January 2013. It made recommendations on laws related to rape, sexual harassment, trafficking, child sexual abuse, medical examination of victims, police, electoral and educational reforms. The committee did not recommend the death sentence for sexual offences. The committee proposed "life imprisonment for the remainder of the convict's natural life" as the punishment for repeat offenders. In its conclusion on capital punishment for sexual offences, the committee held:
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013
In consonance with the recommendations made by the Justice Verma Committee, the Government of India enacted the amending Act on 02.04.2013. Amendments were introduced in the Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013.
The amendment has led to the insertion of four new sections and recognised certain acts as offences. New offences like acid attack, sexual harassment, voyeurism, and stalking were incorporated into the Indian Penal Code under Sections 326A, 326B, 354A, 354B, 354C and 354D. The amendment brought some significant changes to the sections governing rape laws in IPC by enlarging the meaning of rape under Section 375. Further Section 376A was added which states that if a person committing the offence of sexual assault, "inflicts an injury which causes the death of the person or causes the person to be in a persistent vegetative state, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person's natural life, or with death." The amendment has also introduced the death penalty as a punishment in Section 376E for cases of repeat offences of rape.
Capital punishment for these specific offences was introduced through the Verma Committee categorically recommended against the punishment of death for the offence of rape.
State amendments and Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2018
In the wake of public resentment over Kathua and Unnao rape cases, the laws dealing with sexual assault and rape underwent a major change. It started with several states like Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh passing bills in their respective assemblies prescribing the death penalty for those convicted of raping girls less than 12 years. Later, Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2018 was brought about in April, 2018. The bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament by 6 August 2018 and received Presidential assent. During review, it was opposed by some of the MPs in the Rajya Sabha. The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2018, amended the Indian Penal Code, 1860, Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. The Act amends the IPC to allow for the death penalty as punishment for rape of girls below the age of 12 years. The deadline for the completion of trial in all rape cases will be two months. A six-month time limit for disposal of appeals in rape cases has also been prescribed. There will also be no provision for anticipatory bail for a person accused of rape or gang rape of a girl less than 16 years. In 2019, an amendment to the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2013 (POCSO) sought to cover all children under this law.
Debate in India
India's history voting against moratorium
The abolition of the death penalty has been a debatable question all across and has been called upon for discussion in various international forums. According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) capital punishment has been regulated as one part of right to life in the international human rights treaty. The covenant does not abolish death penalty but under Article 6 it states that death sentence may be imposed only for most serious crimes in accordance with the law and other provisions in the covenant. Further the convict sentenced with death shall have right to seek pardon or commutation of sentence and death sentence cannot be imposed on a person below 18 years of age or pregnant women. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) also lays down provisions on similar lines stating that no child (person below eighteen years of age) can be subjected to torture or other cruel treatment such as life imprisonment without possibility of release. The Convention against Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment or the Torture Convention itself does not declare death penalty as torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment but addresses the methods of execution and the process of death row. Among the above-mentioned treaties and conventions India has ratified the ICCPR and CRC and is only a signatory of the Torture Convention. But according to Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties the state is bound to refrain from acts which would defeat the purpose of a treaty. Under the domestic laws, The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1994 in Section 2(1)(d) states that, "human rights" means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India. Additionally Section 2(1)(f) states that, "International Covenants" means the ICCPR. Reading together Sections 2(1)(d) and 2(1)(f) it can be said the ICCPR has been incorporated into the given statute protecting human rights.
UN General Assembly has called for a moratorium on the use death penalty through several resolutions. In 2007, the General Assembly called for taking a progressive step by restricting the use of the death penalty, minimizing the number of offences imposing death penalty and imposing a moratorium on the executions to respect for the human dignity and enhance the development of the human rights. These resolutions for moratorium were reaffirmed by the general assembly again in the subsequent years of 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014. India has voted against these resolutions stating that it shall go against the statutory law of the land which states that death sentences can be imposed in rarest of the rare cases.
Law Commission reports
35th report (1967)
The first report of the Law Commission considering the issue of abolition of capital punishment was released in 1967. The commission recommended the retention of capital punishment. The factors considered for arriving at the conclusion were based mainly on general elements of cultural and social life as it existed then. The Law Commission observed that the subjective discretion of the court in deciding the matters satisfactorily practised and was within the purview of judicial principles. The report observed that the exercise of discretion may depend on local conditions, future developments, and evolution of the moral sense of the community, state of crime at a particular time or place and many other unforeseeable features. Furthermore, the report of the law commission does not discuss in detail the apprehensions regarding the arbitrary use of the Court's discretion in capital sentencing. The report also suggested retention of Section 303 of the Indian Penal Code, which provides for mandatory death penalty which was further upheld unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the case of Mithu v. State of Punjab, April 1983.
On the matters of irrevocability of capital punishment and erroneous convictions, the report observed that the constitutional and statutory safeguards such as the mercy, the power of appeal and review as well as legal assistance shall ensure that chances of error are kept to the minimum. The conclusions arrived by the commission are predated to the landmark judgment of Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980 and also to the various amendments made in 1973 to the Code of Criminal Procedure.
187th report (2003)
In its 187th report, the Law Commission dealt with the matter on capital punishment under but under the theme "Mode of Execution of Death Sentence and Incidental Matters". The issue was taken suo moto by the commission examining "technological advances in the field of science, technology, medicine, anaesthetics" and thus did not answer or present views on the debate of abolishing capital punishment.
262nd report (2015)
The Law Commission of India submitted its 262nd report in 2015 on the issue of the death penalty in India. The issue came up to the Law Commission chaired by Justice A.P Shah in the case of Santosh Kumar Satishbhushan Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra, April 2009 and Shankar Kisanrao Khade v. State of Maharashtra, April 2013. The commission extensively studied various aspects of death penalty such as a role of deterrence, uniform applicability of guidelines, victim justice and concluded that the punishment should be abolished except for in the matters of terrorism. The Commission concluded after studying the issue extensively that the death penalty does not serve the penological goal of deterrence any more than life imprisonment. It was opined that it fails to achieve any constitutionally valid penological goals. The Law Commission also concluded that in focusing on the death penalty as the ultimate measure of justice to victims, the restorative and rehabilitative aspects of justice are lost sight of.[18] The discretionary power of judges and uneven application of Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980 in these cases goes against the constitutional principles and principle of equality making the whole process arbitrary and subjective to whims of the judges. The commission also identified some systematic impediments such as lack of resources, outdated modes of investigation, over-stretched police force, ineffective prosecution, and poor legal aid making the administration of the death penalty vulnerable to errors. The commission also concluded that constitutional and statutory safeguards such as Article 72 and Article 161 have also failed to safeguard the rights from these impediments. With relation to supporting death for those convicted in terror cases and for waging war against the country, the Report admitted that there is no valid penological justification for treating terrorism differently from other crimes, but the concern of the times seems to be that removing of the death penalty for these offences will affect national security.
Divergent views
There are divergent views on which the death penalty in being currently debated over in India. It has been argued by many academicians and many research groups that the presence of such inhumane punishment serves no purpose in the current times. India certainly does not need it as it serves no purpose. It is argued that no study has shown that the death penalty deters murder more than life imprisonment and that evidence is to the contrary. For deterrence to work, the severity of the punishment has to coexist with the certainty and swiftness of the punishment.[19] It has been argued that the death penalty targets the poor and marginalised who do not have support from the society or power of money. The death penalty is subjective in nature and is near to impossible deciding each case fairly or rationally. The Courts have in various cases worked on their fancies and arbitrarily imposed this most extreme punishment. It is also argued that the concept works in contrast to the rehabilitation criminal justice system adopted by India [19]. Further, it has also been argued that it is per se cruel, irrespective of its utility or its deterrent effect.
On the other hand, it has been argued that state-sanctioned death penalty acts as a catalyst to promote the law and the fear of law which acts as a deterrent to future offenders. There is also a push to help the victims and to follow the retribution model of punishment.
Systemic issues
The concept of the death penalty as understood by a layman is sentencing and execution. By what goes unnoticed is the wide gap between the provisions of law and the realities of its enforcement. The whole process is vulnerable to a large number of systematic and structural impediments. The flagrant violations of even the most basic protections like those against torture and self-incrimination, along with the systemic inability to provide for competent representation or to undertake effective sentencing procedures in capital cases make it extremely clear that the crisis in our criminal justice system has translated. The quality of legal representation has emerged as an extremely serious concern. The absence of any real communication with their lawyers, courtroom proceedings that they do not understand, and no real knowledge of progress in their case at the appellate stages increase the suffering of prisoners on death row.
Issues in criminal justice system
Constitutional and legal protections such as The Constitution of India, The Code of Criminal Procedure, The Evidence Act protect an individual from arbitrary powers of the state. However, despite these the rights are unchecked and are repeatedly violated. Few forms of such violation are custodial torture, fabrication of evidence, abuse of Section 27 of the Evidence Act.
Legal representation
It has been acknowledged by the judges that the legal aid system has not satisfactory and expressed concerns about the disparate impact of the system on socio-economically marginalised persons. There exists a strong connection between poverty and the quality of legal representation. This deepens the crisis of the criminal justice system. The legal aid system developed by the justice system fails to achieve its objective and fails to fulfil its constitutional promises.
Wrongful convictions
The easy manipulation of agencies of the criminal justice system is rampant in India. The stages of investigation such as obtaining pieces of evidence testimony lead to wrongful conviction demonstrate significant crisis points in the criminal justice system. Use of torture, fabrication of evidence, poor legal representation puts a question mark on the criminal justice system and makes the reliance on evidence doubtful for hanging a person or to put him on death row.
Research on the death penalty in India
Lethal Lottery: Death Penalty in India
Lethal Lottery: Death Penalty in India is a report submitted by Amnesty International with contribution of The People's Union for Civil Liberties. The report puts forth the view that India's Death Penalty System works under fatal flaws and should be abolished. As indicated by the name the report after analysing 700 Supreme Court judgements on death penalty of over 50 years (1950-2006) suggest that the fate of the death row prisoners depends upon the lottery as the Indian judicial system over the years has failed to meet its own uniform standards and the other internationally accepted standards. The golden rule in respect to death penalty "rarest of rare cases" has not been adhered to in the cases. Various administrative flaws such as errors in consideration of evidence, inadequate legal representation, and arbitrariness in sentencing indicate that the punishment of death penalty has been arbitrary, imprecise and abusive means of punishing convicts which goes against the spirit of the constitution.
Prisoner Voices from Death Row
Prisoner Voices from Death Row by Reena Mary George discusses the demographic profile of the prisoners and the duration spent on death row. It also notes the process of the individual cases, from arrest to conviction and finally being sentenced to death. It also documents in detail the impact of the death penalty on families of prisoners on death row. The study finds that poverty, marginalization and exclusion are antecedent to the death penalty.
Death Penalty India Report
The Death Penalty India Report (DPIR) by Project 39A at National Law University, Delhi which was released in May, 2016 contains the findings of the Death Penalty Research Project (DPRP). The DPIR contains quantitative information regarding the number of prisoners sentenced to death in India, the average duration they spend on death row, the nature of crimes, their socio-economic background and details of their legal representation, narratives of the prisoners on their experiences in police custody, through the trial and appeal process, incarceration on death row and impact on their families. 373 out of the 385 prisoners who were on the death row at the time and their families were interviewed. The project also documented accounts of prisoner experiences with the police investigation, access to legal representation, experience at the trial courts, life on death row, relationships with family through the years in prison, and other associated aspects. It found that 74.01% of the prisoners interviewed were economically vulnerable. It also found that a high percentage of prisoners sentenced to death had not completed their secondary education. Another major finding was that 76% of the prisoners belonged to a backward community. The Report also found that of over 1700 prisoners who were sentenced to death by trial courts in the period 2000–2015, the appellate courts ultimately confirmed only 4.5% of the sentences. Nearly 30% of the prisoners went from being sentenced to death to being acquitted of all charges while nearly 65% of the death sentences were commuted to life sentences.
Matters of Judgment
Matters of Judgment is an opinion study on the criminal justice system and the death penalty with 60 former judges of the Supreme Court of India. The study was conducted by Project 39A at the National law University, Delhi and was published in November 2017. The 60 former judges adjudicated 208 death penalty cases between them at different points during the period 1975–2016. The study was an attempt to understand judicial thought and adjudicatory processes that govern the administration of the death penalty within India's criminal justice system.Former judges were interviewed on main broad themes which included, investigation and trial processes, sentencing in death penalty cases, and judicial attitudes towards the death penalty. It was clear from the study that there is no uniform understanding of the requirements of the 'rarest of rare' doctrine which has led to the systemic issue of judge-centric sentencing.
Death Penalty Sentencing in Trial Courts
This study by Project 39A, National Law University, Delhi contains findings from a study of all capital cases decided by trial courts of Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra between 2000 and 2015. Analysing 215 judgments (43 from Delhi, 82 from Madhya Pradesh, and 90 from Maharashtra), the study demonstrates the normative and procedural gaps in death penalty sentencing framework that have been the legacy of the Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, May 1980 judgment.
Death Penalty Annual Statistics Report
Since 2016, Project 39A at the National Law University Delhi annually releases a death penalty statistics report. The report covers movements in the death row population in India as well as political and legal developments in the administration of the death penalty and the criminal justice system. The 162 death sentences imposed by trial courts in 2018 is the highest in a calendar year since 2000. The number dropped to 102 in 2019.
Executions since Independence
Prisons and other government departments don't have accurate records of the number of persons executed in India. An absolute lack of coordination among different official sources has hindered the collection of accurate data on the subject. Despite these limitations, Project 39A has attempted to curate a list of people executed in India. This number is, however, significantly lower than the actual number of people executed, as per data from the Law Commission of India's 35th Report which states a number above 1000 between the years 1947 to 1967.
This fact speaks to larger concerns with data on the criminal justice system in India, when the country doesn't even have the records of the number of people on whom has been sentenced to death.
On 27 April 1995, Auto Shankar was hanged in Salem Central Jail at Salem, Tamil Nadu for murder of 6 people.
On 27 May 1997, Kamta Pasad Tiwary was hanged in Jabalpur Central Jail for raping and murdering an 8-year-old girl in 1991.
On 14 August 2004 at Alipore Central Jail, Dhananjoy Chatterjee was hanged for the murder (following a rape) of 14-year-old Hetal Parekh at her apartment residence in Bhowanipore, West Bengal on 5 March 1990. While the mercy petition of Chatterjee was pending before President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, support for the rejection of the mercy petition as well as his execution was drummed up in West Bengal by various political groups and organizations. The mercy plea was rejected on 4 August 2004.
Before the execution of Ajmal Kasab due to his role in 26/11 terrorist attacks, people from across the globe wrote to President Pranab Mukherjee to inform his family and the public of the rejection of the mercy petition and about any scheduled date of execution. Kasab was hanged in secret on 21 November 2012 in Yerwada Central Prison.
Afzal Guru was convicted of conspiracy in connection with the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and was hanged on 9 February 2013 at Delhi's Tihar Central Prison. The Supreme Court of India upheld the sentence on 4 August 2005, ruling that the attack "shocked the conscience of the society at large." Afzal was scheduled to be executed on 20 October 2006, but the sentence was stayed.
Yakub Memon, convicted of 1993 Bombay bombings, was hanged in Nagpur Central Jail at Nagpur on 30 July 2015. On 21 March 2013 the Supreme Court confirmed Memon's conviction and death sentence for conspiracy through financing the attacks. On 30 July 2013 the Supreme Court rejected Memon's application for an oral hearing and dismissed his review petition by circulation. President Pranab Mukherjee rejected Memon's petition for clemency on 11 April 2014. Memon then filed a curative petition to the Supreme Court, which was rejected on 21 July 2015.
The four adult perpetrators Mukesh Singh, Akshay Thakur, Vinay Sharma and Pawan Gupta of the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder who survived the trial were hanged at 5:30a.m. on 20 March 2020 at Tihar Central Prison in Delhi, after a lengthy legal battle.
List of offenders executed in the 21st century
Since 2000, eight executions have been carried out in India, all executions have been carried out by hanging.
See also
Review petition
Curative petition
Mercy petition
Capital punishment by country
List of most recent executions by jurisdiction
List of methods of capital punishment
Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
Assassination of Indira Gandhi
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
References
External links
Model Prison Manual India
India
Law enforcement in India |
The 10th Gaon Chart Music Awards ceremony was held on January 13, 2021, via virtual livestream from studio without any performance and on-site audience due to COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. BTS was the most awarded act with 6 awards, followed by Blackpink with 4 and IU with 3.
Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double-dagger ().
Nominees
References
Gaon
Gaon |
Masluva is a village in Setomaa Parish, Võru County in Estonia.
References
Villages in Võru County |
Isoetes melanopoda is a species of nonflowering vascular plant belonging to the quillworts in the family Isoetaceae. Its common names include: black-footed quillwort, midland quillwort, and prairie quillwort.
Description
Isoetes melanopoda is a grass-like perennial, but often short lived, growing up to 40 cm tall with an ephemeral growth period. The deciduous bright green leaves are linear (quill-like), with black bases. Each mature leaf has a single sporangium, producing both male spores (microspores) and female spores (megaspores).
Isoetes melanopoda has a discontinuous range within the Midwest, Eastern, and Southern states of the US, the populations are often disjunct and often found in uncommon microhabitats. It is listed as an endangered species in Minnesota, where it is found in the southwestern edge of the state growing in shallow seepage pools with water draining from layers of Sioux quartzite or pools formed by rain. The plants grow on rocky outcrops in soil pockets in pools of water or at the edges of pools where soil has accumulated. It is also listed as endangered in the states of Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, New Jersey, and Tennessee.
References
melanopoda
Flora of the United States |
The Stargazers were a British vocal group, jointly founded in 1949 by Cliff Adams and Ronnie Milne. Other original members were Marie Benson, Fred Datchler and Dick James.
Very shortly after the group made their first broadcasts with BBC Radio on such programmes as Workers' Playtime and The Goon Show, Dick James decided to resume his career as a solo vocalist, left the group, and was replaced by Bob Brown. Ronnie Milne took care of the musical arranging, while Cliff Adams became their manager, in addition to contributing scores for the group. In September 1953, Milne left the Stargazers to emigrate to Canada, and was replaced in the group by Dave Carey. The group served as backing vocalists for Petula Clark on her first recordings.
Commercial success
Recording for Decca, The Stargazers enjoyed considerable commercial success during the 1950s, including two United Kingdom number one hit singles on their own, "Broken Wings", which was the first recording by a native British act to top the UK Singles Chart (all previous number one singles were by American artists), and "I See the Moon", along with a third number one hit with Dickie Valentine on "The Finger of Suspicion", and were much in demand for back-up work and broadcast work.
In 1954, The Stargazers recorded "The Happy Wanderer" by F.W. Möller with Syd Dean and His Band, which reached number 12 in April of that year. Other UK chart hits included "Close the Door", which reached number 6 in September 1955, and "Twenty Tiny Fingers", which reached number 4 in November 1955. They were voted "most popular vocal group" by readers of the New Musical Express for five years running.
Stargazers' member Fred Datchler went on to form the Polkadots, who enjoyed success in their own right. Beyond their own hit singles and albums, which included a cover version of "April in Paris", the group recorded extensively with Jo Stafford, Peggy Lee and Frank Sinatra. One of Datchler's sons is Clark Datchler of Johnny Hates Jazz.
Discography
Albums
Presenting the Stargazers (Decca, 1954)
South of the Border (Decca, 1959)
Songs of Harry Lauder (with George Elrick) (London, 1960)
The Very Best of the Stargazers (Universal/Spectrum, 1999)
South of the Border and a Singles Compilation 1953–58 (Vocalion, 2003)
Singles
See also
List of artists under the Decca Records label
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
References
Musical groups established in 1949
English pop music groups
English vocal groups
English session musicians
Decca Records artists
1949 establishments in England |
Iglu & Hartly is an American pop rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band is composed of Jarvis Anderson (vocals, keyboards), Luis Rosiles (drums), and Michael Bucher (bass).
History
Formation
Jarvis Anderson, Sam Martin, and Simon Katz met at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Before long, the 3 of them left school and moved to Echo Park, California to pursue a career in music. Shortly after moving to Los Angeles, Luis Rosiles flew from Jarvis' hometown of Park Ridge, Illinois to join the band as their drummer, and LA local Michael Bucher joined as bassist.
Signing to Mercury Records (2008)
After two years of playing in Southern California clubs, the band started receiving strong interest from a number of major record labels in the United Kingdom, as well as getting airplay from Jim Gellatly on Xfm Scotland there. The band finally decided to sign with Mercury Records, but not before releasing their debut UK single "Violent & Young" on indie label Another Music = Another Kitchen on June 2, 2008 to critical acclaim.
The band's next single "In This City" was released in September 2008 and was identified as "an anthem in the making" by an NME blogger. This kicked a massive tour, seeing the band play over 120 shows in a span of 150 days in 17 countries. "In This City" became a success across Europe, peaking within the top ten of the charts in Belgium (Flanders), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom. In the latter country, Iglu & Hartley performed "In This City" on the (then) BBC One talk show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, helping the song peak at number five on the UK Singles Chart, securing the band their first and only top ten hit in Britain. An instrumental version of the song was also used as the theme tune for the "Goal of the Month" competitions on the BBC One sports show Match of the Day.
British music magazine NME featured the Band in over 15 different pieces prior to and after their controversial review of the album, including inviting the band to headline two dates on their NME Awards Tour. They also named them one of the "Twenty Bands Making America Cool Again." In regards to other press outlets the album and the band were a polarizing force, generating both glowing reviews and venomous criticism.
Live performances
The band has gained quite a reputation for their live shows, playing both small venues and large festivals with equal intensity, passion and fervor. In a review of a show in St Louis on August 26, 2009, one newspaper wrote, "In their ripped jeans and tank tops, Iglu and Hartly took the stage at the Firebird around 9:45 p.m., the people there witnessed a phenomenal show." SPIN included them in their "Best of Bumbershoot Festival 2009" and called their performance "absurdly successful" The band played at The UCD Ball in Dublin in both 2009 and 2010.
Debut in the United States (2009)
On May 5, 2009 their CD "& Then Boom" was released in the United States. They performed on Last Call with Carson Daly as part of their promotional tour.
At SXSW in Austin, Iglu & Hartly's Jarvis Anderson was arrested in the early hours of March 19 after allegedly assaulting a hotel security guard while half naked.
Iglu & Hartly performed their song "DayGlo" live at BETA Records TV Studios in Hollywood, California. The acoustic song segment was taken in October 2009 for the BETA Records Music TV Series, directed by Eric MacIver and produced by Chris Honetschlaeger.
Hiatus and New Projects (2011)
It was announced by various members through their respective Twitter and Facebook pages that Iglu & Hartly is on "hiatus" with no plans for a second record. Jarvis has announced through his Twitter page that he is going "solo" and will have a record out very soon. Sam and Simon, the other founding members of the band, have started a new project called Youngblood Hawke that has released an EP and is already getting radio play in the UK. Youngblood Hawke signed with Universal Republic in early 2012 and are releasing a new EP in August 2012.
Reunion: Hermosa Beach Summer Series (2019)
On July 15, 2019, the band announced a one-time reunion at Hermosa Beach Summer Series via their Facebook page. The Hermosa Beach, CA festival is scheduled to take place August 17–18, 2019, presented by KROQ.
In December 2020, the band returned with a new song, ‘Cooler’, while in 2021 Sam Martin released a solo single called ‘Patience’ under the name Sunshine Boysclub.
2023 UK Tour: Glasgow, Manchester, London
The band played three intimate gigs in three nights in cities across the UK. Glasgow, Manchester and London, respectively.
These high-energy performances wowed the crowds and left everybody amazed.
Band members
Current members
Jarvis Anderson – vocals, keyboards (2006-2011-2019-)
Michael Bucher – bass (2008–2011-2019-)
Luis Rosiles – drums (2006–2011-2019-)
Former members
Dave Bantz – vocals (2006–2007)
Simon Katz – guitar (2006–2011)
Sam Martin – vocals, keyboards (2006–2011)
Extra
"Violent and Young" is featured in the video game Colin McRae: Dirt 2.
"In This City" is featured in the basketball game NBA 2K10, as well as its limited edition commemorating the tenth anniversary of the NBA 2K series.
"In This City" was also featured on the Freakonomics Radio podcast on May 12, 2010, as economist Steven Levitt's favorite song.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
"Violent and Young" (2008)
"In This City" (2008) - UK #5, Ireland #9, Europe #33, US Billboard Modern Rock #35, BPI: Silver
"Dedication" (2009)
References
External links
igluandhartly.com, Official Site (offline)
Review of 'Violent And Young' at Daily Music Guide
Myspace.com/igluandhartley, Official MySpace Page
Musical groups from Los Angeles |
After the great success of the T332 in the 1974 Formula 5000 season (18 out of 21 top 3 finishes in the US), much was expected of the new high-tech Lola T400. Described by development driver Frank Gardner as "the most sophisticated Formula 5000 to be built so far", the T400 was a completely new design, strikingly different from its T300, T330 and T332 predecessors.
Description
Built with a heavily revised aerodynamics and suspension system the T400 baffled and perplexed teams. The radiators were mounted in front of the rear wheels, as part of the mandatory deformable structure, so the aerodynamics could be significantly cleaner. However, the key difference was designer Eric Broadley's adoption of rising rate suspension, with rocker arms and inboard springs, both front and rear. This would, eventually, prove very successful but at first nobody really understood how to make it work.
Shock absorbers
This design was not only the first to move the shock absorbers inside the bodywork and out of the air-stream, but both mounting points of the shocks moved with the suspension, increasing the spring rate and shock damping with the movement, and therefore referred to as "rising rate". Haas and Vel's Parnelli Jones, the top two US teams, quickly forgot about their T400s and wheeled out their 1974 T332s. In Australia, the two leading drivers had returned to their earlier cars mid-way through the Tasman series but later persevered with the T400s and eventually made winning cars out of them. In the UK, VDS also pressed on and got one of their cars working really well at the end of the season; four wins in the last eight races securing a second F5000 title for Teddy Pilette. Of 27 top 3 finishes in the US, the T332 took 20, including all nine wins, the T400 just three and everyone else put together shared the other four.
Suspension system
Eventually, the very advanced and complex suspension system was figured out by Lola and updates and chassis setup instructions tamed the beast. However, the US series ended in 1976, so little time was available to demonstrate the T400's full potential. In recent years sophisticated computer modeling has been used to further enhance the T400's chassis performance. Two of the 14 T400s were wrecked in accidents but the recent whereabouts of all twelve of the survivors are known.
References
1973 in British motorsport
Formula 5000 cars
Motorsport in the United Kingdom |
Augustine Heard & Co. () was a major nineteenth-century American trading firm in Qing dynasty China whose operations consisted in importing and exporting a large array of goods, including tea and opium.
History and leadership
Augustine Heard and Co. was founded in 1840, in Canton, China by Ipswich, Massachusetts, businessman, traveller, trader and former Russell & Co. partner Augustine Heard, and his partners, Joseph Coolidge and George Basil Dixwell. Throughout its history, it was run in large part by Heard family members, most notably Heard's four nephews from his brother George Washington Heard: John, Augustine, Albert Farley and George Washington Jr.
In 1841, Augustine Heard, who had previously lived in China but had returned for health reasons to Ipswich, returned to China to head the firm until 1844. There, business flourished, notably because of the use of fast clipper ships and the import of steamships. Tea, one of the main commodities traded, did not provide much profit compared to opium, which enabled the firm's finances to soar, Augustine Heard & Co. becoming the third largest American firm in China in the mid-nineteenth century. The firm also introduced steamships to China, and imported them through its sister firm in the U.S. The firm also became the main trading agent for several large firms, including Liverpool firm John Swire & Sons Limited. in 1861.
In 1844, Heard began travelling extensively, and handed control over the firm to his partners. Among Heard's partners, his four nephews were most active and ably directed the firm. John Heard led the firm until his departure in 1852; Augustine Heard II then took over the leadership of the firm and became the first Westerner permitted to trade in Siam in 1855. When his brother John returned to take the leadership again, the younger Augustine became the firm's representative to Europe. Albert Farley later took over the firm and, finally, George Washington Jr. who remained in China until the firm's collapse.
The firm prospered until the 1870s when, just like its rivals, it encountered financial difficulties, and finally went bankrupt in 1875.
United States
A sister company bearing the same name operated between April 13, 1861, and April 9, 1865, in the business of "buying and shipping steamers for China, receiving merchandise from China, and selling the same, and insuring merchandise and vessels."
Notable partners
Joseph Coolidge, trader
George B. Dixwell, New England merchant
John Murray Forbes, American railroad magnate
Augustine Heard, founder
Augustine Heard II, later U.S. Minister to Korea
John Heard
Albert Farley Heard
George Washington Jr.
See also
List of trading companies
References
External links
The Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum The Phillips Library holds several manuscript collections of Augustine Heard and Company and various family members.
Archives and records
Heard Family Business records at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School.
Augustine Heard & Company invoices and receipts at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.
British Hong Kong
Companies established in 1840
History of foreign trade in China
History of Hong Kong
Trading companies of the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
Defunct companies of China
1840 establishments in China
Companies disestablished in 1875
1875 disestablishments in China |
Silers Bald is a mountain in the western Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States. Its proximity to Clingmans Dome and its location along
the Appalachian Trail make it a popular hiking destination.
Silers Bald is located on the crest of the Smokies with Thunderhead Mountain to the west and Clingmans Dome to the east. The Tennessee-North Carolina state line crosses
the summit, with the mountain split evenly between Sevier County, Tennessee to the north and Swain County, North Carolina to the south. Silers Bald rises appx.
above its northern base near Fish Camp Prong (of Little River), and appx. above its southern base near Forney Creek.
While Silers Bald was a grassy bald for most of the 19th and early-20th centuries, it was probably a wooded peak before the arrival of European settlers. For this reason, the park service does not
maintain the bald atop the mountain (the Great Smoky Mountains National Park currently
maintains only two grassy balds— Gregory Bald and Andrews Bald). A narrow corridor for
the Appalachian Trail, which crosses the summit, is kept clear for thru-hikers. There is still
a small bald area at the summit, approximately in diameter, where the Appalachian
Trail makes a 90-degree turn. Several grassy meadows remain on the mountain's western slope.
Geology
Silers Bald consists of Thunderhead sandstone, a small pile of which crowns the
summit. This sandstone, part of the Ocoee Supergroup, was formed from ocean sediments
nearly a billion years ago. The mountain, like most of the Smokies, was formed some
200 million years ago when the North American and African plates collided during the
Appalachian orogeny, pushing the rock upward.
History
While Silers Bald is hardly mentioned in Cherokee lore, a petroglyph was discovered near
the summit in 1917. The mountain's elevation is probably recorded by Arnold Guyot
during his 1859 survey of the Smokies crest, but under a different name (possibly Guyot's "Big Stone Mountain," which Guyot listed with an elevation of and lying somewhere between Mt. Buckley and Thunderhead).
Silers Bald is named after Jesse Siler, a prominent North Carolinian who grazed sheep
and cattle atop the mountain in the 19th century. Likewise, Siler Bald, in the Nantahala
Mountains to the south, was named after Jesse's brother, William. Albert Mountain,
also to the south, was named after Jesse's nephew, Albert Siler.
By the late 19th century, Silers Bald was the far eastern end of a giant grassy pasture that
stretched several miles across the Smokies' western ridge all the way to Russell Field, which overlooks
Cades Cove. The mountain is mentioned several times in Horace Kephart's Our Southern Highlanders as the last stop before one enters a heavily-wooded wilderness. According to Kephart, beyond "Hall cabin" (a herder's shack near modern Big Chestnut Bald, six miles (10 km) east of Thunderhead):
...there is just one shack, at Siler's Meadow. It is down below the summit, hidden in timber, and you would never have seen it. Even if you had, you would have found it as bare as a last year's mouse nest, for nobody ever goes there except for a few bear-hunters. From there onward for forty miles is an uninhabited wilderness so rough that you could not make seven miles a day in it to save your life..."
Laura Thornborough, a writer who visited Silers Bald in the 1930s, recalls it as a giant meadow:
Silers is one of the mysterious grassy balds, or mountain-top meadows, and an outstanding vantage point commanding spectacular views.
Access
The easiest access to Silers Bald is to take the Clingmans Dome tower trail from the
Forney Ridge Parking Lot to the tower. From there, following the Appalachian Trail west
for just over four miles (6 km) brings one to the summit of Silers Bald. This leg of the trail is riddled
with elevation gain and loss, crossing Mt. Buckley (a knob of Clingmans Dome), Jenkins
Knob, and a sparsely-wooded ridge known as "The Narrows".
At the summit of Silers Bald, an unmarked spur trail winds several yards to a cliff on
the northwest slope of the mountain. This cliff offers a 180-degree view of the northern
Smokies, with a clear shot of Mount Le Conte to the east and Thunderhead Mountain to the
west.
See also
List of mountains in North Carolina
References
External links
Great Smoky Mountains National Park Trail Map - Large file in .pdf format.
Silers Bald - Peakbagger.com
Silers Bald Shelter - one of the better backwoods shelters along the Appalachian Trail
Mountains of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Mountains on the Appalachian Trail
Mountains of Tennessee
Mountains of North Carolina
Protected areas of Sevier County, Tennessee
Protected areas of Swain County, North Carolina
Appalachian balds
Mountains of Swain County, North Carolina
Mountains of Sevier County, Tennessee |
The Church of St. Joseph is a former Roman Catholic church building in the unincorporated community of Elmer, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1913 by the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad as a bonus to settlers the company had recruited to buy its surplus land. The Church of St. Joseph was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for its local significance in the theme of exploration/settlement. The nomination includes the associated cemetery, located across the road to the east. The property was nominated for illustrating the corporate efforts to settle northern Minnesota once it had been cleared of valuable timber.
History
To encourage development of northern Minnesota's transportation infrastructure, the state legislature granted the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad 10 sections of land for every mile of track laid. The railroad profited by leasing the land for logging, but sought to dispose of it once it was cut over by enticing settlers to buy and farm it. One of the railroad's land agents recruited 25 Roman Catholic Austro-Hungarian immigrants from Chicago to settle what the company marketed as "St. Joseph's Colony", with this church as its nucleus.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Duluth dissolved St. Joseph's Parish in 1962 due to a shortage of priests. The church still hosted a monthly mass and occasional weddings, funerals, and baptisms. In 1990 several descendants of the original settlers formed an organization to maintain the building, which was ultimately deconsecrated in 2001.
See also
List of Catholic churches in the United States
National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis County, Minnesota
References
1913 establishments in Minnesota
2001 disestablishments in Minnesota
Churches in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Former Roman Catholic church buildings in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1913
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States |
Children of the Century () is a 1999 French film based on the true tale of the tumultuous love affair between two French literary icons of the 19th century, novelist George Sand (Juliette Binoche) and poet Alfred de Musset (Benoît Magimel).
Plot summary
The story begins as George Sand quits her marital home and arrives in Paris with her two children. Meanwhile, the young poet and dandy Alfred de Musset is busy making a name for himself both as a womaniser and a talented poet and critic. Sand and Musset first meet at a literary dinner and quickly recognise in each other a like-minded love of literature. At first their relationship remains platonic, but soon the pair embark on a tumultuous affair that will lead them to Venice and the creation of their finest works of literature.
Background and production
The film was shot on location in Paris, Nohant and Venice from August to December 1998. In an interview with The Irish Times entitled "Playing with Sand", Diane Kurys revealed that she was shooting in the actual rooms Sand and Musset had occupied in the Hotel Danieli, while Juliette Binoche revealed that Sand's estate had loaned the production some of her possessions including a sapphire ring and jewel-encrusted dagger. When asked about her inspiration for the film, Kurys mentioned that Musset's account of the affair in his book La Confession d'un Enfant du Siècle was her starting point. Binoche said that her attraction to the part was due to "Sand's combination of strengths and weaknesses".
Cast
Juliette Binoche : George Sand
Benoît Magimel : Alfred de Musset
Robin Renucci : François Buloz
Stefano Dionisi : Pietro Pagello
Karin Viard : Marie Dorval
Denis Podalydès : Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve
Isabelle Carré : Aimée d'Alton
Patrick Chesnais : Gustave Planche
Olivier Foubert : Paul de Musset
Marie-France Mignal : Madame de Musset
Ludivine Sagnier : Hermine de Musset
Robert Plagnol : Jules Sandeau
Michel Robin : Larive
Mathias Mégard : Eugène Delacroix
Arnaud Giovaninetti : Alfred Tattet
Pascal Ternisien : Boucoiran
Victoire Thivisol : Solange
Julien Léal : Maurice
Jean-Claude de Goros : Capo de Feuillide
Premiere
Les Enfants du Siècle made its world premiere out of competition at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival before being released in French theatres on September 22, 1999.
The film made its North American debut at the 1999 Toronto International Film Festival.
The film made its UK debut as part of the Martell French Film Tour in September and October 2000, followed by a conventional cinematic run starting on April 6, 2001.
Film festivals
Cannes Film Festival 1999 (out of competition - special gala screening)
Toronto International Film Festival 1999
Algerian Summer Film Festival 2000
Budapest French Film Festival 2000
Moscow French Film Festival 2000
Martell French Film Tour 2000 (UK)
Dublin French Film Festival 2001
Warsaw French Film Festival 2001
Soundtrack
The soundtrack album to accompany the film was released by Decca Classics. The original music featured in the film consisting of a guitar and piano score was composed by Luis Bacalov. The film also features music by Ernst Eichner, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt among others. The score was recorded in January 1999 by the Rome Symphony Orchestra and featuring Fábio Zanon on guitar and Leonid Kuzmin on piano. The album was supervised by Murray Head.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Luis Bacalov unless otherwise indicated:
Les Enfants du Siècle (Guitar) (02:23)
Les Confessions (02:57)
Café Tortoni (02:30)
La flûte désenchantée (01:54)
Concerto in C major for harp and orchestra : Allegro (04:54) (Ernst Eichner 1740-1777)
Arabeske in C, Op. 18 : IV Zum Schluss (01:24) (Robert Schumann)
Le baiser (02:29)
Le cœur qui bat (02:16)
Papillons (01:16)
La première fois (05:50)
Beatrice di Tenda, opera seria in due atti (04:47) (Vincenzo Bellini)
Désespoir (02:05)
La guérison (02:16)
Le Bal (02:51)
Der Müller und der Bach (05:53) (Franz Liszt)
Romanze (Piuttosto lento) (02:22) (Robert Schumann)
Chez Delacroix (01:34)
Le cheval mort (02:31)
L'amour en fuite (02:30)
Les Enfants du Siècle (Piano) (02:11)
Alternate versions
The film was released in 2 versions with different running times. The long version as released in France on September 22, 1999 has a running time of 135 mins. It begins as Sand abandons her husband and arrives in revolution torn Paris and Musset's father dies of cholera. A shorter version was released in Germany and the UK and other territories which runs at 105mins. It begins at the literary event at which Sand and Musset met and ends with their final meeting. The longer version goes on to show Sand's attempts to see the dying Musset, and ends with her reading her letters to him by his tomb.
Les Enfants du Siècle was released under the English-language title Children of the Century in the US by Koch Lorber Films, but retained its French-Language title while on release in the UK, Canada and Australia. The film was distributed in the UK by Film Four, in Canada by Alliance Atlantis and in Australia by AE Classics.
Books
Two books were published in conjunction with the film. Les Enfants du Siecle () is a novelization of the screenplay by François-Olivier Rousseau. Sand & Musset () is a large format coffee-table book exploring the history of Sand and Musset and the production of the film, co-written by Jean-Pierre Guéno, Roselyne de Ayala, and Diane Kurys, with lavish illustrations by Maxime Rebiere.
References
External links
Film Four - UK Distributor
BBC Films Review (UK)
Film Review (UK)
British Film Institute listing
1999 films
1999 romantic drama films
Romantic drama films based on actual events
Films directed by Diane Kurys
Films produced by Alain Sarde
Cultural depictions of George Sand
French romantic drama films
Biographical films about writers
1990s French films
1990s French-language films |
Popes Harbour is a rural community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, about west of Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia. The community is located along the shores of Popes Harbour, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. The mi'kmaq names for the area were Kwemoodech and Kwemoodeech, translating to "little loon place" and "small harbour" respectively. Before 1827, the settlement was referred to as Deane Harbour. The present name for the community is in honour of an early pioneer family. Popes Harbour is known for Abriel's Fisheries.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia |
Nenduabad (, also Romanized as Nendūābād) is a village in Polan Rural District, Polan District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 162, in 35 families.
References
Populated places in Chabahar County |
Judo was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade at the TatNeft Arena in Kazan, Russia from 7 to 11 July 2013.
Medal summary
Medal table
Men's events
Individual
Women's events
Individual
References
External links
2013 Summer Universiade – Judo
Results book
2013
Universiade
2013 Summer Universiade events
2013 Universiade |
Chloroclystis rotundaria is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1902. It is found on New Guinea.
References
External links
Moths described in 1902
rotundaria
Endemic fauna of New Guinea
Taxa named by Charles Swinhoe |
Buller's pocket gopher (Pappogeomys bulleri) is a species of gopher that is endemic to Mexico.
Taxonomy
It is monotypic within the genus Pappogeomys. It includes the Alcorn's pocket gopher (P. b. alcorni) as a subspecies. Previously, this subspecies was considered a separate species.
Description
Pappogeomys bulleri is endemic to west central Mexico. The total body length for this species is typically under 270 mm, and its body mass is typically under 250 g. The fur of P. bulleri can vary from a light shade of gray, to a darker shade depending on its geographic distribution and the tail, often naked and white, has a length that is half the head and body of this species. This pocket gopher is well adapted to burrowing, which is evident in the characteristic stocky build, fusiform shape, powerful jaws and incisors, large powerful forelimbs, and reduced hind limbs and hips often observed in this species. The diet of this species includes roots of xerophytic shrubs, grasses, and forbs.
Habitat
The habitat dispersal of this species varies widely, ranging from forested highlands, mountain meadows, vegetated plains, and coastal lowlands including areas near sea level to above 3,000 m in elevation. P. bulleri can primarily be found in mountainous regions, inhabiting deep soils usually of volcanic origin. This species can also be found in semitropical environments where tropical shrubs can be used as a food source, as well as near propagated soil used for growing crops.
This species is highly successful in creating burrow systems that can be used for protection, both from environmental insults and predation, as well as for food storage and raising young. Burrows typically consist of a main passage which splits into many branches. Shallow tunnels near roots and other food sources are used for foraging, whereas the deeper tunnels are used as nesting sites and food storage. The average depth of a burrow inhabited by P. bulleri is 19.9 cm, with a mean tunnel diameter of 8.9 cm.
References
Pappogeomys
Endemic mammals of Mexico
Endangered biota of Mexico
Mammals described in 1892
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Dave van der Burg (born 10 July 1993, in Heesch) is a Dutch male BMX rider, representing his nation at international competitions. He competed in the time trial event at the 2015 UCI BMX World Championships. He joined the Dutch national team in 2016, and managed to qualify himself for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
Career
Van der Burg started racing on a small BMX bike at the age of six years. In his first year, he competed in local races and won most of them. In the years to follow, he started to compete in national and international races. Winning several championships in the early stages of his career, and three second places at the Dutch, European and World Championships in 2013 confirmed his talent and Van der Burg made the step to the pinnacle level of BMX Racing - Elite Men.
After a few years in the privateer team, Verlu BMX, and becoming Dutch champion in 2016 he is now a member of the Dutch National team and training full time at the Olympic Training Centre in Papendal, the Netherlands.
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
BMX riders
Dutch male cyclists
People from Bernheze
Cyclists from North Brabant |
Garrett Miller (born June 7, 1977 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American rower. He finished 5th in the Men's eight at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
1977 births
Living people
Rowers from Philadelphia
Olympic rowers for the United States
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
American male rowers |
Generic character may refer to:
Generic character (fiction)
Generic character (mathematics), a character on a class group of binary quadratic forms |
Dallıbahçe () is a village in the Nazımiye District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kurêşan tribe and had a population of 46 in 2021.
The hamlets of Aksu, Bakacak, Çelik, Çoşkun, Dibekli, Güllüce, Güzelbağ, Ilısu, Kamış, Konaklar, Kumlu, Olgunlar, Saklıca (), Sarıkaya, Yamaç and Yazıbaşı are attached to the village.
References
Villages in Nazımiye District
Kurdish settlements in Tunceli Province |
Sunset Hills is a city in south St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 8,496 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census of 2010, there were 8,496 people, 3,424 households, and 2,422 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,635 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.1% White, 2.3% Asian, 1.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.
There were 3,424 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.3% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.89.
The median age in the city was 50.3 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.8% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 26.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.
2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census, there were 8,267 people, 3,217 households, and 2,351 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,337 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.27% White, 1.44% Asian, 1.08% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.29% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.
There were 3,217 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 25.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $67,576, and the median income for a family was $90,417. Males had a median income of $60,869 versus $35,044 for females. The per capita income for the city was $40,151. About 2.0% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.
1990 census
As of the 1990 United States census, the city had 4,915 residents; due to a series of annexations during the 1990s, the population grew to 7,885 by 1997.
History
Sunset Hills was incorporated in June 1957. In April 1973, it established its own Police Department, and in 1981, it purchased a landscaping service in order to establish the city's public works department.
Around noon on December 31, 2010, an EF3 tornado struck Sunset Hills, destroying several businesses and homes, killing one person, and injuring others in a three- to four-block area around Lindbergh Boulevard.
Economy
Panera Bread is headquartered in Sunset Hills.
Education
The Kirkwood School District and Lindbergh Schools school districts serve sections of the city. Their respective high schools are Kirkwood High School and Lindbergh High School.
Private schools include Thomas Jefferson School (St. Louis, Missouri), a boarding school for grades 7–12, and St. Justin the Martyr School, a Catholic school for kindergarten and grades 1–8.
Post-secondary colleges in Sunset Hills include Vatterott College.
Points of interest
Sunset Hills is home to Laumeier Sculpture Park, an outdoor sculpture garden. It has rotating indoor exhibitions and numerous large sculptures on the park grounds.
Community Center
The Sunset Hills Community Center provides fitness and health services. There are 20 pieces of cardio equipment including of treadmills, bikes, ellipticals, and striders. Two sections of free weights are available, from light weights and kettle bells to heavy weight dumbbells. The Community Center has a gym and meeting rooms that can be used and rented by residents and non-residents.
Watson Trail Park
At 12450 West Watson Road, is the city's largest park. Hours of park operation are dawn to dusk. Park amenities at Watson Trial Park includes the following:
1 Acre Lake
2 Picnic Sites
3 Picnic Shelters
3 Playgrounds
4 Tennis Courts
9 Hole Disc Golf Course
Aquatic Facility with 3 Pools
Basketball Court
Sand Volleyball Court
Minnie Ha Ha Park
The City opened Minnie Ha Ha Park in July 2005. It is located south of Highway 30 at the Meramec River and comprised the Minnie Ha Ha Beach that was popular in the 1930s. The picnic shelters are available for reservations. Park amenities include:
Walking Trails
3 playground areas
3 Picnic Shelters
Scenic overlook of the Meramec River
3 soccer fields
Kitun Dog Park
The Cities of Sunset Hills and Crestwood came together to create a community dog park located in Sunset Hills near its border with neighboring Crestwood. The Dog Park opened in July 2014 and is located inside of Kitun Park off of Eddie and Park Road. Residents of both Sunset Hills and Crestwood can apply for a membership for their dogs for $40 per year. Non-residents may also use the park for an annual fee of $55. All questions and membership registrations should be directed to the City of Sunset Hills Parks & Recreation Department.
This new dog park will have a separate area for small dogs and large dogs and is open to residents and non-residents. Tags are available at the Sunset Hills Community Center located at
3915 S. Lindbergh Sunset Hills, MO 63127.
Athletic Complex
The City of Sunset Hills provides six athletic fields for the community. Three lighted fields and one unlighted field are at 13555 West Watson Road. There are two unlighted soccer fields at 801 Old Gravois Road. The fields are used by our softball leagues, athletic associations, and tournaments and are also available for rent.
Political representation
Sunset Hills is represented by the following state and U.S. congressional members:
In the Missouri House of Representatives, Sunset Hills, like Fenton, is part of District 96 and represented by Republican David Gregory;
In the Missouri Senate, it is part of District 15 and represented by Republican Andrew Koenig;
In the U.S. House of Representatives, Sunset Hills is part of Missouri's 2nd congressional district and is represented by Republican Ann Wagner, the former United States Ambassador to Luxembourg
References
External links
City website
Cities in St. Louis County, Missouri
Cities in Missouri
1957 establishments in Missouri |
Joel Simkhai (; born c. 1976) is an Israeli-American tech entrepreneur. He is the founder and former CEO of geosocial networking and dating apps Grindr and Blendr. His original goal in starting Grindr was for people with similar interests to find new friends nearby.
In 2022, he launched a new dating app called Motto.
Biography
Joel Simkhai was born in Tel Aviv, Israel. His mother was a jeweler, and his father was a diamond dealer. When he was three years old, his family moved to New York City. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in International Relations & Economics from Tufts University in May 1998. After starting college, he came out to his parents and friends. He has two brothers, who are also gay.He owns several properties, primarily residing in New York. In 2021, Dave Keuning bought a mansion that Simkhai owned in Outpost Estates.
Business career
After college, Simkhai worked in mergers and acquisitions.While he started with little money or expertise and never expected Grindr to become international, he became a multimillionaire CEO of an app with millions of users worldwide. In January 2018, he left Grindr after the company was sold to the Chinese gaming company Beijing Kunlun Tech.
Simkhai is a charter member of the Young Presidents' Organization.
In 2022, Simkhai launched a mobile app called MOTTO for the gay and queer community. The company is based in New York City.
References
Living people
American LGBT businesspeople
Israeli LGBT businesspeople
LGBT Jews
Businesspeople from Tel Aviv
Tufts University alumni
Israeli businesspeople
1976 births |
```go
// Code generated by smithy-go-codegen DO NOT EDIT.
package ec2
import (
"context"
"fmt"
awsmiddleware "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/middleware"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2/types"
"github.com/aws/smithy-go/middleware"
smithyhttp "github.com/aws/smithy-go/transport/http"
)
// Cancels one or more Spot Instance requests.
//
// Canceling a Spot Instance request does not terminate running Spot Instances
// associated with the request.
func (c *Client) CancelSpotInstanceRequests(ctx context.Context, params *CancelSpotInstanceRequestsInput, optFns ...func(*Options)) (*CancelSpotInstanceRequestsOutput, error) {
if params == nil {
params = &CancelSpotInstanceRequestsInput{}
}
result, metadata, err := c.invokeOperation(ctx, "CancelSpotInstanceRequests", params, optFns, c.addOperationCancelSpotInstanceRequestsMiddlewares)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
out := result.(*CancelSpotInstanceRequestsOutput)
out.ResultMetadata = metadata
return out, nil
}
// Contains the parameters for CancelSpotInstanceRequests.
type CancelSpotInstanceRequestsInput struct {
// The IDs of the Spot Instance requests.
//
// This member is required.
SpotInstanceRequestIds []string
// Checks whether you have the required permissions for the action, without
// actually making the request, and provides an error response. If you have the
// required permissions, the error response is DryRunOperation . Otherwise, it is
// UnauthorizedOperation .
DryRun *bool
noSmithyDocumentSerde
}
// Contains the output of CancelSpotInstanceRequests.
type CancelSpotInstanceRequestsOutput struct {
// The Spot Instance requests.
CancelledSpotInstanceRequests []types.CancelledSpotInstanceRequest
// Metadata pertaining to the operation's result.
ResultMetadata middleware.Metadata
noSmithyDocumentSerde
}
func (c *Client) addOperationCancelSpotInstanceRequestsMiddlewares(stack *middleware.Stack, options Options) (err error) {
if err := stack.Serialize.Add(&setOperationInputMiddleware{}, middleware.After); err != nil {
return err
}
err = stack.Serialize.Add(&awsEc2query_serializeOpCancelSpotInstanceRequests{}, middleware.After)
if err != nil {
return err
}
err = stack.Deserialize.Add(&awsEc2query_deserializeOpCancelSpotInstanceRequests{}, middleware.After)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := addProtocolFinalizerMiddlewares(stack, options, "CancelSpotInstanceRequests"); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("add protocol finalizers: %v", err)
}
if err = addlegacyEndpointContextSetter(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addSetLoggerMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addClientRequestID(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addComputeContentLength(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addResolveEndpointMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addComputePayloadSHA256(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRetry(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRawResponseToMetadata(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRecordResponseTiming(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addClientUserAgent(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = smithyhttp.AddErrorCloseResponseBodyMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = smithyhttp.AddCloseResponseBodyMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addSetLegacyContextSigningOptionsMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addTimeOffsetBuild(stack, c); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addUserAgentRetryMode(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addOpCancelSpotInstanceRequestsValidationMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = stack.Initialize.Add(newServiceMetadataMiddleware_opCancelSpotInstanceRequests(options.Region), middleware.Before); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRecursionDetection(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRequestIDRetrieverMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addResponseErrorMiddleware(stack); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRequestResponseLogging(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addDisableHTTPSMiddleware(stack, options); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
func newServiceMetadataMiddleware_opCancelSpotInstanceRequests(region string) *awsmiddleware.RegisterServiceMetadata {
return &awsmiddleware.RegisterServiceMetadata{
Region: region,
ServiceID: ServiceID,
OperationName: "CancelSpotInstanceRequests",
}
}
``` |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "path_to_url">
<html xmlns="path_to_url">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml;charset=UTF-8"/>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=9"/>
<meta name="generator" content="Doxygen 1.8.10"/>
<title>Introduction_to_Algorithms: GraphADJListTest Class Reference</title>
<link href="tabs.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
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$(document).ready(initResizable);
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<link href="search/search.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
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<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() { init_search(); });
</script>
<link href="doxygen.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div id="top"><!-- do not remove this div, it is closed by doxygen! -->
<div id="titlearea">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 56px;">
<td id="projectalign" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">
<div id="projectname">Introduction_to_Algorithms
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!-- end header part -->
<!-- Generated by Doxygen 1.8.10 -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var searchBox = new SearchBox("searchBox", "search",false,'Search');
</script>
<div id="navrow1" class="tabs">
<ul class="tablist">
<li><a href="index.html"><span>Main Page</span></a></li>
<li><a href="namespaces.html"><span>Namespaces</span></a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="annotated.html"><span>Classes</span></a></li>
<li><a href="files.html"><span>Files</span></a></li>
<li>
<div id="MSearchBox" class="MSearchBoxInactive">
<span class="left">
<img id="MSearchSelect" src="search/mag_sel.png"
onmouseover="return searchBox.OnSearchSelectShow()"
onmouseout="return searchBox.OnSearchSelectHide()"
alt=""/>
<input type="text" id="MSearchField" value="Search" accesskey="S"
onfocus="searchBox.OnSearchFieldFocus(true)"
onblur="searchBox.OnSearchFieldFocus(false)"
onkeyup="searchBox.OnSearchFieldChange(event)"/>
</span><span class="right">
<a id="MSearchClose" href="javascript:searchBox.CloseResultsWindow()"><img id="MSearchCloseImg" border="0" src="search/close.png" alt=""/></a>
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<p><a class="el" href="class_graph_a_d_j_list_test.html" title="GraphADJListTest: ">GraphADJListTest</a>:
<a href="class_graph_a_d_j_list_test.html#details">More...</a></p>
<p><code>#include <<a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html">adjlistgraph_test.h</a>></code></p>
<div class="dynheader">
Inheritance diagram for GraphADJListTest:</div>
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<table class="memberdecls">
<tr class="heading"><td colspan="2"><h2 class="groupheader"><a name="pro-methods"></a>
Protected Member Functions</h2></td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:a72021ff735af11b1db48290ea0fa8a6b"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">void </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="class_graph_a_d_j_list_test.html#a72021ff735af11b1db48290ea0fa8a6b">SetUp</a> ()</td></tr>
<tr class="separator:a72021ff735af11b1db48290ea0fa8a6b"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:a79dc8e149913c35045b362c44a5fed46"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">void </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="class_graph_a_d_j_list_test.html#a79dc8e149913c35045b362c44a5fed46">TearDown</a> ()</td></tr>
<tr class="separator:a79dc8e149913c35045b362c44a5fed46"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table><table class="memberdecls">
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Protected Attributes</h2></td></tr>
<tr class="memitem:afcd2f035a4957685bc697f296bb2b4b5"><td class="memItemLeft" align="right" valign="top">std::shared_ptr< <a class="el" href=your_sha256_hashist_graph.html">ADJListGraph</a>< ADJ_NUM > > </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="class_graph_a_d_j_list_test.html#afcd2f035a4957685bc697f296bb2b4b5">graph</a></td></tr>
<tr class="separator:afcd2f035a4957685bc697f296bb2b4b5"><td class="memSeparator" colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<a name="details" id="details"></a><h2 class="groupheader">Detailed Description</h2>
<div class="textblock"><p><a class="el" href="class_graph_a_d_j_list_test.html" title="GraphADJListTest: ">GraphADJListTest</a>: </p>
<p><code><a class="el" href="class_graph_a_d_j_list_test.html" title="GraphADJListTest: ">GraphADJListTest</a></code> <code>::testing::Test</code> <code>TEST_F</code> </p>
<p>Definition at line <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html#l00034">34</a> of file <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html">adjlistgraph_test.h</a>.</p>
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<td class="memname">void GraphADJListTest::SetUp </td>
<td>(</td>
<td class="paramname"></td><td>)</td>
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<span class="mlabels"><span class="mlabel">inline</span><span class="mlabel">protected</span></span> </td>
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<p>Definition at line <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html#l00039">39</a> of file <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html">adjlistgraph_test.h</a>.</p>
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<td class="memname">void GraphADJListTest::TearDown </td>
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<td class="paramname"></td><td>)</td>
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<p>Definition at line <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html#l00042">42</a> of file <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html">adjlistgraph_test.h</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="groupheader">Member Data Documentation</h2>
<a class="anchor" id="afcd2f035a4957685bc697f296bb2b4b5"></a>
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<td class="memname">std::shared_ptr<<a class="el" href=your_sha256_hashist_graph.html">ADJListGraph</a><ADJ_NUM> > GraphADJListTest::graph</td>
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<p>Definition at line <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html#l00044">44</a> of file <a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html">adjlistgraph_test.h</a>.</p>
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<hr/>The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:<ul>
<li>src/graph_algorithms/basic_graph/graph_representation/adjlist_graph/<a class="el" href="adjlistgraph__test_8h_source.html">adjlistgraph_test.h</a></li>
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``` |
Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula WOCl4. This diamagnetic solid is used to prepare other complexes of tungsten. The red crystalline compound is soluble in nonpolar solvents but it reacts with alcohols and water and forms adducts with Lewis bases.
Structure
The solid consists of weakly associated square pyramidal monomers. The compound is classified as an oxyhalide.
Synthesis and reactions
WOCl4 is prepared from tungsten trioxide:
WO3 + 2 SOCl2 → WOCl4 + 2 SO2
WCl6 + (Me3Si)2O → WOCl4 + 2 Me3SiCl
WOCl4 is Lewis acidic. It is a precursor to catalysts used for polymerization of alkynes.
References
Chlorides
Metal halides
Oxychlorides
Tungsten compounds |
The following is a list of all suspensions and fines enforced in the Elitserien during the 2011–12 Elitserien season. It lists which players or coaches of what team have been punished for which offense and the amount of punishment they have received. Note that a value of "N/A" in the "Length" or "Fine" column indicates that the player or coach was not suspended or fined for the particular incident. If a particular suspension lasts longer than a month, no fines are imposed. Each suspension covers not only Elitserien games but also ice hockey in general – for example, international tournaments such as the Euro Hockey Tour or the European Trophy. However, this article only mentions the amount of Elitserien games each suspension covers. Note that the two suspensions on 1 November and the two suspensions on 7 November 2011 are unrelated to each other.
References
2011–12 Elitserien season
2011-12 |
Karl Aage Hansen (4 July 1921 – 23 November 1990) was a Danish football player, who played as a forward. He won a bronze medal with the Denmark national football team at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He scored 17 goals in 22 games for the Danish national team, and was Danish team captain on 17 occasions. He got his breakthrough as an amateur player in Danish club Akademisk Boldklub, but moved abroad in 1948 to play professionally for a number of European clubs, including Juventus FC and UC Sampdoria in Italy and Huddersfield Town in England.
Career
Amateur years
Karl Aage Hansen had a strong physique, and was a good dribbler with excellent technique, who played in the inside forward position. He had a lax approach to training, but kept in shape through team handball, decathlon, and doing gymnastics. He played handball for KFUM Handball and football for KFUM Boldklub. When he moved from KFUM Boldklub to play football for Akademisk Boldklub (AB), he moved from KFUM Handball to HG Handball, where most of his AB teammates played. Hansen won the Danish handball championship with HG and represented the Denmark men's national handball team.
Hansen's preferred sport was football, and his move to top club AB was motivated by a greater possibility to get selected for the Denmark national football team. Hansen made his international debut on 20 June 1943, as Denmark won 3–2 against the Sweden national football team, the last international game during the German occupation of Denmark. With AB, Hansen won the Danish championship three times, namely in the 1942–43 and 1944–45 Danish War Tournaments, as well as the 1946–47 Danish 1st Division. He was called up to the first Danish national team assembled after the Second World War in June 1945, and only missed a single of Denmark's next 15 games until June 1947. In these 14 games, Hansen scored 13 goals and was likewise named team captain in 13 games.
In the run-up to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, Hansen missed a few international games due to injury. He returned to the final warm-up game, scoring two goals as Denmark beat the Poland national football team 8–0. Hansen was considered the most important player of the Olympic team, with his leadership skills, great work rate, creative passing, and ability to score goals. In the first game of the Olympic tournament against the Egypt national football team, Hansen scored two goals, including a goal from a solo dribble from inside the Danish half, and was credited for securing Denmark the 3–1 victory in extra time. Having captained Denmark to a 5–3 win against the Italy national football team in the quarter-final, Hansen's injury reappeared during the semi-final against Sweden. As no substitutions were allowed, Denmark played on with the hampered Hansen, and lost the game 2–4. Without Hansen, but with 11 fit players, Denmark won the bronze medal game 5–3 against the Great Britain national football team. Following the competition, Karl Aage Hansen and Carl Aage Præst were selected as Denmark's top performers at the tournament. Karl Aage Hansen only played two additional international games for Denmark, before he signed a professional contract, and was banned from the amateur-only national team selection.
Professional career
Hansen's first year abroad was spent at Huddersfield Town, which narrowly avoided relegation from the top-flight 1948–49 Football League First Division. In 1949, Hansen moved to Italy to play for Atalanta Bergamo, and received a transfer fee of approximately DKK150,000. At Atalanta, he played alongside fellow Danish Olympic footballer Jørgen Leschly Sørensen. Hansen scored 18 goals in 37 games, as Atalanta finished in eight place of the 1949–50 Serie A season.
For the next season, Hansen moved on to defending Serie A champions Juventus FC, where he was to play alongside fellow Danish Olympians John Hansen and Carl Aage Præst. As a part of his contract, Karl Aage demanded a clause to let him change clubs on a free transfer. The three Danes had a great understanding on the pitch. In his first season at Juventus, Karl Aage Hansen scored 23 goals in 34 games, making him the joint third highest goal scorer of the season. During the 1951–52 Serie A season, Karl Aage scored only 12 goals, but in his stead John Hansen stepped up, and became league top goal scorer, as Juventus won the Serie A championship. Karl Aage Hansen played an additional season with Juventus, before leaving the club on a free transfer in 1953. The Juventus leaders thought Karl Aage Hansen over the hill, and would not offer him a satisfactory contract. He played 87 games and scored 37 goals in the Serie A for Juventus.
Karl Aage Hansen had not liked being in Juventus as much as his time in Atalanta, and looked forward to move on. In the end, he chose Serie A rivals Sampdoria Genoa as his new club, and got the transfer sum himself. He stayed a single season with Sampdoria, helping the club finish 8th in the 1953–54 Serie A season, before making yet another lucrative move to the young Serie A team Catania Calcio in 1954. Hansen spent three seasons with Catania, even following the club into the Serie B, when the team was relegated due to match fixing in 1955. He played a total 79 games and scored seven goals for Catania. In 1957, Hansen's professional career was over, and he returned to Denmark. He is estimated to be the member of the Danish 1948 Olympics team who made the most money from his professional career, due to his many lucrative free transfer moves, each time earning the entire transfer fee for himself.
References
External links
Career details
1921 births
1990 deaths
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
Danish male handball players
Footballers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Denmark
Olympic bronze medalists for Denmark
Men's association football forwards
Juventus FC players
UC Sampdoria players
Atalanta BC players
Catania FC players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Danish expatriate sportspeople in England |
Iván Fischer is a Hungarian conductor and composer.
Born on 20 January 1951 in Budapest into a musical family of Jewish heritage, Fischer initially studied piano, violin, cello and composition in Budapest. His older brother, Ádám Fischer, became a conductor in his own right. He moved later to Vienna to study conducting with Hans Swarowsky at the University of Music and Performing Arts, where he also studied cello and early music, studying and working as assistant to Nikolaus Harnoncourt. He also studied with Franco Ferrara at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena.
In 1976, Fischer won the Rupert Foundation conducting competition in London. He began thereafter to guest-conduct British orchestras such as the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, the BBC Symphony and the London Symphony Orchestra, with whom he conducted a world tour in 1982. His US conducting debut was with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983.
Budapest Festival Orchestra
Fischer returned to Hungary in 1983 to found the Budapest Festival Orchestra (BFO), which initially was intended for a limited number of concerts a year on a part-time basis. The BFO became a permanent institution in 1992, with a schedule of about 30 weeks of performing a year. With the BFO, he has incorporated unorthodox ideas into practice, including allowing individual symphony musicians to contribute to concert programming, as in the "cocoa-concerts" for young children. Other series include the Titok-koncert ("bag of surprise") concert series where the programme is not announced, "one forint concerts" where he talks to the audience, open-air concerts in Budapest attracting tens of thousands of people, as well as concert opera performances. Fischer has founded several festivals, including a summer festival in Budapest on baroque music and the Budapest Mahlerfest which is also a forum for commissioning and presenting new music works. In addition, there is an annual competition from within the orchestra for soloist opportunities in concert. Fischer and the BFO have recorded commercially for Philips Classics and Channel Classics Records.
Other symphonic work and opera
In the US, Fischer held the position of Principal Guest Conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra for seven years. In 2006, he became Principal Guest Conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, D.C. In April 2007, Fischer was named the principal conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra (Washington, D.C.), after Leonard Slatkin stepped down as music director in 2008. He held the title for two years.
Fischer was Music Director at Kent Opera in the UK from 1984 to 1989. He was Music Director of the Opéra National de Lyon from 2000 to 2003. The Lyon production of Ariadne auf Naxos received the prize of Best Regional Opera Production of the Year given by the Association of French Music Critics. Other work in opera as a guest conductor has included a Mozart cycle in the Vienna State Opera, and productions in Zurich, London, Paris, Brussels, Stockholm and Budapest. He debuted in 2006 at Glyndebourne Festival Opera in a new production of Così fan tutte:
In 2006, Fischer was named Principal Artist of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment. In February 2011, he was named Music Director of the Konzerthaus Berlin and Principal Conductor of the Konzerthausorchester Berlin, effective with the 2012–2013 season, with an initial contract of 3 years. In October 2016, the orchestra announced that Fischer is to stand down as its principal conductor after the 2017/2018 season, at which close he concluded his tenure in the post. In October 2020, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra announced the appointment of Fischer as its next honorary guest conductor (honorair gastdirigent), effective with the 2021-2022 season.
In 2011, Fischer was awarded the Royal Philharmonic Society's Music Award and the Dutch Ovatie Prize. In 2013, he was named an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music in London.
Compositions
Fischer's compositions are usually written for intimate groups of human voices and instruments. His "Spinoza-Vertalingen" for soprano and chamber ensemble composed on a 17th-century Dutch translation of Baruch Spinoza's text has been performed in the Netherlands and Hungary. For women's choir, he composed "Zigeunerlied" (Goethe), "La Malinconia" (Umberto Saba), "29. Canzone di Petrarca", "Sait gesund" with a Yiddish text and "A nay kleyd" (Rokhl Korn). The last two were commissioned by the Dutch memorial day (Dodenherdenking) and broadcast on Dutch National TV. In 2011 he composed "de slome slak" (Joke van Leeuwen) for children's choir, commissioned by the Koorbiennale in the Netherlands and Festival Hymn 2011 commissioned by Young Euro Classic in Berlin. His most frequently performed work is "Eine Deutsch-Jiddische Kantate", which has been performed in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, USA and Switzerland. His one-act opera The Red Heifer, "composed as a rebuke to what he and others see as growing tolerance for anti-Semitism in today's Hungary" was premiered at the Millennium Hall, Budapest, in October 2013.
Recordings
Fischer signed an exclusive recording contract with Philips Classics in 1995 and his Bartók and Liszt recordings with the Budapest Festival Orchestra have won a Gramophone Award, Diapason d'Or de l'Annee, four Cles de Telerama, the Arte, MUM and Erasmus prizes. Other Philips recordings include works by Kodály, Dvořák and Fischer's own orchestration of Brahms's Hungarian Dances, which combine improvisations from Gypsy musicians with a symphony orchestra.
Since 2004, Fischer has recorded for Channel Classics Records. His recording of Mahler's Second Symphony with the Budapest Festival Orchestra for Channel Classics won a 2007 "Editor's Choice" Gramophone Award. Other Fischer/BFO releases have included Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 2; an incomplete Mahler symphony cycle (excluding the 8th); Tchaikovsky's Symphonies No. 4 & 6; Brahms' Symphonies No. 1, 2 & 4; Beethoven' Symphonies No. 4, 6 & 7; Dvořák's Symphonies No. 7, 8 & 9; excerpts from Wagner's Die Meistersingers and Götterdämmerung; Richard Strauss's Josephslegende; and a release of his own compositions including Spinoza translations and Eine Deutsch-Jiddische Kantate. On DVD, his Glyndebourne performance of Mozart's Così fan tutte was nominated for Gramophone and Grammy Award.
Awards
Fischer is a founder of the Hungarian Mahler Society, and Patron of the British Kodály Academy. He received the Golden Medal Award from the President of Hungary, and the Crystal Award from the World Economic Forum for his services to help international cultural relations. The French Government named him Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres. In 2006, he was honored with the Kossuth Prize, Hungary's most prestigious arts award. He is an honorary citizen of Budapest and Vicenza. In 2011, he received the Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award in the Conductor category.
Invention
In response to the Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage, Fischer invented an acoustic face mask that featured plastic hands cupped around the wearer's ears. He said his masks "help to emulate church acoustics, with warmer undertones and clearer, sharper contours". Audience members said they improved the sound.
References
Further reading
External links
Naxos Records biography of Fischer
Iván Fischer discography at Channel Classics Records
20th-century classical composers
Hungarian classical composers
Hungarian male classical composers
Hungarian male conductors (music)
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
Hungarian expatriates in Austria
Composers from Budapest
Living people
Bach conductors
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)
Jewish Hungarian musicians
National Symphony Orchestra
1951 births
Accademia Musicale Chigiana alumni |
{{Infobox book series
| name = Mecha Samurai Empire series| italic title = no
| image =
| image_caption = First-edition cover of Mecha Samurai Empire
| books =
| author = Peter Tieryas
| editors =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = John Liberto
| country =
| language =
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| publisher =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
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| number_of_books =
| list_books =
| oclc =
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}}
The Mecha Samurai Empire series is an alternate-history science fiction book series written by American author Peter Tieryas. The series centers around an alternate America, known as the United States of Japan, after the Nazis and Japanese Empire have emerged victorious in World War II. The stories focus primarily on Asian communities since the war, depicting the struggles of survivors in a new authoritarian regime. The novels explore themes such as government propaganda and the blurring of fact and fiction. Each book in the series is a standalone novel in the same shared universe, featuring different protagonists, antagonists, and conflicts. The series has been the recipient of several awards, twice receiving the Seiun Award for speculative fiction. The first title in the series was published by Ace Books in 2016, with the latest title being released in 2020.
Genesis
The series began as "a story revolving around the tragic events on the Asian side of WWII." Tieryas, who spent several years in Asia, experienced a different perspective on the war versus what he studied in schools in America. The book is strongly inspired by books like The Man in the High Castle, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Moby-Dick, as well as the works of Hideo Kojima like Metal Gear Solid II. In particular, the contrast between the way histories often "censor" the horrific elements, presenting a glorified account of them, alarmed him. He originally intended it to be one book, United States of Japan, which focused on the conflict with the terrorist organization, the George Washingtons. But he felt there were areas of the universe he wanted to explore more thoroughly. The success of the first book opened the door for the duology of Mecha Samurai Empire and Cyber Shogun Revolution, which revolved around the battle with the Nazis. His agent, Misa Morikawa, came up with the title for the series. Tieryas credits his Ace Roc editor, Anne Sowards, for helping come up with the title for Cyber Shogun Revolution (titles included Sons of Wars and The Revolution of the Bloody Mechas).
Books
The Mecha Samurai Empire series comprises three novels and several short stories. While the books can be read in any order, the author has described his intended sequence to be Mecha Samurai Empire, Cyber Shogun Revolution, and lastly United States of Japan.
Art
Most of the covers and mecha designs are done by illustrator John Liberto. Hokkaido graphic designer Gen Igarashi often creates new art and was featured in the special edition of the Japanese version of Mecha Samurai Empire. Director Guillermo del Toro, upon seeing the art from the series, reacted with a "Wow!"
An art gallery featuring art from the entire series was showcased in Akihabara, Japan.
Reception
Popular Mechanics included United States of Japan as one of 16 Sci-Fi Things to Look Forward to in 2016, stating: "It's more the cyberpunk dystopia William Gibson promised us than the actual 1980s we know, with giant mechs enforcing the law and police trying to squash an underground gaming success that lets players imagine what might've happened if the allied powers won World War II. It sounds like a perfect patchwork of multiple sci-fi and anime subgenres rolled into one novel." Publishers Weekly named USJ as one of the top 10 anticipated Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror books. Kirkus Reviews listed it as one of "The Speculative Fiction Books You Can't Miss in March." The Verge named the novel as one of the Best Books Science Fiction and Fantasy Novels of 2016.
Financial Times stated, "The novel deftly portrays the horrors of oppression but also, with its giant military robots, sumo wrestlers and body-transforming technology, is a gleeful love letter to Japanese pop culture." Barnes & Noble Science Fiction and Fantasy Blog said, "United States of Japan mixes alt-history with pulp-history, the plausible with the fantastical, in a vision of the 1980s with the glossy sheen and rain-slick neon of vintage cyberpunk." Anthony Jones of SF Book Reviews stated: "United States of Japan is a tremendous book; it's got a wonderfully dark and rich atmosphere, great action, intelligent and twisted story and above all, not only does it pay homage to one of the finest authors of the 20th century but also continues one of his most celebrated and yet most difficult works — simply wonderful." io9 reviewer Andrew Liptak wrote, "Tieryas has created a unique alternate world and populated it with fantastic characters and fixtures." In a mixed review, N. Ho Sang of SF Signal writes: "United States of Japan is a smart, gut-wrenching alternative reality that blurs lines between hope with a focus on emotional truths of human nature," but "there are small moments where transitions in environment, scenes and character developments may present themselves as sudden shifts, and feel slightly jarring."
United States of Japan has been translated and published in Japan, Spain, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, and Mexico. It became a Nikkei Best Seller and the Japanese edition went to its 7th printing in the first month, receiving acclaim from Asahi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, and Gizmodo Japan. S-F Magazine Yearly Poll of Japan's Top Science Fiction selected United States of Japan as #2 of the best Best International Science Fiction. It won the 2017 Seiun Award and won 2nd Place for the Japan Booksellers' Award.
For Mecha Samurai Empire, Amazon Book Reviews listed it as one of the top Science Fiction and Fantasy Books of September 2018, stating, "Readers of alternate history will enjoy the details of the Japanese culture enfolded into the US and the ongoing tensions with the Nazis, while the plot itself packs a punch." Financial Times included Mecha Samurai Empire as one of the best science fiction books of 2018, describing it as "action-packed and rousing." Syfy Wire said the book was "an adrenalized fusion of Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle and Guillermo del Toro's Pacific Rim as rampaging robots prowl a very different America."
Hideo Kojima praised the book, stating it intermixes "the experience of cinema, literature, anime, comics, and gaming" and "is the new generation of Science Fiction we’ve been waiting for!”
It won the 2019 Seiun Award and was the first consecutive book in a series to win in over twenty years.
References
American novel series
Alternate history book series
American book series
Book series introduced in 2016
Ace Books books |
Samuel Davidson "Dave" Herron (October 16, 1897 – January 27, 1956) was an American amateur golfer.
Herron won the 1919 U.S. Amateur at Oakmont Country Club, his home club, defeating Bobby Jones in the final, 5 and 4.
Herron played on the winning 1923 Walker Cup team. He also won the Pennsylvania Amateur twice.
Amateur wins
this list may be incomplete
1919 U.S. Amateur
1920 Pennsylvania Amateur
1929 Pennsylvania Amateur
U.S. national team appearances
Walker Cup: 1923 (winners)
References
American male golfers
Amateur golfers
Golfers from Pittsburgh
1897 births
1956 deaths |
Kalaroad is a suburb of Mattannur in Kannur district of Kerala state, India. Kalaroad is a small town. Jaleel Sahib is the local body member of Kalaroad. Kalaroad includes Muslims & Hindus.
Education
Mattannur HSS is situated in Kalaroad. Masjidu Rahma is the masjid and Ishathul Uloom is the madrasa situated in Kalaroad controlled by IUPMC.
Transportation
The national highway passes through Kannur town. Goa and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest railway station is Kannur on Mangalore-Palakkad line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at Mattanur, Mangalore and Calicut. All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.
References
Villages near Kannur airport |
Morbello (piedmontese: Mirbé) is a comune of the province of Alessandria, in the Italian region, Piedmont. It is located in Upper Montferrat.
Cities and towns in Piedmont |
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones is an American epidemiologist who is currently the Eileen M. Foell Professor at Northwestern University.
Education
He earned his M.D. at Columbia University in 1991.
Research
His interests are preventative medicine, cardiology and aging. His highest cited paper is "Heart disease and stroke statistics" at 6043 times, according to Google Scholar.
Selected publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Northwestern University faculty
American epidemiologists
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
American cardiologists |
George Daniel Browne (1933 – 14 February 1993) was a Liberian Episcopalian bishop.
Birth and education
He was born in Cape Palmas, Liberia, and was educated at Cuttington University, in Suacoco, and later at the Virginia Theological Seminary in the United States.
Ecclesiastical career
Browne was ordained deacon in 1962, and priest in 1963. He became Bishop of the Diocese of Liberia in 1970 and Archbishop of West Africa in 1982, retiring from both posts in 1989.
Death
He died on 14 February 1993 in Milwaukee, United States (the home town of one of his children) after a long struggle with terminal illness and deteriorating health.
References
1933 births
1993 deaths
Liberian Episcopalians
Cuttington University alumni
20th-century Anglican bishops in Africa
20th-century Anglican archbishops
Anglican archbishops of West Africa
Anglican bishops of Liberia |
St. John the Baptist parish may refer to one of a number of religious organisations:
In the district of Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland:
The Church of Ireland Parish of Clontarf
The senior Parish of Clontarf (Roman Catholic)
The first known Anglican parish in Brazil, settled in Nova Lima, State of Minas Gerais in 1834.
It may also refer to St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, a municipal subdivision in the state of Louisiana. |
The 2017–18 San Diego Toreros men's basketball team represented the University of San Diego during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was head coach Lamont Smith's third season at San Diego. The Toreros competed in the West Coast Conference and played their home games at the Jenny Craig Pavilion. They finished the season 20–14, 9–9 in WCC play to finish in a three-way tie for fourth place. They lost to BYU in the quarterfinals of the WCC tournament. The Toreros were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they defeated Hartford in the first round, in a game referred to as the Riley Wallace Classic, and Portland State in the second round before losing in the quarterfinals to Northern Colorado.
On March 8, 2018, head coach Lamont Smith, who had been placed on administrative leave following an arrest for domestic violence 10 days earlier, resigned as head coach. Assistant coach Sam Scholl took over as acting head coach for the Toreros during the WCC Tournament and the CIT. On April 2, the school announced Scholl would remain the head coach.
Previous season
The Toreros finished the 2016–17 season 13–18, 6–12 in WCC play to finish in seventh place. They lost in the first round of the WCC tournament to Portland.
Offseason
Departures
2017 recruiting class
Roster
Schedule and results
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!colspan=12 style=| Exhibition
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!colspan=12 style=| Non-conference regular season
|-
|-
!colspan=12 style=| WCC regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style=| WCC tournament
|-
!colspan=9 style=| CIT
See also
2017–18 San Diego Toreros women's basketball team
References
San Diego Toreros men's basketball seasons
San Diego
San Diego Toreros
San Diego Toreros
San Diego |
Green Valley is a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the Wausau, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 541 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated community of Rangeline is located partially in the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.2 square miles (91.1 km), of which 28.9 square miles (74.9 km) is land and 6.2 square miles (16.2 km), or 17.74%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 514 people, 192 households, and 149 families in the town. The population density was 17.8 people per square mile (6.9/km). There were 249 housing units at an average density of 8.6 per square mile (3.3/km). The racial makeup of the town was 99.61% White, 0.19% Native American and 0.19% Asian.
29.7% of the 192 homes had children under the age of 18, 69.8% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder without a husband, and 21.9% were non-families.19.3% of households were one person and 6.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.07.
The age distribution was 22.8% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.3 males.
The median household income was $49,250 and the median family income was $58,068. Males had a median income of $38,125 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,048. About 6.1% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.
References
Towns in Marathon County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
Marathon County, Wisconsin |
The North Jutland Region (), or in some official sources, the North Denmark Region, is an administrative region of Denmark established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish municipal reform, which abolished the traditional counties () and set up five larger regions. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, cutting the number of municipalities from 271 before 1 January 2006, when Ærø Municipality was created, to 98. North Jutland Region has 11 municipalities. The reform diminished the power of the regional level dramatically in favor of the local level and the central government in Copenhagen.
Geography
The North Jutland Region consists of the former North Jutland County combined with parts of the former Viborg County (the former municipalities of Aalestrup, Hanstholm, Morsø, Sydthy, and Thisted), and the western half of Mariager Municipality (in the former Aarhus County).
Geologically, the region lies in the northern part of Denmark, which is rising because of post-glacial rebound.
Municipalities
The region is subdivided into 11 municipalities:
Aalborg
Brønderslev
Frederikshavn
Hjørring
Jammerbugt
Læsø
Mariagerfjord
Morsø
Rebild
Thisted
Vesthimmerland
Towns
Economy
The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €26.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of Denmark's economic output. The GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €33,200 or 110% of the EU27 average in the same year.
Culture and education
One of Denmark's five universities, Aalborg University, is situated in the region. Most of the region's museums are situated in Aalborg such as the Historical Museum of Northern Jutland, KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art, Musikkens Hus, Utzon Center and Aalborg Zoo.
Regional Council
Each of the five regions of Denmark has a regional council of 41 members. These are elected every four years, during the local elections.
See also
References
External links
States and territories established in 2007
Regions of Denmark
2007 establishments in Denmark |
François Cooren is a French and Canadian communication scholar and was, from 2005 to 2008, the editor of Communication Theory. He completed his Ph.D. at the Department of communication of the Université de Montréal in 1996, under the supervision of James R. Taylor. He was chairman of that same department from 2006 to 2015, where he is full professor. Cooren also completed a postdoc at the Université de Louvain-la-Neuve, in Belgium.
Cooren is former President of the International Communication Association (2010-2011), an ICA fellow since 2013 and an NCA distinguished scholar since 2017.
Cooren's research mainly focuses on organisational communication in mundane and emergency situations. He is part of what has come to be known in the field as the Montreal School of Organizational Communication, which proposes communication as the "site and surface" of organizations, meaning that the latter emerge from and are maintained by communication processes. This parts from what could be called conventional organizational communication, which views communication as a phenomenon taking place in pre-existing organizations. That particular point of view, inspired by the works of Taylor and Van Every, Weick and others, leads Cooren to use interaction analysis and conversation analysis as his main source of data, although, whereas other interaction or conversation analysts do not seek to explain anything beyond the observed interaction, Cooren, following the works of Harold Garfinkel or even Gabriel Tarde, uses the micro - the interactions - to find an explanation to what takes place at the macro - organizational - level.
Selected bibliography
Cooren, F. (2010). Action and agency in dialogue: Passion, incarnation and ventriloquism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Cooren, F. (Ed.) (2006). Interacting and Organizing: Analyses of a Board Meeting. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cooren, F., J. R. Taylor, & E. J. Van Every (Eds.) (2006). Communication as organizing: Empirical and Theoretical Explorations In the dynamic of text and conversation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cooren, F. (2000). The Organizing Property of Communication. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins
External links
François Cooren's official page on his department's website
The Language, organization and governance research group, of which François Cooren is a member
Notes
Université de Montréal alumni
Communication theorists
Living people
French sociologists
French expatriates in Canada
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Lu Ding Ji may refer to:
The Deer and the Cauldron, known as Lu Ding Ji in Chinese, is a novel by Jin Yong. An alternate English translation of the title is The Duke of Mount Deer.
Films adapted from the novel:
Royal Tramp, a 1992 Hong Kong film
Royal Tramp II, the sequel to Royal Tramp
Television series adapted from the novel:
The Duke of Mount Deer (1984 Hong Kong TV series), a 1984 Hong Kong television series
The Duke of Mount Deer (1984 Taiwanese TV series), a 1984 Taiwanese television series
The Duke of Mount Deer (1998 TV series), a 1998 Hong Kong television series
The Duke of Mount Deer (2000 TV series), a 2000 television series
Royal Tramp (TV series), a 2008 Chinese television series |
P&T Group (), formerly known as Palmer and Turner Hong Kong (Chinese: 公和洋行; "Kung Wo Yeung Hong"), is an architectural firm in Hong Kong. It is one of the oldest architecture and engineering firms in the world, and it has designed many landmark buildings in Hong Kong, Shanghai and in southeast Asia.
History
Based in Hong Kong, P&T claims its roots when architect William Salway set up his own practice on 1 October 1868. Herbert William Bird, a partner of the firm from 1901 to 1928, was also a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Hong Kong public records suggest that Palmer & Turner arose out of Palmer & Bird – a prominent firm at the time whose senior partner was Lennox Godfrey Bird, younger brother of HW Bird. It is known that Clement Palmer, then only 23 years of age, designed the first Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Building in 1883. Arthur Turner, a structural engineer, joined the firm in 1884. From 1891 onwards, the name Palmer and Turner was kept, despite the arrival of new partners.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the practice was very active in colonial Hong Kong, and in Shanghai, which was a treaty port at the time. A Shanghai office of Palmer and Turner was opened in the mid-1920s, and it designed many important buildings that constitute the Old Bund in Shanghai, including the Peace Hotel. Following a rule change by the architects' professional body, HKIA, in 1981, after which full liability partnerships could incorporate, the practice was incorporated and renamed P&T Group in 1982. Its holding company, which owns all its offices premises and practices, was transferred into a trust protecting its owners, with rules determining dividends, and the reinvestment of profits within the company.
The company's fortunes have waxed and waned over the years. During the Asian financial crisis, its headcount was pruned from 800 employees down to 450. In China, business has fallen from its peak in the 2000s, when the mainland accounted for over half its revenues, to less than 30 per cent, the firm shrunk from some 2,000 employees to just over 1,600. Heinz Rust, one of the P&T directors responsible for the changes at the time, said the new company was “streamlined” to suit expansion plans. The company expanded internationally since around 2000, opened new offices in Dubai (2004), Wuhan (2005), Abu Dhabi (2007), Ho Chi Minh City (2008), Chongqing (2012), Indonesia (2014) and Shenzhen (2016).
1860s–1900s: Early years
The origins of the P&T Group date back to 1868, with founder William Salway's arrival in Hong Kong from Australia, to establish a design practice in response to the demand for grander buildings. In 1880s, the Beaconsfield Arcade was completed, Hong Kong’s first multi-storey shopping centre. Architect, Clement Palmer and structural engineer Arthur Turner joined the partnership. In 1890s, the company name changed to Palmer & Turner, the name remained for nearly a century.
1900s–1950s: Growth and expansion
In 1920s, the Shanghai office was opened. Saturation piling was introduced to allow buildings to rise above three storeys. The Hong Kong Shanghai Bank was completed on the famous Shanghai Bund. The Shanghai Customs Building was completed, establishing a distinctive “Shanghai Style”.
In 1930s, the Peace Hotel and the Bank of China were completed as iconic additions on Shanghai’s Bund. Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Headquarters was completed, being the first fully air-conditioned building in Hong Kong, and the tallest structure in South East Asia, at the time. India and Malaya offices were opened. Sultan of Johor’s Palace was completed. The Shanghai and other offices were closed due to World War II.
In 1940s, the Hong Kong office was reopened after World War II. The iconic Jardine House was completed in Hong Kong.
1950s–2000s: Incorporation and success
In 1950s, the new Chartered Bank and Bank of China buildings were completed, continuing the firm's “Shanghai Style”. The grand Goodwood Park Hotel was completed in Singapore, reflecting a distinctive South East Asian tropical style.
The Hilton Hotel, Choi Hung Housing Estate and AIA Building were completed in a modern style in 1960s, the latter two winning the Hong Kong Institute of Architects award.
In 1970s, the Connaught Centre (now known as Jardine House) was completed, Hong Kong's first skyscraper, tallest building in Asia at the time and heralded the revitalization of the Central District. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University at Hung Hom was completed, the highest density campus in the world at that time. The Singapore office was opened.
The company name changed to P&T Group in 1980s, the name remaining to this day. Award-winning Exchange Square in Hong Kong’s Central District was completed. The Bangkok, Taipei, Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta offices were opened. Jinling Hotel and Bank Negara were completed, the tallest building in China and Indonesia respectively at the time.
In 1990s, Hong Kong modern landmarks such as the new Standard Chartered Bank, Entertainment Building, Citic Tower and Central Tower were completed. China landmarks such as the Oriental Plaza in Beijing, Harbour Ring Plaza, Citic Square and Raffles City in Shanghai were also completed. Shanghai office was opened.
2000s–present: Globally growth
Middle East and Vietnam offices and additional China offices were opened. The firm global employees reach 1000 in 2007, now about 1600.
P&T Group has expanded from a small firm to one of the largest international consultancies globally. It now has 14 offices in China, Singapore, Thailand, Middle East, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia; a team of more than 1600 architects, engineers, and designers; and projects carried out worldwide in over 100 cities. In 2018, P&T donated a collection of historical architectural archives to the University of Hong Kong and M+ Museum.
Projects
Hong Kong
Notable commissions in Hong Kong include:
Hong Kong Club Building (second generation, 1897)
Mountain Lodge (second generation, 1900)
Victoria Hospital (1903)
Alexandra House (first generation, 1904)
Rosary Church (1905)
Netherlands India Commercial Bank (1906)
Victoria Theatre (1911)
No. 27 Lugard Road (1914)
Rutton House (1923)
Shek-O Clubhouse (1924)
Hop Yat Church (1926)
The Falls (1928)
St. Stephen's College (1929)
SCMP Building (1932)
Pedder Building (1932)
Ko Shing Theatre (1932)
Bank of Canton Building (1932)
War Memorial Hospital (1932)
Kau Yan Church (1932)
Bank of China Building (Hong Kong) (1933)
HKSBC Head Office (third generation, 1935)
Maryknoll School & Convent (1936)
Hillcrest Apartments (1937)
Eu Gardens (1938)
Marina House (1939)
Holland House (1939)
Hong Kong Hilton (1963)
Jardine House (1972)
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (1972)
Exchange Square (1988)
Standard Chartered Bank Building (1990)
Hong Kong Science Museum (1991)
Entertainment Building (1993)
Central Elevated Walkway (1970s-2000)
Hong Kong Design Institute (2007)
Harrow International School Hong Kong (2012)
Jao Tsung-I Academy (2012)
Hong Kong Velodrome (2013)
Malvern College Hong Kong (2018)
Ying Wa Girls’ School (2019)
China
Notable commissions in China include:
Peace Hotel, Shanghai (1926–29)
Singapore
Notable commissions in Singapore include:
Rediffusion Building, Clemenceau Avenue (1948–49)
MacDonald House, Orchard Road (1949)
Sandes Soldiers Home, Portsdown Road (1949)
Odeon Cinema, North Bridge Road (1953)
Bank of China Building, Battery Road (1953)
Taiwan
Notable commissions in Taiwan include:
Far Eastern Plaza, Taipei (1994)
Polaris Garden, Taipei (2007)
King's Town Hyatt, Kaohsiung (2009)
Panhsin Twin Towers, New Taipei (2009)
BELLAVITA Shopping Center, Taipei (2009)
Significant works
References
External links
Companies established in 1868
1868 establishments in Hong Kong
Architecture firms of Hong Kong
Engineering companies of Hong Kong |
Elections to the Inverness District Council took place in May 1974, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's other districts and regions.
Aggregate results
References
Inverness
Inverness District Council elections |
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Hanfu are the historical clothing of the Han Chinese, here categorized by clothing style.
Informal wear
Types include tops and bottoms, long skirt, and one-piece robes that wrap around the body once or several times (shenyi).
Zhongyi (中衣), which is usually the inner garment much like a Western T-shirt and pants, can be wear along in casual.
The typical set of informal wear consists of two or three layers. The first layer is mostly zhongyi (中衣). The next layer is the main layer which is mostly closed at the front. There can be an optional third layer which is often an overcoat called a zhaoshan which is open at the front.
For footwear, white socks and black cloth shoes (with white soles) are the norm. But in the past, shoes may have a front face panel attached to the tip of the shoes.
Semi-formal wear
Generally, this form of wear is suitable for meeting guests or going to meetings and other special cultural days. This form of dress is often worn by the nobility or the upper-class as they are often expensive pieces of clothing, usually made of silks and damasks. The coat sleeves are often deeper than the shenyi to create a more voluminous appearance.
A piece of ancient Chinese clothing can be "made semi-formal" by the addition of the following appropriate items:
Chang (裳): a pleated skirt
Bixi (蔽膝): a cloth attached from the waist, covering front of legs.
Zhaoshan (罩衫): long open fronted coat
Formal wear
In addition to informal and semi-formal wear, there is a form of dress that is worn only at confucian rituals, important sacrifices, religious activities or by special people who are entitled to wear them (such as officials and emperors).
The most formal dress civilians can wear is the xuanduan (sometimes called yuanduan 元端), which consists of a black or dark blue top garment that runs to the knees with long sleeve (often with white piping), a bottom red chang, a red bixi (which can have a motif and/or be edged in black), an optional white belt with two white streamers hanging from the side or slightly to the front called peishou (佩綬), and a long black guan. Additionally, wearers may carry a long jade gui (圭) or wooden hu (笏) tablet (used when greeting royalty). This form of dress is mostly used in sacrificial ceremonies such as Ji Tian (祭天) and Ji Zu (祭祖), etc., but is also appropriate for state occasions. The xuanduan is basically a simplified version of full court dress of the officials and the nobility.
Court dress
Court dress is the dress worn at very formal occasions and ceremonies that are in the presence of a monarch (such as an enthronement ceremony). The entire ensemble of clothing can consist of many complex layers and look very elaborate. Court dress is similar to the xuanduan in components but have additional adornments and elaborate headwear. They are often brightly colored with vermillion and blue. There are various versions of court dress that are worn for certain occasions. The practical use of court dress is now obsolete in the modern age since there is no reigning monarch in China anymore.
Those in academia or officialdom have distinctive gowns (known as changfu 常服 in court dress terms). This varies over the ages but they are typically round collared gowns closed at the front. The most distinct feature is the headgear which has 'wings' attached. Only those who passed the civil examinations are entitled to wear them, but a variation of it can be worn by ordinary scholars and laymen and even for a groom at a wedding (but with no hat).
Court dress of emperors
Court dress of officials
Court dress for women
Cloaks
Lower garments
Religious clothing
Those in the religious orders wear a plain middle layer garment followed by a highly decorated cloak or coat. Taoists have a 'scarlet gown' (絳袍) which is made of a large square-shaped cloak sewn at the hem to create very long deep sleeves used in very formal rituals. They are often scarlet or crimson in colour with wide edging and embroidered with intricate symbols and motifs such as the eight trigrams and the yin and yang Taiji symbol.
Buddhist have a cloak with gold lines on a scarlet background creating a brickwork pattern which is wrapped around over the left shoulder and secured at the right side of the body with cords. There may be further decorations, especially for high priests.
Daoists, Buddhists and Confucians may have white stripe chevrons.
Handwear
Gloves and mitts
See also
Chinese academic dress
Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing
Garment collars in hanfu
Hanfu
Hanfu accessories
Hanfu footwear
List of hanfu headwear
Mandarin square
References
Hanfu
Clothing-related lists |
Chahar Kharvar (, also Romanized as Chahār Kharvār; also known as Qeshlāq) is a village in Baba Aman Rural District, in the Central District of Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 460, in 117 families.
References
Populated places in Bojnord County |
Night Lady is an album by saxophonist Johnny Griffin recorded in West Germany in 1963. Originally released on the Philips label, Night Lady was later released on EmArcy Records.
Reception
Allmusic awarded the album three stars.
Track listing
All compositions by Francy Boland except as indicated
"Scrabble" (Johnny Griffin) - 7:18
"Summertime" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, DuBose Heyward) - 5:53
"Old Stuff" - 8:05
"Night Lady" - 9:23
"Little Man You've Had A Busy Day" (Al Hoffman, Maurice Sigler, Mabel Wayne) - 5:20
"All the Things You Are" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 6:11
Personnel
Johnny Griffin - tenor saxophone
Francy Boland - piano
Jimmy Woode - bass
Kenny Clarke - drums
References
Johnny Griffin albums
1964 albums
Philips Records albums |
The Telephone is a 1956 Australian television play. It was a filmed version of the opera The Telephone by Menotti. It was the first of many operas broadcast by the ABC. It went for 25 minutes and only featured two people, played by Marie Tysoe and Kevin Mills.
Premise
Ben attempts to marry Lucy but she keeps gossiping on the telephone. Ben decides to propose to her on the phone.
Cast
Kevin Mills as Ben
Marie Tysoe as Lucy
Background
Tysoe and Mills had performed the opera together many times in 1953 and 1954, on stage and on radio.
Marie Tysoe later recalled making the film:
It was done live to air from the radio studio at Kings Cross. The OB Van was parked at Kellett Street, and I remember all the cables going through the windows down to the van. The Sydney Symphony Orchestra was there. We had a marvellous producer, George Trevare, and it all went without a hitch. I actually sang this opera before for a group of singers called the Sydney Opera Group. The ABC – that is Tony Hughes or Werner Baer - probably knew about that, and I got the call. It was an ideal opera to start off on television, as it only had 2 performers and was a relatively simple set and not many props. During rehearsal I remember the producer asking me what I was going to wear. The conductor and one of the stage managers took me to a boutique shop at Kings Cross, and they bought an elegant dress for me to wear on the production.
See also
List of live television plays broadcast on Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1950s)
External links
References
Australian television plays
Australian television plays based on operas
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
English-language television shows
Australian live television shows
Black-and-white Australian television shows
1956 television plays
Telephony in popular culture |
On Snow () is a 2003 long poem by the German writer Durs Grünbein. It has the subtitle or Descartes in Germany (oder Descartes in Deutschland). It focuses on the life of the French philosopher René Descartes. Andreas Nentwich of Die Zeit described it as "a baroque picture arc of war, violence, vanity and a lot of snow".
See also
2002 in poetry
German literature
References
External links
On Snow at the publisher's website
2003 books
2003 poems
German books
German poems
Cultural depictions of René Descartes |
"Playing With My Heart" is a song by Italian DJ Alex Gaudino, taken from his second studio album Doctor Love (2013). The song was released from 28 January 2013 by Ultra Records. The song was written by Jenson Vaughan, Jason Derulo, Alex Fortunato Gaudino and Giuseppe D'Albenzio. The song features vocals from Canadian R&B recording artist JRDN.
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Playing With My Heart" was first released onto YouTube on March 13, 2013 at a total length of three minutes and seventeen seconds.
Track listing
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Release history
References
2012 singles
2012 songs
Songs written by Jason Derulo
Ultra Music singles
Songs written by Alex Gaudino
Songs written by Jenson Vaughan
Alex Gaudino songs |
The Health Care Consent Act (HCCA) is an Ontario law concerned with the capacity to consent to treatment and admission to care facilities. (i.e., informed consent). on a date to be named by proclamation of the Lieutenant Governor, the act will apply to confining in a care facility.
The HCCA states that a person has the right to consent to or refuse treatment if they have mental capacity. In order to have capacity, a person must have the "ability" to understand and appreciate the consequences of the treatment decision. The law says that “a person is capable with respect to a treatment, admission to a care facility or a personal assistance service if the person is able to understand the information that is relevant to making a decision about the treatment, admission or personal assistance service, as the case may be, and able to appreciate the reasonably foreseeable consequences of a decision or lack of decision”.
Relationship to other Acts
The HCCA exists in addition to the Ontario Mental Health Act (MHA) because, while the MHA governs detention in a psychiatric facility, the HCCA governs whether or not a person can be treated while in hospital (for example, with anti-psychotic medication that can reduce symptoms of serious mental illness such as schizophrenia).
The Ontario HCCA is also relevant to the Substitute Decisions Act. A person may be found to lack capacity for personal care and need a substitute decision maker (SDM) to decide whether to consent to or refuse treatment with psychiatric medication. The law says that “a person is incapable of personal care if the person is not able to understand information that is relevant to making a decision concerning his or her own health care, nutrition, shelter, clothing, hygiene or safety, or is not able to appreciate the reasonably foreseeable consequences of a decision or lack of decision.”
HCCA and the Right to Refuse Treatment
There is a widely reported Supreme Court of Canada case called Starson v. Swayze that dealt with the right of a mentally ill person to refuse treatment, even if it is in their best interests to be treated (for example, with anti-psychotic medication that would reduce delusional thinking).
The majority in Starson v. Swayze ultimately decided that Starson did not lack capacity so he could make his own treatment decisions, even if his decision (to refuse anti-psychotic medication that would reduce delusional thinking) was not in his best interests. As a result, he could not be treated with psychiatric medication, even if that meant that his health deteriorated as a result.
Critics of the decision in Starson argue that, because of mental deterioration, Starson did not have the capacity to make the decision to refuse treatment, and that his right to autonomy needs to be balanced with the right to be well. See also: autonomy as opposed to paternalism or beneficence. Autonomy is a complex concept in bioethics that has many variations. For example, there is the concept of supported autonomy, that is, in order to support the autonomy of the person in the long term it may be necessary to compromise autonomy in the short term.
References
External links
Ontario Health Care Consent Act
Ontario Mental Health Act
Substitute Decisions Act
Starson v. Swayze
Ontario Consent and Capacity Board
Psychiatric Patient Advocate Office
Health in Ontario
Ontario provincial legislation |
Mokon is a division of Protective Industries, Inc. from Buffalo, New York, United States.
It is also the brand name of the circulating liquid temperature control systems delivering fluid temperatures from that are designed and manufactured by this division.
Created from the need for "mold control", the company's corporate engineers responsible for the manufacture of a line of proprietary plastic closures used worldwide (Caplugs), originally developed a temperature control system to meet their own exacting need for a compact, safe, and efficient means of maintaining close control over their fast-cycle injection molding machines. In 1955, the corporation opened a new division of the company, MOKON, to further design, manufacture, and market their line of high quality water temperature control systems.
A few years later, Mokon's engineering team developed a unique hot oil heat transfer system for higher temperature applications. As the two product lines expanded, so did the need for other products, and they next designed a line of portable chillers and full range systems (combination heating and cooling) in the mid-1980s. 2003, MOKON added central chillers and pump tanks and then blown film coolers in early 2008. Looking to complete its industrial products offering, the thermal engineering team pressed on with the development of: power and process control panels (2009); stationary heat transfer oil systems and outdoor air-cooled chillers (2011); low temperature and modulating portable chillers (2012); and a line of high temperature water systems to (2012).
In addition to the release of new products, MOKON expanded the kilowatt and tonnage capacities, and temperature range of the process fluid from resulting in one of the most comprehensive lines of temperature control systems for industrial and commercial applications.
Today the MOKON product line includes: water temperature control systems, heat transfer oil systems, portable and central chillers, pumping stations and tanks, inline heating and cooling skid packages, blown film coolers, engineered and pre-engineered control panels, positive and negative pressure systems, filtration maintenance products, and custom designed and engineered systems.
See also
Control panel
References
Companies based in Buffalo, New York |
These are the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits of 1984. Overall, Prince spent the most weeks at number one in 1984, reigning for seven weeks at the top with "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy" (with the Revolution). However, "Like a Virgin" by Madonna had the longest run at number one of any song which rose into the top position during 1984. Though it spent only two weeks at number one at the end of the year, it went on to spend an additional four weeks at the top to begin 1985, for a total of six weeks.
That year, 15 acts achieved their first number one song, such as Yes, Culture Club, Van Halen, Kenny Loggins, Phil Collins, Cyndi Lauper, Duran Duran, Prince, Ray Parker Jr., Tina Turner, John Waite, The Revolution, Billy Ocean, Wham!, and Madonna. Prince was the only act to hit number one more than once that year, with two.
Chart history
Number-one artists
See also
1984 in music
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1984
References
Additional sources
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition ()
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties ()
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
United States Hot 100
1984 |
John McPhee (1909–1986) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a winger for Sunderland.
References
1909 births
1986 deaths
Footballers from Stirling
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Albion Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players |
Omnicide – Creation Unleashed is the fourth studio album by German melodic death metal band Neaera. It was released on 26 May 2009 through Metal Blade Records. The album was recorded at the Rape of Harmonies Studio with producer Alexander Dietz. The artwork was created by Terje Johnsen.
The album entered the German Media Control chart at No. 51.
Track listing
Personnel
Writing, performance and production credits are adapted from the album liner notes.
Neaera
Benjamin Hilleke – vocals
Stefan Keller – guitar
Tobias Buck – guitar
Benjamin Donath – bass
Sebastian Heldt – drums
Production
Alexander Dietz (Heaven Shall Burn) – recording, production
Ralf Müller – recording, production
Patrick W. Engel – recording, production
Zeuss – mixing, mastering
Artwork and design
– artwork
Chart performance
References
External links
Omnicide – Creation Unleashed at Metal Blade Records
Omnicide – Creation Unleashed at Neaera's official website
2009 albums
Metal Blade Records albums
Neaera (band) albums |
In United States military contracts, the contract data requirements list (CDRL, pronounced SEE-drill) is a list of authorized data requirements for a specific procurement that forms a part of the contract.
Overview
The CDRL identifies what data products are to be formally delivered to the government by a contractor, as well as when and possibly how (e.g. format and quantity) they are to be delivered. The list typically consists of a series of individual data items, each of which is recorded on a Data Item form (DD Form 1423) containing the tailored data requirements and delivery information. The CDRL is the standard format for identifying potential data requirements in a solicitation, and deliverable data requirements in a contract. The purpose of the CDRL is to provide a standardized method of clearly and unambiguously delineating the government's minimum essential data needs. The CDRL groups all of the data requirements in a single place rather than having them scattered throughout the solicitation or contract.
Each CDRL data item should be linked directly to statement of work (SOW) tasks and managed by the program office data manager. Data requirements can also be identified in the contract via special contract clauses (e.g., DFARS), which define special data provisions such as rights in data, warranty, etc. SOW guidance of MIL-HDBK-245D describes the desired relationship: "Work requirements should be specified in the SOW, and all data requirements for delivery, format, and content should be in the contract data requirements list in conjunction with the appropriate Data Item Description (DID) respectively, with none of the requirements restated in other parts of the contract."
Subpart 215.470 of the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) document requires the use of the CDRL in solicitations when the contract will require delivery of data. Guidance on how to fill in and handle DD Form 1423-1 is provided in publication 5010.12-M. Other US government agencies may include CDRLs in contracts, but these will not use the military's DD Form 1423.
Most data items are developed and delivered in compliance with pre-defined data item descriptions (DID). These pre-defined data items may be tailored by deleting any part of a DID that is not applicable to the specific acquisition,. The CDRL form provides a block for simple citation of which DID it is, as well as where it is mentioned in the SOW and what part(s) of the overall work breakdown structure it is involved with. The remarks block may explain how the DID will be applied, but can not alter or add to the DID. (Language altering the data item description would obviously make it no longer a standard DID available by simple citation, pre-approved, and readily handled by existing Department of Defense processes.)
Contracts issued by governments (including their militaries) outside the US also use CDRLs as part of their statements of Work. These CDRLs do not use the US military's DD Form 1423, but may utilize some of the same elements to define their need for documentation.
See also
Data Item Descriptions (DID)
MIL-STD-498 Software Development standard example of DID usage
Statement Of Work (SOW)
References
External links
What is the CDRL? Source of content at Defense Acquisition University (public domain)
Form DD1423
Form DD1423
5010.12-M Procedures for the Acquisition and Management of Technical Data
MIL-HDBK-245 -- Guide for Preparation of Statement of Work
Government procurement in the United States
Military terminology of the United States |
Johnathan Lamar Sullivan (born January 21, 1981) is a former American football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia and was drafted sixth overall by the New Orleans Saints in the 2003 NFL Draft.
In the 2004 pre-season, Sullivan reported to training camp out of shape, at nearly 350 pounds, and lost his starting job. Sullivan was inactive for the final eight games of the 2004 season due to a combination of poor play, bad attitude and lackluster work ethic. When Sullivan was inactive for a game against the Atlanta Falcons, he appeared in the press box for the pre-game meal.
In the 2005 pre-season, Saints general manager Mickey Loomis pulled Sullivan out of a team meeting to tell him to improve his diet and behavior.
In June 2006, the Saints traded Sullivan to the New England Patriots in exchange for wide receiver Bethel Johnson. Neither Johnson nor Sullivan ever played for his new team, as Johnson was waived and signed with the Minnesota Vikings in September 2006. Sullivan never played for New England and was waived on October 9, 2006.
On June 26, 2006, Sullivan was stopped by police near Atlanta and charged with possession of less than an ounce of marijuana, among other charges.
References
1981 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Georgia Bulldogs football players
New Orleans Saints players
New England Patriots players
Sportspeople from Griffin, Georgia
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state) |
May de Montravel Edwardes (1887 – 10 December 1964) was a British painter and miniaturist.
Biography
Edwardes was born in London and studied at the Cope and Nichol School of Art in South Kensington before entering the Royal Academy Schools. Edwardes was at the Royal Academy Schools from 1907 to 1912 during which time she won both bronze and silver medals for her work.
During her career she exhibited at the Royal Academy, with the Royal Institute of Oil Painters and was a member of the Royal Miniature Society. Edwardes exhibited at the Salon des Artistes Francais in Paris from 1926 and also had a solo show at the Brook Street Gallery in London. For most of her life, Edwardes lived in London.
References
1887 births
1964 deaths
20th-century English painters
20th-century English women artists
Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools
Artists from London
English women painters
Portrait miniaturists |
Clinton Gilbert Abbott (1881 – 1946) was an American ornithologist, naturalist, and Director of the San Diego Natural History Museum from 1922 to 1946. Abbott supervised the construction of the museum's current building in Balboa Park, expanded research field trips and expeditions, and participated in important conservation efforts in southern California and the Baja California region. He was instrumental in the preservation of the southern California desert area that became Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.
Biography
The son of American citizens, Clinton Gilbert Abbott was born in Liverpool, England, on April 17, 1881, to Grace Van Dusen and Lewis Lowe Abbott. Abbott's older brother was the writer and freethinker Leonard Dalton Abbott. Abbott received an A.B. degree from Columbia University in 1903 and pursued graduate studies at Cornell University. He married Dorothy Clarke in 1915. From 1910 to 1914, Abbott was vice-president of the Linnaean Society of New York, and from 1918 to 1921 worked as secretary and editor for the New York State Conservation Commission.
In 1921, Abbott took charge of public education programs at the San Diego Natural History Museum, becoming director of the museum in 1922. He served as the President of the San Diego Natural History Society from 1923 to 1925. Abbott was director of the museum from 1922 to 1946.
Under Abbott's leadership, the museum expanded its research and conservation work, education, and public programming, and in 1932, the museum moved into its current building, designed by noted San Diego architect William Templeton Johnson. In 1927, Abbott proposed the creation of a conservation area in the Borrego Palm Canyon and Thousand Palms Canyon areas east of San Diego; in 1933, Borego Palms Desert State Park was created, a 185,000-acre beginning for what would become the 600,000 acre Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.
Abbott was a member of the American Ornithologists Union, the Western Society of Naturalists, the Cooper Ornithological Society, the National Audubon Society, the International Committee for Wildlife Protection, the American Society of Mammalogists, and many other professional societies.
Abbott died in San Diego, California, on March 5, 1946.
Legacy
Abbott is commemorated in the scientific name of a subspecies of gecko, Coleonyx variegatus abbotti.
Publications available online
Abbott, Clinton Gilbert. 'The Home-Life of the Osprey'. London, Witherby & co., 1911. https://archive.org/details/homelifeofosprey00abbo.
Abbott, Clinton G. 'Friends and Foes of Wild Life. A Discussion of Certain Predacious Birds and Animals from the Standpoint of the Sportsman, Trapper and Farmer'. Albany: J.B. Lyon company, printers, 1919. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/36674.
Selected bibliography
References
External links
The San Diego Natural History Museum Research Library houses a significant collection of Clinton Abbott's papers and photographs.
1881 births
1946 deaths
People from San Diego
Scientists from California
American ornithologists
Directors of museums in the United States
People associated with the San Diego Natural History Museum
20th-century American zoologists
Cornell University alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American expatriates in the United Kingdom |
Boy or Girl? (Spanish: ¿Chico o chica?) is a 1962 Mexican-Spanish musical comedy film directed by Antonio del Amo.
Cast
Maleni Castro
Maleni de Castro
Manuel de Juan
Eulália del Pino
Miguel Gómez
Fernando Liger
Maleni
Gracita Morales
Luis Moreno
Erasmo Pascual
Cesáreo Quezadas 'Pulgarcito'
Manuel Rojas
References
Bibliography
de España, Rafael. Directory of Spanish and Portuguese film-makers and films. Greenwood Press, 1994.
External links
1962 musical comedy films
Spanish musical comedy films
1962 films
Mexican musical comedy films
1960s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Antonio del Amo
1960s Spanish films
1960s Mexican films |
The Czech Handball Association () (CHA) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in Czech Republic. Founded in 1968, CHA is a member of European Handball Federation (EHF) and the International Handball Federation (IHF).
National teams
Czech Republic men's national handball team
Czech Republic men's national junior handball team
Czech Republic women's national handball team
Competitions
Czech Handball Extraliga
Czech Women's Handball First Division
References
External links
Official website
Czech Republic at the IHF website.
Czech Republic at the EHF website.
Handball in the Czech Republic
Handball
Sports organizations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Handball governing bodies
European Handball Federation
National members of the International Handball Federation
Organizations based in Prague |
Emirates Transport (ET) is the tradename for Emirates Public Transport and Services Company PJSC, the UAE's government-owned public transport provider, particularly for the government and education sectors. Created in 1981, it now counts with over 35 thousand vehicles on its fleet and more than 26 thousand employees. It transports 250 thousand children to school on a daily basis.
History
Emirates Transport was established pursuant to Federal Law No. 17 of 1981 in order to perform public school transportation. It now provides an array of services at 41 locations country-wide, including hired car services, car, motorcycle and van rentals, logistics, auto maintenance, roadside assistance, as well as vehicle fuel conversion services (petrol to CNG). Its organisational structure is composed of 4 operational sectors: School Transport; Transport & Rental; Auto services; Logistics. Since 2013, jurisdiction over ET was transferred to the Emirates Investment Authority.
In 2013, ET partnered with the Saudi Public Transport Company, based in Riyadh, to enter the Saudi school transport market on an equal ownership basis. Its revenues for that same year amounted to Dh1.5 billion, with an annual growth rate of 18% over the preceding 5 years. Its total assets were stated at Dh2 billion in the same report.
In March, 2015, Emirated Transport signed a Memorandum of Understanding with French transport group Keolis, to bid for future business renders within the UAE public transport sector in a conjunt manner. Together, they plan on bidding for the passenger phase of Etihad Rail.
Locations
Emirates Transport operates the UAE, and possesses a network of 27 business centers and units and 7 subsidiaries, offering 38 services at 41 locations throughout the country. The latter include 9 main branches in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Al Gharbia, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah.
Clients
Recognition
In 2010, it entered the Guinness World Records title for the largest parade of Hyundai buses in the world, and again in 2013, for performing the largest first aid lesson in the world, at the Abu Dhabi branch.
In 2014, ET ranked 11th best company to work for by the Great Place to Work Institute in the Dubai Chronicle ranking. In 2015 it was named 9th among the 2015 Asia's Best Workplaces, by the same institute.
It received the ISO 39001 certification by the BSI in 2012, and in 2013, it received a Special Recognition Award of the Emirates Energy Award for "the use of clean transportation fuels". ET also received the Mohammed bin Rashid Government Excellence Award as part of the Sheikh Khalifa Government Excellence Program and the Grow with Public Transport award for the MENA Region from the International Association of Public Transport.
References
External links
Public transport in the United Arab Emirates |
Each Breath Haunted is the second full-length album from New Jersey, U.S. hardcore punk band, The Banner. It was released in August, 2005 on the Ferret Music record label. It follows their late 2003 release of Your Murder Mixtape and the EP, Posthumous. This album's sound is heavily influenced by The Misfits. In addition, the horrorcore imagery prevalent in all their works continues on this album, this time taking a more gothic horror direction with lyrics about mythical subjects such as werewolves, vampires, and other hell-beasts. The cover was created by the vocalist, Joey Southside, a professional dark comic cartoonist.
Each Breath Haunted was pressed on 12" vinyl for the first time in March 2012. .
Overview
By this time, and with input from experienced sources, the band's songwriting had developed sufficiently to carry the themes they portray. The end result being that the music is more refined, still brutal, but with many softer, reflective mood parts – "Interlude" and "I Am Legend" as examples. The music in general involves more technical, angular riffs which are not out of place or carried out ineffectively, bringing about a comparison to early dark and moody Danzig. It is only near the end, on "Coffin Nails", that they tip a nod to their traditional hardcore punk roots. Joey Southside again changes vocal style; from traditional hardcore on the EP, to metalcore on Your Murder Mixtape, to this time a darker tone – more in keeping with the style of music they chose to play at this time.
Track listing
All tracks written by The Banner
"Devilhawks" – 3:21
"Venom and Hope" – 2:19
"I'll Be Happy When You're Fucking Dead" – 1:25
"An Allergy to the Sun" – 3:26
"Sovereign of the Black Pit" – 2:29
"Black Hood" – 3:28
"An Allergy to Silver" – 2:49
"Hell on a Horse" – 5:32
"Interlude" – 3:37
"Muddweller" – 4:07
"Coffin Nails" – 1:48
"Tragedy" – 1:35
"I Am Legend" – 6:38
Credits
Joey Southside – vocals
Garrett Defalco – guitar
Chris LeBoeuf – guitar
Ian Mullen – drums and bass
Mike LeBoeuf is credited on the record playing drums but came into the band after recording the album.
Erik Tyrant, Carl Severson and Josh Kisskiss – guest vocals
Recorded April – May, 2005 at Trax East, South River, New Jersey, USA
Produced, mixed and engineered by Eric Rachel
Assisted by Eric Kvortek and Kyle Rado
Mastered by Alan Douches at West West Side Studios
Artwork and design by Joey Southside
References
External links
(original website now the subject of domain parking)
(original link now redirects to Blackout Records blog)
Ferret Music band page
The Banner (band) albums
2005 albums |
Michael Shurtleff (July 3, 1920, in Oak Park, Illinois – January 28, 2007, in Los Angeles, California) was a major force in casting on Broadway during the 1960s and 1970s. He wrote Audition, a book for actors on the audition process. He also wrote numerous one-act and full-length plays.
Early life
Charles Gordon Shurtleff was born in Oak Park, Illinois and attended Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin and the Yale School of Drama, where he received his MFA in playwriting in 1952. He moved to New York City after graduation and changed his first name to Michael. He has two brothers, John and Roger.
Career
Shurtleff was the major casting director for producer David Merrick. During the casting process he would bring in to audition for the play's director such new names as Elliott Gould, Barbra Streisand, Gene Hackman, Dustin Hoffman, Bette Midler and Jerry Orbach. Shurtleff worked with Bob Fosse on Pippin and Chicago, and Andrew Lloyd Webber on Jesus Christ Superstar.
Shurtleff went on to form his own casting service, Casting Consultants, in 1962. Among the Broadway productions on which he acted as casting director were the original productions of 1776, The Apple Tree and Chicago. He served as casting director on such films as The Graduate and The Sound of Music. In his book Audition, he addressed common problems for actors during the audition process, problems he had witnessed many times over in his casting sessions. The book has become somewhat of a "bible for aspiring actors."
Shurtleff wrote the play Call Me By My Rightful Name. He had plays published in The Best Short Plays Series, of which the 1979 edition includes his popular "Sailing."
Death
Shurtleff died of lung cancer, aged 86, at his home in Los Angeles, California.
References
1920 births
2007 deaths
Writers from Oak Park, Illinois
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American casting directors
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Lawrence University alumni
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni |
Keith Rowe (born 16 March 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English free improvisation tabletop guitarist and painter. Rowe is a founding member of both AMM in the mid-1960s and M.I.M.E.O. Having trained as a visual artist, his paintings have appeared on most of his albums. He is seen as a godfather of EAI (electroacoustic improvisation), with many of his recordings having been released by Erstwhile.
Biography
Rowe began his career playing jazz in the early 1960s with Mike Westbrook and Lou Gare. His early influences were guitarists Wes Montgomery, Charlie Christian, and Barney Kessel. But he grew tired of what he considered the genre's limitations. He began experimenting. An important step was a New Year's resolution to stop tuning his guitar—much to Westbrook's displeasure. He began playing free jazz and free improvisation, abandoning conventional guitar technique. He was featured in 'Crossing Bridges', a 1985 music programme based around jazz guitar improvisation, and broadcast by Channel 4
His change was partially inspired by a teacher in a painting class who told him, "Rowe, you cannot paint a Caravaggio. Only Caravaggio can paint Caravaggio." Rowe said that after considering this idea from a musical perspective, "trying to play guitar like Jim Hall seemed quite wrong." For several years he contemplated how to reinvent his approach to the guitar, again finding inspiration in visual art, specifically American painter Jackson Pollock, who abandoned traditional painting methods to forge his style. "How could I abandon the technique? Lay the guitar flat!"
Rowe developed prepared guitar techniques: placing the guitar flat on a table and manipulating the strings, body, and pick-ups in unorthodox ways. He has used needles, electric motors, violin bows, iron bars, a library card, rubber eraser, springs, hand-held electric fans, alligator clips, and common office supplies in playing the guitar. Rowe sometimes incorporates live radio broadcasts into his performances, including shortwave radio and number stations (the guitar's pick-ups will also pick up radio signals, and broadcast them through the amplifier).
Percussionist Eddie Prévost of AMM said Rowe finds radio broadcasts which seem to blend ideally with, or offer startling commentary on, the music. (Prévost, 18). On AMMMusic, towards the end of the cacophonous "Ailantus Glandolusa", a speaker announces via radio that "We cannot preserve the normal music." Prevost writes that during an AMM performance in Istanbul, Rowe located and integrated a radio broadcast of "the pious intonation of a male Turkish voice. AMM of course, had absolutely no idea what the material was. Later, it was complimented upon the judicious way that verses from The Koran had been introduced into the performance, and the respectful way they had been treated!"
In reviewing World Turned Upside Down, critic Dan Hill writes, "Rowe has tuned his shortwave radio to some dramatically exotic gameshow and human voices spatter the mix, though at such low volume, they're unintelligible and abstracted. Rowe never overplays this device, a clear temptation with such a seductive technology – the awesome possibility of sonically reaching out across a world of voices requires experienced hands to avoid simple but ultimately short-term pleasure. This he does masterfully, mixing in random operatics and chance encounters with talk show hosts to anchor the sound in humanity, amidst the abstraction."
Rowe has worked with Oren Ambarchi, Burkhard Beins, Cornelius Cardew, Christian Fennesz, Kurt Liedwart, Jeffrey Morgan, Toshimaru Nakamura, Evan Parker, Michael Pisaro, Peter Rehberg, Sachiko M, Howard Skempton, Taku Sugimoto, David Sylvian, John Tilbury, Christian Wolff, and Otomo Yoshihide.
In 2008 at Tate Modern, London, Rowe performed a live collaborative work The Room with film makers, Jarman award winner Luke Fowler, and Peter Todd as a part of the programme accompanying the major retrospective of the painter Mark Rothko. The Room featured films by Fowler and Todd and live guitar improvisation by Rowe with subsequent iterations being presented in France and Spain and the Netmage festival in Bologna Italy. The Room is also the title of a work by Rowe issued on CD in 2007 followed by The Room Extended in 2016 on a four CD set both from erstwhile records.
References
External links
Discography, links, mp3 samples
A 2001 interview
A 2007 interview
In Conversation with Richard Pinnell on the Audition Radio Show, Dublin, 01.04.06
1940 births
Living people
20th-century English painters
21st-century English painters
English male painters
English experimental musicians
Electroacoustic improvisation
English male guitarists
Free improvisation
Alumni of the Plymouth College of Art
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists |
Suspicious Package is the second full-length album by the blues rock band Earl Greyhound. It was released in April 2010 by the band's own label, Hawk Race Records. The album marks a departure from the band's previous album, Soft Targets, by mixing that album's blues rock sounds with additional genre influences, while increasing the contributions of bassist/keyboardist/singer Kamara Thomas and drummer Ricc Sheridan.
Track listing
Personnel
Matt Whyte (guitar, vocals)
Kamara Thomas (bass, keyboards, vocals)
Ricc Sheridan (drums)
References
Earl Greyhound albums
2010 albums |
Parafomoria pseudocistivora is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is probably found in the whole Mediterranean region.
The length of the forewings is 2.1-2.6 mm for males and 2.1-2.6 mm for females. Adults are on wing from September to October. There is probably one generation per year.
The larvae feed on Cistus albidus, Cistus crispus, Cistus incanus creticus and Cistus salviifolius. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a long, often contorted, narrow corridor that hardly widens towards the end. The frass is deposited in an interrupted central line that never occupies over one third of the corridor width. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.
External links
Fauna Europaea
bladmineerders.nl
The Cistaceae-feeding Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) of the western Palaearctic region
Nepticulidae
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1983 |
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