text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```smalltalk
//
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using NUnit.Framework;
#if PCL
using System.Windows.Markup;
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#else
using System.Windows.Markup;
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#endif
using Category = NUnit.Framework.CategoryAttribute;
namespace MonoTests.System.Windows.Markup
{
[TestFixture]
public class ReferenceTest
{
[Test]
public void ConstructorNullName ()
{
new Reference ((string) null); // it is somehow allowed
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithoutTypeOrName ()
{
var reference = new Reference ();
Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException> (() => reference.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithoutResolver ()
{
var x = new Reference ("X");
Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null)); // serviceProvider is required.
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithProviderNoResolver ()
{
var x = new Reference ("X");
Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException> (() => x.ProvideValue (new NameServiceProvider (false, false)));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithProviderResolveFail ()
{
var x = new Reference ("X");
var r = new NameServiceProvider (true, false);
Assert.AreEqual ("BAR", x.ProvideValue (r), "#1");
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithProviderResolveSuccess ()
{
var x = new Reference ("Y");
var r = new NameServiceProvider (true, true);
Assert.AreEqual ("FOO", x.ProvideValue (r), "#1");
}
class NameServiceProvider : IServiceProvider
{
Resolver resolver;
public NameServiceProvider (bool worksFine, bool resolvesFine)
{
resolver = worksFine ? new Resolver (resolvesFine) : null;
}
public object GetService (Type serviceType)
{
Assert.AreEqual (typeof (IXamlNameResolver), serviceType, "TypeToResolve");
return resolver;
}
}
class Resolver : IXamlNameResolver
{
bool resolves;
public Resolver (bool resolvesFine)
{
resolves = resolvesFine;
}
public IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, object>> GetAllNamesAndValuesInScope ()
{
throw new Exception ();
}
public object GetFixupToken (IEnumerable<string> names)
{
throw new NotImplementedException ();
}
// only X (which 'failed' to resolve) calls this
public object GetFixupToken (IEnumerable<string> names, bool canAssignDirectly)
{
Assert.IsTrue (canAssignDirectly, "canAssignDirectly");
Assert.AreEqual (1, names.Count (), "Count");
Assert.AreEqual ("X", names.First (), "name0");
return "BAR";
}
public bool IsFixupTokenAvailable {
get { throw new NotImplementedException (); }
}
#pragma warning disable 67
public event EventHandler OnNameScopeInitializationComplete;
#pragma warning restore 67
// both X and Y calls this.
public object Resolve (string name)
{
return resolves ? "FOO" : null;
}
public object Resolve (string name, out bool isFullyInitialized)
{
throw new NotImplementedException ();
}
}
}
}
``` |
Christopher Wade is a retired real estate broker/owner of Ozarks Realty Company in Flippin, Arkansas. He was the real estate agent associated to the Clinton's Whitewater controversy in Arkansas.
Career
Wade was a real estate broker/owner of Ozarks Realty Company in Flippin, Arkansas. In 1974, Wade was Realtor of the Year in Arkansas.
Personal
Wade's father was Milton Wade, who started in real estate in the 1960s. In February 1971, the Wade family purchased the real estate company. Wade's ex-wife Rosalee is currently the Principal Broker of Ozarks Realty Company.
Whitewater controversy
Chris Wade was the real estate broker for Jim McDougal and Bill Clinton for the Whitewater Development Corporation. He sold the lots for the Clintons and McDougals. He ended up buying some of the land from them. In 1985, Jim McDougal traded the few remaining Whitewater lots to Wade for an airplane and the assumption of $35,000 in bank debt to 1st Ozark. The Clintons and McDougals were still personally obligated on the note. He came into front page national news as a result of the Whitewater investigations.
On March 21, 1995, Wade pleaded guilty to two felony counts including bankruptcy fraud.
Wade entered a guilty plea of one felony violation for making a false report to overvalue property influencing a Bank, S&L, or a federal agencies-bankruptcy fraud to the Whitewater special prosecutor, Kenneth Starr. He was sentenced to 15 months in prison for the loan fraud.
On Jan 20, 2001, President Bill Clinton's last day in office as the President, Wade was pardoned for Bank fraud, false statements on a loan application (18 U.S.C. §§ 152, 1014). With just hours to go in his presidency, Bill Clinton issued a pardon to Chris Wade, which became part of the Bill Clinton pardons controversy.
References
External links
CNN, All Politics, Arkansas Roots, April 12, 1999
The Washington Post, Caught in the Whitewater Quagmire, August 28, 1995; Page A01
The Special Committee's Whitewater Report, Summary of the Evidence
CNN, All Politics, FBI agent traces money trail at McDougal trial, March 12, 1999
American real estate brokers
Living people
People from Marion County, Arkansas
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Whitewater controversy
1945 births |
Krzeszowice () is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. As of 2004, its population was 9,993. Krzeszowice belongs to Kraków Metropolitan Area, and lies 25 kilometers west of the center of the city of Kraków. The town has a rail station, on a major route from Kraków to Katowice, and lies along National Road Nr. 79, which goes from Warsaw to Bytom. In 1928–1966 the town had the status of a spa. Krzeszowice has a sports club called Świt, founded in 1923.
Krzeszowice is located in southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, with numerous caves and valleys in the area. In 1981, when the Complex of Jura Landscape Parks was created, three parks from the gmina of Krzeszowice were added to it (Rudnia Landscape Park, Tenczynek Landscape Park and Kraków Valleys Landscape Park). In 2008, it was selected with 19 villages of Europe - Germany, Poland, Italy and Spain - for the Spanish documentary film "Villages of Europe" Pueblos de Europa, produced by Juan Frutos (Colours Communication Group) and Orange Productions S.L.
History
First mention of Krzeszowice comes from 1286, when Bishop of Kraków, Paweł z Przemankowa, allowed a man named Fryczek Freton to locate the village of Cressouicy. By 1337, Krzeszowice already had a wooden church of St. Martin. In the mid-15th century, it had a school and a public house. In 1555, Krzeszowice belonged to Stanisław Tęczynski, then it was owned by several noble families - the Sieniawski family, Opaliński family, Czartoryski family, Lubomirski family and, since 1816, the Potocki family.
In the early 17th century, the advantages of local mineral water were discovered by Krzeszowice parish priest, reverend Bernard Bocheński, who mentioned it in the 1625 parish records. In 1778, Prince August Czartoryski opened here first baths, and soon afterwards, patients began visiting Krzeszowice. In 1783–1786, the Vauxhall Palace was built, and in 1819, the Green Bath was opened. Krzeszowice began to prosper, in 1809–1815 and 1855–1867, the town was the seat of a county. In 1815–1846, Krzeszowice belonged to the Free City of Kraków, and to Austria in 1846-1918 within the Grand Duchy of Cracow, Chrzanow Bezirkshauptmannschaft.
A hospital was opened here in 1829, a shelter for the poor in 1843, and in 1844, neo-Gothic church was built. In 1847 Krzeszowice received a rail station, along the newly built route from Kraków to Mysłowice. Local residents took part in the Kraków Uprising, and helped Polish rebels from Russian-controlled Congress Poland, during the January Uprising. In 1850–1855, the Potocki Palace was built, in the Italian Renaissance style, together with English garden. The palace with all its details was not completed until 1870.
By 1910, the population of Krzeszowice was 2619, out of which Jews made 18%. The town continued to develop, with several new enterprises opened here in the late 19th and early 20th century. On December 3, 1924, Krzeszowice was officially incorporated as a town. New districts and blocks of flats were built, and by 1931, the population grew to 3,391. During World War II Krzeszowice belonged to the General Government. The Potocki Palace was restored by polish slave laborer by the order of Nazis and renamed by Germans into Haus Kressendorf, becoming the summer residence of Hans Frank. Almost all Jewish citizens were murdered in the Holocaust. The German occupation of Krzeszowice ended on 19 January 1945.
Landmarks
Architecture
St. Martin's Church in the Neo-Gothic style
Potocki Palace
Vauxhall Palace
Parks and gardens
Potocki Gardens
Museums and galleries
The Museum of Krzeszowice Land, a small art gallery with art, objects and furniture.
Religion
Roman Catholicism (The St. Martin's Church, Grunwaldzka Street 1; and The St. John Paul II Church, Żbicka Street 43)
Jehovah's Witnesses (Congregation Krzeszowice, Kościuszki Street 49)
References
External links
Krzeszowice official site
Unofficial Forum in Krzeszowice
Photos from Krzeszowice
Jewish Community in Krzeszowice on Virtual Shtetl
Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Kraków County
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Holocaust locations in Poland |
Pacific Opera is an opera training company based in Sydney, Australia.
Founded in 2003 by Sylvie Renaud-Calmel and Christine Douglas, the first Artistic Director, the company has an annual Young Artist Program for emerging opera singers aged 18 to 35, which integrates coaching, rehearsals and stage craft with numerous public and private performance opportunities. Annual opera productions offer role practice to the young artists and employment for young industry professionals including designers, orchestral musicians, repetiteurs, conductors and directors.
Simon Kenway was artistic director from 2015 to 2019, followed by co-directors Peter Coleman-Wright and Cheryl Barker. Coleman-Wright introduced the staging of "pocket operas" in 2021, works reduced to about an hour and tailored to young singers.
Productions
2003: The Magic Flute, The Independent Theatre, North Sydney
2004: Hansel and Gretel, The Independent Theatre, North Sydney
2005: Così fan tutte, The Independent Theatre, North Sydney, and Riverside Theatres, Parramatta
2006: Pacific Opera in Concert 2006, The Independent Theatre, North Sydney
2007: The Barber of Seville; Pacific Opera in Concert 2007 The Independent Theatre, North Sydney, and Riverside Theatres, Parramatta
2008: Offenbach's Daphnis and Chloe (Australian premiere) and Gorgeous Galatea, The Independent Theatre, North Sydney
2009: La sonnambula, Glen Street Theatre, Belrose
2010: Hänsel und Gretel. Glen Street Theatre, Belrose
2011: The Magic Flute, Llewelynn Hall Canberra with the Canberra Symphony Orchestra, Glen Street Theatre, Belrose, and Riverside Theatres, Parramatta
2012: "Opera at the Forum", The Italian Cultural Forum, Leichhardt
2013: The Marriage of Figaro, Riverside Theatres, Parramatta, and Young Town Hall, Young
2014: The Gondoliers Dream Getaway, Riverside Theatres, Parramatta
2015: The Cunning Little Vixen with Alexandra Flood, New Hall, Sydney Grammar School, Sydney
March 2021: The Marriage of Figaro, pocket opera with Willoughby Symphony Orchestra, Concert Hall, The Concourse, Chatswood
June 2021: Fidelio and Der Rosenkavalier double bill pocket operas
June 2021: The Rape of Lucretia, pocket opera
2022: The Magic Flute, pocket opera
May 2022: Suor Angelica, pocket opera
May 2022: Albert Herring, pocket opera
October 2022: Evening of Oratorio, excerpts from Handel's L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato, Purcell's Dido and Aeneas (full)
November 2022: L'elisir d'amore, followed by Madama Butterfly, pocket operas
June 2023: Don Giovanni, pocket opera
July 2023: Paul Carr's Requiem for an Angel (Australian premiere) and Ubi Caritas
August 2023: The Barber of Seville, pocket opera
References
External links
Schedule, Operabase
Australian opera companies
Music in Sydney
2003 establishments in Australia
Musical groups established in 2003 |
Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 is an Act of Parliament of India enacted for establishment of Gram Nyayalayas or village courts for speedy and easy access to justice system in the rural areas of India. The Act came into force from 2 October 2009. However, the Act has not been enforced properly, with only 208 functional Gram Nyayalayas in the country (as of 3 September 2019) against a target of 5000 such courts. The major reasons behind the non-enforcement includes financial constraints, reluctance of lawyers, police and other government officials.
Features
Gram Nyayalaya are established generally at headquarter of every Panchayat at intermediate level or a group of contiguous panchayat in a district where there is no panchayat at intermediate level.
The Gram Nyayalayas are presided over by a Nyayadhikari, who will have the same power, enjoy same salary and benefits of a Judicial Magistrate of First Class. Such Nyayadhikari are to be appointed by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court.
A Gram Nyayalaya have jurisdiction over an area specified by a notification by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court. The Court can function as a mobile court at any place within the jurisdiction of such Gram Nyayalaya, after giving wide publicity to that regards.
The Gram Nyayalayas have both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the offences and nature of suits specified in the First and Second schedules of the Act. The pecuniary jurisdiction of the Nyayalayas are fixed by the respective High Courts.
The fees charged in civil suits shall not exceed Rs.100 irrespective of the value of property in dispute.
Both the Central and the State Government can add or remove items in the Schedule. While the Central Government can amend the list in Schedule I and II, by notifying them and thereafter laying it in the Parliament, the State Government can amend the items in Part III of Schedule I or II, in the areas of law which the state is competent to enact law after due consultation with the respective High Court and notifying it. Such notification has to be laid in the State Legislature.
Offences are to be tried in a summary manner in accordance with Chapter XXI of Code of Criminal Procedure.
The Act allows plea bargaining in accordance with Chapter XXIA of Code of Criminal Procedure.
Gram Nyayalayas can follow special procedures in civil matters, in a manner it deem just and reasonable in the interest of justice.
Civil suits are proceeded on a day-to-day basis, with limited adjournments and are to be disposed of within a period of six months from the date of institution of the suit.
In execution of a decree, the Court can allow special procedures following rules of natural justice.
Gram Nyayalayas allow for conciliation of the dispute and settlement of the same in the first instance.
Gram Nyayalayas has been given power to accept certain evidences which would otherwise not be acceptable under Indian Evidence Act.
Appeals in criminal matter can be made to the Sessions Court in the respective jurisdiction and in civil matters to the District Court within a period of one month from the date of judgment.
See also
Lok Adalat
Legal Services Authorities Act 1987
References
External links
Text of the Act
Acts of the Parliament of India 2008
Judiciary of India
Local government in India |
De Re Atari (Latin for "All About Atari"), subtitled A Guide to Effective Programming, is a book written by Atari, Inc. employees in 1981 and published by the Atari Program Exchange in 1982 as an unbound, shrink-wrapped set of three-holed punched pages. It was one of the few non-software products sold by APX. Targeted at developers, it documents the advanced features of the Atari 8-bit family of home computers and includes ideas for how to use them in applications. The information in the book was not available in a single, collected source at the time of publication.
The content of De Re Atari was serialized in BYTE beginning in 1981, prior to the book's publication. The release of Atari 8-bit technical details through the magazine and book quickly resulted in other sources being published, such as COMPUTE!'s First Book of Atari Graphics (1982).
Atari published official documentation for the hardware and a source listing of the operating system the same year, 1982, but they were not as easily obtainable as De Re Atari and tutorials in magazines such as COMPUTE!. Following the closure of the Atari Program Exchange in late 1984, De Re Atari went out of print.
Background
Atari at first did not disclose technical information on its computers, except to software developers who agreed to keep it secret. De Re Atari ("All About Atari") was sold through the Atari Program Exchange mail-order catalog, which described the book as "everything you want to know about the Atari ... but were afraid to ask" and a resource for "professional programmers" and "advanced hobbyists who understand Atari BASIC and assembly language".
An article on Player/Missile Graphics by De Re Atari coauthor Chris Crawford appeared in Compute! in 1981 Another article by Crawford and Lane Winner appeared in the same month in BYTE. De Re Atari was serialized in BYTE in 1981 and 1982. in ten articles.
De Re Atari, and its 1981-82 serialization in BYTE, were the first public, official publication of Atari 8-bit technical information. It was based on Atari's documentation written in 1979-80 for third-party developers under non-disclosure agreements. Individual chapters are devoted to making use of the features of the platform: ANTIC and display lists, color registers, redefined character sets, player/missile graphics, the vertical blank interrupt and display list interrupts (a.k.a. raster interrupts), fine scrolling, and sound. Additional chapters cover the operating system, Atari DOS, Atari BASIC, and designing intuitive human interfaces.
Lead author Chris Crawford used many of these features in the computer wargame Eastern Front (1941) released in 1981. Another of the book's authors, Jim Dunion, used custom display lists in the DDT 6502 debugger to produce a partitioned, IDE-like display. DDT was later incorporated into the MAC/65 assembler.
Reception
De Re Atari was very successful; the manager of APX later said that it and Eastern Front "paid the bills, i.e. were our biggest sellers". Mapping the Atari described De Re Atari as "an arcane, but indispensable reference to the Atari's operations and some of its most impressive aspects". The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 stated that the book had "a wealth of information, but tends to be obscure and includes numerous errors".
References
External links
De Re Atari online
Early Atari 8-bit Development Docs online
1982 non-fiction books
Computer books
Atari 8-bit family |
Tamara Oleksandrivna Yatsenko (; born August 19, 1955) is a Ukrainian theater, film and television actress. She holds the title People's Artist of Ukraine.
Biography
Tamara Oleksandrivna Yatsenko was born on August 19, 1955, in the village of Horenka, located in Kyiv Oblast. She graduated from the Kyiv theatre studio at Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater in 1975. Since 1979, she acted in the Kyiv National Academic Molodyy Theatre. She graduated from the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts in 1990.
In addition to theater acting, Yatsenko also acted in films and television shows. She was also a voice actress for dubs of The Little Mermaid (1989) and Despicable Me (2010).
Awards and honors
In 1982, 1983 and 2003, Tatsenko earned the Debut Award at a festival in Sumy, the Boychenka Award and the M. Starytskyi Literary and Art Award respectively for her role as Pronya Prokopivna in the play Chasing Two Hares (). In 1993, she earned the title People's Artist of Ukraine. In 2007, she earned a Kyiv Pectoral award for her role as Madame Aleksandrovna in the play Golubka ().
References
Ukrainian theatre people
Ukrainian film actresses
Ukrainian television actresses
Ukrainian voice actresses
20th-century actresses
21st-century actresses
1955 births
Living people
People from Kyiv Oblast |
Meadow Springs is a suburb of Mandurah, immediately northeast of Mandurah's central area. Alongside some of Mandurah's most recent land estates, it contains a large golf course, Catholic primary school, Anglican co-educational school, and a war veterans' estate. There are many parks and walking trails near the lake. The upcoming train station will provide convenient public transport, eliminating the need to drive into Mandurah to catch a train.
Shopping
Meadow Springs also contains a small shopping centre, with a Coles Supermarkets and previously a Target department store, separate from the main shopping complex.
Transport
Meadow Springs is serviced by Transperth bus routes operated by Transdev WA—the 558 (Mandurah to Rockingham) & 587 (Mandurah to Lakelands), both connecting the suburb to the Mandurah railway line. A future train station is planned at Gordon Road in the Business Industry area of Mandurah in Meadow Springs.
Education
Meadow Springs is home to three private schools, Frederick Irwin Anglican School (K-12), Assumption Catholic Primary School (K-6) and Mandurah Baptist College (K-12). Meadow Springs Primary School, a brand new government school opened in 2012, It boasts a dental clinic and a special education support centre. It currently has a student population of over 900.
References
Suburbs of Mandurah |
Powers (2007) is the third book in the trilogy Annals of the Western Shore, sometimes called Chronicles of the Western Shore, a young adult series by Ursula K. Le Guin. It is preceded in the series by Voices.
Powers won the 2008 Nebula Award for Best Novel.
Plot
Gavir is a slave who develops a gift for precognition. He is trained to serve as a teacher for a noble family in the city of Etra; but personal tragedy drives him into the life of a hunted wanderer. He endures adventures, challenges, and suffering. Eventually he escapes to a new and happy life.
References
External links
Novels by Ursula K. Le Guin
Nebula Award for Best Novel-winning works
Annals of the Western Shore |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
trap 'exit' ERR
curbranch="$(git branch --show-current)"
git reset --hard
git clean -dxf
git checkout gh-pages
git checkout --orphan tmp
git commit -m "vtk.js website"
git branch -D gh-pages
git branch -m gh-pages
git push -f origin gh-pages
git checkout "$curbranch"
``` |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
# credit: "path_to_url"
# under GPL license
##
# Tests if running on windows
#
# @return {bool} If running on windows
##
is_windows() {
command_exists "systeminfo"
}
##
# Add error message formatting to a string, and echo it.
#
# @param {string} message The string to add formatting to.
##
error_message() {
echo -en "\033[31mERROR\033[0m: $1"
}
##
# Add status message formatting to a string, and echo it.
#
# @param {string} message The string to add formatting to.
##
status_message() {
echo -en "\033[32mSTATUS\033[0m: $1"
}
##
# Add formatting to an action string.
#
# @param {string} message The string to add formatting to.
##
action_format() {
echo -en "\033[32m$1\033[0m"
}
##
# Check if the command exists as some sort of executable.
#
# The executable form of the command could be an alias, function, builtin, executable file or shell keyword.
#
# @param {string} command The command to check.
#
# @return {bool} Whether the command exists or not.
##
command_exists() {
type -t "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
}
``` |
The Lynn Memorial City Hall and Auditorium is a large Art Deco building that defines the civic heart of Lynn, Massachusetts. The building serves three functions: first, it houses the city's principal offices, including the mayor's office, as well as the chambers of the city council. Second, it memorializes the city's fallen in the nation's military conflicts. Third, it houses a large public performance space, with a seating capacity over 2,000. It is located at Three City Hall Square.
The building was constructed in 1948-49 by the M.A. Dyer Company and John Bowen Company. Lynn's mayor Albert Cole was the driving force behind the design and construction of the building, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynn, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
References
External links
Lynn City Hall History (accessed January 8, 2009)
Concert halls in Massachusetts
Theatres in Massachusetts
Performing arts centers in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Lynn, Massachusetts
Auditoriums in the United States
Government buildings completed in 1949
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Lynn, Massachusetts
1940s architecture in the United States
Art Deco architecture in Massachusetts
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
City halls in Massachusetts |
X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder is a rare X-linked genetic condition in which males manifest multiple systemic symptoms and a reticulated mottled brown pigmentation of the skin, which, on biopsy, demonstrated dermal deposits of amyloid. Females usually only have linear streaks of hyperpigmentation.
The syndrome is also referred to by the acronym X-Linked-PDR or XLPRD. It's a very rare disease, genetically determined, with a chronic course.
It was characterized in 1981. Mutation of the POLA1 gene leads to loss of expression of the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase-α and is responsible for XLPDR. Loss of POLA1 expression results in reduced levels of RNA:DNA hybrids in the cytosol and unexpectedly triggers aberrant immune responses (e.g. type I interferon production) which at least in part can account for the symptoms associated with XLPDR. Another trigger of the immunodeficiency phenotype is a functional deficiency of NK cells, major players of innate antiviral immune system.
Presentation
Affected males develop generalized reticular hyperpigmentation in early childhood. Hair often looks bedraggled or brushed backward, hanging low on the forehead. Under XLPDR conditions, autoimmune manifestations are developed due to chronically activated anti-viral type I interferon response, connecting XLPDR with disorders like Aicardi-Goutiere syndrome, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Psoriasis, etc. 3 Meanwhile, another typical symptom - immunodeficiency - can be developed due to discovering a functional defect in the cytolytic activity of NK cells. Starokadomskyy at al. discovered that POLA1 deficiency is associated with decreased direct cytotoxicity of NK cells due to disturbances in vesicular traffic. Meanwhile, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) remains unchanged in XLPDR NK cells.
The most common manifestations of XLPDR:
Recurrent respiratory infections
Dyskeratosis corneal
Photophobia
Hypohidrosis (lack of sweat glands)
NK cell functional deficiency
Growth retardation
Gastrointestinal disorders
Kidney disease
Kidney stones
Urinary infections
Webbed feet or hands
Electrolyte imbalance
Retinitis pigmentosa
Lymphoedema
Thyroid abnormalities
Not every patient shows all of the listed symptoms. However, skin pathologies, recurrent lung infection, high titer of interferon type I in the blood, and impaired direct cytotoxicity of NK cells are the most common symptoms. In females the disease is characterized by skin rashes linear hyper pigmentation following the Blaschko's lines, morphologically similar to stage 3 pigment incontinence. There are no systemic manifestations associated with XLPDR in females.
Most XLPDR patients stabilize with age and have an overall less complicated clinical course after adolescence. Gastrointestinal and urinary tract complications are progressively less active, and the pace of infections tends to decrease. However, those who have severe lung damage remain prone to recurrent pneumonia and may succumb to severe infections. Hypohidrosis is irreversible and remains a problem for life. XLPDR patients have normal fertility and the mutation has been transmitted to their female offspring.
Diagnosis
All XLPDR probands shared the same unique intronic variant mapping to intron 13 of POLA1, (NM_016937.3:c.1375-354A>G). XLPDR lacks allelic heterogeneity, meaning that the disorder is uniquely associated with the NM_016937.3:c.1375-354A>G intronic variant. The final diagnosis usually requires PCR or WGS confirmation.
Treatment
Management of other XLPDR symptoms is largely supportive. Conventional management of recurrent lung infections with antibiotics is essential; many patients receive inhaled prophylactic management akin to cystic fibrosis patients. Urethral strictures are treated with sequential dilations. Eye involvement is progressive, leading to blindness, and recurs after corneal transplantation.
Recently, a number of reports suggest encouraging results with the use of JAK inhibitors baricitinib and ruxolitinib in several distinct type I interferonopathies. In fact, one XLPDR patient with refractory colitis was treated with tofacitinib with positive response of the colitis and no exacerbation of pulmonary infections.
Other options that may be worth considering in the future are interferon receptor neutralizing antibodies, which are being actively pursued in the treatment of lupus where they show particular promise. A path for definitive treatment for XLPDR is at present unclear, but it is tempting to speculate whether the immunologic disturbance is predominantly driven by the hematopoietic compartment. The clinical course of the eye involvement is consistent with this possibility. If so, the disorder might be amenable to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and could even be suitable for gene therapy and autologous stem cell transplant.
See also
Waardenburg syndrome
List of cutaneous conditions
References
External links
Disturbances of human pigmentation |
```c++
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#include "paddle/phi/api/profiler/device_tracer.h"
#include <deque>
#include <forward_list>
#include <fstream>
#include <mutex> // NOLINT
#include <string>
#include <thread> // NOLINT
#include "glog/logging.h"
#include "paddle/common/flags.h"
#include "paddle/phi/core/enforce.h"
PHI_DECLARE_bool(enable_host_event_recorder_hook);
namespace phi {
// Used only by DeviceTracer
uint64_t GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(uint32_t id);
namespace {
// Tracking the nested block stacks of each thread.
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
// sw not supported thread_local
std::deque<int> block_id_stack;
std::deque<Event *> annotation_stack;
#else
// Tracking the nested event stacks.
thread_local std::deque<int> block_id_stack;
// Tracking the nested event stacks.
thread_local std::deque<Event *> annotation_stack;
#endif
// stack to store event such as pe and so on
static std::deque<Event *> main_thread_annotation_stack{};
static std::deque<std::string> main_thread_annotation_stack_name{};
std::map<uint32_t, uint64_t> system_thread_id_map;
std::mutex system_thread_id_map_mutex;
std::once_flag tracer_once_flag;
DeviceTracer *tracer = nullptr;
void PrintCuptiHint() {
static bool showed = false;
if (showed) return;
showed = true;
LOG(WARNING) << "Invalid timestamp occurred. Please try increasing the "
"FLAGS_multiple_of_cupti_buffer_size.";
}
} // namespace
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
namespace {
// The experimental best performance is
// the same size with CUPTI device buffer size(8M)
uint64_t kBufSize = 1024 * 1024 * 8;
uint64_t kAlignSize = 8;
std::unordered_map<CUpti_CallbackId, std::string> runtime_cbid_str,
driver_cbid_str;
#define ALIGN_BUFFER(buffer, align) \
(((uintptr_t)(buffer) & ((align)-1)) \
? ((buffer) + (align) - ((uintptr_t)(buffer) & ((align)-1))) \
: (buffer))
#define CUPTI_CALL(call) \
do { \
CUptiResult _status = call; \
if (_status != CUPTI_SUCCESS) { \
const char *errstr; \
dynload::cuptiGetResultString(_status, &errstr); \
fprintf(stderr, \
"%s:%d: error: function %s failed with error %s.\n", \
__FILE__, \
__LINE__, \
#call, \
errstr); \
exit(-1); \
} \
} while (0)
std::string MemcpyKind(CUpti_ActivityMemcpyKind kind) {
switch (kind) {
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_HTOD:
return "MEMCPY_HtoD";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_DTOH:
return "MEMCPY_DtoH";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_HTOA:
return "MEMCPY_HtoA";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_ATOH:
return "MEMCPY_AtoH";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_ATOA:
return "MEMCPY_AtoA";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_ATOD:
return "MEMCPY_AtoD";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_DTOA:
return "MEMCPY_DtoA";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_DTOD:
return "MEMCPY_DtoD";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_HTOH:
return "MEMCPY_HtoH";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_PTOP:
return "MEMCPY_PtoP";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_FORCE_INT:
return "MEMCPY_FORCE_INT";
default:
break;
}
return "MEMCPY";
}
std::string DriverKind(CUpti_CallbackId cbid) {
auto iter = driver_cbid_str.find(cbid);
if (iter == driver_cbid_str.end())
return "Driver API " + std::to_string(cbid);
return iter->second;
}
std::string RuntimeKind(CUpti_CallbackId cbid) {
auto iter = runtime_cbid_str.find(cbid);
if (iter == runtime_cbid_str.end())
return "Runtime API " + std::to_string(cbid);
return iter->second;
}
void EnableActivity() {
// Device activity record is created when CUDA initializes, so we
// want to enable it before cuInit() or any CUDA runtime call.
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY));
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONCURRENT_KERNEL));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_KERNEL));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME));
// We don't track these activities for now.
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMSET));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_OVERHEAD));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DEVICE));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONTEXT));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_NAME));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MARKER));
}
void DisableActivity() {
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY));
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONCURRENT_KERNEL));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DEVICE));
// Disable all other activity record kinds.
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONTEXT));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMSET));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_NAME));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MARKER));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_OVERHEAD));
}
void CUPTIAPI bufferRequested(uint8_t **buffer,
size_t *size,
size_t *maxNumRecords) {
uint8_t *buf = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(malloc(kBufSize + kAlignSize));
*size = kBufSize;
*buffer = ALIGN_BUFFER(buf, kAlignSize);
*maxNumRecords = 0;
}
void CUPTIAPI bufferCompleted(CUcontext ctx,
uint32_t streamId,
uint8_t *buffer,
size_t size,
size_t validSize) {
static std::thread::id cupti_thread_id(0);
if (cupti_thread_id == std::thread::id(0))
cupti_thread_id = std::this_thread::get_id();
PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
std::this_thread::get_id(),
cupti_thread_id,
errors::PermissionDenied(
"Only one thread is allowed to call bufferCompleted()."));
CUptiResult status;
CUpti_Activity *record = nullptr;
if (validSize > 0) {
do {
status = dynload::cuptiActivityGetNextRecord(buffer, validSize, &record);
if (status == CUPTI_SUCCESS) {
switch (record->kind) {
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_KERNEL:
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONCURRENT_KERNEL: {
#if CUDA_VERSION >= 9000
auto *kernel =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityKernel4 *>(record);
#else
auto *kernel =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityKernel3 *>(record);
#endif
tracer->AddKernelRecords(kernel->name,
kernel->start,
kernel->end,
kernel->deviceId,
kernel->streamId,
kernel->correlationId);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY: {
auto *memcpy =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityMemcpy *>(record);
tracer->AddMemRecords(
MemcpyKind(
static_cast<CUpti_ActivityMemcpyKind>(memcpy->copyKind)),
memcpy->start,
memcpy->end,
memcpy->deviceId,
memcpy->streamId,
memcpy->correlationId,
memcpy->bytes);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY2: {
auto *memcpy =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityMemcpy2 *>(record);
tracer->AddMemRecords(
MemcpyKind(
static_cast<CUpti_ActivityMemcpyKind>(memcpy->copyKind)),
memcpy->start,
memcpy->end,
memcpy->deviceId,
memcpy->streamId,
memcpy->correlationId,
memcpy->bytes);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMSET: {
auto *memset =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityMemset *>(record);
tracer->AddKernelRecords("MEMSET",
memset->start,
memset->end,
memset->deviceId,
memset->streamId,
memset->correlationId);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER: {
auto *api = reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityAPI *>(record);
if (api->start != 0 && api->end != 0) {
// -1 device id represents ActiveKind api call
tracer->AddActiveKindRecords(
DriverKind(api->cbid),
api->start,
api->end,
-1,
GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(api->threadId),
api->correlationId);
}
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME: {
auto *api = reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityAPI *>(record);
if (api->start != 0 && api->end != 0) {
// -1 device id represents ActiveKind api call
tracer->AddActiveKindRecords(
RuntimeKind(api->cbid),
api->start,
api->end,
-1,
GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(api->threadId),
api->correlationId);
}
break;
}
default: {
break;
}
}
} else if (status == CUPTI_ERROR_MAX_LIMIT_REACHED) {
// Seems not an error in this case.
break;
} else {
CUPTI_CALL(status);
}
} while (true);
size_t dropped;
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityGetNumDroppedRecords(ctx, streamId, &dropped));
if (dropped != 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Dropped %u activity records\n", (unsigned int)dropped);
PrintCuptiHint();
}
}
free(buffer);
}
void initCuptiCbidStr();
} // namespace
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
class DeviceTracerImpl : public DeviceTracer {
public:
DeviceTracerImpl() : enabled_(false), start_ns_(0), end_ns_(0) {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
initCuptiCbidStr();
#endif
}
void AddAnnotation(uint32_t id, Event *event) override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<std::pair<uint32_t, Event *>> *local_correlations_pairs =
nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<std::pair<uint32_t, Event *>>
*local_correlations_pairs = nullptr;
#endif
if (local_correlations_pairs == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
correlations_pairs.emplace_front();
local_correlations_pairs = &correlations_pairs.front();
}
local_correlations_pairs->push_front(std::make_pair(id, event));
}
void AddAnnotations(
const std::map<uint64_t, ThreadEvents> &thr_events) override {
for (auto &tmp : active_kind_records_) {
for (const ActiveKindRecord &r : tmp) {
auto iter = thr_events.find(r.thread_id);
if (iter == thr_events.end()) {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " " << r.name
<< " Missing tid: " << r.thread_id;
continue;
}
const ThreadEvents &evts = iter->second;
auto evt_iter = evts.upper_bound(r.end_ns);
if (evt_iter == evts.end()) {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " Missing Record " << r.name
<< " tid: " << r.thread_id << " end_ns: " << r.end_ns;
continue;
}
if (evt_iter != evts.begin()) {
auto prev_iter = std::prev(evt_iter);
if (prev_iter->first >= r.end_ns) {
evt_iter = prev_iter;
} else {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " prev end_ns " << prev_iter->first
<< " end_ns: " << r.end_ns;
}
}
Event *evt = evt_iter->second.first;
uint64_t start_ns = evt_iter->second.second;
if (start_ns > r.start_ns) {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " Mismatch Record " << r.name
<< " tid: " << r.thread_id << " start_ns: " << r.start_ns
<< " end_ns: " << r.end_ns << ", event " << evt->name()
<< " start_ns: " << start_ns;
continue;
}
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " tid: " << r.thread_id << " Add correlation "
<< r.correlation_id << "<->" << evt->name();
AddAnnotation(r.correlation_id, evt);
}
}
}
void AddCPURecords(const std::string &anno,
uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
int64_t device_id,
uint64_t thread_id) override {
if (anno.empty()) {
VLOG(1) << "Empty timeline annotation.";
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<CPURecord> *local_cpu_records_ = nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<CPURecord> *local_cpu_records_ = nullptr;
#endif
if (local_cpu_records_ == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
cpu_records_.emplace_front();
local_cpu_records_ = &cpu_records_.front();
}
local_cpu_records_->push_front(
CPURecord{anno, start_ns, end_ns, device_id, thread_id});
}
void AddMemRecords(const std::string &name,
uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
int64_t device_id,
int64_t stream_id,
uint32_t correlation_id,
uint64_t bytes) override {
// 0 means timestamp information could not be collected for the kernel.
if (start_ns == 0 || end_ns == 0 || start_ns == end_ns) {
VLOG(3) << name << " cannot be traced";
PrintCuptiHint();
return;
}
// NOTE(liangdun): lock is not needed, only one thread call this function.
mem_records_.push_front(MemRecord{
name, start_ns, end_ns, device_id, stream_id, correlation_id, bytes});
}
void AddMemInfoRecord(uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
size_t bytes,
const Place &place,
const std::string &alloc_in,
const std::string &free_in,
uint64_t thread_id) override {
if (0 == start_ns || 0 == end_ns) {
VLOG(3) << alloc_in << ", " << free_in << " Cannot be traced.";
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<MemInfoRecord> *local_mem_info_record = nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<MemInfoRecord> *local_mem_info_record =
nullptr;
#endif
if (local_mem_info_record == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
mem_info_record_.emplace_front();
local_mem_info_record = &mem_info_record_.front();
}
local_mem_info_record->emplace_front(MemInfoRecord{
start_ns, end_ns, bytes, place, thread_id, alloc_in, free_in});
}
void AddActiveKindRecords(const std::string &anno,
uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
int64_t device_id,
uint64_t thread_id,
uint32_t correlation_id) override {
if (anno.empty()) {
VLOG(1) << "Empty timeline annotation.";
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<ActiveKindRecord> *local_active_kind_records = nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<ActiveKindRecord>
*local_active_kind_records = nullptr;
#endif
if (local_active_kind_records == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
active_kind_records_.emplace_front();
local_active_kind_records = &active_kind_records_.front();
}
// lock is not needed, only one thread call this function.
local_active_kind_records->push_front(ActiveKindRecord{
anno, start_ns, end_ns, device_id, thread_id, correlation_id});
}
void AddKernelRecords(std::string name,
uint64_t start,
uint64_t end,
int64_t device_id,
int64_t stream_id,
uint32_t correlation_id) override {
// 0 means timestamp information could not be collected for the kernel.
if (start == 0 || end == 0 || start == end) {
VLOG(3) << correlation_id << " cannot be traced";
PrintCuptiHint();
return;
}
// NOTE(liangdun): lock is not needed, only one thread call this function.
kernel_records_.push_front(
KernelRecord{name, start, end, device_id, stream_id, correlation_id});
}
bool IsEnabled() override {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
return enabled_;
}
void Enable() override {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
if (enabled_) {
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
EnableActivity();
// Register callbacks for buffer requests and completed by CUPTI.
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityRegisterCallbacks(bufferRequested,
bufferCompleted));
CUptiResult ret;
ret = dynload::cuptiSubscribe(
&subscriber_, static_cast<CUpti_CallbackFunc>(ApiCallback), this);
if (ret == CUPTI_ERROR_MAX_LIMIT_REACHED) {
fprintf(stderr, "CUPTI subcriber limit reached.\n");
} else if (ret != CUPTI_SUCCESS) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create CUPTI subscriber.\n");
}
const std::vector<int> runtime_cbids {
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemcpy_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaSetupArgument_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemcpyAsync_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemset_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemsetAsync_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaLaunch_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaLaunchKernel_v7000
#if CUDA_VERSION >= 9000
,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaLaunchCooperativeKernel_v9000,
your_sha256_hashv9000
#endif
};
const std::vector<int> driver_cbids{CUPTI_DRIVER_TRACE_CBID_cuLaunch,
CUPTI_DRIVER_TRACE_CBID_cuLaunchGrid,
CUPTI_DRIVER_TRACE_CBID_cuLaunchKernel};
for (auto cbid : runtime_cbids)
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiEnableCallback(
1, subscriber_, CUPTI_CB_DOMAIN_RUNTIME_API, cbid));
for (auto cbid : driver_cbids)
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiEnableCallback(
1, subscriber_, CUPTI_CB_DOMAIN_DRIVER_API, cbid));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiGetTimestamp(&start_ns_));
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
enabled_ = true;
}
void Reset() override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityFlushAll(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_FLAG_FLUSH_FORCED));
#endif
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
kernel_records_.clear();
mem_records_.clear();
correlations_.clear();
for (auto &tmp : correlations_pairs) tmp.clear();
for (auto &tmp : cpu_records_) tmp.clear();
for (auto &tmp : mem_info_record_) tmp.clear();
for (auto &tmp : active_kind_records_) tmp.clear();
}
void GenEventKernelCudaElapsedTime() override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
if (correlations_.empty())
for (auto &tmp : correlations_pairs)
for (auto &pair : tmp) correlations_[pair.first] = pair.second;
for (const KernelRecord &r : kernel_records_) {
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
Event *e = c->second;
Event *parent = e->parent();
while (parent) {
parent->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
parent = parent->parent();
}
e->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
}
}
for (const auto &r : mem_records_) {
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
Event *e = c->second;
Event *parent = e->parent();
while (parent) {
parent->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
parent = parent->parent();
}
e->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
}
}
#endif
}
proto::Profile GenProfile(const std::string &profile_path) override {
proto::Profile profile_pb = this->GetProfile();
std::ofstream profile_f;
profile_f.open(profile_path,
std::ios::out | std::ios::trunc | std::ios::binary);
profile_pb.SerializeToOstream(&profile_f);
profile_f.close();
return profile_pb;
}
proto::Profile GetProfile() override {
int miss = 0, find = 0;
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
proto::Profile profile_pb;
profile_pb.set_start_ns(start_ns_);
profile_pb.set_end_ns(end_ns_);
if (correlations_.empty()) {
for (auto &tmp : correlations_pairs) {
for (auto &pair : tmp) correlations_[pair.first] = pair.second;
}
}
for (const KernelRecord &r : kernel_records_) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::GPUKernel);
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
event->set_name(c->second->name());
event->set_detail_info(c->second->attr());
find++;
} else {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " Missing Kernel Event: " + r.name;
miss++;
event->set_name(r.name);
}
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.stream_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
}
VLOG(1) << __func__ << " KernelRecord event miss: " << miss
<< " find: " << find;
for (auto &tmp : cpu_records_) {
for (const CPURecord &r : tmp) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::CPU);
event->set_name(r.name);
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.thread_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
}
}
for (auto &tmp : active_kind_records_) {
for (const ActiveKindRecord &r : tmp) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::CPU);
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
event->set_name(c->second->name());
event->set_detail_info(r.name);
} else {
event->set_name(r.name);
}
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.thread_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
}
}
miss = find = 0;
for (const MemRecord &r : mem_records_) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::GPUKernel);
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
event->set_name(c->second->name());
event->set_detail_info(r.name);
find++;
} else {
miss++;
event->set_name(r.name);
}
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.stream_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
event->mutable_memcopy()->set_bytes(r.bytes);
}
VLOG(1) << __func__ << " MemRecord event miss: " << miss
<< " find: " << find;
for (auto &tmp : mem_info_record_) {
for (const auto &r : tmp) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_mem_events();
event->set_device_id(0);
if (r.place.GetType() == phi::AllocationType::CPU) {
event->set_place(proto::MemEvent::CPUPlace);
} else if (r.place.GetType() == phi::AllocationType::GPU) {
event->set_place(proto::MemEvent::CUDAPlace);
event->set_device_id(r.place.GetDeviceId());
} else if (r.place.GetType() == phi::AllocationType::GPUPINNED) {
event->set_place(proto::MemEvent::CUDAPinnedPlace);
} else {
PADDLE_THROW(
errors::Unimplemented("The current place is not supported."));
}
event->set_alloc_in(r.alloc_in);
event->set_free_in(r.free_in);
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_bytes(r.bytes);
event->set_thread_id(r.thread_id);
}
}
return profile_pb;
}
void Disable() override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
// flush might cause additional calls to DeviceTracker.
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityFlushAll(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_FLAG_FLUSH_FORCED));
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
DisableActivity();
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiUnsubscribe(subscriber_));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiGetTimestamp(&end_ns_));
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
enabled_ = false;
}
private:
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
static void CUPTIAPI ApiCallback(void *userdata,
CUpti_CallbackDomain domain,
CUpti_CallbackId cbid,
const void *cbdata) {
if (LIKELY(FLAGS_enable_host_event_recorder_hook)) {
return;
}
auto *cbInfo = reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_CallbackData *>(cbdata);
DeviceTracerImpl *tracer = reinterpret_cast<DeviceTracerImpl *>(userdata);
if (cbInfo->callbackSite == CUPTI_API_ENTER) {
Event *event = CurAnnotation();
tracer->AddAnnotation(cbInfo->correlationId, event);
}
}
CUpti_SubscriberHandle subscriber_;
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
std::mutex trace_mu_;
bool enabled_;
uint64_t start_ns_;
uint64_t end_ns_;
std::forward_list<KernelRecord> kernel_records_;
std::forward_list<MemRecord> mem_records_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<CPURecord>> cpu_records_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<MemInfoRecord>> mem_info_record_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<ActiveKindRecord>> active_kind_records_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<std::pair<uint32_t, Event *>>>
correlations_pairs;
std::unordered_map<uint32_t, Event *> correlations_;
};
void CreateTracer(DeviceTracer **t) { *t = new DeviceTracerImpl(); }
DeviceTracer *GetDeviceTracer() {
std::call_once(tracer_once_flag, CreateTracer, &tracer);
return tracer;
}
// In order to record PE time, we add main_thread_annotation_stack
// for all event between PE run, we treat it as PE's child Event,
// so when event is not in same thread of PE event, we need add
// father event(PE::run event) for this event
void SetCurAnnotation(Event *event) {
if (!annotation_stack.empty()) {
event->set_parent(annotation_stack.back());
event->set_name(annotation_stack.back()->name() + "/" + event->name());
}
if (annotation_stack.empty() && !main_thread_annotation_stack.empty() &&
main_thread_annotation_stack.back()->thread_id() != event->thread_id()) {
event->set_parent(main_thread_annotation_stack.back());
event->set_name(main_thread_annotation_stack.back()->name() + "/" +
event->name());
}
annotation_stack.push_back(event);
if (event->role() == EventRole::kSpecial) {
std::string name = event->name();
if (!main_thread_annotation_stack_name.empty()) {
name = main_thread_annotation_stack_name.back() + "/" + event->name();
}
main_thread_annotation_stack_name.push_back(name);
main_thread_annotation_stack.push_back(event);
}
}
void ClearCurAnnotation() {
if (!main_thread_annotation_stack.empty()) {
std::string name = annotation_stack.back()->name();
std::string main_name = main_thread_annotation_stack.back()->name();
int main_name_len = static_cast<int>(main_name.length());
int name_len = static_cast<int>(name.length());
int prefix_len = main_name_len - name_len;
if ((prefix_len > 0 && main_name.at(prefix_len - 1) == '/' &&
name == main_name.substr(prefix_len, name_len)) ||
(name == main_name)) {
main_thread_annotation_stack_name.pop_back();
main_thread_annotation_stack.pop_back();
}
}
annotation_stack.pop_back();
}
Event *CurAnnotation() {
if (annotation_stack.empty()) return nullptr;
return annotation_stack.back();
}
std::string CurAnnotationName() {
if (annotation_stack.empty()) return "Unknown";
return annotation_stack.back()->name();
}
void SetCurBlock(int block_id) { block_id_stack.push_back(block_id); }
void ClearCurBlock() { block_id_stack.pop_back(); }
int BlockDepth() { return static_cast<int>(block_id_stack.size()); }
uint32_t GetCurSystemThreadId() {
std::stringstream ss;
ss << std::this_thread::get_id();
uint32_t id = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::stoull(ss.str()));
return id;
}
void RecordCurThreadId(uint64_t id) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(system_thread_id_map_mutex);
auto gid = GetCurSystemThreadId();
system_thread_id_map[gid] = id;
}
uint64_t GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(uint32_t id) {
auto it = system_thread_id_map.find(id);
if (it != system_thread_id_map.end()) return it->second;
// return origin id if no event is recorded in this thread.
return static_cast<int32_t>(id);
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
namespace {
void initCuptiCbidStr() {
static bool called = false;
if (called) return;
called = true;
#define REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cbid) \
runtime_cbid_str[CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_##cbid] = #cbid
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaBindTexture_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaConfigureCall_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceGetAttribute_v5000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceGetStreamPriorityRange_v5050);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceSynchronize_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDriverGetVersion_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventCreateWithFlags_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventDestroy_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventDestroy_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventQuery_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventRecord_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaFreeHost_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaFree_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaFuncGetAttributes_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetDeviceCount_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetDeviceProperties_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetDevice_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetErrorString_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetLastError_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaHostAlloc_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaHostGetDevicePointer_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunchKernel_v7000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMallocHost_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMalloc_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemcpyAsync_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemcpy_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemsetAsync_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemset_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(
cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessorWithFlags_v7000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaPeekAtLastError_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaRuntimeGetVersion_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaSetDevice_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamCreate_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamCreateWithFlags_v5000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamCreateWithPriority_v5050);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamDestroy_v5050);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamSynchronize_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamWaitEvent_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaUnbindTexture_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaSetupArgument_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunch_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceGetPCIBusId_v4010);
#if CUDA_VERSION >= 9000
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunchCooperativeKernel_v9000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunchCooperativeKernelMultiDevice_v9000);
#endif
#undef REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR
}
} // namespace
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
} // namespace phi
``` |
Wólka Niedźwiedzka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Małopolski, within Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Sokołów Małopolski and north-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Villages in Rzeszów County |
The Greenway Wing of the Supreme Court of New South Wales is a heritage-listed courthouse located at the junction of King and Elizabeth Streets, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Francis Greenway, Standish Lawrence Harris, and James Barnet and built from 1820 to 1828. It is also known as Sydney Supreme Court House (Old Court House) and Old Court House. The property is owned by the Department of Justice and Attorney General, departments of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
The original Old Supreme Court House was designed by the colonial architect Francis Greenway under Governor Macquarie. Designed in 1819 and building began in 1820, Greenway was dismissed before the building was completed in 1828. The building was occupied by the Supreme Court in 1827. Additions were designed by Barnet in the 1860s. This building forms part of the centre axial group designed by Greenway with the Hyde Park Barracks and St James' Church that cover a historical period from 1801 to 1826, and 1851 to 1875.
Description
The Old Supreme Court building is a two-storey rectangular building which consists of the original Georgian building with an additional loggia and cornice added in 1868 which gives the building a Victorian Italianate appearance evident in the arched colonnade and raised parapet concealing the roof. Original Greenway elements include windows, fine detail, recessed wall panels, arches, cedar joinery, staircase and cupola. This wing along with the Old Registry and Banco Rd Court from the Supreme Court Group. Other accommodation include Sheriffs office, legal rooms, judges chambers, library/conference rooms, chief executive offices, toilets. The Old Supreme Court is constructed in face sandstock brick with rendered moulded details and slate roofing. The exterior materials include brick and render, with slate roofing.
The building is in a good condition. Major additions designed by Barnet include the loggia, later timber additions.
Heritage listing
As at 30 June 2011, the Greenway Wing Old Supreme Court building is located at the corner of Elizabeth and King Streets has historic significance as one of the three remaining Greenway designed buildings in the immediate area, the others are the Hyde Park Barracks and St James' Church. The building has aesthetic significance as a design of Australia's first trained architect, Francis Greenway, and as a fine rare and largely intact, if modified, example of the Old Colonial Georgian style as used in a judicial building. The building as historic and social significance as part of the early colonial legal system and as part of Macquarie's vision for Sydney. The site is significant as the location chosen for Macquarie's first Georgian public School which was apparently modified during construction to accommodate the Supreme Court. Representative of the style as used in a courthouse building and representative of the importance given to judicial buildings in the early days of the colony.
There are substantial later additions by James Barnet. It is prominently sited and forms a major part of the Court group in Queen's Square and part of the earliest civic group with the Hyde Park Barracks and St James' Church.
Sydney Supreme Court House was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
See also
Australian non-residential architectural styles
Banco Road Court (Supreme Court of New South Wales)
Old Registry Wing (Supreme Court of New South Wales)
References
Bibliography
John Michael Bennett, A History of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, Sydney: Law Book Co, 1974. ISBN 0455192405.
Attribution
External links
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Supreme Court of New South Wales
Courthouses in Sydney
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Government buildings completed in 1828
Francis Greenway buildings
James Barnet buildings in Sydney
Georgian architecture in Australia
Supreme Court of New South Wales, Greenway Wing
Government buildings in Sydney
King Street, Sydney
Elizabeth Street, Sydney |
The 2013–14 SEC women's basketball season began with practices in October 2013, followed by the start of the 2013–14 NCAA Division I women's basketball season in November. Conference play started in early January 2014 and concluded in March, followed by the 2014 SEC women's basketball tournament at the Arena at Gwinnett Center in Duluth, Georgia.
Preseason
Preseason All-SEC teams
Coaches select 5 players
Players in bold are choices for SEC Player of the Year
Rankings
SEC regular season
Postseason
SEC tournament
Honors and awards
All-SEC awards and teams
References
Southeastern Conference women's basketball seasons |
Povarovo () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Urban localities
Povarovo, Moscow Oblast, a suburban (dacha) settlement in Solnechnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast
Rural localities
Povarovo, Pskov Oblast, a village in Krasnogorodsky District of Pskov Oblast
Povarovo, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Alexandrovsky District of Vladimir Oblast
Povarovo, Vologda Oblast, a village in Musorsky Selsoviet of Cherepovetsky District of Vologda Oblast |
Jean Guttery Fritz (November 16, 1915 – May 14, 2017) was an American children's writer best known for American biography and history. She won the Children's Legacy Literature Award for her career contribution to American children's literature in 1986. She turned 100 in November 2015 and died in May 2017 at the age of 101.
Early life
Fritz was born to American Presbyterian missionaries Arthur Minton Guttery and the former Myrtle Chaney in Hankow, China, where she lived until she was twelve. Growing up, she attended a British school and kept a journal about her days in China with her amah, Lin Nai-Nai. The family emigrated to the United States when she was in eighth grade.
She graduated from Wheaton College in Massachusetts in 1937 and married Michael Fritz in 1941. They had two children, David and Andrea.
Career
Fritz's writing career started with the publication of several short stories in Humpty Dumpty magazine early in the 1950s. Her first book, Bunny Hopwell's First Spring, was published in 1954 and followed in 1955 by 121 Pudding Street, a work based on her own children. She often wrote westerns and other stories of frontier America because Arthur told her stories of American heroes as she was growing up. Her first historical novel for children was The Cabin Faced West (1958). Her autobiography, Homesick, My Own Story (1982), won a National Book Award for Young People's Literature in the Children's Fiction category and was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal.
The latter American Library Association award recognizes the year's best American children's book but almost always goes to fiction. Later, Fritz won two annual Boston Globe–Horn Book Awards for children's nonfiction. In 1986, she received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award from the ALA, which recognizes a living author or illustrator, whose books, published in the United States, have made "a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children". At the time it was awarded every three years. That year she was also U.S. nominee for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest international recognition available to creators of children's books.
Selected awards
New York Times outstanding book of the year citations:
1973 – And Then What Happened, Paul Revere?
1974 – Why Don't You Get a Horse, Sam Adams?
1975 – Where Was Patrick Henry on the 29th of May?
1976 – What's the Big Idea, Ben Franklin?
1981 – Traitor: The Case of Benedict Arnold
1982 – Homesick, My Own Story
1983 – Newbery Honor Award, National Book Award, and Boston Globe-Horn Book Honor book, all for Homesick: My Own Story.
1989 – Laura Ingalls Wilder Award, Orbis Pictus Award, National Council of English Teachers, for 1986 The Great Little Madison (1986)
Works
Autobiography
Homesick: My Own Story, illustrated with drawings by Margot Tomes and photographs (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1982);
China Homecoming, photographs by Michael Fritz (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1985);
Surprising Myself, photographs by Andrea Fritz Pfleger (Katonah, New York: R.C. Owen Publishers, 1992);
Other
Bunny Hopwell's First Spring (1954)
Fish Head (1954), illus. Marc Simont
121 Pudding Street (1955)
The Cabin Faced West (1958)
Champion Dog Prince Tom (1958)
Brady (1960)
Magic to Burn (1964)
Early Thunder (1967)
George Washington's Breakfast (1969)
Cast for a Revolution: Some American Friends and Enemies 1728-1814 (1972)
And Then What Happened, Paul Revere?, illus. Margot Tomes (Coward, 1973)
Why Don't You Get a Horse, Sam Adams? (1974)
Will You Sign Here, John Hancock?, illus. Trina Schart Hyman (Coward, 1975)
Where Was Patrick Henry on the 29th of May? (1975)
Who's That Stepping on Plymouth Rock? (1975)
Can't You Make Them Behave, King George? (1976)
Shh! We're Writing the Constitution (1976)
Stonewall, illus. Stephen Gammell (Putnam, 1979)
Brendan the Navigator: the History Mystery about the Discovery of America (1979)
Where Do You Think You're Going, Christopher Columbus? (1980)
Traitor: The Case of Benedict Arnold (1981)
The Double Life of Pocahontas, illus. Ed Young (Putnam, 1983), winner of the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, Nonfiction
Make Way for Sam Houston (1986)
China's Long March: 6,000 Miles of Danger (1988)
What's the Big Idea, Ben Franklin? (1988)
The Great Little Madison (Putnam, 1989), winner of the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, Nonfiction
Bully for You, Teddy Roosevelt (1990)
The Big Book for Peace (Dutton, 1990), illus. Teri Sloat
Surprising Myself (1992)
The World in 1492 (1992)
George Washington's Mother (1992)
Around the World in a Hundred Years (1993)
Just a Few Words, Mr. Lincoln (1993)
Harriet Beecher Stowe and The Beecher Preachers (1994)
You Want Women to Vote, Lizzie Stanton? (1995)
Why Not Lafayette? (1999)
Leonardo's Horse (2001)
The Lost Colony of Roanoke (2004)
See also
Notes
References
Sources
External links
at Children's Book Council
China Homecoming at Google Books — including "About the Author (1985)"
1915 births
2017 deaths
American women children's writers
American children's writers
American non-fiction children's writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American biographers
21st-century American biographers
American women biographers
Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal winners
National Book Award for Young People's Literature winners
National Humanities Medal recipients
Newbery Honor winners
Wheaton College (Massachusetts) alumni
People from Dobbs Ferry, New York
American centenarians
Women centenarians
Writers from Wuhan
21st-century American women writers
American expatriates in China |
Montreux One is a live album by jazz saxophonist Archie Shepp recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1975 and released on the Arista Freedom label.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states "Shepp, who was nearing the end of his free jazz period (soon he would be exploring hymns and traditional melodies) puts a lot of emotion into "Lush Life" and sounds fine on originals by Burrell and Greenlee in addition to his own "U-jamsa." [sic] A worthy effort".
Track listing
"Lush Life" (Billy Strayhorn) - 12:40
"U-Jamaa" (Archie Shepp) - 10:22
"Crucificado" (Dave Burrell) - 11:43
"Miss Toni" (Charles Greenlee) - 11:57
Recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival, Switzerland, July 18, 1975
Personnel
Archie Shepp - tenor saxophone
Charles Greenlee - trombone
Dave Burrell - piano
Cameron Brown - bass
Beaver Harris - drums
References
1976 live albums
Archie Shepp live albums
Freedom Records live albums
albums produced by Michael Cuscuna
albums recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival |
Dominik Patrick Werling (born 13 December 1982) is a German former professional footballer who played as a left-back. His father is American and his mother is German.
Career
Werling played for several clubs in Germany before moving to Turkey. In July 2007, he joined Barnsley from Turkish side Sakaryaspor. He remained at the club until January 2008, scoring once against Plymouth Argyle, where he then signed for FC Erzgebirge Aue. On 3 September 2008, it was announced his contract had been terminated by FC Erzgebirge Aue and that he could leave the team.
Following a trial spell, in which he scored a goal in a friendly match against Blackburn Rovers, he joined Football League One side Huddersfield Town on 20 January 2009. He made his debut as a substitute for Lionel Ainsworth in the 1–0 win over Peterborough United on 31 January 2009. At the end of the season, he was not offered a new contract and was released.
On 28 April 2010, it was confirmed that Werling would be rejoining former manager Simon Davey at Darlington for the 2010–11 season. After Davey left, Werling initially stated he was committed to Darlington, but then asked for a transfer. Eventually, without having appeared for the club, he bought himself out of his contract and again rejoined Davey, now at League Two club Hereford United, where he signed a two-year deal but left in February 2011 after falling out of favour at the club. He signed in July 2014 for Swedish Div. 2 team Ånge IF.
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Ludwigshafen
German men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
3. Liga players
1. FC Union Berlin players
Sakaryaspor footballers
Barnsley F.C. players
FC Erzgebirge Aue players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
FC 08 Homburg players
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
German expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England |
The Bombardment of Fort Stevens occurred in June 1942, in the American Theater and the Pacific Theater of World War II. The Imperial Japanese submarine I-25 fired on Fort Stevens, which defended the Oregon side of the Columbia River's Pacific entrance.
Bombardment
The Imperial Japanese Navy submarine , commanded by Akiji Tagami, had been assigned to sink enemy shipping and attack the enemy on land with its 14 cm deck gun. Transporting a Yokosuka E14Y seaplane, the submarine was manned by a crew of 97. On 21 June 1942, I-25 had entered U.S. coastal waters, following fishing boats to avoid the mine fields in the area.
Late that night, Commander Tagami ordered his crew to surface his submarine at the mouth of the Columbia River. His target was Fort Stevens, which dated to the American Civil War and was armed with more or less obsolete Endicott era artillery, including mortars and several and disappearing guns.
Tagami ordered the deck gun crew to open fire on Fort Stevens' Battery Russell. Surprisingly, his shots were harmless, in part because the fort's commander ordered an immediate blackout. The commander also refused to permit his men to return fire, which would have revealed their position. Spotting the enemy gun flashes with a depression position finder indicated the submarine was out of range.
Most Japanese rounds landed in a nearby baseball field or a swamp, although one landed close to Battery Russell and another next to a concrete pillbox. One round damaged several large telephone cables, the only real damage that Tagami caused. A total of seventeen explosive shells were fired at the fort.
United States Army Air Forces planes on a training mission spotted the I-25 and called in her location for an A-29 Hudson bomber to attack. The bomber found the target, but the I-25 successfully dodged the falling bombs and submerged undamaged.
Aftermath
Even though there were no injuries and very little damage, the Japanese attack on Fort Stevens along with the Aleutian Islands Campaign the same month helped create the 1942 full-scale West Coast invasion scare. Thereafter, rolls of barbed wire would be strung from Point Adams, near the mouth of the Columbia River, southward in case of an invasion. The wrecked British barque Peter Iredale was entangled in the wire and would remain so until the war's end.
The Fort Stevens shelling marked the only time that a military base in the contiguous United States was attacked by the Axis Powers during World War II, and was the second time a continental U.S. military base was attacked by an enemy since the bombing of Dutch Harbor two weeks earlier.
See also
World War I Bombardment of Madras
World War I Bombardment of Orleans
World War II German attacks on Nauru
World War II Bombardment of Ellwood
World War II "Battle of Los Angeles"
References
Notes
Bibliography
Aviation History article
Fort Stevens, The Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
Fort Stevens State Park, Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
Conflicts in 1942
Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
Clatsop County, Oregon
History of Oregon
Fort Stevens
American Theater of World War II
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
1942 in Oregon
June 1942 events
Attacks on military installations in the 1940s |
Theodore Otto Langerfeldt (March 2, 1841 – September 7, 1906) was a German-American architectural renderer, watercolorist, and painter.
Biography
Langerfeldt was born March 2, 1841, in Bückeburg, then capital of the German principality of Schaumburg-Lippe. He studied architecture at Polytechnische Schule in Hanover. Circa 1863 Langerfeldt moved to England, where he studied and worked as a painter for five years. In 1868 he moved to the United States, settling in Boston, Massachusetts. He was first noted in the Boston directories in 1870 as an architect with an office in the Studio Building. From 1875 until his death he is instead noted as a watercolor artist.
Langerfeldt was best known for his architectural subjects, and was often employed by architects of Boston and New York to prepare watercolor perspective renderings for competition entries or exhibitions. These architects included Charles B. Atwood, George A. Clough, George Keller, McKim, Mead & White, Peabody & Stearns, William G. Preston and Frederick W. Stickney. Presenting a watercolor by Langerfeldt with a competition design was considered a great advantage. In 1876, at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, one of his drawings received an award.
He was one of the first artists to provide professional rendering services to architects, preceding a later generation which included E. Eldon Deane, David A. Gregg, and Hughson Hawley, among others. He largely withdrew from work for architects in the 1890s, as his health worsened. Following an illness of ten years, Langerfeldt died September 7, 1906, in Boston.
Langerfeldt signed his drawings "T. O. L." In addition to his architectural work, Langerfeldt also painted landscapes, and had a solo show at the Boston Art Club in 1874. Two of his landscapes are in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Gallery of works
References
1841 births
1906 deaths
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
American male painters
20th-century American painters
Immigrants to the United States
Painters from Boston
People from Bückeburg
20th-century American male artists
People from Schaumburg-Lippe |
John Barnwell (1671–1724), also known as Tuscarora Jack, was an Anglo-Irish soldier who emigrated to the Province of South Carolina in 1701. He led an army against the Tuscarora in 1711–1712. Later he served the colony as an official in talks with England in forming the government. He also worked to revive the relationship between the colony and its former allies the Yamasee.
Life
Barnwell's exact origins are uncertain. By the time the Tuscarora War began in 1712, Barnwell had become an important official of the colony. He led one army of colonial militia and allied Native Americans in campaigns. South Carolina sent two armies against the Tuscarora in North Carolina, the first of which Barnwell commanded in campaigns in late 1711 and early 1712. The army was made up mostly of Indians, especially Yamasee. Barnwell defeated the Tuscarora and arranged a peace treaty, after which his army disbanded.
Hostilities between the Tuscarora and North Carolina resumed, and South Carolina sent a second army. North Carolina officials, blaming Barnwell for failing to destroy the Tuscarora, specifically requested another leader to command the second army. Barnwell was popularly known as "Tuscarora Jack" or "Tuscarora John" for his role in the war.
In 1715 the Yamasee War broke out between colonists of South Carolina and the Yamasee and allied tribes. The Yamasee first attacked colonists near Port Royal. A survivor managed to flee to Port Royal Island, the main island, and sound the alarm. Barnwell and other colonists living on the island escaped by ship to Charles Town.
When South Carolina overthrew the colonial proprietors and arranged to become a royal colony, John Barnwell travelled to London to represent the colony and help form the new government. After returning to South Carolina, he spent many years working for renewal of friendship with the Yamasee, who had migrated south to Spanish Florida. In 1721 Barnwell had a fortified outpost, named Fort King George, on the Altamaha River, in an attempt to check the Spanish influence on the region and its Indians. He was never able to achieve a renewal of the old Yamasee-British alliance.
References
"John Barnwell." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007. Galegroup.com
External links
Darien history, Mcintoshcounty.com
South Carolina colonial people
1671 births
1724 deaths |
Nules is a town in eastern Spain, in the province of Castellón (Valencian Community). Located 18 km to the south of the province's capital, at 13 m over sea level, it has 13,750 inhabitants (2010 data), living in Nules Town, Nules Beach and Mascarell.
Nules gives its name to the Nules variety of Clementine, which was first bred here in 1953. It is the most popular variety of Clementine grown in Spain.
The municipality includes Mascarell, a historical village.
Notable people
Sergi Canós, footballer
Rosita Amores
Asensio Nebot, guerilla leader
Imran Khan,A Pakistani politician
References
Municipalities in the Province of Castellón |
Joe W. Sanders (May 13, 1915 – June 8, 1994) was a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court from November 7, 1960, to December 31, 1980, serving as chief justice from March 14, 1973, to December 31, 1980.
Born in Pleasant Hill, Sabine Parish, Louisiana, Sanders was raised on a family farm in Sabine Parish. He received a BA from Louisiana State University in 1935, and an LL.B. from the same institution in 1938.
He succeeded James D. Simon.
References
Justices of the Louisiana Supreme Court
1915 births
1994 deaths
Louisiana State University alumni
People from Pleasant Hill, Sabine Parish, Louisiana
20th-century American judges |
```xml
/**
*
* This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
*/
import {nullthrows} from 'shared/utils';
/**
* Incrementally increases throttling when an even starts happening too often.
* For example, initially there's no throttle
* After 10 events without a gap of 10s, there's a 10s throttle.
* After 30 events without a gap of 30s, there's a 30s throttle.
* After no events for 10s, the throttle is reset to 0.
*
* These thresholds are configurable.
* "Throttling" means dropping events after the first one (unlike debouncing).
*/
export function stagedThrottler<P extends Array<unknown>>(
stages: Array<{
throttleMs: number;
/** number of input events needed to advance to the enxt stage.
* Note: it doesn't matter if it was throttled or not. Every input adds to the advancement. */
numToNextStage?: number;
resetAfterMs: number;
/** Called when entering a stage.
* Note: 0th stage onEnter is not called "on startup", only if you reset the stage,
* and that this stage resets the next time a value IS emitted, not merely once the time passes.
*/
onEnter?: () => unknown;
}>,
cb: (...args: P) => void,
) {
// Time of the last non-throttled call
let lastEmitted = -Infinity;
let currentStage = 0;
let numSeen = 0;
return (...args: P) => {
const stage = nullthrows(stages[currentStage]);
const currentThrottle = stage.throttleMs;
const elapsed = Date.now() - lastEmitted;
// Input always counts towards going to the next stage
numSeen++;
// Maybe go to the next stage
if (numSeen > 1 && elapsed > stage.resetAfterMs) {
// Reset the throttle
numSeen = 0;
currentStage = 0;
stages[currentStage].onEnter?.();
} else if (stage.numToNextStage && numSeen >= stage.numToNextStage) {
const nextStage = currentStage + 1;
if (nextStage < stages.length) {
numSeen = 0;
currentStage++;
stages[currentStage].onEnter?.();
}
}
if (elapsed < currentThrottle) {
// Needs to be throttled
return;
}
// No need to throttle
lastEmitted = Date.now();
return cb(...args);
};
}
``` |
Save Our Selves is the name of a group of activists organized to raise awareness of global climate change. They are the organizers of the July 2007 Live Earth concerts.
The group was founded by Kevin Wall, and includes as major partners former United States Vice President Al Gore, the Alliance for Climate Protection, MSN and Control Room, a concert production company producing Live Earth.
See also
An Inconvenient Truth
Hurricane Katrina
Action on climate change
Kyoto Protocol
Politics of global warming
External links
Save Our Selves - Who we are, Live Earth website
What's Music Got to Do with Climate Change? National Geographic July 6, 2007
Climate change organizations based in the United States |
An election to Limerick County Council took place on 11 June 2004 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 28 councillors were elected from five local electoral areas (LEAs) for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Results by party
Results by local electoral area
Bruff
Castleconnell
Kilmallock
Newcastle West
Rathkeale
References
External links
2004 Irish local elections
2004 |
Mioljub "Bole" Denić (; 1925 – 13 November 2014) was a Serbian chief physician, cardiologist, basketball player and coach.
References
1925 births
2014 deaths
Basketball players from Belgrade
KK Borac Čačak coaches
KK Borac Čačak players
OKK Beograd coaches
OKK Beograd players
Player-coaches
Serbian cardiologists
Serbian men's basketball coaches
Serbian men's basketball players
University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine alumni
Yugoslav basketball coaches
Yugoslav men's basketball players
1942 Belgrade Basketball Championship players |
Thomas D. Harrison was a 19th-century New York pilot boat built for New Jersey pilots. She was launched from the Jacob S. Ellis & Son shipyard, at Tottenville, Staten Island in 1875. The Harrison went ashore in the Great Blizzard of 1888 with no lives lost. She continued as a pilot boat with Pilot Stephen Cooper in command. She was purchased in 1897 by Allerton D. Hitch and used for coastal trade in the Cape Verde islands off the west African coast.
Construction and service
The Thomas D. Harrison was a pilot boat built in 1875. She was launched from the Jacob S. Ellis & Son shipyard at Tottenville, Staten Island. She was registered as a pilot Schooner with the Record of American and Foreign Shipping, from 1876 to 1882. Her ship master was Thomas Dexter and her owners were New Jersey Pilots; built in 1875 at Tottenville, Staten Island; and her hailing port was the Port of New York. Her dimensions were 80 ft. in length; 22 ft. breadth of beam; 7.9 ft. depth of hold; and 70-tons Tonnage.
On February 12, 1879, the pilot boat Thomas D. Harrison, No. 3, and was reported as a New York pilot boat that took on incoming pilots whom had finished piloting ships out to sea and were returning home.
During the terrible Blizzard of 1888, the Thomas D. Harrison, No. 3, went ashore in a secure anchorage at Bay Ridge, Brooklyn in the upper harbor without loss of life.
On August 24, 1893, Pilot Stephen Cooper of the pilot boat Thomas D. Harrison was 20 miles off the Highlands when he picked up the only survivor from a sinking three-masted 200-ton schooner Narragansett and was taken to Staten Island. The crew of five men were lost.
In the October 31, 1893, Annual Report Of The Board Of Commissioners Of Pilotage, Thomas D. Harrison, No. 3, was listed as one of the eight New Jersey Sandy Hook pilot boats. She was listed as weighing 69.72-tons
On January 27, 1894, the pilot boats Thomas D. Harrison, No. 3, and the Elbridge T. Gerry, No. 2, were in a race to reach the steamship Caracas, fifteen miles of Sandy Hook. Pilot Cooper reached the Caracas first and climbed aboard to bring the steamship into port.
The Thomas D. Harrison was listed as a New Jersey pilot-boat in 1895 with pilot Stephen Cooper in command. They were on regular pilot duties and brought in the steamer Massasoit into port.
Out of service
On January 26, 1897, the Thomas D. Harrison went on a 4,000 mile voyage to São Vicente, Cape Verde off the west African coast. Captain John Correa took a crew of five men on the trip. The Harrison was purchased by Allerton D. Hitch and was used for coastal trade in the islands.
See also
List of Northeastern U. S. Pilot Boats
References
Service vessels of the United States
Individual sailing vessels
1875 ships
Schooners of the United States
Ships built in Staten Island
Pilot boats |
The Paulista Football Championship of 2021 was the 29th edition of this championship women's football organized by the Paulista Football Federation (FPF). Played between August and December, the competition will have twelve participants.
Format
The 2021 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino was held in three stages:
In the first stage, the twelve teams were placed in a single group. Each team in the group played each other, and the four teams at the top of the table advanced to the semifinals. The teams that finished 5th through 8th place competed in the Copa Paulista.
In the semifinal phase, the top 4 teams were placed in two groups of two, with the first group containing the 2nd and 3rd placed teams and the second group containing the first and fourth placed teams. Each team played one home match and one away match. The teams from each group with the most points after two matches qualified for the finals. The semifinal groups followed the same tiebreaker criteria as the group stage.
The final phase was disputed by the top finishers of the two semifinal groups. The two teams each played a home and away match to determine the winner. The final group phase followed the same tiebreaker criteria as the semifinal phase and the group stage.
Tiebreaker criteria
In the case of tie between two and more teams the following criteria will be used:
Number of wins
Goal difference
Goals Scored
Fewer red cards received
Fewer yellow cards received
Drawing of lots
Teams
Standings
Bracket
Semifinals
Semi-finals
|}
São Paulo won 5-0 on aggregate and advanced to the final.
Corinthians won 5-1 on aggregate and advanced to the final.
Final
|}
Top goalscorers
References
Women's football competitions in Brazil
Campeonato Paulista seasons |
Verruciform xanthoma is an uncommon benign lesion that has a verruciform (wart-like) appearance, but it may appear polypoid, papillomatous, or sessile. The verruciform was first described by Shafer in 1971 on the oral mucosa. Usually found on the oral mucosa of middle-aged persons, verruciform xanthomas have also been reported on the scrotum and penis of middle-aged to elderly Japanese males. While the most common site is the oral mucosa, lesions that occur elsewhere usually arise on the perineum or on the skin with some predisposing factor, such as lymphedema or an epidermal nevus.
Signs and symptoms
The most common location by far is the gingival margin and other areas of the masticatory oral mucosa, these occur more frequently in the fifth decade of life, and have good prognosis, the treatment of choice for oral VXs is surgical excision, and recurrence is rare.
The condition can affect other organs of body, such as the penis, vulva, and can occur in anal region, nose, the ear, lower extremity, scrotum.
Cause
Verruciform xanthoma is most likely not a human papillomavirus associated lesion and the foam cells in the lesions are most likely derived from the monocyte—macrophage lineage. More research is needed to determine the cause.
Diagnosis
Histology
A distinguishing feature of verruciform xanthoma is the presence of large numbers of lipid-laden foamy histiocytes in the lesion, and essentially limited to, the connective tissue papillae in the lesion. The lesions are solitary, raised, or polypoid with cup-shaped craters filled with parakeratotic cells that blend into keratinocytes of an acanthotic and papillomatous epidermis. There is a neutrophilic infiltrate of varying intensity between plump parakeratotic cells and keratinocytes, near the surface of the epidermis. The xanthoma cells contain periodic acid Schiff positive, diastase resistant granules. The foam cells are monocyte-macrophage lineage with positive immunohistochemical markers for CD68 (KP1) and cathepsin B.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis includes seborrheic keratosis, verruca simplex, condyloma acuminatum, granular cell myoblastoma, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, bowenoid papulosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and verrucous carcinoma
Treatment
Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.
Epidemiology
Verruciform xanthoma is uncommon, with a female:male ratio of 1:1.1
See also
Normolipoproteinemic xanthomatosis
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism
Oral mucosal pathology |
Pertosa is a village and comune of the province of Salerno in the Campania region of south-west Italy. In 2010 its population was 714.
History
Geography
The village is situated in the eastern side of the province of Salerno, close to the municipalities of Auletta, Polla and Caggiano and to Alburni mountains. Its only hamlet (frazione) is the little village of Muraglione, in which are located the show caves.
Demographics
At the census in 2001 the town had a population of 727, a drop from the 897 at the previous census in 1991.
Main sights
Pertosa is a receptive tourist place principally for its karst show cave system, the Pertosa Caves (Grotte di Pertosa). The caves are located in the valley below the town, by the river Tanagro.
Gallery
See also
Cilento
Vallo di Diano
References
External links
Pertosa municipal website
Official site of the caves
Cities and towns in Campania
Localities of Cilento |
San Manuel Chaparrón is a municipality in the Jalapa department of Guatemala.
Municipalities of the Jalapa Department |
Marksboro is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Frelinghuysen Township in Warren County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, that was created as part of the 2010 United States Census, though settlement and naming of the community date back to before 1760. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP's population was 82.
History
Marksboro is named for Colonel Mark Thompson, who built and owned a grist mill on the Paulins Kill here before 1760. The first store was owned by William Shafer. An academy (school) was built here but was not successful, and was then used as a hotel as early as 1810. In 1814, the Marksboro Presbyterian Church was organized.
By 1882, the population had grown to 175. Marksboro had a post office, grist and lumber mill, and a "good local trade".
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 0.324 square miles (0.837 km2), including 0.320 square miles (0.828 km2) of land and 0.004 square miles (0.009 km2) of water (1.08%).
Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 186.
2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 82 people, 30 households, and 25 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 36 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 97.56% (80) White, 1.22% (1) Black or African American, 0.00% (0) Native American, 1.22% (1) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.00% (0) from other races, and 0.00% (0) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.00% (0) of the population.
Of the 30 households, 26.7% had children under the age of 18; 60.0% were married couples living together; 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 16.7% were non-families. Of all households, 10.0% were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 2.96.
22.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 17.1% from 25 to 44, 41.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.7 years. For every 100 females, the population had 110.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93.9 males.
Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Marksboro include:
Mark Thomson (1739–1803), politician who served as a United States representative from New Jersey
References
Census-designated places in Warren County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Frelinghuysen Township, New Jersey |
Mark Tindall (31 March 1914 – 10 July 1994) was an English first-class cricketer active 1931–38 who played for Middlesex, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), Cambridge University and represented the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players series. He was born in Marylebone; died in Eastbourne.
References
1914 births
1994 deaths
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Cricketers from Marylebone |
Twin Peaks are two prominent peaks along the foothills east of the Santa Cruz Mountains in Santa Clara County, California. The peaks are nestled between Uvas Reservoir to the west, and Paradise Valley in Morgan Hill to the east. The headwaters for Sycamore Creek rise from the eastern hillsides near these peaks.
Although part of the Uvas Reservoir County Park, no trails currently lead to the peaks from the park side.
See also
List of summits of the San Francisco Bay Area
References
External links
Mountains of Santa Clara County, California
Morgan Hill, California
Mountains of the San Francisco Bay Area
Mountains of Northern California |
Rück's blue flycatcher (Cyornis ruckii) is a passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is known from only four specimens and is endemic to a small area in northeast Sumatra, Indonesia, inhabiting primary lowland forest. Although all specimens share common characteristics, such as a black bill, brown iris, and black feet, two of the collected specimens show some physical discrepancy with the other two. They were initially described as Cyornis vanheysti before being accepted as specimens of C. ruckii. Rück's blue flycatcher has also been compared to other species of Cyornis.
The species is listed as "Critically Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as it has not been recorded since 1918. It has been protected by Indonesian law since 1972. It also might have been affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
Taxonomy
Rück's blue flycatcher was first described by the French zoologist Émile Oustalet in 1881, who studied two specimens (adult male and female) in the French National Museum of Natural History. The specimens were sent by Monsieur Rück from a trading port in modern-day Malacca, Malaysia, in 1880. Oustalet named the species after Rück and gave it the binomial name Cyornis ruckii. The binomial is sometimes emended to the Cyornis rueckii, but this is regarded as an incorrect spelling. Other common names for the species include Rueck's blue flycatcher and Rueck's niltava.
A further two specimens (adult male and immature male) were collected by A. van Heyst in 1917 and 1918 near Medan, where they were subsequently described as a new species (Cyornis vanheysti) by the British zoologists Herbert Robinson and Cecil Kloss in 1919. They also noted their similarity to the specimens described by Oustalet, eventually synonymizing C. vanheysti with C. ruckii. The specimens reside in the American Museum of Natural History.
The specimens have also been considered as being an aberrant form of the pale blue flycatcher (Cyornis unicolor). However, comparisons show that the pale blue flycatcher is different in both color and . Rück's blue flycatcher is monotypic.
Description
Rück's blue flycatcher is in length, with a black bill, brown iris and black feet. Differences between the specimens described by Oustalet and Robinson & Kloss exist. In the Oustalet specimens, the male has dark blue plumage, a blue belly, and a shining blue rump. There is also a small amount of grey coloring on disrupted feathers around the legs. The female has rufous-brown plumage, strong rufous lores, orange-rufous breast and a whitish belly. In the Robinson & Kloss specimens, the immature male has brown-spotted buff plumage with a rufous breast and a whitish center on underparts. The adult male shows some discrepancy with the adult male specimen described by Oustalet; the belly and tail coverts are whitish grey, while the flanks are bluish grey. Additionally, the Robinson & Kloss specimens have slightly larger bills. These differences could be caused by individual variation or due to the specimens being of different subspecies.
Distribution and habitat
Rück's blue flycatcher is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, around Medan, and presumably has a low population density. The specimens collected by Rück were from primary lowland forest, while the ones collected by van Heyst are thought to be from exploited forest, which might show possible tolerance against habitat degradation, although this is disputed.
Conservation
Last recorded in 1918, and due to ongoing habitat loss, poor surveying, and its small population and limited range, Rück's blue flycatcher is evaluated as "Critically Endangered" on the IUCN Red List. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES and has been protected under Indonesian law since 1972. In 2013 and 2014, observations in Jambi, Sumatra, revealed a pair of unidentified flycatchers that resembled Rück's blue flycatcher, but the possibility of them being white-tailed flycatchers (Cyornis concretus) could not be eliminated. Rück's blue flycatcher might have been affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and is also predicted to be extinct with 80% confidence.
Notes
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Red Data Book
Rück's blue flycatcher
Birds of Sumatra
Endemic birds of Sumatra
Critically endangered fauna of Asia
Rück's blue flycatcher |
The ship cemetery at Ekenabben is located in the Djupasund strait between the islands of Sturkö and Tjurkö in the Blekinge archipelago in southern Sweden. The ship cemetery consists of around 20 wrecks from 1550 - 1650 that were sunk at the end of the 18th and beginning of 19th century to create an underwater barrier and prevent ships' entry to Karlskrona, host to the Karlskrona naval base, Sweden's largest naval base.
History
During the end of the 18th and early 19th century several ships were deliberately sunk in the Djupasund strait to create a barrier to entry to Karlskrona. This was done after a Russian frigate had been spotted far in the archipelago. Around 20 wrecks are considered to be located in the strait, out of which six have been identified.
Mapping of the wrecks
Since Karlskrona was founded in 1680 around 60 ships have been deliberately sunk in different locations in the archipelago. Between 2020 and 2022 the wrecks in the Djupasund were mapped on behalf of the Blekinge Regional Council, the Blekinge County Council, and the Karlskrona Municipality as part of a wreck-mapping project. The project was started to spread knowledge about Karlskrona's naval history after it was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1998, to create a park for recreational diving, and strengthen tourism in Blekinge.
Ship of the line Södermanland/Grip/Gripen
The ship of the line Södermanland was built in Stockholm and launched in 1749. The ship was around 42 meters long and 11.3 meters wide, with 50-54 canons. 1777 the upper deck was removed and she was converted into a frigate and renamed Grip (later Gripen). She then had 44 canons. In 1810 she was sunk in Djupasund strait.
Ship of the line Enigheten/Kung Fredrik
The ship of the line Enigheten with 94 canons was built in 1696 by Charles Sheldon in Karlskrona, rebuilt in 1730 and two years later renamed Kung Fredrik (King Fredrik). Enigheten participated in naval expeditions against Denmark in 1700, at the 1710 Battle of Køge Bay, and at the 1715 Battle of Rügen. She was rebuilt in 1768 and ultimately sunk in the Djupasund strait in 1785.
Ship of the line Wasa
The ship of the line Wasa was built in Karlskrona in 1778. She participated in battles as part of the naval campaign during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790). The Swedish East India Company used Wasa during their voyage to China 1803 - 1805, and after that the ship was rebought by the Swedish navy in 1808. She was ultimately sunk in the Djupasund strait in 1836. Wasa is not to be confused with the Swedish galleon Vasa from 1627.
Archipelago frigate Disa
Disa was a smaller kind of archipelago frigate predominantly meant for use closer to the coast. Disa was 23,75 meters long and 5,5 meters wide. Her crew numbered 105 men and she carried 18 canons.
Crown yacht Simpan
No known information remains about the ship's use or when it was built.
Brigantine Pollux
The brigantine Pollux was a two-masted sailing vessel launched in Karlskrona. She was 28,5 meters long and 7,1 meters wide, with 18 light canons. She was sunk in the Djupasund strait in 1785.
Sport diving
Several of the wrecks in the ship cemetery are attractive dive sites for recreational divers, and most of the wrecks are relatively accessible from the harbour of Ekenabben. The ship cemetery lies at a depth of 12 meters on a bottom of sand and stone. In some places the oak timber from the wreck stands up several meters from the bottom. The wrecks lay in an east-western direction and span across the Djupasund strait. However, as the wreck cemetery is close to the active fishing port of Ekenabben diver down flags should be used, and escort boats are recommended.
The project to map the wrecks was done as a first step in the development of a planned scuba diving park. When finished the aim is that divers will be guided among the wrecks by signs. In the port of Ekenabben there is an exhibition with information signs about the ship cemetery and the six identified wrecks.
References
Shipwrecks of Sweden
Wreck diving sites |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#ifndef TNZIMAGE_INCLUDED
#define TNZIMAGE_INCLUDED
#include "tcommon.h"
#undef DVAPI
#undef DVVAR
#ifdef IMAGE_EXPORTS
#define DVAPI DV_EXPORT_API
#define DVVAR DV_EXPORT_VAR
#else
#define DVAPI DV_IMPORT_API
#define DVVAR DV_IMPORT_VAR
#endif
DVAPI void initImageIo(bool lightVersion = false);
#endif
``` |
Canal Whiteside or Whiteside Channel is a channel in southern Chile, between Dawson Island (to the west) and Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (to the east). It runs from the southern tip of Inútil Bay to Almirantazgo Fjord. It is clear of dangers and deep; the eastern shore, which is low and fronted with shallow water, should not be approached within one mile; the western shore has no known dangers off-lying, and may be approached to a distance of about 1/4 mile.
The channel is named after Arturo Whiteside, a Chilean cartographer who, in 1904, explored the zone.
See also
Fjords and channels of Chile
List of fjords, channels, sounds and straits of Chile
References
Strait of Magellan
Bodies of water of Magallanes Region
Straits of Chile |
The Sot-Weed Factor is the title of two related literary works:
"The Sot-Weed Factor" (poem), an 18th-century satirical poem by Ebenezer Cooke
The Sot-Weed Factor (novel), a 1960 novel by John Barth |
Bangrin is a village in the Sabcé Department of Bam Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. It has a population of 965.
References
Populated places in the Centre-Nord Region
Bam Province |
Semnan international airport
Semnan International Airport () is an airport serving the city of Semnan, in the Semnan Province of Iran.
Development
This airport did not have adequate facilities for scheduled commercial passenger service, but was utilized for charter flights to and from the city. However, the airport has received significant renovation and now consists of a passenger terminal and an arrival building.
The construction of the airport's air traffic control tower was finished and commenced operations in the Summer of 2011.
The airport also offers scheduled flights to the cities of western Iran for religious pilgrimages that will continue to Iraq, Syria and Saudi Arabia.
The airport hopes to establish direct flight routes to Karbala, Iraq; Najaf, Iraq; Damascus, Syria; and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as soon as the international situation allows the proper atmosphere for such services.
Some of the wealthy agribusiness managers also utilize the airport for the domestic transportation of their crops. The Semnan Municipal Airport is accessible via the A83 highway, and is situated a few kilometers east of the Islamic Azad University, itself only a few kilometers east of the city boundaries.
References
Airports in Iran
Semnan County
Semnan Province
Buildings and structures in Semnan Province
Transportation in Semnan Province |
St. Peter (also ) is a Romanesque church in Syburg, now a suburb of Dortmund, Germany. It is the active Protestant parish church of Syburg, officially named "". It serves as a concert venue for the bimonthly (Syburg Sunday Music).
Location and significance
Standing on a rocky outcrop above the confluence of the Ruhr and the Lenne, the sandstone church is one of the most noticeable landmarks in the area. It is listed as a monument by the Denkmalbehörde der Stadt Dortmund.
The church is surrounded by a graveyard, which contains the oldest gravestones in Westphalia; three stones date back to between 750 and 850, one of which is in the church.
History
In his desire for Christianization, Charlemagne conquered the strategic area in 775. The original church, described as a basilica, is documented in the Annals of Lorsch as early as 776, making it the oldest in Dortmund and probably in Westphalia. Remnants of the simple rectangular wooden building are now under examination. The neighbouring castle of Hohensyburg, taken the same year by the Saxons, was liberated by Pope Leo III in 799. In the presence of Charlemagne and other dignitaries, the Pope dedicated the church to St. Peter, the patron saint of the Carolingians. At the same time, Syburg was given pilgrimage rights associated with the feast of St. Mark on 25 April and was allowed to hold a two-week market associated with the feast. The pilgrims were attracted by the many relics in the church, including a silver skull of St. Barbara.
The present-day building dates from the 12th century. It was built around 1100 with a flat ceiling and was a Wehrkirche (Fortified church). The tower, still standing today, was built in the 13th century. The church was an important medieval pilgrimage site. The church was damaged by fire in 1673 during the Franco-Dutch War leading to the destruction of the Romanesque apse. Replacing the apse, the chancel was built in 1688 with pointed windows in the Gothic style.
In the spring of 1945, at the end of World War II, the church was badly damaged by a bomb which completely destroyed the nave. It was rebuilt, together with section of the chancel, from 1953 to 1954. During excavations in 1950–51, 1976–77 and 1983, foundations of a Romanesque apse and a square building from the time of Charlemagne were found.
Furnishings and fittings
After the Reformation, the Protestant pastor Luerman destroyed everything in the church associated with Catholicism. As a result, it is difficult to trace the building's history until 1580. The simple cross in white Carrara marble, the oldest artefact in the church, can therefore be dated to the end of the 16th century. The cross can now be seen on the first floor of the defensive tower.
In the 1950s, the church was furnished with stained glass windows by : a window depicting St. Barbara is in the tower while the three in the chancel show scenes from the life of St. Peter. The sculptor (1926–2004) created the bronze figures of St. Peter and his wife whose existence is based on the story of Christ's healing of Peter's mother-in-law in Matthew, Chapter 18. The bronze cross on the altar with its enamel decoration is the work of from Cologne.
The church is the setting for a novel by Gertrud von Le Fort, Spökenkieken. Eine Liebesgeschichte rund um die Kirche St. Peter zu Syburg und Haus Villigst.
Music
A new organ was built in 1998 by the firm Claus Sebastian (Geesthacht). Since then, the church has served as a concert venue for the bi-monthly Syburger Sonntagsmusiken (Syburg Sunday Music) of organ music, chamber music and vocal music. On an initiative of Willi Gundlach, conductor of the Kammerchor der Universität Dortmund (chamber choir of the University of Dortmund), guest artists have included Martin Blindow, who played the first concert at the new organ on 10 May 1998, the Alsfelder Vokalensemble, conducted by Wolfgang Helbich, organist Heinz Wunderlich, and the VokalEnsemble Köln, conducted by Max Ciolek. The 100th concert was given in 2012. The regular event in December is called Offenes Kantatensingen (Open cantata singing) and featured in 2012 Bach's cantata Darzu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes, BWV 40. In 2016, Georg Poplutz performed Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin, accompanied by a guitar duo.
Literature
Kirchengemeinde Syburg auf dem Höchsten (Hg.), Ein Leben für Syburg, Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag des Ortshistorikers Willi Kuhlmann, Hardcover, 156 pages, 28 illustrations.
Gertrud von Le Fort: Spökenkieken. Eine Liebesgeschichte rund um die Kirche St. Peter zu Syburg und Haus Villigst. Commentary and illustrations by Renate Breimann. Ingrid Lessing Verlag, 2010, .
Renate Breimann: Ev. Kirche St. Peter zu Syburg, Kirchenführer. Ingrid Lessing Verlag, 2007, 39 pages. .
Rüdiger Jordan: Von Kapitellen, Kanzeln und Taufsteinen. Ein spannender Führer zu 67 Kirchen und Klöstern im Ruhrtal. Klartext Verlag, 2006, .
References
External links
Hohensyburg – Die Kirche St. Peter
Protestant churches in Dortmund
Romanesque architecture in Germany
8th-century churches in Germany |
Gavin Brady (born 1 November 1973 in Timaru) is a New Zealand sailor who has competed in the Summer Olympics and multiple America's Cups.
After sailing the sponsor boat for New Zealand Challenge at the 1992 Louis Vuitton Cup, Brady was the tactician for Tag Heuer Challenge at the 1995 Louis Vuitton Cup. He then sailed the 1997–98 Whitbread Round the World Race as the helmsman on Chessie Racing.
Brady was third at the 1999 ISAF Open Match Racing World Championship. He then joined AmericaOne for the 2000 Louis Vuitton Cup.
In 1999 he was helming inshore races in the winning Dutch |Champagne Mumm Admiral's Cup Team.
Alongside Jamie Gale, Brady competed at the 2000 Star World Championships and finished 7th. Gale and Brady then sailed for New Zealand at the 2000 Summer Olympics. They placed ninth in the Star class. He competed in the 2001 Star World Championships with George Iverson and the pair finished second. He then competed in his second Round the World Race, sailing on Team SEB during the 2001–02 Volvo Ocean Race.
Brady sailed for Luna Rossa Challenge at the 2003 Louis Vuitton Cup. Brady was the tactician for Oracle Racing at the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup. In 2009 he sailed for the Greek Challenge at the Louis Vuitton Pacific Series before returning to Oracle for the Louis Vuitton Trophy Nice Côte d’Azur. In 2010 he sailed in the Louis Vuitton Trophy Auckland and Louis Vuitton Trophy La Maddalena for Mascalzone Latino.
He is also a four-time winner of the Congressional Cup.
References
1973 births
Sportspeople from Timaru
Living people
New Zealand male sailors (sport)
1995 America's Cup sailors
Volvo Ocean Race sailors
Olympic sailors for New Zealand
Sailors at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Star
2000 America's Cup sailors
2003 America's Cup sailors
Luna Rossa Challenge sailors
Oracle Racing sailors
2007 America's Cup sailors |
Hard Boiled Mahoney is a 1947 American comedy film directed by William Beaudine and starring the comedy team of The Bowery Boys alongside Teala Loring and Betty Compson. It is the sixth film in the series produced by Monogram Pictures.
Plot
Sach just lost his job as an assistant to a private detective, but he wasn't paid. Slip goes with him down to the detective's office to demand payment, but finds the office empty. A woman enters the office and mistakes Slip for the detective and convinces him to take on a case to find her sister after offering a $50 retainer.
The only clue they have is the spiritualist Dr. Carter. They track him down, only to see him being murdered. Slip is knocked unconscious and when he wakes a woman is there calling the police. Slip identifies her as the other woman's sister, but she denies it. After asking questions, Slip believes the woman is not the other one's sister and they assist each other in escaping the police and make plans to meet up later.
Slip and Sach then go to see the fortune teller Armand and find out that the two women aren't related, they both just want to get back incriminating letters that Armand has that he uses to blackmail them. Eventually the good and bad guys meet up at Louie's Sweet Shop and a fight takes place. As soon as it ends, Louie's waitress, Alice, arrives with the police and takes away Armand and his gang. The boys then all take turns hitting Slip on the head with their hats after they discover that he used the entire $50 trying to get the information to solve the mystery.
Cast
The Bowery Boys
Leo Gorcey as Terrance 'Slip' Mahoney
Huntz Hall as Sach
Bobby Jordan as Bobby
William Benedict as Whitey
David Gorcey as Chuck
Gabriel Dell as Gabe
Remaining cast
Bernard Gorcey as Louie Dumbrowski
Teala Loring as Eleanor
Dan Seymour as Dr. Armand
Patti Brill as Alice
Betty Compson as Salina Webster
Production
This is the only Bowery Boys film in which Gabe (Gabriel Dell) is part of the team, in every other film he is a protagonist or former team member. In this film, he reprises his character of "Talman" (a.k.a. "Pete") that he portrayed in the East Side Kids final film, Come Out Fighting.
Home media
Released on VHS by Warner Brothers on September 1, 1998.
Warner Archives released the film on made-to-order DVD in the United States as part of "The Bowery Boys, Volume Two" on April 9, 2013.
References
External links
1947 films
Bowery Boys films
1940s English-language films
American crime comedy films
Monogram Pictures films
Films directed by William Beaudine
American black-and-white films
1940s crime comedy films
1940s American films |
The Papyrology Collection of the University of Michigan Library is an internationally respected collection of ancient papyrus and a center for research on ancient culture, language, and history. With over 7,000 items and more than 10,000 individual fragments, the Collection is by far the largest collection of papyrus in the country, and offers a glimpse into the everyday life and language of the ancient world. Of keen interest to historians, linguists, classicists, philosophers, archaeologists, as well as others, the collection includes biblical fragments, religious writings, public and private documents, private letters, and writings on astronomy, astrology, mathematics, and magic. The papyri span nearly two millennia of history, dating from about 1000 BC to AD 1000, with the majority dating from the third century BC to the seventh century AD.
Many of the papyri in U-M's collection were written by Greek-speaking people living in Egypt. Their use of common Greek, known as koine, is instructive as to how the ancient dialects gave way to a more standardized language. Although most examples of papyrus originate from Egypt, papyrologists generally study documents which are written in Greek—the official language of the government from the time of Alexander the Great until the Muslim conquest of Egypt.
History
The Michigan Papyrus Collection was initially developed by Professor Francis W. Kelsey, Chairman of the Department of Latin from 1889 to 1927. While in Italy in 1915, Professor Kelsey learned of the possibility of purchasing papyri from dealers. But, since World War I was in progress, any purchasing had to wait until after the armistice of 1918. Kelsey then traveled to Egypt to acquire papyri. In February 1920, he arrived in Cairo and secured the codex of the Minor Prophets, among many other pieces. Dr. W.W. Bishop, University Librarian of the University of Michigan, was very eager to enlarge the Library's manuscript resources, and assumed responsibility for the housing and care of the papyri, as well as for providing in the Library a work room for those entrusted with their decipherment and publication.
All these papyrus documents provide a unique insight into the ancient world, the social structure of ancient life in general and in detail. The contribution of the papyrus collection has been very important in the understanding of the history of Egypt under Greek and Roman rule, the structure of the society from the Ptolemaic to the Byzantine period, the administration, the personal religious beliefs of individuals, the official religions and their dogmatic clashes, the history of ancient scholarship, the schools, higher education and changes in literary taste over the periods mentioned. Among the most intriguing texts to have been unearthed are passages from sorcerers' handbooks that disclose magic spells and give instructions on their proper use.
The collection of papyri is augmented by the University's collection of ostraca, which is housed in the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology. Other ancient materials in the Collection include wood and wax tablets (unique in the ancient world because they were eraseable and re-usable).
Professional Activities and Affiliations
From July 29-August 4, 2007, The U-M Papyrus Collection hosted the XXV International Congress of Papyrology. The Congress is an important gathering of international scholars and researchers.
The U-M Papyrus Collection also produces the Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, the only professional journal published in America for the advanced study of papyri and related topics.
Digitization efforts
The University of Michigan Papyrus Collection has for many years been involved in digitizing its papyrology collection. New technology has aided the study of the fragile materials, making it more easily accessible. The first digital scanner purchased by the U-M Library was used to begin digitizing its papyrus holdings, according to the Winter 2007 issue of Search and Discovery: Research at Michigan.
The University of Michigan, along with UC Berkeley, Columbia, Duke, Princeton, and Yale, is a member of the Advanced Papyrological Information System (APIS), a consortium that is working to digitize the member institutions' collections and make them available online. The Michigan APIS database currently has over 35,000 records with images, searchable in a variety of fields including date, language, origin, type of text, author, names of persons, and many more. Also included are detailed electronic images of the papyrus, publication info, and even (in some cases) a link to the Greek text on the Perseus Project website.
See also
Collections of papyri
References
Papyrus collections
Papyrology
Ostracon
University of Michigan
Egyptian inscriptions
Ptolemaic Greek inscriptions
Roman-era Greek inscriptions |
A New Leaf is a 1971 American black comedy film written and directed by Elaine May in her directorial debut based on the short story "The Green Heart" by Jack Ritchie. It stars May, Walter Matthau, Jack Weston, George Rose, James Coco, and Doris Roberts. Prior to the film, May was better known for her collaboration as a stage comedian with The Graduate director Mike Nichols.
In the film, a formerly wealthy playboy has run out of money. He decides to find a rich bride for himself, and soon enough finds a shy heiress. He takes charge of her finances after their wedding, and gets rid of her disloyal staff members. He is carefully planning uxoricide, but does not account for his own emotions. When the opportunity to kill her arrives, he realizes that he has fallen in love with his wife.
The film was a critical success upon its initial release. However, despite several accolades, award nominations, and a Radio City Music Hall run, A New Leaf fared poorly at the box office and remains little known by the general public. It is now considered a cult classic. In 2019, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Plot
Henry Graham, a playboy from a wealthy patrician family, has run through his entire inheritance and is completely unequipped to provide for himself, with his greedy uncle Harry refusing to lend him any more money. His valet Harold suggests to a suicidal Henry that he should marry into wealth. With a $50,000 loan from Harry to tide him over, Henry has just six weeks to find a rich bride and repay the money, otherwise he must forfeit all of his property to his uncle.
Desperation sets in as Henry's attempts to meet a suitable mate fail. With only days remaining, Henry meets clumsy, painfully shy heiress Henrietta Lowell, a botany professor. She is the answer to his prayers: wealthy and with no family. However, Henrietta's suspicious (and crooked) lawyer Andy McPherson is a problem, as Harry plots with him to prove to Henrietta that Henry only wants her for her money. They fail, and Henrietta marries Henry. On their honeymoon, Henrietta discovers what may be an unknown species of fern.
Murder never far from his mind, Henry takes charge of his wife's life. He reorganizes her household staff, who had been taking full advantage of her timidity and naivete and sharing their profits with her former lawyer. He also learns how to manage accounts and a vast estate. Henrietta is completely disorganized and welcomes Henry's guidance. She also finds out that he has a B.A. in history, and suggests that an unwilling Henry could get a teaching job at the university where she works, so they could be together all the time.
When Henrietta's fern is confirmed as a new species, she names it Alsophila grahami after Henry. She invites him to join her on her canoe trip to the Adirondacks for her annual field trip. Henry sees this as an opportunity to rid himself of Henrietta in a remote area with no witnesses. Before he can dispose of her, however, their canoe capsizes. Henry makes it to shore, but Henrietta tells him she cannot swim. Henry tells her to let go of the log she is clinging to and he will rescue her. As he is leaving her to her watery fate, he finds an example of the fern Henrietta named after him. Realizing that he loves her, he rescues her and resigns himself to his unexpected fate as a married man, vowing that he will always be there to take care of her.
Cast
Walter Matthau as Henry Graham
Elaine May as Henrietta Lowell
Jack Weston as Andy McPherson
George Rose as Harold
James Coco as Uncle Harry
Doris Roberts as Mrs. Traggert
Renée Taylor as Sally Hart
David Doyle as Mel
William Redfield as Beckett
Mark Gordon as John
Production
May wrote A New Leaf from Ritchie's short story, but she never intended to act in or direct the picture. She was originally offered $200,000 for the script, but her agent cut a deal with Paramount so that May could direct and he could produce. She was paid only $50,000, as her agent told her a first time director could not expect such a large sum of money.
May was told that she could not get the picture made without Matthau, and that Paramount wanted Carol Channing to play the part of Henrietta. May protested, saying it was the man's movie and that the woman had to be someone who disappeared. She asked if she could pick the actress, and the studio declined, saying that instead, May could play Henrietta, and all for the same money.
A New Leaf was filmed in both Maine and multiple sections of New York City, including Lutèce restaurant on 50th Street in Manhattan and the interchange between the Long Island Expressway and Cross Island Parkway in the Oakland Gardens section of Queens.
For this film, May consulted Dr. Dominick Basile, a botany professor at Columbia University. Dr. Basile wrote botanically accurate lines into the script and supplied the botanical equipment seen in the film. May also modeled Henrietta's office after his.
It was co-produced by Aries Productions and Elkins Productions International Corporation, whose only other production was A Doll's House (1973).
Financial issues
In what would become a hallmark of Elaine May, the film's original $1.8 million budget shot up to over $4 million by the time it was completed. Shooting went 40 days over schedule and editing took over ten months. Similar problems dogged her subsequent projects, Mikey and Nicky and Ishtar, the latter named by critics at the time as one of the worst films ever made.
During shooting, producer Howard W. Koch tried to have May replaced, but she had put a $200,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) penalty clause in her contract and he was persuaded to keep her.
Alternate versions
After May would not show Paramount Pictures a rough cut of the film ten months into editing, Robert Evans took the film away from her and recut it even though she had final cut in her contract. May's version was rumored to run 180 minutes and contained the two murders in Ritchie's story, as well as subplots about misogyny. It is not known if the original cut still exists. Evans shortened it to 102 minutes. Angered by the alterations, May tried to take her name off the film and unsuccessfully sued Paramount to keep it from being released.
The original story included a subplot in which Henry discovers from the household accounts that Henrietta is being blackmailed on dubious grounds by the lawyer, McPherson, and another character played by William Hickey; Henry poisons both of them. This darkly casts Henry's eventual acceptance of a conventional life with Henrietta as his "sentence". Paramount eliminated this subplot.
May sued Paramount to get her name removed as writer and director, but no one with power was on her side. Matthau never thought her capable of holding all three roles of actor, director, and writer, and the judge eventually sided with Paramount, saying their version was hilarious and bound to be a hit.
Roger Ebert discusses this issue in his review: "Miss May is reportedly dissatisfied with the present version; newspaper reports indicate that her original cut was an hour longer and included two murders. Matthau, who likes this version better than the original, has suggested that writer-director-stars should be willing to let someone else have a hand in the editing. Maybe so. I'm generally prejudiced in favor of the director in these disputes. Whatever the merits of Miss May's case, however, the movie in its present form is hilarious, and cockeyed, and warm."
Vincent Canby remarked: "Not having seen Miss May's version, I can only say that the film I saw should be a credit to almost any director, though, theoretically at least, Miss May is right. The only thing that gives me pause is the knowledge that its success will probably be used in the future as an argument to ignore the intentions of other directors, but with far less happy results."
Release
Critical reception
The film was well received by critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 68 reviews, with an average score of 8.10/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Elaine May is a comedic dynamo both behind and in front of the camera in this viciously funny screwball farce, with able support provided by Walter Matthau."
Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and described the film as "hilarious, and cockeyed, and warm." In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby called it "a beautifully and gently cockeyed movie that recalls at least two different traditions of American film comedy... The entire project is touched by a fine and knowing madness." The film was placed at #2 on Gene Siskel's list of the best movies of 1971.
Awards
See also
List of films cut over the director's opposition
1971 in film
Cactus Flower (film)
The Heartbreak Kid - May's 1972 follow-up film
References
External links
1971 black comedy films
1971 romantic comedy films
1971 films
American black comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films about marriage
Films based on American short stories
Films directed by Elaine May
Films scored by Neal Hefti
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Maine
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Elaine May
Uxoricide in fiction
United States National Film Registry films
1971 directorial debut films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films |
Karl Gottlieb Pfander (1803–1865), spelt also as Carl Gottlieb Pfander or C.G. Pfander, was a Lutheran Christian priest, missionary and apologist; he served as a missionary in Central Asia and Trans-Caucasus under the Basel Mission, and as a polemicist to the North-Western Provinces of India under the Church Missionary Society. He was known for converting Muslims to Christianity.
He authored Mizan al-Haqq (The Balance of Truth), an apologetic, Remarks on the nature of Muhammedanism, and more.
Biography
One of nine children, the son of a village baker was born on 3 November 1803 at Württemberg, Germany—Württemberg, his birthplace was one of the few places notorious for Pietistic form of Evangelism, influenced by Pietistic Lutherans like J.A. Bengel and F.C. Oetinger. Pfander attended a local Latin school, and then grammar school in Stuttgart. At the age of sixteen, he had already decided to become a Protestant Christian missionary; accordingly, he got his missionary training in Germany between 1819 and 1821. In due course, he was accepted for training at the newly established Evangelical Institute at Basel in Switzerland between 1821 and 1825, and became fluent in Persian, Turkish, and Arabic languages. Karl Gottlieb Pfander was ordained as a Lutheran priest, with his holy orders being conferred in the state church. During his first appointment with the Basel Mission (BM) [German: Evangelische Missions Gasellschaft] at Shusha in Karabakh Khanate, Azerbaijan, he quickly learned Armenian and Azerbaijani languages, and fine-tuned his Persian language skills; he served for twelve years at BM society between 1825 and 1837, studying the Arabic language and Quran. He married Sophia Reuss, first wife; a German, in Moscow on 11 July 1834; however, she died in a childbed in Shusha on 12 May 12, 1835. In 1837, he joined the Church Missionary Society (CMS) when BM was closed by Russia in Central Asia; consequently, he was sent to India for sixteen years between 1837 and 1857. He married Emily Swinburne, second wife; an English woman, in Calcutta on 19 January 1841, who bore him three boys and three girls. In 1858, he was sent to Istanbul by CMS following an uprising against the British rule in India. Pfander returned to Britain when CMS activity in the city was suspended as Ottoman opposed his controversialist approach. He died on 1 December 1865 at Richmond, London.
He is buried at St Andrew's Church, Ham Common. His epitaph reads that he was "a leading champion in the great controversy between Christianity and Islam."
South Caucasus (1825–1836)
In 1825, after Pfander was ordained, he was stationed at Shusha, provincial-capital of Karabakh, Transcaucasus—also called South Caucasus – north of Russia, west of Turkey, and south of Iran – All of Azerbaijan. Pfander did missionary work in Karabakh and neighbouring lands. Out of several Basel Mission missionaries, some missionaries concentrated on reforming Armenian Orthodox Church, which they believed to be corrupt and bankrupt—one-third of the local population were Armenian Christians—this newly established province had migration of Armenian people before and after 1828 from Persia (present Iran).
Pfander, on behalf of Basel Mission concentrated in evangelizing and communicating Gospel to local Muslims—about two-thirds of local population were Muslims. Pfander believed that if Muslims read New Testament translated into Persian language, their preferred language, they would automatically abandon Islam and acknowledge its superiority and truth. For this, Pfander made several excursions to Iran and also spent a year at Baghdad, Iraq, to master Persian language. From 1825 to 1829, he worked in Shusha and neighbouring lands.
In 1835, Russia forbade all missionary operations in Shusha except those of the Greek church; consequently, he was forced to leave Shusha. He returned to Shusha in 1836 after he went to Istanbul in 1835, but left to Calcutta, India, in 1837.
Central Asia (1829–1835)
Between 1829 and 1831, he worked with Anthony Norris Groves, Baghdad, and for a year assisted Groves' efforts to establish a mission base and school there. From March 1831, he worked in Persia, and returned to Shusha. While working in Trans-Caucasus, he made several visits to Central Asia – Iran—to master Persian language.
Colonial India: Agra Province (1841–1855)
With British parliament opening up for Protestant missionary activities in 1813 in India, several missionaries started operating in India that were under control of the East India Company. In 1814, the first Anglican bishop was secretly consecrated in Calcutta. From 1832, non-British missionaries were also allowed to operate in the Indian subcontinent. Agra, famous for Islamic learning and culture, had been transformed into an administrative centre for India's North-West province by the British government. Both Agra and Lucknow became home to missionaries who engaged in interfaith dialogue with the local Muslim ulema and published polemical books against the Islamic creed. Stationed here at the time included former Muslim convert to Christianity Abdul Masih and Joseph Wolff.
After a disastrous famine in 1837, a large orphanage was opened by the authorities in Agra and several orphaned children were taken in and subsequently baptized as Christians.
With the financial success of the orphanage, the East India Company launched Orphan Press, employing the orphans at Agra. The success of Serampore Baptist Press for the East India Company in lower Bengal by Serampore Trio was soon replicated at Sikandra in the 1840s for printing Urdu and Persian tracts in criticism of Islam. This further escalated with the transfer of "Sadr courts" from Allahabad to Agra.
At the heart of this new publishing activity, CMS recruited Pfander, a German Pietistic Lutheran missionary with Swiss missionary training and considerable linguistic skills combined with experience in preaching on the Persian frontier (Central Asia). Pfander had been posted to Agra to evangelize Muslims and also to assist the already working German missionary colleagues, who like Pfander had been exiled from Central Asia by the Tsar's prohibition on any further Pietist missionary activity.
Pfander started to India in 1837 and arrived at Calcutta (present Kolkata) on 1 October 1838, due to closure of his previous mission station in the Russian Caucasus—South Caucasus. On his arrival, he had an impression that Muslims in India were on the verge of turning to Christianity; accordingly, he translated some of the books on Islam and Christianity which he had already written during the previous years into Urdu. Mizan al-Haqq was one such book that was used as starting point at Agra, and it was translated into several other languages of the Muslim world as well. With consent from the Basel Mission, he joined CMS on 12 February 1840.
In January 1841, the CMS posted Pfander to Agra in Northern India. After he took his new job at Agra, he immediately began engaging local Muslims through written letters, sending copies of the Persian and Arabic Bibles. The East India Company also posted administrators who were sympathetic to evangelicalism, such as James Thomason, the Lieutenant general of North-West Provinces, and William Muir. These new Company recruits provided unofficial support for Protestant missionary preaching, publishing, and educational initiatives. Stephen Wheler, a Colonel notorious for his provocative role in preaching to Sepoys at Barrackpore, meanwhile started a second orphanage at Fatehgarh (near Agra) in 1838 — with his departure, he handed over Orphanage maintenance to American Presbyterian missionaries. In 1854, under these circumstances, Pfander engaged in a famous public debate with leading Islamic scholars in Agra.
Pfander vs. Rahmatullah debate
While in India, he engaged with Muslim religious leaders in a famous public debate at Agra on 10 and 11 April 1854 at the invitation of Islamic scholar Rahmatullah Kairanawi. Several hundred Muslims and Christians gathered in the school room of Agra's Church Missionary Society to listen to a series of public debates between Pfander, a German CMS Protestant missionary, and Kairanawi, a Sunni theologian. Pfander supporters included British East Indian Company servants, who represented India's colonial power and its protection of European missionaries; Pfander's co-workers including Thomas Valpy French, who later became the first bishop of Lahore; local Christian converts from Islam, and representatives of the Anglican Church. Local Shi'ites and Sunni audiences; Muhammad Wazîr Khân, a physician in British-run medical hospital; and prolific Islamic writer and scholar Imad ud-din Lahiz were in the crowd on Kairanawi's side. Local Catholic missionaries were present as well.
Although the debate had been slated to address the topics of the Quran as the word of God, the Trinity and the sending of Muhammad, the debate centered around a single point, the authenticity of Christian scriptures. Pfander, well versed in the traditional argument, defended the integrity of the New Testament and Old Testament, while Kairanawi insisted that the Christian scriptures had been abrogated using the apocryphal 16th century Gospel of Barnabas as his main source, which he thought was the only authentic Gospel. Pfander was surprised by Kairanwi's use of European biblical critics.
After two days of debate, both claimed victory. The interest the debate aroused led a number of Muslims to read Pfander's literature and consider the questions that had been discussed. Some, such as the leading Sufi scholars and theologians Imad ud-din Lahiz and Safdar Ali, both of whom attended the debate, proclaimed their conversion to Christianity.
Imad ud-din Lahiz, for example, who assisted Kairanawi in representing the Islamic side in the debate, was so impressed with Pfander and his detailed arguments in his Magnum opus Mizan Al Haqq (The Balance of Truth) that he noted upon his conversion to Christianity:
"We can now, I think, say that the controversy has virtually been complete ... [that] the Christians have obtained a complete victory, while our opponents have been signally defeated."
William Muir, Secretary to the Government of the North West Provinces, described these debates between Pfander and Kairanawi in an article published by the "Calcutta Review," along with recent history of Christian mission to Muslims. Having observed the debate by himself, he later labeled these articles as The Mohammedan Controversy in 1897.
Colonial India: Peshawar (1855–1857)
In 1837 the CMS relocated Pfander to Peshawar, in the north-west frontier of India, where he continued his distribution of literature and his apologetics discussions. At the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he "went on preaching in the streets right through the most anxious time, when plots to murder all the Europeans were revealed by intercepted letters." That same year he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Cambridge University in recognition of his scholarship.
Istanbul (1858–1865)
He was sent as CMS missionary to Istanbulin 1859. When he arrived at Istanbul, many Turks showed interest in the doctrines of Christianity for the first few years. When in Istanbul, then-Ottoman capital, while he was on Middle Eastern mission, he commented:
However, with ill-advised comments and attacks against the Prophet Muhammad, the Turks soon retaliated violently against Christian missions, confiscating printing presses used by the missionaries, closed rooms and bookstores of the missionaries, including imprisonment of the missionaries, spurring the British government to interfere to free the missionaries. The mission never recovered from that blow, forcing them to forbid Istanbul for good.
Legacy
Pfander's chief legacy to posterity is undoubtedly his book Mizan ul-Haqq (The Balance of Truth), modelled on the style of Islamic theological works, and attempting to present the Christian gospel in a form understandable to Muslims. He offered reasons to believe that the Bible is the inspired word of God, neither corrupted nor superseded, and argued that the Qur'an itself testifies to the reliability of the Christian scriptures and the supremacy of Christ. He attempted to prove from the Qur'an and other Islamic writings some alleged fallibilities in Islam and its prophet, noting a historic contrast between the violence of Islamic expansion and the peaceable spread of the early church. The Mizan ul-Haqq stimulated a number of carefully argued refutations from Islamic scholars, followed by further writings from Pfander himself. It marked an important new phase in Muslim-Christian relations, when profound theological issues were addressed for the first time by recognised scholars.
In his history of the CMS, Eugene Stock described Pfander as "the greatest of all missionaries to Mohammedans." Temple Gairdner remarked that Pfander possessed the three great requisites for public controversy: absolute command of his subject, absolute command of the language, thought and manner of the people, and absolute command of himself. Samuel Zwemer defended his dogmatic and controversial methods, pointing out that Christ and his apostles engaged in similar public debate with individuals and crowds.
View of William Muir
William Muir, having arrived in India before Pfander, devoted his leisure time during and after his forty years of service at North-West province, to the study of early Islamic history and the writings of evangelical tracts for Muslims. Responding to Pfander's call for reliable account of the life of Muhammed, he began serious and detailed work on a biography The Life of Mohammet and History of Islam, where Muir explained Pfander's role in urging him to make available critical materials on the early sources of Islamic history.
Bibliography
Pfander wrote his own apologetic, entitled Mizan al-Haqq (The balance of truth), translated from German language entitled Waage der Wahrheit, as he was frustrated by the lack of evangelical literature against Muslims. He used this work to support the statements of the Bible against the Islamic views of its textual corruption and attacked the veracity of Quran and Muhammed's prophethood. This work typified Pfander's role in shaping missionary controversy with Islam in the nineteenth century.
While in Shusha, he drafted Waage der Wahrheit, considered till-today as missionary classic, in German language in May 1829. It had been translated later into Persian language entitled Mizan al-Haqq in 1835 at Shusha, and also into Armenian, Turkish, and Urdu languages afterwards. Urdu translation is done in 1843 at Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, after Pfander arrived India. It has been translated into English as The balance of truth. This work is considered as a cogent and incisive attack on Mohammedanism.
While in India, he engaged Muslim religious leaders in public disputations in Agra and Peshawar;
In 1840, he published Remarks on the Nature of Muhammedanism that dealt with popular Muslim faith, emphasizing the importance of Islamic traditions(hadith) in the ways Muslims interpret the Quran and practice their faith.
In 1844, he published Miftah al-Asrar (The key of mysteries) that presents an account of Jesus and the Trinity; and discusses the doctrines of the deity of Christ and the Trinity. He also published Tariq al-Hayat (The way of life) or Taríqu'l-hyát (The Path of Life) – presenting the Christian understanding of salvation against the Islamic understanding of sin.
References
Sources
Dann, Robert Bernard, Father of Faith Missions: the Life and Times of Anthony Norris Groves, (Authentic Media, 2004)
Powell, Avril Ann, Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India (Richmond, Curzon Press, 1993)
Schirrmacher, Christine, "The Influence of German Biblical Criticism on Muslim Apologetics in the 19th Century", <http://www.contra-mundum.org/schirrmacher/rationalism.html>
External links
The History of the Church Missionary Society at Internet Archive
The Christian Approach to Muslims
The Legacy of Karl Gottlieb Pfander
1803 births
1865 deaths
Christian scholars
Christian scholars of Islam
German Lutheran missionaries
Lutheran missionaries in Asia
Lutheran missionaries in India
German expatriates in India
Protestant missionaries in Azerbaijan
19th-century Lutherans
Burials at St Andrew's Church, Ham |
The Patriotic Force for Change (PATRIDA; , ΠΑΤΡΙ.Δ.Α.) is a Greek political party founded in September 2022. Its acronym is read "patrida", the Greek word for "fatherland".
Its president and founder is the member of parliament Konstantinos Bogdanos, while the vice president is the jurist Afroditi Latinopoulou. The slogan of the party is "Homeland, Religion, Family and Economic Freedom."
The party is represented in the Hellenic Parliament by Konstantinos Bogdanos, an independent member of parliament from Athens, where he was elected in 2019 with New Democracy. The party is seeking membership in the European Conservatives and Reformists group of the EU parliament.
In January 2023, the electoral cooperation with K.Y.M.A of Hellenism was announced.
In March 2023, the joint descent into the elections with the party of Prodromos Emfietzoglou "Patriotic Union" and the already cooperating parties "Patriotic Association", "ELKIS", the "United Greece-New Europe" party and the "National Patriotic Party of Greece" was announced in which Bogdanos assumes the role of vice-president.
The "Hellenism Committee", the Hellenic Section of the U.S Republican Party and the Hellenic-Russian-Armenian Friendship Association have expressed their support for this cooperation. Afroditi Latinopoulou was deleted after her refusal to participate in this union.
A few days later, Latinopoulou announced the creation of a new party led by herself and supported by the K.Y.M.A. of Hellenism, which took the name "PATRIDA", the same name as Bogdanos' party.
Ideology
The Patriotic Force for Change, according to its constitution, is defined as a right-wing, conservative, bourgeois and economically liberal party. Some media characterize it as far-right, a characterization that its president, Konstantinos Bogdanos, rejects, also saying that "PATRIDA is not identical with the Golden Dawn." It is considered a pro-European (despite having some Soft Euroscepticism involved in its Party agenda) and pro-Western party, although it is seeking to be part of the Eurogroup of the European Conservatives and Reformists, many of whose members are mild Eurosceptics.
References
National conservative parties
Conservative parties in Greece
Nationalist parties in Greece
Political parties established in 2022 |
We Don't Want the Airwaves is a 7-inch EP by Israeli punk band Useless ID. It was released on May 6, 2016, and is the band's second release on Fat Wreck Chords.
The EP was recorded between December 3–9, 2015, at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado, during the sessions for the band's eighth studio album State Is Burning, and features that album's first single "We Don't Want the Airwaves", as well as an album b-side that didn't make the cut for the album ("Tension"), and two acoustic outtakes, one of which is for the album's title track "State Is Burning".
On April 15, 2016, the 15-year anniversary to Joey Ramone's death, "We Don't Want the Airwaves" was released as the first official single from State Is Burning through the Fat Wreck Chords YouTube channel. On April 20, 2016, the band announced on their Facebook page they'll be making a music video for the single, which will be composed of fan footage that will be sent to them by fans, giving tribute to the Ramones, as the song is the band's tribute to the Ramones.
The EP's title track is the band's tribute to one of their favorite and most influential bands, the Ramones. The single's name is a play on the Ramones song "We Want the Airwaves", and its lyrics referencing many Ramones albums such as Leave Home, Road to Ruin, End of the Century, Pleasant Dreams and others, as well as referencing the band's friend Brandon Carlisle of Teenage Bottlerocket, who died on November 3, 2015. The song also features Brandon’s brother, Ray, performing vocals for the final verse.
"Tension" was originally a Yotam Ben Horin solo song that he has been performing live acoustically, as well as with his solo band since 2012. The band started performing the song together during rehearsals in 2015 and decided to record the song for their eighth studio album State Is Burning. Following the album's eventual focus on heavier, faster and shorter songs, the song didn't make the cut, and was released on the 7-inch EP that preceded the album instead.
Track listing
Personnel
Yotam Ben Horin - lead vocals, bass
Ishay Berger - lead guitar, backing vocals
Guy Carmel - rhythm guitar, vocals
Gideon Berger - drums, percussion
Production
Bill Stevenson - production, engineering, arrangement
Jason Livermore - production, engineering, mastering
References
2016 EPs
Useless ID albums
Albums produced by Bill Stevenson (musician)
Fat Wreck Chords albums |
Sitara Devi (born Dhanlakshmi; 8 November 1920 – 25 November 2014) was an Indian dancer of the classical Kathak style of dancing, a singer, and an actress. She was the recipient of several awards and accolades, and performed at several prestigious venues in India and abroad; including the Royal Albert Hall, London (1967) and at the Carnegie Hall, New York (1976).
At a young age Devi met Rabindranath Tagore, who encouraged her to revive the lost Indian performing arts such as Kathak. Rabindranath Tagore described her as Nritya Samragni ( नृत्य सम्राज्ञी ), meaning the empress of dance, after watching her performance when she was just sixteen years old. Some people consider her as the Kathak queen.
Early life and background
Sitara Devi was born in Kolkata (then Calcutta) on 8 November 1920, that coincided in that year with the festival of Dhanteras, the eve of the Indian festival of Deepavali. She was named Dhanlakshmi, in honour of the goddess of good fortune who is worshiped on that day.
Devi's paternal family was of Brahmin heritage and from the city of Varanasi, but had settled in Kolkata for many years. Her father, Sukhdev Maharaj, was a Brahmin gentleman and a Vaishanavite scholar of Sanskrit, and earned his livelihood by teaching and performing the Kathak dance form. Devi's mother, Matsya Kumari, and her family belonged to the community of performing artists. Her father developed a passion for classical dance and study in-depth Bharata Natyam and Natya Shastra and practiced and performed Kathak in which he excelled. This passion for dance was something he passed on to his daughters, Alaknanda, Tara, and Dhanlakshmi alias Dhanno; and to his sons, Chaube and Pande.
She learnt dancing from her father, who established a school to teach dancing to children including his daughters and sons. Her dancing style consisted of both Benaras and Lucknow Gharana, a combination of ‘naaz’, ‘nakhre’ and ‘nazakat.'.
Like the tradition of the time, Devi was to be married when she was a young girl of eight, and her child bridegroom's family wanted to solemnize the marriage. However, she resisted, and wanted to be in a school. At her insistence, the marriage did not take place, and she was admitted into Kamachhagarh High School. While at school, a dance drama based on the mythological story of Savitri and Satyavan was to be enacted in a cultural program to be conducted by the students of the school. The school was searching amongst the students for someone to do a dance sequence embedded in the dance drama. Devi prevailed upon her teacher by showing her an impromptu dance performance. The performance clinched the role for her and she was also assigned the task to teach the dance to her co-performers in the sequence. Dhanno was re-christened as Sitara, and was entrusted with the care of her elder sister, Tara, and to impart her dancing lessons. Incidentally, Tara is the mother of famous Kathak dancer, Pt. Gopi Krishna.
By the time Devi had turned ten, she was giving solo performances, mostly during the fifteen-minute recess during movies in a cinema of her father's friend. Her commitment to learning dance left her with very little time, and she did not continue her schooling. By the time she was eleven, her family moved to Bombay (now called Mumbai). Soon after reaching Bombay, Devi gave a Kathak performance in the Atiya Begum Palace before a select audience, which included Rabindranath Tagore, Sarojini Naidu and Sir Cowasji Jehangir. She impressed Tagore who wanted her to give a special performance in Tata Palace. There the eleven-year-old dancing damsel studied kathak, with all its nuances, for three hours. Tagore called her to congratulate her in the traditional Indian style of giving her a shawl and a gift of Rs. 50 as a token of his appreciation.
Her debut was at Jehangir Hall (Mumbai), then the centre of metro's cultural life. When she was a twelve-year-old girl, Devi was recruited by Niranjan Sharma, a filmmaker and a dance director, and she gave dance sequences in some Hindi movies including her debut in Usha Haran 1940, Nagina 1951, Roti, Vatan 1938, Anjali 1957 (directed by Chetan Anand, brother of Dev Anand). In Mother India 1957, she performed a Holi dance dressed as a boy, and this was her last dance in any movie. She stopped performing dances in movies, as they were adversely affecting her study in the classical dance, Kathak.
Personal life
Sitara Devi married four times. Her first husband was one Mr Desai; little is known about him. Her second husband was the actor Nazir Ahmed Khan (not to be confused with Nasir Khan who was Nazir's son-in-law). The age difference between them was sixteen years, and Nazir's first wife, Sikandara Begum, was always present. There was also a profound difference of religion, Khan being a Muslim and Sitara Devi a Hindu. At that time (before 1956), it was not possible for people belonging to different religions to marry and not possible for husband and wife to belong to different religions. Sitara converted to Islam in order to enter into this marriage. This marriage was both short-lived and childless, and they were soon divorced.
Sitara Devi's third marriage was to film-maker K. Asif, who was not only the first cousin of her second husband, but also the brother of Sikandara Begum.This marriage also did not last very long, and it was childless.
After her third divorce, Sitara married Pratap Barot, a Hindu gentleman of Gujarati heritage. The couple had a son, Ranjit Barot, born in 1950.
Recognition
Devi received a number of awards, including Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1969), the Padma Shree (1973) award and the Kalidas Samman (1995) award.
She refused to accept the Padma Bhushan award, declaring, "it is an insult, not an honor," and as a report from the Press Trust of India quoted her saying: "is this government not aware of my contribution to Kathak? I will not accept any award less than Bharat Ratna."
On 8 November 2017, Google showed a Doodle in India for Sitara Devi's 97th Birthday.
Later years
Although her forte was Kathak, she was also an accomplished dancer in many other styles of dancing including Bharatanatyam and many forms of folk dances of India. She also learned the Russian ballet, and other dances of the western world. With advancing age, her dancing activities diminished, and she was working on compiling a book encapsulating the research done by her father and her in the field of dancing, especially in Kathakali style of dancing. She taught Kathak dancing to Bollywood celebrities such as Madhubala, Rekha, Mala Sinha, and Kajol. She envisioned formalizing her teaching, and planned to set up a Kathak training academy.
She died on 25 November 2014, at Jaslok Hospital in Mumbai, after a prolonged illness.
See also
List of Kathak exponents
References
India's 50 Most Illustrious Women () by Indra Gupta
External links
Rare Pictures of Sitara Devi, her sisters Alaknanda & Tara https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/31619687025/
1920 births
2014 deaths
Performers of Indian classical dance
Indian classical choreographers
Kathak exponents
Artists from Kolkata
Artists from Varanasi
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
Indian women choreographers
Indian choreographers
Dancers from West Bengal
Women artists from West Bengal
20th-century Indian women artists
20th-century Indian dancers
Indian female classical dancers |
Carl Copping Plehn (January 20, 1867 – July 21, 1945) was an American economist. He was a professor of public finance at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1893 to 1937. In 1923, he served as the 25th president of the American Economic Association.
A native of Providence, Rhode Island, Plehn earned his bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1889. He then pursued graduate education at the University of Göttingen in Germany, graduating with a PhD in 1891.
References
External links
1867 births
1945 deaths
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Brown University alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Middlebury College faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Economists from Rhode Island |
The InterHarmony International Music Festival is a summer Music Festival in Germany and Italy. The Festival is an annual intensive summer performance festival, which includes a concert series of international solo musicians and young performers, and an institute for students of solo, chamber music, and orchestral playing. The festival hosts three sessions in two locations: Acqui Terme, in the Province of Alessandria in Piedmont, Italy, and Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany in Bavaria.
History
The InterHarmony International Music Festival was conceived in 1997, when cellist Misha Quint, the Music Director and Founder, started his first International Music Festival in Blonay, Switzerland. This festival, the Intensive Cello Studies Abroad, was held at the Hindemith Foundation in Chalet de lacroix. Quint then opened the Soesterberg International Music Festival in Soesterberg, Netherlands in 1998. His festival in the Netherlands was a success and lasted for nine years. In the midst of the location in Soesterberg in 2000, the name, "InterHarmony", was born.
The Festival in 2000 in Geneva, Switzerland was the first to bear this name. Other locations later took it up. Some locations, such as Soesterberg and Sulzbach-Rosenberg also retained the location name within the city as a subsidiary of InterHarmony. The Sulzbach-Rosenberg location of InterHarmony opened in 2005 and was an immediate success with local audiences. The Hinterzarten, Germany locale in the Black Forest lasted from 2008 – 2011. There were two locations in the United States: The Berkshires, Massachusetts from 2007- 2008, and San Francisco, California, at San Francisco State University in 2009.
InterHarmony remains one of the only festivals of its kind to move around the world. Many students and artists-in-residence end up traveling to all the locations, and in the case of 2012, spending nearly six weeks at the festivals.
The Festival has gained renown in Germany and brings international culture and artistry to its locations. For example, The U.S. Consul General spoke at the final concert where Misha Quint performed in 2008, and a Young Artist Showcase was given in the offices of the German Consulate in New York City in 2012. In 2010, Caitlin Hulcup, a soloist from the Vienna Staatsoper, and Christa Mayer from the Bayreuther Festspiele, performed with the InterHarmony Festival Orchestra and the Forchheimer Kammerorchester, a Symphony Orchestra in Germany.
InterHarmony Concert Series in New York City
In 2015 InterHarmony International Music Festival opened the InterHarmony Concert Series with three concerts at the Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall in New York City each year. The series showcases artist performers and advanced young artists who have previously performed at InterHarmony International Music Festivals in Europe.
InterHarmony Outstanding Guest Artist series
In 2015 InterHarmony International Music Festival opened the InterHarmony Outstanding Guest Artist Series in its sessions in Italy and Germany. Famous musicians are invited to perform and give a master class to young artists. In 2015 the guest artists were violinist Vadim Repin and pianist Bruno Canino in Italy, and pianist Alfred Brendel gave a lecture in Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany. The 2017 guest artists were Nikolaj Znaider, Vadim Repin, Shlomo Mintz, Bruno Canino, Alfred Brendel, Christa Mayer, and Boris Kuschnir. In 2018, guest artists were the conductors Gerard Korsten, Christian Vasquez, and Nicoletta Conti, pianist Alfred Brendel, and violinists Nikolaj Znaider, Sergey Khachatryan, Boris Kuschnir, and mezzo-soprano Christa Mayer. The 2019 guest artists included Dmitry Sitkovetsky, Saleem Ashkar, Alfred Brendel, Guy Braunstein, Alexei Volodin, Boris Kuschnir, Lubov Stuchevskaya, Nikolaj Znaider, Christa Mayer, and Christian Vásquez.
Artist Performers
Each session of InterHarmony has at least forty guest artists. Previous guest artist faculty have included the following performers:
Guy Braunstein, Violin
Alexei Volodin, Piano
Dmitry Sitkovetsky, Conductor
Christian Vásquez, Conductor
Saleem Ashkar, Pianist
Vadim Repin, Violin
Alfred Brendel, Piano
Bruno Canino, Piano
Julian Rachlin, Violin
Jean-Bernard Pommier, Piano
Bella Davidovich, Piano
Sidney Harth, Violin and Conductor
Caitlin Hulcup, Mezzo-Soprano
Oleh Krysa, Violin
Boris Kuschnir, Violin
Christa Mayer, Mezzo-Soprano
Misha Quint, Cello
Philippe Quint, Violin
Julian Rachlin, Violin
Nikolaj Znaider, Violin
References
External links
Official Website
InterHarmony International Music Festival in Acqui Terme, Italy
InterHarmony International Music Festival in Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany
Music schools in Germany
Music festivals staged internationally
Classical music festivals in Germany
Classical music festivals in Italy
Chamber music festivals
Music festivals established in 1997 |
Summerseat is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England, directly south of Ramsbottom.
History
Historically part of Lancashire, Summerseat lies in the Irwell Valley, on the course of the River Irwell to the north of Bury and along the route of the M66 motorway.
Summerseat railway station on the East Lancashire steam railway is in the village. The village has a Costcutter store and two public houses, the Footballer's and the Hamer's Arms.
The 200-year-old Grade II listed Joshua Hoyles cotton mill on the banks of the Irwell was redeveloped into residential apartments in the 1980s. The Waterside Inn, built on Kay Street Bridge as a creche for the adjacent mill, was also to have been redeveloped as residences but collapsed during a storm in December 2015 which also damaged the bridge. The bridge has since been rebuilt and the road across it is in use.
References
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Villages in Greater Manchester
Ramsbottom |
Commatica cryptina is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Walsingham in 1911. It is found in Mexico (Tabasco).
The wingspan is 8–9 mm. The forewings are dark tawny brownish fuscous, slightly bestrewn with steely grey scales and with a slender pale steel-grey streak running obliquely outward from the commencement of the costal cilia to a little below the apex, where it is angulated and continued indistinctly to the tornus. The hindwings are dark bronzy brownish.
References
Commatica
Moths described in 1911 |
Buckie is a Scottish burgh town. Buckie may also refer to:
Associated with the town
Buckie (ward), an electoral ward
Buckie High School
Buckie railway station, a former station
Buckie railway station (Highland Railway), a former station
Buckie Rovers F.C., a former football club
Other uses
Anthony Buckie Leach (1958–2021), American foil fencing coach and fencer
Buckyie, in the southern hemisphere another name for the gravity bong, used for consuming smokable substances
See also
Bucky (disambiguation) |
The following highways in Virginia have been known as State Route 85:
State Route 85 (Virginia 1933-1958), now State Route 102
Interstate 85 in Virginia, 1957–present |
Tonlegee () is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Corlough and barony of Tullyhaw. The townland was also called Clonmeoun, probably an Anglicisation of the Gaelic 'Cluain Mín' meaning The Smooth Meadow.
Geography
Tonlegee is bounded on the north by Derrynaslieve and Derryvella (Corlough) townlands, on the south by Muineal townland, on the west by Clarbally and Knockmore, County Cavan townlands and on the east by Derryconnessy townland. Its chief geographical features are small streams and dug wells. Tonlegee is traversed by the R202 road (Ireland) and rural lanes. The townland covers 134 statute acres.
History
In medieval times the McGovern barony of Tullyhaw was divided into economic taxation areas called ballibetoes, from the Irish Baile Biataigh (Anglicized as 'Ballybetagh'), meaning 'A Provisioner's Town or Settlement'. The original purpose was to enable the farmer, who controlled the baile, to provide hospitality for those who needed it, such as poor people and travellers. The ballybetagh was further divided into townlands farmed by individual families who paid a tribute or tax to the head of the ballybetagh, who in turn paid a similar tribute to the clan chief. The steward of the ballybetagh would have been the secular equivalent of the erenagh in charge of church lands. There were seven ballibetoes in the parish of Templeport. Tonlegee was located in the ballybetagh of Ballymackgonghan (Irish = Baile Mac Eochagain, meaning 'McEoghan's Town').
In the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 24 February 1614, King James VI and I granted, inter alia, one pole of Clonmeoun to Phelim McHugh O'Reyly, Bryan McHugh O'Reyly and Cahir McHugh O'Reyly, the sons of Hugh Reyly, late of Ballaghaneo, County Cavan. Ballaghaneo is now the townland of Ballaghanea in Lurgan Parish, County Cavan, on the shores of Lough Ramor, so the O'Reillys were removed a long way from their home by the Plantation. Hugh Reyly was the great-grandnephew of the chief of the O'Reilly clan, Eoghan na Fésóige mac Seoain, who ruled East Breifne from 1418 to 1449. The O’Reilly lands in Tonlegee were confiscated in the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and were distributed as follows-
The 1652 Commonwealth Survey depicts the townland as Clanmoyn with the proprietor being Captain Payne.
In the Hearth Money Rolls compiled on 29 September 1663 there was one Hearth Tax payer in Tonage- Cahell McGawran.
A lease dated 31 January 1718 from Morley Saunders to John Enery of Bawnboy includes the lands of Tonlegee.
A lease dated 10 December 1774 from William Crookshank to John Enery of Bawnboy includes the lands of Tonlegee, as does a further deed by John Enery dated 13 December 1774.
The 1790 Cavan Carvaghs list spells the name as Tonlegee.
A map of the townland drawn in 1813 is in the National Archives of Ireland, Beresford Estate Maps, depicts the townland as Tonlagee and the proprietor as John Ennery.
A lease dated 17 September 1816 John Enery of Bawnboy includes Tonlegee.
The Tithe Applotment Books for 1827 list eight tithepayers in the townland.
The Tonlegee Valuation Office Field books are available for October 1839.
In 1841 the population of the townland was 55, being 25 males and 30 females. There were nine houses in the townland, of which one was uninhabited.
In 1851 the population of the townland was 58, being 32 males and 26 females. There were eight houses in the townland, all were inhabited.
Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists seven landholders in the townland.
In 1861 the population of the townland was 55, being 31 males and 24 females. There were seven houses in the townland and all were inhabited.
In 1871 the population of the townland was 45, being 27 males and 18 females. There were seven houses in the townland and all were inhabited.(page 296 of census)
In 1881 the population of the townland was 48, being 29 males and 19 females. There were seven houses in the townland, all were inhabited.
In 1891 the population of the townland was 41, being 21 males and 20 females. There were seven houses in the townland, all were inhabited.
In the 1901 census of Ireland, there are eight families listed in the townland,
and in the 1911 census of Ireland, there are nine families listed in the townland.
Folktales from Tonlagee are available at
Antiquities
There are stones inscribed in Irish in the stream dividing the eastern part of Tonlagee from Derryconnessy townland. The 1930s Dúchas Folklore collection give the following accounts of a battle fought there- (1) A battle was fought in Crocán na gCamps, Derryconnessy; Corlough. Co. Cavan. It is supposed to have been fought between the Gael and Danes. When the cavalry were coming to Crocán na gCamps they had a row and fought a battle. The fought in Tullyvella and Conspud. It is not known which side won the battle, but they are still supposed to fight, at certain times of the year at night, and it is thought to be a bad sign of disturbance when dead people come back to fight. There are Ogham stones at Crocán na gCampa. (2) Long ago, when the early colonists came into this country, they had a big battle on the land now owned by Mr. Francis McGovern, Tonlagee, Corlough, Bawnboy, Co. Cavan. The field in which one army pitched their campaign is now called Cnocán na gCampa which means 'The little hill of the campus'. It is a pretty field with grass much greener than that in the neighbouring fields. Beside it, is the field where the battle was fought. It is a grey field covered with large stones which are said to be monuments to the men who fell in the battle and are buried under them. It is said that if the field was dug up, the bones of the dead would be found in it. A stream runs by the battle fields, and touches it on the two sides. The stream is almost choked up by big stones, and there are two stones among them, with old Irish writing on them. This is all the information that is available, about the battle in this district. It is not known exactly, what tribes had the battle, but it is known that it took place thousands of years ago. The fields are along the main road from Swanlinbar to Ballinamore.
References
External links
The IreAtlas Townland Data Base
Townlands of County Cavan |
Under tha Influence is the sixth album by rapper/producer DJ Quik. It was released on June 4, 2002 on Ark 21 and was his first album to be released on an independent record label. The album included the singles "Trouble" featuring AMG, and Put It on Me featuring Dr. Dre. The album debuted at twenty seven on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, with 41,000 sold in its first-week.
Reception
Critical response
AllMusic - 4 Out Of 5 - "DJ Quik still sounds a bit ordinary as a rapper, but his production work here is nothing short of amazing and amazingly varied. The result is his best work in years -- perhaps even his most accomplished work to date."
RapReviews - 9 Out Of 10 - "By turns humerous, clever, hardcore and smooth, the ubiquitous Quik never runs out of ammunition in his glock, his beats OR his raps."
Vibe - 3 Out Of 5 - "A case study in high-energy rap. Undeniable street cred and gritty production values combine to make UNDER THA INFLUENCE yet another successful stage in this veteran performer's career."
Track listing
Sample credits
"50 Ways" contains samples of "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" by Paul Simon.
Charts
References
2002 albums
DJ Quik albums
Albums produced by DJ Quik
Albums produced by Dr. Dre |
The Arabian Gulf Cup "stampede" was a crowd crush that took place on 19 January 2023 outside the Basra International Stadium in the Iraqi city of Basra, ahead of the 25th Arabian Gulf Cup final between Iraq and Oman. Up to four people died and up to 60 were injured in the crush. The families of the dead blamed inadequate crowd control and ticketless fans for the death and injuries. The stadium security staff blamed ticketless fans.
Background
The final match of the 25th Arabian Gulf Cup, between Iraq and Oman, was to be played at the Basra stadium. This was the first time that the tournament was being held in Iraq since 1979. In a statement before the game, Iraq's Ministry of Interior encouraged anyone who did not have tickets to the final to leave the area around the stadium. It stated that the stadium was completely full and that all gates had been closed.
Events
On January 19, 2023, between one and four people were killed when thousands of fans without tickets waited outside Basra International Stadium since daybreak in the hopes of viewing the rare home international final, resulting in a crush as crowds attempted to enter the stadium. Despite the crush, the Arabian Gulf Cup final match went ahead as planned, and Iraq won the eight-nation event by defeating Oman 3–2 after extra time.
See also
2005 Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster
Karbala stampede
Hillsborough disaster
Oppenheimer Stadium disaster
Ellis Park Stadium disaster
Accra Sports Stadium disaster
Heysel Stadium disaster
References
2023 disasters in Iraq
January 2023 events in Iraq
Stadium disasters
History of football in Iraq
Human stampedes in Iraq
Fatal accident inquiries
History of Basra
Crowd collapses and crushes |
Raczyński's Note, dated December 10, 1942, and signed by Minister of Foreign Affairs Edward Raczyński, was the official diplomatic note from the government of Poland in exile regarding the extermination of the Jews in German-occupied Poland. Sent to the foreign ministers of the Allies, it was the first official report on the Holocaust to inform the Western public about these crimes. It identified Treblinka, Bełżec and Sobibór by name as extermination camps. It was also the first official speech of one of the governments of Nazi-occupied Europe in defense of all Jews persecuted by Germany – not only citizens of their country.
History
The note was written by Polish diplomat, Edward Raczyński, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Exile Government in London, based on documents transported in the form of microfilm (materials prepared by the Jewish Affairs Department of the Polish Home Army Headquarters) to London by courier Jan Karski and confirmed by his certificate, and his own reports prepared in 1940–1942. Raczyński's note, dated December 10, 1942, was sent to the governments of the signatory countries of the United Nations Declaration. It was personally addressed to other foreign ministers.
On behalf of the Polish government, Raczyński informed the governments of all Allied countries about the desperate situation of Jews in the German-occupied Poland and the unfolding genocide being carried out by the Germans, and called for help.
Contents
The note was typed on nine pages. In 21 points it presented a description of the background of the problem and the current situation of Jews in occupied Poland, a chronological description of the information campaign of the Polish government on this area, and a call for allied governments to stop the crime. The note was sent to the foreign ministers of the 26 governments that signed the Declaration by United Nations in 1942. Below is the note sent to Anthony Eden on 10 December 1942:
See also
The Black Book of Poland
Karski's reports
The Polish White Book
Witold's Report
References
Bibliography
External links
75th Anniversary of "Raczyński's Note". The full content of the brochure in PDF format: The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland.
The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland (PDF), Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Government reports
1942 documents
1942 in England
Holocaust historiography
Holocaust historical documents
International response to the Holocaust
The Holocaust in Poland |
Aa is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is long and is a left tributary of the Möhne in Brilon. The river has a watershed of .
The source of Aa is in the village of Altenbüren. From here it flows in an easterly direction. At above sea level its course meanders to the north. Nearby the Hillbringse flows in from the south. Half a kilometer farther are five former mills in Aatal, called Aamühlen. The Fülsenbecke flows in near here from the north. The Aa overcomes an elevation difference of , which corresponds to an average bed slope of 9.7 percent.
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
Rivers of Germany |
Strangways is a locality within the local government area of Mount Alexander, in Central Victoria, Australia. It covers an area of 20.105 square kilometres between the townships of Guidford to the east, Newstead to the north-west and Clydesdale to the south.
History
The original inhabitants of Strangways are the Gunangara gundidj clan of the Dja Dja Wurrung. A census undertaken in 1840 recorded 282 Dja Dja Wurrung, considerably fewer than Thomas Mitchell’s estimate of 900–1900 when he passed through their territory in 1836. In early 1841 the Loddon Valley at Strangways was considered but rejected as a Protectorate site, in favour of Mount Franklin (Lalgambook). Betraying a common attitude in 1868 the Mount Alexander Mail Strangways 'correspondent,' in discussing snakes in the district, by then under cultivation, reported;
...blackfellows, are rapidly and happily passing to the extinction that awaits inferior and noxious races, when exposed to the influence of superior natures...A change in attitude to First Peoples was apparent in moves in 2021 by Mount Alexander Shire Council in conjunction with Hepburn Shire Council, North Central Catchment Management Authority and DJAARA (formerly the Dja Dja Wurrung Clans Aboriginal Corporation) to rename Jim Crow Creek, first applied to the area of Lalgambook/Mt Franklin by Captain John Hepburn in the 1830’s. The creek runs 26 km through from Breakneck Gorge in Hepburn Regional Park, joining the Loddon River below the Guildford Plateau at Strangways. Both Hepburn Shire Council and Mount Alexander Shire Councils voted unanimously in April 2022 to call it Larni Barramal Yaluk (Home of the Emu Creek) in Dja Dja Wurrung language because the term ‘Jim Crow’ is derogatory and stems from international racial segregation and anti-black racism prevalent also in colonial Australia. Councillor Tim Drylie of Hepburn Shire reported that “Council conducted significant community engagement on the renaming, and it was clear that there was overwhelming support for the new name.” In that shire the total overall result of the feedback during the consultation period of the period of 30 September to 12 November 2021 was 187 in support (including 41 tacit approval) and 30 objectors.
Non-indigenous settlement
By 1841 the future township and surrounds of Strangways were occupied by sheep runs. After the discovery of gold in Central Victoria in 1851, alluvial deposits were found in the Loddon River at Strangways and in its tributaries. By the end of 1855 there were big rushes around the nearby Yandoit area (then known as Zandit), Nuggetty Gully area and tunnelling in the King William Gully on the north-west side of Yandoit Creek hills. These diggings continued north to Clydesdale and Strangways near the Loddon. Chinese established a camp with a population of up to three thousand diggers at the junction of Jim Crow Creek and the Loddon near Strangways. Chinese miners also worked Pickpocket Hill from November 1860 to 1864 and established market gardens along the Loddon.
Suveys
Sir Richard Graves McDonnel, Governor of South Australia is reputed to have explored Strangways and Loddon Springs in 1858. However the Surveyor General's Office, Melbourne had already issued a plan of an allotment abutting Muckleford Creek in the area it listed in 1856 as the Parish of Strangways.
A geological survey of the area in which Strangways is named was undertaken by Government Geologist Alfred R.C. Selwyn, and the map by geologists C.D.H. Aplin & George Urich, overlain with parish surveys by Thomas Couchman & A. Walker, published by the Geological Survey Office Melbourne in 1864. The map names Pickpocket Hill and Old Ironstone Hill diggings in the southern part of Strangways.
Naming
Strangways was probably named after a British artillery commander Brigadier General Thomas Fox-Strangways, Knight Commander Of The Bath killed at the Battle of Inkerman in the Crimea in 1854. South Australian Henry Bull Templar Strangways (1832-1920), lawyer and politician, was born too late to be a contender.
Township
In the alluvial gold-mining days Strangways had several hotels, a store and Martin's blacksmith's forge. A large hall at the Strangways Hotel was the venue for balls during the Newstead Show and the Oddfellows' anniversaries.
The township and district were administered by the Shire of Newstead from 7 March 1865 until an amalgamation into the municipality of Mount Alexander was instituted by the Kennett government on 20 January 1995.
Mining
After the rushes subsided by 1865, mining became more organised and industrial. A Newstead and Strangways Prospecting Association was formed in 1873.
Farming
Sheep, wheat, oats and lucerne were the predominant products of the area. By the 1870s productivity had fallen due to over-cultivation, with wheat harvested at 15 bushels (about 27.2 kg) per acre (4,046 sq.m.) fetching 4s to 4s 3d (worth A$27.70 in 2020) per bushel.
Churches
After the goldfield opened, Wesleyans held services in a barn at Strangways in the early 1860s. They erected a timber church in 1865, followed by a building in stone.
Schools
On 11 January 1864 Robert A. Richardson, Head Teacher, opened the first school in the Strangways area, Common School 705 Strangways, about 1.6 km from the Strangways railway station and 6.5 km from Newstead. In its opening year it was attended by 31 children. Closed on 30 September 1870 it was replaced by No. 1064 Strangways which was in tum replaced by No.1538 Strangways in a surviving school building, constructed of pale pink-red bricks probably made in the area and an iron gable roof over a single classroom 15m x 6.4m and with brick porches at either end. Situated 1.2 km south-west of the Strangways Railway Siding, it was opened in about 1875 and was somewhat larger than contemporaneous country schools and was the largest school erected in the area., After 1872 most existing schools converted to State Schools, but two new schools were built at Strangways in 1873. The unnamed Strangways correspondent for the Mount Alexander Mail, referring to the compulsory free secular education newly legislated, opined;The Education Act in this district may be described as working splendidly. The schools are all crowded, and there is not to my knowledge a child in the district capable of attending school whose name is not on one or other of the school rolls. The police, I am pleased to see, are trusted with the onerous duty of looking after such parents as may prove remiss in their duties, and this task they have hitherto performed with a combined firmness and leniency highly becoming under the circumstances. The teachers in the country make no complaint, and in this respect their conduct is in favourable contrast to that of their metropolitan confreres, whose selfish procedure must seriously embarrass the Minister of Public Instruction in his novel and difficult, but all important undertaking.Because the population fluctuated largely due to the exigencies of alluvial mining and a later gold mining dredge operation 1937-1954 which ceased because of rising costs, the school was opened and closed many times, first in 1936, then reopened on 25 July 1938, closed in December 1959, reopened on 6 February 1962 and finally closed on 18 December 1964, with the building eventually sold by the Department of Education in June 1997.
Only primary schools were built in the Shire. Children attended Castlemaine high school after its founding in 1910 and the technical school from 1916. Many from Strangways caught the train to Castlemaine, with 800 boarding a trip from Maryborough to celebrate the opening of the line in 1874, and after 1947 a school bus service was commenced.
Railway and telegraph lines
The Castlemaine and Maryborough railway, known as the Moolort line, was started in September 1872 raising local concerns over the effect trains would have on horses. Its course and construction of its first section from Castlemaine to Newstead was described in the Melbourne Argus;...at Strangways, a township on the banks of the Jim Crow Creek, about two miles from Newstead [the] creek, which is of considerable width, and is approached by a long low flat, will be crossed by a similar bridge to that over the Loddon. The line will be constructed upon economic principles. The width of gauge will be 5ft. 3in., so that although the cost of construction will be greatly reduced even in comparison with the North Eastern line, the railway will not be built upon what is known as the narrow gauge or cheap principle. All the bridges and culverts will be of wood instead of iron or stone. The redgum required for the sleepers and piles will be procured from the Murray district, and the posts and rails for fencing from the Bullarook forest near Daylesford. The contract price of the first section is £19,500 [A$2,492,000.00 value in 2021]. The contractor will have to lay, but not supply, the rails and the stations will form a separate contract. The ruling gradient on the first section is 1 in 50, and the heaviest 1 in 43. Active operations will be commenced to-day, and before the expiration of the week it is expected that about 300 men will be employed. The average rate of wages given will be about 6s. 6d. per day for navvies. It is anticipated that unless something unforeseen occurs, the first section will be completed within 13 months. Mr. Gibbons is the engineer employed by Mr. Doran, and Mr. Wilkinson will have charge of the line for the Government, under the direction of Mr. Green, the resident engineer.
The line was opened on 7 July 1874 and a siding promised in 1887. There was agitation for a connection from Daylesford via Yandoit but it was refused. In early 1914 Strangways station received part of the £12,000 from the Railway Loan Application Bill for extending and raising the passenger platform and for installing barriers to facilitate the checking of tickets.
At the direction of the Postmaster General, Melbourne, a telegraph line was constructed from Yandoit and along the railway to the Strangways rail crossing gates in 1887.
Heritage
Strangways has notable colonial- and Victorian-era structures and ruins identified by the Newstead and also the Daylesford/Hepburn Springs Heritage Projects, including eleven Places of Local Significance, two Heritage Desirable Places and three on the Heritage Inventory.
Mining along Larni Barramal Yaluk (Jim Crow Creek) was photographed in 1857/8 on wetplate collodion by Richard Daintree and Antoine Fauchery for their Sun Pictures of Victoria, a copy of which is preserved in the State Library of Victoria.
Population
Thriving until before WW1, and with a school, station, church, hotels and hall, Strangways is now a sparsely populated mixed farming community with traces only of a town centre.
In the 2021 Census, there were 101 people in 52 private dwellings in Strangways; 59.4% male and 40.6% female of a median age of 55 years. The average number of people per household was 2.2, with a median weekly household income of $1,406.
Notable residents
William Keast (Victorian politician)
Trefor Prest, sculptor
See also
Jim Crow goldmines
References
Towns in Victoria (state)
Mining towns in Victoria (state)
19th-century establishments in Australia |
Édouard Nicolas Henri Charles Close (8 July 1929 – 2 March 2017) was a Belgian politician and member of the former Socialist Party (PSB). He served as the Mayor of Liège, one of Belgium's largest cities, for thirteen years from 1976 to 1990. Close had also served as the interior minister of Belgium during the first government of Prime Minister Edmond Leburton from 26 January 1973 until 23 April 1974.
Close died on 2 March 2017 at the age of 87.
References
1929 births
2017 deaths
Mayors of Liège
Interior ministers of Belgium
Socialist Party (Belgium) politicians
Belgian Socialist Party politicians |
The men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics took place between 7–8 August at the Olympic Aquatics Stadium. There were 47 competitors from 36 nations.
Summary
After a runner-up feat in the 400 m freestyle two days earlier, China's Sun Yang put up a monumental effort for the Olympic mid-distance freestyle title in a race against Chad le Clos of South Africa and Conor Dwyer of the United States. Hanging with the leaders at the 150-metre turn, Sun made a late charge on the final lap to edge out Le Clos in front and did not let Dwyer pass him for the gold medal in 1:44.65. Despite his early jump to the immediate lead before the final stretch, Le Clos could not hold off Sun to finish with a silver and an African record time in 1:45.20. Meanwhile, Dwyer powered home with a bronze in 1:45.23. Sun was the sixth man to win multiple medals in the event. Le Clos's silver was South Africa's first medal in the men's 200 metre freestyle.
Swimming on the outside lane, 2015 World champion James Guy of Great Britain improved upon his position to finish fourth with a 1:45.49. Dwyer's teammate Townley Haas claimed the fifth spot in 1:45.58, while Germany's world record holder Paul Biedermann (1:45.84), Japan's Kosuke Hagino (1:45.90), the Olympic champion in the 400 m individual medley, and Russia's Aleksandr Krasnykh (1:45.91) rounded out the field.
Other notable swimmers featured France's Yannick Agnel, who missed a chance to defend his Olympic title after fading to nineteenth in the prelims with a 1:47.35, and two-time silver medalist Park Tae-hwan of South Korea, who posted a twenty-ninth-place time of 1:48.06 in his fourth Olympic appearance. Shortly after the Games, Agnel, aged 24, officially confirmed his retirement from international swimming.
The medals for the competition were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda, Japan, member of the International Olympic Committee and the gifts were presented by Kazuo Sano, Bureau Member of FINA.
Background
This was the 15th appearance of the 200 metre freestyle event. It was first contested in 1900. It would be contested a second time, though at 220 yards, in 1904. After that, the event did not return until 1968; since then, it has been on the programme at every Summer Games.
Five of the 8 finalists from the 2012 Games returned: gold medalist Yannick Agnel of France, silver medalists Sun Yang of China and Park Tae-hwan of South Korea, fifth-place finisher Paul Biedermann of Germany, and seventh-place finisher Thomas Fraser-Holmes of Australia. Agnel had won the 2013 World Championship; James Guy of Great Britain had won in 2015. Sun was favoured, having had the strongest season so far in 2016.
Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Jordan, Palestine, and Samoa each made their debut in the event. Australia made its 15th appearance, the only nation to have competed in all prior editions of the event.
Qualification
Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) could enter up to two swimmers if both met the Olympic Qualifying Time (or "OQT"). An NOC with no swimmers meeting the OQT but at least one swimmer meeting the Olympic Selection Time (or "OST") was not guaranteed a place, but was eligible for selection to fill the overall 900 swimmer quota for the Games. For 2016, the OQT was 1:47.97 while the OST was 1:51.75. The qualifying window was 1 March 2015 to 3 July 2016; only approved meets (generally international competitions and national Olympic trials) during that period could be used to meet the standards. There were also universality places available; if no male swimmer from a nation qualified in any event, the NOC could enter one male swimmer in an event.
The two swimmers per NOC limit had been in place since the 1984 Games.
Competition format
The competition followed the format established in 2000, with three rounds: heats, semifinals, and a final. The advancement rule followed the format introduced in 1952. A swimmer's place in the heat was not used to determine advancement; instead, the fastest times from across all heats in a round were used. The top 16 swimmers from the heats advanced to the semifinals. The top 8 semifinalists advanced to the final. Swim-offs were used as necessary to break ties.
This swimming event used freestyle swimming, which means that the method of the stroke is not regulated (unlike backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events). Nearly all swimmers use the front crawl or a variant of that stroke. Because an Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of four lengths of the pool.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
Schedule
All times are Brasília Time (UTC−3)
Results
Heats
The heats began at 1:19pm.
* Qualified, but pulled out of semi-finals to focus on freestyle relay.
Semifinals
Final
References
Men's 00200 metre freestyle
Olympics
200 metre freestyle at the Olympics
Men's events at the 2016 Summer Olympics |
The Swiss International is an open international badminton tournament in Switzerland, established since 2011. This tournament was held for the first time from 20 to 23 October 2011 in Bern, then in 2012-2016 held in Yverdon-les-Bains.
Previous winners
References
2016
2015
Recurring sporting events established in 2011
Badminton tournaments in Switzerland |
Hēni Materoa Carroll (1852 or 1856 – 1 Nov 1930), also known at Te Huinga, was a leader of the Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki and wife of politician James Carroll.
She became chief of her people when her mother died in 1887. When her husband was elected to Parliament she remained in Gisborne. During World War I she dedicated efforts to supporting Māori soldiers, and became chairperson of the Eastern Māori Patriotic Association. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 New Year Honours.
Kingi Areta Keiha was her brother's son.
References
1930 deaths
1850s births
Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki people
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand Anglicans |
John J. Gallagher (April 13, 1890 – May 13, 1950) was an American long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He later attended Georgetown University, becoming captain of its track team. He left school, and became physical director for the Chester Shipbuilding Company in Chester, Pennsylvania in April 1918.
References
External links
1890 births
1950 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics
American male long-distance runners
American male marathon runners
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Track and field athletes from Philadelphia
20th-century American people |
The Farmer's Daughter is a 1947 American comedy film directed by H.C. Potter that tells the story of a farmgirl who ends up working as a maid for a Congressman and his politically powerful mother. It stars Loretta Young, Joseph Cotten, Ethel Barrymore, and Charles Bickford, and was adapted by Allen Rivkin and Laura Kerr from the 1937 Finnish play Juurakon Hulda by Hella Wuolijoki, using the pen name Juhani Tervapää (misspelled in the film's credits as Juhni Tervataa).
The film won the Academy Award for Best Actress for Loretta Young and was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Charles Bickford. Young's win was considered an upset; everyone had expected Rosalind Russell to win for her Lavinia in Mourning Becomes Electra.
In 1963, a television series based on the film was produced, starring Inger Stevens, Cathleen Nesbitt and William Windom.
Plot
Swedish-American Katie Holstrom (Loretta Young) leaves the family farm to attend nursing school in Capitol City. Barn painter Adolph Petree (Rhys Williams), who completed a job for Katie's father, offers her a ride, then steals her money along the way. Katie, refusing to ask her family for help, goes to work as a maid for political power broker Agatha Morley (Ethel Barrymore) and her son, U.S. Representative Glenn Morley (Joseph Cotten). She impresses Agatha and her loyal butler Joseph Clancey (Charles Bickford) with her refreshing, down-to-earth common sense. Glenn is impressed with her other charms.
Unexpected problems arise when the Morleys and the other leaders of their political party have to select a replacement for a deceased congressman; they choose the unscrupulous Anders J. Finley (Art Baker). Knowing the man's true background, Katie strongly disapproves. At a public meeting to introduce Finley, Katie asks him pointed and embarrassing questions. Leaders of the opposition party are impressed and offer to back Katie in the coming election. Katie accepts and reluctantly quits her job, much to Glenn's disappointment.
When Katie's campaign gains support (with some coaching from Glenn), Finley smears her reputation by bribing Petree to claim Katie spent the night with him when he gave her a ride. Katie, distraught, runs home. When Glenn learns the truth, he follows her and proposes.
Agatha and Joseph get Finley drunk and he reveals he is a member of an extreme nativist political group and that he bribed Petree, who is hidden away at his isolated lodge, to disparage Katie's reputation. Assisted by Katie's three burly brothers (James Arness, Lex Barker, Keith Andes), Glenn retrieves Petree from his goon guards, then forces him to confess over the radio. Agatha withdraws her party's support for Finley and endorses Katie, ensuring her election. In the final scene, Glenn carries Katie across the threshold of the United States House of Representatives.
Cast
In addition, Gus Stavros appears as a background extra in the film.
Production
Because of rumors that Joseph Cotten and Ingrid Bergman were having an affair, Bergman was replaced by Loretta Young.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on seven reviews, with an average rating of 7.08/10.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
The Farmer's Daughter on Lux Radio Theater: January 5, 1948
1947 films
American romantic comedy films
1940s political comedy films
1947 romantic comedy films
American political comedy films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Films adapted into television shows
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
RKO Pictures films
Films directed by H. C. Potter
Films scored by Leigh Harline
1940s American films |
Operation Martyr Yalçın () was a military operation conducted by the Turkish Air Force against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) positions in Syria, and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) positions in northern Iraq, on 24 and 25 July 2015.
The operation began in the early hours of 24 July, a day after ISIL militants reportedly attacked a Turkish military border outpost in the Turkish town of Elbeyli in Kilis Province, killing one soldier, Yalçın Nane, and injuring two others. The operation is named after the dead soldier.
The operation involved three waves of airstrikes against ISIL positions in Syria and two waves of airstrikes against PKK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan. Airstrikes were launched by F-16 fighter jets taking off from Diyarbakır and İncirlik Air Base on 24 July and 25 July. It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed in the first wave after footage from the fighter jets and unmanned aircraft were analysed, while the airstrikes in Northern Iraq were confirmed to have killed a high-ranking PKK militant and were alleged to have killed the PKK commander Murat Karayılan. After 25 July, Turkey stopped its airstrikes on ISIL but continued with those against the PKK.
The airstrikes against the PKK resulted in an increase in violence in Turkish Kurdistan. In conjunction with the airstrikes, large-scale domestic operations were conducted by the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie in over 22 Turkish provinces. The airstrikes have been referred to as a 'major policy shift' and a 'game changer' in the global military intervention against ISIL.
Background
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
The conflict between the Turkish government and Kurdish separatists has been ongoing for over 40 years, with a ceasefire in late 2012 marking the beginning of a 'solution process' between the government and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militant organisation. As of early July 2015, the ceasefire and negotiations have continued despite numerous minor infringements and violations on both sides.
Following the 2015 Suruç bombing, which targeted members of a group sympathetic to the Kurdish movement, militants of disputed affiliation killed two policemen in the town of Ceylanpınar, Şanlıurfa Province, in an act of retaliation against suspected collaboration between Turkey and ISIL. PKK militants also attacked a military base in Adıyaman, killing another soldier. Much of the airstrikes have been successful in hitting PKK populated areas, however many civilians have been killed as a result of the strikes. On 10 August 2015, a Turkish Air Force airstrike occurred near a U.S. Special Forces training site made for the purpose of training Kurdish Peshmerga fighters combating ISIL.
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
Before the operation, the Turkish government had pursued an internationally criticised policy of inaction against ISIL, opting out of the anti-ISIL coalition and refusing to allow the United States to use the strategic İncirlik Air Base for airstrikes against ISIL unless they also targeted the forces of Bashar Al Assad. The Turkish policy of inaction contributed to the breakout of deadly riots in Northern Kurdistan, in protest against the government's refusal to intervene in ISIL's siege of Kobanî. Turkey's policy of inaction was also thought to be a contributing factor to Turkey's failure to win a seat in the United Nations Security Council in the 2014 Security Council election. Kurds and the Turkish opposition have also accused the government of actively supporting ISIL.
On 20 July 2015, a bombing in the Turkish district of Suruç, allegedly perpetrated by the ISIL-linked Dokumacılar group, killed 32 young activists and injured over 100. On 23 July, ISIL militants attacked Turkish military positions, killing one soldier and injuring two others. This was largely seen as a casus belli, which resulted in Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu taking the decision to begin active air operations against PKK and ISIL positions south of Turkey's border.
Motivation
The Turkish government claimed the operation was an effort to pre-empt a planned attack on Turkey and by saying: "The state of the Republic of Turkey is decisive in taking any precaution to safeguard its national security".
Chronology
24 July, morning
At 03:12 on 24 July, four F-16 fighter jets took off from Diyarbakır's 8th main airbase command, targeting ISIL. The operation was named after the soldier reportedly killed in an ISIL attack on 23 July on Turkish soldiers, Yalçın Nane. The jets used guided missiles to bomb two ISIL headquarters and one ISIL gathering point in Syria, near village Havar. Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu claimed 100% accuracy. The jets bombed the sites without entering Syrian airspace, and the Syrian government was informed of the attack, according to Turkish officials. The operation took 1 hour and 12 minutes. It was reported that 35 ISIL militants had been killed during the operation. According to the SOHR, Turkish Armed Forces killed 11 IS fighters.
24 July, evening
On the evening of 24 July, over 20 fighter jets took off from Diyarbakır at around 22:30 local time, targeting both Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) targets in northern Iraq and ISIL targets in Syria. The airstrikes on Kurdish targets were heavily criticised by the PKK, which accused the government of ending the Solution process.
Three ISIL targets were reported to have been struck.
Attack on Diyarbakır F-16s
At around 8pm local time on 24 July, attackers of unknown origin fired on F-16 fighter jets in Diyarbakır's main Air Base while they were taking off. As a result, police officers and soldiers secured the area while the jets continued to conduct their operation. The jets returned to their hangars after they returned. The perpetrators could not be identified.
Other Turkish shelling
On 24 July, Turkish tanks reportedly bombarded a village west of Kobani, targeting Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), resulting in four YPG fighters being injured.
25 July
On 25 July, Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that he had given the order to carry out a third wave air operation against ISIL targets, alongside a second wave in Iraq against the PKK. Davutoğlu called the airstrikes a part of a broad 'process' and gave support to the main opposition Republican People's Party's call for an extraordinary convention of the Grand National Assembly, which was in recess.
The third wave (= the 25 July wave) began at around 10:20 local time on 25 July, with 70 F-16 fighter jets taking off from Diyarbakır to strike both PKK targets in Northern Iraq and ISIL targets in Syria. The jets attacking ISIL positions were reported to have violated Syrian airspace this time, bringing identified ISIL targets under heavy bombardment. Activity was also reported at İncirlik Air Base, while unmanned drones taking off from Batman Air Base assessed the damage to PKK targets.
PKK targets
The operations were heavily directed towards the PKK camps in Northern Iraq, targeting over 400 positions. The ‘third wave’ itself was conducted in three different waves, with close to 70 fighter jets taking part in the first two and 25 taking part in the third. The targets encompassed over 300 kilometres, with many of the targets being identified as the PKK's main training and storage camps. The PKK reported that a senior official of the PKK had been killed while three other militants had been injured. It was also alleged that the PKK's commander Murat Karayılan was killed during the airstrikes.
Aftermath
Reactions
– EU Commissioner for foreign affairs, Federica Mogherini, stated that the EU supported the airstrikes against ISIL and offered condolences for those killed in recent terror attacks, while stressing the need to preserve the solution process with Kurdish rebels.
– German Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen stated that the German government saluted Turkey's change of policy and airstrikes against ISIL. German Chancellor Angela Merkel also expressed her support for Turkey's operations against terrorism, but stressed that the solution process with Kurdish rebels should be maintained.
– UK Prime Minister David Cameron expressed his support for Turkey's fight against terrorism during a phone call with Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu on 24 July.
– The US Deputy Special Presidential Envoy to the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, Brett H. McGurk, stated that the US respect Turkey's right to self-defence against attacks from the PKK and condemned the PKK's attacks.
See also
Syrian Civil War
Ceylanpınar incidents
References
Turkey–ISIL conflict
Military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Airstrikes during the Syrian civil war
Airstrikes during the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Turkish Air Force involvement in the Syrian civil war
Airstrikes conducted by the Turkish Air Force
Cross-border operations of Turkey into Iraq
Syria–Turkey relations
Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan controversies
July 2015 events in Iraq |
The Thexton Ranch, also known as Thextondale, was established by George Thexton in 1872 on the Madison River about south of Ennis, Montana. The ranch is a significant example of an operating Montana ranch, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its prominence in local history and its character as a ranching operation.
History
Thexton had been born in England in 1824, and emigrated to the United States in 1855 with his wife Nancy Redhead Thexton. They settled in Grant County, Wisconsin, where Thexton took up his trade as a blacksmith. George remained there until 1864, when he left his family in Wisconsin and went to seek his fortune in the Alder Gulch goldfields of Montana, taking his tools with him. Having seen an opportunity to establish a business in Montana, he returned to Wisconsin to fetch his wife and four children. By the time they had reached Montana in 1867 there were five children. Thexton opened a blacksmith shop in Virginia City. In 1871 he established the Star Livery stable. By the next year he was able to buy his first on the Madison from Charles Johnson. George continued to manage his businesses in Virginia City, building a stone house there in 1884. By 1888 his wife and his two oldest sons had died, and George moved to the ranch with his surviving son Thomas, his daughter Annie, and his niece Agnes Whalley. George Thexton lived on the ranch until his death in 1904.
Thomas Thexton had helped his father and had operated a cartage business hauling freight around Madison County. Thomas concentrated on building up herds of shorthorn cattle and horse after he moved to the ranch. He married Mary Ann Foreman in 1899. In 1910 Thomas hired a carpenter to build a new house which was completed in 1912, and expanded the ranch to more than 500 acres. Thomas died in 1929 and his wife and sons operated the ranch. Tom Thexton moved into the original ranch log ranch house while his mother, sisters and brothers lived in the newer stone house. The ranch prospered during World War II. By 1977, when Don and Tom Thexton sold the ranch, it had expanded to comprise , with an additional of leased land. The log ranch house was torn down. The ranch continues as an active cattle ranch.
Description
The ranch headquarters is located on a bench along Blaine Spring Creek, near the Madison River about to the east. The chief structure is the 1910-1912 ranch house, built by Jake Bauer. The house is a two-story cast-in-place concrete building with a hipped pyramidal roof. Large stones have been cast into the walls. There are two enclosed porches. A one-story log bunkhouse is located behind the main house, with two rooms, one storage and the other a room for a hired hand. The two -story log barn is to the south of the bunkhouse. It is believed to have been built before 1912. A root cellar, also built before 1912 is to the north of the barn. The by log granary remains as well. A hay road runs from the barn, past the granary and down to a ford on Blaine Spring Creek, running in a coulee down to the hay fields in the stream valley.
Present
The original Thexton Ranch is part of the north unit of the Alton Ranch. The Thexton Ranch was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 2006.
References
Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Queen Anne architecture in Montana
1872 establishments in Montana Territory
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Montana |
Jeff is an unincorporated community in Oregon County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
The community is on Missouri Route V approximately seven miles east of Thayer. It is one mile north of the Missouri-Arkansas state line. The community of Farewell is 1.5 miles to the east on Route V.
History
A post office called Jeff was established in 1884, and remained in operation until 1914. The community's name is derived from the last name from Joseph Jeffers, the proprietor of a local mill.
References
Unincorporated communities in Oregon County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Igangan is a town in Ibarapa North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Its neighbouring towns are Ayete and Tapa.
On June 5 2021, this town came into prominence for attacks by unknown assailants, which according to Premium Times Nigeria, claimed the lives of 26people.
These killings attracted the condemnation of key leaders of the South West region in Nigeria including Governor Rotimi Akeredolu of Ondo State as well as Oduduwa Republic agitator, Sunday Igboho.
The zip code for Igangan is 201007.
References
Cities in Nigeria
Cities in Yorubaland |
1987
See also
1987 in Australia
1987 in Australian television
References
External links
Australian film at the Internet Movie Database
1987
Lists of 1987 films by country or language
Films |
Florian Zörgiebel (born 15 November 1965) is a German curler.
He participated in the demonstration curling events at the 1988 Winter Olympics, where the German team finished in seventh place.
At the national level, he is a two-time German men's champion curler (1990, 1991).
He also played for Switzerland at the .
Teams
References
External links
Video:
1965 births
Living people
German male curlers
Curlers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic curlers for Germany
Swiss male curlers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Valerie Jacqueline Candida "Val" Ross (17 October 1950 – 17 February 2008) was a Canadian writer who won the 2004 Norma Fleck Award for Canadian children's non-fiction. She was also a journalist for the newspaper The Globe and Mail, and won a National Newspaper Award in 1992 for critical writing.
Biography
Val Ross was born in Toronto in 1950, to Jack and Erma Ross, and had one younger brother, Philip ("Pip"). Val attended the Institute of Child Study, a progressive primary school operated by the University of Toronto. After completing high school at Jarvis Collegiate Institute, she considered becoming a visual artist and studied at St Martin's School of Art in London, England. Eventually she graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of Toronto.
Before establishing her career as a freelance writer, she worked in urban planning, tourism writing and as a broadcaster at CBC. She traveled extensively, developing her interests in community, culture and media.
In the early 1970s she began studying Washin Ryu, a form of karate taught by Sensei Burt Konzak, attaining a brown belt. Val was also highly involved with several groups of women in the Toronto area that met frequently for recreational walks (The "Walking Women").
She wrote for Chatelaine, Saturday Night, and Toronto Life, and then was hired as a staff writer and editor at Maclean's, where she worked in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She reported on the conflict in El Salvador, and became an important voice for human rights and freedom of expression. She spent the remainder of her career at The Globe and Mail, as a publishing reporter, as deputy editor of the Comment section, and as an arts reporter.
She wrote two children's books, 2003's The Road to There and 2006's You Can't Read This. The former, a history of cartography, won the $10,000 Norma Fleck Award in 2004. You Can't Read This is a history of banned literature.
Her final book, the posthumous Robertson Davies: A Portrait in Mosaic, is an oral history of Canadian writer Robertson Davies. She continued to work on the book even after being diagnosed with brain cancer on the day after her 57th birthday in 2007.
She was married to Morton Ritts, and had three children Max Ritts, Madeleine Ritts, and Zoe Ritts.
She died in Toronto on 17 February 2008 of brain cancer.
Selected works
2003: The Road to There (Norma Fleck Award winner) (Gelett Burgess Children's Book Award Honors)
2006: You Can't Read This
2008: Robertson Davies: A Portrait in Mosaic (posthumous)
References
Martin, Sandra. "Raw courage, strong convictions: She was a reporter's reporter", The Globe and Mail, 2008-02-18, p. S11.
Deaths from brain tumor
Canadian children's writers
Canadian women non-fiction writers
1950 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Canadian women children's writers
20th-century Canadian journalists
20th-century Canadian women writers |
Calliope is a rural town and locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Calliope had a population of 5,263 people.
Geography
Calliope is near the 'cross-roads' of the Bruce Highway and the Dawson Highway in Central Queensland, SSW of the port city of Gladstone. Gladstone–Monto Road (State Route 69) runs south from the Dawson Highway through the locality.
History
The town takes its name from the Calliope River, which in turn was named after HMS Calliope by the Governor of New South Wales, Charles Augustus FitzRoy, on 18 April 1854, after travelling from Sydney to Port Curtis on board that ship.
Industries of the town and surrounds since that time have included gold mining, beef, timber, and more recently heavy industry (Aluminium, Coal, LNG), shipping and tourism.
Alluvial gold was mined in the area after its discovery in 1862. The following year, Queensland's first goldfield was officially proclaimed.
Calliope Post Office opened on 1 March 1864.
Calliope State School opened on 2 September 1872.
Booroom State School opened in 1911 and closed in 1939. Booroom is a parish west of Calliope.
In the , the locality of Calliope had a population of 3,058 people.
In the , the locality of Calliope had a population of 3,438 people.
In the , the locality of Calliope had a population of 5,263 people.
Local attractions
The Calliope River Historical Village is situated on the banks of the Calliope River. Lake Awoonga resulted from the construction of a dam on the Boyne River. Lake Awoonga supplies water to the city of Gladstone, and Calliope and other townships in the region, as well as supplying the major industries for which the Gladstone region is known. Total capacity of Lake Awoonga is 777,000 megalitres (203,412,500,000 gallons). The catchment area contributing to the Lake is 2,240 square kilometres (864.87 square miles) and is surrounded by the Boyne, Dawes and Many Peaks Ranges.
Lake Awoonga is home to a thriving array of native animals, several of which are of conservation significance. Two fauna species are listed as vulnerable: the yellow-bellied glider and the grey-headed flying fox. For the bird-watching enthusiast, Lake Awoonga is a paradise with more than 225 species or over 27% of Australia's bird species found in the region. The southern squatter pigeon is listed as vulnerable and of conservation significance, and twenty-seven species are listed on International Migratory Conservation Agreement lists. Lake Awoonga is arguably one of the most important near-coast bird refuges on the East Coast of Australia.
The Gladstone Area Water Board operates a fish hatchery which breeds barramundi and mangrove jack for release into Lake Awoonga. Barramundi over 20 kg (44.09 lbs) are regularly caught, and the heaviest caught by August 2008 weighed in at a hefty 36.5 kg (80.47 lbs). In addition, the mangrove jack breeding program has resulted in Lake Awoonga holding the largest stocks in Australia with over 13,000 released. Since 1996 over two and a half million barramundi fingerlings and 340,000 mullet fingerlings have been released into Lake Awoonga.
Calliope has an 18-hole golf course with club and a bowls club. There are two pubs and an annual rodeo held each year. The town also has a swimming pool, racecourse, sports fields, Hazelbrook Park and a skateboard ramp.
Recent years have seen the introduction of a child care centre, supermarket shopping, specialty stores, doctors surgeries and other essential services. A large number of new homes and town houses have been built in Calliope due to its proximity to Gladstone Port and associated industries such as LNG.
Amenities
Until 2008, Calliope was the council headquarters of the Calliope Shire which included Boyne Island, Tannum Sands, Ambrose, Mount Larcom and most of the industrial plants plus Awoonga dam. Calliope has now become one of the towns under the umbrella of the Gladstone Regional Council after the merger of the Calliope Shire Council and the former Gladstone City Council. GRC still maintain significant offices in Calliope.
The Calliope Library is on Don Cameron Drive; it is operated by the Gladstone Regional Council. There is a Gladstone Regional Council administration centre at 5 Don Cameron Drive.
Media: Calliope is serviced by Christian FM radio 87.6FM.
The Calliope branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the CWA Hall at 2 Bloomfield Street.
Education
Calliope State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Stirrat Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 613 students with 48 teachers (41 full-time equivalent) and 24 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
After many years of lobbying from local residents fighting for a high school to be established in the town, Calliope State High School opened to students for the first time on 28 January 2020. A total of 165 students in Years 7 and 8 were the first students to attend the school. Facilities at the school include ten general learning spaces, 12 specialty learning spaces, a technology centre, a science centre, hospitality centre, a multi-purpose hall and an oval. An administration building, resource centre and a canteen were also among the new school's facilities upon its opening.
See also
Boyne Valley, Australia
References
External links
Towns in Queensland
Gladstone Region
1871 establishments in Australia
Populated places established in 1871
Localities in Queensland |
Poems on Various Subjects (1796) was the first collection by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, including also a few sonnets by Charles Lamb. A second edition in 1797 added many more poems by Lamb and by Charles Lloyd, and a third edition appeared in 1803 with Coleridge's works only. All three editions included poems in Coleridge's early Miltonic style, such as his Religious Musings and Monody on the Death of Chatterton, alongside lyrics and some of his first conversation poems, such as The Eolian Harp, in a style suggested by the works of William Cowper. The book was on the whole well received by reviewers; modern critics value it more for its shorter and lighter poems than for its formal set-pieces.
Contents
1796 edition
Four sonnets are signed "C. L.", to indicate that they are by Charles Lamb.
1797 edition
1803 edition
Compilation and publication
Poems on Various Subjects, Coleridge's first collection, was put together in 1795 and 1796 while he was living in a cottage in Clevedon, near Bristol, working as a Radical journalist, lecturer and pamphleteer. Publication was delayed while he revised his Religious Musings, but the book was eventually issued by the Bristol bookseller Joseph Cottle on 16 April 1796. In return for the copyright in the poems Cottle paid him 30 guineas, though Coleridge was more hopeful of gaining favourable notice from reviewers than large profits. This first edition of the book contained 51 poems, mostly written since Coleridge had dropped out from Cambridge University at the end of 1794. The collection was bookshelved by two substantial formal poems, Monody on the Death of Chatterton and Religious Musings; of the intervening pieces about half were sonnets, while the remainder included "The Eolian Harp" and two other conversation poems, as Coleridge was later to call them. Four of the sonnets, all signed with the initials C. L., were attributed by Coleridge himself to his friend Charles Lamb, but the truth is more complex. All were amended by Coleridge, and one, Effusion XIV "To Siddons", was included as Coleridge's in later collections of his poems and is probably best described as a collaboration. A fifth sonnet, Effusion XV, was completed by Lamb, as Coleridge acknowledged.
Within six months the book had sold out, and preparations began for a second edition with additional poems by both Coleridge and Lamb. In March 1797, when the printing was almost complete, Coleridge told Cottle that there would be a section of poems by another of his friends, Charles Lloyd, reassuring him that the increased costs of production would be offset by profits from the large number of copies, "more than a hundred", that Lloyd's family and friends would doubtless buy. This edition, retitled Poems, Second Edition, by S. T. Coleridge, to Which Are Now Added Poems by Charles Lamb, and Charles Lloyd, was therefore of an even more miscellaneous nature than the first. The first section, consisting of poems by Coleridge himself, omitted twenty poems from the first edition, including many of the more immature ones and all of the sonnets on political figures, but included twelve newer works. It began with a dedicatory poem to his brother, the Rev. George Coleridge, and, as before, concluded with the Religious Musings. This section comprised, Coleridge told Cottle, "my choicest fish, pick'd, gutted, and clean'd", the compound-epithets and other stylistic extravagances "pruned...with no unsparing hand". By contrast, the next two sections, by Lamb and Lloyd respectively, were in effect a Collected Works of the two young poets, occupying nearly a hundred pages. The final section, or Supplement, contains a few poems by Coleridge and his co-authors which he had, as he wrote, "reprieved from immediate oblivion". A newspaper advertisement dated 28 October 1797 announced the publication of the second edition. Coleridge almost immediately undercut his relations with his collaborators by publishing in the November 1797 number of the Monthly Magazine, under the pseudonym of Nehemiah Higginbottom, three sonnets satirising his own poems and those of Lamb and Lloyd. In consequence, when in 1798 Coleridge floated the idea of a third edition, to include The Ancient Mariner, Lloyd asked for his own poems to be withdrawn.
Nothing came of this project in 1798, but by 1803 Coleridge was again planning a new edition, this time to consist entirely of his own poems. Though he initially intended to include some of his newer conversation poems, when the book finally appeared that year, simply called Poems, by S. T. Coleridge, it was essentially a simple rearrangement of his own contributions to the 1797 edition. He even retained the short 1796 and 1797 prefaces rather than write a new one outlining his thoughts on the theory of Romantic poetry. The task of superintending the book's progress through the press was delegated to Lamb.
Themes
Coleridge published the Poems just after the failure of his idealistic political scheme of Pantisocracy. His strong belief in the capacity of poetry to examine the religious and political changes of his day is reflected in both of the longest poems in the collection, the Monody on the Death of Chatterton and the Religious Musings, and also in the sonnets on prominent political figures. In contrast, there are also many poems of sensibility, described by Coleridge as "effusions", reflecting the influence of William Lisle Bowles's sonnets. These are imbued with Coleridge's own personal emotions; they are sometimes melancholy and sometimes expressive of his happiness in the early stages of his marriage to Sara Fricker. Throughout the collection runs the theme of immersion in nature as a way of communing with God.
Reception
Some of the earliest and best criticism of Poems on Various Subjects came from Charles Lamb in a string of letters to Coleridge, praising his Religious Musings as "the noblest poem in the language, next after the Paradise lost", urging him to "cultivate simplicity", and employing exemplary tact whenever he found fault. The book was widely reviewed, on the whole favourably, reviewers praising the author's imaginative powers, accomplished poetic diction, and alternately lofty and tender sentiment. Such adverse criticism as came was directed at shortcomings Coleridge himself had privately acknowledged as "much effeminacy of sentiment, much faulty glitter of expression", and also at metrical faults. The British Critic wished that his sentiment and expression had been "chastened by experience of mankind, or habitude of writing". The Critical Review believed that time would correct Coleridge's faults, and found Lamb's poems "very beautiful". The Monthly Review, Coleridge said, had "cataracted panegyric on my poems". Its critic, John Aikin, wrote that "the manner of an original thinker is predominant; and as he has not borrowed the ideas, so he has not fashioned himself to the polish and correctness of modern verse. Such a writer...will always be, what so few proportionally are, an interesting object to the genuine lover of poetry." The 1797 edition was more sparsely reviewed, but it was noted that Coleridge had purged his poems of many of their over-ornate expressions, and the Critical Review praised the "Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement" and the sonnet on the River Otter. The Monthly Visitor wrote that Coleridge's "defects..are the defects of genius and intelligence", that Lloyd's poems showed "much simplicity, sweetness, and promise", and that Lamb's contributions were "strong and harmonious", entitling him to much praise. The 1803 edition was given a short but respectful notice by the Poetical Register, while the Annual Review thought that its contents "afford examples of the best and worst manner of this striking and peculiar writer".
Coleridge told his friend John Thelwall in 1796, "I build all my poetic pretensions on the Religious Musings"; Thelwall on the other hand found that its religious passages were "the very acme of...rant", and the whole poem was "infected with inflation & turgidity". Many modern critics find themselves between these two viewpoints, Richard Holmes writing that it adds "weight in every sense" to Poems on Various Subjects and that it belies that collection's true originality. It is such lyrics and conversation poems as "The Eolian Harp" and "Lines Written at Shurton Bars" that are seen as prefiguring the great works of Coleridge's maturity. Lawrence Hanson, for example, wrote that these "are saved by their spontaneity and lightness from the confusion of overmuch thought. They contain hints of the sensuous mysticism, the delicate precision of imagery, in which Coleridge was to excel." Some critics have voiced their surprise at Coleridge's inclusion policy, pointing out that "To the River Otter" and "Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement" do not appear in the 1796 edition; likewise that the 1803 edition leaves out Kubla Khan, Christabel, This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, Fears in Solitude, France: An Ode, and Dejection: An Ode, all of which had at that date appeared only in pamphlets or newspapers.
Footnotes
References
External links
The full text of the 1797 edition at the Internet Archive
The full text of the 1803 edition at Google Books
1796 poetry books
1797 poetry books
1803 poetry books
English poetry collections
Poetry by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Works by Charles Lamb |
Kadarikota is a village in Y. Ramavaram Mandal, East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.
Demographics
India census, This Village had a population of 218, out of which 113 were male and 105 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 13%. The literacy rate of the village is 38%.
References
Villages in Y. Ramavaram mandal |
Naked Thunder is a 1990 solo album by Ian Gillan, released soon after his departure from Deep Purple in 1989. It features a varied selection of songs, with one of Gillan's most passionate and impressive performances on power ballad "Loving on Borrowed Time" and traditional field lament "No More Cane on the Brazos". It was also the first album to feature Ian Gillan's long time writing partner Steve Morris. Naked Thunder was produced by Leif Mases and features a number of notable guest musicians, including drummer Simon Phillips and former Grease Band keyboard player Tommy Eyre.
The album was available only as an import in the USA until 1998 when it was re-released for American market by Eagle Records.
Naked Thunder was preceded by a couple of singles which failed to chart. More successful was the tour that followed with a video documenting one of the shows (Ian Gillan Live, 1990).
In 2006 Ian Gillan re-recorded "Loving on Borrowed Time" for the Gillan's Inn album. In November 2016, he again performed "No More Cane on the Brazos" live during the tour of Eastern Europe with orchestra and Don Airey Band. It was the first time he has performed the song in twenty-five years.
Track listing
All songs written by Ian Gillan and Steve Morris except where noted
"Gut Reaction" – 3:46
"Talking to You" – 3:36
"No Good Luck" – 4:12
"Nothing but the Best" – 3:46
"Loving on Borrowed Time" – 5:04 (duet with Carol Kenyon)
"Sweet Lolita" – 3:50
"Nothing to Lose" 6:17
"Moonshine" (Gillan, Morris, Mark Buckle) – 2:46
"Long and Lonely Ride" – 3:48
"Love Gun" – 3:29
"No More Cane on the Brazos" (Traditional) – 8:13
B-sides and outtakes
"Rock N' Roll Girls" – 3:20
"Hole in My Vest" – 3:42
Personnel
Musicians
Ian Gillan – vocals, harmonica
Steve Morris – bass, guitar, keyboards
Albie Donnelly – saxophone
Tommy Eyre – keyboards
Chris Glen, Roger Glover – bass
Ted McKenna, Simon Phillips – drums
Mick O'Donoghue – guitar
J. Peter Robinson – piano, keyboards
John Gustafson, Carol Kenyon, Dave Lloyd, Harry Shaw – backing vocals
The A-Team Horns – brass
Production
Leif Mases – producer
Keith Andrews – engineer
Al Stone – mixing
Singles/EPs
"Nothing but the Best / Hole in My Vest"
"Nothing but the Best / Hole in My Vest / Moonshine"
"No More Cane on the Brazos / Long and Lonely Ride"
"No Good Luck / Love Gun"
"No Good Luck / Love Gun / Rock N' Roll Girls"
Charts
References
1990 debut albums
Ian Gillan albums |
The men's moguls competition of the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 was held at Deer Valley, United States on February 2, 2011 (qualifications and finals).
35 athletes from 17 countries competed.
Results
Qualification
Final
References
Moguls, men's |
The American Epidemiological Society is an American honorary society dedicated to epidemiology. It was established in 1927, and has held annual meetings since 1968. It is the oldest epidemiology organization in the United States. Past members of the society have included Wade H. Frost, Alexander Langmuir, Jonas Salk and Abraham Lilienfeld.
References
External links
Epidemiology organizations
Organizations established in 1927
Medical associations based in the United States |
Vietnamobile is a Vietnamese mobile network operator. It is a joint-venture of Hanoi Telecom and Hutchison Asia Telecom Group and the fourth largest provider as of 2012.
History
HT Mobile was set up in 2007 as a joint-venture of Hanoi Telecom and Hutchison Asia Telecom Group. It was renamed to Vietnamobile in 2009, accompanied by the adoption of GSM technology to replace the less popular CDMA.
It started offering 3G services in late 2011, long after its major competitors.
Market share and competitors
Vietnamobile had a market share (estimated based on revenues) of 8% in 2012.
Its main competitors are Viettel with a market share of 40.67%, Vinaphone with 30%, MobiFone with 17.9%, the three large state-owned providers with a market share of almost 90%. The only smaller competitors are Gmobile and S-Fone.
References
CK Hutchison Holdings
Mobile phone companies of Vietnam
Joint ventures |
The president of the World Bank Group is the head of World Bank Group. The president is responsible for chairing the meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the World Bank Group.
The nominee is subject to confirmation by the Board of Executive Directors, to serve for a five-year, renewable term. Traditionally, the World Bank Group president has always been an American citizen nominated by the United States, the Bank's largest shareholder, and the IMF's managing director has been a European citizen. While most World Bank Group presidents have had economic experience, some have not.
The fourteenth and current World Bank Group president is Ajay Banga, who was selected on May 3 and began his term on June 2, 2023.
List of World Bank Group presidents
Status
References
Notes
External links
President of the World Bank |
The Gulf Islands is a group of islands in the Salish Sea between Vancouver Island and the mainland coast of British Columbia.
Etymology
The name "Gulf Islands" comes from "Gulf of Georgia", the original term used by George Vancouver in his mapping of the southern part of the archipelago and which before the San Juan Island dispute also was taken to include what have since been called the San Juan Islands. While geopolitically divided, the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands geologically form part of the larger Gulf Archipelago.
Strictly speaking, the Strait of Georgia is only the wide, open waters of the main strait between the mainland and Vancouver Island, and does not officially refer to the adjoining waters between the islands and Vancouver Island but has become a common misnomer for the entire Gulf, which includes waters such as Active Pass (between Galiano Island and Mayne Island), Trincomali Channel (between Galiano Island and Saltspring Island), Sansum Narrows (between Saltspring Island and Vancouver Island), and Malaspina Strait (between Texada Island and the mainland around Powell River). "The Gulf" refers to all such waters collectively, and to those communities and shores surrounding it. Only the term "Strait of Georgia" remains in the provincial gazette although its use as a synonym for the Gulf is unofficial, while the term Gulf of Georgia remains in current use though not in the provincial gazette.
The term Salish Sea was adopted in 2010 to refer to the Strait of Georgia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and all connecting and adjoining waters.
Boundaries
According to BC Geographical Names (BCGNIS) the name "Gulf Islands" was originally intended and commonly understood to refer to the archipelago at the southern end of the Strait of Georgia; from Gabriola Island in the north to Saturna Island in the southeast and D'Arcy Island in the southwest. During the 1990s, however, the name began to be applied to all the islands in the Strait of Georgia, resulting in the introduction of the term "Southern Gulf Islands", which BCGNIS calls a misnomer, to distinguish the original "Gulf Islands" from the rest, which are sometimes called the "Northern Gulf Islands". BCGNIS further notes that Quadra Island is increasingly described as the "northernmost of the Gulf Islands".
Island groups
The division of the Gulf Islands into two groups, the Southern and Northern Gulf Islands, is relatively common. The dividing line is approximately that formed by the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island, and the mouth of the Fraser River on the mainland. The islands of the Discovery Islands, Howe Sound, and Fraser River delta are not considered part of the Gulf Islands.
Southern Gulf Islands
The Southern Gulf Islands are near the southern end of the Strait of Georgia, forming an intricate network of waterways between them, collectively referred to as part of the Salish Sea. The Southern Gulf Islands include hundreds of islands and islets, and form part of a larger archipelago that also includes the nearby San Juan Islands of the state of Washington in the United States.
The major Southern Gulf Islands are:
Northern Gulf Islands
The Northern Gulf Islands are located near the northern end of the Strait of Georgia, including all islands south of Savary Island, the southernmost island of the neighbouring Discovery Islands.
The major Northern Gulf Islands are as follows:
Ecology
The islands and surrounding ocean are rich with ecologically diverse plants and sea life including Garry oaks, wild lilies, kelp beds and Orcas.
The Gulf Islands are home to one of the last remaining pockets of Garry oak ecosystems. Only about five percent of Garry oak ecosystems remain in their natural state, landing 91 of the approximately 350 species it supports on the province's list of species at risk. The unique Mediterranean characteristics of the islands' climate supports the Garry oak ecosystem. Garry oak ecosystems are home to more plant species, such as the camas, than any other terrestrial ecosystem in coastal B.C. and are one of Canada's most at-risk natural habitats.
Today, Garry oak meadows exist in the shallow and exposed soil of valleys, rocky foothills and southern slopes—areas that the settlers of the past 150 years have found unsuitable for agriculture or development.
The Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team (GOERT), a partnership of a number of governmental and non-governmental agencies that comprise 22 individuals, was established in 1999 after the delegates of the First International Garry Oak Ecosystem Symposium met in Victoria and declared the ecosystem endangered. Since then, GOERT has been working to motivate public and private restoration of the rare ecosystem and promote conservation activities.
Conservation
The unique ecosystem of the islands has been a focal point of conservation efforts for decades. BC Parks operates a variety of provincial parks on the islands, the oldest being Mount Maxwell Provincial Park on Salt Spring Island.
In 2003, Parks Canada established Gulf Islands National Park Reserve to protect ecologically important regions of the southeastern Gulf Islands. As a National Park Reserve, the long-term goal is to protect most of the southeastern Gulf Islands.
In 2012, Parks Canada published a feasibility Study for the proposed Southern Strait of Georgia National Marine Conservation Area Reserve. The goal of the National Marine Conservation Area is to protect ecologically significant marine habitats and ensure sustainable use of marine resources. It would also serve as a complement to the existing national park reserve.
Agriculture
In most parts of Canada, olive trees cannot thrive; the long, harsh winter and short, humid summer and spring make it difficult for olives to grow comfortably and properly, but Pender Island, Saturna Island, and Salt Spring Island have a Mediterranean style climate that permits olive production.
Banana Joe Clemente was one of the first Islanders to introduce olive trees to the Southern Gulf Islands in 1993 growing dozens from seed. In 1994/1995, planting a grove of the seed-grown olive trees around a Botchi pit on Salt Spring Island. He also distributed them to Islanders for their private gardens. Banana Joe is also responsible for introducing Musa basjoo, a hardy species of Banana plant to Salt Spring Island.
Farm owner Andrew Butt planted his first olive tree in 2001 at his farm on Pender Island, using Frantoio and Leccino cultivars that he obtained from California. He uses kelp obtained from the surrounding straits as fertilizer and uses a pruning method that enhances the sunlight exposure on the trees. Michael Pierce and colleagues established an olive tree nursery on Saturna Island in 2009 that supplied olive trees to the region.
Transportation
The larger populated islands are served by BC Ferries, which operates various vehicle and passenger ferries between the Gulf Islands and to terminals near the major cities of Nanaimo and Victoria on Vancouver Island as well as Vancouver on the mainland.
None of the islands are linked to another island by bridge, the exception being Pender Island which was artificially divided into two by a canal dug in 1903. Various proposals have been made to link one or more of the islands to another island, or with the mainland coast of the province, without success. Challenges include high capital costs, the presence of ecologically sensitive ecosystems, the mountainous terrain of the islands, impracticality due to the low population of the islands, and opposition from locals.
See also
List of islands of Canada
Islands Trust
Southern Gulf Islands Electoral Area
References
External links
Gulf Islands National Park Reserve — Parks Canada
Come to the Islands Canadian Geographic Special Feature on B.C.'s Gulf Islands
Southern Gulf Islands Atlas
Islands Trust
Archipelagoes of British Columbia
Strait of Georgia
Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean
Agriculture in British Columbia |
Ben Phillips (born ) is a Welsh YouTuber. He began uploading videos on Vine in 2013, gaining an online following with a series of clips featuring his girlfriend's son Harley. After leaving the platform in 2015, he has uploaded videos on Facebook and YouTube, primarily about pranks involving his friend Elliot Giles. Phillips went on a theatrical tour in 2016 and was given a prank-show pilot on Comedy Central in 2017. He also uploads videos to TikTok.
Early and personal life
Before becoming a Viner, Phillips worked in his mother's shoe shop in Bridgend, Wales.
He has a son called Harley.
Career
Phillips set up his Vine account in August 2013 and initially uploaded videos of his three-year-old son Harley. He began a "Dr Harley" series in which his son gave out spoof medical advice. In February 2014, they were one of the top 5 viners in the United Kingdom with half a million followers. They were signed by social media agency GrapeStory which was co-founded by Jérôme Jarre. After he and his son's mother broke up, he began to make vines on his own and also upload videos to Facebook. The last vine he did with his son was a Ford Europe advert which he was paid £12,000 to make.
Phillips' team consisted of his friends and family who would give him ideas which he called "the Peter Andre model". In March 2015, a couple of days after being interviewed by Newsbeat and BuzzFeed News, he claimed his Vine account was hacked. Phillips moved to YouTube making videos primarily about pranking his friend Elliot Giles such as replacing his hair gel with superglue, putting Viagra in his sports drink and placing him in a lake whilst he was sleeping on an inflatable mattress. He said of Vine's closure in 2017 that "Vine just didn't keep with the creator and the influencer" and that "they lost sight of what Vine actually was. YouTube and Facebook have so much more to offer the creator now."
In 2016, he went on a theatrical tour in the United Kingdom, Australia and Asia and produced a movie featuring footage of the tour that was shown in cinemas in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. When asked about his following in Asia, he said that his philosophy was making his videos "universal so you didn't have to understand the language to get the videos". His slogan "sorry bro!" was the title of his book published in 2016. In 2017, he was given a prank show pilot on Comedy Central titled Ben Phillips Blows Up.
In 2019, a video by Phillips in which Giles is blindfolded on a railway line as part of a Bird Box challenge was investigated by police. The British Transport Police said that Giles was "quite literally playing a game of life and death". In February 2021, YouTuber Jake Paul told Forbes that he had discussed creating a cryptocurrency with Phillips. In February 2022, Phillips and Paul were named in a class-action lawsuit against SafeMoon, a cryptocurrency they had promoted, which claimed they were involved in a "pump and dump" scheme.
References
External links
1990s births
21st-century Welsh comedians
21st-century Welsh writers
British TikTokers
British Vine (service) celebrities
British YouTubers
Living people
People associated with cryptocurrency
People from Bridgend
Prank YouTubers
Welsh male comedians
Welsh male writers
Welsh Internet celebrities
YouTube channels launched in 2014 |
Değirmenönü is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 105 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Kızılcahamam District |
The Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC; ) is an executive body of the Civil Aviation and Airspace Use Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and was formed in 1991 according to the Civil Aviation and Airspace Use Multilateral Agreement, signed on 25 December 1991.
History
In the Soviet Union, the State Supervisory Commission for Flight Safety (Gosavianadzor), under the Council of Ministers, was the predecessor of the IAC. The Gosavianadzor conducted aircraft accident and incident investigations. until the IAC was established in Minsk on 25 December 1991.
The IAC has been accredited by ICAO as an intergovernmental organisation which may be invited to attend suitable ICAO meetings (officially, ICAO does not classify these as observers).
The Aviation Accident Investigation Commission of the IAC cooperates with the Federal Air Transport Agency in investigations of aviation accidents. One publicly known and controversial IAC investigation was the 2010 plane crash that killed Polish president Lech Kaczyński.
Governance
The committee is head-quartered in Yakimanka District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia. Since 1991, Tatiana Anodina has been the chairperson of the committee. There was press speculation regarding Anodina's conflict of interest in certifying aircraft with respect to Transaero's market position.
Participating states
Current
, the following countries are named by the IAC as the Treaty participants:
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Moldova
In 1999 Government of Moldova announced its intention to reduce or end participation in the Civil Aviation and Airspace Use Multilateral Agreement. The IAC's official web site still names Moldova among participating states
Russia (partially, in aviation accidents investigation domain)
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Former
Georgia
Despite the fact that Georgia withdrew from the Commonwealth of Independent States, Georgian authorities may still cooperate with the IAC.
Ukraine
Ukraine has its own independent civil aviation and accidents investigation agencies. Ukraine's participation was based on two agreements concluded within the CIS - a presidential decree.
See also
Aviation accidents and incidents
References
External links
Interstate Aviation Committee
Interstate Aviation Committee
Commonwealth of Independent States
Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents
Aviation organizations based in Russia
1991 establishments in Russia
Organizations established in 1991 |
André Andrejew (21 January 1887 – 13 March 1967) was one of the most important art directors of the international cinema of the twentieth century. He had a distinctive, innovative style. His décors were both expressive and realistic. French writer Lucie Derain described Andrejew at the peak of his career as "an artist of the grand style, blessed with a vision of lyrical quality." Edith C. Lee wrote recently: "Believing in creative freedom rather than academic reconstruction, André Andrejew fulfilled the 20th century's notion of the romantic, individualistic artist. The unusual titillated his imagination."
Early life
André Andrejew was born in Schawli (Lithuanian: Šiauliai), Russian Empire (now Lithuania), on 21 January 1887 as Andrej Andreyev (Russian: Андрей Андреев). He studied architecture at the Fine Arts Academy in Moscow. At the time in Russia, architecture could be studied at technical universities and with the more artistic angle at art academies, where accent was on interior design and decor and students were trained as artists. After the studies, André Andrejew worked as a scene designer at the Konstantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre.
In Berlin
After the October revolution of 1917, Andrejew left Russia. In Germany and Austria, he worked as stage designer in theater productions in Berlin and Vienna, working among others with Max Reinhardt. In 1921/1922, he designed stage decorations for the Jasha Jushny's Der Blaue Vogel (Blue Bird), a legendary Russian émigré cabaret at Goltzstrasse in Berlin.
In 1923, he designed his first cinema décor for Raskolnikow, directed by Robert Wiene, film based upon Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment. This expressionist work made him the foremost art director in Germany. Rudolf Kurtz in his Expressionismus und Film (1926) wrote: Andrejew is a typical Moscow mixture, distinction of the streaked folk art (his decors) dissolves the rhythm of images, creates gentle forms, establishes balance even when everything is broken and torn.
Germany produced at the time hundreds of feature movies each year, and as cinema was silent, they were often produced in a co-production with France and released in both countries with different language inter-titles. Andrejew designed décors for several major German and Franco-German productions directed by Pabst, Feyder, Duvivier, Christian-Jacque. The titles of this period include Dancing Vienna, Pandora's Box, The Threepenny Opera, Don Quixote, The Golem, Meyerling.
Especially interesting is today The Threepenny Opera (1930), directed by G.W. Pabst. Andrejew built for this film huge sets of the imaginary London. These decors artistically continue German Expressionism of the 1920s, but bring it to another level, creating the world far more realistic, intense and somber.
France, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia: 1933-1940
Immediately after Hitler took power in Germany in 1933, Andrejew as several other Russian artists living in Berlin left for Paris. At first he worked with the directors who also left Germany (Fedor Ozep, Alexis Granowsky, G. W. Pabst), but later with the most successful French filmmakers of the time, working on art direction of numerous film productions in France, England, and Czechoslovakia.
In collaboration with Pimenoff, Andrejew art directed 'Les Yeux Noirs'. Following this came sumptuous sets for 'Les Nuits Moscovites' and 'Myerling'. His sets for Duvivier's 'Golem' made in Prague were remarkable, the camera reproducing the artist's original designs very faithfully. Toeplitz brought Andrejew to England in 1937 to make 'The Dictator', and he stayed on to make 'Whom the Gods Love' for Basil Dean. Both these films were set against lavish eighteenth century backgrounds on which he was so much at home(...)Until 1937 he was associated with many productions for London Films but returned to his chateau in France in 1938.
Just before the World War II, Andrejew was active in France making decors for two films with Pabst and several other films with L'Herbier, Ozep, Pottier, Lacombe and Mirande.
War years in France: 1940-1944
When Germany invaded France in May 1940 and the Vichy regime was established, German producer Alfred Greven and his firm Continental Films continued to produce French films. These films were shown in cinemas in France and other occupied by Germany countries, where cinema had to be kept alive while it has been seen by the Nazi regime, as an important propaganda tool. Several directors left France escaping the Nazis as Luis Buñuel and Jean Renoir, but the directors who stayed in France like Marcel Carné, Jean Cocteau, Sacha Guitry continued to make films and André Andrejew continued to design and build film décors. These French films had nothing to do with the occupiers ideology. Their default was to pretend normality, while Europe suffered under the Nazi German occupation.
Le Corbeau controversy
In 1943, André Andrejew worked as a production designer on Le Corbeau, a thriller by Henri-Georges Clouzot. This anti-authoritarian film became very controversial during the occupation, when it was seen as indirectly attacking the Nazi system, and censored; yet after the liberation of France in August 1944, Le Corbeau was perceived as being made by collaborators, and it was rumored to have been released in Germany as Nazi anti-French propaganda, when in fact it was suppressed by the Germans.
However, the film was disliked by all political parties in postwar France, and there was a strong consensus to treat this movie as a scapegoat for a national feeling of guilt for not putting up enough resistance against Nazi Germany. Clouzot was at first banned for life from directing films in France; his actors, who acted also in other movies, were sentenced to long prison terms.
Several important personalities in France, including artist Jean Cocteau and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, went to the defense of Le Corbeau and Clouzot himself. Clouzot's ban was commuted to three years, counted from the release of Le Corbeau, which in fact meant two years' ban. Andrejew, as his close collaborator, was banned for nine months, forcing him to renew his English contacts.
The French ban on Le Corbeau was lifted only in 1969.
Final years — Hollywood productions
Andrejew continued to work as a production designer in England, France, and since 1948, he designed décors for several major international productions as Anna Karenina, Alexander the Great (shot in Spain), and Anastasia.
Anna Karenina produced by Alexander Korda and directed by Julien Duvivier, with the cinematography by Henri Alekan, costumes by Cecil Beaton and Vivien Leigh in the title part, stands out in Andrejew's work as probably one of his best films. Andre Andrejew has done something good that very few set designers for films set in czarist Russia are able to do: create the impression of sumptuous wealth without making the rooms look like nearly barbaric combination of harems and safaris. The seeming alien-ness of Russia, particularly before 1917, has influenced many set designers to make the place look strange and combine several bizarre cultures which have nothing to do with anything. This production of Anna Karenina takes into account something very important: Upper class Russians were, in effect, Europeans, and they tended to live in the same sort of surroundings as other Victorian-era Europeans did.´In Alexander the Great (1956), Andrejew successfully used existing elements of primitive Spanish architecture to create the richness and glory of ancient Greece and Persia in far more authentic way, than the plaster and plywood decorations in similar Hollywood films of the time. Andrejew's ideas were continued a decade later in the mythological films directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini, Edipo re (Oedipus Rex, 1967) with the production design by Luigi Scaccianoce, and Medea (1969) with the production design by Dante Ferretti.
Andrejew briefly returned to Berlin in 1952, to work on a Carol Reed's The Man Between. He made his last movies in the mid-1950s in Germany (then West Germany).
André Andrejew died of natural causes in Loudun, south of Paris on 13 March 1967.
Influence of Andrejew on production design in film
Through his individual style of the art directing, the visual wealth and the artistic quality of his decors and the sheer number of films produced in different countries, Andrejew influenced for more than thirty years aesthetics of the art directing in Europe and America. Several production designers were following his style and today Andrejew is regarded as a classic. Edith C. Lee writes about him: As critics began to condemn any strongly stated art direction as distracting, Andrejew slightly toned down his style. Nonetheless, he maintained his belief in the importance of intrinsic meaning in design.Andrejew's production drawings are today in the collections in France and Great Britain, they also appear on art auctions and offering by the commercial galleries in France. Cinémathèque Française in Paris presented several of Andrejew's gouaches during the exhibition 'Le cinéma expressionniste allemand — Splendeurs d'une collection (French Expressionist Cinema — Splendors of the Collection) ´ - held in winter of 2007. They were collected by Lotte H. Eisner, German film historian living in France, who documented for the Cinémathèque works of the most important Filmarchitekte of the German expressionist cinema.
Filmography
This is a filmography of films made by André Andrejew as a production designer or an art director, as in Europe at the time there was no sharp distinction between these functions.
This filmography lists a year of release (not of production), an original title of the film and the name of its director. Eventual Andrejew's collaborators are mentioned before the film director's name. Additionally, after some titles, some significant names of the cast or of the crew have been noted.
Germany: 1923 – 1933Silent films:1923: Raskolnikov, Directed by Robert Wiene
1923: Die Macht der Finsternis, in collaboration with Heinrich Richter, Directed by Conrad Wiene
1925: Letters Which Never Reached Him, in collaboration with Gustav A. Knauer, Directed by Frederic Zelnik
1925: Old Mamsell's Secret, in collaboration with Gustav A. Knauer, Directed by Paul Merzbach
1925: The Dealer from Amsterdam, in collaboration with Gustav A. Knauer, Directed by Victor Janson
1925: The Bank Crash of Unter den Linden, in collaboration with Gustav A. Knauer, Directed by Paul Merzbach
1926: The Bohemian Dancer, in collaboration with Gustav A. Knauer, Directed by Frederic Zelnik, Cast: Lya Mara (Försterchristl)
1926: The Mill at Sanssouci, in collaboration with Gustav A. Knauer, Directed by Siegfried Philippi and Frederic Zelnik
1926: The Circus of Life, in collaboration with Karl Görge and August Rinaldi, Directed by Mario Bonnard and Guido Parish
1926: The Violet Eater, in collaboration with Hermann Krehan, Directed by Frederic Zelnik
1926: Superfluous People, in collaboration with Stefan Lhotka, Directed by Alexander Rasumny
1926: Fadette, in collaboration with Alexander Ferenczy, Directed by Frederic Zelnik
1927: The Gypsy Baron, in collaboration with Alexander Ferenczy, Directed by Frederic Zelnik
1927: The Weavers, Directed by Frederic Zelnik, Makeup designer: George Grosz
1927: Alpine Tragedy, Directed by Robert Land
1927: The Golden Abyss, Directed by Mario Bonnard
1927: Dancing Vienna, also known as An der schönen blauen Donau. 2. Teil, Directed by Frederic Zelnik
1927: Die Spielerin, in collaboration with Alexander Ferenczy; Directed by Graham Cutts, based upon Dostoyevski's The Player
1927: Im Luxuszug, Directed by Erich Schönfelder
1928: Thérèse Raquin, Directed by Jacques Feyder
1928: Mariett Dances Today, in collaboration with Erich Zander, Directed by Frederic Zelnik
1928: Two Red Roses, Directed by Robert Land
1928: Marie Lou, Directed by Frederic Zelnik
1928: Der Ladenprinz, Directed by Erich Schönfelder
1928: The Saint and Her Fool, Directed by Wilhelm Dieterle
1929: My Heart is a Jazz Band, Directed by Frederic Zelnik; Cast: Lya Mara, Carl Goetz, Iwan Kowal-Samborskij, Alfred Abel
1928: Rapa-nui, Directed by Mario Bonnard
1928: Volga Volga, Directed by Victor Tourjansky
1928: Der Herzensphotograph, Directed by Max Reichmann
1929: Diane, Directed by Erich Waschneck, Cast: Henry Victor (Oberst Guy de Lasalle, Kommandant von Tschamschewa), Olga Tschechowa (Diane), Pierre Blanchar (Leutnant Gaston Mévil)
1929: Pandora's Box, in collaboration with Gottlieb Hesch (Bohumil Heš); Directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, Cast: Louise Brooks (Loulou)
1929: The Love of the Brothers Rott, Directed by Erich Waschneck, Cast: Olga Chekhova aka Olga Tschechova (Theresa Donath) who also produced the film
1929: Der Narr seiner Liebe, Directed by Olga Chekhova aka Olga Tschechova
1929: Sprengbagger 1010, Directed by Carl Ludwig Achaz-Duisberg, Cast: Heinrich George (Direktor March), Viola Garden (Olga Lossen)
1930: Revolte im Erziehungshaus, Directed by Georg Asagaroffsound films:'''1930: The Last Company, Directed by Curtis Bernhardt (as Kurt Bernhardt)
1931: The Threepenny Opera, Directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst; Treatment by Bertolt Brecht based upon the musical by Bertolt Brecht with the music by Kurt Weill. Screenplay by Leo Lania, Ladislaus Vajda and Béla Balázs
1931: The Theft of the Mona Lisa, in collaboration with Robert A. Dietrich; Directed by Geza von Bolvary
1931: His Highness Love, in collaboration with Erich Kettelhut; Directed by Robert Péguy and Erich Schmidt
1931: , in collaboration with Robert A. Dietrich; directed by Geza von Bolvary
1932: Don Quixote, Directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst; Cast: Feodor Chaliapin (Don Quixotte)
1932: Mirages de Paris, in collaboration with Lucien Aguettand; Directed by Fedor Ozep - * Note: a film produced in Germany in a co-production with France
1933: Grosstadtnacht, Directed by Fédor Ozep - * Note: a film produced in Germany in a co-production with France
France, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia : 1933 – 1940
1933: The Old Devil, Directed by Anatole Litvak, Cast: Harry Baur (Professor Vautier), Alice Field (Helene), Kiki de Montparnasse aka Alice Prin (Kiki)
1933: On the Streets, Directed by Victor Trivas
1933: Volga in Flames, Directed by Victor Tourjansky
1934: Moscow Nights, Directed by Alexis Granowsky; Music Bronisław Kaper aka Bronislau Kapper and Walter Jurmann
1934: Whom the Gods Destroy, Directed by Walter Lang, Cast: Walter Connolly (John Forrester aka Eric Jann aka Peter Korotoff); * Note: a film produced in Great Britain
1935: The Dictator, Directed by Victor Saville; * Note: a film produced in Great Britain
1935: Taras Bulba, Directed by Alexis Granowsky
1936: Mayerling, Directed by Anatole Litvak, Written by: Marcel Achard, Claude Anet (novel), Joseph Kessel, Irma von Cube, Cast: Charles Boyer (Archduke Rudolph of Austria) and Danielle Darrieux (Marie Vetsera)
1936: Le Golem, in collaboration with Štěpán Kopecký; Directed by Julien Duvivier, * Note: a film produced in France, shot in Czechoslovakia
1936: The Beloved Vagabond, Directed by Curtis Bernhardt; * Note: film by a German director produced in Great Britain
1936: , Directed by W.L. Bagier and Martin Frič, Written by: Hugo Haas and Otakar Vávra; * Please Note: a film produced in Czechoslovakia
1937: Dark Journey originally released as The Anxious Years, with the collaboration of Ferdinand Bellan; Directed by Victor Saville; Cast: Conrad Veidt (Baron Karl Von Marwitz), Vivien Leigh (Madeleine Goddard); * Please note: a film produced in Great Britain
1937: The Citadel of Silence, Directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1938: Princess Tarakanova, Directed by Fedor Ozep, Cast: Annie Vernay
1938: The Shanghai Drama, Directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst
1938: Lights of Paris, Directed by Richard Pottier
1939: The White Slave, Directed by Marc Sorkin; Supervised by Georg Wilhelm Pabst
1939: Jeunes filles en détresse, Directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst
1939: Les Musiciens du ciel, Directed by Georges Lacombe
1939: Paris-New York, Directed by Yves Mirande
France, war time: 1940 – 1944
1940: They Were Twelve Women, Directed by Georges Lacombe
1941: Caprices, Directed by Léo Joannon
1941: The Last of the Six, Directed by Georges Lacombe
1941: La Symphonie fantastique, Directed by Christian-Jacque
1941: Les évadés de l'an 4000, in collaboration with André Chaillez, Directed by Marcel Carné
1942: The Murderer Lives at Number 21, Directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot
1942: Twisted Mistress, Directed by André Cayatte
1942: La Main du diable, Directed by Maurice Tourneur
1942: Picpus, Directed by Richard Pottier
1942: Simplet, Directed by Fernandel and Carlo Rim
1943: Au bonheur des dames, Directed by André Cayatte
1943: Le Corbeau, Directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot
1943: La Ferme aux loups, Directed by Richard Pottier
1943: Mon amour est près de toi, Directed by Richard Pottier
1943: Pierre and Jean, Directed by André Cayatte
1944: Le dernier sou, Directed by André Cayatte; *Note: the movie released in 1946
Great Britain: 1947 – 1952
1947: A Man About the House, Directed by Leslie Arliss
1948: Anna Karenina, Directed by Julien Duvivier, Produced by Alexander Korda, Screenplay by Julien Duvivier, Guy Moran and Jean Anouilh from Leo Tolstoy's novel, Photography by Henri Alekan, Costumes by Cecil Beaton, Cast: Vivien Leigh (Anna Karenina)
1948: The Winslow Boy, Directed by Anthony Asquith, cast: Robert Donat (Sir Robert Morton), Cedric Hardwicke (Arthur Winslow)
1949: That Dangerous Age also known in US as If This Be Sin, Directed by Gregory Ratoff, Cast: Myrna Loy (Lady Cathy Brooke)
1949: Britannia Mews, Directed by Jean Negulesco, Cast: Dana Andrews (Gilbert Lauderdale/Henry Lambert)
1950: The Angel with the Trumpet, Directed by Anthony Bushell
1950: My Daughter Joy, Directed by Gregory Ratoff; Set Decoration by Dario Simoni; Cast: Edward G. Robinson (George Constantin)
1953: The Man Between, Directed by Carol Reed, Cast: James Mason (Ivo Kern), Claire Bloom (Susanne Mallison)
Big Hollywood productions: 1953 – 1956
1953: Melba, Directed by Lewis Milestone, Cast: Patrice Munsel (Nellie Melba)
1954: Mambo, Directed by Robert Rossen, Produced by Dino De Laurentiis and Carlo Ponti, Cast: Silvana Mangano (Giovanna Masetti), Vittorio Gassman (Mario Rossi), Shelley Winters (Toni Salerno)
1955: Alexander the Great, Directed by Robert Rossen, Cast: Richard Burton (Alexander the Great); *Note: a film shot in Spain
1956: Anastasia, Directed by Anatole Litvak, Cast: Ingrid Bergman (Anastasia), Yul Brynner (General Sergei Pavlovich Bounine)
Germany (West): 1956 – 1957
1956: Bonjour Kathrin, Directed by Karl Anton, Cast: Caterina Valente (Kathrin)
1957 (released in January 1958): Escape from Sahara, in collaboration with Helmut Neutwig and Fritz Lippman; Directed by Wolfgang Staudte
Further reading
About the German and French periods of Andrejew's work
Rudolf Kurtz, Expressionismus und Film, Verlag der Lichtbildbühne, Berlin, 1926 (Reprint: Hans Rohr, Zürich, 1965)
Jochen Meyer-Wendt, Zwischen Folklore und Abstraktion. Der Filmarchitekt Andrej Andrejew; a chapter in Fantaisies russes. Russische Filmmacher in Berlin und Paris 1920-1930, Jörg Schöning (Editor), CineGraph Buch, München, 1995, 187 pages, for Andrejew see page 113, ;
Jean Loup Passek, Jacqueline Brisbois, Lotte H. Eisner, Vingt ans de cinéma allemand, 1913-1933: catalogue d'une exposition, 15. octobre-1. décembre 1978, Published by Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou, 1978
Jeanpaul Goergen, Künstlerische Avantgarde, visionäre Utopie. Die Regisseure Victor Trivas und Alexis Granowsky., a chapter in Fantaisies russes. Russische Filmmacher in Berlin und Paris 1920-1930, Jörg Schöning (Editor), CineGraph Buch, München, 1995, (in German)
André Andrejew, Cinématographe n° 76, mars 1982 (in French)
Expressionistischer Dekor im deutschen Stummfilm, Gabriela Grunwald, Universität Köln, 1985, University Diploma Work (in German)
Mists of Regret: Culture and Sensibility in Classic French Film, Dudley Andrew, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 1995, (in English), pages 185-186
City of Darkness, City of Light. Émigré Filmmakers in Paris 1929-1939, Alastair Phillips, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2003, (in English)
The French Cinema Book, by Michael Temple, Michael Witt;. London: BFI Publishing, 2004; 300pp; ; read about André Andrejew on pages 103, 109 - 111.
About the British and Hollywood periods of Andrejew's work
Edward Carrick, Roger Manvell, Art and Design in the British film: a pictorial directory of British art directors and their work, comp. by Edward Carrick. With an introduction by Roger Manvell, Dobson, London 1948, re-edited by Arno Press, New York 1972,
Larry Langman, Destination Hollywood, The Influence of Europeans on American Filmmaking, Jefferson, North Carolina and London, 2000
References
quoted after Pictorial directory of British art directors and their work, comp. by Edward Carrick.Dobson, London 1948
. Often St. Petersburg is mistakenly given as a place of André Andrejew's birth.
quoted from Pictorial directory of British art directors and their work, comp. by Edward Carrick.Dobson, London 1948
See Alfred Greven at IMDB.
A Beauty, a Breakdown, and a Russian Epic, Anna Karenina'', A Review by Laurie Edwards
French death certificate no. n° 28/1967 quoted at Les Gens du Cinema. Sometimes Leningrad(?)- a communist name for St. Petersburg, mistakenly and mysteriously (Andrejew lived in France and did not return to Russia) is reported as a place of Andrejew's death. Movie Database IMDb is one of the erroneous sources.
External links
about the film Die Dreigroschenoper (1931), Directed by G. W.Pabst: Three Penny Opera. Brecht vs. Pabst by Jan-Christopher Horak, Jump Cut
André Andrejew on Les Gens du Cinema, (as Andreĩ Andrejew)
Anna Karenina (1948), a review by Laurie Edwards on Culture Dose
a Cinémathèque Française site about the German film expressionism, reproducing drawings by Andrejew for Raskolnikov : (1923)
a Cinémathèque Française page about Andrejew with the bio by Gabriela Trujillo (as Andrej Andrejew, in French)
Working drawings by André Andrejew at the Galerie Michel Cabotse, Paris
An info about André Andrejew and his drawings on the website Art & Design in The British Film # 2: Andre Andrejew
1887 births
1967 deaths
People from Šiauliai
People from Shavelsky Uyezd
Russian art directors
Emigrants from the Russian Empire
Immigrants to the German Empire
Immigrants to France
French people of Russian descent
Film directors from the Russian Empire |
Saddlescombe Preceptory was a priory in West Sussex, England.
References
Further reading
Monasteries in West Sussex |
Leptostylus jolyi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné & Hoffmann in 1981.
References
Leptostylus
Beetles described in 1981 |
The preservation of optical media is essential because it is a resource in libraries, and stores audio, video, and computer data to be accessed by patrons. While optical discs are generally more reliable and durable than older media types, (magnetic tape, LPs and other records) environmental conditions and/or poor handling can result in lost information.
Types of media
The two broad types of optical discs are Compact Discs (CDs) and DVDs. Data is retrieved by both CDs and DVDs by devices that focus a laser light beam against the reflective layer allowing data to be read. The data layer, supported by the polycarbonate substrate can be metallic or dye-based, depending on the disc type.
The reflective and data layers of CDs are just below the label and a thin sheet of polycarbonate substrate. A much thicker layer of the substrate supports and protects the bottom of the disc. The reflective and data layers of double-sided DVDs are in the center of the disc structure, housed between two equal layers of polycarbonate substrate. Because the data layer of CDs is more exposed than double-sided DVDs, a thin lacquer layer is used to protect the surface of the CD. The top of a CD is delicate and fragile; the bottom is merely a transparent protective covering.
For preservation purposes: Gold CD-R (Compatible Disc-Recordable) and DVD-R (Digital Video Disc-Recordable or Digital Versatile Disc-Recordable) discs are preferred by experts over aluminium and silver for reliable long-term backup storage—the reflective layer of the optical disc is gold.
Permanent and long-term storage are distinct. “[D] archiving experts commonly acknowledge that no carrier is permanent. Instead, one must maintain data transferred to storage and provide access and ensure integrity of the information for the long-term.” As technology changes data can be migrated from an older to a newer type of media to avoid media failure or “format obsolescence”—a real threat for technology when it is no longer supported. If the machine required to play and read the discs is not kept in working order and maintained, data loss may result. Risks involved with optical media are covered below.
Issues which affect data longevity of nominally archival-grade discs include the following: dye failure (discs with premium organic and pthalocyanine-based long-life dyes are more suitable); bonding failure (premium bonding agents and edge-to-edge coverage improve longevity); scratches, minimised by careful handling and a scratch-resistant coating; production quality (some factories have better quality control standards, and discs from a batch known to be good may be more reliable than another batch). Testing is required since conditions vary from machine to machine and from disc to disc; environmental control is required to prevent damaging conditions. When these conditions are met it is believed that the life of an archival-quality CD-R or DVD-R can be as long as 100 years, compared to the typical five to ten years for non-archival quality optical discs. The ISO 9660 standard specifies a stable room temperature of 18 - 23 °C (64-73 °F) with relative humidity of 30% to 50%. Keeping multiple copies of discs is necessary for added protection. “One Master, stored under optimal conditions, one Working copy to be used for access purposes or copying, and one Safety copy to be stored at a different location.” According to the Institute of Conservation the container most suitable for storage is a rigid high-quality case made from inert polyester placed vertically.
There is still speculation on how reliable optical media is. There are no accepted standards for blank discs and recording devices, so acceptable performance cannot be relied upon. The longevity of rewritable formats—CD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW and DVD+RW—is less well known; they are also susceptible to accidental overwriting.
Optical disc types
CD-ROMs/DVD-ROMs (read-only-memory) are commercial grade discs and use a metallic data layer created using a molding machine that stamps pits (depressions) and lands (flat surfaces) into a polycarbonate substrate base. The metal layer is then applied to the base, creating the data layer. While aluminium is most frequently used, it can potentially oxidize and lose data, a process sometimes called "disk rot". For archival discs, silver or gold layers are preferred because of longer life expectancies and better reflectivity.
DVD-ROMs can also support a double layer of data, using two metal layers, one semi-reflective and the other fully reflective. Laser light beams can read the two layers separately. If both sides of a DVD are used, double-layer technology provides four data layers.
CD-Rs/DVD-Rs (recordable) are recordable, write-once discs which use photosensitive organic dye just below the reflective layer; the dye undergoes a chemical change when exposed to specific laser light beams, creating bits (marks) containing data.
Dyes used in DVD-Rs and CD-Rs include Phthalocyanine (greenish) Cyanine (blue) and Azo (dark blue). Silver, silver alloys and gold are used as reflective layers on recordable CDs and DVDs. Both gold and silver will outlast the organic dyes, which will decay over time. Aluminium is not used because it may cause reactions with the dyes.
CD-RW/DVD-RWs (rewritable) are recordable, erasable and re-recordable discs that use a phase changing film data layer that reacts to heat. Laser light beams melt bits into the film to create data. These bits can be erased and re-recorded by adjusting the temperature of the laser. Rewritable CDs and DVDs usually use aluminium reflective layers, because the phase changing film degrades faster than aluminium oxidizes.
Blu-ray Discs/HD DVDs represent a new generation of optical media. Both disc types use unique blue-violet laser beams to read data, and are not compatible with equipment for other formats. Blu-ray Discs and HD DVDs are incompatible, and were engaged in a format war until Toshiba announced its discontinuation of the HD DVD format on February 19. 2008. The structure of HD DVDs is similar to normal DVDs, with the data layer protected by layers of substrate on each side. The structure of Blu-ray discs is more similar to CDs, with the information stored directly beneath the surface. Early Blu-ray discs were easily damaged, but a protective layer that made them less delicate was developed.
Damage to optical discs
Optical discs are not subject to wear as they are read without mechanical contact with the surface, but are susceptible to scratches from handling. The risk of scratching is minimised by handling discs only by their edges and the center hole or hub.
Machines used to read discs can damage them if mechanically faulty.
Scratches
Scratches on the laser-reading side of an optical disc
Data recorded on discs has redundancy, so that error detection and correction can compensate for some degree of damage.
The depth and width of scratches as well as the direction in which scratches on the bottom run all determine whether or not the data on the optical disc will be readable. Small scratches on the substrate generally have no effect on the readability of a disc as the laser is reading through the substrate to the data layer. If a scratch is deep or wide enough to affect laser focus, error correction is usually possible, but scratches can be too deep and wide or too close together for error correction to be successful. If a scratch runs along a track or is deep enough to scratch the data layer, data may be lost.
Scratches on the top of an optical disc
Because a CD's reflective metal layer and data layer are both directly beneath the thin lacquer surface of the label, data can be destroyed by even a small scratch on the top of a CD. The instrument used to label CDs should be seriously considered. Pens or markers with hard tips, or with solvents that can affect the protective layers, can scratch or damage the data layer; water-based felt-tip pens are safest. The data layer of a double-sided DVD is in the middle of the disc, surrounded by the substrate on both sides so scratches to either side are equivalent.
Environmental considerations
Optical discs can be damaged by exposure to extreme temperatures; direct sunlight may overheat the disc or damage the data layer with UV rays. Exposure to heat and light have different effects on discs with data and metal layers of different composition. In all optical discs high temperatures can cause the substrate to soften and the disc to warp. Ambient heat, heat build-up, and light do little to damage the data layer of a ROM disc as it is made of aluminium; the only known problem occurring with the prolonged exposure of ROM discs to light is "clouding" or "coloring" of the polycarbonate substrate. CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM discs are all affected by exposure to ambient heat as well as heat build-up due to direct sunlight. A CD-R's data layer is made of dye that degrades at high temperatures, becoming less transparent so that pits and lands are read incorrectly, making the data unreadable. UV rays in sunlight are energetic enough to produce a photochemical reaction that changes the optical properties of the dye. RW and RAM discs' data layers are composed of a phase-changing film that is even more sensitive to heat than the dye found in R discs, so that they degrade even faster when subjected to ambient heat or direct sunlight. The phase-changing film in RW and RAM discs is not light-sensitive, and UV rays do not affect the optical properties of the film. After being exposed to freezing temperatures a disc's separate layers may warm at different speeds, causing separation of the layers. If heated or cooled significantly a disc should be allowed to return to room temperature before use.
The polycarbonate substrate of discs exposed to high humidity or immersion may absorb some water, and should be allowed to dry out in a less humid environment before being used. After drying discs should be usable unless minerals left behind from the water react with the components of the disc, damaging the layers and making it unreadable, as sometimes happens.
Disc quality scanning
By measuring the rate of correctable data errors, potential future data losses caused by media degradation can be predicted.
Types of correctable data errors include so-called C1 (also known as E31) and C2 errors (also known as E32) on CDs, and Pairity Inner Errors (PIE), Pairity Inner Failures (PIF) and Pairity Outer Errors (POE) on DVDs, while uncorrectable errors are CU (or E32) on CDs and Pairity Outer Failures (POF) on DVDs.
A high rate of errors may also be caused by scratches and dirt on the surface, low quality media, recording speeds incompatible with the specific media, and data written using a malfunctioning optical drive.
Too many consecutive smaller data errors could lead to data loss. Due to the weaker error correction used on Audio CDs and Video CDs than on data CDs, a C2 error already represents data loss.
Support for error scanning does vary among vendors and models of optical drives.
Cleaning of optical discs
Optical media discs often require professional preventative or routine cleaning to ensure data accuracy and accessibility; those with no professional experience may scratch the disc surface in their attempt to clean the disc. Build up of dust and oily contaminants on the disc surface, and fingerprints can typically impede the laser beam's ability to penetrate the substrate to read the data layer, and more often impede writing. Minor interferences with reading is handled by error correction technology. If an audio CD (with a much lower accuracy threshold than a data disc) becomes dirty, it can be cleaned safely with a dry, soft lint-free cloth, holding the disc by the edges or by the center hole. Light dirt that is not removed by this method can be removed with a cloth dampened with water or a suitable optical disc-cleaning fluid. It has been advised that excess dust be blown off an optical disc before reading, to avoid buildup of dust in the reader, particularly on the laser.
Storage of optical discs
Individual storage containers protect optical discs from scratches and dust. It has been recommended that discs be stored vertically, if possible in a cabinet or drawer less susceptible to changes in temperature or humidity. For long-term storage it has been advised that any paper inside the case—liner, booklet—be removed to minimise the collection and retention of moisture inside the case.
Repair and reclamation of data from optical discs
If scratches on the laser-reading side of an optical disc prevent it from being read, it may be possible to recover all or most of the content once, and transfer it to another storage medium. There are software packages that analyse data on a damaged storage medium and can recover some or all otherwise inaccessible information. Commercial companies offer data recovery services.
Also, the disc itself can be repaired. There are various machines that will repair discs by polishing, buffing or grinding the playable surface. Usually the disc will appear like new and most importantly the data can once again be read by the laser. Some game shops, pawnbrokers and supermarkets provide a disc repair service. However, since this is an ablative process in which a layer of the substrate is removed, it is only safe to do a few times before risking the loss of the whole disc.
See also
M-DISC (DVD and Blu-Ray for long term digital preservation)
References
Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Preservation (library and archival science)
Optical computer storage |
Larentia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1882. It is native to Mexico and South America.
Species
Larentia linearis (Kunth) Klatt - Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
Larentia mexicana (C.V.Morton & R.C.Foster) Goldblatt - southern Mexico
Larentia rosei (R.C.Foster) Ravenna - western Mexico
References
Iridaceae
Iridaceae genera |
Sudbourne Park Pit is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Orford and Chillesford in Suffolk. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, and it is in the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
This is described by Natural England as an important site for the study of the fauna of the Coralline Crag Formation, dating to the early Pliocene, around five million years ago. The fossils are plentiful and diverse, especially bivalves and molluscs.
There is access from a footpath between Chillesford and Orford.
References
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Suffolk
Geological Conservation Review sites |
Wandering Spirit (a.k.a. Kapapamahchakwew, Papamahchakwayo, Esprit Errant; b.1845 – d.1885) was a Cree war chief of a band of Plains Cree. There is little information on Wandering Spirit's life. Most of what is known begins shortly before the 1885 Frog Lake Massacre and ends with the Canadian justice system's convicting him of murder and hanging him. However, there is some information regarding his role within the Plains Cree people.
Wandering Spirit was a young war chief among the Plains Cree and frequently came into conflict with the band's titular leader, Chief Big Bear. Whenever Big Bear left the band for a period of time, Wandering Spirit and Big Bear's son, Imasees, were left in command. Both had challenged Big Bear for full leadership in 1885 but were unsuccessful. Wandering Spirit's failed run for leadership left his popularity waning among his supporters, as Big Bear's experience was valued over Wandering Spirit's enthusiasm to punish their oppressors. Aside from the Frog Lake Massacre, Wandering Spirit gained notoriety for his conquests in battle. During his lifetime he participated in many attacks on the Blackfoot warriors and was successful in killing many of them.
Frog Lake Massacre
Lead-up
The Frog Lake Massacre occurred within a wider context of starvation, ecological change, and political and cultural conflict. During the 1880s, the Plains Cree were suffering from the decline of the buffalo population, which they had traditionally depended on for sustenance. Buffalo were becoming scarce throughout Canada due to overhunting. This created a particular animosity between the Plains Cree and the Métis, who were seen as "half-breeds" infringing upon the Plains Cree's hunting grounds. Another reason for the decline in the buffalo was the introduction of firearms, which combined with the European settlers' demand for buffalo fur robes and pemmican allowed for unsustainable hunting practices. The Plains Cree often trespassed on Blackfoot lands in search of buffalo and blamed any deaths this incurred on the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), whose trading conquests they felt had forced their hand.
In the absence of buffalo Indigenous groups came to rely on government rations, which were administered by local Indian agents. This was a source of contention. There were instances of insufficient or spoiled rations. Indigenous groups felt that the treaties they had negotiated with the government were not being respected; meanwhile, as the Conservative and Liberal parties grappled for power, they pressured one another to cut expenditures on welfare programs like those out west. Starvation and politics strained the already tense relationships between natives and European traders.
After extensive fighting with the Blackfoot, the Plains Cree were ordered by the Canadian government to relocate to Frog Lake, where they shared the territory with their cousins the Woods Cree. Frog Lake was not a reserve, and Big Bear's band subsisted there with minimal provisions or government assistance.
Indian agents attempted to shepherd them onto a reserve through the denial of rations. The local Indian agent was Thomas Quinn, noted by historians as being "a mean-spirited, petty little man completely lacking in compassion." He once summoned the natives around Frog Lake to the ration house in promise of food only to declare to them that it had been an April Fool's prank and they would receive nothing. Quinn was unpopular with the Plains Cree and Wandering Spirit in particular. After a disagreement, Wandering Spirit had once threatened Quinn by telling him that he "used to enjoy killing a person" and missed the feeling. Following this incident the government recommended that Quinn relocate to Fort Pitt for his own safety. Quinn refused and remained at Frog Lake.
This discontent was instrumental in the massacre. Contrary to Big Bear's attempts at diplomacy, Wandering Spirit favoured a more aggressive resistance strategy that resonated with the warlike members of the band and won him popular support. This culminated in the deaths of nine European traders.
Massacre
Even though Big Bear was against the attacks, he later served time in jail for not preventing it. It was the war chief, Wandering Spirit, that held the ruling power in the tribe at the time of the attack and he used his position to lead the men into the Frog Lake settlement while Big Bear was away. While historians cannot confirm the reason for Big Bear's absence from his band at the time, the most prolific theory is that he was suffering from alcohol poisoning.
After seeing the success of the Métis in the Battle of Duck Lake, the Cree felt more confident in their ability to combat the Canadian government and seized the opportunity to make their own move against the colonial government.
They hoped to take the people in the Frog Lake settlement as hostages and seize its provisions before going to join the Métis and Louis Riel at Fort Pitt. When the attack on Frog Lake began, they took Thomas Quinn as a hostage in his home because of his status and his cruelty. After allowing the townspeople to attend mass at the church, the Cree men would not let them leave and took them as their hostages inside. When the Cree attempted to move their hostages from the town to the war camp they had set up, Quinn refused to cooperate with them anymore, leading Wandering Spirit to shoot him in the head with his rifle. This resulted in panic among the hostages. Spurred by Wandering Spirit's actions, his warriors massacred eight more unarmed people. With nine of their hostages dead, the Cree men took the remaining settlers with them as their prisoners.
The Cree took their hostages to the war camp that they had set up outside of the settlement before the battle began. The hostages were warned that they would be safe so long as they remained inside the camp, but that everyone found outside would be considered an enemy.
Big Bear had been eating breakfast with the wife of the manager of the HBC when he heard the news, but immediately returned to his band to put an end to the violence. He moved the tribe further north in hopes of isolating the group from further violence.
Capture of Fort Pitt
Wandering Spirit resolved to capture Fort Pitt two weeks following the Frog Lake Massacre. The fort contained provisions and ammunition, which appealed to the starving Cree. The conquest was also supported by Louis Riel, as Fort Pitt housed a North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) detachment that could prove to be a threat during a rebellion.
It was a brief and almost bloodless conflict. After Corporal David Cowan was shot and killed, Fort Pitt was surrendered to the Cree.
The death of an NWMP officer caused an uproar. Settlers projected anxieties of another Riel conspiracy onto the Cree, who were depicted in newspapers like the Saskatchewan Herald as villainous. Wandering Spirit, however, insisted that the Cree had only been reacting against starvation and that there was no larger plot at hand. During this time, Wandering Spirit's band followed him out of a sense of crisis but generally abhorred the violence.
The band retreated north with their stolen supplies. They were pursued by law enforcement, and after several months Wandering Spirit was cornered. He surrendered and attempted suicide by stabbing himself in the chest, but only pierced a lung. He was taken into custody.
Trial
After Wandering Spirit was captured, he was held in custody until the trial took place at Battleford. The trial was overseen by the Magistrate Charles Rouleau. Around the same time as the Frog Lake Massacre, Rouleau received a telegram informing him that his home had been burned down by the Cree during the Looting of Battleford. At this time several other Indigenous men such as Little Bear (Apaschiskoos), Walking the Sky (a.k.a. Round the Sky), Bad Arrow, and Miserable Man, Iron Body, Ika (a.k.a. Crooked leg), and Man Without Blood were also facing charges. They were put on trial for the murders committed during the Frog Lake Massacre. Throughout Wandering Spirit's trial, he spoke freely about his actions regarding both the Frog Lake Massacre and the capture of Fort Pitt. This was an admission of guilt so that he could clear his conscience and have assurances for his afterlife. However, Wandering Spirit was not permitted access to legal counsel during this time. Additionally, the trials were held in English which prevented many of the accused from defending themselves against the charges. Aside from legal matters, the majority of Wandering Spirit's communications were with missionaries, who often encouraged Indigenous people, such as Wandering Spirit and the other men who were held prisoner, to plead guilty regardless of whether they committed the crime or not. Originally Wandering Spirit refused to speak to the missionaries up until he had a "spiritual awakening" prior to his execution. It was at this point that Wandering Spirit was baptized.
Even though Wandering Spirit did plead guilty to the charges laid against him, he insisted that he only played a minor role in the uprising, as he felt immense guilt for the role he had played in both the Frog Lake Massacre and the death of Thomas Quinn. He even said that he "fought against it, Imasees nor the others would let [him] go." On September 22, after confessing to shooting Thomas Quinn in the head at point-blank range. Wandering Spirit was sentenced to hang by Rouleau. Rouleau described Wandering Spirit as "the greatest killer ever to walk on two legs in America." In many ways the use of the death penalty in Wandering Spirit's trial was seen as a way for the government to reassert its dominance over the land and its occupants during times of civil unrest.
Death
The Canadian government hoped to make an example of Wandering Spirit and his men to discourage future uprisings by Indigenous peoples. Sir John A. Macdonald said on the hanging that "we must vindicate the position of the white man; we must teach the Indians what law is." The plan was for the eight men to be hanged two at a time, but it was later decided that all eight would be hanged together.
On November 27, 1885, Wandering Spirit was executed as part of the 1885 hangings at Battleford, which holds the record for Canada's largest mass execution. Wandering Spirit had said that he wished his death alone could atone for his acts, as he was saddened that seven others had to die with him. A myth circulated that Wandering Spirit sang a love song to his wife as he was hanged. However, there are no reputable sources that substantiate this claim. Sources do indicate that Wandering Spirit appeared stoic during the hanging, while the other men were singing death chants.
Wandering Spirit's body was interred in a mass grave in Battleford along with the other men hanged at Battleford in 1885. Originally unmarked, a tombstone with the names of the eight men buried there was erected in December 1985 to mark the 100th anniversary by the North West Centennial Advisory Committee and Battleford City Council, with both groups splitting the costs along with a grant from the Provincial Department of Culture and Recreation.
Legacy
In 1976, Pauline Shirt and Vern Harper established Wandering Spirit Survival School in Toronto. The school began meeting in the Harper-Shirt household's living room in the Bain Co-op with a handful of children and soon outgrew the space. They moved temporarily into the Native Canadian Centre's second-floor rooms before finding a suitable space and being designated an alternative school. The school was named for Wandering Spirit, who was Shirt's great-grandfather. In 1983 the school was renamed First Nations School of Toronto. A documentary about the school was made in 1978 and can be found in the National Film Board of Canada archives. In February 2019, the school was renamed Kapapamahchakwew–Wandering Spirit School. His great-great-granddaughter was the head female dancer at the rededication ceremony.
In 1985, a tombstone with the names of the eight men executed at Battleford was erected by the North West Centennial Advisory Committee (NWCAC) and Battleford City council to mark the 100th anniversary of the execution. In attendance were Culture and Recreation Minister Rick Folk, Chief Lawrence of Poundmaker, NWCAC member Gordon Tootoosis and Harvey Johnson, who was the Director of the NWCAC. Chairman of the NWCAC Irwin McInstosh was quoted as saying "This mass grave commemoration is the last historical date of any significance in the North West Rebellion." Rich Folk added "We are not here to pass judgement on the Indian people who lie buried here in this mass grave, that was done 100 years earlier when they were arraigned for acts of violence during the Rebellion but, this gravesite marker will serve as a call to peace and a reminder that violence and war is never the solution." A sign and permanent teepee were added in the same year.
In 2013, the gravesite was vandalized. Ray Fox, the groundskeeper, said in regards to the damage "I'm just saying we need to talk about these kinds of things because this is not pretty, as you can see, when you're looking at this gravestone and it's been deliberately pushed over and our teepee structure here that we erected as a memorial to these warriors is strung all over this place in this piece of property. That's not respect." He added that whether or not someone agrees with what the men did, their final resting place should be respected.
References
External links
1845 births
1885 deaths
Cree people
Indigenous leaders in Saskatchewan
People of North-Western Territory
People of the North-West Rebellion
Pre-Confederation Saskatchewan people
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
19th-century executions by Canada
Executed Canadian people
Canadian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Canada
People executed by Canada by hanging |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var tape = require( 'tape' );
var FLOAT64_MAX_SAFE_NTH_LUCAS = require( './../lib' ); // eslint-disable-line id-length
// TESTS //
tape( 'main export is a number', function test( t ) {
t.ok( true, __filename );
t.strictEqual( typeof FLOAT64_MAX_SAFE_NTH_LUCAS, 'number', 'main export is a number' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the exported value is 76', function test( t ) {
t.strictEqual( FLOAT64_MAX_SAFE_NTH_LUCAS, 76, 'returns expected value' );
t.end();
});
``` |
Achim Steiner (born 17 May 1961) is a Brazilian-born environmentalist who currently serves as the administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and vice-chair of United Nations Sustainable Development Group.
Before joining UNDP, he was executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP (2006–2016), and director of the Oxford Martin School (2016–2017). He has also served as director general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and secretary-general of the World Commission on Dams.
Early life and education
The son of a German farmer who had emigrated to Rio Grande do Sul, Achim Steiner was born in Brazil in 1961 and holds German as well as Brazilian citizenship. He went to school in Carazinho and at Dover College. He obtained a bachelor's degree from Worcester College of the University of Oxford and a master's degree from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) of the University of London, specializing in development economics, regional planning, international development and environmental policy. He also studied at the German Development Institute and the Harvard Business School.
Career
Steiner started his career in 1989 at the Rural Regional Development Department, GIZ, in Germany. From 1991 to 1997 he worked for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Southern Africa and Washington, D.C. He was Chief Technical Adviser of the Mekong River Commission (1997–1998) before becoming Secretary-General of the World Commission on Dams. In 2001 he returned to IUCN as Director-General.
United Nations Environment Programme, 2006–2016
Acting on the nomination of Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 unanimously elected Steiner Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for a four-year term. At the time, he was not nominated by a Member State, but prevailed over candidates such as Børge Brende of Norway and Rajendra K. Pachauri of India. His mandate was later extended twice, this time on the proposal of the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
The Secretary-General appointed Steiner as director-general of the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON), where he served from March 2009 to May 2011. Within the UN system he also chaired the High-level Committee on Programmes of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination and the United Nations Environment Management Group. On 3 May 2016, Ban Ki-moon announced that the post of executive director of UNEP would be taken over by Erik Solheim in June 2016.
Oxford Martin School, 2016–2017
Upon leaving UNEP, Steiner was appointed director of the Oxford Martin School, a post he took up in September 2016. In addition to his role at the University of Oxford, Steiner was appointed Envoy of the Chair of the Platform on Disaster Displacement by the Federal Government of Germany in October 2016.
In late 2015, Reuters reported that Steiner was one of three candidates shortlisted to succeed António Guterres as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, alongside Helle Thorning-Schmidt of Denmark, Jasmine Whitbread of the United Kingdom, and Filippo Grandi of Italy; the post eventually went to Grandi.
United Nations Development Programme, 2017–present
In April 2017, following consultations with the executive board of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Secretary-General António Guterres appointed Steiner as the programme's new Administrator. On 19 April 2017, the United Nations General Assembly confirmed him for a four-year term.
In November 2018, Guterres also appointed Steiner to co-chair (alongside Maria Ramos) the United Nations' Task Force on Digital Financing of Sustainable Development Goals.
Other activities
Generation Unlimited, Member of the Board (since 2018)
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Ex-Officio Member of the Committee of Cosponsoring Organizations (since 2017)
International Gender Champions (IGC), Member (since 2017)
OECD/UNDP Tax Inspectors Without Borders (TIWB), Co-chair of the Governing Board (since 2017)
German Council for Sustainable Development (RNE), Member (2016–2017, appointed ad personam by Chancellor Angela Merkel)
International Olympic Committee (IOC), Member of the Sustainability and Legacy Commission
Agora Verkehrswende, Chairman of the Council
Platform on Disaster Displacement, Chair of the Advisory Committee
China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED), International Vice-chair
Earth Day Network, Member of the Global Advisory Committee
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB), Member of the Advisory Board
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Member of the Environmental Advisory Council (ENVAC)
Honours and awards
Awards
Slovak Republic's gold medal for Diplomatic Service
Republic of Korea Order of Diplomatic Service Award
2012 — The National German Sustainability Award
2010 – Leadership Award for Principled Pragmatism – Tällberg Foundation
2009 — Officer of the Order of Saint-Charles (Monaco)
Shark Guardian of the Year 2008 – Shark Project
2008 — Schubert Prize – Bruno H. Schubert Foundation
2007 — Steiger Award – Umwelt
Honorary degrees
Honorary Doctorate, International University in Geneva (IUG)
Honorary Professor, Tongji University, Shanghai
References
External links
Interview with Achim Steiner
Official website of UNEP
Biography at Oxford Martin School
Living people
Brazilian officials of the United Nations
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of London
Harvard Business School alumni
United Nations Environment Programme
People associated with the International Union for Conservation of Nature
1961 births
German officials of the United Nations
People from Carazinho |
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