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The Europe/Africa Zone was one of three groups of Davis Cup competition in 2004.
Group I
Group II
Egypt, Denmark, Tunisia, and Ireland relegated to Group III in 2005.
Italy and Serbia and Montenegro promoted to Group I in 2005.
Group III
Venue 1
Venue: Orange Tennis Centre, Kaunas, Lithuania (indoor carpet)
Date: 2–8 February
(scores in italics carried over)
Monaco and Estonia promoted to Group II in 2005.
Cyprus and Andorra relegated to Group IV in 2005.
Venue 2
Venue: National Tennis Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia (hard)
Date: 12–16 May
(scores in italics carried over)
Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana promoted to Group II in 2005.
Kenya and Madagascar relegated to Group IV in 2005.
Group IV
Venue 1
Venue: Olympique Club de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (hard)
Date: 2–8 February
Nigeria and San Marino promoted to Group III in 2005.
Venue 2
Venue: Tennis Club Ali-Ten, Chişinău, Moldova (clay)
Date: 12–18 July
(scores in italics carried over)
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Armenia promoted to Group III in 2005.
See also
Davis Cup structure
Europe Africa
Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone |
Henry Childs is a former American football player.
Henry Childs may also refer to:
Henry H. Childs, politician
Henry Childs (judge), namesake of Childs, New York
Henry Childs (architect) on National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island
See also
Henri Childs, politician
Harry Childs (disambiguation)
Henry Child, politician |
A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 2010 American supernatural slasher film directed by Samuel Bayer (in his feature directorial debut), written by Wesley Strick and Eric Heisserer, and starring Jackie Earle Haley, Kyle Gallner, Rooney Mara, Katie Cassidy, Thomas Dekker, and Kellan Lutz. Produced by Michael Bay and Platinum Dunes, it is a remake of Wes Craven's 1984 film of the same name, as well as the ninth overall installment of the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. The film is set in a fictitious town in Ohio and centers on a group of teenagers living on one street who are stalked and murdered in their dreams by a disfigured man named Freddy Krueger. The teenagers discover that they all share a common link from their childhood that makes them targets for Krueger.
A Nightmare on Elm Street was originally to follow the same design as Platinum Dunes' other remake, Friday the 13th, where the writers took the best elements from each of the films in the original series and created a single storyline with them. Eventually, they decided to use Craven's original storyline but tried to create a scarier film. To that end, they decided to remove the one-line quipping Freddy, who had become less scary and more comical over the years, and bring back his darker nature. The writers developed the character to be a child molester, something that Craven wanted to do originally in 1984 but changed to a child killer instead. Freddy's physical appearance was changed with the use of computer-generated imagery to be closer to that of a burn victim.
Because of the positive experiences Platinum Dunes' producers had in the area, A Nightmare on Elm Street was filmed primarily in Illinois. Craven expressed his displeasure when he was not consulted on the project. Robert Englund, who portrayed Freddy in the previous eight films, voiced his support of the remake and the casting of Haley in the role of Freddy.
A Nightmare on Elm Street had its world premiere at Hollywood on April 27, 2010, and was theatrically released in North America on April 30, 2010, by Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. Despite negative reviews from critics, the film grossed over $63 million at the domestic box office and $117.7 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film in the franchise.
Plot
While at the Springwood Diner, Dean Russell falls asleep at the table and meets a severely burned man in seared clothes wearing a bladed gardener's glove on his right hand. In the dream, the burned man cuts Dean’s throat; in reality, Dean cuts his own throat as his friends Kris Fowles and Nancy Holbrook look on.
At Dean's funeral, Kris sees a photograph of her and Dean as children but cannot recall knowing Dean before high school. Kris begins to have nightmares about the burned man and then refuses to go to sleep for fear that she will die like Dean. Jesse Braun, Kris' ex-boyfriend, shows up to keep her company while she sleeps, but Kris meets the burned man in her dreams and is murdered. Covered in Kris' blood, Jesse runs to Nancy's house and learns that Nancy has been having nightmares about the same man — Freddy Krueger.
Jesse is arrested by the police under suspicion of murdering Kris and is killed by Krueger when he falls asleep in his jail cell. As her friends die, Nancy questions everyone's connection to each other, given that none of them can remember each other before their teenage years. Nancy and her friend Quentin Smith discover that they attended the same preschool. Nancy's mother Gwen reluctantly tells Nancy and Quentin about Krueger, the preschool's groundskeeper who was accused of molesting the children, including Nancy. Gwen explains that Nancy was his favorite and that she came home one day and told her mother about the things Krueger did to her in a secret location. Gwen alerted the other parents, including Quentin's father Alan, but she told the teenagers that Krueger escaped before he was arrested. Refusing to believe her mother's story, Nancy attempts to track down the remaining kids from the school but discovers that all of them have been killed. Following Jesse's death, only she and Quentin are left. Meanwhile, Quentin falls asleep during his swim practice and sees a flashback to the parents, led by Alan, tracking Krueger down and burning him alive.
As a result of their insomnia, Nancy and Quentin have sporadic microsleeps and become hypnagogic, causing them to dream and hallucinate randomly. To try to stop Krueger, they decide to go to the preschool to learn what they can. On the way, Nancy is attacked by Krueger when she hallucinates, during which she pulls a piece of Krueger's sweater out of the dream world into reality. Quentin takes Nancy to the hospital, where he steals adrenaline to help them stay awake. Nancy and Quentin eventually make it to the preschool and uncover Krueger's hidden room to find proof of his crimes; they realize that Krueger, now a vengeful ghost, wants revenge on them for disclosing his abuse. Nancy decides to pull Krueger out of the dream world and kill him in the real world. Quentin tries to stay awake long enough to pull Nancy out of her dream when she grabs Krueger, but he falls asleep and is attacked.
Krueger goes after Nancy and explains that he deliberately left her for last so that she would be comatose. Quentin awakens and uses the adrenaline to wake Nancy, who then pulls Krueger into reality. They fight and Nancy uses a broken paper cutter blade to kill him before she torches the room with Krueger's body inside. She and Quentin escape and are rescued by the police officers and firefighters, who are unable to find Krueger's remains. After Nancy and her mother return home from the hospital, Krueger suddenly appears in the mirror's reflection. While Nancy screams, Krueger kills Nancy's mother before pulling her body through a mirror and disappearing.
Cast
Jackie Earle Haley as Fred "Freddy" Krueger
Kyle Gallner as Quentin Smith
Rooney Mara as Nancy Holbrook
Kyra Krumins as young Nancy
Katie Cassidy as Kris Fowles
Julianna Damm as young Kris
Thomas Dekker as Jesse Braun
Bayden Coyer as young Jesse
Kellan Lutz as Dean Russell
Max Holt as young Dean
Clancy Brown as Alan Smith
Connie Britton as Dr. Gwen Holbrook
Lia Mortensen as Nora Fowles
Kurt Naebig as Mr. Russell
Jennifer Robers as Mrs. Russell
Christian Stolte as Mr. Braun
Andrew Fiscella as a Prison Inmate
Production
Development
In 2008, Michael Bay and his Platinum Dunes production company began the process of rebooting the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise with a remake of the original 1984 film. Producer Brad Fuller explained that they would follow the same tactic from their Friday the 13th remake and would abandon the things that had made the series less scary—the film's antagonist, Freddy Krueger, and would not be "cracking jokes" as had become a staple of his character. The focus was to "make a horrifying movie". Fuller said that the film is a remake of the 1984 film, but clarified that they would borrow character deaths and dream sequences from the entire series.
In February 2009, Samuel Bayer was hired to direct the film. According to New Line production chief Toby Emmerich, Michael Bay advocated heavily for Bayer because he had "the ability to capture the kind of seductive and unsettling imagery that would make Nightmare feel like a fresh, visually arresting moviegoing experience." Bayer declined Platinum Dunes' offer twice but finally accepted after Bay emailed him and explained the kind of business opportunity it would be.
In June 2009 interview, Craven, who directed the original movie and was not consulted for the remake, expressed displeasure with the new film. In contrast, Robert Englund, who portrayed Freddy throughout the film series, felt it was time for A Nightmare on Elm Street to be remade. Englund liked the idea of being able to "exploit the dreamscape" with computer-generated imagery and other technologies that did not exist when Craven made the original in 1984. Bayer believes that his film paid homage to what Craven did in 1984, but did not replicate it entirely. Bayer recognized that Craven attempted to put more meaning into his films and that the character of Freddy Krueger affected the lives of a generation of people. For Bayer, remaking A Nightmare on Elm Street was about bringing that feeling to a new generation with a new spin on the character and story.
Fuller and Form likened the new film to their 2003 remake of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre but instead of a remake, they saw it as more of a reimagining. The pair also explained that A Nightmare on Elm Street would have a different tone than their Friday the 13th remake. Form states: "I think a Friday the 13th movie like we made was really fun. You know, sex, drugs and rock and roll, and I think a Nightmare movie is not that."
When asked why New Line was rebooting the Nightmare on Elm Street film series, Emmerich explained: "The Nightmare films are profoundly disturbing on a deep, human level because they're about our dreams. It's why we thought that we could reach an especially broad audience with a new film, since the feeling of having your dreams being invaded was something that would translate to any country and any culture." Overall, Bayer wanted to create a film in "a darker world" that made the audience ask, "What makes a monster?"—is it a monster because of its physical appearance, someone with a scarred face and a clawed glove, or is it a monster because of something deeper within the man himself.
Writing
Wesley Strick was initially hired to pen a script for a new A Nightmare on Elm Street because he had impressed Emmerich with a prequel script he wrote for the 1995 film Seven. Eric Heisserer was subsequently hired to provide a rewrite of Strick's script before the film moved into production. When Bayer came on board he received a script that reflected the combined efforts of Strick and Heisserer and which still "needed to be tinkered with". Bayer explained that the script goes deeper into "[Freddy] as a person [and] how he became the thing he was". Bayer expressed that unlike the Friday the 13th remake that picked the best parts from the first four films, the Nightmare on Elm Street remake was coming straight from the first film.
For the remake, Freddy was brought back to his darker roots and away from the comical character he had become in later A Nightmare on Elm Street sequels. Fuller pointed out that this Freddy did have one-liners but they come from a darker sense of humor and were not intended to be as campy as in previous films. Craven's original characterization of Freddy as a child molester was used because if Freddy killed children, as in the original, it would have been easy for the teenage characters to figure out using the Internet what had happened. In an effort to keep the story fresh, Heisserer developed the concept of micro-naps because the dream-reality sequences could become repetitive. The micro-nap allowed them to "blur reality and the dream world, and get some great scares".
In March 2019, Heisserer had expressed his dislike for the finished product and spoke of the film's production: "On my first day on set, a crew member told me, 'In this intro scene for the two leads, we decided there wasn't enough dialogue for them at this party so we took some dialogue from page 87 and put it here'". In a follow-up tweet, Heisserer wrote "In case you were wondering, this is NOT how it works".
Casting
Robert Englund didn't reprise the role of Freddy Krueger for the remake; Englund had performed the role for the eight previous films. Jackie Earle Haley was cast to take over Englund's most well-known role in April 2009. Initially, the studio wanted to cast an unknown for the role of Freddy Krueger, but it was Haley's performance in Little Children that impressed Emmerich enough to cast the actor against the original intentions. Emmerich explained: "Freddy is this incredible stew of malevolence and anger, but he also has a hint of vulnerability, and Jackie really has all of that and more. He just seemed completely right for the part." Bayer stated that he and producers Form and Fuller managed to acquire the screen test Haley gave as Rorschach for Watchmen; after viewing it, Bayer said it "blew [his] mind", and that he knew Haley would be able to go deep and create a believable character who was a psychopath "with a burned face and a claw."
Haley said the first time he heard his name mentioned in conjunction with the character was from people on the Internet who suggested he be cast. Later he learned that his agents were already in talks with Brad Fuller. Haley also said that he was apprehensive about taking on the role of a character with such a dark past—that of a child murderer—for about a "minute and a half". Knowing the Freddy Krueger in the remake would be even darker, Haley came quickly to the realization that he was doing a horror film and this was just a fictional character. Haley said that once he embraced the idea of Freddy as a "mythical boogeyman", it became "very freeing" for him as an actor. Haley's opinion of the original movie however was not a positive one. Jay Bauman, a stand-in for Kyle Gallner during the production recalls Haley saying during the filming "I hadn't seen [the original] since it was first in theatres so I watched it in my hotel the other night- and it was just the worst movie I have ever seen!"
Haley was contracted for three films which includes the remake and two sequels. Englund agreed with the casting of Haley and that he felt Haley's physical size worked in this role. Haley stated that he did not intend to have Englund's original performances influence his own and that he used the frustration of having to sit in the make-up chair for three-and-a-half hours as his motivation to get into character.
Rooney Mara plays the role of Nancy Holbrook; Mara was also contracted for a sequel. Bayer describes Nancy as "the loneliest girl in the world". Mara stated that her Nancy is different from the role of Nancy Thompson, performed by Heather Langenkamp, and described her character as "socially awkward and timid and really doesn't know how to connect with people". Kyle Gallner was cast as Quentin, who forms a connection with Nancy. Gallner described his character as "a mess, more jittery and more 'out there' than Nancy is". Gallner pointed out that his character is like this because of the amount of pharmaceuticals he ingests to stay awake. Producer Brad Fuller commented that Gallner brought a sense of "humanity and relatability" to the role with his compassion and intellect. Other cast members include Katie Cassidy, Thomas Dekker, and Kellan Lutz. Cassidy performed the role of Kris. According to Cassidy, Kris becomes an emotional wreck throughout the film. Cassidy described her character's ordeal: "She is literally dragged through hell, having to crawl through dark, claustrophobic tunnels. She's always crying and freaking out as her nightmares of Freddy bleed into her everyday life. Kris suspects there's something that connects her with the others; she even confronts her mother about it, but no one's talking."
Dekker portrays Jesse, Kris's ex-boyfriend. According to Dekker, "Jesse kind of knows what's going on but refuses to believe it." Dekker explained that Jesse spends so much time trying to convince himself that Freddy is not real, that by the time he does meet Freddy face-to-face, "he's just a mess. ... There's no bravado about it. His terror is very real." Lutz plays Dean, Kris's current boyfriend and "a well-liked, well-off high school jock." Connie Britton, Clancy Brown and Elvis Jasso Marín also star. Gallner and Mara explained that the teenagers in the remake are "a little more aware" of Freddy and their situation, whereas in the original Nancy and her friends were "more mellow" and "nonchalant" until they were finally killed.
Krueger's design
Form and Fuller explained that Freddy's physical appearance would more accurately resemble a burn victim. Form later clarified that there was a fine line they did not want to cross when it came to making Freddy look like a burn victim. According to the producer, the crew had many reference photos of burn victims which detailed how white the skin would appear after healing. Form did not want the audience to turn away in disgust every time Freddy was on the screen, so they opted to hold back on some of the realism. Fuller noted how horrific the images were and how difficult they were to look at. The special effects crew that worked on The Dark Knight and created the computer-generated images (CGI) for Two-Face, were brought in to work on the CGI for Freddy's face. The CGI is used in conjunction with the special effects make-up that Haley wears. The prosthetic appliances used to create Freddy's physical look were designed by Andrew Clement. Haley described the experience of wearing the prosthetic devices and make-up as "pretty encumbering".
When production started, Clement and his crew would spend six hours applying Haley's make-up; eventually, the crew was able to streamline the process. According to Haley, the make-up crew would glue individual prosthetic devices from his head all the way down his back. The appliances were then blended together to create a seamless appearance. Haley spent approximately three hours and twenty minutes each day in the make-up chair to apply the appliances; on occasion, it would take almost four-and-a-half hours when the crew also needed to apply the prosthetic skull cap. Haley did not need to worry about the skull cap most days because he was able to wear the fedora on top of his head. Haley also had to wear contact lenses—one bloody, one cloudy. The cloudy contact lens made it difficult for the actor to see. Haley also had to work on developing Freddy's voice for the film. According to Haley, the process of coming up with the perfect voice for Freddy was "this organic process of embodying the character", and not about just "sitting around the table and going, 'Let me try this voice and this voice. Haley and Bayer admitted that some of the voice would be digitally enhanced to give it a "supernatural quality" and differentiate it from the voice Haley used as Rorschach in Watchmen.
Filming
With a budget of $35 million, principal photography began on May 5, 2009 and officially wrapped on July 10 the same year. Because of the positive experiences Platinum Dunes' producers had in the area when producing The Amityville Horror and The Unborn, they chose to film in Illinois. Platinum Dunes also received a thirty percent tax break for filming in the state. The producers looked for locations that were "old and decaying" to mirror the look of Krueger. They settled on the Ryerson Steel warehouse on the west side of Chicago to film most of the scenes in which the townspeople burn Krueger alive.
New Line contracted with two high schools in Illinois, Elk Grove High School and John Hersey High School, to shoot scenes for the remake. According to Nancy Holman, principal of Elk Grove High, the studio contacted schools across the nation looking for one that had a swimming pool. Although filming took place at both schools, neither was identified by name. The studio cast 200 extras for various school scenes, including one in the pool, but required that all students who auditioned be at least 16 years old. Lenore Gonzales Bragaw, school board president, was initially apprehensive about the deal as she disliked the idea of the studio filming "scenes of violence" at the schools; Bragaw agreed once she was assured that no one would be killed during the pool scenes.
On May 22, 2009, the Nightmare on Elm Street film crew went on location to the city of Gary, Indiana to film scenes at a Methodist church. The studio had negotiated with the city for months before finally settling on a deal. According to Ben Clement, the executive director of the Gary Office of Film and Television, the studio was looking for "an architectural style that would fit the story line of the film". The film crew returned to the streets of Gary first in June to film a dream sequence that takes place on Elm Street and later in December to shoot some scenes in a diner.
According to Fuller and Form, Warner Bros. suggested A Nightmare on Elm Street be released in 3D because of the increased box office revenue of recent 3D films. It was the opinion of the Platinum Dunes producers that if a film was not initially conceived as 3D, then it should not be converted to 3D; Fuller and Form fought the studio to keep the remake 2D. Warner Bros. and Platinum Dunes came to agree that a 3D movie would not be "the best version of the movie".
Music
The score to A Nightmare on Elm Street was composed by Steve Jablonsky and recorded by a 60-piece string ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony. The movie soundtrack was released by WaterTower Music on April 27, 2010. Charles Bernstein's original A Nightmare on Elm Street theme and "Jump Rope" rhyme, The Hit Crew's "Un Homme Et Une Femme", and The Everly Brothers' "All I Have to Do Is Dream" are heard in the film but only Bernstein's "Jump Rope" rhyme is included in the soundtrack.
Release
Marketing
In March 2010, the National Entertainment Collectibles Association (NECA) released two new Freddy Krueger action figures; one pre-burned Freddy with Jackie Earle Haley's likeness, and one based on the new burn design from the Nightmare on Elm Street remake. NECA also released a replica of Freddy's clawed glove. An online game was released in conjunction with the film—the player attempts to keep a young girl awake using coffee, cold showers, self-mutilation, and other means, to keep her safe from Freddy.
Theatrical
A Nightmare on Elm Street was released on April 30, 2010, to 3,332 theaters and approximately 4,700 screens, making it the twelfth-widest opening for an R-rated film in the United States. Comparatively, the original A Nightmare on Elm Street was only released to 165 theaters at its opening on November 9, 1984 and by the end of its box office run its widest release was 380 theaters. The 2010 remake holds the record for widest A Nightmare on Elm Street release, beating out Freddy vs. Jason by 318 theaters.
Home media
A Nightmare on Elm Street was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 5, 2010. The DVD's only feature is a featurette, "Freddy Krueger Reborn". The Blu-ray special features include the DVD's featurette along with a deleted scene, an alternate opening and ending, and the Maniacle Movie Mode.
Reception
Box office
Early estimates put A Nightmare on Elm Streets opening-day gross at approximately $15 million with a projected opening weekend of $35 million. Included in the $15 million was the $1.6 million the film made from midnight showings on Thursday night from 1,000 theaters. As a result, A Nightmare on Elm Street broke the record for midnight openings for a horror film that was previously held by the Friday the 13th remake in 2009 that grossed $1 million. Ultimately, the film finished its opening with $32,902,299, placing first for the weekend ahead of How to Train Your Dragon (6th week in release), Date Night (4th week in release), The Back-up Plan (2nd week in release), and Furry Vengeance (1st week in release). A Nightmare on Elm Street dropped 72 percent in its second weekend, earning $9,119,389. It dropped to second place behind the newly released Iron Man 2. The film dropped an additional 54 percent in its third week, bringing in $1.5 million, though it remained in the top 10 rankings for the weekend, placing sixth overall. The film remained in the top ten for the fourth weekend in a row, grossing approximately $2,285,000 and finished eighth for the week. In its fifth weekend, the film fell out of the box office top ten and finished eleventh with an estimated $910,000. After the opening weekend, Platinum Dunes hinted at the possibility of a 3D sequel, but it was never produced.
As of July 6, 2010, A Nightmare on Elm Street has earned $63,071,122 at the domestic box office. With its $63 million in domestic box office, A Nightmare On Elm Street was the second-highest-grossing film among slasher remakes of the time—When a Stranger Calls (2006), Black Christmas (2006), Halloween (2007), Prom Night (2008), and My Bloody Valentine 3D (2009); Friday the 13th (2009) was first with $65 million. The film was officially released overseas on May 8, 2010. In its opening weekend, it took in approximately $6.5 million throughout ten foreign territories. It also secured first place for the weekend at the Russian box office with $3 million. Since its opening, the film has taken in approximately $54,654,610 in the overseas box office giving it a worldwide total gross of $117,729,621.
The 2010 remake's opening weekend, $32,902,299, put it ahead of the individual box office grosses for A Nightmare on Elm Street, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge, A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, and Wes Craven's New Nightmare, which made $25,504,513, $29,999,213, $22,168,359, and $19,721,741, respectively. When breaking the inflation-adjusted grosses down by per theater capita, the 1984 film averaged $16,585 per cinema compared to the remake's $9,874. Comparing the film to other Platinum Dunes remakes, A Nightmare on Elm Street is second in opening-weekend gross behind Friday the 13th with $40,570,365. The film sits ahead of the other Platinum Dunes remakes, which includes The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ($28,094,014), The Amityville Horror ($23,507,007), and The Hitcher ($7,818,239). As of 2018, A Nightmare on Elm Street is number nineteen on the list of top opening weekends for the month of April.
In 2018, the remake is ninth in slasher films and eighth in horror remakes for all-time-highest-grossing films (unadjusted dollars). When comparing its opening weekends to other slasher films and horror remakes, A Nightmare on Elm Street sits in fifth spots for both categories. The 2010 remake was the second-highest-grossing film in the franchise in North America, just behind Freddy vs. Jason (unadjusted dollars) but number one worldwide.
Critical response
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale. Their exit polls showed that audiences were evenly divided between males and females with 40% between 18 and 24 years of age and 20% under 18.
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B− and concluded that, "I did jump a few times, and I liked Haley's dour malevolence, but overall, the new Nightmare on Elm Street is a by-the-numbers bad dream that plays a little too much like a corporately ordered rerun. One, two, Freddy's coming for you. Three, four, we've been there before." Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave the film 3/5 stars, writing: "Debut director Samuel Bayer was not hired to dismantle the franchise but to shoot it afresh." Richard Corliss of Time wrote: "I liked the new Nightmare, but I know that any new version of a revered text — a favorite old book, play or movie — invites invidious comparison."
Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the acting as "lethargically lifeless" and criticized Haley's portrayal of Krueger saying, "Even with his electronically deepened voice and a pointless amount of backstory, there's just no replacing Englund." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of four because he "stared at A Nightmare on Elm Street with weary resignation. The movie consists of a series of teenagers who are introduced, haunted by nightmares and then slashed to death by Freddy. So what? Are we supposed to be scared? Is the sudden clanging chord supposed to evoke a fearful Pavlovian response?" Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 1.5/4 stars, writing: "it’s the Bay touch you feel in the way actors register as body count, characters go undeveloped, and sensation trumps feeling. A nightmare, indeed."
On January 5, 2011, the film won the People's Choice Award for best horror film. Robert Englund, the actor who portrayed Freddy Krueger in the original series, disliked the remake and claimed it suffered from ineffective make-up effects and a lack of empathetic characters.
References
External links
A Nightmare on Elm Street at Metacritic
2010 films
2010 directorial debut films
2010 horror films
2010s American films
2010s English-language films
2010s ghost films
2010s slasher films
2010s serial killer films
2010s supernatural horror films
2010s teen horror films
Adaptations of works by Wes Craven
American films about revenge
American ghost films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
American supernatural horror films
American teen horror films
A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise) films
D-Box motion-enhanced films
Films about academic scandals
Films about child sexual abuse
Films about nightmares
Films about pedophilia
Films directed by Samuel Bayer
Films produced by Michael Bay
Films produced by Andrew Form
Films produced by Bradley Fuller
Films scored by Steve Jablonsky
Films set in Ohio
Films shot in Illinois
Films shot in Indiana
Films with screenplays by Eric Heisserer
Films with screenplays by Wesley Strick
Horror film remakes
Insomnia in film
Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)
Platinum Dunes films
Reboot films
Remakes of American films
Warner Bros. films |
```objective-c
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface PodsDummy_SubtleVolume : NSObject
@end
@implementation PodsDummy_SubtleVolume
@end
``` |
The 2004 Fórmula Truck season was the 9th Fórmula Truck season. It began on March 14 at Caruaru and ended on December 5 at Brasília.
Calendar and results
All races were held in Brazil.
References
External links
2004 in Brazilian motorsport
2004 |
This Bed may refer to:
"This Bed", a song by Alicia Keys from her 2009 album The Element of Freedom
"This Bed", a song by Kisschasy from their 2005 album United Paper People |
Sir Simeon Jacobs C.M.G. (1839 – 15 June 1883) was a Judge in the Supreme Court of the Cape of Good Hope. He served as Attorney-General and was the MP for Queenstown.
Early life and political career
Born in 1839 into a Jewish family from London, Jacobs studied law and became a barrister of the Inner Temple in November 1852.
In 1860, in an attempt to improve his poor health (from which he suffered throughout his life) he emigrated to the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1861 was appointed attorney-general of the now colony of British Kaffraria, which office he held till 1866 when British Kaffraria was incorporated into the Cape Colony's eastern districts. Upon this annexation, Jacobs became "Solicitor-General at the Cape of Good Hope for the Eastern Districts".
He also served several times as acting Attorney-General of the Cape, in the absence of the Attorney General Mr Griffith, and distinguished himself greatly with his extreme industriousness.
Unlike Mr Griffith, Simeon Jacobs was strongly supportive of the multi-racial nature of the Cape's constitution, and for greater Black political empowerment. Also unlike Griffith, he was strongly supportive of the growing local movement for self-government, the "Responsible Government" movement.
At the same time, he worked with the powerful MP Saul Solomon on abolishing preferential state aid to churches in the Cape Colony. Saul Solomon, while proud of his Jewish ancestry, disliked religious divisions and considered himself a member of all religions; in contrast Simeon Jacobs was strongly and overtly expressive of his Jewish identity, supporting the growth of Jewish institutions in the Cape, and was at one point the recognised leader of the Jewish community of South Africa.
Attorney General (1874-1877)
In 1874, the new prime minister John Molteno, who thought very highly of him, appointed him Attorney-General of the Cape Colony, to replace John de Villiers whom he had just promoted to Chief Justice. He was also made a member of the executive council, however his extreme physical frailty worsened with age and hard work.
He was vehemently critical of Carnarvon's plan to enforce confederation on the southern African states, and spent increasing amounts of time in the final years of his career attacking it as being illegal and highly unconstitutional.
In August 1877 he retired from active life, due to rapidly declining health, to be succeeded as attorney general by Advocate Stockenstrom.
He continued to work with the Cape's executive council, but refused to serve under the following Prime Minister, John Gordon Sprigg for conscientious reasons. In 1880 he was appointed Puisne judge of the Supreme Court of the Cape Colony, but he left the Cape soon after, a very sick man.
He was created C.M.G. in November 1882, and died in London in 1883, aged only 44.
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Jew. Chron. and Jew. World, 22 June 1883;
Times (London), 20 June 1883;
Zingari, 14 March 1873;
Cape Argus, July 1883;
Boase, Modern British Biography.J. G.
References
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1839 births
1883 deaths
Attorneys General of the Cape Colony
English Jews
British emigrants to South Africa
South African Jews
South African people of English-Jewish descent
Cape Colony politicians
19th-century South African people
Cape Colony judges
19th-century South African politicians
19th-century South African judges |
The Federal Planning Bureau (FPB) is a Belgian independent public agency. It makes studies and projections on economic, social and environmental policy issues and on their integration within the context of sustainable development. The last Plan Commissioner was Philippe Donnay, assisted by Deputy Commissioner Saskia Weemaes.
History
When the FPB was founded on 14 October 1959, it carried the name of Programming Bureau. Its mission was to elaborate the economic policy framework, which had been absent until then, by submitting proposals to the Ministerial Committee for Economic and Social Coordination. In 1970, the Programming Bureau’s name was changed into Planning Bureau, in accordance with the law of 15 July of that same year. The economic programmes are replaced by economic plans marked by a more formalized approach and regional components. From 1980 onward, the Planning Bureau abandoned its former approach and focused on the elaboration of economic medium-term projections and impact studies on different subjects. In 1994, in the wake of the fourth Belgian state reform, the Planning Bureau’s name was once more changed into the Federal Planning Bureau. From then on, the Bureau would also be charged with forecasts for the government budget.
Role
Missions and activities
Most of the FPB’s activities are legally defined. Other studies are made at the request of the government, social partners and parliament. The FPB can also undertake projects at its own initiative or within the framework of research contracts with third parties.
The activities of the FPB are centered around four axes:
Outlook
Short-term economic forecasts used by the federal government to draw up its budget ;
5-year outlooks for the Belgian economy in its international context. Those outlooks analyse, in particular, the future of the main branches of industry, of employment and of public finances ;
Long-term projections of the demographic evolution of our society and of the financial consequences of population-ageing ;
Projections on energy consumption and production, as well as greenhouse gas emissions.
Projections on transport evolution.
Assessments
Evaluation of the economic and social effects of policy measures such as a cut in social security contributions, of shocks like an increase in oil prices and of macroeconomic or structural trends such as the acceleration of technological progress ;
Regular and integrated assessments of the interests involved in and policies on sustainable development.
Research
Decision-making tools supporting the federal mobility and transport policy ;
Innovative themes in collaboration with Belgian and foreign research institutions, as well as participation in the activities of international organizations such as the European Commission, the OECD and the IMF.
Statistics and economic modelling
Elaboration of economic models: NIME, NEMESIS, MODTRIM, MALTESE, HERMREG, HERMES, LABMOD, MIDAS, PRIMES, PROMETHEUS, PLANET ;
Economic, social and environmental indicators and statistical descriptions of the Belgian economy such as input-output tables, environmental accounts and transport accounts.
Research areas
The FPB makes projections and evaluates past or intended policy in the following areas:
Macroeconomic forecasting, projections and analyses
Regional economy
International economy
Labour market
Public finances
Social protection and ageing
Population
Energy, transport and mobility
Productivity and long-term growth
Regulation and globalization
Sectoral and intersectoral analyses
Sustainable development
Publications
All the FPB’s studies are published, presented publicly and widely distributed.
The recurring publications, which relate to the FPB’s main legal assignments, include:
Economic budget (Institute for National Accounts [INA]) ;
Medium-term economic outlook (FPB) ;
Medium-term outlook preparatory to the government’s Stability programme (BFP) ;
Ageing Report (Study Committee on Ageing [SCA]) ;
National Reform Programme (governments) ;
Prospective studies for electricity and natural gas (FPS Economy, S.M.E.s, Self-employed and Energy – FPB) ;
Development plan for the electricity transmission system (transmission system operator, FPS Economy, S.M.E.s, Self-employed and Energy – FPB) ;
Input-output tables (INA) ;
Environmental Accounts (FPB) ;
Federal report on sustainable development (FPB) ;
Transport indicators, transport satellite accounts and transport simulations (FPB) ;
Population forecasts (FPB – Directorate-General of Statistics and Economic Information [DGSEI]) ;
Mortality tables (FPB).
The organizations and commissions mentioned in parentheses are responsible for the final publication.
List of commissioners of the Federal Planning Bureau since its founding
Albert Kervyn de Lettenhove (1959-1966)
Claude Josz (1966-1969)
Robert Maldague (1969-1991)
Henri Bogaert (1992 - 2014)
Philippe Donnay (2014 - 2021)
To be determined (2022 - ..)
Notes
External links
Government agencies of Belgium |
The Antoniev Monastery ("St Anthony's Monastery", ) rivalled the Yuriev Monastery as the most important monastery of medieval Novgorod the Great. It stands along the right bank of the Volkhov River north of the city centre and forms part of the Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings, a World Heritage Site.
The monastery was founded in 1117 by St Anthony of Rome, who, according to legend, flew to Novgorod from Rome on a rock (the alleged rock is now in the vestibule just to the right of the main door into the Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God beneath a fresco of Bishop Nikita of Novgorod). Anthony was consecrated hegumen of the monastery in 1131 by Archbishop Nifont (1130–1156) and was buried beneath a large slab to the right of the altar in the same church.
The Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God, like the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery, is one of the few three-domed churches in Russia. It is also one of the few buildings in Russia which survived from the 12th century. It was founded by Anthony in 1117 and completed in 1119. There are some frescoes from the Middle Ages still extant, most notably in the apse, but most are from the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries and are in some disrepair.
Kirik the Novgorodian was a monk of the monastery famous for writing the first mathematical treatise in Eastern Slavdom, the "Teaching on Numbers", a theological work known as "The Questions of Kirik" and a few entries in the Novgorodian First Chronicle.
The monastery owned lands in Vodskaya and Shelonskaya pyatinas making it the fourth-largest landowner among the Novgorodian monasteries. A significant part of its lands were confiscated after the conquest of Novgorod by Moscow however the monastery gradually restored its position thanks to gifts and acquisitions. The hegumen and the monks of the monastery were killed by the forces of Ivan IV during the Massacre of Novgorod. The cult of St Anthony, the founder of the monastery, increased in importance after the miraculous discovery of his remains in 1597. In the second half of the 17th century the archbishops of Novgorod favoured the monastery. Multiple stone buildings were erected and in 1740 a seminary was founded.
The monastery is currently part of the Novgorod United Museum-Preserve and has not been returned to the Russian Orthodox Church.
See also
Desyatinny Monastery
References
Robert Michell and Neville Forbes, ed., The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471 (New York: American Medieval Society Press, 1970), 9-10, 12.
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Russian Orthodox monasteries in Russia
Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
1106 establishments in Europe
12th-century establishments in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Novgorod Oblast |
J & A Beare (John & Arthur Beare) is a violin dealership and repair shop in central London founded in 1892. While in earliest incarnations, it constructed new instruments, it came over time primarily to focus on older ones. Primarily a family business throughout its history, it included outside partners at its inception and in 1998 merged with another long established violin dealer, Morris & Smith, who now run the business following the resignation of Charles Beare in 2012.
History
John Beare (1847-1928) founded his shop in 1865. According to an 1898 book, he had soon gained "practically a monopoly of the old violin business in the provinces", being both knowledgeable and a skilled performer. In 1892, he divided his business in two, forming Beare & Son and Beare, Goodwin & Co, taking on Edward Goodwin as a partner in the latter and leaving his son Walter to run the former. The company dates its formation to that division.
Beare, Goodwin & Co at that time was primarily engaged in selling high end violins and violoncellos, many of which were imported. However, John Beare's son Arthur had an interest in working with older instruments, which influenced the development of the company.
Beginning in 1912, the Royal Academy of Music each year awards a Beare's violin bow as a student prize.
In 1954, Beare, Goodwin & Co. changed its name to J & A Beare. In 1998, the company merged with London-based violin dealers Morris and Smith.
François Barzoni Violins
François Barzoni was the trade name for violins manufactured for Beare & Sons around the turn of the 20th century. They were made in workshops in France and Germany, and the quality and price varied from instrument to instrument.
See also
Bein & Fushi
Machold Rare Violins
Luigi Tarisio
List of Stradivarius instruments
List of companies based in London
References
External links
Official site
J. & A. Beare: expertise during changing times
Family-owned companies of the United Kingdom
Violin dealers
Retail companies established in 1892
Companies based in the City of Westminster
1892 establishments in England |
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The Ascendant Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run at Haydock Park over a distance of 1 mile and 37 yards (1,643 metres).
The race was first run in 2007, and it is scheduled to take place each year in September. The race is run on the same day as Haydock's feature race of the season, the Group One Haydock Sprint Cup.
Records
Leading jockey (2 wins):
Richard Hughes – Havana Gold (2012), Chief Barker (2013)
Leading trainer (3 wins):
Richard Hannon Sr. – Emerald Commander (2009), Havana Gold (2012), Chief Barker (2013)
Winners
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British flat horse races
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Flat races in Great Britain
Haydock Park Racecourse
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Recurring sporting events established in 2007
2007 establishments in England |
Prolobus is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Species
The only known species is Prolobus nitidulus, native to the State of Bahia in eastern Brazil.
References
Eupatorieae
Monotypic Asteraceae genera
Endemic flora of Brazil |
Medic is role or occupation in medicine.
Medic may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Medic (Team Fortress 2), one of the nine playable classes in the video game
Medic (TV series), 1950s television series
Medics (Polish TV series), 2012 Polish television series
Medics (UK TV series), 1990s British television series
Other uses
Combat medic, a trained military personnel who provide treatment on the battlefield
, ocean liner of the White Star Line
Friedrich Kasimir Medikus, whose name as a botanist has been commonly abbreviated as either Medik. or Medic.
See also
Med (disambiguation)
Medicago, a plant genus, some of which are called "medic", "medick", or "annual medic"
Medical (disambiguation)
"Medicate", songs
Medication (disambiguation)
Medicus (disambiguation)
The Medic (disambiguation) |
C.D. Aguila is a Salvadorian professional association football club based in San Miguel. The club was formed in and played its first competitive match on July 27, 1958 when it played its first season in the Primera División. Aguila currently plays in the Primera División, the top tier of El Salvador football, and is one of three clubs, including Alianza F.C. and C.D. FAS, never to have been relegated from the league.
Honours
As of 11 June 2014 Aguila have won 15 Primera División, one Copa Presidente and one CONCACAF Champions League trophies.
Domestic competitions
League
Primera División
Winners (15): 1959, 1960-61, 1963-64, 1964, 1967-68, 1972, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1983, 1987-88, 1999 Apertura, 2000 Apertura, Clausura 2001, Clausura 2006, Clausura 2012
Cup
Copa Presidente
Winners (1): 2000
CONCACAF competitions
Official titles
CONCACAF Champions League
Winners (1): 1976
Players
Appearances
Competitive, professional matches only including substitution, number of appearances as a substitute appears in brackets.
Last updated - 18 July 2023
Others
Youngest first-team player: – Robin Borjas v Isidro Metapan, Primera Division, 1 December 2019
Oldest first team player: – Luis Ramírez Zapata v TBD, Primera Division, 1992
Most appearances in Primera Division: TBD – TBD
Most appearances in Copa Presidente: TBD – TBD
Most appearances in International competitions: TBD – TBD
Most appearances in CONCACAF competitions: TBD – TBD
Most appearances in UNCAF competitions: TBD – TBD
Most appearances in CONCACAF Champions League: TBD – TBD
Most appearances in UNCAF Copa: TBD TBD
Most appearances in FIFA Club World Cup: 2
Zózimo
Most appearances as a foreign player in all competitions: TBD – TBD
Most appearances as a foreign player in Primera Division: TBD – TBD
Most consecutive League appearances: TBD – TBD – from Month Day, Year at Month Day, Year
Shortest appearance: –
Goalscorers
Competitive, professional matches only. Appearances, including substitutes, appear in brackets.
As of January 2022
By competition
Most goals scored in all competitions: TBD – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in Primera Division: TBD – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in Copa Presidente: TBD – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in International competitions: TBD'' – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in CONCACAF competitions: TBD – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in UNCAF competitions: TBD – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in CONCACAF Champions League: TBD – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in UNCAF Cup: TBD – TBD, Year–Yesr
Most goals scored in FIFA World Cup: 1 – TBD, 1982
In a single season
Most goals scored in a season in all competitions: TBD – TBD, Year–Year
Most goals scored in a single Primera Division season: TBD – TBD, Year–Year
Most goals scored in a single Apertura/Clausura season: TBD – TBD, Year–Year
Most goals scored in a single Copa Presidente season: TBD – TBD, Year–Year
Most goals scored in a single CONCACAF Champions League season: TBD – TBD, Year–Year
Most goals scored in a single UNCAF Cup season: TBD – TBD, Year–Year
In a single match
Most goals scored in a League match: TBD TBD v TBD, Day Month Year
Most goals scored in a Copa Presidente match: TBD TBD v TBD, Day Month Year
Most goals scored in an Apertura/Clausura match: TBD TBD v TBD, Day Month Year
Most goals scored in a CONCACAF Champions League match: 4 TBD v TBD, Day Month Year
Most goals scored in a UNCAF Cup match: 4 TBD v TBD, Day Month Year
Others
Youngest goalscorer: – TBD v TBD, Year Primera Division, Day Month Year
Oldest goalscorer: – TBD v TBD, Year Primera Division, Day Month Year
Most goals scored in CONCACAF Finals: TBD TBD, four in TBD.
Fastest goal:12 seconds – TBD v TND, Primera Division, Day Month Year
Fastest hat-trick: 8 minutes – TBD v TBD, Year Primera Division, Day Month Year
Most hat-tricks in Primera Division: TBD – TBD, Year-Year
Most hat-tricks in a single season: TBD – TBD,2011–12 (7 times in league).
Historical goals
Internationals
First international for El Salvador: TBD v (Day Month Year)
Most international caps as an Aguila player: TBD – TBD,
Most international goals (total): 17 – Rudis Corrales,
Most international goals as an Aguila player: 12 – Rudis Corrales,
Award winners
Top Goalscorer (TBD)
The following players have won the Goalscorer while playing for Aguila:
Salvador Zuleta (-) - 1963/1964
Luis Ramírez Zapata (23) - 1975/76
Jorge Leonardo Garay (21) - 1996/1997
Waldir Guerra (9) – Apertura1999
Mauro Núñez Bastos (20) – Apertura 2001
Mauro Núñez Bastos (15) – Clausura 2002
Alexander Campos (13) – Clausura 2003
Alexander Campos (11) – Apertura 2003
Nicolás Muñoz (14) – Clausura 2007
Nicolás Muñoz (15) – Apertura 2011
Nicolás Muñoz (12) – Clausura 2012
Nicolás Muñoz (12) – Apertura 2020
Club records
Record Victory: 10-0 vs Juventud Independiente, August 24, 2008 (Primera Division) & 13-0 vs. C.D. Titan, 1958 (Segunda Division)
Record Defeat: 1-5 vs Atlético Balboa, April 22, 2009
Record Victory in the El Clasico: TBD-TBD vs C.D. FAS, Day Month, Year
Record Defeat in the El Clasico: 1-7 vs FAS, 16 May 2004
Record Victory in CONCACAF Competition: Aguila 5-1 Robinhood 1976
Record Defeat in CONCACAF Competition: Santos Laguna 5-0 C.D. Aguila, 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League
Record Victory in UNCAF Competition: Aguila 3-0 Saprissa 1976, Once Municipal 3-6 Águila 1977, Águila 3-0 Saprissa 1977,
Record Defeat in UNCAF Competition: Comunicaciones 7-1 Águila, 1983
Record High Attendance:
Streaks
Most wins in a row: 10 Games, 2023 Clausura – 2023 Apertura
Most Draws in a Row:
Most Loses in a Row:
Most games Undefeated:
Other records
Most Goals In a Regular Season: 49, (Apertura 2001)
Longest Period Without Conceding a Goal:
First El Clasico and First Aguila Goalscorer: Saúl Molina 41st min, 17 May 1959
First official game of CD Aguila: vs. C.D. Titan 2-2, 14 October 1956 in San Miguel
First goalscorer of CD Aguila: Juan Antonio "Maquinita" Merlos vs. C.D. Titan, 14 October 1956
Highest record signing''': Zózimo who signed from Porvenir Miraflores for a fee of $USD 500,000 in 1967.
International representation
Historical matches
References
External links
http://www.conetur.com/articulo.php?id=628&PHPSESSID=5748ee754cced3d78ffe5db823c8bf31
Aguila |
Mohamed Chibi (; born 21 January 1993) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Pyramids FC, and the Morocco national team.
Career
A youth product of Raja, Chibi began his senior career with them in 2011 signing a 5-year professional contract. He shortly after went on successive loans to Kawkab Marrakech and CRA, before transferring to Ittihad Khemisset in 2014. In 2015, he moved to KAC Kénitra where he became the starter. He had stints at Moghreb Tétouan and Khénifra, before moving to AS FAR in 2018. He moved to Ittihad Tanger for 2 years in 2019, before returning to AS FAR.
International career
Chibi debuted with the Morocco national team in a 3–0 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification win over Sudan on 12 November 2021.
International goals
Honours
Morocco
Arab Cup U-20: 2011
Individual
FIFA Arab Cup Team of the Tournament: 2021
Botola Team of the Season: 2020–21, 2021–22
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Casablanca
Moroccan men's footballers
Morocco men's international footballers
Morocco men's youth international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Raja CA players
IZ Khemisset players
MA Tétouan players
AS FAR (football club) players
IR Tanger players
Botola players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players |
Sir Thomas Smith, 1st Baronet (ca. 162222 May 1675) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1661 and 1675.
Smith was the son of Sir Thomas Smith, of Hatherton, Cheshire and his wife Mary Smith, daughter of Sir Hugh Smith, of Long Ashton, Somerset. He was created baronet of Hatherton on 16 August 1660.
In 1661, Smith was elected Member of Parliament for Chester in the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1675.
Smith married Abigail Pate, daughter of Sir John Pate, Bt of Sysonby, Leicestershire. They had a daughter Frances, but no son. The baronetcy was inherited by his nephew Thomas and became extinct on his death.
References
1620s births
1675 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Politicians from Somerset
English MPs 1661–1679
Cavaliers
Baronets in the Baronetage of England |
Kråkvåg or Krokvåg is a village in Tvedestrand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 411, just west of the village of Dypvåg and about east of the village of Sagesund.
References
Villages in Agder
Tvedestrand |
Dover Transportation Center is an Amtrak train station in Dover, New Hampshire, United States. The station is served by five daily Downeaster round trips. An average of 150 passengers board or alight at Dover daily, making it the second-busiest stop in New Hampshire.
History
The Boston & Maine Railroad (B&M) opened its first Dover station, a wood-frame structure with a small train shed, in 1842. It was replaced by a one-story brick structure on July 15, 1874. The B&M ran intercity service to Portland, Maine on its Western Route (now the Pan Am Railways mainline) until January 4, 1965. After Portland service ended, a single commute-hour round trip to Dover ran until June 30, 1967, when it was cut back to Haverhill, Massachusetts.
A new station building was constructed for the introduction of Downeaster service in December 2001. C&J Trailways originally used the building, but later constructed their bus station closer to New Hampshire Route 16. In October 2018, the city approved a five-year lease of the building to a bagel shop.
Bus connections
Bus service is provided by COAST to locations within Dover and the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire as well as UNH Wildcat Transit to Durham and the University of NH.
References
External links
Dover Amtrak Station (USA Rail Guide -- Train Web)
Buildings and structures in Dover, New Hampshire
Amtrak stations in New Hampshire
Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations
Transportation buildings and structures in Strafford County, New Hampshire
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2001
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1842
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1967 |
Marcos Elías Mathías Silva (born 12 May 1970) is a Venezuelan footballer. He played in 18 matches for the Venezuela national football team from 1993 to 1997. He was also part of Venezuela's squad for the 1993 Copa América tournament.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Venezuelan men's footballers
Venezuela men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football defenders
Trujillanos FC players
Deportivo Miranda F.C. players
Venezuelan football managers
Mineros de Guayana managers
Carabobo F.C. managers
Deportivo Anzoátegui managers
Aragua F.C. managers |
Ulrich Peters (born 2 July 1957) is a former West German basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
German men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for West Germany
Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
BSC Saturn Köln players
Sportspeople from Augsburg |
"Calamita" quadrilineatus is a possible species of frog described in 1799. The type locality is unknown, but the original publication considered Calamita quadrilineatus to be similar to Hyla leucophyllata. The status of this name placed in the subfamily Hylinae is unclear and it is considered a nomen dubium. The type series is presumed to be lost.
References
Hylinae
Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider
Amphibians described in 1799
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Agostinho José da Mota (18 June 1824 – 21 August 1878) was a Brazilian painter and teacher.
Biography
He was born in Rio de Janeiro. His inclination for art emerged early in childhood. In 1837 he enrolled in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts. He was a brilliant student and received the prize of travel to Europe in 1850.
He left the following year for Rome where he studied under the guidance of French landscape painter Jean-Achille Benouville. He spent 8 years in Italy and produced works of true merit there.
Returning to Brazil in 1859 he began to teach at the Academy. Initially he occupied the chair of drawing and then of landscape. He contributed several times to the general exhibition of fine arts, receiving the gold medal in 1852, the Order of the Rose in 1868 and the Order of Christ in 1871.
Amongst his pupils, Modesto Brocos, Henrique Bernardelli, Pedro Peres, Firmino Monteiro and José Maria de Medeiros became well known.
The Empress Teresa Cristina commissioned several still lifes from him, a genre in which he excelled.
He was the pioneer of outdoor painting in Brazil, preceding Georg Grimm, who received the credit for this.
In later life he faced financial difficulties, having to paint advertising hoardings to survive. He died in 1878 in Rio de Janeiro.
References
Agostinho José da Mota em Pitoresco
1824 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Brazilian painters
19th-century Brazilian male artists |
Dandya is a genus of about four species of flowering plants, all endemic to Mexico. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the asparagus family, and the cluster lily subfamily (formerly the family Themidaceae).
Dandya balsensis A.R.López-Ferrari & Espejo - central and southern Mexico
Dandya hannibalii L.W.Lenz - Michoacán
Dandya purpusii (Brandegee) H.E.Moore - Coahuila
Dandya thadhowardii L.W.Lenz - Michoacán, Guerrero
References
Asparagaceae genera
Brodiaeoideae
Endemic flora of Mexico |
Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide (or FormylGlycinAmideRibotide, FGAR) is a biochemical intermediate in the formation of purine nucleotides via inosine-5-monophosphate, and hence is a building block for DNA and RNA. The vitamins thiamine and cobalamin also contain fragments derived from FGAR.
FGAR is formed when the enzyme phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase adds a formyl group from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to glycineamide ribonucleotide (GAR) in reaction :
GAR + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate → FGAR + tetrahydrofolate
The biosynthesis pathway next converts FGAR to an amidine by the action of phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (), transferring an amino group from glutamine and giving 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine (FGAM) in a reaction that also requires ATP:
FGAR + ATP + glutamine + H2O → FGAM + ADP + glutamate + Pi
See also
5-Aminoimidazole ribotide
Purine metabolism
References
Nucleotides |
Louisiana Highway 27 (LA 27) is a state highway located in southwestern Louisiana. It runs in a general north–south direction from LA 14 in Holmwood to the junction of U.S. Highways 171 and 190 in DeRidder.
The route travels in a mirror-image of the letter "J" as it loops through the wetlands surrounding Calcasieu Lake and passes through Cameron, a small community situated on the Gulf of Mexico. It then extends northward through Sulphur en route to its terminus in DeRidder.
LA 27 essentially functions as two north–south roadways connecting the sparsely populated Cameron Parish to the Lake Charles metropolitan area and is signed accordingly. The north–south directional banners are reversed at the Cameron Ferry, a toll ferry the crosses the Calcasieu Ship Channel.
Route description
LA 27 begins at a junction with LA 14 in Holmwood, a point in Calcasieu Parish. It heads due south and, after , provides access to the Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge. Reaching a cross-roads at Creole, LA 27 turns west concurrent with LA 82, the only other major highway through Cameron Parish.
LA 27 and LA 82 parallel the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico into Cameron, the parish seat. Here, the route crosses the deep-water Calcasieu Ship Channel by way of a toll ferry. Continuing westward to Holly Beach, LA 27 turns northward away from LA 82 and meanders along the west side of Calcasieu Lake through Hackberry. Re-entering Calcasieu Parish, LA 27 overlaps LA 108 through unincorporated Carlyss, a residential area near the industrial section south of Sulphur. At a four-way intersection, LA 1256 continues straight ahead across I-10 and into Downtown Sulphur. LA 27 zigzags onto the parallel Beglis Parkway through a neighboring interchange with I-10, passing just east of the center of town.
Continuing northward, LA 27 passes through the small city of DeQuincy and intersects LA 12. LA 27 proceeds north into Beauregard Parish through Oretta and Singer before reaching its final destination of DeRidder. In the center of town, LA 27 terminates at a one-way pair that is shared by US 171 and US 190. From this junction, connections are made to such cities as Lake Charles, Baton Rouge, and Shreveport, as well as Fort Polk in Leesville.
Byway and memorial designations
The entirety of LA 27 from Holmwood to Sulphur serves as a major portion of the Creole Nature Trail, a National Scenic Byway and All-American Road.
In 2003, the portion of LA 27 from Sulphur to DeQuincy was designated as the Horace Lynn Jones Memorial Highway by the state legislature.
History
In the original Louisiana Highway system in use between 1921 and 1955, LA 27 served as a portion of State Route 42 and the entirety of State Route 104. Both were designated by the state legislature during the 1920s. In this system, the two highways running northward from Cameron on either side of Calcasieu Lake had different numbers. The westerly route from Cameron through Sulphur to DeRidder was Route 104, while the easterly route through Creole toward Lake Charles was the southern leg of Route 42, a much longer route that was co-signed with US 171 as far as Mansfield.
When the Louisiana Department of Highways renumbered the state highway system in 1955, lengthy concurrencies between U.S. and state routes were eliminated. Route 104 became LA 27, and the independent portion of former Route 42 southeast of Lake Charles was largely included in that designation, connected via a concurrency with LA 82 through Cameron.
As its official route description indicates, north of Holmwood, LA 27 also originally included a string of minor roads running north to Chloe, then east along what is now the I-10 service road through Iowa to LA 101 at Lacassine. By the 1970s, this mileage was largely eliminated. The only other realignment in LA 27 shifted the route onto a streamlined path through Sulphur in 1993. The original route initially became LA 27 Bus. but has since been renumbered to LA 1256 and partially eliminated from the state highway system.
Major intersections
Note: The route is entirely signed north–south. The directional banners are reversed at the Cameron Ferry.
Business route
Louisiana Highway 27 Business (LA 27 Bus.) ran in a north–south direction from the junction of LA 27 and LA 108 in Carlyss to the junction of US 90 and LA 27 in Sulphur. The route followed the original alignment of LA 27 through Sulphur. It was renumbered as LA 1256 in 2003, and since then, has been partially returned to local control.
See also
References
External links
Maps / GIS Data Homepage, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development
Louisiana Scenic Byways Homepage
0027
Transportation in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana
Transportation in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
Transportation in Cameron Parish, Louisiana |
Heemsen is a municipality in the district of Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 8 km northeast of Nienburg, and 25 km south of Verden.
Heemsen is part of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Heemsen.
References
Nienburg (district) |
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Vertically-center anything
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Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia is a 1599 oil-on-canvas painting of Isabella Clara Eugenia by the Italian painter Sofonisba Anguissola, identified in 1992 by Maria Kusche. Owned by the Museo del Prado, it currently hangs in the Spanish Embassy in Paris.
Production
In 1609 Pedro Paolo De Ribera referred to Anguissola producing a portrait of infanta Isabella during her stop in Genoa en route to Brussels in June 1599 He states that infanta "daily spent long hours chatting [with the artist], remembering things which had had happened to her in her tender years". Anguissola was portraitist to the Spanish court and also produced a portrait of Isabella's mother Elisabeth of Valois.
Isabella is shown wearing sumptuous court dress, a large pleated ruff, a pearl necklace, a gold chain with a figure of Francis of Assisi or Anthony of Padua and a girdle studded with pearls, rubies and diamonds, resting her right hand on the back of a chair and her left hand holding a lace-edged handkerchief. Profoundly religious, she spent her last years in the "Descalzas Reales" monastery and in the habit of a nun, as shown in her later portrait by Rubens.
Isabella only stopped in Genoa a few days, not long enough to complete the portrait, and so Isabella requested that she would "sent it to her en route [once it was complete], as she did". However, in the end, it seems the work was not sent directly to Isabella in Vienna or Brussels but to Madrid as a gift from Isabella to her step-brother, the future Philip III of Spain. The work is mentioned in a inventory of works at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid compiled after Philip II's death, though without an attribution.
Later history
The work was probably one of the works confiscated in 1835 from Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain for supporting the Carlist cause. In 1865 the work appeared as number 212 in Catalogo del Museo de la Trinidad de Cruzada Villaamil with an attribution to the Spanish painter Alonso Sánchez Coello. That catalogue also featured a portrait of a man of identical dimensions attributed to Coello. In 1861 the Portrait of Infanta Isabella and the other paintings were restored to Sebastian. In 1868 it passed to its current owner and was first hung at the Embassy in 1882.
References
Portraits by Sofonisba Anguissola
Paintings of the Museo del Prado by Italian artists
Portraits of women
1599 paintings
Oil on canvas paintings |
In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, a Minkowski functional (after Hermann Minkowski) or gauge function is a function that recovers a notion of distance on a linear space.
If is a subset of a real or complex vector space then the or of is defined to be the function valued in the extended real numbers, defined by
where the infimum of the empty set is defined to be positive infinity (which is a real number so that would then be real-valued).
The set is often assumed/picked to have properties, such as being an absorbing disk in that guarantee that will be a real-valued seminorm on
In fact, every seminorm on is equal to the Minkowski functional (that is, ) of any subset of satisfying (where all three of these sets are necessarily absorbing in and the first and last are also disks).
Thus every seminorm (which is a defined by purely algebraic properties) can be associated (non-uniquely) with an absorbing disk (which is a with certain geometric properties) and conversely, every absorbing disk can be associated with its Minkowski functional (which will necessarily be a seminorm).
These relationships between seminorms, Minkowski functionals, and absorbing disks is a major reason why Minkowski functionals are studied and used in functional analysis.
In particular, through these relationships, Minkowski functionals allow one to "translate" certain properties of a subset of into certain properties of a function on
The Minkowski function is always non-negative (meaning ).
This property of being nonnegative stands in contrast to other classes of functions, such as sublinear functions and real linear functionals, that do allow negative values.
However, might not be real-valued since for any given the value is a real number if and only if is not empty.
Consequently, is usually assumed to have properties (such as being absorbing in for instance) that will guarantee that is real-valued.
Definition
Let be a subset of a real or complex vector space Define the of or the associated with or induced by as being the function valued in the extended real numbers, defined by
where recall that the infimum of the empty set is (that is, ). Here, is shorthand for
For any if and only if is not empty.
The arithmetic operations on can be extended to operate on where for all non-zero real
The products and remain undefined.
Some conditions making a gauge real-valued
In the field of convex analysis, the map taking on the value of is not necessarily an issue.
However, in functional analysis is almost always real-valued (that is, to never take on the value of ), which happens if and only if the set is non-empty for every
In order for to be real-valued, it suffices for the origin of to belong to the or of in
If is absorbing in where recall that this implies that then the origin belongs to the algebraic interior of in and thus is real-valued.
Characterizations of when is real-valued are given below.
Motivating examples
Example 1
Consider a normed vector space with the norm and let be the unit ball in Then for every Thus the Minkowski functional is just the norm on
Example 2
Let be a vector space without topology with underlying scalar field
Let be any linear functional on (not necessarily continuous).
Fix
Let be the set
and let be the Minkowski functional of
Then
The function has the following properties:
It is :
It is : for all scalars
It is :
Therefore, is a seminorm on with an induced topology.
This is characteristic of Minkowski functionals defined via "nice" sets.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between seminorms and the Minkowski functional given by such sets.
What is meant precisely by "nice" is discussed in the section below.
Notice that, in contrast to a stronger requirement for a norm, need not imply
In the above example, one can take a nonzero from the kernel of
Consequently, the resulting topology need not be Hausdorff.
Common conditions guaranteeing gauges are seminorms
To guarantee that it will henceforth be assumed that
In order for to be a seminorm, it suffices for to be a disk (that is, convex and balanced) and absorbing in which are the most common assumption placed on
More generally, if is convex and the origin belongs to the algebraic interior of then is a nonnegative sublinear functional on which implies in particular that it is subadditive and positive homogeneous.
If is absorbing in then is positive homogeneous, meaning that for all real where
If is a nonnegative real-valued function on that is positive homogeneous, then the sets and satisfy and
if in addition is absolutely homogeneous then both and are balanced.
Gauges of absorbing disks
Arguably the most common requirements placed on a set to guarantee that is a seminorm are that be an absorbing disk in
Due to how common these assumptions are, the properties of a Minkowski functional when is an absorbing disk will now be investigated.
Since all of the results mentioned above made few (if any) assumptions on they can be applied in this special case.
Convexity and subadditivity
A simple geometric argument that shows convexity of implies subadditivity is as follows.
Suppose for the moment that
Then for all
Since is convex and is also convex.
Therefore,
By definition of the Minkowski functional
But the left hand side is so that
Since was arbitrary, it follows that which is the desired inequality.
The general case is obtained after the obvious modification.
Convexity of together with the initial assumption that the set is nonempty, implies that is absorbing.
Balancedness and absolute homogeneity
Notice that being balanced implies that
Therefore
Algebraic properties
Let be a real or complex vector space and let be an absorbing disk in
is a seminorm on
is a norm on if and only if does not contain a non-trivial vector subspace.
for any scalar
If is an absorbing disk in and then
If is a set satisfying then is absorbing in and where is the Minkowski functional associated with that is, it is the gauge of
In particular, if is as above and is any seminorm on then if and only if
If satisfies then
Topological properties
Assume that is a (real or complex) topological vector space (TVS) (not necessarily Hausdorff or locally convex) and let be an absorbing disk in Then
where is the topological interior and is the topological closure of in
Importantly, it was assumed that was continuous nor was it assumed that had any topological properties.
Moreover, the Minkowski functional is continuous if and only if is a neighborhood of the origin in
If is continuous then
Minimal requirements on the set
This section will investigate the most general case of the gauge of subset of
The more common special case where is assumed to be an absorbing disk in was discussed above.
Properties
All results in this section may be applied to the case where is an absorbing disk.
Throughout, is any subset of
The proofs of these basic properties are straightforward exercises so only the proofs of the most important statements are given.
The proof that a convex subset that satisfies is necessarily absorbing in is straightforward and can be found in the article on absorbing sets.
For any real
so that taking the infimum of both sides shows that
This proves that Minkowski functionals are strictly positive homogeneous. For to be well-defined, it is necessary and sufficient that thus for all and all real if and only if is real-valued.
The hypothesis of statement (7) allows us to conclude that for all and all scalars satisfying
Every scalar is of the form for some real where and is real if and only if is real.
The results in the statement about absolute homogeneity follow immediately from the aforementioned conclusion, from the strict positive homogeneity of and from the positive homogeneity of when is real-valued.
Examples
If is a non-empty collection of subsets of then for all where
Thus for all
If is a non-empty collection of subsets of and satisfies
then for all
The following examples show that the containment could be proper.
Example: If and then but which shows that its possible for to be a proper subset of when
The next example shows that the containment can be proper when the example may be generalized to any real
Assuming that the following example is representative of how it happens that satisfies but
Example: Let be non-zero and let so that and
From it follows that
That follows from observing that for every which contains
Thus and
However, so that as desired.
Positive homogeneity characterizes Minkowski functionals
The next theorem shows that Minkowski functionals are those functions that have a certain purely algebraic property that is commonly encountered.
If holds for all and real then so that
Only (1) implies (3) will be proven because afterwards, the rest of the theorem follows immediately from the basic properties of Minkowski functionals described earlier; properties that will henceforth be used without comment.
So assume that is a function such that for all and all real and let
For all real so by taking for instance, it follows that either or
Let
It remains to show that
It will now be shown that if or then so that in particular, it will follow that
So suppose that or in either case for all real
Now if then this implies that that for all real (since ), which implies that as desired.
Similarly, if then for all real which implies that as desired.
Thus, it will henceforth be assumed that a positive real number and that (importantly, however, the possibility that is or has not yet been ruled out).
Recall that just like the function satisfies for all real
Since if and only if so assume without loss of generality that and it remains to show that
Since which implies that (so in particular, is guaranteed).
It remains to show that which recall happens if and only if
So assume for the sake of contradiction that and let and be such that where note that implies that
Then
This theorem can be extended to characterize certain classes of -valued maps (for example, real-valued sublinear functions) in terms of Minkowski functionals.
For instance, it can be used to describe how every real homogeneous function (such as linear functionals) can be written in terms of a unique Minkowski functional having a certain property.
Characterizing Minkowski functionals on star sets
Characterizing Minkowski functionals that are seminorms
In this next theorem, which follows immediately from the statements above, is assumed to be absorbing in and instead, it is deduced that is absorbing when is a seminorm. It is also not assumed that is balanced (which is a property that is often required to have); in its place is the weaker condition that for all scalars satisfying
The common requirement that be convex is also weakened to only requiring that be convex.
Positive sublinear functions and Minkowski functionals
It may be shown that a real-valued subadditive function on an arbitrary topological vector space is continuous at the origin if and only if it is uniformly continuous, where if in addition is nonnegative, then is continuous if and only if is an open neighborhood in
If is subadditive and satisfies then is continuous if and only if its absolute value is continuous.
A is a nonnegative homogeneous function that satisfies the triangle inequality.
It follows immediately from the results below that for such a function if then
Given the Minkowski functional is a sublinear function if and only if it is real-valued and subadditive, which is happens if and only if and is convex.
Correspondence between open convex sets and positive continuous sublinear functions
Let be an open convex subset of
If then let and otherwise let be arbitrary.
Let be the Minkowski functional of where this convex open neighborhood of the origin satisfies
Then is a continuous sublinear function on since is convex, absorbing, and open (however, is not necessarily a seminorm since it is not necessarily absolutely homogeneous).
From the properties of Minkowski functionals, we have from which it follows that and so
Since this completes the proof.
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
F. Simeski, A.M.P. Boelens and M. Ihme. Modeling Adsorption in Silica Pores via Minkowski Functionals and Molecular Electrostatic Moments. Energies 13 (22) 5976 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225976
Convex analysis
Functional analysis
Hermann Minkowski |
John the Deacon (d. after 910) was a religious writer and deacon, or head of a diaconate at the church of Saint Januarius in Naples. He flourished towards the end of the ninth and the beginning of the tenth century, and from his writings appears to have been a very learned and accomplished cleric. He wrote several historical works, important sources of information for the history of his time.
He first wrote a continuation of the diocesan chronicle of Naples (Gesta episcoporum Neapolitanorum), begun by another cleric, but which he brings down from 762 to 872. He makes use of both written and oral tradition, and contributes from personal knowledge. The narrative is graphic and spirited, and impresses the reader as a frank and accurate story. He also wrote a history of the translation in the fifth century of the remains of St. Severinus, the Apostle of Noricum, from the Castellum Lucullanum in the Bay of Naples to a new monastery within the city. This work contains the important account of the destruction of Taormina in Sicily by the Saracens under Ibrahim, and of the martyrdom of Bishop Procopius. When in 910 the relics of St. Sossius, a companion of St. Januarius, were transferred from the ruined Miseno to the same monastery at Naples, John wrote a history of St. Januarius and his companions, in which as an eyewitness he describes the aforesaid transfer. He also translated a biography of St. Nicholas of Myra from the Greek Methodius ad Theodorum.
External Links
John the Deacon: Just who was he?
References
Italian religious writers
9th-century births
10th-century deaths
Writers from Naples
Deacons
10th-century writers in Latin
10th-century Italian historians |
King's Highway or Kings Highway may refer to:
Roads
Australia
Kings Highway (Australia), connecting Queanbeyan to Batemans Bay
Canada
King's Highways, an alternative designation for the primary provincial highway system in Ontario
King's Highway (French: Chemin du Roy), part of Route 138 in Quebec
United States
Kings Highway (Brooklyn), a broad avenue passing through mostly commercial areas in the southern part of Brooklyn
King's Highway (Charleston to Boston), United States
(Old) King's Highway (Massachusetts Route 6A), Cape Cod, MA
Old King's Highway Historic District, Barnstable, MA
Brewster Old King's Highway Historic District, Brewster, MA
(Old) Kings Highway (History of Darien, Connecticut), Darien, CT
Kings Highway (Virginia State Route 3), central Virginia
Kings Highway (Virginia State Route 125), Suffolk, Virginia
Kings Highway (New Jersey Route 27), northern New Jersey
Kings Highway (today County Route 13 (Rockland County, New York)), a major route through Valley Cottage, New York
Kings Highway (today Farm to Market Road 989), in Bowie County, Texas
Kings Highway (today Pennsylvania Route 143), in eastern Pennsylvania
Kings Highway (today U.S. Route 61), the trail following the Mississippi River northward from New Orleans, Louisiana, through New Madrid, Sikeston, Cape Girardeau, Perryville, and St. Louis, Missouri
Historical roads
King's Highway (ancient), an ancient trade route from Egypt to Syria mentioned in the Bible
El Camino Real (California) (lit. "the King's Road"), a commemorative route
Places
Kings Highway Conservation District, Dallas, Texas, a neighborhood
Railway stations
New York City Subway stations:
Kings Highway (BMT Brighton Line) at East 16th Street; serving the
Kings Highway (IND Culver Line) at McDonald Avenue; serving the
Kings Highway (BMT Sea Beach Line) at West 8th Street; serving the
Church Street station (MBTA), known as Kings Highway during planning
Films and songs
The King's Highway, a 1927 British film
"Kings Highway," a song on Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' album Into the Great Wide Open
"King's Highway," a song by Kenny Wayne Shepherd album Trouble Is...
See also
King's Road (disambiguation)
Royal Road (disambiguation)
El Camino Real (disambiguation)
Kingsway (disambiguation) |
Thabo Mamojele (born 29 July 1986) is a South African rugby union player who last played as a flanker or lock with Currie Cup side the .
Career
He was born in Witbank and came through the youth ranks of his local team, the until he moved to the rugby academy of the in 2006. He played two games in 2007 for their Vodacom Cup side, the , but failed to make the breakthrough to the first team.
He had a short spell at the for the 2008 Currie Cup Premier Division, before joining the in 2009. He played for them for three seasons and also represented the in the Varsity Cup in 2009 and 2010.
In 2012, he joined the .
2013 Kings Super Rugby season
He was named in the wider training squad for the 2013 Super Rugby season, but was subsequently released to the Vodacom Cup squad. However, he did make his debut for the when he came on as a substitute for their final Super Rugby match of the regular 2013 Super Rugby season against the .
Golden Lions
He joined the for the 2014 season, but he was only in Johannesburg for a short spell before moving to French side Montauban.
References
Living people
1986 births
South African rugby union players
Eastern Province Elephants players
Leopards (rugby union) players
Sharks (Currie Cup) players
Southern Kings players
Golden Lions players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from Mpumalanga |
Charivius (French Hervé) was the Frankish Duke of Maine (dux Cenomannicus) in the early eighth century. His father was Chrotgar, Duke of Maine, son or grandson of Chrodbert, count Palatine of Chlothar III, and so brother of Lambert, Count of Hesbaye. In 723 he seized the revenues of the Diocese of Le Mans. On the death of the bishop Herlemund he took control of the see and its monasteries and appointed his illiterate son Gauciolenus (fr) bishop. Though the date of Charivius' death is unknown, his son retained control of the diocese and the region as bishop until 771. Charivius is postulated by Settipani to be an ancestor of the Rorgonids.
References
Smith, Julia M. H. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians. Cambridge University Press: 1992
Settipani, Christian, "Addendum to the Ancestors of Charlemagne"
Dukes of Maine |
A thermostatic mixing valve (TMV) is a valve that blends hot water with cold water to ensure constant, safe shower and bath outlet temperatures, preventing scalding.
The storage of water at high temperature removes one possible breeding ground for Legionella; the use of a thermostat, rather than a static mixing valve, provides increased safety against scalding, and increased user comfort, because the hot-water temperature remains constant.
Many TMVs use a wax thermostat for regulation. They also shut off rapidly in the event of a hot or cold supply failure to prevent scalding or thermal shock.
It is increasingly common practice around the world to regulate the storage water temperature to above , and to circulate or distribute water at a temperature less than . Water above these temperatures can cause scald injuries. Many countries, states, or municipalities now require that the temperature of all bath water in newly built and extensively refurbished domestic properties be controlled to a maximum of . Installing thermostatic mixing valves can ensure that water is delivered at the required temperature, thereby reducing the risk of scalding accidents; it also reduces hot water consumption from a supply that is maintained at a higher temperature.
There are three main categories for water temperature controlling devices: Heat Source, Group Control, and Point-of-Use.
Heat Source
These are used with central heating systems that use water as a medium.
Tempering valves for use on hot water heat distribution systems
High flow rates suitable for use in under floor (radiant) heating applications
Allows water to be stored at a higher temperature
Group Control
These provide a uniform distribution temperature for all hot water outlets in a household.
Designed for multi-point applications
High flow rates (from at )
Temperature stability
Point-of-Use
These are single Outlet Thermostatic Mixing Valves, often called "thermostatic faucets", "thermostat taps" or "thermostat valves".
Designed for single point applications, such as individual showering, hand wash basin mixers, bath or tub fillers
High level protection against scalding and thermal shock
Although other temperature regulating valves exist, thermostatic mixing valves are the preferred type in health care facilities, as they limit maximum outlet temperature, regardless of pressure or flow.
See also
Thermostatic radiator valve
Pressure-balanced valve
References
Thermostatic mixing valve patent
External links
Thermostatic Mixing Valve Manufacturers Association
Plumbing
Temperature control |
In universal algebra and mathematical logic, a term algebra is a freely generated algebraic structure over a given signature. For example, in a signature consisting of a single binary operation, the term algebra over a set X of variables is exactly the free magma generated by X. Other synonyms for the notion include absolutely free algebra and anarchic algebra.
From a category theory perspective, a term algebra is the initial object for the category of all X-generated algebras of the same signature, and this object, unique up to isomorphism, is called an initial algebra; it generates by homomorphic projection all algebras in the category.
A similar notion is that of a Herbrand universe in logic, usually used under this name in logic programming, which is (absolutely freely) defined starting from the set of constants and function symbols in a set of clauses. That is, the Herbrand universe consists of all ground terms: terms that have no variables in them.
An atomic formula or atom is commonly defined as a predicate applied to a tuple of terms; a ground atom is then a predicate in which only ground terms appear. The Herbrand base is the set of all ground atoms that can be formed from predicate symbols in the original set of clauses and terms in its Herbrand universe. These two concepts are named after Jacques Herbrand.
Term algebras also play a role in the semantics of abstract data types, where an abstract data type declaration provides the signature of a multi-sorted algebraic structure and the term algebra is a concrete model of the abstract declaration.
Universal algebra
A type is a set of function symbols, with each having an associated arity (i.e. number of inputs). For any non-negative integer , let denote the function symbols in of arity . A constant is a function symbol of arity 0.
Let be a type, and let be a non-empty set of symbols, representing the variable symbols. (For simplicity, assume and are disjoint.) Then the set of terms of type over is the set of all well-formed strings that can be constructed using the variable symbols of and the constants and operations of . Formally, is the smallest set such that:
— each variable symbol from is a term in , and so is each constant symbol from .
For all and for all function symbols and terms , we have the string — given terms , the application of an -ary function symbol to them represents again a term.
The term algebra of type over is, in summary, the algebra of type that maps each expression to its string representation. Formally, is defined as follows:
The domain of is .
For each nullary function in , is defined as the string .
For all and for each n-ary function in and elements in the domain, is defined as the string .
A term algebra is called absolutely free because for any algebra of type , and for any function , extends to a unique homomorphism , which simply evaluates each term to its corresponding value . Formally, for each :
If , then .
If , then .
If where and , then .
Example
As an example type inspired from integer arithmetic can be defined by , , , and for each .
The best-known algebra of type has the natural numbers as its domain and interprets , , , and in the usual way; we refer to it as .
For the example variable set , we are going to investigate the term algebra of type over .
First, the set of terms of type over is considered.
We use to flag its members, which otherwise may be hard to recognize due to their uncommon syntactic form.
We have e.g.
, since is a variable symbol;
, since is a constant symbol; hence
, since is a 2-ary function symbol; hence, in turn,
since is a 2-ary function symbol.
More generally, each string in corresponds to a mathematical expression built from the admitted symbols and written in Polish prefix notation;
for example, the term corresponds to the expression in usual infix notation. No parentheses are needed to avoid ambiguities in Polish notation; e.g. the infix expression corresponds to the term .
To give some counter-examples, we have e.g.
, since is neither an admitted variable symbol nor an admitted constant symbol;
, for the same reason,
, since is a 2-ary function symbol, but is used here with only one argument term (viz. ).
Now that the term set is established, we consider the term algebra of type over .
This algebra uses as its domain, on which addition and multiplication need to be defined.
The addition function takes two terms and and returns the term ; similarly, the multiplication function maps given terms and to the term .
For example, evaluates to the term .
Informally, the operations and are both "sluggards" in that they just record what computation should be done, rather than doing it.
As an example for unique extendability of a homomorphism consider defined by and .
Informally, defines an assignment of values to variable symbols, and once this is done, every term from can be evaluated in a unique way in .
For example,
In a similar way, one obtains .
Herbrand base
The signature σ of a language is a triple <O, F, P> consisting of the alphabet of constants O, function symbols F, and predicates P. The Herbrand base of a signature σ consists of all ground atoms of σ: of all formulas of the form R(t1, ..., tn), where t1, ..., tn are terms containing no variables (i.e. elements of the Herbrand universe) and R is an n-ary relation symbol (i.e. predicate). In the case of logic with equality, it also contains all equations of the form t1 = t2, where t1 and t2 contain no variables.
Decidability
Term algebras can be shown decidable using quantifier elimination. The complexity of the decision problem is in NONELEMENTARY because binary constructors are injective and thus pairing functions.
See also
Answer-set programming
Clone (algebra)
Domain of discourse / Universe (mathematics)
Rabin's tree theorem (the monadic theory of the infinite complete binary tree is decidable)
Initial algebra
Abstract data type
Term rewriting system
References
Further reading
Joel Berman (2005). "The structure of free algebras". In Structural Theory of Automata, Semigroups, and Universal Algebra. Springer. pp. 47–76. .
External links
Universal algebra
Mathematical logic
Free algebraic structures
Unification (computer science) |
Rhinoscapha biundulata is a species of true weevil family. It occurs in New Guinea.
References
Zipcodezoo
Global species
biundulata
Entiminae
Beetles described in 1897 |
Arachne is a figure in Greek mythology. It may also refer to:
Arachne (Internet suite)
Arachne (archaeological database)
407 Arachne, an asteroid
Julia Carpenter, a fictional superheroine also called Arachne
A group of characters in Sonic the Hedgehog (comic series)
A character in Soul Eater, a manga series
Sarah Hayes (crossword compiler), who uses the pseudonym Arachne. |
Porto, a popular tourist destination in Portugal, is the country's second largest city. It is located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal. Porto is one of the oldest European centers, and its historical core was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996.
Landmarks
Religious sites
Museums
Parks and gardens
Others
Nearby places
See also
Porto
Tourism in Portugal
References
External links
Official website of Porto City Hall
Porto
Tourist attractions in Porto
Porto |
The Swannanoa darter (Etheostoma swannanoa) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States where it occurs in the drainage of the Tennessee River. It prefers flowing water in riffles in cool, clear mountain streams, with boulder substrates. The diet and natural history of this species have been little studied but are probably similar to those of its close relative, the greenside darter (Etheostoma blenniodies). The population trend of this fish seems to be stable and it is a common species with numerous sub-populations over its limited range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Distribution
The Swannanoa darter has a relatively limited distribution compared to some other etheostomid darters. It can be found in the southern Appalachian Mountain headwaters of the Tennessee River and other areas in East Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, and Western North Carolina. It is found in the Clinch and Powell River systems in Virginia and through the upper Holston and French Broad River systems along the Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina borders. Although it has been documented in the Clinch and Powell River systems in Virginia, it is not found in these same systems in Tennessee. E. swannanoa was found only sporadically in the Tennessee River headwaters and specifically in the Clinch, Holston, Watauga, and Nolichucky Rivers. It prefers cold, clear water with boulder substrates.
Ecology
The Swannanoa darter prefers flowing water in riffles pools in cool, clear mountain streams. For the greenside darter (Etheostoma blenniodies), a close relative of the Swannanoa darter found in similar areas, juveniles mostly eat midge larvae and microcrustaceans. Adults have more varied diets, primarily made up of mayflies and caddisflies. Adults also eat midge, black fly, and other aquatic insect larvae. In some areas, such as the Little River of Tennessee, adults ate many Leptoxis spp. snails. Feeding intensity is much less in winter and greatest in May and June. Juvenile specimens were lacking in summer and early fall collections. This suggests the juvenile habitat is different from the adult habitat. Pollution from mining operations and the impoundment of streams and rivers throughout the Swannanoa darter's range has possibly resulted in declines in distribution.
Lifecycle
Unfortunately, not much is known about the lifecycle of Swannanoa darters compared to some other members of the genus Etheostoma. The breeding season of the Swannanoa darter is in early spring, and has been observed to occur on 2 April. Greenside darters also spawn in early spring, when water temperatures reach 50-53 °F and this is probably similar to the time when Swannanoa darters breed. Swannanoa darters spawn on variable substrates, and these may include vegetation, sand, or rock substrates. Sexual maturity is usually achieved at about one year of age, and growth is rapid. Lengths of about 45 mm are achieved after the first year of growth, as well. Adults can reach up to 90 mm in length. Greenside darters, which share many lifecycle characteristics with Swannanoa darters, usually live for about five years.
Management
Currently, little to no active management is used specifically for the Swannanoa darter. Trout, which are often associated with Swannanoa darters, drive much of the current management of the streams and rivers where these darters are found because of their recreational and economic value in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Much of the current range of the Swannanoa darter lies within protected areas in national forests and parks, but any activity that increases sedimentation or decreases water flow could negatively impact this species. Activities with a potential for negative effects include careless logging, mining, development, and impoundment of streams and rivers. In the lower elevations and larger water bodies where these darters are found, pollution and contaminants could also pose problems for this species. The use of streamside management zones (SMZs), an excellent management practice used to protect stream health and water quality, in turn benefits these darters. Water quality monitoring, including water chemistry, temperature and dissolved oxygen, would be helpful to obtain baseline data and monitor for possible negative trends. Due to the lack of research on E. swannanoa, current management should also include research to gain knowledge on specific habitat needs for this fish.
References
Etheostoma
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States
Least concern biota of the United States
Fish described in 1889
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Barton Warren Evermann |
Tetraopes annulatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1847. It is known from the United States and Canada. Reported feeding on Asclepias sullivantii, A. subverticillata, A. speciosa, A. tuberosa, A. verticillata, A. viridiflorus.
References
Bugguide.net. Image
Tetraopini
Beetles described in 1847
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte |
John Hallam DD (1728 – 26 August 1811) was a Canon of Windsor from 1775 to 1811.
Family
He was the father of the historian Henry Hallam.
Career
He was educated at Boston Grammar School before being removed to Eton College in 1743. He entered King's College, Cambridge in 1748 and graduated BA in 1753, MA in 1756, and DD in 1781.
He was appointed:
Dean of Bristol 1781–1800
He was appointed to the sixth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1775 and held the canonry until 1811.
Notes
1728 births
1811 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Deans of Bristol
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Boston Grammar School
Date of birth unknown |
Dhandhaniya is a village in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India.
References
Villages in Jodhpur district |
Debt Mediators Australia is an Australian company based in the financial services industry. The company was founded in 1999 by Michael Paris. The company provides debt reduction and consolidation services. Many of Debt Mediators Australia's clients are $30,000 or more in debt, and many clients are teens and people in their early twenties. Debt Mediators Australia is a registered debt agreement administrator and a member of the Personal Insolvency Professionals Association.
According to company spokesman Ben Paris, the company advises 25,000 indebted young people a year. Paris is frequently cited as an expert in Generation Y debt issues. For instance, in 44 Letters from the Liquid World by Zygmunt Bauman, Paris is quoted as saying that many "young people 'borrow way beyond their means.'" About young people drowning in debt, Paris was quoted on 60 Minutes as saying, "They're not going to be able to afford kids. They're not going to be able to afford a home, and more than likely they're going to be on a pension." The Bulletin quotes Paris as blaming a “credit-based lifestyle” for the surprising amount of debt that many people are in, in Australia. The Brisbane Times quoted Paris as saying, "Everyone's keeping up with the Joneses, but the Joneses can't even afford it."
Several of the company’s clients have been on the news--to discuss how they got in debt and how they got out of debt.
References
Financial services companies of Australia |
Winifred Emily Hector FRCN (21 December 1909 — 14 September 2002) was an English nurse and textbook author. She played a significant part in introducing modern curriculum and teaching methods to British nursing education.
Early life and education
Winifred Emily Hector was born at Taunton in Somerset, the daughter of Sidney Charles Hector and Beatrice Dugdale Hector. Her father was an engine driver on the Great Western Railway. She attended Bishop Fox's School in Taunton, and completed 2 years of undergraduate study in English at Bedford College, London. However her near-sightedness ended her academic studies, so she turned her attention to nursing, as a student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Much later in life, she was awarded a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree at City University London, with research on the life of Ethel Gordon Fenwick, SRN 1, the first nurse on the General Nursing Council register 1921 [a ref] and a founder of the International Council of Nurses.
Career
Hector trained as a nurse at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London where she was "taught by a very frosty tutor", with a very formal and rigid approach. [a ref].
Hector was in charge of nurses' preliminary training at the Manchester Royal Infirmary at the beginning of World War II. She then ran a surgical ward at St. Bartholomew's Hospital during the London Blitz, treating mainly acute injuries of bombing victims. She moved into teaching, taking the position of senior tutor at the war's end. She established "one of the first university courses for nurses," at City, University of London, beginning in 1968.
Textbooks by Winifred Hector included Modern Gynaecology and Obstetrics For Nurses (1956, with John Howkins, revised 1963 and 1974 with Gordon Bourne), Modern Nursing: Theory and Practice (1960), A Textbook of Medicine for Nurses (1967, with Gordon Hamilton Fairley), and Nursing Care for the Dying Patient (1982). She also wrote an autobiography, Memoirs of a Somerset Woman (1997), and a book about nursing for lay readers, The Role of the Nurse (1977). Such was the success of her publications that in 1970 her publisher Heinemann hosted a champagne lunch in her honour at the Ritz.
She retired from St. Bartholomew's in 1970. For a decade after she retired, she was the lecturer in charge of the 2 year Sister Tutor's Diploma Course at Queen Elizabeth College. until the final cohort completed in 1980. In 1970, she was one of the founding members of the board of the Medical Recording Service, a body founded to support quality film and audio productions for medical education. In 1976, she was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing. In 1978, she was script adviser on a series of ten films for nursing education.
Winifred Hector died in 2002, after several years of ill health, in London, aged 91 years.
References
1909 births
2002 deaths
English nurses
Nursing schools in the United Kingdom
People from Taunton
Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing
British nurses |
Christian Lu or Lu Yongan (), is a French painter of Chinese origin. He was born on 18 March 1951 in Shanghai, and has been established in Paris in France since 1981.
Biography
His father, Lu Benmian (陆 本 勉) is the first Chinese manufacturer of acrylic fiber and his grandfather, Lu Junxiu (陆君秀) is a teacher.
Since his childhood, he has worked with painters from different schools in North and South China, such as Liu Haisu (刘海粟), Yan Wenliang (颜文樑, Wu Zuoren (吴 作人), Li Keran (李可染), Lin Fengmian (林风眠) ), Lu Yanshao (陆俨少), Guan Shanyue (关山月), and Guan Liang (关 良). He learned painting theory from Shen Zicheng (沈子丞).
In November 2016, an exhibition was dedicated to him at the National Museum of China in Beijing.
In 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron, on an official visit to China, handed over to his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, a work by Christian Lu, called "The Force of a Dream", referring to the Chinese dream, on behalf of Chinese community of France.
Dreams of Clouds, an exhibition in November 2022 at the National Art Museum of China in Beijing, shows dozens of Lu's oil paintings made since 2014.
Gallery
References
External links
Site officiel de Christian Lu
CNFAP(Conseil National Français des Arts Plastiques) Introduction de Christian Lu
French male painters
Painters from Shanghai
1951 births
Living people |
Karczmy-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zelów, within Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Zelów, north of Bełchatów, and south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Karczmy-Kolonia |
The Minister of Defence of the Republic of Sudan is the government minister responsible for the Ministry of Defence and the Sudanese Armed Forces.
History
After independence, Prime Minister Abdallah Khalil, secretary of the National Umma Party, served as Minister of Defence.
The President of Sudan was responsible for appointing the Minister of Defence.
After the overthrow of General Ibrahim Abboud's regime in October 1964, Lieutenant General El Khawad Mohmamed was appointed as a member of the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces.
Then-Colonel Jaafar Nimeiri came to power in the 1969 Sudanese coup d'état. Khalid Hassan Abbas was appointed as Minister of Defense on 29 October 1969 following a cabinet reshuffle implemented to strengthen the army's control over the Sudanese government. Abbas was an anti-Mahdist and non-communist. As Defense Minister he, alongside Babiker, would push President Nimeiri to adopt a more aggressive response to the rising threat to the government posed by the Ansar movement, resulting in the brutal crackdown seen on Aba Island in 1970. Abbas served as Defense Minister until 16 April 1972, at which point Nimeiri took over the role.
U.S. personnel met Defence Minister General Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil (known in the Sudan as Abdul Majid) in 1979.
Two days after the signing of the peace agreement between Ahmed al-Mirghani and John Garang on 16 November 1988, a Sudanese Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules carrying Abdul Majid from Wau to Khartoum, together with the Army Commander-in-Chief, General Fathi Ahmed Ali, was hit by a missile, knocking out one of its engines. In January 1982, President Nimeiri again assumed the office himself after retiring Abdul Majid, who had been simultaneously First Vice President, Minister of Defence, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and secretary-general of the single ruling Sudanese Socialist Union party.
Nimeiri had served himself as Minister of Defence for long stretches in 1972-73 (promoted himself General in 1973), 1975–76, and 1978-79 after retiring other ministers. From 1976-78, the Minister of Defence has usually held the rank of General, when Bashir Mohamed Ali held the position.
Since the accession of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, the effective commander-in-chief of the armed forces is Lieutenant General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, former head of the Transitional Military Council.
Ministers of Defence
Ministers of Defence have included:
References
External links
List of Ministers of Defence from the Sudanese official archived website
Defence |
Peter Winser (ca 1781 – October 11, 1865) was a merchant and political figure in Newfoundland. He represented Ferryland in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1836 to 1842 and from 1848 to 1855.
Winser is thought to have been born in England. He came to Aquaforte around 1815, where he established himself as a merchant. Winser was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1842. He resigned his seat in the assembly in 1855 after he was named a magistrate, serving in that function until 1863, when he was forced to retire after Edmund Hanrahan was named magistrate at Ferryland.
References
Members of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
1865 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Newfoundland
Newfoundland Colony judges |
Matthias Schonlau (born 9 November 1967) is a German Professor of statistics and actuarial science at the University of Waterloo.
Early life and career
Matthias Schonlau was born in Höxter, Germany. He attended University of Ulm for an undergrad degree but never obtained it because he became enrolled into a master's program at the Queen's University from which he graduated in 1993. In 1997 Matthias got his Ph.D. from the University of Waterloo.
From 1997 to 1999 he was a researcher for the National Institute of Statistical Sciences under mentorship of Alan Karr and during the same time worked as a security hacker at the AT&T Labs.
From 1999 to 2011 he worked as survey methodologist for RAND Corporation under mentorship of Sally Morton at its Santa Monica headquarters and eventually moved to their Pittsburgh office. From 2009 to 2010 he attended a sabbatical at the German Institute for Economic Research which was hosted in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and from 2015 to 2016 he was a visiting scholar at the University of Auckland. From 2015 to 2018 he was a member of the European Survey Research Association and in the end of 2018 became the president of the survey methods section of the Statistical Society of Canada. He is also an associate editor of the Survey Research Methods.
Recognition
Schonlau is an NISS Distinguished Alumni Award recipient. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2020.
Personal life
Matthias Schonlau is married to Dr. Karla Kaphengst, a physician from the University Health and Counselling Centre. They have two children.
References
External links
Official website
1967 births
Living people
German statisticians
University of Ulm alumni
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
University of Waterloo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
People from Höxter
RAND Corporation people
Fellows of the American Statistical Association |
"A Song for Europe" is the fifth episode of the second series of the Channel 4 sitcom Father Ted and the 11th episode overall. It originally aired on 5 April 1996 and has since been recognised as one of the most popular episodes of the show.
The episode is based on Ireland's winning streak at the Eurovision Song Contest during the 1990s. The plot centres around Ted and Dougal trying to write a song for it (though the episode does not refer to the competition's name directly) in order to settle a rivalry with Dick Byrne. The pair unsuccessfully write their own tune, before deciding to steal an old song they believe nobody remembers. This backfires and they have to play the original tuneless song, but controversially win the Irish selection contest anyway. The music was composed by Neil Hannon and was performed by Hannon and Darren Allison from The Divine Comedy.
Synopsis
The episode begins when Dougal has "Eurosong fever", weeks ahead of the competition. After initially rejecting Dougal's suggestion that they write a song to represent Ireland in the competition on the grounds that they are not skilled at songwriting, Ted discovers his nemesis Dick Byrne does have plans to enter a song. Ted decides that if Dick Byrne can write a song, he and Dougal can write a better one. After working all night, they come up with "My Lovely Horse", a tuneless dirge with ridiculous lyrics lasting less than a minute. After trying the song out on Mrs Doyle and Father Jack, Jack is so infuriated he shoots Ted's guitar. Disillusioned, they are about to give up when Ted discovers the lyrics fit a tune by "Nin Huugen and the Huugen Notes", an obscure B-side for an entry from the fifth-placed act in Norway's Eurosong preselection from 1976. Ted thinks that because the whole band died in a plane crash, including all the record company staff and everyone involved in the copyright, they will get away with stealing it.
At the Dublin theatre where "A Song for Ireland" is being hosted, Ted has some trouble talking to the show's producer Charles Hedges, who is deciding the winning entry, as he discovers he is gay. Ted and Dougal listen to Dick Byrne's entry, "The Miracle Is Mine". It is extremely impressive, with a full choir, huge band and a passionate performance from Byrne. Ted is worried and goes backstage for a smoke, where he hears the Norwegian tune first being whistled by a maintenance worker, then playing in a lift. He is horrified, realising that the song is more well-known than he thought, and he and Dougal are forced to adopt "Plan B": singing their own dreadful composition. In the original version, Ted even says near the end when changing chord for the only time during the song, "Hang on, I can do this bit", while Dougal uses what looks like an old Casio keyboard.
However, despite their poor performance, and against the obvious wishes of the audience, Hedges selects "My Lovely Horse" as Ireland's entry, nervously laughing off Byrne's suggestion that he wants to guarantee Ireland lose the main competition, with it being too expensive to host the competition every year, Ireland having won the last five Eurosong contests (Ireland won the real Eurovision Song Contest in 1992, 1993 and 1994, and so had the costly obligation of hosting it in 1993, 1994 and 1995). The episode closes at the Eurosong contest, with Ted, Dougal, Jack and Mrs. Doyle listening to every country awarding them "nul points".
Production
Steve Coogan was intended to play compère Fred Rickwood but was unavailable, so Irish comic Jon Kenny was his replacement. Kenny had appeared in Father Ted previously, as Michael the cinema owner in "The Passion of St Tibulus".
Declan Lowney, who directed most Father Ted episodes, was also director of the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest.
Cultural references
The scene in which Ted loses his temper at Dougal's failure to play the correct note is a reference to "The Troggs Tapes", a notorious out-take from a recording session by The Troggs. In the Father Ted script book, Graham Linehan notes that he initially wanted the scene to run longer, but that it was ultimately cut down to just long enough for people familiar with the out-take to get the reference.
Ted mentions Icy-Tea and Scoopy Scoopy Dog Dog meaning Ice-T and Snoop Doggy Dogg.
The tragic story of Nin Huugen and the Huugen Notes' deaths in a plane crash could be a reference to similar events with past musician artists such as "The Day the Music Died" (deaths of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper) and the loss of multiple members of Lynyrd Skynyrd in the 1977 Convair CV-240 crash.
Ted mentions that there was a priest named Father Benny Cake who scored a Number 1 hit single in England – after changing his name so nobody would know he was a priest – with a song titled "Vienna". This joke references Midge Ure of Ultravox, although in reality "Vienna" was famously kept off the British Number 1 spot by Joe Dolce's "Shaddap You Face", and Midge Ure has no connection to the priesthood. The song did reach No. 1 in Ireland, where the series is set.
A Song for Ireland 1996
The entries for "Song for Ireland 1996" were: (only songs 1 & 2 are shown being performed; the names of 3 to 6 are seen on a sign)
"The Miracle is Mine" by Fr. Dick Byrne and Fr. Cyril McDuff
"My Lovely Horse" by Fr. Ted Crilly and Fr. Dougal McGuire (winner)
"If I Could Wear My Hat Like My Heart" by The Grand Girls
"You Dirty English Bastards" by The Hairy Bowsies
"The Drums of Africa Are Calling Me Home" by Sean O'Brien
"Sha la la la la la la la la la la la la" by Death Pigs
The Hairy Bowsies are a real band featuring Paul Woodfull (aka Paul Wonderful), a comedian friend of Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews. Their songs are traditional Irish ballads, with republican lyrics.
Inspiration
It has been widely claimed that this episode was inspired by real events surrounding Ireland's selection of its entry for the 1994 Eurovision Song Contest.
Faced with the daunting and expensive task of hosting its third consecutive Eurovision, RTÉ were said to have chosen an inferior quality song (Paul Harrington & Charlie McGettigan's "Rock 'n' Roll Kids") over vastly superior ones in order to prevent the possibility of an unwanted third victory. In the event, "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" not only won the contest but also became the highest scoring song in Eurovision history up to that point.
A month after this episode was first broadcast, Ireland won the 1996 Eurovision Song Contest to secure the country's fourth victory in five years. Coincidentally enough, the Norwegian broadcaster NRK branded the 1996 contest as "Eurosong 96" in its logo.
"My Lovely Horse"
The song was written by Graham Linehan, Arthur Mathews and Neil Hannon (of The Divine Comedy).
According to the writer's commentary, the video for "My Lovely Horse" was based on a 1975 lifestyle video for "That's What Friends are For" by The Swarbriggs, which was Ireland's entry for the 1975 Eurovision Song Contest, which they consider the funniest music video of all time. Some of the shots are even copied down to every last detail.
The song goes:
My lovely lovely lovely horse.
My lovely horse (my lovely horse),
Running through the field (running through the field).
Where are you going,
With your fetlocks blowing
In the wind?
I want to shower you with sugarlumps.
And ride you over fences.
Polish your hooves every single day.
And bring you to the horse dentist.
My lovely lovely lovely horse.
My lovely horse (my lovely horse),
You’re a pony no more (you’re a pony no more).
Running around, with a man on your back,
like a train in the night...
Like a train in the night. (saxophone solo)
The song, which lasts 1:23, was produced by Darren Allison and Neil Hannon during sessions for The Divine Comedy's Casanova album. It was released on CD as a B-side to the band's 1999 single "Gin Soaked Boy".
The climax of the clip features the sudden appearance of the horse's head to the cacophonous wail of a saxophone, surrounded by a typically 1970s-disco-style burst of multi-coloured lights. Dougal and Ted wake up in horror simultaneously, with Ted panting "We have to lose that sax solo!"
The outdoor sequences were shot in the grounds of the Falls Hotel in Ennistymon, County Clare, Ireland. In the background the cascade waterfall in Ennistymon can clearly be seen.
Legacy
The episode is often regarded as one of the most popular, appearing on the Best Of video, with one of the most memorable moments being the video for "My Lovely Horse".
In May 2014 a petition to make "My Lovely Horse" Ireland’s entry for Eurovision 2015 was formally submitted to the government, but was rejected by the Oireachtas petitions committee.
References
External links
My Lovely Horse video clip by Channel 4 on YouTube
1996 British television episodes
Eurovision Song Contest 1996
Father Ted episodes
Musical television episodes |
The Szeleta Culture is a transitional archaeological culture between the Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Palaeolithic, found in Austria, Moravia, northern Hungary, and southern Poland. It is dated to 44,000 to 40,000 years ago, a period when both Neanderthals and modern humans were present in Europe. Most experts think that it is a Neanderthal culture, but the issue is debated. It is named after Szeleta Cave in the Bükk Mountains in Hungary.
It was preceded by the Bohunician (48,000–40,000 BP), and is roughly contemporary with the Aurignacian (43,000–26,000 BP) in France, and the Uluzzian (45,000–37,000 BP) in Italy. It was succeeded by the Gravettian (33,000–21,000 BP).
The initial excavation of the Szeletian cave was carried out from 1906 to 1913 by Ottocar Kadić. The idea of a distinctive Szeletian culture was advocated by the Czechoslovak archaeologist František Prošek (1922–1958).
It has been called the most original and also the most aboriginal Upper Palaeolithic culture in Central Europe. The findings are often interpreted in terms of the contemporaneity of Neanderthal and modern man, "as the product of acculturation at the boundary of Middle and Upper Paleolithic."
Lithic industry
The lithic industry is characterized by:
Bifacial foliated points and sidescrapers
Prismatic and discoid debitage
Presence of Micoquien hand axes
Later assemblages contain endscrapers and retouched blades.
Sites
In addition to the Szeletian cave in Hungary, assemblages have been found in Dzierzyslaw and Lubotyń (Poland), at Čertova Pec in Slovakia, and at Pod Hradem (Moravia).
References
Industries (archaeology)
Upper Paleolithic cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Hungary
Archaeology in Europe
Peopling of Europe
Archaeology of the Czech Republic |
RacCS203 is a bat-derived strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus collected in acuminate horseshoe bats from sites in Thailand and sequenced by Lin-Fa Wang's team. It has 91.5% sequence similarity to SARS-CoV-2 and is most related to the RmYN02 strain. Its spike protein is closely related to RmYN02's spike, both highly divergent from SARS-CoV-2's spike.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic tree
Genome comparison
See also
RaTG13, 96.2% similarity to SARS-COV-2
RmYN02, 93.3% similarity to SARS-COV-2
References
SARS-CoV-2
Bat virome
Coronaviridae
Animal virology
Sarbecovirus
Zoonoses |
Alain Rousset (born 16 February 1951) is a French politician. Rousset is the Socialist president of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France, and a Deputy in the National Assembly of France, representing the 7th constituency of the Gironde.
Political career
President of the Regional Council of Aquitaine, 1998–2015
Rousset was elected to the Regional Council of Aquitaine in the 1998 elections and then reelected in 2004.
In 2010, Rousset proposed a "Plan for Digital Aquitaine".
Member of the National Assembly, 2007–2017
Rousset entered the National Assembly in the 2007 elections, representing Gironde's 7th constituency. In parliament, he served on the Committee on National Defence and the Armed Forces.
In the Socialist Party's 2011 primaries, Rousset endorsed François Hollande as the party's candidate for the 2012 presidential election.
On 11 February 2014, Rousset was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by U.S. President Barack Obama in honor of President François Hollande at the White House.
In the Socialist Party's presidential primaries, Rousset endorsed Manuel Valls as the party's candidate for the 2017 French presidential election. He later supported Emmanuel Macron in the elections.
References
Sources
Rousset's website
Rousset's dailymotion
"Alain Rousset", Le Monde
1951 births
Living people
Presidents of the Regional Council of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Members of the Regional Council of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Sciences Po alumni
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
People from Loire (department)
Socialist Party (France) politicians |
Detained is an upcoming American psychological thriller film directed by Felipe Mucci and starring Abbie Cornish and Laz Alonso, the latter two also serving as executive producers.
Cast
Abbie Cornish
Laz Alonso
Justin H. Min
John Patrick Amedori
Silas Weir Mitchell
Moon Bloodgood
Josefine Lindegaard
Breeda Wool
Production
Filming occurred in Los Angeles for a period of 20 days and wrapped on October 29, 2021.
In May 2023, it was announced that Sublimity Entertainment acquired worldwide sales rights to the film.
References
External links
Upcoming films
American psychological thriller films
Films shot in Los Angeles |
Jérôme Garcin (born 4 October 1956) is a French journalist and writer. He heads the cultural section of the Nouvel Observateur, produces and hosts the radio program on France Inter, and is a member of the reading committee of the Comédie-Française.
Biography
Jérôme Garcin was a pupil at the lycée Henri-IV in Paris before undertaking journalism studies. He then worked for the weekly . He published his first poems in the early eighties. In 1989, he succeeded Pierre Bouteiller to animate the show The Masque and the Plume of France Inter, of which he later became the producer. He also holds the position of deputy director of the weekly Le Nouvel Observateur and collaborates with the newspaper . A former member of the Prix Décembre, he was elected to the Prix Renaudot in March 2010 In the same year he was a member of the Prix Françoise Sagan.
In 1994, he received the prix Médicis essai for Pour Jean Prévost. The son of Philippe Garcin, an editor at the Presses universitaires de France (PUF), who died at the age of 45 as a result of a horse accident, He would dedicate him his first novel, La Chute de cheval, for which he was awarded the Prix Roger Nimier in 1998. When he was six, he accidentally lost his twin brother Olivier. He will dedicate him Olivier, a narrative published in 2011.
Garcin won the Grand prix de littérature Henri-Gal of the Académie française in 2013 and the Prix Prince Pierre de Monaco in 2008.
He is married to actress , the daughter of actor Gérard Philipe.
Controversy
The website suggested a conflict of interest between his profession of literary criticism, of animator producing the most prescriptive radio program in literary matter, and that of writer: the highly praising critics of Jérôme Garcin's works would not be alien to the dominant position he occupies in the French literary microcosm.
Works
1994: Pour Jean Prévost, Gallimard – Prix Médicis essai 1994
1995: Littérature vagabonde, Flammarion
1998: La Chute de cheval, Gallimard – Prix Roger Nimier 1998,
1999: Barbara, claire de nuit, La Martinière Groupe,
2001: , Gallimard, – Hérault de Séchelles's imagined confessions
2003: Théâtre intime – Prix France Télévisions essai 2003
2004: Bartabas (novel), éd. Gallimard – biographie romancée sur l'écuyer Bartabas ; Prix Jean-Freustié
2005: Le Masque et la Plume with Daniel Garcia, anthology of the program
2006: Cavalier seul : journal équestre, Gallimard
2007: Les Sœurs de Prague, Gallimard,
2007: Nouvelles Mythologies (collective work under his direction, and writing of the text Le Corps nu d'Emmanuelle Béart), éditions du Seuil
2008: Son excellence, monsieur mon ami, Gallimard – Prix Duménil 2008
2009: Les livres ont un visage, Mercure de France
2010: L'Écuyer mirobolant, Gallimard,
2011: Olivier, éd. Gallimard
2012: Fraternité secrète in collaboration with Jacques Chessex, éditions Grasset,
2013: , Gallimard – Prix des romancières 2014
2014: Le Voyant, Gallimard – biography of blind resistant Jacques Lusseyran – prix Nice Baie des Anges 2015 – Prix Relay des Voyageurs Lecteurs 2015 – Prix d’une vie
2015: Nos dimanches soirs, co-éd. Grasset/France-Inter – Le Masque et la Plume et son histoire
References
External links
Jérôme Garcin on Wiki sources
Jérôme Garcin on L'Obs
Jérôme Garcin on Gallimard
Jérôme Garcin on the site of the Académie française
1956 births
Living people
Writers from Paris
20th-century French journalists
21st-century French journalists
20th-century French writers
21st-century French writers
20th-century French essayists
21st-century French essayists
French radio presenters
French literary critics
Roger Nimier Prize winners
Prix Médicis essai winners
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Radio France people |
The Concert Noble is a ballroom built by Hendrik Beyaert in Brussels, Belgium. It is located in the Leopold Quarter, at 82, /, between Rue Belliard/Belliardstraat and Rue de la Loi/Wetsraat.
History
The Concert Noble Society was founded in 1785 by Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen, and her husband Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen, whose portraits hang in the building. The current building was constructed under King Leopold II in 1873. The ornate rooms are decorated with several portraits of the Belgian royal family. The rooms can still be rented for private social events. In the final decades of the 20th century, the rooms were listed as protected heritage and restored in their original style.
Use
The rooms are famous as the setting for balls attended by the Belgian, Austrian and Hungarian nobility. The Belgian elite often prefer to hold their society events in this old ball room. The rooms are also sometimes used for international meetings. In 2016, then-United States Secretary of State John Kerry used the rooms for a lecture.
Website
References
Ballrooms
Protected heritage sites in Brussels
Buildings and structures in Brussels |
The Lincoln Capri is an automobile that was sold by the Lincoln division of Ford Motor Company from 1952 until 1959. A full-size luxury car, the Lincoln Capri derives its name from an Italian island in the Gulf of Naples. Introduced as a premium trim variant of the two-door Lincoln Cosmopolitan, the Capri was introduced in 1952 as a stand-alone model line serving as the premium Lincoln. With the introduction of the Lincoln Premiere (and Continental), the Capri replaced the Cosmopolitan as the standard Lincoln product line.
The Lincoln Capri was produced across three generations; following its withdrawal, Lincoln rebranded the Capri using only its division name (following a practice used from 1946 to 1951). Along with the Lincoln Premiere and the Continental model lines, the Lincoln Capri was replaced by the 1961 Lincoln Continental.
First generation (1952–1955)
Competing against the Cadillac Series 62, Chrysler New Yorker, and Packard Pacific, 14,342 Capris were sold in its debut year, and nearly double that, 26,640, in 1953. It readily outsold its stablemate, the Cosmopolitan, each year until the Cosmopolitan's demise. The Capri had a new Lincoln 90 degree V8 engine. It was not offered in an extended length limousine, and the listed retail price was US$3,665 for the convertible ($ in dollars ) which was a significant price reduction of luxury sedans the company had produced in the past and very close in price to competitor vehicles of the same time. The exclusive Lincoln Continental had been discontinued in 1948 making the Capri the flagship product while design and research had started on the eventual return of the Continental name with the 1956 Continental Mark II.
In the October, 1952 issue of Popular Mechanics, a Lincoln Capri with the new overhead valve Lincoln Y-block was tested. 0-60 mph time was 14.8 seconds, while the quarter-mile was 21.3 seconds.
In 1955, the Capri featured a new Lincoln Y-Block V8 (with greater displacement and, at 8.5:1, higher compression than before), featuring a four-barrel carburetor, mated to a standard (Ford-built) 3-speed Turbo-Drive automatic transmission.
Riding on a wheelbase and measuring overall, the 1955 Capri was offered as a two-door hardtop coupé ( shipping weight), two-door convertible ( shipping weight), or a four-door sedan ( shipping weight).
The Capri was also one of the first vehicles to offer an automatic headlight dimmer as optional equipment. It sold 23,673 copies, amounting to 87% of Lincoln's total output that year, actually down from 29,552 in 1954.
Second generation (1956–1957)
For 1956, the Capri shared a division-wide restyling and gained the new 285 hp (213 kW) Lincoln Y-Block V8 (with a four-barrel carburetor and 9:1 compression), as well as all-new 12-volt electrical system to cope with the proliferation of power accessories. The Capri moved down-market, becoming Lincoln's entry-level model and the newly introduced Premiere based on it became the upper level Lincoln-branded model. In addition, the convertible disappeared from the model range, which already lacked for a four-door hardtop. Sales dropped dramatically, to only 8,791 in 1956 while the listed retail price for the Hardtop Sport Coupe was US$4,119 ($ in dollars ).
This is not to imply that over all sales did not increase for 1956. The total production for both Capri and Premiere models was 50,322. Four-way power seats were optional.
The Capri's appearance borrowed from the radically different concept cars, the Mercury XM-800 and the Lincoln Futura in an era of fascination with the Space Race and Mid-century modern architecture and appearances. 1957 introduced a driving light below the conventional sealed beam, two-way headlight while giving an appearance of having stacked dual headlights.
A new camshaft and higher 10:1 compression boosted output to 300 hp (224 kW),. The new cam did not, however, increase compression, contrary to Flory's misapprehension. Even so, sales declined again, to 5,900 units (despite the addition of a 4-door landau hardtop). A facelifted design for 1957 featured more pronounced fins.
Total production for 1957 for the Capri and Premiere lines was 41,123.
To emphasize Lincoln's exclusivity and specialized appearance, there were 20 available colors, with 34 two-tone exterior color selections for 1956, increasing to 76 two-tone color choices and only 18 single color selections for 1957.
Third generation (1958–1959)
These were the first Lincolns produced at the new Wixom, Michigan, plant, and were made on a unibody platform much like the Lincoln-Zephyr and the original Lincoln Continental. While advertising brochures made the case that Continental Division was still a separate make, the car shared its body with that year's Lincoln. The Lincoln Capri was the base model in the Lincoln product line, with the Lincoln Premiere positioned as higher level of standard equipment. Lincoln lost over $60 million during 1958-1960, partly reflecting the expense of developing perhaps the largest unibody car ever made. The 1958 full-size Lincoln sold poorly in all models because of the economic recession in the U.S.
The 1958–1959 Lincoln Capri was one of the largest cars ever made, larger than contemporaneous Cadillacs and Imperials, and with their canted headlights and scalloped fenders had styling considered by many to be excessive even in that decade of styling excess. On a wheelbase, and long overall, wide and up to shipping weight in the landau sedan in 1958, they are the longest Lincolns ever produced without federally mandated 5 mph (8.0 km/h) bumpers.
The all-new 375 hp (280 kW) MEL V8 was a welcome addition. The front and rear shoulder room they possessed set a record for Lincoln that still stands to this day. Sales were up, to 6,859, the landau sedan making up almost half, at 3,014 copies. Heater and defroster (at US$110), AM radio (US$144), and seat belts (US$25) were all optional. One rare option was an FM radio for $129(had to have the AM also). Brakes were 11-inch drums.
The reputation for "excessive styling" is perhaps ironic given the enormous amount of styling talent that was connected with the development and modification of Lincolns of this vintage. George W. Walker, known for his contribution to the development of the original Ford Thunderbird, was Vice-President in charge of Styling at Ford during this time. Elwood Engel, famous for being lead designer of the 1961 Lincoln Continental and for his work as chief designer at Chrysler in the 1960s, was Staff Stylist (and consequently roamed all of the design studios) at Ford during this period and worked very closely with John Najjar in developing not only the 1958, but also the 1959 update. After John Najjar was relieved of his responsibilities as Chief Stylist of Lincoln in 1957 he became Engel's executive assistant, and the two worked closely together in the "stilleto studio" in developing the 1961 Lincoln Continental, which of course won an award for its superlative styling. After Engel left Ford in 1961, Najjar became the lead designer of the Ford Mustang I concept car, which later gave birth to the Ford Mustang. Don Delarossa, who succeeded Najjar as Chief Stylist of Lincoln, was responsible for the 1960 Continental and Premiere update, and went on to become chief designer at Chrysler in the 1980s. Alex Tremulis, who was Chief Stylist at Auburn-Cord-Duesenberg in the mid to late 1930s and famous for his work on the 1948 Tucker Sedan, was head of Ford's Advanced Styling Studio during this period, and it was his Ford La Tosca concept car, with its oval overlaid with an "X" theme, that gave birth to the "slant eyed monster" nickname to the 1958 Lincoln front end.
Despite an increase in sales in 1959, to 7,929 units, the Capri was not renewed for 1960.
1960 Lincoln
For the 1960 model year, Lincoln introduced a namesake model line to serve as a replacement for the discontinued Lincoln Capri. Intended as a competitor for the Cadillac Series 62 and Chrysler New Yorker, the 1960 Lincoln combined the trim of the Lincoln Capri with the facelift adopted by the 1960 Lincoln Premiere and Continental Mark V.
As with the Premiere and Continental, the Lincoln was fitted with a 430 cubic-inch V8; a switch to a 2-barrel carburetor for all three vehicles reduced engine output to 310 hp.
For 1961, Lincoln consolidated its model lines from three to one, with a Lincoln Continental serving as the replacement for the Lincoln, Premiere and Continental Mark V.
Use in motorsport
The Lincoln Capri competed in the Stock Car category of the Pan American Road Race from 1952 to 1954. In 1952 and 1953, the Capri earned first through fourth place, with the model taking first and second place in 1954 (the final year of the race).
Further use of nameplate
Following its use by the Lincoln division, the Capri nameplate would see subsequent use by both Ford and Mercury for the next three decades. Ford UK produced the Ford Consul Capri from 1962 to 1964 as a coupe version of its mid-size model range. Ford of Europe produced the Ford Capri compact sports coupe from 1968 to 1986, largely designed as the European equivalent of the Ford Mustang.
As a Mercury, the Capri nameplate first saw use as a trim level for the Mercury Comet from 1966 to 1967. From 1970 to 1978, the Ford Capri was sold by Lincoln-Mercury in North America (without a divisional nameplate). As a replacement, from 1979 to 1986, the Mercury Capri was sold as the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Mustang. From 1991 to 1994, the Mercury Capri was sold as a 2+2 roadster, imported from Ford of Australia, which produced its version as the Ford Capri.
Alongside Zephyr, Capri is the only nameplate ever used by all three Ford divisions.
Notes
References
Flammang, James, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1976-1999. Krause publications, 1999.
Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946-1959. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008.
Howell, James, Lincoln 1958-1969. Motorbooks Intl., 1997.
Kowalke, Ron, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975. Krause publications, 1997.
Cars introduced in 1952
Full-size vehicles
Capri
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles |
The 2018 Angola Handball Super Cup (12th edition) was contested by Primeiro de Agosto, as the 2017 league champion and Interclube, the 2017 cup winner. Interclube won its 6th title.
The 2018 Women's Super Cup (12th edition) was contested by Primeiro de Agosto, the 2017 women's league champion and Petro de Luanda, the 2016 cup winner. Petro Atlético was the winner, making it is's 10th title.
Stats
See also
2017 Angola Women's Handball League
2018 Supertaça de Angola (basketball)
References
Handball competitions in Angola
2007 establishments in Angola |
Book of Love is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by New Line Cinema founder Robert Shaye. It is based on the autobiographical novel Jack in the Box by William Kotzwinkle (the novel's name was changed to Book of Love during this film's original release).
The film was originally PG-13, but subsequent DVD releases have been the R-rated Director's Cut (R for sexual content and language). It stars Chris Young, Keith Coogan, and John Cameron Mitchell.
Plot
Jack Twiller (Michael McKean) gets greetings from a long-gone high-school girlfriend. This makes him open his school's yearbook - his "Book of Love". He remembers the old times, way back in the 1950s, when he was in his last year of high school (Chris Young) and his family just moved to the town. He hung out with geeky Paul Kane and tried to get the attention of Lily (Josie Bissett), who unfortunately was together with bully Angelo (Beau Dremann). He also finds himself attracted to Angelo's feisty sister Gina (Tricia Leigh Fisher).
Cast
Michael McKean as Adult Jack Twiller
Chris Young as Jack Twiller
Tricia Leigh Fisher as Gina
Keith Coogan as Crutch Kane
John Cameron Mitchell as Floyd
Josie Bissett as Lily
Danny Nucci as Spider Bomboni
Lin Shaye as Mrs. Flynn
Beau Dremann as Angelo
Ken Wahl as Angelo friend
Brent David Fraser as Meatball
Jill Jaress as Mrs. Kitty Twiller
John Achom as Mr. Joe Twiller
Brian Evans as Schank
Created brother
In the book Jack in the Box, Jack Twiller's experiences are followed from elementary school to high school, while in his screenplay, William Kotzwinkle creates a younger brother, dividing these experiences between two separate characters.
Filming locations
Glendale, California
Los Angeles, California
Santa Monica, California
South Pasadena, California
Soundtrack
There was an original soundtrack released on January 16, 1991, but now it is very rare.
"Book of Love" - Ben E King & Bo Diddley ft. Doug Lazy
"The Great Pretender" - The Platters
"Fools Fall in Love" - The Drifters
"The Fool" - Sanford Clark
"Little Darlin'" - The Diamonds
"Sincerely" - The Moonglows
"Come Back My Love" - The Cardinals
"Hearts of Stone" - The Fontane Sisters
"What Can I Do" - Donnie Elbert
"Rip It Up" - Little Richard
"When Johnny Comes Marching Home"
"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Theme"
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love" - Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers
"School Days" - Chuck Berry
"Let the Good Times Roll" - Shirley & Lee
According to the end credits of the movie, these songs were also used:
1 Bourbon, 1 Scotch, 1 Beer (John Lee Hooker)
Earth Angel (The Penguins)
Be-Bop-a-Lula (Gene Vincent)
Rocket 88 (Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats)
Hold me, thrill me, kiss me (performed by prom band)
See ya later Alligator (performed by prom band)
Graduation Day (The Four Freshmen)
How can I tell her? (The Four Freshmen)
Reception
For his performance in this film, John Cameron Mitchell was nominated for one Chicago Film Critics Association Awards in the category of "Most Promising Actor".
Rita Kempley from The Washington Post wrote: "'Book of Love' is a mild-mannered foray into the '50s, a modest coming of age comedy that is as thickly nostalgic as a yearbook. Though not strictly a trip back in time, it is a kind of "Peggy Sue Got Married" for the fellows, a chance to hum some old music and recall one's raging hormones." Peter Travers from Rolling Stone magazine panned the film, stating: "What the world needs now is a lot of things, but I suspect that one of them is not another movie about growing up in the Fifties...William Kotzwinkle, author of the acclaimed novelization of "E.T.," adapted this script from his book "Jack in the Box." But the film's virtues are, at best, modest. For Kotzwinkle and Robert Shaye — the New Line studio chief who is making a sincere but inauspicious debut as a director — the Fifties strike a personal chord".
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has 3 reviews, 2 positive, 1 negative.
References
External links
1990 films
1990 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films scored by Stanley Clarke
Films based on American novels
Films set in the 1950s
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
New Line Cinema films
Films directed by Robert Shaye
Teen sex comedy films
1991 comedy films
1991 films
1990s American films |
"The Clever Little Tailor" () is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm as tale 114. It is Aarne-Thompson type 850, The Princess's Birthmarks. Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book.
Synopsis
A proud princess set a riddle to her wooers and sent them away when they could not answer. Three tailors came. Two were known for their cleverness and skill, and the third for his uselessness. The princess asked them what two colors were her hairs. The first said black and white; the second brown and red; the third gold and silver, and he was right.
The princess demanded that he spend the night with a bear as well. In his stall, the tailor began to crack nuts. He offered the bear not nuts but pebbles, and the bear could not crack them. The tailor took one away, substituted a nut, and cracked it. The tailor began to fiddle, and the bear danced. The tailor offered to teach it, but first he had to cut its nails. He trapped it in a vise and left it there.
The princess agreed to marry him. The other two tailors freed the bear. It came after the carriage. The tailor stuck his legs out the window and threatened the bear with the claim that they were a vise. It ran off.
Analysis
Professor Stith Thompson classified the tale type as Aarne–Thompson–Uther ATU 850, "The Birthmarks of the Princess".
Another characteristic element of the tale type is the type of the birthmark: they are usually shown as a sun, a moon, or a star. French historian François Delpech (fr) noted that strange birthmarks in folktales indicated a supernatural or royal origin of the characters, and mentioned the tale type in that regard. He interpreted the "hidden birthmark" as a sign of sovereignty, linked to the fate of the protagonist: to ascend to the throne.
Variants
Stith Thompson suggested the tale type ATU 850 originated from genuine European oral folklore, since an ancient literary version is not attested. He also stated that variants are "told all over Europe". This geographical analysis seems to have been confirmed by scholars Richard Dorson and Kurt Ranke, who claimed that the tale type was "narrated throughout Europe as well as in North and South America".
Slavic-speaking Area
August Leskien claimed that that this "Märchenkreis" is very widespread in Slavic tradition, with the same plot: the princess sees the dancing animals (sheep, pigs, etc.) of a peasant who plays a musical instrument (flute, violin, etc.) and is interested in buying the animals, in exchange for showing her birthmarks.
Adaptations
Folktale scholar D. L. Ashliman developed his own reconstruction of a proto-form of the tale type.
References
External links
The Cunning Little Tailor
The Story of a Clever Tailor
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Fictional tailors
Bears in popular culture
German fairy tales
Textiles in folklore
ATU 850-999 |
Harper Reed (born March 21, 1978) is an American entrepreneur and former Head of Commerce at Braintree, a subsidiary of PayPal. In 2011, he served as Chief Technology Officer for Barack Obama's 2012 re-election campaign.
Besides his claims of technical accomplishments, Reed is known for his punk-rock hair-style.
According to The Guardian, Reed's "background in crowd-sourcing and cloud-computing ... gives a significant clue to what the Obama team hoped to achieve in 2012".
Early life and education
Reed was born in Greeley, Colorado, where he was raised in a home without a television but with an Apple IIC. Reed served as student-council president at Greeley Central High School. Reed graduated from Cornell College in 2001 with degrees in philosophy and computer science. After graduating, Reed was a professional juggler and was part of a juggling protest group called The Jugglers Against Homophobia. Reed is improperly credited in Metallica’s Death Magnetic album with a photo credit. Reed’s work was featured in an Austrian documentary by Werner Boote titled Alles unter Kontrolle. Reed is an avid reader and currently lives in Chicago with his wife, Hiromi Nakazawa.
Beyond his tech endeavors, Reed is well known for his fashion contributions.
Career
Reed's first job out of college was as an engineer for World Book Publishing.
Threadless
From 2005 to 2009, Reed was the CTO of clothing company Threadless, where he helped lead it through a period of intense growth, riding the crowdsourcing trend.
2012 American Presidential Campaign
Reed served as Chief Technology Officer for Obama for America from April 2011 through the November 2012 election. A central component of that work was Project Narwhal, a centralized database of electoral information. Reed helped build a team of developers from tech companies like Twitter, Google, Facebook, Craigslist, Quora, Orbitz and Threadless. This approach— hiring technology workers from the tech startups rather than the political realm— was novel.
Modest
In 2012 Reed founded and was the CEO of Modest, a startup that built retail solutions for mobile devices. Modest was funded primarily by Eric Schmidt. In August 2015, Braintree purchased Modest and relaunched the Modest platform as PayPal Commerce.
Braintree
Reed joined PayPal as a Senior Director of Software Development and as Entrepreneur in Residence in PayPal’s Next Generation Commerce group.
Other
Reed is on a number of boards, including Keeper, a leading password manager application. He is a Trustee and board member at Cornell College. He is a board member of the Pardee RAND Graduate School. Reed is also on the advisory boards of the Royal United Services Institute and the Illinois Tech Computer Science Department. Reed was also a consultant and advisory to House of Cards for a number of episodes.
Writing
Reed has written on a number of topics, including user experience design, diversity in technology, privacy, and "big data".
See also
Cloud computing
Dan Wagner (data scientist)
Michael Slaby
ORCA (computer system)
References
External links
Living people
1978 births
Cornell College alumni
PayPal people
Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign
People from Greeley, Colorado
Businesspeople from Chicago
American software engineers |
Stefano Bettarini (; born 6 February 1972) is an Italian retired professional footballer who played as a defender, and a television personality. He played once for the Italy national team. He was a contestant on Grande Fratello VIP, 2016 and currently a host presenter in L'Isola dei Famosi.
Club career
Early career
Born in Forlì comune, Emilia-Romagna, Bettarini spent his childhood at Buonconvento comune, in the Province of Siena, Tuscany. He then spent his youth career at a local side of Staggia Senese, a village in Poggibonsi, in the Province of Siena. He was signed by Internazionale in 1990. After first being loaned to Baracca Lugo, Bettarini joined Serie B side Lucchese and played four successive Serie B seasons, including one at Salerno. In June 1996, he was signed by Serie A side Cagliari but the team were relegated in 1997.
Fiorentina
In July 1997, he was signed by Fiorentina and priced at 3 billion Italian lire. After a limited chance, he was loaned to Bologna on 30 January 1999.
Venezia
On 2 September 1999, he was signed by Serie A side Venezia for 4 billion lire transfer fee. He signed a four-year contract. He followed the team relegated in 2000 and promoted back to Serie A in 2001. But the Venice side relegated again in 2002.
Sampdoria
After Maurizio Zamparini the owner of Venezia, purchased Palermo (and selling Venezia at the same time), Zamparini bought most of the squad to Sicily, except some players such as Bettarini. Bettarini then joined Serie B side Sampdoria on a free transfer, as Venezia had to reduce the salary expenditure. He signed a reported two-year contract.
According to Bettarini himself, Venenzia had sent a letter to him, accusing that he rejected the transfer to Palermo and then Brescia in mid-2002 transfer window, thus unable to pay his wage for 2002–03 season. However, he denied that he rejected the moves to Palermo nor Brescia.
Match-fixing and Parma
In August 2004, he was banned 5 months for match-fixing. Antonio Marasco, Roberto D'Aversa, Generoso Rossi, Maurizio Caccavale and Alfredo Femiano were also banned. Bettarini denied he was guilty and was wrongly included in the investigation.
In January 2005, he left for Parma. Bettarini made his club debut on 3 February 2005 (round 22), against Bologna as starter. That match Gialloblu lost 3–1. He then continued as one of the starting XI. On round 28 (13 March) against Atalanta, he was substituted by Matteo Contini in the 16th minute. He then out of a month due to injury. He came back to field on round 32 (20 April) against his former club Sampdoria, but substituted by Paolo Cannavaro in the second minute. That season Parma reached the semi-final of the UEFA Cup; Bettarini retired at the end of the season.
International career
Bettarini received his only national team call-up in 2004, a warm-up friendly match in Palermo, against the Czech Republic before the start of UEFA Euro 2004, on 18 February. Bettarini's club teammate Sergio Volpi, as well as Parma's Simone Barone, also received their first call-up. During the experimental match, Bettarini played as one of the starting XI, and was replaced by Giuseppe Pancaro in the 79th minute. Italy manager Giovanni Trapattoni used all of his 22-men squad on the field, and made seven substitutions at half time; the match ended in a 2–2 draw.
Personal life
Bettarini was married to Italian television host Simona Ventura between 1998 and 2004; the couple had two children together.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Forlì
Footballers from the Province of Forlì-Cesena
Sportspeople from the Province of Siena
Footballers from Tuscany
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Inter Milan players
Lucchese 1905 players
US Salernitana 1919 players
Cagliari Calcio players
ACF Fiorentina players
Bologna FC 1909 players
Venezia FC players
UC Sampdoria players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Men's association football defenders |
B. Jay Becker (May 5, 1904 – October 9, 1987) was an American lawyer and bridge champion from Flushing, Queens.
Biography
He was born and raised in Philadelphia, where he trained as a lawyer at Temple Law School, graduating in 1929; he lived there until 1937. Turning to a career in contract bridge, he became a top player, columnist and teacher, twice winning world championships in the Bermuda Bowl events of 1951 and 1953. After playing on the Vanderbilt Trophy-winning team at age 81 in 1976, he was both the oldest player to win the Vanderbilt teams tournament and the winner of the greatest number of "national" (North American) team championships. Alan Truscott described him as "Among the handful of American experts who are legitimate candidates for the title of 'best player of all time.'"
A conservative bidder, Becker had a careful style, avoided most bidding conventions and relied instead on his technical skills and judgment; he was admired and respected for his quiet demeanor at the table.
Over the years, Becker managed three New York bridge clubs (the Cavendish 1942–47, the New York Bridge Whist 1948–50 and the Regency 1951–56) and for thirty years was a nationally syndicated columnist. A contributor to The Bridge World and the ACBL Bulletin, he was a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge and a member of the ACBL Laws Commission.
Becker was inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame in 1995.
Both of Becker's sons, Mike and Steve, are also prominent in the bridge world. They divided his legacy—Mike is also an ACBL Hall of Fame player; Steve took over the syndicated column.
Books
Check Pinochle: official rules and conventions, Morton Wild and Becker (New York Bridge Whist Club, 1950), pamphlet(?), ,
Becker on Bridge (Grosset & Dunlap, 1971), 127 pp.,
Bridge accomplishments
Honors
ACBL Hall of Fame, 1995
Awards
Fishbein Trophy (1) 1972
Wins
Bermuda Bowl (2) 1951, 1953
North American Bridge Championships (31)
Masters Individual (2) 1937, 1948
von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs (2) 1935, 1964
Wernher Open Pairs (1) 1938
Blue Ribbon Pairs (1) 1963
Open Pairs (1928-1962) (2) 1946, 1962
Vanderbilt (8) 1944, 1945, 1951, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1981
Masters Team of 4 (1) 1936
Reisinger (8) 1932, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1950, 1953, 1954, 1956
Spingold (6) 1938, 1944, 1947, 1952, 1957, 1972
Runners-up
Bermuda Bowl (2) 1958, 1965
North American Bridge Championships
Masters Individual (4) 1934, 1941, 1949, 1955
Hilliard Mixed Pairs (1) 1932
Open Pairs (1928-1962) (1) 1949
Vanderbilt (7) 1937, 1938, 1941, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1964
Spingold (1) 1932
Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams (2) 1959, 1963
Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match (5) 1936, 1958, 1960, 1967, 1972
Reisinger (3) 1933, 1944, 1951
Spingold (7) 1941, 1943, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1968
References
External links
1904 births
1987 deaths
American contract bridge players
Bermuda Bowl players
Contract bridge writers
Temple University Beasley School of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers
Lawyers from Philadelphia
Lawyers from Flushing, Queens |
The Maloideae C.Weber was the apple subfamily, a grouping used by some taxonomists within the rose family, Rosaceae. Recent molecular phylogenetic evidence has shown that the traditional Spiraeoideae and Amygdaloideae form part of the same clade as the traditional Maloideae, and the correct name for this group is Amygdaloideae. Earlier circumscriptions of Maloideae are more-or-less equivalent to subtribe Malinae or to tribe Maleae. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.
In its traditional circumscription this subfamily consisted exclusively of shrubs and small trees characterised by a pome, a type of accessory fruit that does not occur in other Rosaceae, and by a basal haploid chromosome count of 17 (instead of 7, 8, or 9 as in the other Rosaceae), involving approximately 28 genera with approximately 1100 species worldwide, with most species occurring in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
Taxonomy
The subfamily was given the name Pomoideae Juss. in 1789, but this name is no longer accepted under the nomenclature codes because it is not based on a genus name. It has also been separated into its own family the Malaceae Small (formerly Pomaceae Lindl.).
An earlier intermediate classification expanded Maloideae to include four genera with dry non-pome fruit. These are Kageneckia, Lindleya, and Vauquelinia, which have a haploid chromosome count of 15 or 17, and Gillenia, which is herbaceous and has a haploid chromosome count of 9.
A traditional circumscription of Maloideae includes the following genera:
Amelanchier – serviceberry, juneberry
Aria (see Sorbus)
Aronia – chokeberry
Chaenomeles – Japanese quince
Chamaemeles
Chamaemespilus (see Sorbus chamaemespilus)
Cormus (see Sorbus)
Cotoneaster – cotoneaster
Crataegus – hawthorn
Cydonia – quince
Dichotomanthes
Docynia
Docyniopsis
Eriobotrya – loquat
Eriolobus
Hesperomeles
Heteromeles – toyon
Malacomeles
Malus – apple, crabapple
Mespilus – medlar
Osteomeles
Peraphyllum
Photinia
Pseudocydonia – Chinese quince
Pyracantha – firethorn
Pyrus – pear
Rhaphiolepis – hawthorn
Sorbus – rowan, whitebeam, service tree
Stranvaesia = Photinia pro parte
Torminalis (see Sorbus torminalis)
Intergeneric hybrids:
× Amelasorbus
× Crataegosorbus
× Crataemespilus
× Malosorbus
× Sorbocotoneaster
× Sorbopyrus
Graft chimeras:
+ Crataegomespilus
+ Pyrocydonia (Pirocydonia)
Notes
References
Joseph R. Rohrer, Kenneth R. Robinson, James B. Phipps – Floral Morphology of Maloideae (Rosaceae) and its systematic Relevance; American Journal of Botany, 81 (5), P. 574–581; 1994
Amygdaloideae
Rosid subfamilies
Historically recognized angiosperm taxa |
Mani may refer to:
People
Mani (name), (), a given name and surname (including a list of people with the name)
Mani (prophet) (c. 216 – 274), an Iranian prophet
Mani (musician) (born 1962), an English rock musician
Mani (actor) (born 1975), Pakistani film and television actor and host
Mani people, a Negrito ethnic group from Thailand
Geography
Mani, Bihar, a village in Rohtas district of India
Maní, Casanare, a town and municipality in Casanare Department, Colombia
Mani, Chad, a town and sub-prefecture in Chad
Mani, Evros, a village in northeastern Greece
Mani, Karnataka, a village in Dakshina Kannada district of India
Mani, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
Mani, Nigeria, a town in Katsina State, Nigeria
Mani, Tibet, a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China
Maní, Yucatán, a small city in Yucatán, Mexico
East Mani, a municipality in the Laconia regional unit, Peloponnese, Greece
El Mani, a community on the island of Puerto Rico
Mani Peninsula, a geographical and cultural region in Greece
West Mani, a municipality in the Messenia regional unit, Peloponnese, Greece
Arts, entertainment, and media
Mani (web series), a 2017 Brat show
Mâni, a form of Turkish folk song
Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese, a travelogue about the Greek peninsula by Patrick Leigh Fermor
Mani (film), a 2003 Indian Kannada-language romance film
Other uses
Maní (Amazonian legend), a legend of the indigenous tribe Tupi in Brazil
Máni, a personification of the moon in Norse mythology
Mani, short for the mantra of Avalokiteśvara, Om mani padme hum
Mani Jewel, any of various jewels mentioned in Buddhist literature
Al-Māniʿ, one of the names of God in Islam, meaning "Withholder" and "Defender".
Mani stick fighting, an African-derived martial art from Cuba
Mani the parakeet, a rose-ringed parakeet that serves as an astrologer "assistant" to M. Muniyappan in Singapore
Manicure, abbreviated "mani"
Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase, an enzyme
See also
Manes (disambiguation)
Maniyy, a term for sexual fluids in Islamic jurisprudence |
Malik Alaudin Khan was the son of Raja Nahar Khan and the jagirdar of Tijara. He was a Khanzada Rajput. In 1402, his father Nahar Khan was killed in an ambush for embracing Islam by his Hindu relative Raja Thakur Jhamo Singh of Kishangarh. Alaudin Khan avenged his father by killing his maternal relative Jhamo Singh in the same year. Malik Alaudin Khan ruled Tijara and Alwar on behalf of the Mewat State. He renewed the construction of the Alwar fort.
References
https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofulwur00powliala#page/40/mode/2up
Mewat
Indian Muslims
Year of birth unknown
People from Tijara
Year of death unknown |
These are the squads for the countries that played in the 1949 South American Championship. The participating countries were Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. Argentina withdrew from the tournament. The teams plays in a single round-robin tournament, earning two points for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss.
Bolivia
Head Coach:
Brazil
Head Coach: Flavio Costa
Chile
Head Coach: Luis Tirado
Colombia
Head Coach: Friedrich Donnenfeld
Ecuador
Head Coach: José Planas
Paraguay
Head Coach: Manuel Fleitas Solich
Peru
Head Coach: Arturo Fernández
Uruguay
Head Coach: Oscar Marcenaro
References
Squads
Copa América squads |
The Bramble Cay melomys, or Bramble Cay mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys rubicola), is a recently extinct species of rodent in the family Muridae and subfamily Murinae. It was an endemic species of the isolated Bramble Cay, a low-lying vegetated coral cay with a habitable area of approximately 5 acres located at the northern tip of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Described by researchers as having last been seen in 2009 and declared extinct by the Queensland Government and University of Queensland researchers in 2016, it was formally declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in May 2015 and the Australian government in February 2019. Having been the only mammal endemic to the reef, its extinction was described as the first extinction of a mammal species due to anthropogenic climate change.
Taxonomy
The Bramble Cay melomys is an extinct member of the genus Melomys, which contains approximately 20 species of rodents living in the wet habitats of northern Australia (Far North Queensland), New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands and islands of the Indonesian archipelago. The genus is in the subfamily Murinae, and the family Muridae. The Bramble Cay melomys was first discovered in April 1845 by Charles Bampfield Yule, commander of the British ship HMS Bramble on Bramble Cay, a vegetated coral cay measuring located at the northern tip of the Great Barrier Reef. At that time, the animal was so plentiful that his crew shot them with bows and arrows for fun. In May 1845, while visiting Bramble Cay via HMS Fly, naturalist John MacGillivray and Joseph Jukes collected a holotype, stored today in the British Museum of Natural History. From the specimen, Oldfield Thomas formally described and named the species Melomys rubicola in 1924. DNA obtained from historic specimens indicates that its closest relative in Australia is the Cape York melomys (Melomys capensis), with the genetic divergence between the two species being so low that it was barely above what would be expected for diversity within species.
Description
Melomys rubicola was relatively large for a rodent, with a body-length ranging from and a tail-length between . Compared to other mice, it had a long tail, short ears, and large feet. Its weight was recorded as between . The tail was prehensile at the tip and covered with rough scales. The fur was reddish brown above and greyish brown below, with black guard hairs on its back. It was similar in appearance to the Cape York melomys, to which it was closely related. As with other species of melomys, it was described as having a Roman nose.
Distribution and ecology
Scientists are uncertain on how the animal reached Bramble Cay. Studies have theorized that it either reached Bramble Cay from the island of New Guinea by floating on driftwood, or that it reached the region when it was still above water at a time when Australia was connected to New Guinea by a land bridge, and then persisted into recent times.
The Bramble Cay melomys was described in 2002 as Australia's most isolated mammal. The cay is located in the northeastern portion of the Torres Strait, approximately from the mouth of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea. The cay is between , but the rodent only occupied the vegetated portion of the island, measuring approximately . The vegetation of the island comprises grasses and herbs, generally shorter than .
Although 11 species of plants have been recorded on the island in the past, only three to five species have been recorded as present at the same time. Common species include Portulaca oleracea, Boerhavia albiflora, Cenchrus echinatus, and Amaranthus viridis. Three species were observed in 1994: Amaranthus viridis, Boerhavia tetrandra (genus Boerhavia), a type of spinach eaten by humans; and Lepturus repens. A 1998 study showed significant loss of vegetation since 1924, mostly on the southern and northern shores of the island.
The island was also characterised by large populations of seabirds, as well as ecological disturbance caused by annual green turtle breeding. The Bramble Cay melomys preferred the more densely vegetated areas, and avoided those parts of the island that had high densities of seabirds. The species was observed to feed on P. oleracea as well as on turtle eggs. The breeding season of the species was lengthy, and the sex ratio was skewed towards females.
Population estimates for the species varied widely. Observers in 1845 stated there were "hundreds" of the animal present, as did a survey from 1978. A 1998 survey captured 42 animals, and based on that, estimated the population size at approximately 90 individuals. Subsequent surveys in 2002 and 2004 only captured 10 and 12 individuals, respectively. The population was variously estimated as fewer than 50 mature individuals, and as fewer than 100 individuals, in 2008.
Status and conservation
The habitat of the species was generally described as being vulnerable to severe weather and rising sea level, as a result of its low elevation (the island does not rise further than above sea level). In 2008, the Queensland Government's Environmental Protection Agency published a recovery plan for the species, prepared by Peter Latch under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The recovery plan stated that its objective was to "secure and enhance the status of the Bramble Cay melomys through an integrated program of monitoring, on ground management, searches for other populations and raising public awareness". Despite this the last known sighting of the species was reported by researchers in 2009. Surveys in 2011 failed to find the animal. After a short survey in 2014 found no trace of the species, scientists set out to conduct a thorough search and capture any remaining creatures in order to start a captive breeding program. However, after taking five months to get the necessary permissions, when they arrived in 2015 they could not find a single melomys.
In June 2016, researchers from Queensland's Department of Environment and Heritage Protection and the University of Queensland jointly reported that the species had indeed become extinct, adding: "Significantly, this probably represents the first recorded mammalian extinction due to anthropogenic climate change". The International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the species as extinct in the same year, based on an assessment from May 2015. However, writing in Australian Geographic, Lauren Smith stated, "The authors of the report do note that there is a slight chance that there's an as-yet-unknown population of the species in Papua New Guinea around the Fly River delta area, and that until that area is adequately surveyed, the Bramble Cay melomys should have the tag 'Possibly Extinct' added to the IUCN Red listing."
The Australian Government's Department of the Environment and Energy formally recognised the extinction of the Bramble Cay melomys on 18 February 2019. The state Government of Queensland report stated that the likely cause of extinction was inundation of the island multiple times during the last decade, leading to habitat loss for the species and possibly also direct mortality. The sea level had been estimated to have risen by every year between 1993 and 2010, while the incidence of large increases in sea level, associated with cyclonic storms, also increased.
Commentary on extinction
The Queensland government report also stated: "Significantly, this probably represents the first recorded mammalian extinction due to anthropogenic climate change." The report said the "root cause" of the extinction was sea level rise as a consequence of global warming. Senior scientist for climate change biology with Conservation International Lee Hannah said the species could have been saved. The United Nations's fifth Global Biodiversity Outlook report, published on 15 September 2020, criticised the Australian Government for the extinction.
The reduction in vegetation was most likely caused by increasing ocean flooding as a result of increased frequency and intensity of weather events resulting in very high water levels and storm surges, which was exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change. Ornithologist John Woinarski of Charles Darwin University said that the extinction was foreseeable and preventable; it had been known for years that its position was precarious. He believed that its loss is at least partly due to under-funding for conservation programs and the fact that it was not an animal charismatic enough to garner much public attention. In a 2016 paper, Woinarski and others had stated that the Bramble Cay melomys was one of three vertebrates endemic to Australia that went extinct between 2009 and 2014, and that each of the three extinctions had been preventable.
According to the Sydney Morning Herald, a 2008 "recovery plan" had understated the risks to its survival. The recovery plan had stated that "[The] likely consequences of climate change, including sea-level rise and increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, are unlikely to have any major impact on the survival of the Bramble Cay melomys in the life of this plan."
In popular culture
First Dog on the Moon published a cartoon tribute to the Bramble Cay melomys, entitled "A moment of silence for the Bramble Cay melomys, another victim of climate change", on 20 February 2019, and another to remember the anniversary of its extinction.
In August 2021, a group of artists from Erub Island created a series of works called Maizab Kaur Mukeis (the Meriam Mir name for the Bramble Cay melomys), consisting of sculptures of the animal made with ghost nets. The work was inspired by the news of its extinction, with the artists hoping to create awareness of the damage caused by the abandoned fishing nets to marine ecosystems. The work was selected as one of four Queensland finalists for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Awards (NATSIAA).
See also
Holocene extinction
List of extinct animals of Australia
List of recently extinct mammals
Climate change in Australia
References
External links
Extinct mammals of Australia
Mammals described in 1924
Mammals of Queensland
Melomys
Nature Conservation Act endangered biota
Rodent extinctions since 1500
Rodents of Australia
Species endangered by climate change
Species made extinct by human activities
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov () (1687—1758) was a self-taught Russian inventor of peasant origin, who designed a device for lifting the Tsar Bell onto a bell-tower, constructed in 1752 the first self-propelling or self-running carriage (may be regarded as precursor to both quadrocycle and automobile) and proposed projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge.
See also
List of Russian inventors
References
Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov
Коляски Шамшуренкова и самокатка Кулибина / The carriages of Shamshurenkov and samokatka of Kulibin
Russian inventors
1687 births
1758 deaths
People from Yaransky Uyezd |
is a women's association football club which plays in Japan's Nadeshiko League.
Players
Current squad
Results
See also
Japan Football Association
References
External links
Women's football clubs in Japan |
Triamcinolone hexacetonide (brand name Aristospan; also known as triamcinolone acetonide 21-tebutate) is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
References
Acetonides
Secondary alcohols
Corticosteroid esters
Fluoroarenes
Glucocorticoids
Fluorinated corticosteroids
Pregnanes
Diketones
World Health Organization essential medicines |
Billbergia zebrina is a species of flowering plant in the genus Billbergia. This species is native to Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay.
Cultivars
Billbergia 'Ambiorix'
Billbergia 'Astro Pink'
Billbergia 'Astronaut'
Billbergia 'Bam'
Billbergia 'Charles Dewey'
Billbergia 'Dancing Waters'
Billbergia 'E. Thomas Witte'
Billbergia 'El Capitan'
Billbergia 'Ellen Jordan Stewart'
Billbergia 'Evelyn Metz'
Billbergia 'Full of Life'
Billbergia 'Jubilee'
Billbergia 'Lucas Coelho'
Billbergia 'Ribbons & Lace'
Billbergia 'Strange Magic'
Billbergia 'Xmas Bells'
Billbergia 'Xmas Cheer'
× Billmea 'Curlylocks'
References
zebrina
Flora of Southern America
Plants described in 1826 |
Ego Kill Talent are a Brazilian rock band from São Paulo, Brazil. The band was founded in 2014 by Jean Dolabella and Theo van der Loo. The name of the band is a shortened version of the saying "too much ego will kill your talent". The band is known for changing musical instruments during a performance.
Biography
2014–2021: Formation and albuns
The band Ego Kill Talent was founded in December 2014 by members of several Brazilian bands, like Udora, Sepultura, Reação em Cadeia and Sayowa. In November 2015, they released their first EP titled Sublimated. This was produced in the Family Mob Studios, which was founded by Jean Dolabella and Estevam Romera. Halfway through 2016, their second EP Still Here was released. They also performed at different festivals that year, including Lollapalooza in Brazil. Estevam Romera left the band that year, being replaced by Niper Boaventura.
Ego Kill Talent's first album was released in 2017. This album, which carries the same name as the band, was the band's breakthrough. They were named by Google as one of the twenty breakthrough acts of 2017. They also recorded a song with the band Far from Alaska, called "Collision Course". The band came in the summer to Europe to organize a mini-tour. They first played at the Download Festival in Paris. A few days later, they played their first European solo show at the Melkweg in Amsterdam. A week later, they played as the supporting act for the band System of a Down during a show in Nîmes in France. After the European tour was over, they went back to Brazil to perform at the Rock in Rio Festival. The same year, their third EP My Own Deceiver was released, and an acoustic version of the song "We All" came out as a single. In 2018, they were the supporting act on the Brazilian tour of the Foo Fighters and Queens of the Stone Age. The band also released a live EP of their European tour, called Live in Europe 2017. All songs on the EP were also released as singles. They also did a European summer tour in 2018. The band played at festivals and acted as a supporting act for the band Shinedown. They opened for symphonic metal band Within Temptation during the first leg of their Resist Tour.
On March 19, 2021, the band released their second album, The Dance Between Extremes, which was recorded at the Foo Fighters' famed 606 Studios. The album features 12 tracks with special guests John Dolmayan (System of a Down), Roy Mayorga (Stone Sour) and skateboarder Bob Burnquist (13-time X Games champion).
2022-present: Emmily Barreto as the new lead singer
The original vocalist, Jonathan Correa, leaves EKT. The band's official Instagram's page made the announcement, describing the split as "the best decision" for everyone involved.
Weeks later, the band made another announcement in a minimalist and mysterious way on social media, deleting all old Instagram posts and posting captionless photos of each of the four remaining members as well as Emmily Barreto, who is now an official member.
Discography
Albums
Ego Kill Talent (2017)
The Dance Between Extremes (2021)
EPs
Sublimated (2015)
Still Here (2016)
My Own Deceiver (2017)
Live in Europe 2017 (2018)
Singles
"Collision Course" (2017) with Far from Alaska
"We All" (Acoustic Version) (2017)
"Sublimated" - Live At Arènes De Nîmes (2017)
"Still Here" - Live At Arènes De Nîmes (2017)
"Last Ride" - Live At Arènes De Nîmes (2017)
"We All/The Searcher" - Live At Melkweg (2018)
"Just To Call You Mine" - Live At Melkweg (2018)
"My Own Deceiver" - Live At Arènes De Nîmes (2018)
"Diamonds and Landmines" (2018)
"NOW!" (2020)
"Lifeporn" (2020)
"The Call" (2020) – No. 35 Mainstream Rock Songs
Members
Emmily Barreto - vocals (2022–present)
Theo van der Loo – guitar, bass (2014–present)
Niper Boaventura – guitar, bass (2016–present)
Raphael Miranda – drums, bass (2014–present)
Jean Dolabella – drums, guitar (2014–present)
Former
Jonathan Corrêa - vocals (2014–2022)
Estevam Romera – guitar, bass guitar (2014–2016)
References
External links
Musical groups established in 2014
Brazilian rock music groups
Brazilian stoner rock musical groups
2014 establishments in Brazil
Brazilian alternative rock groups
Musical groups from São Paulo |
Apex Oval, also known as Caltex Park is a sports ground located in the city of Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia. The ground is managed by the Dubbo City Council and is located within the East Dubbo Sporting Complex.
Opened in 2005, the Bruce Neads Memorial Grandstand has spectator seating for 1,340, as well as function rooms and other facilities. The ground has lighting and a capacity of around 11,500. As well as local sports, it has also played host to pre-season NRL games and the City vs Country Origin rugby league game in 2006. The City vs Country game was a huge success, achieving a record attendance of over 11,423 people. An impressive feat considering Dubbo has a population of around 40,000.
The ground is home for the Dubbo CYMS Group 11 rugby league team. It is also one of the home grounds for the NSW Country Eagles team that plays in the National Rugby Championship.
In October 2020, the South Sydney Rabbitohs announced that they will be taking a home game once a year for two years to Apex Oval.
References
External links
Satellite Image of Apex Oval
Sports venues in New South Wales
Dubbo
Rugby league stadiums in Australia
Rugby union stadiums in Australia |
```yaml
version: "3.1"
intents:
- affirm
- deny
- greet
- thankyou
- goodbye
- search_concerts
- search_venues
- compare_reviews
- bot_challenge
- nlu_fallback
- how_to_get_started
entities:
- name
slots:
concerts:
type: list
influence_conversation: false
mappings:
- type: custom
venues:
type: list
influence_conversation: false
mappings:
- type: custom
likes_music:
type: bool
influence_conversation: true
mappings:
- type: custom
responses:
utter_greet:
- text: "Hey there!"
utter_goodbye:
- text: "Goodbye :("
utter_default:
- text: "Sorry, I didn't get that, can you rephrase?"
utter_youarewelcome:
- text: "You're very welcome."
utter_iamabot:
- text: "I am a bot, powered by Rasa."
utter_get_started:
- text: "I can help you find concerts and venues. Do you like music?"
utter_awesome:
- text: "Awesome! You can ask me things like \"Find me some concerts\" or \"What's a good venue\""
actions:
- action_search_concerts
- action_search_venues
- action_show_concert_reviews
- action_show_venue_reviews
- action_set_music_preference
session_config:
session_expiration_time: 60 # value in minutes
carry_over_slots_to_new_session: true
``` |
Dialogue in the Dark ("Dialog in the Dark" in American promotional materials) is an awareness raising exhibition and franchise, as well as a social business. In Dialogue in the Dark, blind guides lead visitors in small groups through different settings in absolute darkness. Through this visitors learn how to interact without sight by using their other senses, as well as experience what it is like to be blind. The exhibition is organized as a social franchising company, which offers the exhibition as well as business workshops, and has created jobs for the blind, disabled, and disadvantaged worldwide. The exhibition aims to change mindsets on disability and diversity, and increase tolerance for “otherness”. More than 9 million visitors have gone through an experience in the Dark and thousands of blind guides and facilitators find employment through exhibitions and workshops.
History
Dialogue in the Dark was founded by Andreas Heinecke in 1988. It had its premiere in Frankfurt, Germany. For more than 10 years it toured throughout the world as a travelling exhibition in museums or as a special event in a fair or festival. Since then, Dialogue Social Enterprise, the company that owns the brand, has turned the exhibition into a franchise. The first permanent exhibition was established in Hamburg, Germany (Dialog im Dunkeln) in April 2000. There have been exhibitions in more than 150 cities in over 30 countries. Dialogue in the Dark is currently available in 21 countries in different formats. Some of these countries include China, Japan, Italy, Israel, South Korea, Germany, Greece, Austria, Russia, the USA and Singapore.
Idea
The main concept of the exhibition is role reversal, as within the exhibit the blind become "sighted" and while the seeing become blind. Furthermore, the sighted get out of their social routines and blind people give them a sense of orientation and mobility. During and after the tour visitors have the opportunity to ask the guide questions.
Mission
Dialogue in the Dark has two main goals. The first is to increase the public’s awareness of and tolerance for “otherness”. According to its website, Dialogue in the Dark's second goal is to create jobs for disadvantaged people by turning perceived deficits into potential assets.
References
External links
Dialogue in the Dark international website
1988 establishments in West Germany
Organizations established in 1988
Blindness organisations in Germany
Organisations based in Hamburg
German inventions |
The 2017 Texas A&M Aggies baseball team represents the Texas A&M University in the 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Aggies play their home games at Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park.
The Aggies reached the College World Series for the sixth time in school history.
Personnel
Roster
Coaching staff
Schedule and results
Record vs. conference opponents
References
Texas AandM
Texas A&M Aggies baseball seasons
Texas AandM
College World Series seasons |
Kevin Johnston Bremner (born 7 October 1957) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a striker. He made nearly 450 appearances in the English and Scottish Football Leagues, representing ten different clubs.
Football career
Bremner was born in Banff, which is now in Aberdeenshire. He began his senior career as an 18-year-old with home-town club Deveronvale of the Highland League; he had been with the club since he was 14 years of age. In the 1977–78 season, he was part of the team which defeated Huntly to win the Bell's Cup; he finished the season as leading scorer with 27 goals and won the club's player of the year award. Celtic manager Billy McNeill had invited him for a two-week trial, but no contract offer ensued and Bremner left Deveronvale for fellow Highland League club Keith.
In October 1980 he moved to England to join Colchester United of the Third Division for a fee of £40,000; that season Colchester were relegated to the Fourth Division. Bremner played more than 100 matches for the club in all competitions, and during the 1982–83 season he spent short periods on loan at Birmingham City, Wrexham and Plymouth Argyle, scoring a goal for each. In February 1983 he joined Millwall for £25,000. His first goal for the club gave him the distinction of having played and scored in the Football League for five different clubs in the same season.
Bremner played more than 100 games in all competitions for Millwall, helping them gain promotion to the Second Division as Third Division runners-up. At the beginning of the 1984–85 season he joined Reading; as the clubs were unable to agree on a transfer fee, the Football League tribunal valued his services at £35,000. In his second season at the club, he contributed to Reading winning the Third Division title, before joining Brighton & Hove Albion, where for the third time in four seasons he played his part in his club gaining promotion from the Third Division. He finished the season as the club's leading scorer, with 12 goals in all competitions.
He spent a season at Peterborough United before returning to Scotland where he signed for Dundee, contributing to their First Division title in 1991–92. A short spell on loan at Shrewsbury Town preceded his first foray into management, as player-manager of Highland League club Brora Rangers. He then rejoined Deveronvale as player-manager for one season, in which he was leading goalscorer with 17 goals and managed them to victory in the Aberdeenshire Shield.
Bremner returned to England to take up a coaching role at Gillingham, where he became youth team manager, but was made redundant in April 2003 along with other staff as a cost-cutting measure. He made one playing appearance for the club in 1995 in a Football League Trophy match.
His older brother Des was also a prominent professional footballer, with Hibernian, Aston Villa and Birmingham City.
Honours
Player
Deveronvale
Bell's Cup winners: 1977–78
Player of the Year: 1977–78
Club's leading scorer: 1977–78, 1994–95
Aberdeenshire Shield winners: 1995
Millwall
Third Division runners-up: 1984–85
Reading
Third Division champions: 1985–86
Brighton & Hove Albion
Third Division runners-up: 1987–88
Club's leading scorer: 1987–88
Peterborough United
Fourth Division promoted: 1990–91
Dundee
Scottish First Division champions: 1991–92
Manager
Deveronvale
Aberdeenshire Shield winners: 1995
References
1957 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Banff, Aberdeenshire
Footballers from Aberdeenshire
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Deveronvale F.C. players
Keith F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Highland Football League players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish football managers
Brora Rangers F.C. managers
Deveronvale F.C. managers
Highland Football League managers
Men's association football player-managers
Gillingham F.C. non-playing staff |
The Alchemy of Stone is a fantasy novel by Russian writer Ekaterina Sedia. It is an urban fantasy/steampunk novel dealing with an automaton's involvement in a proletarian revolution in the fictional city of Ayona.
Plot synopsis
Ayona is a city-state resembling late Victorian era-London. It was originally constructed centuries ago by gargoyles, magical creatures who can manipulate stone and rock but turn to stone fixtures at the ends of their lives. The first humans to settle in the city became the hereditary dukes who ruled at first, the gargoyles having little to do with humans after raising the stone foundations of the city and its buildings. Over time, the power of the dukes declined, and they were forced to share power with a parliament representing the factions of the Alchemists and Mechanics, each representing complementary facets of human creativity. In the past, the Alchemists were dominant, but by the time of the novel the Mechanics have taken the lead, and institute widespread economic and industrial innovations. The world outside the city is not described in great detail, other than there being a land of dark-skinned people across an ocean to the east, natives of whom have emigrated to the city to form a semi-oppressed minority group.
The main character is Mattie, a clockwork automaton constructed with a corset, petticoat and skirts, and heels built into her figure. Mattie is one of the few sentient automatons in the city, and was emancipated by her master, Loharri (one of the chief Mechanics) when she wished to study to become an Alchemist. However, even though technically emancipated, Loharri still holds the literal key to her heart, a unique key needed to wind up her mechanical heart, without which she will deactivate until it is wound again.
At the beginning of the story, Mattie is contacted by representatives of the last remaining gargoyles, who wish for her to use her skills to develop a method by which they can become mortal and escape their metamorphosis into stone. During her attempts to discover the technique to do so (the titular alchemy of stone), she crosses paths with Sebastian, an Easterner whose mother was a powerful stone alchemist. Sebastian himself became a Mechanic, only to leave the order due to their prejudice against him, joining a radical group aimed at overthrowing the existing social order which is being strained by the increasing adoption of new labor-saving technologies by the Mechanics, the latest development of which is the "Calculator", a steam-powered computer whose aim is to be able to guide the city along the most efficient path of development.
The radical group manages to bomb the parliament building and assassinate the duke, and a revolution breaks out. Industrial workers fired due to the use of labor-saving machines, miners who have been mutilated into grotesque forms by the Stone Monks (a corrupt religious order nominally serving the gargoyles but in reality aimed at self-promotion), and peasant farmers driven off their land by government industrialization are joined with disaffected groups of Alchemists, Mechanics, and Ducal courtiers. During the revolution, as the city they made is changed irrevocably, Mattie is able to finish her study of the alchemy of stone and grant the gargoyles their wish; however, during the fighting, Loharri is killed, and her key potentially lost or destroyed.
The novel ends on several ambiguous notes. The revolution succeeds, but with hints that the upper-class courtiers, Mechanics, and Alchemists who supported the rebels will once more take control from their working-class companions. Similarly, while Mattie succeeded in her quest to free to gargoyles and gain freedom from Loharri, without her key she winds down and deactivates. The novel ends with the gargoyles promising to spend the rest of their now-mortal lives in an attempt to find the key to restore their savior.
Reception
The novel was on the 2008 James Tiptree, Jr. Award Honor List and the Locus Recommended Reading List.
The novel was praised for how Mattie, despite her mechanical nature, captured the vulnerability and emotions of real women. Some reviewers noted that the scenes where the parliament building is bombed and the aftermath evoked memories of the September 11 attacks.
References
External links
Review from Locus Online
Interview from Fantasy Magazine
Review from io9
2008 American novels
American fantasy novels
American science fiction novels
American steampunk novels
Feminist science fiction novels
Science fantasy novels
Urban fantasy novels
Prime Books books |
Neundorf may refer to the following places in Germany:
Neundorf, Saxony-Anhalt, in the Salzlandkreis, Saxony-Anhalt
Neundorf bei Lobenstein, in the Saale-Orla-Kreis, Thuringia
Neundorf bei Schleiz, in the Saale-Orla-Kreis, Thuringia
Neundorf (Pirna), a subdivision of Pirna, Saxony
Neundorf auf dem Eigen, part of Herrnhut, Saxony |
Minicharged particles (or milli-charged particles) are a proposed type of subatomic particle. They are charged, but with a tiny fraction of the charge of the electron. They weakly interact with matter. Minicharged particles are not part of the Standard Model. One proposal to detect them involved photons tunneling through an opaque barrier in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field, the rationale being that a pair of oppositely charged minicharged particles are produced that curve in opposite directions, and recombine on the other side of the barrier reproducing the photon again.
Minicharged particles would result in vacuum magnetic dichroism, and would cause energy loss in microwave cavities. Photons from the cosmic microwave background would be dissipated by galactic-scale magnetic fields if minicharged particles existed, so this effect could be observable. In fact the dimming observed of remote supernovae that was used to support dark energy could also be explained by the formation of minicharged particles.
Tests of Coulomb's law can be applied to set bounds on minicharged particles.
References
Hypothetical particles
Dark matter |
Omar Jasika was the defending champion but withdrew before the tournament began.
Stéphane Robert won the title after defeating Daniel Altmaier 6–1, 6–2 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
Burnie International - Men's Singles
2018 Men's Singles |
Cadavéu is a parroquia (parish) in Valdés, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
On September 5, 2022, the jury of the Princess of Asturias Awards granted Cadavéu the Exemplary Town of Asturias Award.
See also
Exemplary Town of Asturias Award
References
Parishes in Valdés |
The Loutsch Ministry was in office in Luxembourg from 6 November 1915 to 24 February 1916.
When the government of Mathias Mongenast resigned, Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde appointed a new government headed by Hubert Loutsch, composed entirely of members of the Party of the Right. While the political and economic situation became more and more tense, and required radical government measures, the Loutsch government did not possess a majority in the Chamber of Deputies, with 20 Deputies on the right compared with 32 Deputies on the left. To break the deadlock, the Grand Duchess decided to dissolve the Chamber and call new elections on 23 December 1915. This act by the Grand Duchess was allowed under the Constitution, but was regarded as highly unconventional, and provoked an outcry from the Deputies on the left. The socialists and liberals in parliament would never forgive Marie-Adélaïde for the dissolution, which they saw as a coup d'état.
In the ensuing elections of 23 December, the political right gained seats but still did not achieve a majority (25 Deputies on the right, versus 27 on the left). On 11 January 1916, the Loutsch government lost a confidence vote, and was forced to resign.
Composition
Hubert Loutsch: Minister of State, head of government, General-Director for Foreign Affairs
Guillaume Soisson: General-Director for Public Works and Agriculture
Edmond Reiffers: General-Director for Finance and Public Education
Jean-Baptiste Sax: General-Director for Justice and the Interior
References
Ministries of Luxembourg
Luxembourg in World War I |
The World University Wrestling Championships, an international competition in Wrestling, have been held in alternate years since 1968 each time in a different host city.
Editions
Champions
Men's Freestyle
Men's Greco-Roman
Women's Freestyle
References
Sources
13th World University Wrestling Championship 2018
12th World University Wrestling Championship 2016
11th World University Wrestling Championship 2014
Wrestling competitions
World University Wrestling Championships |
```go
/*
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
*/
// Package proto defines the protobuf codec. Importing this package will
// register the codec.
package proto
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
"google.golang.org/grpc/encoding"
)
// Name is the name registered for the proto compressor.
const Name = "proto"
func init() {
encoding.RegisterCodec(codec{})
}
// codec is a Codec implementation with protobuf. It is the default codec for gRPC.
type codec struct{}
func (codec) Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
vv, ok := v.(proto.Message)
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal, message is %T, want proto.Message", v)
}
return proto.Marshal(vv)
}
func (codec) Unmarshal(data []byte, v interface{}) error {
vv, ok := v.(proto.Message)
if !ok {
return fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal, message is %T, want proto.Message", v)
}
return proto.Unmarshal(data, vv)
}
func (codec) Name() string {
return Name
}
``` |
```ocaml
(* Unison file synchronizer: src/fileutil.mli *)
(* Convert backslashes in a string to forward slashes. Useful in Windows. *)
val backslashes2forwardslashes : string -> string
val removeTrailingSlashes : string -> string
``` |
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix, known in Europe as Dancing Stage Mario Mix, is a 2005 music video game developed by Konami and Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. It is the first Dance Dance Revolution game to be released on a Nintendo video game console outside Japan.
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix predominantly features characters, music, and locations from the Mario franchise. The game was bundled with the dance pad controller.
Gameplay
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix runs on a modified version of the Mario Party 6 engine, and follows the gameplay formula established in all prior Dance Dance Revolution games. The game features several gameplay modes: Story Mode takes the player through a linear progression of tracks, framed as a story of Mario and Luigi traveling the Mushroom Kingdom to retrieve the missing Music Keys. Once a track has been cleared in Story Mode, it becomes available for play in Free Mode, which allows up to two players to dance simultaneously. The player can purchase items at Lakitu's shop during Story Mode that can be used to assist them if they are struggling. Some stages feature "Mush Mode" rules, which replace the traditional arrows with Mario enemies that feature unique mechanics. Special minigames will also appear during Story Mode, providing alternate gameplay styles such as jumping up on a flagpole or hitting Goombas that emerge from pipes with a hammer. Like the tracks, these mini-games will be unlocked for free play in Mini-Game Mode once they have been cleared in Story Mode. Once the player completes Story Mode for the first time, they will unlock Story Mode EX, which features a slightly altered selection of songs. Additional difficulty levels can also be unlocked.
Plot
The game opens with Waluigi stealing the four Music Keys, which can grant wishes, from Truffle Towers. However, when he tries to open the door to the room containing the Music Keys, three of them scatter across the Mushroom Kingdom, leaving him with only one key. From a distance, Toad watches these events unfold and rushes to tell Mario or Luigi, depending on which character the player chose, who then rushes off to retrieve the missing Music Keys.
The keys are recovered by completing tasks for other characters who have found the scattered keys and then defeating them in a dance challenge. These characters are, in order, Waluigi, Toadette, Pirate Lakitu, Big Blooper, Hammer Bros., Wario and Freezie. After recovering each key, Toad and the player's character sail the SS Brass, an instrument-themed airship, and head to new world until all Music Keys are recovered/collected.
After collecting the four Music Keys, Toad and the player's character then return the Music Keys to Truffle Towers. Soon after, Bowser steals the keys, but is followed by Toad and the player's chosen character. They infiltrate Bowser's Castle to recapture the Music Keys while being attacked by Bill Blasters and their Bullet Bills, and are promptly challenged by Bowser. After defeating him in a dance-off, Bowser tells Toad and the player's character that he planned to use the Music Keys to fix his tone deafness. This prompts the player's character to use the Music Keys to turn the area around Bowser's Castle into a green field and induces a feeling to dance in everyone, with Toad realizing that this was how the Music Keys were supposed to be used as the game's ending sequence plays.
Music
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix features 29 music tracks, including remixes of both tracks from previous Mario titles and public domain classical music. Only one track is initially available, while the remainder are unlocked by clearing them in Story Mode and Story Mode EX, or by purchasing them from Lakitu's shop. The following table lists the tracks in the order they appear in Free Play.
Reception
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. It gained a aggregate critical score of 71.70% on GameRankings.
GameSpot gave the game a 7 out of 10 and wrote "With a short story mode that serves as a fun, linear introduction to sequential stomping, Mario Mix is suitable for a child, or for an uncoordinated friend." IGN gave the game an 8 out of 10, saying, "Mario and friends bust some moves in Konami's updated take on an old dance formula." Phil Theobald of Game Spy, gave the game three out of five stars, saying "Mario and Luigi get out on the dance floor to save the Mushroom Kingdom. Come on, it's time to go do the Mario!"
Notes
References
External links
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix at Nintendo.com (archives of the original at the Internet Archive). Accessed on 2005-05-20.
Dance Dance Revolution Mario Mix on Mobygames
2005 video games
Dance Dance Revolution games
Konami games
GameCube-only games
GameCube games
Single-player video games
Hudson Soft games
Nintendo games
Mario spin-off games
Crossover video games
Video games developed in Japan |
The 2015 Dudley Hewitt Cup was the 44th Central Canadian Jr A Ice Hockey championship for the Canadian Junior Hockey League. The winners went on to represent the central region in the 2015 Royal Bank Cup in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba.
Teams
Fort Frances Lakers (Host and SIJHL Champions)
Regular Season:
Playoffs: Defeated Thunder Bay North Stars 4-1, Defeated Dryden Ice Dogs 4-2 to win the league
Dryden Ice Dogs (SIJHL Runner-up)
Regular Season: 30-21-5 (3rd in SIJHL)
Playoffs: Defeated Minnesota Iron Rangers 4-2, Defeated by Fort Frances Lakers 2-4.
Toronto Patriots (OJHL Champions)
Regular Season: 35-18-0-1 (1st in OJHL South Division)
Playoffs: Defeated St. Michael's Buzzers 4-0, Defeated Oakville Blades 4-1, Defeated Toronto Jr. Canadiens 4-2, Defeated Kingston Voyageurs 4-3 to win the league.
Soo Thunderbirds (NOJHL Champions)
Regular Season:38–11–2–1 (1st in NOJHL West Division)
Playoffs: Defeated Blind River Beavers 4-0, Defeated Elliot Lake Wildcats 4-1, Defeated Cochrane Crunch 4-1 to win the league.
Tournament
Standing
Round Robin
Semifinal and final
References
https://pointstreak.com/prostats/scoreboard.html?leagueid=255&seasonid=13835
http://pointstreaksites.com/view/ojhl
https://nojhl.com/
https://sijhlhockey.com/
2014–15 in Canadian ice hockey |
The Battle of Santiago de Cuba was a decisive naval engagement that occurred on July 3, 1898 between an American fleet, led by William T. Sampson and Winfield Scott Schley, against a Spanish fleet led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, which occurred during the Spanish–American War. The significantly more powerful US Navy squadron, consisting of four battleships and two armored cruisers, decisively defeated an outgunned squadron of the Royal Spanish Navy, consisting of four armored cruisers and two destroyers. All of the Spanish ships were sunk for no American loss. The crushing defeat sealed the American victory in the Cuban theater of the war, ensuring the independence of Cuba from Spanish rule.
Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over the Spanish conduct during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by largely exaggerated reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cubans. In January 1898, fearing the fate of American interests in Cuba from the war, the cruiser USS Maine was dispatched to protect them. Less than a month later, the cruiser exploded while lying at anchor in Havana harbor, killing 266 sailors and inflaming American opinion with Spain being portrayed as the culprit in the American media at the time, regardless of the actual source of the explosion. Two months later, war was declared.
The Americans realized that defeating a significant Spanish squadron then stationed in Cuba was vital to ensuring victory in the war. A squadron consisting of six warships were dispatched to ensure success, commanded by both Sampson and Schley, each admiral having his own approach to naval warfare. On July 3, the Spanish squadron steamed out of the harbor to engage with the Americans. The Spanish, totally unprepared and outgunned, made a desperate attempt to reach the open sea with the American battleships and cruisers in hot pursuit. The entire Spanish fleet was sunk with minimal casualties for the Americans, who suffered only two men killed or wounded.
The Americans pulled a total of 1889 Spanish sailors from the water, among them Cervera. The captured Spaniards were treated with respect and care by the Americans, and Cervera gained respect from the American officers for his dignified conduct during and after the battle. Although the battle ensured the American campaign in Cuba would end in a success, tensions soon arose between Sampson and Schley, with various parties in the US Navy and the American public debating over which admiral had made the greater contribution to victory, and the dispute reached the desk of Theodore Roosevelt. The battle remains one of the most significant naval battles in US maritime history.
Background
Preliminary context
The battle marked the culmination of the Cuban Wars for Independence, which had been waged by Cuban revolutionaries against Spanish imperial power for several decades. The United States had political, economic, cultural, and ideological interests in Cuba. Within the larger context, many American political leaders, pushed by interventionist public opinion, were outraged by the publication of a private letter by Spanish Minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme critical of US President William McKinley and by the destruction of the American armored cruiser that was touted by newspapers at the time as the "Battleship Maine" for which a naval court of inquiry and American yellow journalism blamed Spain.
Cuban revolutionaries had staged revolts against Spanish colonial authority in the Ten Years' War (1868–1878), the Little War (1879–1880), and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). During the last war, Spanish General Valeriano Weyler established a policy of interning Cubans in camps he called reconcentrados, which functioned as internment camps. The etymology behind the re- prefix is that formerly the Cubans lived in villages but now they were going to be redistributed into new villages under the hypocritical pretext that it was for their own protection. Spanish forces gathered Cubans who lived in the countryside and centralized them in camps, where they could be monitored. As a consequence, many Cubans died of disease and malnutrition. That policy did as much to paint the Spanish as barbarians to the Cuban natives and the United States as any other item of misrule by the Spanish.
With outrage over Weyler's seemingly-brutal policy and sympathy with the Cubans' struggle building, US public opinion pushed for war with Spain after the publication of the de Lôme Letter in February. Enrique Dupuy de Lôme had been appointed the Spanish Minister to the United States in 1892. In that capacity, it was his duty to refrain from allowing his personal beliefs to intervene with his public duty to support peaceful diplomatic relations between the United States and Spain. However, a letter that expressed his opposition to McKinley's foreign policy decisions was exposed, and the New York Journal translated and printed the letter. Many Americans considered it an insult to the nation and to the president.
Although Spain apologized on February 13, 1898, Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba, two days later and killed 266 American sailors. After a hasty naval court of inquiry, the American press blamed Spain and accused it of planting a mine that sank the battleship. The war with Spain became known as the "Correspondents' War". Journalists not only wrote stories about the conflict but also took part in the fight. In 1898, the prestige of the press ran high.
American society was changing as literacy rates increased. There was a new revolution of readers. As war zones became more open to the press, journalists wrote eyewitness accounts of what was happening. In an era before radio and television, newspapers were the main source of information, opinion, and entertainment for the American public. In New York City, where the population was about 2,800,000, the combined circulation of daily papers was about 2,000,000.
In response to the public's outcry, McKinley took action against Spain. On April 25, the United States declared war and claimed to have had no self-serving interest in Cuba, but some political and military leaders and imperialists believed that war would be an opportunity for the United States to expand territories overseas and to demonstrate its increasing naval power against a weak foe. Moreover, the United States sought to expand economic ties with Cuba for its resources in sugar and tobacco, all of which influenced America's decision to intervene. It was evident that gaining territories across the globe would increase US strength and influence and tap markets for the products of American industry.
Spanish Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta did not seek war with the United States. He did not expect victory but knew that Spanish citizens would likely revolt if he conceded to American demands in Cuba. Meanwhile, Spanish naval leaders tried to employ a strategy that would not win the war outright but resist the US Navy as much as possible. On May 1, 1898, American and Spanish naval forces met in the Philippines at the Battle of Manila Bay, which resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. The Spanish government sent their fleet, under Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete, to defend Cuba and keep an open line of communication with the Spanish garrison there. Cervera opposed that strategy since he believed his squadron lacked the strength necessary to engage the American squadron. He preferred to engage the Americans near the Canary Islands or to mount an attack against the American coast, but he was overruled by his superiors in Madrid. Cervera's own misgivings reveal the seriousness of the situation faced:
It is impossible for me to give you an idea of the surprise and consternation experienced by all on the receipt of the order to sail. Indeed, that surprise is well justified, for nothing can be expected of this expedition except the total destruction of the fleet or its hasty and demoralized return.
Lacking a clear strategy, the Spanish policymakers at home may have hoped to end the war quickly in a "glorious defeat" against the more powerful US Navy. Cervera knew better but like a good officer followed orders to the letter. There is a hint of his real views in his attack orders to the fleet. He suggests they nail their flags to the masts; that is, not even to think about lowering them in surrender. As the fleet was being massacred against superior firepower, some captains in fact ran their ships aground and surrendered to save what was left of their men.
Spanish fleet
Before taking command of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron, Cervera had served a variety of military and political roles, then retired after a dispute with opposing politicians. However, when war against the United States broke, Cervera was recalled into the Spanish Navy and given command of the Caribbean Squadron. The squadron was to be dispatched from Spain with the ultimate destination of the Caribbean, initially Puerto Rico but then changed to Cuba, to reinforce the Spanish garrison, defend the island from American invasion, and break the American naval blockade. Before the outbreak of war, Cervera attempted to inform Spanish officials of the Spanish Navy's weakness relative to the US Navy. Captain Fernando Villaamil, the Second Officer in the Ministry of the Navy and a pioneer in destroyer warfare, disagreed with Cervera's passivity and advocated Spain to offset American naval superiority by scattering the fleet and taking the initiative through quick and dispersed actions. A lack of consensus between Cervera, Villaamil, and the Spanish government put Spanish naval strategy in flux from the beginning.
On April 29, Cervera steamed from Cape Verde. Panic gripped the American people, who did not know what his ships might do: attack the largely-undefended East Coast while the fleet sailed about in an effort to engage him; prey upon American shipping; or perhaps sail up the Potomac and set fire to Washington, DC. Ultimately, Cervera did none of those but managed to evade the US fleet for several weeks, confounded his American counterparts, and recoaled in the process before he finally sought refuge in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. On May 29, 1898, an American squadron sighted Cervera's newest ship, the cruiser , and immediately established a blockade around the mouth of the harbor. The Spanish soon found themselves "blockaded closely by an American semicircle of ships about six miles from the Morro by day, and moving discreetly closer after nightfall." Moreover, by early July, the Spanish were nearly surrounded at Santiago from the east by an advancing American army numbering some 16,000 soldiers, 3,000 Cuban insurgents to the west, and the American fleet to the south.
The Spanish squadron consisted of the cruisers , , , and Cristóbal Colón in addition to Villaamil's destroyers and . The cruisers displaced approximately 7,000 tons each, but they were not heavily armored, and their armament did not match the Americans. With the exception of Cristóbal Colón, which was more lightly armed, the cruisers' main armament consisted of two guns each and a secondary armament of ten guns. Cervera's fleet was at a further disadvantage relative to the Americans because of the condition of its ships. The breech mechanisms in many of the Spanish guns were dangerously faulty and caused jams and other mishaps. Many of the ships' boilers were in need of repair. Several ships, including Viscaya, desperately needed bottom-cleaning as they were suffering from extra drag from fouling. The most well-protected ship in Cervera's fleet, the second-generation armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón, had not even had her main battery installed and carried wooden dummy guns instead.
Finally, Cervera's crews were poorly trained. They lacked experience and practice in gunnery drills, and their training had emphasized rapid fire at regular intervals but the Americans favored more deliberately-aimed fire. Relative to the Americans' fleet, which consisted mainly of modern battleships, Cervera's force was lightly armed, a result of recent budget cuts but also a naval policy that for many years favored the construction of light swift ships to patrol the far-flung oceanic empire.
With Cervera's fleet bottled in Santiago, Captain General Ramon Blanco y Erenas, the top military commander in Cuba, ordered it to sortie from the harbor along the coast westward to Cienfuegos. In Cervera's eyes, escape from the bay seemed nearly impossible. He strongly considered fleeing under protection of night but opted to sail by day instead to ensure the safe navigation of his ships through Santiago's narrow channel. On July 3, 1898, Cervera, aboard his flagship Infanta Maria Teresa, led the Spanish fleet out of the safety of the Santiago harbor at 7 min intervals.
American fleet
The primary elements of the American forces in Cuban waters were initially divided between two commands: Rear Admiral William T. Sampson of the North Atlantic Squadron and Commodore Winfield Scott Schley, commanding the "Flying Squadron". Although the two combined squadrons outnumbered the Spanish fleet, victory was not achieved solely by American numerical superiority. Rather, victory resulted from strategic and tactical decisionmaking in addition to the general superiority of the American forces. As the historian James C. Rentfrow argues, the American victory at Santiago was, in many ways, the culmination of an "ongoing process towards [the North Atlantic Fleet's] construction as a combat unit."
At the head of the American fleet were Sampson's armored cruiser and Schley's armored cruiser . New York and Brooklyn, although only armored cruisers, were well-armed for their class. Schley's flagships were powerful cruisers, but the primary firepower of the American fleet resided in its battleships , , , and . The American battleships were modern steam-powered and steel-hulled coast defense battleships all built within the decade. The oldest and least powerful of them was Texas, a near-sister ship to the Maine, which had exploded in Havana Harbor in February. The ships were armed with guns and could steam at speeds up to . Off Santiago, Schley's "Flying Squadron" was merged into the larger fleet under Sampson's overall command.
To bolster the force, US Navy Secretary John D. Long ordered the battleship to sail from Mare Island, California, to join the fleet in the Caribbean. The "West coast's lone battleship" steamed from San Francisco around Cape Horn to Key West to join the rest of Sampson's fleet in early May, a journey completed in 66 days. The ship's armament included four 13-inch guns, eight /30 caliber guns, and -thick steel armor. With its engines, it was propelled through the water at a rate upwards of 17 knots. Its combined speed and firepower gave Oregon the nickname "bulldog of the Navy." These "were clearly superior ships," observed W.J. Murphy, a sailor aboard Iowa. The powerful battleships, at least according to Murphy, enabled the US fleet to be victorious in battle.
Battleships and cruisers, however, were not the only forces the Americans employed in the conflict. Other vessels included torpedo boats like , light cruisers such as , and even the collier , which sank on June 3. Sampson specifically approached Lieutenant Richmond P. Hobson, the commanding officer, charging him with the task to "sink the collier in the channel" in order to both blockade the Spanish fleet and to clear the narrow passage of any mines.
Standoff at Santiago
Sampson structured the blockade as a semicircle at the opening of the harbor. An auxiliary ship floated around the edges and waited to be used if a forced entrance was necessary, and a torpedo boat was stationed farther off the front line. The newly-developed torpedo boat was charged with guarding Sampson's flagship when he broke the blockade to perform "frequent inspections, attacks, and pursuits," according to a correspondent aboard the New York.
Except for the sinking of Merrimac, the duty proved tedious. "Blockade duty off the Cuban coast was long, dull and unremitting," wrote the historian Jim Leeke. During the day, the blockade stationed constant lookouts. At night, a battleship shone a searchlight on the entrance of the harbor if the Spanish fleet attempted an escape under the cover of darkness. The chore was repeated daily for nearly two months. As a sailor aboard put it, "what at first had been a pleasure had become a duty."
As long as Cervera remained within Santiago Harbor, his fleet was relatively safe. The guns of the city were quite sufficient to make up for his fleet's deficiencies, and the area was well defended with sea mines, torpedoes, and other obstructions. Nevertheless, Cervera was terribly outmatched. Though his ships were modern, they were too few, and their technical problems compounded his worries. The lack of refitting facilities in Santiago to assist with the repairs of the vessels in Cervera's squadron made the situation all the more desperate.
For more than a month, the two fleets faced off, with only a few inconclusive skirmishes resulting. For his part, Cervera was content to wait in the hope that bad weather would scatter the Americans so that he could make a run to a position more favorable for engaging the enemy. However, US land forces began to drive on Santiago de Cuba, and by the end of June 1898, Cervera found himself unable to remain safely in the harbor, and Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas wanted a sortie: "it is better for the honor of our arms that the squadron perish in battle...."
The breakout was planned for 09:00 on July 3. That seemed the most logical time: the Americans would be at religious services, and waiting until night would only make the escape even more treacherous. By noon on July 2, the fleet had a full head of steam and had fallen into position for the breakout.
At about 8:45 a.m., just as his ships had slipped their moorings, Admiral Sampson and two ships of his command, his flagship, the armored cruiser New York, and the torpedo boat had left their positions for a trip to Siboney and a meeting with Major General William Rufus Shafter of the US Army. That opened a gap in the western portion of the American blockade line, which left a window for Cervera. Sampson's New York was one of only two ships in the squadron fast enough to catch Cervera if he managed to break through the blockade. Further, the battleship Massachusetts and the cruisers and New Orleans had left that morning to coal at Guantanamo Bay.
With the departure of Admiral Sampson, who had signaled, "Disregard movements of flagship," immediate command devolved to Commodore Schley in armored cruiser Brooklyn, which now became the de facto flagship of the blockade.
Thus, the blockade formation that morning consisted of Schley's Brooklyn, followed by the battleships Texas, Oregon, Iowa, and Indiana and the armed yachts and Gloucester.
At 09:35, the navigator of Brooklyn sighted a plume of smoke coming from the mouth of the port and reported to Schley,
The enemy's ships are coming out!
Battle
The Spanish column made its way around Cay Smith at around 9:31 a.m. on July 3 and left the channel about five minutes later. In the lead was Cervera's flagship Infanta Maria Teresa, followed by Vizcaya, Cristóbal Colón, Almirante Oquendo, travelling at around and apart, followed by the torpedo-boat destroyers Plutón and Furor, respectively. They then formed three echelons, the destroyers heading eastward, followed by Cristóbal Colón and Almirante Oquendo, and Infanta Maria Teresa and Vizcaya made for Brooklyn.
The battle commenced almost immediately. At the mouth of the harbor, the American vessels, Texas, Iowa, Oregon, and Indiana, engulfed the Spanish fleet in a "hail of fire." At 9:30 a.m., the first shot was fired by Iowa and Signal No. 250 was hoisted when the ships were seen in the channel. The Spanish responded, supported by the batteries on Morro and Upper Socapa. After leaving the channel, the Spanish vessels turned westward in column towards the American fleet.
While the Spanish had taken the initiative by beginning the engagement, two factors slowed their escape. One was the continuing problem experienced in maintaining proper speed by Vizcaya; the other was the poor quality of most of the coal in the Spanish holds. An expected resupply of high-quality anthracite had been captured aboard the collier Restormel, by the American auxiliary cruiser on May 25.
Brooklyn headed nearly straight for Infanta Maria Teresa at first, but by 10:05, it was apparent they were on a collision course, and Commodore Schley ordered a sharp turn to starboard, the so-called "retrograde loop," when all of the other American ships had already turned to port. That threatened Texas with collision and Captain Philip of Texas ordered "all engines back full," which brought Texas to a near standstill until Brooklyn passed across the bow of Texas. Infanta Maria Teresa and Vizcaya then altered course to the west, Cristóbal Colón and Almirante Oquendo falling in behind, and the two squadrons paralleled each other. Texas then swung behind Brooklyn, but Oregon then ran up on Texas and passed inboard, masking the fire of Texas. Oregon, initially to the rear of the action but the fastest ship in the US fleet, soon raced past Indiana, which had an engine problem and could go only at the time of the battle. Iowa had started from a disadvantaged position and was passed by Infanta Maria Teresa but hit her with two rounds from and swung into the chase. As Iowa was passed in turn by Cristóbal Colón, the Spanish ship hit her with two shots from her secondary battery. One of them struck near the waterline and caused Iowa to slow and she therefore engaged Almirante Oquendo, bringing up the rear of Cervera's four cruisers. With the Spanish fleet past the American blockade, the battle became a chase.
Rather than expose the entirety of his fleet to the American battle line, Cervera had signaled his other ships to continue to the southwest while he attempted to cover their escape by directly engaging Brooklyn, his nearest enemy. Though Brooklyn was hit more than 20 times during the battle, she suffered only two casualties, and her return fire resulted in the deaths of most of Cervera's bridge crew and grave damage to the ship generally. Under that brutal punishment, Infanta Maria Teresa began to burn furiously. According to Admiral Sampson's battle report, "it was afterward learned that the Infanta Maria Teresa's fire-main had been cut by one of [the] first shots." Cervera ordered her aground at 10:35 in shallows along the Cuban coast and had been completely wrecked and aflame. Admiral Cervera survived and was rescued after he had been picked up near Punta Cabrera by the crew of Gloucester.
The rest of the Spanish fleet continued its race for the open sea. Almirante Oquendo was hit a total of 57 times and was driven out of the battle by the premature detonation of a shell stuck in a defective breech-block mechanism of an 11-inch turret, which killed the entire gun crew. A boiler explosion finished her, and she was ordered scuttled by the mortally wounded Captain Lazaga. At 10:35 Almirante Oquendo ran aground no more than a mile beyond Infanta Maria Teresa. Meanwhile, Plutón and Furor made a dash in a direction opposite the rest of the Spanish squadron. Gloucester inflicted a considerable amount of damage by direct fire at close range to the destroyers, which eventually led to their destruction from the battleships Iowa, Indiana, and eventually New York. After receiving word of the battle, Sampson turned his flagship New York around and raced to join the fight. Furor was sunk at 10:50 before making the beach. Plutón succeeded in grounding herself at 10:45 near Cabanas Bay. In total, Furor and Plutón lost two thirds of their men.
Vizcaya was locked in a running gun duel for nearly an hour with Brooklyn. Despite steaming side by side with Schley's flagship at a range of about and even with some good shooting, which knocked out a secondary gun aboard Brooklyn, almost none of the Spaniards' nearly 300 shots caused significant damage, and Brooklyn pounded Vizcaya with devastating fire. Subsequent claims by Admiral Cervera and later research by historians have suggested that nearly 85% of the Spanish ammunition at Santiago was utterly useless, defective, or simply filled with sawdust as a cost-saving measure for practice firing. The American ammunition had no such issues of lethality. Vizcaya continued the fight until she was overwhelmed and by the end of the engagement, she had been struck as many as 200 times by the fire from Brooklyn and Texas. Brooklyn had closed to within when she finally delivered an round, which, according to witnesses, may have detonated a torpedo being prepared for launch. A huge explosion ensued, Vizcaya was mortally wounded, and fires raged out of control that burned her reserves of ammunition that were on deck. She hauled down her flag and turned toward the Aserraderos beach to ground herself at 11:15.
Schley signaled Indiana to go back to the harbor entrance, and Iowa was signaled to resume blockading station. Iowa, Ericsson, and aided the crew of the burning Vizcaya. Meanwhile, and Gloucester rescued those of Infanta Maria Teresa and Almirante Oquendo. With flames and ready-to-explode ammunition on deck, the officers and sailors still ran into harm's way to rescue the Spanish crews. These proved to be some of the most valiant actions performed that day.
While Vizcaya was under fire, Cristóbal Colón had drawn ahead. Within a little more than an hour, five of the six ships of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron had been destroyed or forced aground. Only one vessel, the speedy new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón, still survived and steamed as fast as she could for the west and freedom. Though modern in every respect and possibly the fastest ship in either fleet, Cristóbal Colón had one serious problem: she had been only recently purchased from Italy, and her main armament had not yet been installed because of a contractual issue with Armstrong Whitworth. She therefore sailed with empty main turrets but retained her ten secondary battery. That day, speed was her primary defense.
By the time Vizcaya had been beached, Cristóbal Colón was nearly six miles beyond Brooklyn and Oregon. At her best rate of nearly , Cristóbal Colón slowly distanced herself from the pursuing US fleet. Her closest antagonist, USS Brooklyn, had begun the battle with just two of her four engines coupled because of her long stay on the blockade line, and she could manage barely while she was building steam. As Brooklyn ineffectively fired 8-inch rounds at the rapidly-disappearing Cristóbal Colón, there was only one ship in the US fleet with a chance of maintaining the pursuit, Oregon, burning Cardiff coal and New York, doing .
For 65 min, Oregon pursued Cristóbal Colón. which hugged the coast and was unable to turn toward the open sea because Oregon was standing out about from the course of Cristóbal Colón and would have been able to close the gap fatally of Cristóbal Colón had turned to a more southerly course.
Finally, three factors converged to end the chase. Cristóbal Colón had run through her supply of high-quality Cardiff coal and was forced to begin using an inferior grade obtained from Spanish reserves in Cuba. Also, a peninsula jutting out from the coastline would soon force her to turn south, across Oregons path. Finally, on the flagship Brooklyn, Commodore Schley signaled Oregon Captain Charles Edgar Clark to open fire. Despite the immense range still separating Oregon and Cristóbal Colón, the forward turret of Oregon launched a pair of 13-inch shells that bracketed the wake of Cristóbal Colón just astern of the ship.
Vizcaya exploded at 1:20 p.m., Captain Jose de Paredes, declining to see his crew needlessly killed, abruptly turned the Cristóbal Colón toward the mouth of the Turquino River and ordered the scuttle valves opened and the colors struck as she grounded. Captain Cook of Brooklyn went on board to receive the surrender. Oregon was in charge of the wreck of Cristóbal Colón with orders to save her if possible. All of the prisoners were to be transferred to . Despite all efforts, Cristóbal Colón was taken by the sea and sank in shoal water. As the ships of the US fleet pushed through the carnage and rescued as many Spanish survivors as possible, one officer was fished out by sailors of Iowa. The man proved to be Captain Don Antonio Eulate of Vizcaya. He thanked his rescuers and presented his sword to Captain Robley Evans, who handed it back as an act of chivalry.
By the end of the battle, the Spanish fleet had been completely destroyed. The Spanish lost more than 300 killed and 150 wounded out of 2,227 men, or approximately 22% of the fleet. 1,800 officers and men were taken prisoner by the Americans, and roughly 150 returned to Santiago de Cuba. The American fleet lost only one killed and one wounded, the former being Yeoman George Henry Ellis of the Brooklyn. The Spanish ships were devastated by the overwhelming barrage of firepower by the Americans. However, according to historian David Trask, despite the overwhelming victory, only 1–3% of all rounds fired by the Americans found their mark.
Sampson-Schley controversy
The American victory bred controversy in the ranks of the naval officer corps over the question of the commanding officer who deserved credit for the victory. Should it be Sampson, who was in operational command of the fleet, but absent when Cervera's force engaged the Americans, or Schley, who remained in tactical command during Sampson's absence and who saw the fight to a successful close from the bridge of Brooklyn? The controversy between the two officers began almost immediately after the conclusion of the battle.
At the conclusion of the battle, Sampson's flagship New York approached Brooklyn. Schley sent the message by signal flag: "The enemy has surrendered" and "We have gained a great victory." Against common practice at the end of a victorious battle, Sampson did not respond with the expected congratulatory remark, but rather, according to historian Joseph G. Dawson, "the answering signal was terse and seemed needlessly brusque." After the messages were exchanged, more tension grew between the two officers when Schley requested for he and his crew to "have the honor of the surrender of the Cristobal Colon." With disregard to Schley and the other commanding officers, Sampson cabled Secretary Long, "The fleet under my command offers the nation as a Fourth of July present the whole of Cevera’s fleet." He invoked General William T. Sherman's message to President Abraham Lincoln after taking Atlanta in 1864 but made no reference to Schley. A day after the news reached the United States, The New York Times published an article with the headline "Sampson's Fourth of July Victory," which expressed gratitude towards Sampson for his leadership during the battle. In Sampson's hometown of Palmyra, New York, a respectful 100 shots were fired for his victory. Following the newspaper headlines were interviews and telegraphs from Sampson's wife, sister, and two sons. Each message displayed praise and congratulations for his accomplishments in the battle.
Less than two weeks before Sampson's battle report was due, reporters sensed that there was tension between the two officers. On July 5, Kentucky Representative Albert S. Berry went on record in favor of Schley by declaring, "Schley is the real hero of the incident. Sampson commands the fleet in those waters, but it was Commodore Schley in command when Cervera and his fleet made the plucky attempt at escape and it was under Schley that every one of that Spanish fleet met its destruction." Berry still did not impugn Sampson but believed that Schley deserved much of the credit for the American victory. The next day, a news report from the Baltimore American declared that "Schley [was] the real hero."
The controversy quickly became a public spectacle inflamed by journalistic sensationalism, popular interest in the recent war, and in the war's celebration of military heroism. On August 9, 1898, the Springfield Republic claimed the controversy to be largely a product of writers determined "to get a brilliant hero out of the Santiago battle at any cost." Many journalists felt that Sampson's "careful, thorough and comprehensive leadership" did not fit the mold of the brash American hero in the era of Rooseveltian masculinity. Just as early motion picture-makers such as Thomas Edison made films celebrating Schley's leadership at Santiago, journalists by and large placed Schley on a pedestal for winning the battle because he was the man standing on the bridge who led the fleet towards the enemy and victory in combat.
The controversy also sharply divided the Navy's officer corps. Alfred Thayer Mahan, author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History: 1660–1783, threw his considerable influence behind Sampson. He argued that it did not matter who was in command during the battle because the "stringent methods laid down" by Sampson brought about the ultimate victory. In Mahan's eyes, the press and the public were robbing Sampson of the credit that he deserved since it was through his overall command that Schley had the means to defeat the enemy.
Within the Navy, the controversy sharpened when Long proposed promotions for the two officers. Prior to the war, both men had held the rank of captain, and both men were promoted to rear admiral to reflect their wartime commands. After the war, Long proposed for both officers to be promoted to vice admiral. Sampson had ranked number ten in the Naval Register and Schley ranked number eight. Upon promotion, Sampson would be moved eight numbers up and Schley only six and would rank Sampson higher in the register than Schley. Alexander McClure, editor of the Philadelphia Times, warned President McKinley that the promotion of Sampson over Schley would be a "great injustice" in the eyes of the public. His warning was ignored, and the promotion of Sampson over Schley became permanent on March 3, 1899.
Shortly thereafter, The New York Sun published an article that quoted Brooklyns navigator, Lieutenant Commander Albon C. Hodgson, as saying that Schley gave orders to turn "hard aport" when first met by the Spanish fleet. That turn, in which Brooklyn had nearly collided with the battleship Texas, was a key critique of Schley's antagonist that Sampson and his supporters had been using to construct an argument of cowardice against Schley. Hodgson asked if he meant to starboard, and Schley replied "no." According to that testimony, Schley apparently said "damn the Texas; let her look out for herself!" Schley, denying any such remark, requested for Hodgson to write a formal statement retracting his accusations. He pointed out that such a statement would damage the reputation of not only Schley but also Hodgson. The latter complied and retracted his statement but requested Schley to write a statement explaining why he retracted his claim. Schley did not answer that request.
Long grew increasingly frustrated by the issue and its detrimental effects within the service. In November 1899, he ordered all officers to refrain from discussing the matter in public. However, debate continued in private, and those against Schley "were determined to destroy his reputation through a court of inquiry" that would investigate Schley's actions and ultimately give credit to the appropriate officer. Schley had nothing to gain from a court of inquiry but was forced to seek a hearing on his own accord in order to clear his name. Outraged by the publication of Edgar S. Maclay's History of the United States Navy, which Schley supporters deemed slanderous to the admiral's reputation, Schley sought and received the court of inquiry.
A court of inquiry opened on September 12, 1901 at the Washington Navy Yard to investigate 24 charges against Schley from his search for Cervera off Cienfuegos to the conclusion of the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. Contrary to public opinion, the court concluded after 40 days of deliberations closely followed by the public and the press that Schley did not "project the right image of a naval officer" because of his failure to act "decisively between his departure from Key West to the time of the battle." In the court's findings, Schley was criticized for his route to the battle and for possibly endangering the Texas. It also referenced the "injustice to Lt. Cmdr. Hodgson when he published only a portion of the correspondence that passed between the officers about the matter." Admiral George Dewey, president of the court of inquiry and a so-called supporter of Schley, offered a dissenting opinion.
Disappointed with the court's conclusions, Schley appealed his case to President Theodore Roosevelt. The president called for an end to all public disputes. Tensions died down temporarily, but arose after the publication of Long's personal memoir in which the former secretary of the navy credited Sampson fully and believed that Schley contributed little to the battle's outcome. Sampson died in 1902 and Schley in 1911, but the controversy left an internecine struggle within the Navy that in some ways tarnished its image after what had otherwise seemed a glorious naval victory.
Aftermath
The end of the Spanish–American War was in many ways a new beginning for the US Navy and marked a watershed moment in American and Spanish history. The defeat of the Spanish Navy gave the US nearly uncontested control of the seas surrounding Cuba. With resupply of the Spanish garrison nearly impossible, Spain ultimately sued for peace and surrendered in August, and the war was over. Some of the terms of surrender were as follows:
3. Que los Estados Unidos convienen en transportar todas las fuerzas españolas en dicho territorio al Reino de España con la menor demora posible… [That the United States agrees to carry all Spanish forces in that territory to the Kingdom of Spain with the least possible delay...]
5. Las autoridades españoles convienen en quitar, o ayudar a que sean quitadas por la Marina americana, todas las minas y demás entorpecimientos a la navegación que existen ahora en la bahía de Santiago de Cuba y su entrada. [The Spanish authorities agree to remove or help to remove with the American Navy, all mines or other obstructions to navigation that now exist in the Bay of Santiago de Cuba and its entrance.]
9. Que las fuerzas españolas saldrán de Santiago de Cuba con honores de guerra, depositando después sus armas en un lugar mutuamente convenido... [That the Spanish forces will leave Santiago de Cuba with the honors of war, afterwards depositing their weapons in a mutually agreed-upon place...]
The terms, upon which both sides came to an agreement during the 1898 Treaty of Paris (1898) negotiations, decided the fate of the remaining Spanish troops, vessels, and the matter of Cuba's sovereignty. Spanish prisoners-of-war who were not wounded were sent to Seavey's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, where they were confined at Camp Long from July to September 1898. The Americans treated Spain's officers, soldiers, and sailors with great respect. Ultimately, Spanish prisoners were returned to Spain with their "honors of war" on American ships.
The battle was the end of any noteworthy Spanish naval presence in the New World. It forced Spain to reassess its strategy in Cuba and resulted in an ever-tightening blockade of the island. Fighting continued until August. When the Treaty of Paris was signed, all surviving Spanish capital ships were now husbanded to defend their homeland and left only isolated units of auxiliary vessels to defend the coast. Uncontested US control of the seas around Cuba made resupply of the Spanish garrison impossible and its surrender inevitable. Admiral Cervera received different treatment from the sailors taken to Portsmouth. For a time, he was held at Annapolis, Maryland, where he was received with great enthusiasm by the people of that city. The Battle of Santiago de Cuba brought Cervera peace of mind that he had fulfilled an officer's duties and that his fleet had upheld Spanish honor. His bravery in the face of the enemy's superiority garnered respect from Spanish and American sailors and officers alike. The Spanish prisoners-of-war were released upon the signing of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, and the remaining Spanish forces left Cuba. Civil order was left to the military government that the United States established. The US Army under the overall administration of General Leonard Wood governed the island for some time afterwards and, with help, removed many of the mines that had been laid in the bay.
In the imperial vacuum left by Spain's New World empire, the United States now exerted considerable influence both in annexing formal territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines and in subsequent American military interventions throughout the Caribbean over the next half-century.
The late 19th century was a transitional period for the US Navy and for the growth of American power. The war and the conquest of territory seemed to validate American navalism and tipped the scale of US naval policy towards the full embrace of Mahanian sea power. The Spanish–American War and subsequent interventions in Latin America known collectively as the Banana Wars were indicative of American commitment to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by the Roosevelt Corollary, which committed the United States, through the Navy and Marine Corps particularly, to be an international police force in the Western Hemisphere.
Imperialist sentiments followed the victory of the US Navy and the newfound celebrity status of some of its commanders. Part of the impetus for new territorial expansion was the need for foreign naval bases and the need for a larger navy to take and maintain control of such bases. The Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and others had become locations for US overseas naval bases and coaling stations, but native resistance remained high. The resistance in the Philippines developed into a colonial war between local guerrillas and US forces under Major General Elwell S. Otis, who was appointed military governor of the Philippines after the Spanish–American War. The territorial conflict was ironic because the roles of the Spanish–American War were now reversed. The US had fought to free Cuba from Spain's colonial power but now aimed to colonize the Philippines. Ultimately, the Spanish–American War brought to light deeply rooted conflicts between the principles of democracy and the urges of the buffing American imperialism.
Two of the Spanish ships, Infanta Maria Teresa and Cristóbal Colón, were later re-floated and taken over by the US. Both eventually foundered and were lost. , abandoned in Santiago Bay because of engine troubles, was an unprotected cruiser captured by the US Navy and used as a receiving ship until 1957 as .
All of the various flags, warship pennants, national combat flags, the royal standard, admirals' flags, and so on retrieved from the Spanish ships in the days following the battle are part of the United States Navy Trophy Flag Collection at the U.S. Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis, Maryland. The collection was given to the care of the US Naval Academy by an act of Congress in 1949.
In 1998, in recognition of the hundredth anniversary of the battle and the Spanish–American War, the US Secretary of the Navy authorized the return of the National Combat Flag from the Spanish flagship Infanta Maria Teresa to the Spanish Navy via their Chief of Staff, who was to meet with the US Navy Chief of Naval Operations in Newport, Rhode Island. However, the return of the flag was aborted when the curator of the Naval Academy Museum, citing the congressional language from 1949, refused to surrender the banner.
Notes
References
Azoy, A.C.M. Signal 250! The Sea Fight Off Santiago. New York: David McKay Company, Inc, 1964.
Bradford, James C. Crucible of Empire: The Spanish–American War & Its Aftermath. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1993.
Feuer, A. B. The Spanish–American War at Sea: Naval Action in the Atlantic. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1995.
Goldstein, Donald M., Katherine V. Dillon, J. Michael Wenger, and Robert J. Cressman: The Spanish–American War: The Story and Photographs. Brassey's 2001, , p. 121–136 ()
Graham, George Edward and Winfield Scott Schley. Schley and Santiago; an Historical Account of the Blockade and Final Destruction of the Spanish Fleet under Command of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, July 3, 1898. Chicago: W.B. Conkey, 1902.
Hobson, Richmond Pearson. The Sinking of the Merrimac. New York: Century, 1899.
LaFeber, Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967.
Rentfrow, James C. Home Squadron: The U.S. Navy on the North Atlantic Station. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2014.
Spector, Ronald H. Admiral of the New Empire: The Life and Career of George Dewey. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974.
Sweetman, Jack. Great American Naval Battles. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1998.
Tejeiro, José Müller Y. Combates Y Capitulación De Santiago De Cuba. Madrid: F. Marqués, 1898.
Titherington, Richard H. A History of the Spanish–American War of 1898. New York: D. Appleton, 1900
Wright, General Marcus. Leslie’s Official History of the Spanish–American War. Washington, D.C. War Records Office, 1900.
External links
Spanish–American War Centennial
Naval Battle at Santiago Harbor
Edison Film Sampson-Schley Controversy Tea Party
Edison Film Sampson-Schley Controversy Battle of Santiago
Santiago de Cuba
Battles involving Cuba
Battle of Santiago de Cuba
Battle of Santiago de Cuba
Conflicts in 1898
Battle of Santiago de Cuba |
Gornja Dubica is a village in the municipality of Odžak, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was 918.
References
Populated places in Odžak |
Virginia Jetzt! was a German Indie-Pop band founded in the small town of Elsterwerda in Brandenburg in 1999; the quartet dissolved in October 2010.
The band has released four albums so far, their 2003 debut album Wer hat Angst vor Virginia Jetzt? — a reference to the Edward Albee play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? — followed by Anfänger (English: Beginner) in 2004, Land Unter (English: Land Under) in 2007, and "Blühende Landschaften" (English: "Blooming Landscapes") in 2009.
Anfänger spawned three single releases; "Ein ganzer Sommer" (German Charts # 28, 2004), "Das ganz normale Leben" (# 72, 2004) and "Wahre Liebe" (# 49, 2005).
In 2005, the band represented Brandenburg in the Bundesvision Song Contest 2005, with the song "Wahre Liebe", placing 8th with 54 points.
January 2007 saw the band release their album Land Unter, containing the singles "Bitte bleib nicht, wenn du gehst"(German Charts # 54, 2006) (English: "Please don't stay, if you leave") and "Mehr als das" (# 75, 2007) (English: "More than that").
Discography
Virginia jetzt! (2000)
Pophymnen (2001)
Wer hat Angst vor Virginia Jetzt! (2003)
Anfänger (2004)
Anfänger Tour Edition (2005)
Land Unter (2007)
Blühende Landschaften (2009)
References
External links
Official Website
German musical groups
Participants in the Bundesvision Song Contest
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Germany |
The 2026 AFC U-23 Asian Cup will be the seventh edition of the AFC U-23 Asian Cup, formerly known as the AFC U-23 Championship. This championship is held biennially and is organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for the under-23 national football teams of Asia.
Host selection
Saudi Arabia has been selected as the host for this competition by the Asian Football Confederation Competitions Committee.
Qualification
Qualification matches will be played in late 2025.
Qualified teams
References
External links
, the-AFC.com
2026
2026 in Saudi Arabian sport
U-23 Asian Cup
2026 in youth association football
2020s in Asian sport
Scheduled association football competitions
International association football competitions hosted by Saudi Arabia |
The 1988–89 New York Rangers season was the franchise's 63rd season. The team returned to the playoffs for the 11th time in 12 seasons. A major storyline of the season was Guy Lafleur's comeback from retirement.
Regular season
Guy Lafleur
After being inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, Guy Lafleur returned to the NHL during the 1988–89 season with the New York Rangers. Lafleur remained one of the few players that did not wear protective helmets due to the Grandfather clause. A highlight of Lafleur's season was the opportunity to be on the same team with Marcel Dionne. During his first game back in the Montreal Forum, he scored twice against Patrick Roy during the Rangers' 7–5 loss to the Canadiens. Although his high-scoring days were well behind him, his stint with the Rangers was moderately successful and he helped the team to first place in the Patrick Division until being knocked out by a knee injury. The Rangers would finish the season in third place.
Season standings
Schedule and results
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 1 || 6 || @ Chicago Blackhawks || 2 - 2 OT || 0-0-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2 || 8 || @ St. Louis Blues || 4 - 2 || 1-0-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 3 || 10 || New Jersey Devils || 5 - 0 || 1-1-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 4 || 12 || Hartford Whalers || 4 - 3 || 1-2-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 5 || 16 || Vancouver Canucks || 3 - 2 || 2-2-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 6 || 19 || Washington Capitals || 5 - 1 || 3-2-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 7 || 21 || @ Washington Capitals || 4 - 1 || 4-2-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 8 || 23 || Quebec Nordiques || 8 - 2 || 5-2-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 9 || 26 || Philadelphia Flyers || 4 - 3 || 6-2-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 10 || 29 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 6 - 5 || 7-2-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 11 || 30 || Pittsburgh Penguins || 9 - 2 || 8-2-1
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 12 || 2 || @ Buffalo Sabres || 6 - 4 || 8-3-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 13 || 6 || @ New Jersey Devils || 6 - 5 || 8-4-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 14 || 8 || @ New York Islanders || 4 - 3 || 8-5-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 15 || 9 || Philadelphia Flyers || 5 - 3 || 9-5-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 16 || 11 || Boston Bruins || 4 - 4 OT || 9-5-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 17 || 13 || Detroit Red Wings || 5 - 3 || 9-6-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 18 || 15 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 3 - 3 OT || 9-6-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 19 || 17 || @ Los Angeles Kings || 6 - 5 || 10-6-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 20 || 19 || @ Minnesota North Stars || 4 - 1 || 11-6-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 21 || 21 || Montreal Canadiens || 4 - 2 || 11-7-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 22 || 23 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 8 - 2 || 11-8-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 23 || 26 || @ New York Islanders || 6 - 4 || 12-8-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 24 || 27 || New York Islanders || 5 - 3 || 13-8-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 25 || 29 || @ Winnipeg Jets || 4 - 3 || 14-8-3
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 26 || 1 || @ Calgary Flames || 6 - 3 || 14-9-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 27 || 4 || @ Edmonton Oilers || 10 - 6 || 14-10-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 28 || 6 || @ Vancouver Canucks || 5 - 3 || 15-10-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 29 || 8 || @ Hartford Whalers || 5 - 4 || 15-11-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 30 || 10 || @ Boston Bruins || 1 - 1 OT || 15-11-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 31 || 12 || Los Angeles Kings || 5 - 2 || 15-12-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 32 || 14 || New York Islanders || 2 - 1 || 16-12-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 33 || 17 || @ Montreal Canadiens || 6 - 3 || 16-13-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 34 || 19 || Washington Capitals || 3 - 1 || 17-13-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 35 || 21 || Buffalo Sabres || 5 - 2 || 17-14-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 36 || 23 || @ Washington Capitals || 2 - 2 OT || 17-14-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 37 || 26 || New Jersey Devils || 5 - 1 || 18-14-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 38 || 27 || @ New Jersey Devils || 7 - 5 || 19-14-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 39 || 31 || Chicago Blackhawks || 4 - 1 || 20-14-5
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 40 || 2 || Hartford Whalers || 5 - 4 || 21-14-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 41 || 4 || Washington Capitals || 3 - 3 OT || 21-14-6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 42 || 7 || @ New York Islanders || 5 - 1 || 22-14-6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 43 || 9 || New Jersey Devils || 5 - 4 || 22-15-6
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 44 || 14 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 4 - 4 OT || 22-15-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 45 || 15 || Pittsburgh Penguins || 6 - 4 || 23-15-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 46 || 18 || @ Chicago Blackhawks || 6 - 4 || 24-15-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 47 || 19 || @ St. Louis Blues || 5 - 0 || 25-15-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 48 || 21 || @ Vancouver Canucks || 5 - 4 OT || 26-15-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 49 || 23 || @ Edmonton Oilers || 3 - 2 || 27-15-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 50 || 26 || @ Calgary Flames || 5 - 3 || 27-16-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="white"
| 51 || 28 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs || 1 - 1 OT || 27-16-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 52 || 30 || New York Islanders || 7 - 3 || 28-16-8
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 53 || 1 || Washington Capitals || 4 - 3 OT || 28-17-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 54 || 4 || @ Montreal Canadiens || 7 - 5 || 28-18-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 55 || 5 || Minnesota North Stars || 5 - 3 || 28-19-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 56 || 9 || Winnipeg Jets || 4 - 3 || 29-19-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 57 || 12 || Edmonton Oilers || 3 - 1 || 29-20-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 58 || 14 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 3 - 1 || 29-21-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 59 || 17 || Toronto Maple Leafs || 10 - 6 || 29-22-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 60 || 18 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 5 - 3 || 30-22-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 61 || 20 || New Jersey Devils || 7 - 4 || 31-22-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 62 || 22 || Philadelphia Flyers || 6 - 4 || 31-23-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 63 || 25 || @ Quebec Nordiques || 7 - 2 || 32-23-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 64 || 27 || Los Angeles Kings || 6 - 4 || 33-23-8
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 65 || 1 || Toronto Maple Leafs || 7 - 4 || 34-23-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 66 || 3 || @ New Jersey Devils || 6 - 3 || 34-24-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 67 || 5 || Boston Bruins || 5 - 0 || 34-25-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 68 || 8 || Buffalo Sabres || 2 - 0 || 34-26-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 69 || 9 || @ Detroit Red Wings || 3 - 2 || 34-27-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 70 || 11 || @ Washington Capitals || 4 - 2 || 34-28-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 71 || 13 || Calgary Flames || 4 - 3 || 35-28-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 72 || 15 || Winnipeg Jets || 6 - 3 || 35-29-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 73 || 18 || @ Quebec Nordiques || 8 - 3 || 35-30-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 74 || 20 || St. Louis Blues || 7 - 4 || 36-30-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 75 || 22 || Minnesota North Stars || 3 - 1 || 37-30-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 76 || 25 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 6 - 1 || 37-31-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 77 || 26 || Pittsburgh Penguins || 6 - 4 || 37-32-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 78 || 29 || @ Detroit Red Wings || 4 - 3 || 37-33-8
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 79 || 1 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 5 - 2 || 37-34-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 80 || 2 || New York Islanders || 6 - 4 || 37-35-8
|-
Playoffs
Key: Win Loss
Player statistics
Skaters
Goaltenders
†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Rangers. Stats reflect time with Rangers only.
‡Traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with Rangers only.
Draft picks
New York's picks at the 1988 NHL Entry Draft in Montreal, Quebec, Canada at the Montreal Forum.
Supplemental Draft
New York's picks at the 1988 NHL Supplemental Draft.
Awards and records
Brian Leetch, Calder Memorial Trophy
Brian Leetch, Most Goals by a Rookie Defenseman in One Season (23)
Most goals by rookie, season - Tony Granato (1988–89) - 36
References
External links
Rangers on Hockey Database
New York Rangers seasons
New York Rangers
New York Rangers
New York Rangers
New York Rangers
1980s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden |
Mohd Hayati bin Othman (born 12 June 1957) is a Malaysian politician and is the member of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly for Tokai. He was a member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Pendang constituency in Kedah from 2004 to 2013, as a member of the opposition Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).
Hayati was elected to the Pendang seat in the 2004 election with a 50-vote margin. Two years earlier, he had been defeated in a by-election for the seat occasioned by the death of PAS's leader Fadzil Noor. The 2004 victory was a rare win for PAS in an election where it lost 20 of its 27 seats. Hayati then increased his majority in the 2008 election. He had contested the seat in a by-election in 2002, but was defeated by Othman Abdul of the United Malay National Organisation. He was replaced as the PAS candidate for Pendang ahead of the 2013 election, to make way for the party's deputy president Mat Sabu, and the party lost the seat to the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).
In January 2010, Mohd Hayati was conferred the honorific title of Datuk by Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah.
Election results
Kedah State Legislative Assembly
Honours
:
Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah (DSDK) – Dato' (2010)
References
Malaysian medical doctors
Living people
1957 births
Kedah politicians
Malaysian Islamic Party politicians
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly
Kedah state executive councillors |
Lašče () is a small settlement in the hills south of Borovnica in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. It no longer has any permanent residents.
References
External links
Lašče on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Borovnica |
Mary Maurice (November 15, 1844 – April 30, 1918) was an American actress who appeared in 139 films between 1909 and 1918.
Biography
Maurice was born on November 15, 1844, in Morristown, Ohio. Originally a schoolteacher, during her long stage career, she appeared in support of Edwin Booth, Lawrence Barrett, Joseph Jefferson, and Helena Modjeska; her last engagement was with Robert B. Mantell. She did not mind admitting that she was past sixty, but she had the heart of youth and was the best-loved of screen mothers. In a 1914 interview, she reflected on the great technological change ushered in by motion pictures, saying that it "[seemed] to be the most wonderful thing in the world that I, at my age, should be at the vanguard of my profession." She played in both The Goddess and The Battle Cry of Peace.
She, Russell Bassett, Sarah Bernhardt, W. Chrystie Miller, Ruby Lafayette, Kate Meek (b. 1838), the veteran character actor Matt B. Snyder and Harold Lloyd regular Anna Townsend were the eight oldest people working in film during the 1910s. She stayed with Vitagraph as a "mother lady".
She died April 30, 1918, in Port Carbon, Pennsylvania at the age of 73.
Selected filmography
The Cross-Roads (1912)
One Can't Always Tell (1913)
The Battle Cry of Peace (1915)
The Man Who Couldn't Beat God (1915)
The Mainspring (1916)
The Price of Fame (1916)
Whom the Gods Destroy (1916)
Black Friday (1916)
Womanhood, the Glory of the Nation (1917)
Over the Top (1918)
The Woman Between Friends (1918)
References
External links
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
1844 births
1918 deaths
20th-century American actresses |
Margarita Gasparyan and Andrea Hlaváčková were the defending champions, but Gasparyan chose not to participate this year and Hlaváčková chose to compete in Rabat instead.
Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Květa Peschke won the title, defeating Lucie Hradecká and Kateřina Siniaková in the final, 6–4, 7–6(7–3).
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
Main draw
Doubles |
```python
# mypy: allow-untyped-defs
from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Tuple
import torch
import torch.distributed as dist
__all__ = [
"allreduce_hook",
"fp16_compress_hook",
"bf16_compress_hook",
"fp16_compress_wrapper",
"bf16_compress_wrapper",
]
def _allreduce_fut(
process_group: dist.ProcessGroup, tensor: torch.Tensor
) -> torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]:
"""Average the input gradient tensor by allreduce and returns a future."""
group_to_use = process_group if process_group is not None else dist.group.WORLD
# Apply the division first to avoid overflow, especially for FP16.
tensor.div_(group_to_use.size())
return (
dist.all_reduce(tensor, group=group_to_use, async_op=True)
.get_future()
.then(lambda fut: fut.value()[0])
)
def allreduce_hook(
process_group: dist.ProcessGroup, bucket: dist.GradBucket
) -> torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]:
"""
Call ``allreduce`` using ``GradBucket`` tensors.
Once gradient tensors are aggregated across all workers, its ``then``
callback takes the mean and returns the result.
If user registers this DDP communication hook,
DDP results is expected to be same as the case where no hook was registered.
Hence, this won't change behavior of DDP and user can use this as a reference
or modify this hook to log useful information or any other purposes while
unaffecting DDP behavior.
Example::
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> ddp_model.register_comm_hook(process_group, allreduce_hook)
"""
return _allreduce_fut(process_group, bucket.buffer())
def fp16_compress_hook(
process_group: dist.ProcessGroup,
bucket: dist.GradBucket,
) -> torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]:
"""
Compress by casting ``GradBucket`` to ``torch.float16`` divided by process group size.
This DDP communication hook implements a simple gradient compression
approach that casts ``GradBucket`` tensor to half-precision floating-point format (``torch.float16``)
and then divides it by the process group size.
It allreduces those ``float16`` gradient tensors. Once compressed gradient
tensors are allreduced, the chained callback ``decompress`` casts it back to the input data type (such as ``float32``).
Example::
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> ddp_model.register_comm_hook(process_group, fp16_compress_hook)
"""
group_to_use = process_group if process_group is not None else dist.group.WORLD
world_size = group_to_use.size()
buffer = (
cast(Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], bucket)[0]
if isinstance(bucket, tuple)
else bucket.buffer()
)
compressed_tensor = buffer.to(torch.float16).div_(world_size)
def decompress(fut):
decompressed_tensor = buffer
# Decompress in place to reduce the peak memory.
# See: path_to_url
value = fut if isinstance(fut, torch.Tensor) else fut.value()[0]
decompressed_tensor.copy_(value)
return decompressed_tensor
if torch._utils.is_compiling():
grad = dist._functional_collectives.all_reduce(
compressed_tensor, "sum", group_to_use
)
return decompress(grad)
else:
fut = dist.all_reduce(
compressed_tensor, group=group_to_use, async_op=True
).get_future()
return fut.then(decompress)
# TODO: create an internal helper function and extract the duplicate code in FP16_compress and BF16_compress.
def bf16_compress_hook(
process_group: dist.ProcessGroup,
bucket: dist.GradBucket,
) -> torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]:
"""
Warning: This API is experimental, and it requires NCCL version later than 2.9.6.
This DDP communication hook implements a simple gradient compression
approach that casts ``GradBucket`` tensor to half-precision
`Brain floating point format <path_to_url`_ (``torch.bfloat16``)
and then divides it by the process group size.
It allreduces those ``bfloat16`` gradient tensors. Once compressed gradient
tensors are allreduced, the chained callback ``decompress`` casts it back to the input data type (such as ``float32``).
Example::
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> ddp_model.register_comm_hook(process_group, bf16_compress_hook)
"""
group_to_use = process_group if process_group is not None else dist.group.WORLD
world_size = group_to_use.size()
buffer = (
cast(Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...], bucket)[0]
if isinstance(bucket, tuple)
else bucket.buffer()
)
compressed_tensor = buffer.to(torch.bfloat16).div_(world_size)
def decompress(fut):
decompressed_tensor = buffer
# Decompress in place to reduce the peak memory.
# See: path_to_url
value = fut if isinstance(fut, torch.Tensor) else fut.value()[0]
decompressed_tensor.copy_(value)
return decompressed_tensor
if torch._utils.is_compiling():
grad = dist._functional_collectives.all_reduce(
compressed_tensor, "sum", group_to_use
)
return decompress(grad)
else:
fut = dist.all_reduce(
compressed_tensor, group=group_to_use, async_op=True
).get_future()
return fut.then(decompress)
def fp16_compress_wrapper(
hook: Callable[[Any, dist.GradBucket], torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]]
) -> Callable[[Any, dist.GradBucket], torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]]:
"""
Cast input tensor to ``torch.float16``, cast result of hook back to input dtype.
This wrapper casts the input gradient tensor of a given DDP communication hook to half-precision
floating point format (``torch.float16``), and casts the resulting tensor of the given hook back to
the input data type, such as ``float32``.
Therefore, ``fp16_compress_hook`` is equivalent to ``fp16_compress_wrapper(allreduce_hook)``.
Example::
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> state = PowerSGDState(process_group=process_group, matrix_approximation_rank=1, start_powerSGD_iter=10)
>>> ddp_model.register_comm_hook(state, fp16_compress_wrapper(powerSGD_hook))
"""
def fp16_compress_wrapper_hook(
hook_state, bucket: dist.GradBucket
) -> torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]:
# Cast bucket tensor to FP16.
bucket.set_buffer(bucket.buffer().to(torch.float16))
fut = hook(hook_state, bucket)
def decompress(fut):
decompressed_tensor = bucket.buffer()
# Decompress in place to reduce the peak memory.
# See: path_to_url
decompressed_tensor.copy_(fut.value())
return decompressed_tensor
# Decompress after hook has run.
return fut.then(decompress)
return fp16_compress_wrapper_hook
def bf16_compress_wrapper(
hook: Callable[[Any, dist.GradBucket], torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]]
) -> Callable[[Any, dist.GradBucket], torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]]:
"""
Warning: This API is experimental, and it requires NCCL version later than 2.9.6.
This wrapper casts the input gradient tensor of a given DDP communication hook to half-precision
`Brain floating point format <path_to_url `_ (``torch.bfloat16``),
and casts the resulting tensor of the given hook back to the input data type, such as ``float32``.
Therefore, ``bf16_compress_hook`` is equivalent to ``bf16_compress_wrapper(allreduce_hook)``.
Example::
>>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
>>> state = PowerSGDState(process_group=process_group, matrix_approximation_rank=1, start_powerSGD_iter=10)
>>> ddp_model.register_comm_hook(state, bf16_compress_wrapper(powerSGD_hook))
"""
def bf16_compress_wrapper_hook(
hook_state, bucket: dist.GradBucket
) -> torch.futures.Future[torch.Tensor]:
# Cast bucket tensor to BF16.
bucket.set_buffer(bucket.buffer().to(torch.bfloat16))
fut = hook(hook_state, bucket)
def decompress(fut):
decompressed_tensor = bucket.buffer()
# Decompress in place to reduce the peak memory.
# See: path_to_url
decompressed_tensor.copy_(fut.value())
return decompressed_tensor
# Decompress after hook has run.
return fut.then(decompress)
return bf16_compress_wrapper_hook
``` |
John Vincent Griffith (born December 24, 1947) is an American academic administrator that served as the 16th president of Presbyterian College in Clinton, South Carolina. He previously served as the president of Lyon College in Batesville, Arkansas.
References
1947 births
American academic administrators
Dickinson College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Presbyterian College faculty
Presidents of Presbyterian College
Living people |
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