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necrosis : accidental death of cells and tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
nervous tissue : type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
neuroglia : supportive neural cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
neuron : excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
oligodendrocyte : neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
parenchyma : functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
primary union : condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
pseudostratified columnar epithelium : tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
reticular fiber : fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting ânetsâ within connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
reticular lamina : matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
reticular tissue : type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
Schwann cell : neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
secondary union : wound healing facilitated by wound contraction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
serous gland : group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
serous membrane : type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
simple columnar epithelium : tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
simple cuboidal epithelium : tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
simple squamous epithelium : tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
skeletal muscle : usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
smooth muscle : under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
stratified columnar epithelium : tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
stratified cuboidal epithelium : tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
stratified squamous epithelium : tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
striation : alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
supportive connective tissue : type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
synovial membrane : connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
tight junction : forms an impermeable barrier between cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
tissue : group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
tissue membrane : thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
totipotent : embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
transitional epithelium : form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
vasodilation : widening of blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
wound contraction : process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/4-key-terms |
The skin is composed of two major layers: a superficial epidermis and a deeper dermis. The epidermis consists of several layers beginning with the innermost (deepest) stratum basale (germinatum), followed by the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (when present), and ending with the outermost layer, t... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-chapter-review |
The dermis connects the epidermis to the hypodermis, and provides strength and elasticity due to the presence of collagen and elastin fibers. It has only two layers: the papillary layer with papillae that extend into the epidermis and the lower, reticular layer composed of loose connective tissue. The hypodermis, deep ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-chapter-review |
Accessory structures of the skin include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Hair is made of dead keratinized cells, and gets its color from melanin pigments. Nails, also made of dead keratinized cells, protect the extremities of our fingers and toes from mechanical damage. Sweat glands and sebaceous gland... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-chapter-review |
The skin plays important roles in protection, sensing stimuli, thermoregulation, and vitamin D synthesis. It is the first layer of defense to prevent dehydration, infection, and injury to the rest of the body. Sweat glands in the skin allow the skin surface to cool when the body gets overheated. Thermoregulation is als... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-chapter-review |
Skin cancer is a result of damage to the DNA of skin cells, often due to excessive exposure to UV radiation. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are highly curable, and arise from cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum, respectively. Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer, affecting m... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-chapter-review |
Bedsores and stretch marks are the result of excessive pressure on the skin and underlying tissue. Bedsores are characterized by necrosis of tissue due to immobility, whereas stretch marks result from rapid growth. Eczema is an allergic reaction that manifests as a rash, and acne results from clogged sebaceous glands. ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-chapter-review |
acne : skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
albinism : genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
anagen : active phase of the hair growth cycle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
apocrine sweat gland : type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
arrector pili : smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair âstand upâ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
basal cell : type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
basal cell carcinoma : cancer that originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
bedsore : sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply; also called decubitis ulcers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
callus : thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
catagen : transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
corn : type of callus that is named for its shape and the elliptical motion of the abrasive force | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
cortex : in hair, the second or middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
cuticle : in hair, the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
dermal papilla : (plural = dermal papillae) extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
dermis : layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
desmosome : structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
eccrine sweat gland : type of sweat gland that is common throughout the skin surface; it produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
eczema : skin condition due to an allergic reaction, which resembles a rash | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
elastin fibers : fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
eleiden : clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
epidermis : outermost tissue layer of the skin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
eponychium : nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body, also called the cuticle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
external root sheath : outer layer of the hair follicle that is an extension of the epidermis, which encloses the hair root | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
first-degree burn : superficial burn that injures only the epidermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
fourth-degree burn : burn in which full thickness of the skin and underlying muscle and bone is damaged | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
glassy membrane : the basement membrane that is found between the epithelium of the external root sheath and the connective tissue sheath | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hair : keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hair bulb : structure at the base of the hair root that surrounds the dermal papilla | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hair follicle : cavity or sac from which hair originates | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hair matrix : layer of basal cells from which a strand of hair grows | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hair papilla : mass of connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings at the base of the hair follicle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hair root : part of hair that is below the epidermis anchored to the follicle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hair shaft : part of hair that is above the epidermis but is not anchored to the follicle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hypodermis : connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
hyponychium : thickened layer of stratum corneum that lies below the free edge of the nail | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
integumentary system : skin and its accessory structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
internal root sheath : innermost layer of keratinocytes in the hair follicle that surround the hair root up to the hair shaft | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
keloid : type of scar that has layers raised above the skin surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
keratin : type of structural protein that gives skin, hair, and nails its hard, water-resistant properties | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
keratinocyte : cell that produces keratin and is the most predominant type of cell found in the epidermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
keratohyalin : granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
Langerhans cell : specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
lunula : basal part of the nail body that consists of a crescent-shaped layer of thick epithelium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
medulla : in hair, the innermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
Meissner corpuscle : (also, tactile corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to light touch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
melanin : pigment that determines the color of hair and skin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
melanocyte : cell found in the stratum basale of the epidermis that produces the pigment melanin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
melanoma : type of skin cancer that originates from the melanocytes of the skin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
melanosome : intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
Merkel cell : receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
metastasis : spread of cancer cells from a source to other parts of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
nail bed : layer of epidermis upon which the nail body forms | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
nail body : main keratinous plate that forms the nail | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
nail cuticle : fold of epithelium that extends over the nail bed, also called the eponychium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
nail fold : fold of epithelium at that extend over the sides of the nail body, holding it in place | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
nail root : part of the nail that is lodged deep in the epidermis from which the nail grows | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
Pacinian corpuscle : (also, lamellated corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to vibration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
papillary layer : superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
reticular layer : deeper layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundant collagen and elastin fibers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
rickets : disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency, which leads to the weakening of bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
scar : collagen-rich skin formed after the process of wound healing that is different from normal skin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
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