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sebaceous gland : type of oil gland found in the dermis all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair by secreting sebum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
sebum : oily substance that is composed of a mixture of lipids that lubricates the skin and hair | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
second-degree burn : partial-thickness burn that injures the epidermis and a portion of the dermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
squamous cell carcinoma : type of skin cancer that originates from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
stratum basale : deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
stratum corneum : most superficial layer of the epidermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
stratum granulosum : layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
stratum lucidum : layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin covering the palms, soles of the feet, and digits | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
stratum spinosum : layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale, characterized by the presence of desmosomes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
stretch mark : mark formed on the skin due to a sudden growth spurt and expansion of the dermis beyond its elastic limits | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
sudoriferous gland : sweat gland | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
telogen : resting phase of the hair growth cycle initiated with catagen and terminated by the beginning of a new anagen phase of hair growth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
third-degree burn : burn that penetrates and destroys the full thickness of the skin (epidermis and dermis) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
vitamin D : compound that aids absorption of calcium and phosphates in the intestine to improve bone health | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
vitiligo : skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose the ability to produce melanin, possibly due an autoimmune reaction that leads to loss of color in patches | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/5-key-terms |
The major functions of the bones are body support, facilitation of movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fat, and hematopoiesis. Together, the muscular system and skeletal system are known as the musculoskeletal system. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
Bones can be classified according to their shapes. Long bones, such as the femur, are longer than they are wide. Short bones, such as the carpals, are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. Flat bones are thin, but are often curved, such as the ribs. Irregular bones such as those of the face have no chara... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
A hollow medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow runs the length of the diaphysis of a long bone. The walls of the diaphysis are compact bone. The epiphyses, which are wider sections at each end of a long bone, are filled with spongy bone and red marrow. The epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage, is replace... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
Bone matrix consists of collagen fibers and organic ground substance, primarily hydroxyapatite formed from calcium salts. Osteogenic cells develop into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are cells that make new bone. They become osteocytes, the cells of mature bone, when they get trapped in the matrix. Osteoclasts engage in bone... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
All bone formation is a replacement process. Embryos develop a cartilaginous skeleton and various membranes. During development, these are replaced by bone during the ossification process. In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification,... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
Fractured bones may be repaired by closed reduction or open reduction. Fractures are classified by their complexity, location, and other features. Common types of fractures are transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, open (or compound), and closed (or simple). Healing of fractures begins with the... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
Mechanical stress stimulates the deposition of mineral salts and collagen fibers within bones. Calcium, the predominant mineral in bone, cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if vitamin D is lacking. Vitamin K supports bone mineralization and may have a synergistic role with vitamin D. Magnesium and fluoride, as ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
Calcium homeostasis, i.e., maintaining a blood calcium level of about 10 mg/dL, is critical for normal body functions. Hypocalcemia can result in problems with blood coagulation, muscle contraction, nerve functioning, and bone strength. Hypercalcemia can result in lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation and loss of a... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-chapter-review |
articular cartilage : thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
articulation : where two bone surfaces meet | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
bone : hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
canaliculi : (singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyteâs many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
cartilage : semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
central canal : longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
closed reduction : manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
compact bone : dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
diaphysis : tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
diploë : layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between the two layers of compact bone found in flat bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
endochondral ossification : process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
endosteum : delicate membranous lining of a boneâs medullary cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
epiphyseal line : completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
epiphyseal plate : (also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
epiphysis : wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
external callus : collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
flat bone : thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
fracture : broken bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
fracture hematoma : blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
hematopoiesis : production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
hole : opening or depression in a bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
hypercalcemia : condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
hypocalcemia : condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
internal callus : fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
intramembranous ossification : process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
irregular bone : bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
lacunae : (singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
long bone : cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
medullary cavity : hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
modeling : process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
nutrient foramen : small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
open reduction : surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
orthopedist : doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osseous tissue : bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
ossification : (also, osteogenesis) bone formation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
ossification center : cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osteoblast : cell responsible for forming new bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osteoclast : cell responsible for resorbing bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osteocyte : primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osteogenic cell : undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osteoid : uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osteon : (also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
osteoporosis : disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
perforating canal : (also, Volkmannâs canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
perichondrium : membrane that covers cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
periosteum : fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
primary ossification center : region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
projection : bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
proliferative zone : region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
red marrow : connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
remodeling : process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
reserve zone : region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
secondary ossification center : region of bone development in the epiphyses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
sesamoid bone : small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
short bone : cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
skeletal system : organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
spongy bone : (also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
trabeculae : (singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
yellow marrow : connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
zone of calcified matrix : region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
zone of maturation and hypertrophy : region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/6-key-terms |
The skeletal system includes all of the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body. It serves to support the body, protect the brain and other internal organs, and provides a rigid structure upon which muscles can pull to generate body movements. It also stores fat and the tissue responsible for the production of blo... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The skull consists of the brain case and the facial bones. The brain case surrounds and protects the brain, which occupies the cranial cavity inside the skull. It consists of the rounded calvaria and a complex base. The brain case is formed by eight bones, the paired parietal and temporal bones plus the unpaired fronta... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The facial bones support the facial structures and form the upper and lower jaws. These consist of 14 bones, with the paired maxillary, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior conchae bones and the unpaired vomer and mandible bones. The ethmoid bone also contributes to the formation of facial structures. The... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The floor of the cranial cavity increases in depth from front to back and is divided into three cranial fossae. The anterior cranial fossa is located between the frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. A small area of the ethmoid bone, consisting of the crista galli and cribriform plates, is located at the m... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The anterior skull has the orbits that house the eyeballs and associated muscles. The walls of the orbit are formed by contributions from seven bones: the frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, and sphenoid. Located at the superior margin of the orbit is the supraorbital foramen, and below the orbi... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
On the lateral skull, the zygomatic arch consists of two parts, the temporal process of the zygomatic bone anteriorly and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone posteriorly. The temporal fossa is the shallow space located on the lateral skull above the level of the zygomatic arch. The infratemporal fossa is located... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The hyoid bone is located in the upper neck and does not join with any other bone. It is held in position by muscles and serves to support the tongue above, the larynx below, and the pharynx posteriorly. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The vertebral column forms the neck and back. The vertebral column originally develops as 33 vertebrae, but is eventually reduced to 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. The vertebrae are divided into the cervical region (C1âC7 vertebrae), the thoracic region (T1âT12 vertebrae), and the lumbar region (L1âL5 ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
A typical vertebra consists of an enlarged anterior portion called the body, which provides weight-bearing support. Attached posteriorly to the body is a vertebral arch, which surrounds and defines the vertebral foramen for passage of the spinal cord. The vertebral arch consists of the pedicles, which attach to the ver... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
A typical cervical vertebra has a small body, a bifid (Y-shaped) spinous process, and U-shaped transverse processes with a transverse foramen. In addition to these characteristics, the axis (C2 vertebra) also has the dens projecting upward from the vertebral body. The atlas (C1 vertebra) differs from the other cervical... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The intervertebral discs fill in the gaps between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. They provide strong attachments and padding between the vertebrae. The outer, fibrous layer of a disc is called the anulus fibrosus. The gel-like interior is called the nucleus pulposus. The disc can change shape to allow for movement b... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The anterior longitudinal ligament runs along the full length of the anterior vertebral column, uniting the vertebral bodies. The supraspinous ligament is located posteriorly and interconnects the spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. In the neck, this ligament expands to become the nuchal ligament. T... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. It is composed of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium and body are joined at the sternal angle, which... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
Ribs are flattened, curved bones and are numbered 1â12. Posteriorly, the head of the rib articulates with the costal facets located on the bodies of thoracic vertebrae and the rib tubercle articulates with the facet located on the vertebral transverse process. The angle of the ribs forms the most posterior portion of... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
Formation of the axial skeleton begins during early embryonic development with the appearance of the rod-like notochord along the dorsal length of the early embryo. Repeating, paired blocks of tissue called somites then appear along either side of notochord. As the somites grow, they split into parts, one of which is c... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
Mesenchyme in the head region will produce the bones of the skull via two different mechanisms. The bones of the brain case arise via intramembranous ossification in which embryonic mesenchyme tissue converts directly into bone. At the time of birth, these bones are separated by fontanelles, wide areas of fibrous conne... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
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