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The vertebrae, ribs, and sternum also develop via endochondral ossification. Mesenchyme accumulates around the notochord and produces hyaline cartilage models of the vertebrae. The notochord largely disappears, but remnants of the notochord contribute to formation of the intervertebral discs. In the thorax region, a po... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-chapter-review |
alveolar process of the mandible : upper border of mandibular body that contains the lower teeth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
alveolar process of the maxilla : curved, inferior margin of the maxilla that supports and anchors the upper teeth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
angle of the mandible : rounded corner located at outside margin of the body and ramus junction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
angle of the rib : portion of rib with greatest curvature; together, the rib angles form the most posterior extent of the thoracic cage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
anterior (ventral) sacral foramen : one of the series of paired openings located on the anterior (ventral) side of the sacrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
anterior arch : anterior portion of the ring-like C1 (atlas) vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
anterior cranial fossa : shallowest and most anterior cranial fossa of the cranial base that extends from the frontal bone to the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
anterior longitudinal ligament : ligament that runs the length of the vertebral column, uniting the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
anulus fibrosus : tough, fibrous outer portion of an intervertebral disc, which is strongly anchored to the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
appendicular skeleton : all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the girdle bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
articular tubercle : smooth ridge located on the inferior skull, immediately anterior to the mandibular fossa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
atlas : first cervical (C1) vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
axial skeleton : central, vertical axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
axis : second cervical (C2) vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
body of the rib : shaft portion of a rib | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
brain case : portion of the skull that contains and protects the brain, consisting of the eight bones that form the cranial base and rounded upper skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
calvaria : (also, skullcap) rounded top of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
carotid canal : zig-zag tunnel providing passage through the base of the skull for the internal carotid artery to the brain; begins anteromedial to the styloid process and terminates in the middle cranial cavity, near the posterior-lateral base of the sella turcica | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
cervical curve : posteriorly concave curvature of the cervical vertebral column region; a secondary curve of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
cervical vertebrae : seven vertebrae numbered as C1âC7 that are located in the neck region of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
clavicular notch : paired notches located on the superior-lateral sides of the sternal manubrium, for articulation with the clavicle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
coccyx : small bone located at inferior end of the adult vertebral column that is formed by the fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae; also referred to as the âtailboneâ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
condylar process of the mandible : thickened upward projection from posterior margin of mandibular ramus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
condyle : oval-shaped process located at the top of the condylar process of the mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
coronal suture : joint that unites the frontal bone to the right and left parietal bones across the top of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
coronoid process of the mandible : flattened upward projection from the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
costal cartilage : hyaline cartilage structure attached to the anterior end of each rib that provides for either direct or indirect attachment of most ribs to the sternum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
costal facet : site on the lateral sides of a thoracic vertebra for articulation with the head of a rib | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
costal groove : shallow groove along the inferior margin of a rib that provides passage for blood vessels and a nerve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
cranial cavity : interior space of the skull that houses the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
cranium : skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
cribriform plate : small, flattened areas with numerous small openings, located to either side of the midline in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa; formed by the ethmoid bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
crista galli : small upward projection located at the midline in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa; formed by the ethmoid bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
dens : bony projection (odontoid process) that extends upward from the body of the C2 (axis) vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
ear ossicles : three small bones located in the middle ear cavity that serve to transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
ethmoid air cell : one of several small, air-filled spaces located within the lateral sides of the ethmoid bone, between the orbit and upper nasal cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
ethmoid bone : unpaired bone that forms the roof and upper, lateral walls of the nasal cavity, portions of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and medial wall of orbit, and the upper portion of the nasal septum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
external acoustic meatus : ear canal opening located on the lateral side of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
external occipital protuberance : small bump located at the midline on the posterior skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
facet : small, flattened area on a bone for an articulation (joint) with another bone, or for muscle attachment | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
facial bones : fourteen bones that support the facial structures and form the upper and lower jaws and the hard palate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
false ribs : vertebrochondral ribs 8â12 whose costal cartilage either attaches indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of the next higher rib or does not attach to the sternum at all | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
floating ribs : vertebral ribs 11â12 that do not attach to the sternum or to the costal cartilage of another rib | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
fontanelle : expanded area of fibrous connective tissue that separates the brain case bones of the skull prior to birth and during the first year after birth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
foramen lacerum : irregular opening in the base of the skull, located inferior to the exit of carotid canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
foramen magnum : large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
foramen ovale of the middle cranial fossa : oval-shaped opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
foramen rotundum : round opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa, located between the superior orbital fissure and foramen ovale | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
foramen spinosum : small opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa, located lateral to the foramen ovale | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
frontal bone : unpaired bone that forms forehead, roof of orbit, and floor of anterior cranial fossa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
frontal sinus : air-filled space within the frontal bone; most anterior of the paranasal sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
glabella : slight depression of frontal bone, located at the midline between the eyebrows | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
greater wings of sphenoid bone : lateral projections of the sphenoid bone that form the anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa and an area of the lateral skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
hard palate : bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity, formed by the palatine process of the maxillary bones and the horizontal plate of the palatine bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
head of the rib : posterior end of a rib that articulates with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
horizontal plate : medial extension from the palatine bone that forms the posterior quarter of the hard palate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
hyoid bone : small, U-shaped bone located in upper neck that does not contact any other bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
hypoglossal canal : paired openings that pass anteriorly from the anterior-lateral margins of the foramen magnum deep to the occipital condyles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa : shallow depression on top of the sella turcica that houses the pituitary (hypophyseal) gland | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
inferior articular process : bony process that extends downward from the vertebral arch of a vertebra that articulates with the superior articular process of the next lower vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
inferior nasal concha : one of the paired bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity to form the largest and most inferior of the nasal conchae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
infraorbital foramen : opening located on anterior skull, below the orbit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
infratemporal fossa : space on lateral side of skull, below the level of the zygomatic arch and deep (medial) to the ramus of the mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
internal acoustic meatus : opening into petrous ridge, located on the lateral wall of the posterior cranial fossa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
intervertebral disc : structure located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae that strongly joins the vertebrae; provides padding, weight bearing ability, and enables vertebral column movements | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
intervertebral foramen : opening located between adjacent vertebrae for exit of a spinal nerve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
jugular (suprasternal) notch : shallow notch located on superior surface of sternal manubrium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
jugular foramen : irregularly shaped opening located in the lateral floor of the posterior cranial cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
kyphosis : (also, humpback or hunchback) excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic vertebral column region | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lacrimal bone : paired bones that contribute to the anterior-medial wall of each orbit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lacrimal fossa : shallow depression in the anterior-medial wall of the orbit, formed by the lacrimal bone that gives rise to the nasolacrimal canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lambdoid suture : inverted V-shaped joint that unites the occipital bone to the right and left parietal bones on the posterior skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lamina : portion of the vertebral arch on each vertebra that extends between the transverse and spinous process | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lateral pterygoid plate : paired, flattened bony projections of the sphenoid bone located on the inferior skull, lateral to the medial pterygoid plate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lateral sacral crest : paired irregular ridges running down the lateral sides of the posterior sacrum that was formed by the fusion of the transverse processes from the five sacral vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lesser wings of the sphenoid bone : lateral extensions of the sphenoid bone that form the bony lip separating the anterior and middle cranial fossae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
ligamentum flavum : series of short ligaments that unite the lamina of adjacent vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lingula : small flap of bone located on the inner (medial) surface of mandibular ramus, next to the mandibular foramen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lordosis : (also, swayback) excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar vertebral column region | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lumbar curve : posteriorly concave curvature of the lumbar vertebral column region; a secondary curve of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
lumbar vertebrae : five vertebrae numbered as L1âL5 that are located in lumbar region (lower back) of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mandible : unpaired bone that forms the lower jaw bone; the only moveable bone of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mandibular foramen : opening located on the inner (medial) surface of the mandibular ramus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mandibular fossa : oval depression located on the inferior surface of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mandibular notch : large U-shaped notch located between the condylar process and coronoid process of the mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
manubrium : expanded, superior portion of the sternum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mastoid process : large bony prominence on the inferior, lateral skull, just behind the earlobe | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
maxillary bone : (also, maxilla) paired bones that form the upper jaw and anterior portion of the hard palate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
maxillary sinus : air-filled space located with each maxillary bone; largest of the paranasal sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
medial pterygoid plate : paired, flattened bony projections of the sphenoid bone located on the inferior skull medial to the lateral pterygoid plate; form the posterior portion of the nasal cavity lateral wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
median sacral crest : irregular ridge running down the midline of the posterior sacrum that was formed from the fusion of the spinous processes of the five sacral vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mental foramen : opening located on the anterior-lateral side of the mandibular body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mental protuberance : inferior margin of anterior mandible that forms the chin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
middle cranial fossa : centrally located cranial fossa that extends from the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone to the petrous ridge | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
middle nasal concha : nasal concha formed by the ethmoid bone that is located between the superior and inferior conchae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
mylohyoid line : bony ridge located along the inner (medial) surface of the mandibular body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
nasal bone : paired bones that form the base of the nose | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
nasal cavity : opening through skull for passage of air | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
nasal conchae : curved bony plates that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; include the superior and middle nasal conchae, which are parts of the ethmoid bone, and the independent inferior nasal conchae bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
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