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nasal septum : flat, midline structure that divides the nasal cavity into halves, formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
nasolacrimal canal : passage for drainage of tears that extends downward from the medial-anterior orbit to the nasal cavity, terminating behind the inferior nasal conchae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
neck of the rib : narrowed region of a rib, next to the rib head | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
notochord : rod-like structure along dorsal side of the early embryo; largely disappears during later development but does contribute to formation of the intervertebral discs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
nuchal ligament : expanded portion of the supraspinous ligament within the posterior neck; interconnects the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae and attaches to the base of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
nucleus pulposus : gel-like central region of an intervertebral disc; provides for padding, weight-bearing, and movement between adjacent vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
occipital bone : unpaired bone that forms the posterior portions of the brain case and base of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
occipital condyle : paired, oval-shaped bony knobs located on the inferior skull, to either side of the foramen magnum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
optic canal : opening spanning between middle cranial fossa and posterior orbit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
orbit : bony socket that contains the eyeball and associated muscles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
palatine bone : paired bones that form the posterior quarter of the hard palate and a small area in floor of the orbit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
palatine process : medial projection from the maxilla bone that forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
paranasal sinuses : cavities within the skull that are connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consist of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
parietal bone : paired bones that form the upper, lateral sides of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
pedicle : portion of the vertebral arch that extends from the vertebral body to the transverse process | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone : downward, midline extension of the ethmoid bone that forms the superior portion of the nasal septum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
petrous ridge : petrous portion of the temporal bone that forms a large, triangular ridge in the floor of the cranial cavity, separating the middle and posterior cranial fossae; houses the middle and inner ear structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
posterior (dorsal) sacral foramen : one of the series of paired openings located on the posterior (dorsal) side of the sacrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
posterior arch : posterior portion of the ring-like C1 (atlas) vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
posterior cranial fossa : deepest and most posterior cranial fossa; extends from the petrous ridge to the occipital bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
posterior longitudinal ligament : ligament that runs the length of the vertebral column, uniting the posterior sides of the vertebral bodies | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
primary curve : anteriorly concave curvatures of the thoracic and sacrococcygeal regions that are retained from the original fetal curvature of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
pterion : H-shaped suture junction region that unites the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones on the lateral side of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
ramus of the mandible : vertical portion of the mandible | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
ribs : thin, curved bones of the chest wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sacral canal : bony tunnel that runs through the sacrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sacral foramina : series of paired openings for nerve exit located on both the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects of the sacrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sacral hiatus : inferior opening and termination of the sacral canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sacral promontory : anterior lip of the base (superior end) of the sacrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sacrococcygeal curve : anteriorly concave curvature formed by the sacrum and coccyx; a primary curve of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sacrum : single bone located near the inferior end of the adult vertebral column that is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae; forms the posterior portion of the pelvis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sagittal suture : joint that unites the right and left parietal bones at the midline along the top of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sclerotome : medial portion of a somite consisting of mesenchyme tissue that will give rise to bone, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
scoliosis : abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
secondary curve : posteriorly concave curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column that develop after the time of birth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sella turcica : elevated area of sphenoid bone located at midline of the middle cranial fossa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
septal cartilage : flat cartilage structure that forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
skeleton : bones of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
skull : bony structure that forms the head, face, and jaws, and protects the brain; consists of 22 bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
somite : one of the paired, repeating blocks of tissue located on either side of the notochord in the early embryo | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sphenoid bone : unpaired bone that forms the central base of skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sphenoid sinus : air-filled space located within the sphenoid bone; most posterior of the paranasal sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
spinous process : unpaired bony process that extends posteriorly from the vertebral arch of a vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
squamous suture : joint that unites the parietal bone to the squamous portion of the temporal bone on the lateral side of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sternal angle : junction line between manubrium and body of the sternum and the site for attachment of the second rib to the sternum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
sternum : flattened bone located at the center of the anterior chest | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
styloid process : downward projecting, elongated bony process located on the inferior aspect of the skull | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
stylomastoid foramen : opening located on inferior skull, between the styloid process and mastoid process | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
superior articular process : bony process that extends upward from the vertebral arch of a vertebra that articulates with the inferior articular process of the next higher vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
superior articular process of the sacrum : paired processes that extend upward from the sacrum to articulate (join) with the inferior articular processes from the L5 vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
superior nasal concha : smallest and most superiorly located of the nasal conchae; formed by the ethmoid bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
superior nuchal line : paired bony lines on the posterior skull that extend laterally from the external occipital protuberance | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
superior orbital fissure : irregularly shaped opening between the middle cranial fossa and the posterior orbit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
supraorbital foramen : opening located on anterior skull, at the superior margin of the orbit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
supraorbital margin : superior margin of the orbit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
supraspinous ligament : ligament that interconnects the spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
suture : junction line at which adjacent bones of the skull are united by fibrous connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
temporal bone : paired bones that form the lateral, inferior portions of the skull, with squamous, mastoid, and petrous portions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
temporal fossa : shallow space on the lateral side of the skull, above the level of the zygomatic arch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
temporal process of the zygomatic bone : short extension from the zygomatic bone that forms the anterior portion of the zygomatic arch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
thoracic cage : consists of 12 pairs of ribs and sternum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
thoracic curve : anteriorly concave curvature of the thoracic vertebral column region; a primary curve of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
thoracic vertebrae : twelve vertebrae numbered as T1âT12 that are located in the thoracic region (upper back) of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
transverse foramen : opening found only in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
transverse process : paired bony processes that extends laterally from the vertebral arch of a vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
true ribs : vertebrosternal ribs 1â7 that attach via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
tubercle of the rib : small bump on the posterior side of a rib for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
vertebra : individual bone in the neck and back regions of the vertebral column | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
vertebral (spinal) canal : bony passageway within the vertebral column for the spinal cord that is formed by the series of individual vertebral foramina | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
vertebral arch : bony arch formed by the posterior portion of each vertebra that surrounds and protects the spinal cord | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
vertebral column : entire sequence of bones that extend from the skull to the tailbone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
vertebral foramen : opening associated with each vertebra defined by the vertebral arch that provides passage for the spinal cord | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
vomer bone : unpaired bone that forms the inferior and posterior portions of the nasal septum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
xiphoid process : small process that forms the inferior tip of the sternum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
zygomatic arch : elongated, free-standing arch on the lateral skull, formed anteriorly by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and posteriorly by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
zygomatic bone : cheekbone; paired bones that contribute to the lateral orbit and anterior zygomatic arch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
zygomatic process of the temporal bone : extension from the temporal bone that forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
The pectoral girdle, consisting of the clavicle and the scapula, attaches each upper limb to the axial skeleton. The clavicle is an anterior bone whose sternal end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. The sternal end is also anchored to the first rib by the costoclavicular ligame... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The scapula lies on the posterior aspect of the pectoral girdle. It mediates the attachment of the upper limb to the clavicle, and contributes to the formation of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. This triangular bone has three sides called the medial, lateral, and superior borders. The suprascapular notch is located ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
Each upper limb is divided into three regions and contains a total of 30 bones. The upper arm is the region located between the shoulder and elbow joints. This area contains the humerus. The proximal humerus consists of the head, which articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint, the greater and lesser tuber... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The forearm is the region of the upper limb located between the elbow and wrist joints. This region contains two bones, the ulna medially and the radius on the lateral (thumb) side. The elbow joint is formed by the articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, plus the articulati... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The base of the hand is formed by eight carpal bones. The carpal bones are united into two rows of bones. The proximal row contains (from lateral to medial) the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform bones. The scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum bones contribute to the formation of the radiocarpal joint. The distal r... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The five metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand. The metacarpal bones are numbered 1â5, starting with the thumb side. The first metacarpal bone is freely mobile, but the other bones are united as a group. The digits are also numbered 1â5, with the thumb being number 1. The fingers and thumb contain a total of 1... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The pelvic girdle, consisting of a hip bone, serves to attach a lower limb to the axial skeleton. The hip bone articulates posteriorly at the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton. The right and left hip bones converge anteriorly and articulate with each other at the pubic symphysis. The... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The hip bone consists of three regions: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The ilium forms the large, fan-like region of the hip bone. The superior margin of this area is the iliac crest. Located at either end of the iliac crest are the anterior superior and posterior superior iliac spines. Inferior to these are the anteri... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The posterolateral portion of the hip bone is the ischium. It has the expanded ischial tuberosity, which supports body weight when sitting. The ischial ramus projects anteriorly and superiorly. The posterior margin of the ischium has the shallow lesser sciatic notch and the ischial spine, which separates the greater an... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The pubis forms the anterior portion of the hip bone. The body of the pubis articulates with the pubis of the opposite hip bone at the pubic symphysis. The superior margin of the pubic body has the pubic tubercle. The pubis is joined to the ilium by the superior pubic ramus, the superior surface of which forms the pect... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The lateral side of the hip bone has the cup-like acetabulum, which is part of the hip joint. The large anterior opening is the obturator foramen. The sacroiliac joint is supported by the anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. The sacrum is also joined to the hip bone by the sacrospinous ligament, which attaches ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The broad space of the upper pelvis is the greater pelvis, and the narrow, inferior space is the lesser pelvis. These areas are separated by the pelvic brim (pelvic inlet). The inferior opening of the pelvis is the pelvic outlet. Compared to the male, the female pelvis is wider to accommodate childbirth, has a larger s... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The lower limb is divided into three regions. These are the thigh, located between the hip and knee joints; the leg, located between the knee and ankle joints; and distal to the ankle, the foot. There are 30 bones in each lower limb. These are the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, seven tarsal bones, five metatarsal bones... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The femur is the single bone of the thigh. Its rounded head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. The head has the fovea capitis for attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur. The narrow neck joins inferiorly with the greater and lesser trochanters. Passing between these bony ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The patella is a sesamoid bone located within a muscle tendon. It articulates with the patellar surface on the anterior side of the distal femur, thereby protecting the muscle tendon from rubbing against the femur. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The leg contains the large tibia on the medial side and the slender fibula on the lateral side. The tibia bears the weight of the body, whereas the fibula does not bear weight. The interosseous border of each bone is the attachment site for the interosseous membrane of the leg, the connective tissue sheet that unites t... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The proximal tibia consists of the expanded medial and lateral condyles, which articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the tibial condyles is the intercondylar eminence. On the anterior side of the proximal tibia is the tibial tuberosity, which is continuous inferior... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The head of the fibula forms the proximal end and articulates with the underside of the lateral condyle of the tibia. The distal fibula articulates with the fibular notch of the tibia. The expanded distal end of the fibula is the lateral malleolus. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The posterior foot is formed by the seven tarsal bones. The talus articulates superiorly with the distal tibia, the medial malleolus of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus of the fibula to form the ankle joint. The talus articulates inferiorly with the calcaneus bone. The sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus helps to s... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The five metatarsal bones form the anterior foot. The base of these bones articulate with the cuboid or cuneiform bones. The metatarsal heads, at their distal ends, articulate with the proximal phalanges of the toes. The big toe (toe number 1) has proximal and distal phalanx bones. The remaining toes have proximal, mid... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The bones of the appendicular skeleton arise from embryonic mesenchyme. Limb buds appear at the end of the fourth week. The apical ectodermal ridge, located at the end of the limb bud, stimulates growth and elongation of the limb. During the sixth week, the distal end of the limb bud becomes paddle-shaped, and selectiv... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
Endochondral ossification, the process that converts the hyaline cartilage model into bone, begins in most appendicular bones by the twelfth fetal week. This begins as a primary ossification center in the diaphysis, followed by the later appearance of one or more secondary ossifications centers in the regions of the ep... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
The clavicle develops via intramembranous ossification, in which mesenchyme is converted directly into bone tissue. Ossification within the clavicle begins during the fifth week of development and continues until 25 years of age. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/8-chapter-review |
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