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gigantism : disorder in children caused when abnormally high levels of GH prompt excessive growth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
glucagon : pancreatic hormone that stimulates the catabolism of glycogen to glucose, thereby increasing blood glucose levels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
glucocorticoids : hormones produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that influence glucose metabolism | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
goiter : enlargement of the thyroid gland either as a result of iodine deficiency or hyperthyroidism | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
gonadotropins : hormones that regulate the function of the gonads | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
growth hormone (GH) : anterior pituitary hormone that promotes tissue building and influences nutrient metabolism (also called somatotropin) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hormone : secretion of an endocrine organ that travels via the bloodstream or lymphatics to induce a response in target cells or tissues in another part of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hormone receptor : protein within a cell or on the cell membrane that binds a hormone, initiating the target cell response | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hyperglycemia : abnormally high blood glucose levels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hyperparathyroidism : disorder caused by overproduction of PTH that results in abnormally elevated blood calcium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hyperthyroidism : clinically abnormal, elevated level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by an increased metabolic rate, excess body heat, sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, and increased heart rate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hypoparathyroidism : disorder caused by underproduction of PTH that results in abnormally low blood calcium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hypophyseal portal system : network of blood vessels that enables hypothalamic hormones to travel into the anterior lobe of the pituitary without entering the systemic circulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hypothalamus : region of the diencephalon inferior to the thalamus that functions in neural and endocrine signaling | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
hypothyroidism : clinically abnormal, low level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold extremities, constipation, and reduced mental activity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
infundibulum : stalk containing vasculature and neural tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus (also called the pituitary stalk) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
inhibin : hormone secreted by the male and female gonads that inhibits FSH production by the anterior pituitary | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
inositol triphosphate (IP3) : molecule that initiates the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
insulin : pancreatic hormone that enhances the cellular uptake and utilization of glucose, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
insulin-like growth factors (IGF) : protein that enhances cellular proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and stimulates the cellular uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
leptin : protein hormone secreted by adipose tissues in response to food consumption that promotes satiety | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
luteinizing hormone (LH) : anterior pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and the production of ovarian hormones, and the production of testosterone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
melatonin : amino acidâderived hormone that is secreted in response to low light and causes drowsiness | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
mineralocorticoids : hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex that influence fluid and electrolyte balance | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
neonatal hypothyroidism : condition characterized by cognitive deficits, short stature, and other signs and symptoms in people born to people who were iodine-deficient during pregnancy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
norepinephrine : secondary catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress; also called noradrenaline | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
osmoreceptor : hypothalamic sensory receptor that is stimulated by changes in solute concentration (osmotic pressure) in the blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
oxytocin : hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland and important in stimulating uterine contractions in labor, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and feelings of attachment (produced by males and females) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
pancreas : organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions located posterior to the stomach that is important for digestion and the regulation of blood glucose | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
pancreatic islets : specialized clusters of pancreatic cells that have endocrine functions; also called islets of Langerhans | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
paracrine : chemical signal that elicits a response in neighboring cells; also called paracrine factor | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
parathyroid glands : small, round glands embedded in the posterior thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
parathyroid hormone (PTH) : peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
phosphodiesterase (PDE) : cytosolic enzyme that deactivates and degrades cAMP | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
phosphorylation cascade : signaling event in which multiple protein kinases phosphorylate the next protein substrate by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to the protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
pineal gland : endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, which is important in regulating the sleep-wake cycle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
pinealocyte : cell of the pineal gland that produces and secretes the hormone melatonin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
pituitary dwarfism : disorder in children caused when abnormally low levels of GH result in growth retardation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
pituitary gland : bean-sized organ suspended from the hypothalamus that produces, stores, and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulation (also called hypophysis) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
PP cell : minor cell type in the pancreas that secretes the hormone pancreatic polypeptide | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
progesterone : predominantly female sex hormone important in regulating the female reproductive cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
prolactin (PRL) : anterior pituitary hormone that promotes development of the mammary glands and the production of breast milk | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
protein kinase : enzyme that initiates a phosphorylation cascade upon activation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
second messenger : molecule that initiates a signaling cascade in response to hormone binding on a cell membrane receptor and activation of a G protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
stage of exhaustion : stage three of the general adaptation syndrome; the bodyâs long-term response to stress mediated by the hormones of the adrenal cortex | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
stage of resistance : stage two of the general adaptation syndrome; the bodyâs continued response to stress after stage one diminishes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
testosterone : steroid hormone secreted by the testes and important in the maturation of sperm cells, growth and development of the reproductive system, and the development of secondary sex characteristics | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
thymosins : hormones produced and secreted by the thymus that play an important role in the development and differentiation of T cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
thymus : organ that is involved in the development and maturation of T-cells and is particularly active during infancy and childhood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
thyroid gland : large endocrine gland responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) : anterior pituitary hormone that triggers secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (also called thyrotropin) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
thyroxine : (also, tetraiodothyronine, T4) amino acidâderived thyroid hormone that is more abundant but less potent than T3and often converted to T3by target cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
triiodothyronine : (also, T3) amino acidâderived thyroid hormone that is less abundant but more potent than T4 | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
upregulation : increase in the number of hormone receptors, typically in response to chronically reduced levels of a hormone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
zona fasciculata : intermediate region of the adrenal cortex that produce hormones called glucocorticoids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
zona glomerulosa : most superficial region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the hormones collectively referred to as mineralocorticoids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
zona reticularis : deepest region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the steroid sex hormones called androgens | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-key-terms |
Blood is a fluid connective tissue critical to the transportation of nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body; to defend the body against infection and other threats; and to the homeostatic regulation of pH, temperature, and other internal conditions. Blood is composed of formed elementsâerythrocytes, leukocy... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
Through the process of hemopoiesis, the formed elements of blood are continually produced, replacing the relatively short-lived erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Hemopoiesis begins in the red bone marrow, with hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Myeloid stem cells give... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
The most abundant formed elements in blood, erythrocytes are red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen-carrying compound called hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule contains four globin proteins bound to a pigment molecule called heme, which contains an ion of iron. In the bloodstream, iron picks up oxygen in the lungs... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
Leukocytes function in body defenses. They squeeze out of the walls of blood vessels through emigration or diapedesis, then may move through tissue fluid or become attached to various organs where they fight against pathogenic organisms, diseased cells, or other threats to health. Granular leukocytes, which include neu... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
Hemostasis is the physiological process by which bleeding ceases. Hemostasis involves three basic steps: vascular spasm, the formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation, in which clotting factors promote the formation of a fibrin clot. Fibrinolysis is the process in which a clot is degraded in a healing vessel. Antic... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
Antigens are nonself molecules, usually large proteins, which provoke an immune response. In transfusion reactions, antibodies attach to antigens on the surfaces of erythrocytes and cause agglutination and hemolysis. ABO blood group antigens are designated A and B. People with type A blood have A antigens on their eryt... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
A second group of blood antigens is the Rh group, the most important of which is Rh D. People with Rhâblood do not have this antigen on their erythrocytes, whereas those who are Rh+do. About 85 percent of Americans are Rh+. When a person who is Rhâbecomes pregnant with an Rh+fetus, their body may begin to produce a... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
Cross matching to determine blood type is necessary before transfusing blood, unless the patient is experiencing hemorrhage that is an immediate threat to life, in which case type Oâblood may be transfused. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-chapter-review |
ABO blood group : blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
agglutination : clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
agranular leukocytes : leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
albumin : most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
anemia : deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
antibodies : (also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
anticoagulant : substance such as heparin that opposes coagulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
antithrombin : anticoagulant that inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin in the common pathway | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
B lymphocytes : (also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
basophils : granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
bilirubin : yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
biliverdin : green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
blood : liquid connective tissue composed of formed elementsâerythrocytes, leukocytes, and plateletsâand a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
bone marrow biopsy : diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
bone marrow transplant : treatment in which a donorâs healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
bruise : localized bleeding under the skin due to damaged blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
buffy coat : thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
carbaminohemoglobin : compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
clotting factors : group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
coagulation : formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) : glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
common pathway : final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
cross matching : blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
cytokines : class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
defensins : antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
deoxyhemoglobin : molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
diapedesis : (also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
embolus : thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
emigration : (also, diapedesis) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
eosinophils : granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
erythrocyte : (also, red blood cell) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
erythropoietin (EPO) : glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
extrinsic pathway : initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
ferritin : protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
fibrin : insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
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