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fibrinogen : plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
fibrinolysis : gradual degradation of a blood clot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
formed elements : cellular components of blood; that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
globin : heme-containing globular protein that is a constituent of hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
globulins : heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins, clotting factors, immune proteins, and others | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
granular leukocytes : leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hematocrit : (also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hematopoietic stem cell : type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
heme : red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemocytoblast : hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemoglobin : oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemolysis : destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) : (also, erythroblastosis fetalis) disorder causing agglutination and hemolysis in an Rh+fetus or newborn of an Rhâperson | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemophilia : genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemopoiesis : production of the formed elements of blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemopoietic growth factors : chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemorrhage : excessive bleeding | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemosiderin : protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hemostasis : physiological process by which bleeding ceases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
heparin : short-acting anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
hypoxemia : below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
immunoglobulins : (also, antibodies or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
interleukins : signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
intrinsic pathway : initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
jaundice : yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
leukemia : cancer involving leukocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
leukocyte : (also, white blood cell) colorless, nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
leukocytosis : excessive leukocyte proliferation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
leukopenia : below-normal production of leukocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
lymphocytes : agranular leukocytes of the lymphoid stem cell line, many of which function in specific immunity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
lymphoid stem cells : type of hematopoietic stem cells that gives rise to lymphocytes, including various T cells, B cells, and NK cells, all of which function in immunity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
lymphoma : form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
lysozyme : digestive enzyme with bactericidal properties | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
macrophage : phagocytic cell of the myeloid lineage; a matured monocyte | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
megakaryocyte : bone marrow cell that produces platelets | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
memory cell : type of B or T lymphocyte that forms after exposure to a pathogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
monocytes : agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
myeloid stem cells : type of hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to some formed elements, including erythrocytes, megakaryocytes that produce platelets, and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
natural killer (NK) cells : cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of recognizing cells that do not express âselfâ proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers; provide generalized, nonspecific immunity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
neutrophils : granulocytes that stain with a neutral dye and are the most numerous of the leukocytes; especially active against bacteria | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
oxyhemoglobin : molecule of hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
packed cell volume (PCV) : (also, hematocrit) volume percentage of erythrocytes present in a sample of centrifuged blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
plasma : in blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
plasmin : blood protein active in fibrinolysis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
platelet plug : accumulation and adhesion of platelets at the site of blood vessel injury | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
platelets : (also, thrombocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
pluripotent stem cell : stem cell that derives from totipotent stem cells and is capable of differentiating into many, but not all, cell types | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
polycythemia : elevated level of hemoglobin, whether adaptive or pathological | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
polymorphonuclear : having a lobed nucleus, as seen in some leukocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
positive chemotaxis : process in which a cell is attracted to move in the direction of chemical stimuli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
red blood cells (RBCs) : (also, erythrocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that transports oxygen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
reticulocyte : immature erythrocyte that may still contain fragments of organelles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
Rh blood group : blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of the antigen Rh on the erythrocyte membrane surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
serum : blood plasma that does not contain clotting factors | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
sickle cell disease : (also, sickle cell anemia) inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin molecules are malformed, leading to the breakdown of RBCs that take on a characteristic sickle shape | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
T lymphocytes : (also, T cells) lymphocytes that provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thalassemia : inherited blood disorder in which maturation of RBCs does not proceed normally, leading to abnormal formation of hemoglobin and the destruction of RBCs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thrombin : enzyme essential for the final steps in formation of a fibrin clot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thrombocytes : platelets, one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thrombocytopenia : condition in which there are too few platelets, resulting in abnormal bleeding (hemophilia) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thrombocytosis : condition in which there are too many platelets, resulting in abnormal clotting (thrombosis) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thrombopoietin : hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys that prompts the development of megakaryocytes into thrombocytes (platelets) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thrombosis : excessive clot formation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
thrombus : aggregation of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes in an intact artery or vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
tissue factor : protein thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic pathway when released in response to tissue damage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
totipotent stem cell : embryonic stem cell that is capable of differentiating into any and all cells of the body; enabling the full development of an organism | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
transferrin : plasma protein that binds reversibly to iron and distributes it throughout the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
universal donor : individual with type Oâblood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
universal recipient : individual with type AB+blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
vascular spasm : initial step in hemostasis, in which the smooth muscle in the walls of the ruptured or damaged blood vessel contracts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
white blood cells (WBCs) : (also, leukocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that provides defense against disease agents and foreign materials | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-key-terms |
The heart resides within the pericardial sac and is located in the mediastinal space within the thoracic cavity. The pericardial sac consists of two fused layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner parietal pericardium lined with a serous membrane. Between the pericardial sac and the heart is the pericardial cavity,... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-chapter-review |
The heart is regulated by both neural and endocrine control, yet it is capable of initiating its own action potential followed by muscular contraction. The conductive cells within the heart establish the heart rate and transmit it through the myocardium. The contractile cells contract and propel the blood. The normal p... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-chapter-review |
The cardiac cycle comprises a complete relaxation and contraction of both the atria and ventricles, and lasts approximately 0.8 seconds. Beginning with all chambers in diastole, blood flows passively from the veins into the atria and past the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles. The atria begin to contract (atr... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-chapter-review |
Many factors affect HR and SV, and together, they contribute to cardiac function. HR is largely determined and regulated by autonomic stimulation and hormones. There are several feedback loops that contribute to maintaining homeostasis dependent upon activity levels, such as the atrial reflex, which is determined by ve... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-chapter-review |
SV is regulated by autonomic innervation and hormones, but also by filling time and venous return. Venous return is determined by activity of the skeletal muscles, blood volume, and changes in peripheral circulation. Venous return determines preload and the atrial reflex. Filling time directly related to HR also determ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-chapter-review |
The heart is the first organ to form and become functional, emphasizing the importance of transport of material to and from the developing infant. It originates about day 18 or 19 from the mesoderm and begins beating and pumping blood about day 21 or 22. It forms from the cardiogenic region near the head and is visible... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-chapter-review |
afterload : force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
anastomosis : (plural = anastomoses) area where vessels unite to allow blood to circulate even if there may be partial blockage in another branch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
anterior cardiac veins : vessels that parallel the small cardiac arteries and drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle; bypass the coronary sinus and drain directly into the right atrium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
anterior interventricular artery : (also, left anterior descending artery or LAD) major branch of the left coronary artery that follows the anterior interventricular sulcus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
anterior interventricular sulcus : sulcus located between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
aortic valve : (also, aortic semilunar valve) valve located at the base of the aorta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
artificial pacemaker : medical device that transmits electrical signals to the heart to ensure that it contracts and pumps blood to the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
atrial reflex : (also, called Bainbridge reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
atrioventricular (AV) node : clump of myocardial cells located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum; receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
atrioventricular bundle : (also, bundle of His) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
atrioventricular bundle branches : (also, left or right bundle branches) specialized myocardial conductile cells that arise from the bifurcation of the atrioventricular bundle and pass through the interventricular septum; lead to the Purkinje fibers and also to the right papillary muscle via the moderator band | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
atrioventricular septum : cardiac septum located between the atria and ventricles; atrioventricular valves are located here | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
atrioventricular valves : one-way valves located between the atria and ventricles; the valve on the right is called the tricuspid valve, and the one on the left is the mitral or bicuspid valve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
atrium : (plural = atria) upper or receiving chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the lower chambers just prior to their contraction; the right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit that flows into the right ventricle; the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit that flows into the left ve... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
auricle : extension of an atrium visible on the superior surface of the heart | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
autonomic tone : contractile state during resting cardiac activity produced by mild sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
autorhythmicity : ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
Bachmannâs bundle : (also, interatrial band) group of specialized conducting cells that transmit the impulse directly from the SA node in the right atrium to the left atrium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
Bainbridge reflex : (also, called atrial reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
baroreceptor reflex : autonomic reflex in which the cardiac centers monitor signals from the baroreceptor stretch receptors and regulate heart function based on blood flow | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
bicuspid valve : (also, mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve) valve located between the left atrium and ventricle; consists of two flaps of tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
bulbus cordis : portion of the primitive heart tube that will eventually develop into the right ventricle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
bundle of His : (also, atrioventricular bundle) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
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