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ventricle : one of the primary pumping chambers of the heart located in the lower portion of the heart; the left ventricle is the major pumping chamber on the lower left side of the heart that ejects blood into the systemic circuit via the aorta and receives blood from the left atrium; the right ventricle is the major ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
ventricular ejection phase : second phase of ventricular systole during which blood is pumped from the ventricle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/19-key-terms |
Blood pumped by the heart flows through a series of vessels known as arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins before returning to the heart. Arteries transport blood away from the heart and branch into smaller vessels, forming arterioles. Arterioles distribute blood to capillary beds, the sites of exchange... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review |
The arterial system is a relatively high-pressure system, so arteries have thick walls that appear round in cross section. The venous system is a lower-pressure system, containing veins that have larger lumens and thinner walls. They often appear flattened. Arteries, arterioles, venules, and veins are composed of three... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review |
Blood flow is the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ. The slowing or blocking of blood flow is called resistance. Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart. The components of blood pressure include systolic pressure, which results from v... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review |
Small molecules can cross into and out of capillaries via simple or facilitated diffusion. Some large molecules can cross in vesicles or through clefts, fenestrations, or gaps between cells in capillary walls. However, the bulk flow of capillary and tissue fluid occurs via filtration and reabsorption. Filtration, the m... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review |
Neural, endocrine, and autoregulatory mechanisms affect blood flow, blood pressure, and eventually perfusion of blood to body tissues. Neural mechanisms include the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata, baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries and right atrium, and associated chemoreceptors that monit... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review |
The right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood into the pulmonary trunk and right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry it to the right and left lungs for gas exchange. Oxygen-rich blood is transported by pulmonary veins to the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps this blood into the aorta. The main regions of the... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review |
Blood vessels begin to form from the embryonic mesoderm. The precursor hemangioblasts differentiate into angioblasts, which give rise to the blood vessels and pluripotent stem cells that differentiate into the formed elements of the blood. Together, these cells form blood islands scattered throughout the embryo. Extens... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review |
abdominal aorta : portion of the aorta inferior to the aortic hiatus and superior to the common iliac arteries | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
adrenal artery : branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
adrenal vein : drains the adrenal or suprarenal glands that are immediately superior to the kidneys; the right adrenal vein enters the inferior vena cava directly and the left adrenal vein enters the left renal vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
anaphylactic shock : type of shock that follows a severe allergic reaction and results from massive vasodilation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
angioblasts : stem cells that give rise to blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
angiogenesis : development of new blood vessels from existing vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
anterior cerebral artery : arises from the internal carotid artery; supplies the frontal lobe of the cerebrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
anterior communicating artery : anastomosis of the right and left internal carotid arteries; supplies blood to the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
anterior tibial artery : branches from the popliteal artery; supplies blood to the anterior tibial region; becomes the dorsalis pedis artery | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
anterior tibial vein : forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the tibialis anterior muscle and leads to the popliteal vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
aorta : largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle and descending to the abdominal region where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra; arteries originating from the aorta distribute blood to virtually all tissues of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
aortic arch : arc that connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta; ends at the intervertebral disk between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
aortic hiatus : opening in the diaphragm that allows passage of the thoracic aorta into the abdominal region where it becomes the abdominal aorta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
aortic sinuses : small pockets in the ascending aorta near the aortic valve that are the locations of the baroreceptors (stretch receptors) and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
arterial circle : (also, circle of Willis) anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
arteriole : (also, resistance vessel) very small artery that leads to a capillary | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
arteriovenous anastomosis : short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule and bypassing the capillary beds | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
artery : blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart; may be a conducting or distributing vessel | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
ascending aorta : initial portion of the aorta, rising from the left ventricle for a distance of approximately 5 cm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
atrial reflex : mechanism for maintaining vascular homeostasis involving atrial baroreceptors: if blood is returning to the right atrium more rapidly than it is being ejected from the left ventricle, the atrial receptors will stimulate the cardiovascular centers to increase sympathetic firing and increase cardiac outpu... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
axillary artery : continuation of the subclavian artery as it penetrates the body wall and enters the axillary region; supplies blood to the region near the head of the humerus (humeral circumflex arteries); the majority of the vessel continues into the brachium and becomes the brachial artery | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
axillary vein : major vein in the axillary region; drains the upper limb and becomes the subclavian vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
azygos vein : originates in the lumbar region and passes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity on the right side of the vertebral column; drains blood from the intercostal veins, esophageal veins, bronchial veins, and other veins draining the mediastinal region; leads to the superior vena cava | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
basilar artery : formed from the fusion of the two vertebral arteries; sends branches to the cerebellum, brain stem, and the posterior cerebral arteries; the main blood supply to the brain stem | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
basilic vein : superficial vein of the arm that arises from the palmar venous arches, intersects with the median cubital vein, parallels the ulnar vein, and continues into the upper arm; along with the brachial vein, it leads to the axillary vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) : pressure exerted by colloids suspended in blood within a vessel; a primary determinant is the presence of plasma proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
blood flow : movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ that is usually expressed in terms of volume per unit of time | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
blood hydrostatic pressure : force blood exerts against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
blood islands : masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements from mesodermal cells scattered throughout the embryonic disc | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
blood pressure : force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel or heart chamber; can be described with the more generic term hydrostatic pressure | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
brachial artery : continuation of the axillary artery in the brachium; supplies blood to much of the brachial region; gives off several smaller branches that provide blood to the posterior surface of the arm in the region of the elbow; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the coronoid fossa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
brachial vein : deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm; leads to the axillary vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
brachiocephalic artery : single vessel located on the right side of the body; the first vessel branching from the aortic arch; gives rise to the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies blood to the head, neck, upper limb, and wall of the thoracic region | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
brachiocephalic vein : one of a pair of veins that form from a fusion of the external and internal jugular veins and the subclavian vein; subclavian, external and internal jugulars, vertebral, and internal thoracic veins lead to it; drains the upper thoracic region and flows into the superior vena cava | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
bronchial artery : systemic branch from the aorta that provides oxygenated blood to the lungs in addition to the pulmonary circuit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
bronchial vein : drains the systemic circulation from the lungs and leads to the azygos vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
capacitance : ability of a vein to distend and store blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
capacitance vessels : veins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
capillary : smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
capillary bed : network of 10â100 capillaries connecting arterioles to venules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) : force blood exerts against a capillary | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
cardiogenic shock : type of shock that results from the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
carotid sinuses : small pockets near the base of the internal carotid arteries that are the locations of the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
cavernous sinus : enlarged vein that receives blood from most of the other cerebral veins and the eye socket, and leads to the petrosal sinus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
celiac trunk : (also, celiac artery) major branch of the abdominal aorta; gives rise to the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery that forms the hepatic artery to the liver, the right gastric artery to the stomach, and the cystic artery to the gall bladder | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
cephalic vein : superficial vessel in the upper arm; leads to the axillary vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) : blockage of blood flow to the brain; also called a stroke | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
circle of Willis : (also, arterial circle) anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
circulatory shock : also simply called shock; a life-threatening medical condition in which the circulatory system is unable to supply enough blood flow to provide adequate oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues to maintain cellular metabolism | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
common carotid artery : right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery, and the left common carotid arises from the aortic arch; gives rise to the external and internal carotid arteries; supplies the respective sides of the head and neck | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
common hepatic artery : branch of the celiac trunk that forms the hepatic artery, the right gastric artery, and the cystic artery | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
common iliac artery : branch of the aorta that leads to the internal and external iliac arteries | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
common iliac vein : one of a pair of veins that flows into the inferior vena cava at the level of L5; the left common iliac vein drains the sacral region; divides into external and internal iliac veins near the inferior portion of the sacroiliac joint | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
compliance : degree to which a blood vessel can stretch as opposed to being rigid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
continuous capillary : most common type of capillary, found in virtually all tissues except epithelia and cartilage; contains very small gaps in the endothelial lining that permit exchange | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
cystic artery : branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the gall bladder | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
deep femoral artery : branch of the femoral artery; gives rise to the lateral circumflex arteries | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
deep femoral vein : drains blood from the deeper portions of the thigh and leads to the femoral vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
descending aorta : portion of the aorta that continues downward past the end of the aortic arch; subdivided into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
diastolic pressure : lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
digital arteries : formed from the superficial and deep palmar arches; supply blood to the digits | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
digital veins : drain the digits and feed into the palmar arches of the hand and dorsal venous arch of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
dorsal arch : (also, arcuate arch) formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis artery and medial and plantar arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot and digits | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
dorsal venous arch : drains blood from digital veins and vessels on the superior surface of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
dorsalis pedis artery : forms from the anterior tibial artery; branches repeatedly to supply blood to the tarsal and dorsal regions of the foot | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
ductus arteriosus : shunt in the fetal pulmonary trunk that diverts oxygenated blood back to the aorta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
ductus venosus : shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver on its way to the inferior vena cava | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
elastic artery : (also, conducting artery) artery with abundant elastic fibers located closer to the heart, which maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to smaller branches | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
esophageal artery : branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the esophagus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
esophageal vein : drains the inferior portions of the esophagus and leads to the azygos vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
external carotid artery : arises from the common carotid artery; supplies blood to numerous structures within the face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus, and larynx | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
external elastic membrane : membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica media from the tunica externa; seen in larger arteries | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
external iliac artery : branch of the common iliac artery that leaves the body cavity and becomes a femoral artery; supplies blood to the lower limbs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
external iliac vein : formed when the femoral vein passes into the body cavity; drains the legs and leads to the common iliac vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
external jugular vein : one of a pair of major veins located in the superficial neck region that drains blood from the more superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial regions, and leads to the subclavian vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
femoral artery : continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes through the body cavity; divides into several smaller branches, the lateral deep femoral artery, and the genicular artery; becomes the popliteal artery as it passes posterior to the knee | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
femoral circumflex vein : forms a loop around the femur just inferior to the trochanters; drains blood from the areas around the head and neck of the femur; leads to the femoral vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
femoral vein : drains the upper leg; receives blood from the great saphenous vein, the deep femoral vein, and the femoral circumflex vein; becomes the external iliac vein when it crosses the body wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
fenestrated capillary : type of capillary with pores or fenestrations in the endothelium that allow for rapid passage of certain small materials | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
fibular vein : drains the muscles and integument near the fibula and leads to the popliteal vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
filtration : in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
foramen ovale : shunt that directly connects the right and left atria and helps to divert oxygenated blood from the fetal pulmonary circuit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
genicular artery : branch of the femoral artery; supplies blood to the region of the knee | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
gonadal artery : branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the gonads or reproductive organs; also described as ovarian arteries or testicular arteries, depending upon the sex of the individual | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
gonadal vein : generic term for a vein draining a reproductive organ; may be either an ovarian vein or a testicular vein, depending on the sex of the individual | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
great cerebral vein : receives most of the smaller vessels from the inferior cerebral veins and leads to the straight sinus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
great saphenous vein : prominent surface vessel located on the medial surface of the leg and thigh; drains the superficial portions of these areas and leads to the femoral vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
hemangioblasts : embryonic stem cells that appear in the mesoderm and give rise to both angioblasts and pluripotent stem cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
hemiazygos vein : smaller vein complementary to the azygos vein; drains the esophageal veins from the esophagus and the left intercostal veins, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein via the superior intercostal vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
hepatic artery proper : branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies systemic blood to the liver | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
hepatic portal system : specialized circulatory pathway that carries blood from digestive organs to the liver for processing before being sent to the systemic circulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
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