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thoracic aorta : portion of the descending aorta superior to the aortic hiatus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
thoroughfare channel : continuation of the metarteriole that enables blood to bypass a capillary bed and flow directly into a venule, creating a vascular shunt | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
thyrocervical artery : arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thyroid, the cervical region, the upper back, and shoulder | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
transient ischemic attack (TIA) : temporary loss of neurological function caused by a brief interruption in blood flow; also known as a mini-stroke | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
transverse sinuses : pair of enlarged veins near the lambdoid suture that drain the occipital, sagittal, and straight sinuses, and leads to the sigmoid sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
trunk : large vessel that gives rise to smaller vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
tunica externa : (also, tunica adventitia) outermost layer or tunic of a vessel (except capillaries) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
tunica intima : (also, tunica interna) innermost lining or tunic of a vessel | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
tunica media : middle layer or tunic of a vessel (except capillaries) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
ulnar artery : formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels the ulna; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the radial artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and carpal region | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
ulnar vein : parallels the ulna and ulnar artery; arises from the palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
umbilical arteries : pair of vessels that runs within the umbilical cord and carries fetal blood low in oxygen and high in waste to the placenta for exchange with maternal blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
umbilical vein : single vessel that originates in the placenta and runs within the umbilical cord, carrying oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the fetal heart | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vasa vasorum : small blood vessels located within the walls or tunics of larger vessels that supply nourishment to and remove wastes from the cells of the vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vascular shock : type of shock that occurs when arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vascular shunt : continuation of the metarteriole and thoroughfare channel that allows blood to bypass the capillary beds to flow directly from the arterial to the venous circulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vascular tone : contractile state of smooth muscle in a blood vessel | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vascular tubes : rudimentary blood vessels in a developing fetus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vasoconstriction : constriction of the smooth muscle of a blood vessel, resulting in a decreased vascular diameter | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vasodilation : relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of a blood vessel, resulting in an increased vascular diameter | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vasomotion : irregular, pulsating flow of blood through capillaries and related structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vein : blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
venous reserve : volume of blood contained within systemic veins in the integument, bone marrow, and liver that can be returned to the heart for circulation, if needed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
venule : small vessel leading from the capillaries to veins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vertebral artery : arises from the subclavian artery and passes through the vertebral foramen through the foramen magnum to the brain; joins with the internal carotid artery to form the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
vertebral vein : arises from the base of the brain and the cervical region of the spinal cord; passes through the intervertebral foramina in the cervical vertebrae; drains smaller veins from the cranium, spinal cord, and vertebrae, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein; counterpart of the vertebral artery | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
visceral branches : branches of the descending aorta that supply blood to the viscera | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms |
The lymphatic system is a series of vessels, ducts, and trunks that remove interstitial fluid from the tissues and return it the blood. The lymphatics are also used to transport dietary lipids and cells of the immune system. Cells of the immune system all come from the hematopoietic system of the bone marrow. Primary l... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review |
Innate immune responses are critical to the early control of infections. Whereas barrier defenses are the bodyâs first line of physical defense against pathogens, innate immune responses are the first line of physiological defense. Innate responses occur rapidly, but with less specificity and effectiveness than the a... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review |
T cells recognize antigens with their antigen receptor, a complex of two protein chains on their surface. They do not recognize self-antigens, however, but only processed antigen presented on their surfaces in a binding groove of a major histocompatibility complex molecule. T cells develop in the thymus, where they lea... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review |
B cells, which develop within the bone marrow, are responsible for making five different classes of antibodies, each with its own functions. B cells have their own mechanisms for tolerance, but in peripheral tolerance, the B cells that leave the bone marrow remain inactive due to T cell tolerance. Some B cells do not n... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review |
Early childhood is a time when the body develops much of its immunological memory that protects it from diseases in adulthood. The components of the immune response that have the maximum effectiveness against a pathogen are often associated with the class of pathogen involved. Bacteria and fungi are especially suscepti... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review |
The immune response can be under-reactive or over-reactive. Suppressed immunity can result from inherited genetic defects or by acquiring viruses. Over-reactive immune responses include the hypersensitivities: B cell- and T cell-mediated immune responses designed to control pathogens, but that lead to symptoms or medic... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review |
Blood transfusion and organ transplantation both require an understanding of the immune response to prevent medical complications. Blood needs to be typed so that natural antibodies against mismatched blood will not destroy it, causing more harm than good to the recipient. Transplanted organs must be matched by their M... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review |
active immunity : immunity developed from an individualâs own immune system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
acute inflammation : inflammation occurring for a limited time period; rapidly developing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
adaptive immune response : relatively slow but very specific and effective immune response controlled by lymphocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
afferent lymphatic vessels : lead into a lymph node | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
antibody : antigen-specific protein secreted by plasma cells; immunoglobulin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
antigen : molecule recognized by the receptors of B and T lymphocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
antigen presentation : binding of processed antigen to the protein-binding cleft of a major histocompatibility complex molecule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
antigen processing : internalization and digestion of antigen in an antigen-presenting cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
antigen receptor : two-chain receptor by which lymphocytes recognize antigen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
antigenic determinant : (also, epitope) one of the chemical groups recognized by a single type of lymphocyte antigen receptor | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
B cells : lymphocytes that act by differentiating into an antibody-secreting plasma cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
barrier defenses : antipathogen defenses deriving from a barrier that physically prevents pathogens from entering the body to establish an infection | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
bone marrow : tissue found inside bones; the site of all blood cell differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) : lymphoid nodule associated with the respiratory tract | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
central tolerance : B cell tolerance induced in immature B cells of the bone marrow | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
chemokine : soluble, long-range, cell-to-cell communication molecule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
chronic inflammation : inflammation occurring for long periods of time | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
chyle : lipid-rich lymph inside the lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
cisterna chyli : bag-like vessel that forms the beginning of the thoracic duct | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
class switching : ability of B cells to change the class of antibody they produce without altering the specificity for antigen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
clonal anergy : process whereby B cells that react to soluble antigens in bone marrow are made nonfunctional | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
clonal deletion : removal of self-reactive B cells by inducing apoptosis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
clonal expansion : growth of a clone of selected lymphocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
clonal selection : stimulating growth of lymphocytes that have specific receptors | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
clone : group of lymphocytes sharing the same antigen receptor | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
complement : enzymatic cascade of constitutive blood proteins that have antipathogen effects, including the direct killing of bacteria | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
constant region domain : part of a lymphocyte antigen receptor that does not vary much between different receptor types | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
cytokine : soluble, short-range, cell-to-cell communication molecule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
cytotoxic T cells (Tc) : T lymphocytes with the ability to induce apoptosis in target cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
delayed hypersensitivity : (type IV) T cell-mediated immune response against pathogens infiltrating interstitial tissues, causing cellular infiltrate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
early induced immune response : includes antimicrobial proteins stimulated during the first several days of an infection | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
effector T cells : immune cells with a direct, adverse effect on a pathogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
efferent lymphatic vessels : lead out of a lymph node | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
erythroblastosis fetalis : disease of Rh factor-positive newborns in Rh-negative mothers with multiple Rh-positive children; resulting from the action of maternal antibodies against fetal blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
fas ligand : molecule expressed on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that binds to the fas molecule on a target cell and induces it do undergo apoptosis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
Fc region : in an antibody molecule, the site where the two termini of the heavy chains come together; many cells have receptors for this portion of the antibody, adding functionality to these molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
germinal centers : clusters of rapidly proliferating B cells found in secondary lymphoid tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
graft-versus-host disease : in bone marrow transplants; occurs when the transplanted cells mount an immune response against the recipient | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
granzyme : apoptosis-inducing substance contained in granules of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
heavy chain : larger protein chain of an antibody | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
helper T cells (Th) : T cells that secrete cytokines to enhance other immune responses, involved in activation of both B and T cell lymphocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
high endothelial venules : vessels containing unique endothelial cells specialized to allow migration of lymphocytes from the blood to the lymph node | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
histamine : vasoactive mediator in granules of mast cells and is the primary cause of allergies and anaphylactic shock | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
IgA : antibody whose dimer is secreted by exocrine glands, is especially effective against digestive and respiratory pathogens, and can pass immunity to an infant through breastfeeding | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
IgD : class of antibody whose only known function is as a receptor on naive B cells; important in B cell activation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
IgE : antibody that binds to mast cells and causes antigen-specific degranulation during an allergic response | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
IgG : main blood antibody of late primary and early secondary responses; passed from carrier to unborn child via placenta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
IgM : antibody whose monomer is a surface receptor of naive B cells; the pentamer is the first antibody made blood plasma during primary responses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
immediate hypersensitivity : (type I) IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation caused by crosslinking of surface IgE by antigen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
immune system : series of barriers, cells, and soluble mediators that combine to response to infections of the body with pathogenic organisms | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
immunoglobulin : protein antibody; occurs as one of five main classes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
immunological memory : ability of the adaptive immune response to mount a stronger and faster immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
inflammation : basic innate immune response characterized by heat, redness, pain, and swelling | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
innate immune response : rapid but relatively nonspecific immune response | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
interferons : early induced proteins made in virally infected cells that cause nearby cells to make antiviral proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
light chain : small protein chain of an antibody | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
lymph : fluid contained within the lymphatic system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
lymph node : one of the bean-shaped organs found associated with the lymphatic vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
lymphatic capillaries : smallest of the lymphatic vessels and the origin of lymph flow | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
lymphatic system : network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and ducts that carries lymph from the tissues and back to the bloodstream. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
lymphatic trunks : large lymphatics that collect lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels and empties into the blood via lymphatic ducts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
lymphocytes : white blood cells characterized by a large nucleus and small rim of cytoplasm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
lymphoid nodules : unencapsulated patches of lymphoid tissue found throughout the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
macrophage : ameboid phagocyte found in several tissues throughout the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
macrophage oxidative metabolism : metabolism turned on in macrophages by T cell signals that help destroy intracellular bacteria | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) : gene cluster whose proteins present antigens to T cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
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