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external respiration : gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
fauces : portion of the posterior oral cavity that connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
fibroelastic membrane : specialized membrane that connects the ends of the C-shape cartilage in the trachea; contains smooth muscle fibers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
forced breathing : (also, hyperpnea) mode of breathing that occurs during exercise or by active thought that requires muscle contraction for both inspiration and expiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
foregut : endoderm of the embryo towards the head region | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
functional residual capacity (FRC) : sum of ERV and RV, which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
glottis : opening between the vocal folds through which air passes when producing speech | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
Haldane effect : relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
Henryâs law : statement of the principle that the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
hilum : concave structure on the mediastinal surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and a bronchus enter the lung | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
hyperpnea : increased rate and depth of ventilation due to an increase in oxygen demand that does not significantly alter blood oxygen or carbon dioxide levels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
hyperventilation : increased ventilation rate that leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
inspiration : (also, inhalation) process that causes air to enter the lungs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
inspiratory capacity (IC) : sum of the TV and IRV, which is the amount of air that can maximally be inhaled past a tidal expiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) : amount of air that enters the lungs due to deep inhalation past the tidal volume | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
internal respiration : gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
intra-alveolar pressure : (intrapulmonary pressure) pressure of the air within the alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
intrapleural pressure : pressure of the air within the pleural cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
laryngeal prominence : region where the two lamine of the thyroid cartilage join, forming a protrusion known as âAdamâs appleâ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
laryngopharynx : portion of the pharynx bordered by the oropharynx superiorly and esophagus and trachea inferiorly; serves as a route for both air and food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
laryngotracheal : bud forms from the lung bud, has a tracheal end and bulbous bronchial buds at the distal end | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
larynx : cartilaginous structure that produces the voice, prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea, and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
lingual tonsil : lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
lung : organ of the respiratory system that performs gas exchange | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
lung bud : median dome that forms from the endoderm of the foregut | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
meatus : one of three recesses (superior, middle, and inferior) in the nasal cavity attached to the conchae that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
naris : (plural = nares) opening of the nostrils | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
nasal bone : bone of the skull that lies under the root and bridge of the nose and is connected to the frontal and maxillary bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
nasal septum : wall composed of bone and cartilage that separates the left and right nasal cavities | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
nasopharynx : portion of the pharynx flanked by the conchae and oropharynx that serves as an airway | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
olfactory pit : invaginated ectodermal tissue in the anterior portion of the head region of an embryo that will form the nasal cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
oropharynx : portion of the pharynx flanked by the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and laryngopharynx that is a passageway for both air and food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
oxygenâhemoglobin dissociation curve : graph that describes the relationship of partial pressure to the binding and disassociation of oxygen to and from heme | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
oxyhemoglobin : (HbâO2) bound form of hemoglobin and oxygen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
palatine tonsil : one of the paired structures composed of lymphoid tissue located anterior to the uvula at the roof of isthmus of the fauces | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
paranasal sinus : one of the cavities within the skull that is connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consists of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
parietal pleura : outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
partial pressure : force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
peripheral chemoreceptor : one of the specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, carbon dioxide, or oxygen blood levels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pharyngeal tonsil : structure composed of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pharynx : region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
philtrum : concave surface of the face that connects the apex of the nose to the top lip | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pleural cavity : space between the visceral and parietal pleurae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pleural fluid : substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pneumotaxic center : network of neurons within the pons that inhibit the activity of the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls rate of breathing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pulmonary artery : artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pulmonary plexus : network of autonomic nervous system fibers found near the hilum of the lung | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pulmonary surfactant : substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli; made by type II alveolar cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
pulmonary ventilation : exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere; breathing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
quiet breathing : (also, eupnea) mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
residual volume (RV) : amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
respiratory bronchiole : specific type of bronchiole that leads to alveolar sacs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
respiratory cycle : one sequence of inspiration and expiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
respiratory epithelium : ciliated lining of much of the conducting zone that is specialized to remove debris and pathogens, and produce mucus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
respiratory membrane : alveolar and capillary wall together, which form an air-blood barrier that facilitates the simple diffusion of gases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
respiratory rate : total number of breaths taken each minute | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
respiratory volume : varying amounts of air within the lung at a given time | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
respiratory zone : includes structures of the respiratory system that are directly involved in gas exchange | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
root : region of the external nose between the eyebrows | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
thoracic wall compliance : ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
thyroid cartilage : largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx and consists of two lamine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
tidal volume (TV) : amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
total dead space : sum of the anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
total lung capacity (TLC) : total amount of air that can be held in the lungs; sum of TV, ERV, IRV, and RV | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
total pressure : sum of all the partial pressures of a gaseous mixture | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
trachea : tube composed of cartilaginous rings and supporting tissue that connects the lung bronchi and the larynx; provides a route for air to enter and exit the lung | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
trachealis muscle : smooth muscle located in the fibroelastic membrane of the trachea | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
transpulmonary pressure : pressure difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
true vocal cord : one of the pair of folded, white membranes that have a free inner edge that oscillates as air passes through to produce sound | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
type I alveolar cell : squamous epithelial cells that are the major cell type in the alveolar wall; highly permeable to gases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
type II alveolar cell : cuboidal epithelial cells that are the minor cell type in the alveolar wall; secrete pulmonary surfactant | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
ventilation : movement of air into and out of the lungs; consists of inspiration and expiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
ventral respiratory group (VRG) : region of the medulla oblongata that stimulates the contraction of the accessory muscles involved in respiration to induce forced inspiration and expiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
vestibular fold : part of the folded region of the glottis composed of mucous membrane; supports the epiglottis during swallowing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
visceral pleura : innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
vital capacity (VC) : sum of TV, ERV, and IRV, which is all the volumes that participate in gas exchange | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The accessory... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
The digestive system ingests and digests food, absorbs released nutrients, and excretes food components that are indigestible. The six activities involved in this process are ingestion, motility, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. These processes are regulated by neural and hormonal m... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
In the mouth, the tongue and the teeth begin mechanical digestion, and saliva begins chemical digestion. The pharynx, which plays roles in breathing and vocalization as well as digestion, runs from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus inferiorly (for digestion) and to the larynx anteriorly (for respi... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
The stomach participates in all digestive activities except ingestion and defecation. It vigorously churns food. It secretes gastric juices that break down food and absorbs certain drugs, including aspirin and some alcohol. The stomach begins the digestion of protein and continues the digestion of carbohydrates and fat... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
The three main regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The small intestine is where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs. These two activities are facilitated by structural adaptations that increase the mucosal surface area by 600-fold, including circular folds... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
The main regions of the large intestine are the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water and forms feces, and is responsible for defecation. Bacterial flora break down additional carbohydrate residue, and synthesize certain vitamins. The mucosa of the large intestinal wall is generously endow... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
Chemical digestion in the small intestine cannot occur without the help of the liver and pancreas. The liver produces bile and delivers it to the common hepatic duct. Bile contains bile salts and phospholipids, which emulsify large lipid globules into tiny lipid droplets, a necessary step in lipid digestion and absorpt... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
The pancreas produces the enzyme- and bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice and delivers it to the small intestine through ducts. Pancreatic juice buffers the acidic gastric juice in chyme, inactivates pepsin from the stomach, and enables the optimal functioning of digestive enzymes in the small intestine. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
The small intestine is the site of most chemical digestion and almost all absorption. Chemical digestion breaks large food molecules down into their chemical building blocks, which can then be absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the general circulation. Intestinal brush border enzymes and pancreatic enzymes a... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
Most nutrients are absorbed by transport mechanisms at the apical surface of enterocytes. Exceptions include lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and most water-soluble vitamins. With the help of bile salts and lecithin, the dietary fats are emulsified to form micelles, which can carry the fat particles to the surface of the ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review |
absorption : passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
accessory digestive organ : includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
accessory duct : (also, duct of Santorini) duct that runs from the pancreas into the duodenum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
acinus : cluster of glandular epithelial cells in the pancreas that secretes pancreatic juice in the pancreas | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
alimentary canal : continuous muscular digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
aminopeptidase : brush border enzyme that acts on proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
anal canal : final segment of the large intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
anal column : long fold of mucosa in the anal canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
anal sinus : recess between anal columns | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
appendix : (vermiform appendix) coiled tube attached to the cecum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
ascending colon : first region of the colon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
bacterial flora : bacteria in the large intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
bile : alkaline solution produced by the liver and important for the emulsification of lipids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
bile canaliculus : small duct between hepatocytes that collects bile | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
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