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mast cell : cell found in the skin and the lining of body cells that contains cytoplasmic granules with vasoactive mediators such as histamine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
memory T cells : long-lived immune cell reserved for future exposure to a pathogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
MHC class I : found on most cells of the body, it binds to the CD8 molecule on T cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
MHC class II : found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, it binds to CD4 molecules on T cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
MHC polygeny : multiple MHC genes and their proteins found in body cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
MHC polymorphism : multiple alleles for each individual MHC locus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
monocyte : precursor to macrophages and dendritic cells seen in the blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) : lymphoid nodule associated with the mucosa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
naïve lymphocyte : mature B or T cell that has not yet encountered antigen for the first time | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
natural killer cell (NK) : cytotoxic lymphocyte of innate immune response | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
negative selection : selection against thymocytes in the thymus that react with self-antigen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
neutralization : inactivation of a virus by the binding of specific antibody | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
neutrophil : phagocytic white blood cell recruited from the bloodstream to the site of infection via the bloodstream | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
opsonization : enhancement of phagocytosis by the binding of antibody or antimicrobial protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
passive immunity : transfer of immunity to a pathogen to an individual that lacks immunity to this pathogen usually by the injection of antibodies | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
pattern recognition receptor (PRR) : leukocyte receptor that binds to specific cell wall components of different bacterial species | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
perforin : molecule in NK cell and cytotoxic T cell granules that form pores in the membrane of a target cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
peripheral tolerance : mature B cell made tolerant by lack of T cell help | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
phagocytosis : movement of material from the outside to the inside of the cells via vesicles made from invaginations of the plasma membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
plasma cell : differentiated B cell that is actively secreting antibody | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
polyclonal response : response by multiple clones to a complex antigen with many determinants | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
positive selection : selection of thymocytes within the thymus that interact with self, but not non-self, MHC molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
primary adaptive response : immune systemâs response to the first exposure to a pathogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
primary lymphoid organ : site where lymphocytes mature and proliferate; red bone marrow and thymus gland | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
psychoneuroimmunology : study of the connections between the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
regulatory T cells (Treg) : (also, suppressor T cells) class of CD4 T cells that regulates other T cell responses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
right lymphatic duct : drains lymph fluid from the upper right side of body into the right subclavian vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
secondary adaptive response : immune response observed upon re-exposure to a pathogen, which is stronger and faster than a primary response | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
secondary lymphoid organs : sites where lymphocytes mount adaptive immune responses; examples include lymph nodes and spleen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
sensitization : first exposure to an antigen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
seroconversion : clearance of pathogen in the serum and the simultaneous rise of serum antibody | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) : genetic mutation that affects both T cell and B cell arms of the immune response | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
spleen : secondary lymphoid organ that filters pathogens from the blood (white pulp) and removes degenerating or damaged blood cells (red pulp) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
T cell : lymphocyte that acts by secreting molecules that regulate the immune system or by causing the destruction of foreign cells, viruses, and cancer cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
T cell tolerance : process during T cell differentiation where most T cells that recognize antigens from oneâs own body are destroyed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
T cell-dependent antigen : antigen that binds to B cells, which requires signals from T cells to make antibody | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
T cell-independent antigen : binds to B cells, which do not require signals from T cells to make antibody | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
Th1 cells : cells that secrete cytokines that enhance the activity of macrophages and other cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
Th2 cells : cells that secrete cytokines that induce B cells to differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
thoracic duct : large duct that drains lymph from the lower limbs, left thorax, left upper limb, and the left side of the head | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
thymocyte : immature T cell found in the thymus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
thymus : primary lymphoid organ; where T lymphocytes proliferate and mature | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
tissue typing : typing of MHC molecules between a recipient and donor for use in a potential transplantation procedure | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
tonsils : lymphoid nodules associated with the nasopharynx | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
type I hypersensitivity : immediate response mediated by mast cell degranulation caused by the crosslinking of the antigen-specific IgE molecules on the mast cell surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
type II hypersensitivity : cell damage caused by the binding of antibody and the activation of complement, usually against red blood cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
type III hypersensitivity : damage to tissues caused by the deposition of antibody-antigen (immune) complexes followed by the activation of complement | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
variable region domain : part of a lymphocyte antigen receptor that varies considerably between different receptor types | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms |
The respiratory system is responsible for obtaining oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide, and aiding in speech production and in sensing odors. From a functional perspective, the respiratory system can be divided into two major areas: the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone consists of all... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
The lining of the conducting zone is composed mostly of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The mucus traps pathogens and debris, whereas beating cilia move the mucus superiorly toward the throat, where it is swallowed. As the bronchioles become smaller and smaller, and nearer the alveoli, ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system and are responsible for performing gas exchange. The lungs are paired and separated into lobes; The left lung consists of two lobes, whereas the right lung consists of three lobes. Blood circulation is very important, as blood is required to transport oxygen from... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Pulmonary ventilation is the process of breathing, which is driven by pressure differences between the lungs and the atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by gases present in the atmosphere. The force exerted by gases within the alveoli is called intra-alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure, whereas the for... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Resistance is created by inelastic surfaces, as well as the diameter of the airways. Resistance reduces the flow of gases. The surface tension of the alveoli also influences pressure, as it opposes the expansion of the alveoli. However, pulmonary surfactant helps to reduce the surface tension so that the alveoli do not... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Pulmonary ventilation consists of the process of inspiration (or inhalation), where air enters the lungs, and expiration (or exhalation), where air leaves the lungs. During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to expand and move outward, and expanding the thoracic c... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Respiratory volume describes the amount of air in a given space within the lungs, or which can be moved by the lung, and is dependent on a variety of factors. Tidal volume refers to the amount of air that enters the lungs during quiet breathing, whereas inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that enters the lu... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Both respiratory rate and depth are controlled by the respiratory centers of the brain, which are stimulated by factors such as chemical and pH changes in the blood. These changes are sensed by central chemoreceptors, which are located in the brain, and peripheral chemoreceptors, which are located in the aortic arch an... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
The behavior of gases can be explained by the principles of Daltonâs law and Henryâs law, both of which describe aspects of gas exchange. Daltonâs law states that each specific gas in a mixture of gases exerts force (its partial pressure) independently of the other gases in the mixture. Henryâs law states that ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Ventilation is the process that moves air into and out of the alveoli, and perfusion affects the flow of blood in the capillaries. Both are important in gas exchange, as ventilation must be sufficient to create a high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. If ventilation is insufficient and the partial pressure of ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Oxygen is primarily transported through the blood by erythrocytes. These cells contain a metalloprotein called hemoglobin, which is composed of four subunits with a ring-like structure. Each subunit contains one atom of iron bound to a molecule of heme. Heme binds oxygen so that each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Carbon dioxide is transported in blood by three different mechanisms: as dissolved carbon dioxide, as bicarbonate, or as carbaminohemoglobin. A small portion of carbon dioxide remains. The largest amount of transported carbon dioxide is as bicarbonate, formed in erythrocytes. For this conversion, carbon dioxide is comb... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
Normally, the respiratory centers of the brain maintain a consistent, rhythmic breathing cycle. However, in certain cases, the respiratory system must adjust to situational changes in order to supply the body with sufficient oxygen. For example, exercise results in increased ventilation, and chronic exposure to a high ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
In contrast, acute exposure to a high altitude, particularly during times of physical exertion, does result in low blood and tissue levels of oxygen. This change is caused by a low partial pressure of oxygen in the air, because the atmospheric pressure at high altitudes is lower than the atmospheric pressure at sea lev... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
The development of the respiratory system in the fetus begins at about 4 weeks and continues into childhood. Ectodermal tissue in the anterior portion of the head region invaginates posteriorly, forming olfactory pits, which ultimately fuse with endodermal tissue of the early pharynx. At about this same time, a protrus... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review |
acclimatization : process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to high altitudes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
acute mountain sickness (AMS) : condition that occurs a result of acute exposure to high altitude due to a low partial pressure of oxygen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
ala : (plural = alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril that forms the lateral side of the nares | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
alar cartilage : cartilage that supports the apex of the nose and helps shape the nares; it is connected to the septal cartilage and connective tissue of the alae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
alveolar dead space : air space within alveoli that are unable to participate in gas exchange | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
alveolar duct : small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the point of attachment for alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
alveolar macrophage : immune system cell of the alveolus that removes debris and pathogens | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
alveolar pore : opening that allows airflow between neighboring alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
alveolar sac : cluster of alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
alveolus : small, grape-like sac that performs gas exchange in the lungs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
anatomical dead space : air space present in the airway that never reaches the alveoli and therefore never participates in gas exchange | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
apex : tip of the external nose | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
apneustic center : network of neurons within the pons that stimulate the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls the depth of inspiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
atmospheric pressure : amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
Bohr effect : relationship between blood pH and oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
Boyleâs law : relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula:P1V1=P2V2 | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
bridge : portion of the external nose that lies in the area of the nasal bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
bronchial bud : structure in the developing embryo that forms when the laryngotracheal bud extends and branches to form two bulbous structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
bronchial tree : collective name for the multiple branches of the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
bronchiole : branch of bronchi that are 1 mm or less in diameter and terminate at alveolar sacs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
bronchoconstriction : decrease in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
bronchodilation : increase in the size of the bronchiole due to relaxation of the muscular wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
bronchus : tube connected to the trachea that branches into many subsidiaries and provides a passageway for air to enter and leave the lungs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
carbaminohemoglobin : bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
carbonic anhydrase (CA) : enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that causes carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
cardiac notch : indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
central chemoreceptor : one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain that sense changes in hydrogen ion, oxygen, or carbon dioxide concentrations in the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
chloride shift : facilitated diffusion that exchanges bicarbonate (HCO3â) with chloride (Clâ) ions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
conducting zone : region of the respiratory system that includes the organs and structures that provide passageways for air and are not directly involved in gas exchange | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
cricoid cartilage : portion of the larynx composed of a ring of cartilage with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region; attached to the esophagus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
Daltonâs law : statement of the principle that a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure, as if that specific gas type was not part of a mixture of gases | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
dorsal respiratory group (DRG) : region of the medulla oblongata that stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to induce inspiration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
dorsum nasi : intermediate portion of the external nose that connects the bridge to the apex and is supported by the nasal bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
epiglottis : leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is a portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
expiration : (also, exhalation) process that causes the air to leave the lungs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) : amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
external nose : region of the nose that is easily visible to others | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms |
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