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bilirubin : main bile pigment, which is responsible for the brown color of feces | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
body : mid-portion of the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
bolus : mass of chewed food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
brush border : fuzzy appearance of the small intestinal mucosa created by microvilli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
cardia : (also, cardiac region) part of the stomach surrounding the cardiac orifice (esophageal hiatus) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
cecum : pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
cementum : bone-like tissue covering the root of a tooth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
central vein : vein that receives blood from hepatic sinusoids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
cephalic phase : (also, reflex phase) initial phase of gastric secretion that occurs before food enters the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
chemical digestion : enzymatic breakdown of food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
chief cell : gastric gland cell that secretes pepsinogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
chylomicron : large lipid-transport compound made up of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
chyme : soupy liquid created when food is mixed with digestive juices | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
circular fold : (also, plica circulare) deep fold in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
colon : part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
common bile duct : structure formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the gallbladderâs cystic duct | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
common hepatic duct : duct formed by the merger of the two hepatic ducts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
crown : portion of tooth visible superior to the gum line | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
cuspid : (also, canine) pointed tooth used for tearing and shredding food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
cystic duct : duct through which bile drains and enters the gallbladder | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
deciduous tooth : one of 20 âbaby teethâ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
defecation : elimination of undigested substances from the body in the form of feces | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
deglutition : three-stage process of swallowing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
dens : tooth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
dentin : bone-like tissue immediately deep to the enamel of the crown or cementum of the root of a tooth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
dentition : set of teeth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
deoxyribonuclease : pancreatic enzyme that digests DNA | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
descending colon : part of the colon between the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
dipeptidase : brush border enzyme that acts on proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
duodenal gland : (also, Brunnerâs gland) mucous-secreting gland in the duodenal submucosa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
duodenum : first part of the small intestine, which starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the jejunum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
enamel : covering of the dentin of the crown of a tooth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
enteroendocrine cell : gastric gland cell that releases hormones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
enterohepatic circulation : recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
enteropeptidase : intestinal brush-border enzyme that activates trypsinogen to trypsin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
epiploic appendage : small sac of fat-filled visceral peritoneum attached to teniae coli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
esophagus : muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
external anal sphincter : voluntary skeletal muscle sphincter in the anal canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
fauces : opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
feces : semisolid waste product of digestion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
flatus : gas in the intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
fundus : dome-shaped region of the stomach above and to the left of the cardia | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
G cell : gastrin-secreting enteroendocrine cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gallbladder : accessory digestive organ that stores and concentrates bile | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gastric emptying : process by which mixing waves gradually cause the release of chyme into the duodenum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gastric gland : gland in the stomach mucosal epithelium that produces gastric juice | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gastric phase : phase of gastric secretion that begins when food enters the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gastric pit : narrow channel formed by the epithelial lining of the stomach mucosa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gastrin : peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and gut motility | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gastrocolic reflex : propulsive movement in the colon activated by the presence of food in the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gastroileal reflex : long reflex that increases the strength of segmentation in the ileum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
gingiva : gum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
haustral contraction : slow segmentation in the large intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
haustrum : small pouch in the colon created by tonic contractions of teniae coli | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatic artery : artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatic lobule : hexagonal-shaped structure composed of hepatocytes that radiate outward from a central vein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatic portal vein : vein that supplies deoxygenated nutrient-rich blood to the liver | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatic sinusoid : blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that receive blood from the hepatic portal vein and the branches of the hepatic artery | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatic vein : vein that drains into the inferior vena cava | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatocytes : major functional cells of the liver | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatopancreatic ampulla : (also, ampulla of Vater) bulb-like point in the wall of the duodenum where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct unite | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hepatopancreatic sphincter : (also, sphincter of Oddi) sphincter regulating the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
hydrochloric acid (HCl) : digestive acid secreted by parietal cells in the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
ileocecal sphincter : sphincter located where the small intestine joins with the large intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
ileum : end of the small intestine between the jejunum and the large intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
incisor : midline, chisel-shaped tooth used for cutting into food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
ingestion : taking food into the GI tract through the mouth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
internal anal sphincter : involuntary smooth muscle sphincter in the anal canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
intestinal gland : (also, crypt of Lieberkühn) gland in the small intestinal mucosa that secretes intestinal juice | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
intestinal juice : mixture of water and mucus that helps absorb nutrients from chyme | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
intestinal phase : phase of gastric secretion that begins when chyme enters the intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
intrinsic factor : glycoprotein required for vitamin B12absorption in the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
jejunum : middle part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
labial frenulum : midline mucous membrane fold that attaches the inner surface of the lips to the gums | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
labium : lip | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
lactase : brush border enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
lacteal : lymphatic capillary in the villi | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
large intestine : terminal portion of the alimentary canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
laryngopharynx : part of the pharynx that functions in respiration and digestion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
left colic flexure : (also, splenic flexure) point where the transverse colon curves below the inferior end of the spleen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
lingual frenulum : mucous membrane fold that attaches the bottom of the tongue to the floor of the mouth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
lingual lipase : digestive enzyme from glands in the tongue that acts on triglycerides | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
lipoprotein lipase : enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons into fatty acids and monoglycerides | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
liver : largest gland in the body whose main digestive function is the production of bile | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
lower esophageal sphincter : smooth muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the esophagus to the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
main pancreatic duct : (also, duct of Wirsung) duct through which pancreatic juice drains from the pancreas | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
major duodenal papilla : point at which the hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into the duodenum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
maltase : brush border enzyme that breaks down maltose and maltotriose into two and three molecules of glucose, respectively | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
mass movement : long, slow, peristaltic wave in the large intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
mastication : chewing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
mechanical digestion : chewing, mixing, and segmentation that prepares food for chemical digestion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
mesoappendix : mesentery of the appendix | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
micelle : tiny lipid-transport compound composed of bile salts and phospholipids with a fatty acid and monoacylglyceride core | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
microvillus : small projection of the plasma membrane of the absorptive cells of the small intestinal mucosa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
migrating motility complex : form of peristalsis in the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
mixing wave : unique type of peristalsis that occurs in the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
molar : tooth used for crushing and grinding food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
motilin : hormone that initiates migrating motility complexes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
motility : movement of food through the GI tract | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
mucosa : innermost lining of the alimentary canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
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