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mucosal barrier : protective barrier that prevents gastric juice from destroying the stomach itself | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
mucous neck cell : gastric gland cell that secretes a uniquely acidic mucus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
muscularis : muscle (skeletal or smooth) layer of the alimentary canal wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
myenteric plexus : (plexus of Auerbach) major nerve supply to alimentary canal wall; controls motility | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
nucleosidase : brush border enzyme that digests nucleotides | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
oral cavity : (also, buccal cavity) mouth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
oral vestibule : part of the mouth bounded externally by the cheeks and lips, and internally by the gums and teeth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
oropharynx : part of the pharynx continuous with the oral cavity that functions in respiration and digestion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
palatoglossal arch : muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the base of the tongue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
palatopharyngeal arch : muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the side of the pharynx | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pancreas : accessory digestive organ that secretes pancreatic juice | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pancreatic amylase : enzyme secreted by the pancreas that completes the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pancreatic juice : secretion of the pancreas containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pancreatic lipase : enzyme secreted by the pancreas that participates in lipid digestion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pancreatic nuclease : enzyme secreted by the pancreas that participates in nucleic acid digestion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
parietal cell : gastric gland cell that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
parotid gland : one of a pair of major salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pectinate line : horizontal line that runs like a ring, perpendicular to the inferior margins of the anal sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pepsinogen : inactive form of pepsin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
peristalsis : muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food through the GI tract | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
permanent tooth : one of 32 adult teeth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pharynx : throat | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
phosphatase : brush border enzyme that digests nucleotides | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
porta hepatis : âgateway to the liverâ where the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
portal triad : bile duct, hepatic artery branch, and hepatic portal vein branch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
premolar : (also, bicuspid) transitional tooth used for mastication, crushing, and grinding food | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
propulsion : voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis that moves food through the digestive tract | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pulp cavity : deepest portion of a tooth, containing nerve endings and blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pyloric antrum : wider, more superior part of the pylorus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pyloric canal : narrow, more inferior part of the pylorus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pyloric sphincter : sphincter that controls stomach emptying | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
pylorus : lower, funnel-shaped part of the stomach that is continuous with the duodenum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
rectal valve : one of three transverse folds in the rectum where feces is separated from flatus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
rectum : part of the large intestine between the sigmoid colon and anal canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
reticuloendothelial cell : (also, Kupffer cell) phagocyte in hepatic sinusoids that filters out material from venous blood from the alimentary canal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
retroperitoneal : located posterior to the peritoneum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
ribonuclease : pancreatic enzyme that digests RNA | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
right colic flexure : (also, hepatic flexure) point, at the inferior surface of the liver, where the ascending colon turns abruptly to the left | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
root : portion of a tooth embedded in the alveolar processes beneath the gum line | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
ruga : fold of alimentary canal mucosa and submucosa in the empty stomach and other organs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
saccharolytic fermentation : anaerobic decomposition of carbohydrates | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
saliva : aqueous solution of proteins and ions secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
salivary amylase : digestive enzyme in saliva that acts on starch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
salivary gland : an exocrine gland that secretes a digestive fluid called saliva | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
salivation : secretion of saliva | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
segmentation : alternating contractions and relaxations of non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with digestive juices | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
serosa : outermost layer of the alimentary canal wall present in regions within the abdominal cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
sigmoid colon : end portion of the colon, which terminates at the rectum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
small intestine : section of the alimentary canal where most digestion and absorption occurs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
soft palate : posterior region of the bottom portion of the nasal cavity that consists of skeletal muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
stomach : alimentary canal organ that contributes to chemical and mechanical digestion of food from the esophagus before releasing it, as chyme, to the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
sublingual gland : one of a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the tongue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
submandibular gland : one of a pair of major salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
submucosa : layer of dense connective tissue in the alimentary canal wall that binds the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
submucosal plexus : (plexus of Meissner) nerve supply that regulates activity of glands and smooth muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
sucrase : brush border enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
tenia coli : one of three smooth muscle bands that make up the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis in all of the large intestine except the terminal end | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
tongue : accessory digestive organ of the mouth, the bulk of which is composed of skeletal muscle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
transverse colon : part of the colon between the ascending colon and the descending colon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
upper esophageal sphincter : skeletal muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the pharynx to the esophagus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
Valsalvaâs maneuver : voluntary contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles and closing of the glottis, which increases intra-abdominal pressure and facilitates defecation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
villus : projection of the mucosa of the small intestine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
voluntary phase : initial phase of deglutition, in which the bolus moves from the mouth to the oropharynx | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
α-dextrin : breakdown product of starch | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
α-dextrinase : brush border enzyme that acts on α-dextrins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms |
Metabolism is the sum of all catabolic (break down) and anabolic (synthesis) reactions in the body. The metabolic rate measures the amount of energy used to maintain life. An organism must ingest a sufficient amount of food to maintain its metabolic rate if the organism is to stay alive for very long. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins from ingested food, into their constituent smaller parts. They also include the breakdown of ATP, which releases the energy needed for metabolic processes in all cells throughout the body. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Anabolic reactions, or biosynthetic reactions, synthesize larger molecules from smaller constituent parts, using ATP as the energy source for these reactions. Anabolic reactions build bone, muscle mass, and new proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. Oxidation-reduction reactions transfer electrons across molecules by oxidi... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Metabolic enzymes catalyze catabolic reactions that break down carbohydrates contained in food. The energy released is used to power the cells and systems that make up your body. Excess or unutilized energy is stored as fat or glycogen for later use. Carbohydrate metabolism begins in the mouth, where the enzyme salivar... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Under anaerobic conditions, ATP production is limited to those generated by glycolysis. While a total of four ATPs are produced by glycolysis, two are needed to begin glycolysis, so there is a net yield of two ATP molecules. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
In conditions of low glucose, such as fasting, starvation, or low carbohydrate diets, glucose can be synthesized from lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, or glutamate. This process, called gluconeogenesis, is almost the reverse of glycolysis and serves to create glucose molecules for glucose-dependent organs, such as... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Lipids are available to the body from three sources. They can be ingested in the diet, stored in the adipose tissue of the body, or synthesized in the liver. Fats ingested in the diet are digested in the small intestine. The triglycerides are broken down into monoglycerides and free fatty acids, then imported across th... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, where HCl and pepsin begin the process of breaking down proteins into their constituent amino acids. As the chyme enters the small intestine, it mixes with bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. The bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic HCl, and the digestive enzymes break down the... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
There are three main metabolic states of the body: absorptive (fed), postabsorptive (fasting), and starvation. During any given day, your metabolism switches between absorptive and postabsorptive states. Starvation states happen very rarely in generally well-nourished individuals. When the body is fed, glucose, fats, a... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Some of the energy from the food that is ingested is used to maintain the core temperature of the body. Most of the energy derived from the food is released as heat. The core temperature is kept around 36.5â37.5 °C (97.7â99.5 °F). This is tightly regulated by the hypothalamus in the brain, which senses changes in... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Nutrition and diet affect your metabolism. More energy is required to break down fats and proteins than carbohydrates; however, all excess calories that are ingested will be stored as fat in the body. On average, a person requires 1500 to 2000 calories for normal daily activity, although routine exercise will increase ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
Vitamins and minerals are essential parts of the diet. They are needed for the proper function of metabolic pathways in the body. Vitamins are not stored in the body, so they must be obtained from the diet or synthesized from precursors available in the diet. Minerals are also obtained from the diet, but they are also ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review |
absorptive state : also called the fed state; the metabolic state occurring during the first few hours after ingesting food in which the body is digesting food and absorbing the nutrients | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) : starting molecule of the Krebs cycle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
anabolic hormones : hormones that stimulate the synthesis of new, larger molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
anabolic reactions : reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
ATP synthase : protein pore complex that creates ATP | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
basal metabolic rate (BMR) : amount of energy expended by the body at rest | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
beta (β)-hydroxybutyrate : primary ketone body produced in the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
beta (β)-oxidation : fatty acid oxidation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
bile salts : salts that are released from the liver in response to lipid ingestion and surround the insoluble triglycerides to aid in their conversion to monoglycerides and free fatty acids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
biosynthesis reactions : reactions that create new molecules, also called anabolic reactions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
body mass index (BMI) : relative amount of body weight compared to the overall height; a BMI ranging from 18â24.9 is considered normal weight, 25â29.9 is considered overweight, and greater than 30 is considered obese | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
calorie : amount of heat it takes to raise 1 kg (1000 g) of water by 1 °C | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
catabolic hormones : hormones that stimulate the breakdown of larger molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
catabolic reactions : reactions that break down larger molecules into their constituent parts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
cellular respiration : production of ATP from glucose oxidation via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
cholecystokinin (CCK) : hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase and the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile salts | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
chylomicrons : vesicles containing cholesterol and triglycerides that transport lipids out of the intestinal cells and into the lymphatic and circulatory systems | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
chymotrypsin : pancreatic enzyme that digests protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
chymotrypsinogen : proenzyme that is activated by trypsin into chymotrypsin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
citric acid cycle : also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle; converts pyruvate into CO2and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
conduction : transfer of heat through physical contact | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
convection : transfer of heat between the skin and air or water | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
elastase : pancreatic enzyme that digests protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms |
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