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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#18 | d Socher CEO and Founder, You.com". Time Magazine.
- ^ Robertson, Adi (November 9, 2021). "You.com wants to remake the search engine". The Verge. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ Baranouski, Artsiom (January 30, 2024). "Top 10 Salesforce SPQ Alternatives for the North American Market". Medium. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#19 | , Dan (July 14, 2022). "You.com raises $25 million to challenge Google's search dominance". Axios. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
- ^ Wiggers, Kyle (July 14, 2022). "You raises $25M to fuel its AI-powered search engine". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
- ^ Newman, Jared. "You.com: This Google alternative combines search... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#20 | d (December 23, 2022). "Search Engine You.com Launches ChatGPT-Style Chatbot, But Don't Trust It Fully Yet". CNET. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
- ^ Kulp, Patrick (January 24, 2024). "How this early LLM researcher is taking on ChatGPT with his own search engine". Tech Brew.
- ^ a b c d Eliaçık, Eray. "You.com's AI-powered f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#21 | that Lives in Your Search Engine". Medium.
- ^ Roth, Emma. "Meet the companies trying to keep up with ChatGPT". The Verge.
- ^ You.com (May 10, 2023). "Introducing YouChat 2.0 — Unlock the Power of AI with the Search Assistant that Works for You". Medium.
- ^ a b Nuñez, Michael. "VentureBeat Q&A: Richard Socher, cofoun... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#22 | enges Google, Microsoft with launch of 'multimodal conversational AI' in search". VentureBeat.
- ^ a b Özergin, Özgürcan. "How to use You.com: YouChat, YouImagine, and more". TechBriefly.
- ^ Deutscher, Maria. "You.com debuts multimodal AI chatbot for search". SiliconANGLE.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#23 | pular premium AI chatbot for $20/month - but there's a catch". ZDNET.
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- ^ Jain, Osheen (March 17, 2022). "You.com launches YouWrite, an AI-powered writing tool powered by OpenAI". Analytics Dri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#24 | VentureBeat. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#25 | ber 27, 2023.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You.com#26 | ools every developer should use in 2022". Medium.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#0 | History of IBM
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is a multinational corporation specializing in computer technology and information technology consulting. Headquartered in Armonk, New York, the company originated from the amalgamation of various enterprises dedicated to automating routine business trans... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#1 | r the umbrella of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR).
Thomas J. Watson (1874–1956) assumed the role of general manager within the company in 1914 and ascended to the position of President in 1915. By 1924, the company rebranded as "International Business Machines". IBM diversified its offerings to include... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#2 | nsated sales force capable of devising solutions for clients unacquainted with the latest technological advancements.
In the 1940s and 1950s, IBM began its initial forays into computing, which constituted incremental improvements to the prevailing card-based system. A pivotal moment arrived in the 1960s with the introd... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#3 | greements, fostering client loyalty and solidifying its moniker "Big Blue". The customized nature of end-user software, tailored by in-house programmers for a specific brand of computers, deterred brand switching due to its associated costs. Despite challenges posed by clone makers like Amdahl and legal confrontations,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#4 | of the esteemed American corporations during the 1970s and 1980s.
However, IBM encountered difficulties in the late 1980s and 1990s, marked by substantial losses surpassing $8 billion in 1993. The mainframe-centric corporation grappled with adapting swiftly to the burgeoning Unix open systems and personal computer revo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#5 | ng multi-million-dollar mainframes. IBM responded by introducing a Unix line and a range of personal computers. The competitive edge was gradually lost to clone manufacturers who offered cost-effective alternatives, while chip manufacturers like Intel and software corporations like Microsoft reaped significant profits.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#6 | and systems integrators. As of 2014, the company boasted a workforce exceeding 400,000 employees globally[2] and held the distinction of possessing the highest number of patents among U.S.-based technology firms.[3][4] IBM maintained a robust presence with research laboratories dispersed across twelve locations worldwi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#7 | BM employees were recognized for their outstanding contributions with numerous accolades, including five Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science.[6]
Chronology
[edit]1880s–1924: The origin of IBM
[edit]IBM traces its roots to the 1880s through the consol... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#8 | , New York, as the first manufacturer of time clocks.
- Tabulating Machine Company:
- Initiated by Herman Hollerith, who began building punch card-based data processing machines as early as 1884.
- Founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 in Washington, D.C.
- International Time Recording Company:
- Founded in 19... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#9 | , New York in 1906.
- Computing Scale Company of America:
- Established in 1901 in Dayton, Ohio.
The U.S. Census Bureau contracted to use Herman Hollerith's punched card tabulating technology on the 1890 United States census. That census was completed in 6-years and estimated to have saved the government $5 million.[11... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#10 | were not used for this tabulation).[12][13] Hollerith's punched cards become the tabulating industry standard for input for the next 70 years, and were initially sold as The Tabulating Machine Company.[citation needed] In 1906, Hollerith made the first tabulator with an automatic card feed and control panel.[14] Holler... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#11 | siness to financier Charles Flint for $2.3 million.[15][16]
On June 16, 1911, Flint merged the four companies into a new holding company named the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), headquartered in Endicott.[17][18][19][20] The consolidation aimed to diversify the company's revenue sources and mitigate risk... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#12 | ces/plants in several locations across the United States and Toronto, Ontario.[21] The amalgamated companies started manufacturing, and selling or leasing machinery such as commercial scales, industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, tabulators, and punched cards.[22][23] The individual companies continued op... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#13 | versified businesses of CTR, Flint sought assistance from Thomas J. Watson Sr., the former No. 2 executive at the National Cash Register Company (NCR).[citation needed] In 1914, Watson was made general manager of CTR. Less than a year later the court verdict was set aside. A consent decree was drawn up which Watson ref... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#14 | agerial strategies and emphasis on customer service and large-scale tabulating solutions propelled revenue growth and expanded the company's operations globally.[citation needed]
In 1916, CTR started investing in its subsidiary's employees, creating an education program. Over the next two decades, the program expanded ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#15 | nded to Brazil, invited by the Brazilian Government to conduct the census.[27] In 1920, the Tabulating Machine Co. made their printing tabulator. With prior tabulators the results were displayed and had to be copied by hand.[28] In 1923, CTR acquired majority ownership of the German tabulating firm Deutsche Hollerith M... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#16 | and chose the new name of "International Business Machines Corporation" (IBM) both for its aspirations and to escape the confines of "office appliance". The new name was first used for the company's Canadian subsidiary in 1917, and was formally changed on February 14, 1924.[29] The subsidiaries' names did not change; t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#17 | established key initiatives that shaped IBM's organizational culture, including hiring disabled workers, promoting employee education, and fostering a culture of thinking ("THINK" was a slogan made in 1915[30]). His Open Door Policy and initiatives to support employees and their families became integral aspects of IBM'... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#18 | a gem. We've fought our way through and new fields we're sure to conquer too. For the ever-onward IBM
— "Ever Onward", IBM employee songbook[31]
Thomas J. Watson, during his tenure at IBM, implemented strict guidelines for employees, encompassing a dress code stipulating dark suits, white shirts, and striped ties. The ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#19 | etings, featuring songs such as "Ever Onward" from the official IBM songbook.[31] Additionally, the company initiated the publication of an employee newspaper named Business Machines, consolidating coverage of all IBM businesses into one publication.[32]
Several employee recognition programs were introduced, including ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#20 | eting annual quotas. In 1928, IBM launched the Suggestion Plan program,[35] providing cash rewards to employees for valuable ideas aimed at improving IBM products and procedures. Over a span of 70 years, IBM and its predecessor companies specialized in manufacturing clocks and other time recording products,[36][37] cul... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#21 | of equipment, including dial recorders, job recorders, recording door locks, time stamps, and traffic recorders.
IBM expanded its product line through innovative engineering, driven by notable inventors such as James W. Bryce, Clair Lake,[39] Fred Carroll,[40] and Royden Pierce.[41] Significant product innovations were... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#22 | e company pioneered the first electric keypunch.[44] The Carroll Rotary Press introduced in 1924 revolutionized the production of punched cards by achieving record-setting speeds.[32] In 1928, IBM introduced the 80-column punched card, known as the "IBM Card", effectively doubling its information capacity.[45] This for... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#23 | tabulator sold to Japan in 1925, through a partnership with Morimura-Brothers.[46][47][48] IBM established its presence in Italy by opening its first office in Milan in 1927, facilitating operations with national insurance and banks. A significant advancement in tabulator technology occurred in 1928 with the introducti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#24 | hed card, a format that became an industry standard, superseding the prior 45-column card and eventually ending vendor compatibility.[citation needed]
1930–1938: The Great Depression
[edit]The 1930s Great Depression posed an extraordinary economic test, yet IBM displayed resilience by maintaining investments in personn... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#25 | ed to hire additional salesmen and engineers in alignment with President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration plan.[citation needed]
During this era, IBM emerged as a pioneering corporation by instituting employee benefits such as group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935), and paid vacation... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#26 | ructing a modern research laboratory at the same location. Watson's strategic decisions during this time represented IBM's initial 'Bet the Company' gamble, marked by substantial internal investments to secure the future.[citation needed]
In an effort to manage the strain on resources caused by factories running at max... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#27 | ipment business) to Hobart Manufacturing in 1933.[50][51] An opportune moment arrived with the enactment of the Social Security Act of 1935, hailed as "the biggest accounting operation of all time",[52] wherein IBM secured the exclusive bid by promptly providing the necessary equipment. This landmark government contrac... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#28 | overnment orders. By the decade's end, IBM had not only navigated through the Depression but had also ascended to a prominent position in the industry.[citation needed]
Watson's visionary focus on international expansion emerged as a pivotal aspect of IBM's 20th-century growth and triumph. Influenced by the devastating... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#29 | f business interests and peace. Watson's belief was so strong that he inscribed his slogan "World Peace Through World Trade" on the façade of IBM's new World Headquarters (1938) in New York City.[53] This phrase became a fundamental IBM business tenet, and Watson actively campaigned for this idea with international bus... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#30 | umerous awards from foreign governments in recognition of his efforts to enhance international relations through the establishment of business connections.[citation needed]
In 1936, following a loss at the US Supreme Court, IBM agreed to a consent decree which created a separate market for the punched cards and in effe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#31 | ed card machine capable of multiplication is introduced, known as the Hollerith 600 Multiplying Punch.[54]
- The first Hollerith alphabetical accounting machine, the Alphabetic Tabulator Model B, was swiftly followed by the full alphabet ATC.[55]
- The New York World newspaper coins the term "Super Computing Machine" t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#32 | t was exceptionally massive and earned the nickname "Packard". Institutions such as the Carnegie Foundation, Yale University, Harvard University, and others became users.[56][57][58]
1933
[edit]- Subsidiary companies merge into IBM, leading to the disappearance of names like the Tabulating Machine Company.[59][60]
- IB... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#33 | ns.[citation needed]
- IBM purchases the Electromatic Typewriter Co., primarily to secure essential patents. Electric typewriters later become one of IBM's prominent products.[62][63]
1934
[edit]- IBM establishes a group life insurance plan for all employees with at least one year of service.[64]
- Watson Sr. transitio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#34 | and their families.[65]
- IBM introduces the IBM 801 Bank Proof machine, a new type of proof machine that improved the efficiency of the check clearing process.[66]
1935
[edit]- During the Great Depression, IBM maintains production of new machines, positioning the company to win a significant government contract relate... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#35 | decree
1937
[edit]- IBM establishes a tabulating machine data center at Columbia University, known as the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, dedicated to scientific research.[68]
- IBM introduces the first collator, the IBM 077 Collator.[69]
- IBM produces five to ten million punched cards every day, emplo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#36 | izing the test scoring process with innovative pencil-mark sensing technology and the phrase, "Please completely fill in the oval."[71]
- Watson Sr., as president of the International Chamber of Commerce, presides over the ICC's 9th Congress in Berlin and received a Merit Cross of the German Eagle with Star medal from ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#37 | the first instances of holiday pay in U.S. companies. Paid vacations also commenced.[74]
- Japan Wattoson Statistics Accounting Machinery Co., Ltd. (now IBM Japan) is established.[47]
1938
[edit]- IBM dedicates its new World Headquarters at 590 Madison Avenue, New York City, and by that time, the company had operations... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#38 | iness Machines Corporation (IBM) had established operational presences across various nations that later became embroiled in the global conflict, aligning with either the Allies or the Axis powers. IBM maintained the financially significant subsidiary, DEHOMAG, in Germany, where it held a majority ownership stake (from... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#39 | us enterprises under enemy ownership in Axis-controlled territories, these IBM subsidiaries were seized by the Nazi regime and other Axis-affiliated governments early in the war. Concurrently, the corporation's central headquarters in New York redirected its efforts towards supporting the American war endeavor.
IBM in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#40 | e war effort. Originally known for its tabulating equipment and time recording devices, IBM shifted its focus to manufacturing various military ordnance items and essential products. The product line expanded to include Sperry and Norden bombsights, Browning Automatic Rifles, the M1 Carbine, and engine parts, comprisin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#41 | one percent profit on these war-related products. The profits generated were used to establish a fund dedicated to assisting the widows and orphans of IBM employee war casualties.[76]
The contributions of IBM during this period were instrumental in aiding Allied military forces. The company's tabulating equipment found... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#42 | as the use of IBM punched-card machines at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the Manhattan Project for speeding up calculations necessary for the development of the first atomic bombs.[77]
IBM also played a vital role in technological advancements during the war. In collaboration with the U.S. Navy, IBM built the Autom... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#43 | r in the United States.
In the early 1930s, IBM had acquired the rights to Radiotype, an electric typewriter attached to a radio transmitter.[78] This technology proved to be crucial during the war, as Admiral Richard E. Byrd successfully sent a test Radiotype message over 11,000 miles from Antarctica to an IBM receivi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#44 | 0,000,000 words a day,[80] and were selected by the Signal Corps for war-related communications.
To meet the demands of wartime production, IBM significantly expanded its manufacturing capacity. New buildings were constructed at its Endicott, New York plant in 1941, and new facilities were established in Poughkeepsie, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#45 | t Coast, particularly in San Jose, was strategic and capitalized on the burgeoning electronics research and high technology innovation base in the region, which later became known as Silicon Valley.[citation needed]
Additionally, IBM was subcontracted by the U.S. government for a critical project related to the Japanes... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#46 | 's punched card equipment also played a vital role in code breaking and cryptanalysis efforts by various U.S. Army and Navy organizations, including Arlington Hall, OP-20-G, Central Bureau, Far East Combined Bureau, and similar Allied organizations. These efforts were essential for intelligence and information decrypti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#47 | ensively utilized Hollerith punch-card equipment, a technology developed by IBM, for various administrative and discriminatory purposes. IBM's majority-owned German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (Dehomag), played a crucial role in supplying and maintaining this equipment for the Nazis. The machinery fac... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#48 | on of oppressive policies, particularly the persecution and deportation of Jews and other targeted groups during the Holocaust, leading to their internment in Nazi concentration camps.[84]
Dehomag, like numerous foreign-owned enterprises operating in Germany during that era, fell under Nazi control prior to and during ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#49 | an enemy-property custodian appointed by the Germans. The control over Dehomag was asserted by the Nazis, although Edwin Black, a journalist and historian, contends in IBM and the Holocaust that the appearance of seizure was a deceptive maneuver. He asserts that the company was not plundered, its leased machinery was n... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#50 | business relations with the Nazi regime beyond the point where they should have ceased, maintaining and expanding services to the Third Reich,[85] until the United States declared war against Germany in 1941, at which point Germany took control of Dehomag and appointed Hermann Fellinger as enemy-property custodian.[85]... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#51 | ng the absence of new revelations. The company further denied any withholding of relevant documentation.[86] Notable historians have expressed varying views on IBM's complicity and awareness of Nazi utilization of tabulating machines as asserted by Black.[87][88][89]
In parallel to these events during World War II, key... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#52 | of a program in 1942 to train and employ disabled individuals,[90] beginning in Topeka, Kansas, and expanding to New York City the following year. Also in 1943, IBM appointed its first female vice president,[91] marking a significant milestone. In the realm of technology, IBM introduced the world's first large-scale ca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#53 | ity. This electromechanical machine, also known as the Mark I, revolutionized calculation speed. Moreover, during 1944, IBM actively participated in supporting education through its involvement with the United Negro College Fund(UNCF).[93] Following the war, in 1945, IBM established its first research facility, the Wat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#54 | IBM relocated its research headquarters to the T.J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York.[citation needed]
1946–1959: Postwar
[edit]IBM experienced significant growth in the aftermath of World War II. The company anticipated potential challenges due to a potential decrease in military spending after the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#55 | Corporation in 1949, tasked with managing and expanding foreign operations. Under the leadership of Arthur K. 'Dick' Watson, the youngest son of Watson Sr., the World Trade Corporation played a crucial role in contributing to half of IBM's profits by the 1970s.[citation needed]
IBM introduced its first computer in 1951... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#56 | UNIVAC executive to express dissatisfaction at the competitive advantage IBM had garnered through effective sales strategies.[31] Tragically, the passing of Thomas J. Watson., the company's founding father, on June 19, 1956, marked a significant shift in IBM's leadership. His eldest son, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., took ove... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#57 | rapidly evolving technological landscape with emerging computer technologies like electronic computers, magnetic tape storage, disk drives, and programming, creating both competitors and market uncertainties. Internally, the company experienced substantial growth, leading to organizational and management complexities. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#58 | this transformative period. In response, Watson Jr. undertook a radical restructuring of the organization, implementing a modern management structure to enhance oversight and efficiency.[95]
Watson Jr. institutionalized IBM's well-known but unwritten practices and philosophies into formal corporate policies and program... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#59 | tter in 1953, preceding the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education by a year and anticipating the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[96] by 11 years.[97]
Furthermore, Watson Jr. expanded the company's physical capabilities, establishing key research and development laboratories in various locations. Acknowle... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#60 | ry in all machine developments and discouraging the use of tube circuitry in new commercial machines or devices.[98]
IBM continued its collaboration with the U.S. government, driving computational innovation, particularly during the Cold War. This collaboration was instrumental in projects like the SAGE interceptor ear... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#61 | mputer, and later became the primary computer hardware contractor for developing SAGE for the United States Air Force. This initiative enabled IBM to access groundbreaking research on real-time, digital computers and various technological advancements.[citation needed]
These strategic government partnerships, combined ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#62 | IBM 650, IBM 305 RAMAC with disk drive memory, and IBM 1401, positioned IBM as the world's leading technology firm by the end of the 1950s.[100] In the five years following Watson Sr.'s passing, IBM's size had more than doubled, its stock had quintupled, and a significant majority of computers in operation in the Unite... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#63 | n (IBM) witnessed several significant events and developments that played a crucial role in shaping the company's trajectory and influence in the emerging computer and technology industry. These events are outlined below:
1946
[edit]- IBM 603 Electronic Multiplier: IBM announces the IBM 603 Electronic Multiplier, marki... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#64 | introduces an electric Chinese ideographic character typewriter, enabling users to type at a rate of 40 to 45 Chinese words per minute. The machine utilized a cylinder with engraved ideographic type faces, showcasing IBM's early forays into diverse language processing technologies.[103]
- First Black Salesman: IBM hire... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#65 | he Civil Rights Act of 1964.[104]
1948
[edit]- IBM SSEC: IBM announced the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC), its initial large-scale digital calculating machine. The SSEC, employing vacuum tubes and electromechanical relays, was the first computer capable of modifying a stored program, representing a lan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#66 | ration endeavors, ranging from developing ballistics tables during World War II to designing intercontinental missiles and supporting satellite launching and tracking, marking a significant contribution to the aerospace industry.[106]
1952
[edit]- IBM 701 Commercial Computer: IBM entered the commercial computer market ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#67 | otal role in establishing IBM's presence in the electronics industry.[107]
- Magnetic Tape Vacuum column: IBM introduced the magnetic tape drive vacuum column, revolutionizing data storage by enabling fragile magnetic tape to become a viable medium. This innovation set the stage for the widespread adoption of magnetic ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#68 | gnificant step that eventually contributed to the development of Silicon Valley. Within a few years, this lab played a pivotal role in inventing the hard disk drive.[107]
1953
[edit]- Equal Opportunity Policy Letter: IBM's president, Thomas J. Watson Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy l... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#69 | ine: IBM announced the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine, an intermediate-sized electronic computer designed to handle both business and scientific computations. It became highly popular during the 1950s.[109]
1954
[edit]- Development of NORC: IBM developed and built the Naval Ordnance Research Computer (NO... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#70 | tic Hard Disk Drive: IBM introduced the world's first magnetic hard disk for data storage, the IBM 350 disk storage unit, which stored 5 million 6-bit characters (3.75 MB) on fifty-two 24-inch diameter disks. This innovation marked the beginning of an era of efficient data storage.[111]
- Consent Decree: The United Sta... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#71 | tabulating and electronic data-processing machines. The decree established regulations for IBM's operations in this domain.[112]
- Corporate Design Initiative: IBM initiated a formal Corporate Design Program under the guidance of design consultant Eliot Noyes, seeking to create a consistent, world-class look and feel f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#72 | Research Lab: IBM expanded its research capabilities by opening its first research lab outside the United States, in Zurich, Switzerland, further enhancing its global research and development footprint.[114]
- Leadership Transition and Williamsburg Conference: Thomas J. Watson Sr. retired, passing the leadership of IBM... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#73 | e, paving the way for the second generation of IBM leadership.[115]
- Artificial intelligence: Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory demonstrated an early form of artificial intelligence by programming an IBM 704 to play checkers, showcasing the potential for machines to "learn" from their experi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#74 | ing.[117][better source needed]
1958
[edit]- SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Computer: IBM was contracted to build the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) AN/FSQ-7 computer for MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, a critical component of the North American Air Defense System.[118]
1959
[edit]- IBM 1401: IBM introduced the IBM 1401, the first ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#75 | ly popular in the early 1960s.[119]
- IBM 1403 Chain Printer: IBM launched the 1403 chain printer, marking the advent of high-speed, high-volume impact printing, a significant advancement in the field of data output and document processing.[120]
These events collectively reflect IBM's prominent role in the evolution of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#76 | industry during the late 1940s and 1950s.
1960–1969: The System/360 era, Unbundling software and services
[edit]On April 7, 1964, IBM introduced the revolutionary System/360, the first large "family" of computers to use interchangeable software and peripheral equipment, a departure from IBM's existing product line of i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#77 | ne was considered a gamble at the time.[122]
Within two years, the System/360 became the dominant mainframe computer in the marketplace and its architecture became a de facto industry standard. During this time, IBM transformed from a medium-sized maker of tabulating equipment and typewriters into the world's largest c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#78 | software or services separately from the high price for the hardware. Software was provided at no additional charge, generally in source code form. Services (systems engineering, education and training, system installation) were provided free of charge at the discretion of the IBM Branch office. This practice existed t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#79 | 27] After the unbundling, IBM software was divided into two main categories: System Control Programming (SCP), which remained free to customers, and Program Products (PP), which were charged for. This transformed the customer's value proposition for computer solutions, giving a significant monetary value to something t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#80 | two categories: general information, which remained free and provided at the discretion of IBM, and on-the-job assistance and training of customer personnel, which were subject to a separate charge and were open to non-IBM customers. This decision vastly expanded the market for independent computing services companies.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#81 | t became a recognized leader in corporate social responsibility, joining federal equal opportunity programs in 1962, opening an inner-city manufacturing plant in 1968, and creating a minority supplier program. It led efforts to improve data security and protect privacy. It set environmental air/water emissions standard... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#82 | rld's most advanced research centers in Yorktown, New York. Its international operations produced more than half of IBM's revenues by the early 1970s. The resulting technology transfer shaped the way governments and businesses operated around the world. IBM personnel and technology played an integral role in the space ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#83 | omers, unbundling hardware from software and services, effectively starting today's software and services industry. See unbundling of software and services, below. IBM was massively profitable, with a nearly fivefold increase in revenues and earnings during the 1960s.[citation needed]
In 1967, Thomas John Watson Jr. an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#84 | computer. On March 16, 1967, a headline in the Boca Raton News[128] announced "IBM to hire 400 by year's end." The plan was for IBM to lease facilities to start making computers until the new site could be developed. A few months later, hiring began for assembly and production control trainees. IBM's Juan Rianda moved ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#85 | ioned architect Marcel Breuer, who worked closely with American architect Robert Gatje. In September 1967, the Boca team shipped the first IBM System/360 Model 20 to the City of Clearwater – the first computer in its production run. A year later, IBM 1130 Computing Systems were being produced and shipped. By 1970, IBM'... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#86 | erations.[citation needed]
Key events
[edit]1961
[edit]- IBM delivers its first 7030 Stretch supercomputer. Stretch falls short of its original design objectives, and is not a commercial success. But it is a product that pioneers numerous revolutionary computing technologies which are soon widely adopted by the compute... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#87 | Watson Research Center which remains IBM's largest research facility, centering on semiconductors, computer science, physical science, and mathematics. The lab which IBM established at Columbia University in 1945 was closed and moved to the Yorktown Heights laboratory in 1970.[131]
- IBM introduces the Selectric typewr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#88 | The machine won numerous awards for its design and functionality. Selectrics and their descendants eventually captured 75 percent of the United States market for electric typewriters used in business.[132] IBM replaced the Selectric line with the IBM Wheelwriter in 1984 and transferred its typewriter business to the ne... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#89 | eports. This capability was adopted throughout the industry, becoming a feature offered in subsequent generations of computers. It played a role in the introduction of computers into small businesses.[citation needed]
1962
[edit]- Basic beliefs. Drawing on established IBM policies, Thomas J. Watson Jr., codifies three ... |
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