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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#90 | backbone of the SABRE reservation system for American Airlines. As the first airline reservation system to work live over phone lines, SABRE linked high-speed computers and data communications to handle seat inventory and passenger records.[135]
1964
[edit]- IBM System/360. IBM introduces the IBM System/360 which creat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#91 | ramming instructions. The concept of a compatible "family" of computers transforms the industry.[136]
- Word processing. IBM introduces the IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter, a product that pioneered the application of magnetic recording devices to typewriting, and gave rise to desktop word processing. Referred to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#92 | t" speed without the pressure of worrying about mistakes.[137]
- New corporate headquarters. IBM moves its corporate headquarters from New York City to Armonk, New York.[138]
1965
[edit]- Gemini space flights. A 59-pound onboard IBM guidance computer is used on all Gemini space flights, including the first spaceship re... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#93 | hundreds of circuits on a silicon wafer.[139]
- New York World's Fair. The IBM Pavilion at the New York World's Fair closes, having hosted more than 10 million visitors during its two-year existence.[140]
1966
[edit]- Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM). IBM invents one-transistor DRAM cells which permit major increase... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#94 | t System/4Pi computer, designed to meet U.S. Department of Defense and NASA requirements. More than 9000 units of the 4Pi systems are delivered by the 1980s for use in the air, sea, and in space.[142]
- IBM Information Management System (IMS). IBM designed the Information Management System (IMS) with Rockwell and Cater... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#95 | rn V Moon rocket and Apollo space vehicle.
1967
[edit]- Fractal geometry. IBM researcher Benoit Mandelbrot conceives fractal geometry – the concept that seemingly irregular shapes can have identical structure at all scales. This new geometry makes it possible to mathematically describe the kinds of irregularities exist... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#96 | aphics and animation.[143]
1968
[edit]- IBM Customer Information Control System (CICS). IBM introduces the CICS transaction monitor. CICS remains to this day the industry's most popular transaction monitor.[144]
1969
[edit]- Antitrust. The United States government launches what would become a 13-year-long antitrust sui... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#97 | olicy that charges separately for most systems engineering activities, future computer programs, and customer education courses. This "unbundling" gives rise to the software and services industry.[146]
- Magnetic stripe cards. The American National Standards Institute makes the IBM-developed magnetic stripe technology ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#98 | nization for Standardization adopts the IBM design, making it a world standard.[147]
- First Moon landing. IBM personnel and computers help NASA land the first men on the Moon.[citation needed]
1970–1974: The challenges of success
[edit]The Golden Decade of the 1960s was a hard act to follow, and the 1970s got off to a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#99 | six decades – IBM would not have a Watson at the helm. Moreover, after just one leadership change over those nearly 60 years, IBM would endure two in two years. T. Vincent Learson succeeded Watson as CEO, then quickly retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 60 in 1973. Following Learson in the CEO office ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#100 | 1 stated that "the perpetual, ominous force called IBM rolls on".[149] The company's dominance let it keep prices high and rarely update products,[150] all built with only IBM components.[151] During Cary's tenure as CEO, the IBM System/370 was introduced in 1970 as IBM's new mainframe. The S/370 did not prove as techn... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#101 | s of the 360.[152]
A less successful effort to replicate the 360 mainframe revolution was the Future Systems project. Between 1971 and 1975, IBM investigated the feasibility of a new revolutionary line of products designed to make obsolete all existing products in order to re-establish its technical supremacy. This eff... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#102 | esources, thus jeopardizing progress of the existing product lines (although some elements of FS were later incorporated into actual products).[153]
Other IBM innovations during the early 1970s included the IBM 3340 disk unit – introduced in 1973 and known as "Winchester" after IBM's internal project name – which was a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#103 | ustry and used for the next two decades.[citation needed]
Some 1970s-era IBM technologies emerged to become facets of everyday life. IBM developed magnetic stripe technology in the 1960s, and it became a credit card industry standard in 1971. The IBM-invented floppy disk, also introduced in 1971, became the standard fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#104 | aper describing the relational database, an invention that Forbes magazine described as one of the most important innovations of the 20th century. The IBM 5100, 50 lbs. and $9000 of personal mobility, was introduced in 1975 and presaged – at least in function if not size or price or units sold – the Personal Computer o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#105 | UPC bar codes, which itself was based a 1952 IBM patent that became a grocery industry standard. Also in 1973, bank customers began making withdrawals, transfers and other account inquiries via the IBM 3614 Consumer Transaction Facility, an early form of today's Automatic Teller Machines.[citation needed]
IBM had an in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#106 | , a networking protocol for computing systems. SNA is a uniform set of rules and procedures for computer communications to free computer users from the technical complexities of communicating through local, national, and international computer networks. SNA became the most widely used system for data processing until m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#107 | a new geometrical concept that made it possible to describe mathematically the kinds of irregularities existing in nature. Fractals had a great impact on engineering, economics, metallurgy, art and health sciences, and are integral to the field of computer graphics and animation.[citation needed]
A less successful busi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#108 | e xerography technology.[31] The company was immediately sued by Xerox Corporation for patent infringement. Although Xerox held the patents for the use of selenium as a photoconductor, IBM researchers perfected the use of organic photoconductors which avoided the Xerox patents. The litigation lasted until the late 1970... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#109 | ce in the 1980s. Organic photoconductors are now widely used in copiers.[citation needed]
Throughout this period, IBM was litigating the antitrust suit filed by the Justice Department in 1969. But in a related bit of case law, the landmark Honeywell v. Sperry Rand U.S. federal court case was concluded in April 1973. Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#110 | le for a variety of reasons thus putting the invention of the electronic digital computer into the public domain. However, IBM was ruled to have created a monopoly via its 1956 patent-sharing agreement with Sperry-Rand.[citation needed]
American antitrust laws did not directly affect IBM in Europe, where as of 1971 it ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#111 | n said, "the only truly international computer company", able to serve clients almost anywhere. Rivals such as ICL, CII, and Siemens began to cooperate to preserve a European computer industry.[149]
Key events
[edit]1970
[edit]- System/370. IBM announces System/370 as successor to System/360.[citation needed]
- Relatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#112 | nterpret tables to access and manage large amounts of data. Today, most database structures are based on the IBM concept of relational databases.[citation needed]
- Office copiers. IBM introduces its first of three models of xerographic copiers. These machines mark the first commercial use of organic photoconductors wh... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#113 | lication of speech recognition, which enables engineers servicing equipment to talk to and receive spoken answers from a computer that can recognize about 5,000 words. Today, IBM's ViaVoice recognition technology has a vocabulary of 64,000 words and a 260,000-word back-up dictionary.[154]
- Floppy disk. IBM introduces ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#114 | it]- Winchester storage technology. The IBM 3340 disk unit – known as "Winchester" after IBM's internal project name – is introduced, more than doubling the information density on disk surfaces. It featured a smaller, lighter read/write head that rode on an air film only 18 millionths of an inch thick. Winchester techn... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#115 | he company in 1960, shares the 1973 Nobel Prize in physics for his 1958 discovery of the phenomenon of electron tunneling. His discovery of the semiconductor junction called the Esaki diode finds wide use in electronics applications. More importantly, his work in the field of semiconductors lays a foundation for furthe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#116 | tworking protocol for computing systems. SNA is a uniform set of rules and procedures for computer communications to free computer users from the technical complexities of communicating through local, national, and international computer networks. SNA becomes the most widely used system for data processing until more o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#117 | [edit]President of IBM John R. Opel became CEO in 1981.[159] IBM was one of the world's largest companies and had a 62% share of the mainframe computer market that year.[160] While frequently relocated employees and families still joked that IBM stood for "I've Been Moved", and employees of acquisitions feared that for... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#118 | es, who still wore conservative suits when meeting customers. Former employees such as Gene Amdahl used their training to found and lead many competitors[31] and suppliers.[162]
Expecting Japanese competition, IBM in the late 1970s began investing in manufacturing to lower costs, offering volume discounts and lower pri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#119 | roducts,[151] and sometimes resold others' products as its own.[163] In 1980 it introduced its first computer terminal compatible with non-IBM equipment,[164] and Displaywriter was the first new product less expensive than the competition.[160] IBM's share of the overall computer market, however, declined from 60% in 1... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#120 | owing minicomputer market during the 1970s,[163][166][167][168] and was behind rivals such as Wang, Hewlett-Packard (HP), and Control Data in other areas.[165]
In 1979 BusinessWeek asked, "Is IBM just another stodgy, mature company?" By 1981 its stock price had declined by 22%.[165] IBM's earnings for the first half of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#121 | %.[164] Although IBM began selling minicomputers,[169] in January 1982 the Justice Department ended the antitrust suit, after IBM unbundled services[170] and, as The New York Times reported, experts concluded that IBM no longer dominated the computer industry.[160]
IBM wished to avoid the same outcome with the new pers... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#122 | irst;[31] IBM did not want a product with a rival's logo on corporate customers' desks.[171] The company opened its first Product Center retail store in November 1980,[172] and a team in the Boca Raton, Florida, office built the IBM PC using commercial off-the-shelf components. The new computer debuted on August 12, 19... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#123 | , thanks to the memorable Little Tramp advertising campaign. Though not a spectacular machine by technological standards of the day, the IBM PC brought together all of the most desirable features of a computer into one small machine. It had 128 kilobytes of memory (expandable to 256 kilobytes), one or two floppy disks ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#124 | t was affordable for businesses – and many businesses purchased PCs. Reassured by the IBM name, they began buying these microcomputers on their own budgets aimed at numerous applications that corporate computer departments did not, and in many cases could not, accommodate. Typically, these purchases were not by corpora... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#125 | ior staff who saw the potential – once the revolutionary VisiCalc spreadsheet, the killer app, had been surpassed by a far more powerful and stable product, Lotus 1-2-3.[citation needed]
IBM's dominance of the mainframe market in Europe and the US encouraged existing customers to buy the PC,[171][173] and vice versa; a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#126 | mers also bought larger IBM computers.[174][166][161] Unlike the BUNCH and other rivals IBM quickly adjusted to the retail market,[171][175] with its own sales force competing with outside retailers for the first time.[161] By 1985 IBM was the world's most profitable industrial company,[161] and its sales of personal c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#127 | try analyst Gideon Gartner warned that IBM "is creating a dangerous situation for competitors in the marketplace".[31] The company helped others by defining technical standards and creating large new software markets,[174][176][150] but the new aggressiveness that began in the late 1970s helped it dominate areas like c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#128 | supercomputers, and entered communications[176] by purchasing Rolm – the first acquisition in 18 years – and 18% of MCI.[161] The company was so important to component suppliers that it urged them to diversify. When IBM (61% of revenue) abruptly reduced orders from Miniscribe shares of not only Miniscribe but that of u... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#129 | uld not fulfill orders,[177] and customers and dealers also feared becoming overdependent;[171][150] the PC was so popular in 1983 that dealers only received 60% or less of the inventory they wanted.[178]
The IBM PC AT's 1984 debut startled the industry. Rivals admitted that they did not expect the low price of the sop... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#130 | , and the press to speculate that it would again be sued for antitrust.[179][180][161] Datamation and others said that the company's continued growth might hurt the United States, by suppressing startups with new technology.[150] Gartner Group estimated in 1985 that of the 100 largest data-processing companies, IBM had... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#131 | IBM's six largest Japanese competitors combined. The 22% profit margin was three times the 6.7% average for the other 99 companies. Competitors complained to Congress, ADAPSO discussed the company with the Justice Department, and European governments worried about IBM's influence but feared affecting its more than 100,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#132 | rt to its unprecedented (for IBM) decision to contract PC components to outside companies like Microsoft and Intel. Up to this point in its history, IBM relied on a vertically integrated strategy, building most key components of its systems itself, including processors, operating systems, peripherals, databases and the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#133 | rocessor. Instead, it sourced these vital components from Microsoft and Intel respectively. Ironically, in a decade which marked the end of IBM's monopoly, it was this fateful decision by IBM that passed the sources of its monopolistic power (operating system and processor architecture) to Microsoft and Intel, paving t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#134 | ded]
John Akers became IBM's CEO in 1985. During the 1980s, IBM's investment in building its research organization produced four Nobel Prize winners in physics, achieving breakthroughs in mathematics, memory storage and telecommunications, and expanded computing capabilities. In 1980, IBM researcher John Cocke introduc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#135 | e for his innovation, but IBM itself failed to recognize the importance of RISC, and lost the lead in RISC technology to Sun Microsystems.[citation needed]
In 1984 the company partnered with Sears to develop a pioneering online home banking and shopping service for home PCs that launched in 1988 as Prodigy. Despite a s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#136 | , the venture was plagued by overly conservative management decisions, and was eventually sold in the mid-1990s.[citation needed]
The IBM token-ring local area network, introduced in 1985, permitted personal computer users to exchange information and share printers and files within a building or complex. In 1988, IBM p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#137 | ortant step in the creation of the Internet. But within five years the company backed away from this early lead in Internet protocols and router technologies in order to support its existing SNA revenue stream, thereby missing a boom market of the 1990s. Still, IBM investments and advances in microprocessors, disk driv... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#138 | world in the 1990s.[citation needed]
However, by the end of the decade, IBM was in trouble. It was a bloated organization of some 400,000 employees that was heavily invested in too many low margin, transactional, commodity businesses. Technologies IBM invented and or commercialized – DRAM, hard disk drives, the PC, ele... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#139 | sses and functions – its cost structure couldn't compete with smaller, less diversified competitors. Additionally, the back-to-back revolutions – the PC and the client-server – combined to undermine IBM's core mainframe business. The PC revolution placed computers directly in the hands of millions of people. It was fol... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#140 | nd (the "servers" that served data and applications to client machines). Both revolutions transformed the way customers viewed, used and bought technology. And both fundamentally rocked IBM and its mainframe competitors. Businesses' purchasing decisions were put in the hands of individuals and departments – not the pla... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#141 | us was on the desktop and personal productivity, not on business applications across the enterprise. As a result, earnings – which had been at or above US$5 billion since the early 1980s, dropped by more than a third to US$3 billion in 1989. A brief spike in earnings in 1990 did not last as corporate spending continued... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#142 | n full swing.[citation needed]
Radical changes were considered and implemented. As IBM assessed the situation, it was clear that competition and innovation in the computer industry were now taking place along segmented, versus vertically integrated lines, where computer industry leaders emerged in their respective doma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#143 | isk drives and Oracle Corporation in database software. IBM's dominance in personal computers was challenged by the likes of Compaq and later Dell. Recognizing this trend, management, with the support of the Board of Directors, began to implement a plan to split IBM into increasingly autonomous business units (e.g. pro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#144 | le and had lower cost structures.[citation needed]
IBM also began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.[181][182] These included AdStar, dedicated to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#145 | siness Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; Lexmark, dedicated to small printers, keyboards, and typewriters (such as the Selectric); and more.[184] Lexmark was acquired by Clayton & Dubilier in a leverage... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#146 | ge, personal computer manufacturing divisions into an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary known as the IBM Personal Computer Company (IBM PC Co.).[186][187] This corporate restructuring came after IBM reported a sharp drop in profit margins during the second quarter of fiscal year 1992; market analysts attributed the dr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#147 | largest and most expensive in history up to that point.[189] By the summer of 1993, the IBM PC Co. had divided into multiple business units itself, including Ambra Computer Corporation and the IBM Power Personal Systems Group, the former an attempt to design and market "clone" computers of IBM's own architecture and th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#148 | ceptance and widening corporate growth of local area networking technology, a trend headed by Novell Inc. and other vendors, and its logical counterpart, the ensuing decline of mainframe sales, brought about a wake-up call for IBM. After two consecutive years of reporting losses in excess of $1 billion, on January 19, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#149 | .S. history.[192] All told, between 1991 and 1993, the company posted net losses of nearly $16 billion. IBM's three-decade-long Golden Age, triggered by Watson Jr. in the 1950s, was over. The computer industry now viewed IBM as no longer relevant, an organizational dinosaur. And hundreds of thousands of IBMers lost the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#150 | working system deployed in the mid-1970s, providing email and file-transfer for IBM. By September 1979, the network had grown to include 285 mainframe nodes in Europe, Asia, and North America.[citation needed]
- 1975: Fractals. IBM researcher Benoit Mandelbrot conceives fractal geometry – the concept that seemingly irr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#151 | of irregularities existing in nature. Fractals later make a great impact on engineering, economics, metallurgy, art, and health sciences, and are also applied in the field of computer graphics and animation.[193]
- 1975: IBM 5100 Portable computer. IBM introduces the 5100 Portable Computer, a 50 lb. desktop machine tha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#152 | han portable, the 5100 can serve as a terminal for the System/370 and costs from $9000 to $20,000.[194]
- 1976: Space Shuttle. The Enterprise, the first vehicle in the U.S. Space Shuttle program, makes its debut at Palmdale, California, carrying IBM AP-101 flight computers and special hardware built by IBM.[citation ne... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#153 | chnology and electrophotography. The technology speeds the printing of bank statements, premium notices, and other high-volume documents, and remains a workhorse for billing and accounts receivable departments.[195]
- 1977: Data Encryption Standard. IBM-developed Data Encryption Standard (DES), a cryptographic algorith... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#154 | ersal Product Code (UPC) in the 1970s as a method for embedding pricing and identification information on individual retail items. In 1979, IBM applies holographic scanner technology in IBM's supermarket checkout station to read the UPC stripes on merchandise, one of the first major commercial uses of holography. IBM's... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#155 | lm recording heads. Instead of using hand-wound wire structures as coils for inductive elements, IBM researchers substitute thin film "wires" patterned by optical lithography. This leads to higher performance recording heads at a reduced cost and establishes IBM's leadership in "areal density": storing the most data in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#156 | use. Since 1946, with its announcement of Chinese and Arabic ideographic character typewriters, IBM has worked to overcome cultural and physical barriers to the use of technology. As part of these ongoing efforts, IBM introduces the 3270 Kanji Display Terminal; the System/34 Kanji System with an ideographic feature, wh... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#157 | eded]
- 1979: First multi-function copier/printer. A communication-enabled laser printer and photocopier combination was introduced, the IBM 6670 Information Distributor. This was the first multi-function (copier/printer) device for the office market.[citation needed]
- 1980: Thermal conduction modules. IBM introduces ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#158 | trical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., awards its 1990 Corporate Innovation Recognition to IBM for the development of the Multilayer Ceramic Thermal Conduction Module for high performance computers.[199]
- 1980: Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture. IBM successfully builds the first prototype computer... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#159 | more powerful. Today, RISC architecture is the basis of most workstations and widely viewed as the dominant computing architecture.[200]
- 1981: IBM PC. The IBM Personal Computer goes mass market and helps revolutionize the way the world does business. A year later, Time magazine gives its "Person of the Year" award to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#160 | rms the basis of LASIK and PRK corrective eye surgeries.[202]
- 1982: Antitrust suit. The United States antitrust suit against IBM, filed in 1969, is being dropped by assistant attorney general William F. Baxter as being "without merit". The reasons given were that the government was backing off antitrust actions,[145]... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#161 | ending IBM in private antitrust cases.[145]
- 1982: Trellis-coded modulation. Trellis-coded modulation (TCM) is first used in voice-band modems to send data at higher rates over telephone channels. Today, TCM is applied in a large variety of terrestrial and satellite-based transmission systems as a key technique for ac... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#162 | pt to enter the home computing marketplace. The product, however, fails to capture the fancy of consumers due to its lack of compatibility with IBM PC software, its price point, and its unfortunate 'chiclet' keyboard design. IBM terminates the product after 18 months of disappointing sales.[205]
- 1984: IBM 3480 magnet... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#163 | eplace the familiar reel of tape with an easy-to-handle cartridge. The 3480 was the industry's first tape system to use "thin-film" recording head technology.[citation needed]
- 1984: Sexual discrimination. IBM adds sexual orientation to the company's non-discrimination policy. IBM becomes one of the first major compan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#164 | billion.[161] Based in Santa Clara, CA (subsequent to an existing partnership),[207] IBM intended to develop digital telephone switches to compete directly with Northern Telecom and AT&T.[208] Two of the most popular systems were the large scale PABX coined ROLM CBX and the smaller PABX coined ROLM Redwood. ROLM is lat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#165 | largest long-distance carrier, in June 1985.[161]
- 1985: RP3. Sparked in part by national concerns over losing its technology leadership in the early 1980s, IBM re-enters the supercomputing field with the RP3 (IBM Research Parallel Processor Prototype). IBM researchers worked with scientists from the New York Universi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#166 | in parallel and connected to as many as two billion characters of main memory. Over the next five years, IBM provides more than $30 million in products and support to a supercomputer facility established at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.[211]
- 1985: Token Ring Network. IBM's Token Ring technology brings a new... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#167 | and servers.[212]
- 1986: IBM Almaden Research Center. IBM Research dedicates the Almaden Research Center in California. Today, Almaden is IBM's second-largest laboratory focused on storage systems, technology and computer science.[213]
- 1986: Nobel Prize: Scanning tunneling microscopy. IBM Fellows Gerd K. Binnig and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#168 | croscopy. Drs. Binnig and Rohrer are recognized for developing a powerful microscopy technique which makes images of surfaces where individual atoms may be seen.[214]
- 1987: Nobel Prize: High-Temperature Superconductivity. J. Georg Bednorz and IBM Fellow Alex Müller of the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory receive the 19... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#169 | y discover superconductivity in ceramic oxides that carry electricity without loss of energy at higher temperatures than any other superconductor.[215]
- 1987: Antivirus tools. As personal computers become vulnerable to attack from viruses, a small research group at IBM develops a suite of antivirus tools. The effort l... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#170 | ical and observational computer virus epidemiology.[216]
- 1987: Special needs access. IBM Researchers demonstrate the feasibility for blind computer users to read information directly from computer screens with the aid of an experimental mouse. And in 1988 the IBM Personal System/2 Screen Reader is announced, permitti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#171 | it. This is the first in the IBM Independence Series of products for computer users with special needs.[217]
- 1988: IBM AS/400. IBM introduces the IBM Application System/400, a new family of easy-to-use computers designed for small and intermediate-sized companies. As part of the introduction, IBM and IBM Business Par... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#172 | computing system.[218]
- 1988: National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET). IBM collaborates with the Merit Network, MCI Communications, the State of Michigan, and the National Science Foundation to upgrade and expand the 56 kbit/s NSFNET to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1) and later 45 Mbit/s (T3). This partnership provides the netwo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#173 | k capacity and speed allowing more intensive forms of data, such as the graphics, to travel across the Internet.[219]
- 1989: Silicon germanium transistors. The replacing of expensive and exotic materials like gallium arsenide with silicon germanium (known as SiGe), championed by IBM Fellow Bernie Meyerson, creates fas... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#174 | ovements in operating frequency, current, noise and power capabilities.[220]
- 1990: System/390. IBM introduces the System/390 family. IBM incorporates complementary metal oxide silicon (CMOS) based processors into System/390 Parallel Enterprise Server in 1995. In 1998 the System/390 G5 Parallel Enterprise Server 10-wa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#175 | workstations that are among the fastest and most powerful in the industry. The RISC System/6000 uses Reduced instruction set computing technology, a computer design pioneered by IBM that simplifies processing steps to speed the execution of commands.[222]
- 1990: Moving individual atoms. Donald M. Eigler, a physicist a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#176 | ng microscope, writing I-B-M using 35 individual xenon atoms.[223]
- 1990: Environmental programs. IBM joins 14 U.S. corporations to establish a worldwide program to achieve environmental, health and safety goals by continuously improving environmental management practices and performance. IBM has invested more than $1... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#177 | ices business. IBM reenters the computer services business through the formation of the Integrated Systems Solution Corporation. Despite being in compliance with the provisions of the 1956 Consent Decree, in four years ISSC becomes the second largest provider of computer services. The new business becomes one of IBM's ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#178 | me and non-midrange, personal computer manufacturing divisions into an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary known as the IBM Personal Computer Company (IBM PC Co.) following a fierce price war in the PC market leading to shrinking profit margins for IBM. This restructuring is one of the largest and most expensive in hist... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#179 | first time since 1914 IBM had recruited a leader from outside its ranks. Gerstner had been chairman and CEO of RJR Nabisco for four years, and had previously spent 11 years as a top executive at American Express. Gerstner brought with him a customer-oriented sensibility and the strategic-thinking expertise that he had ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#180 | he adopted a triage mindset and took quick action. His early decisions included recommitting to the mainframe, selling the Federal Systems Division to Loral in order to replenish the company's cash coffers, continuing to shrink the workforce (reaching a low of 220,000 employees in 1994), and driving significant cost re... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#181 | companies. He recognized that one of IBM's strengths was its ability to provide integrated solutions for customers – more than piece parts or components. Splitting the company would have destroyed that IBM advantage.[226]
These initial steps worked. In 1994 IBM turned a profit of $3 billion. Stabilization was not Gerst... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#182 | he next decade, Gerstner shed commodity businesses and focused on high-margin opportunities. IBM divested itself of low margin industries (DRAM, IBM Network, personal printers, and hard drives).[citation needed]
By building upon the decision to keep the company whole, IBM built a global services business and a reputati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#183 | client required, even if they were from an IBM competitor.[228] IBM augmented this services business with the 2002 acquisition of the consultancy division of PricewaterhouseCoopers for $3.5 billion US.[229]
Another high margin opportunity IBM invested in was software. Starting in 1995 with its acquisition of Lotus Deve... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#184 | tent to leave the consumer applications business to other firms, IBM's software strategy focused on middleware – the vital software that connects operating systems to applications. The middleware business played to IBM's strengths, and its higher margins improved the company's bottom line significantly as the century c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#185 | uperior to Microsoft Windows 95, OS/2 sales were largely concentrated in networked computing used by corporate professionals. OS/2 failed to develop much penetration in the consumer and stand-alone desktop PC segments. There were reports that it could not be installed properly on IBM's own Aptiva series of home PCs.[23... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#186 | rms as Compaq for a license of Windows 95. IBM refused and instead went with an "IBM First" strategy of promoting OS/2 Warp and disparaging Windows, as IBM aimed to drive sales of its own software and hardware. By 1995, Windows 95 negotiations between IBM and Microsoft, which were difficult, stalled when IBM purchased ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#187 | se later than their competitors which hurt sales of IBM PCs. IBM officials later conceded that OS/2 would not have been a viable operating system to keep them in the PC business.[232][233]
While IBM hardware and technologies were relatively de-emphasized in Gerstner's three-legged business model, they were not relegate... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#188 | pment processes. While Internet applications and deep computing overtook client servers as key business technology priorities, mainframes returned to relevance. IBM reinvigorated their mainframe line with CMOS technologies, which made them among the most powerful and cost-efficient in the marketplace.[234] Investments ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#189 | 200 mm wafer processes in 1992, and 300 mm wafers within the decade.[235] IBM-designed chips were used in PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii game consoles. IBM also regained the lead in supercomputing with high-end machines based upon scalable parallel processor technology.
Equally significant in IBM's revival was its re... |
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