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nimation look.[27][54][83]
A few episodes feature sections of live-action footage, while others have incorporated other styles of animation. Portions of the season eight (2004) premiere "Good Times with Weapons" are done in anime style, while the season 10 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft" is done partly in machinima.[84] The season 12 episode "Major Boobage", a homage to the 1981 animated film Heavy Metal, implements scenes accomplished with rotoscoping.[85]
Voice cast
Parker and Stone voice mo
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oscoping.[85]
Voice cast
Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters.[9][10][86] Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her death in November 1999. Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003). She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters. Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy
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ted in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters.[87] Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar,[88] while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl.[89]
Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters. Supervising producer J
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voice recurring characters. Supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens;[86] co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices Tolkien Black,[nb 1][90] who was the school's only African-American student until the introduction of Nichole in "Cartman Finds Love"; writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie;[86] and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison.[91] Throughout the show's run, the
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f Mr. Garrison.[91] Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff.[92]
When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.[72][93][94]
Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, an African
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aac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, an African-American, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted.[11][95] Hayes agreed to voice the character after being among Parker and Stone's ideal candidates, which also included Lou Rawls and Barry White.[96] Hayes, who lived and hosted a radio show in New York during his tenure with South Park, recorded his dialogue on a digital audio tape while a director gave directions over the phone, after which the
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or gave directions over the phone, after which the tape would be shipped to the show's production studio in California.[53] After Hayes left the show in early 2006, the character of Chef was killed off in the season 10 (2006) premiere "The Return of Chef".
Guest stars
Celebrities who are depicted on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities do their own voices for the show. Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer,[97][98] Brent Musburger,[99] Jay Leno,[100]
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uffer,[97][98] Brent Musburger,[99] Jay Leno,[100] Robert Smith,[101] and the bands Radiohead and Korn.[102][103] Comedy team Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years.[104] Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode "Pip".[105]
Jennifer Aniston,[106] Richard Belzer,[107] Natasha Henstridge,[101] Norman Lear,
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Belzer,[107] Natasha Henstridge,[101] Norman Lear,[108] and Peter Serafinowicz[109] have guest starred as other speaking characters. During South Park's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show. As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride",[110] Leno provided
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ig Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride",[110] Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut",[110] and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode "City on the Edge of Forever".[111] Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode "Starvin' Marvin", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as "Turkey #2".[112]
Music
Parker says that the varying uses of mu
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112]
Music
Parker says that the varying uses of music are of utmost importance to South Park.[113] Several characters often play or sing songs in order to change or influence a group's behavior, or to educate, motivate, or indoctrinate others. The show also frequently features scenes in which its characters have disapproving reactions to the performances of certain popular musicians.[113]
Adam Berry, the show's original score composer, used sound synthesis to simulate a small orchestra, and freq
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synthesis to simulate a small orchestra, and frequently alluded to existing famous pieces of music. Berry also used signature acoustic guitar and mandolin cues as leitmotifs for the show's establishing shots.[113][114] After Berry left in 2001, Jamie Dunlap and Scott Nickoley of the Los Angeles-based Mad City Production Studios provided the show's original music for the next seven seasons.[93] Since 2008, Dunlap has been credited as the show's sole score composer.[115] Dunlap's contributions to
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ole score composer.[115] Dunlap's contributions to the show are one of the few that are not achieved at the show's own production offices. Dunlap reads a script, creates a score using digital audio software, and then e-mails the audio file to South Park Studios, where it is edited to fit with the completed episode.[93]
In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef would also sing about things relevant to what had transpired in the plot. These songs were original
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transpired in the plot. These songs were original compositions written by Parker, and they were performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had used during his own music career. The band DVDA, which consists of Parker and Stone, along with show staff members Bruce Howell and D.A. Young, performed the music for these compositions and, until the character's death on the show, were listed as "Chef's Band" in the closing credits.[53]
Rick James, Elton John, Meat Loaf, Joe Strumme
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53]
Rick James, Elton John, Meat Loaf, Joe Strummer, Ozzy Osbourne, Primus, Rancid, and Ween all guest starred and briefly performed in the season two (1998) episode "Chef Aid". Korn debuted their single "Falling Away from Me" as guest stars on the season three (1999) episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery".[103]
Main theme
The show's theme song was a musical score performed by the band Primus, with the lyrics alternately sung by the band's lead singer, Les Claypool, and the show's four cen
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lead singer, Les Claypool, and the show's four central characters during the opening title sequence. Kenny's muffled lines are altered after every few seasons. His lines are usually sexually explicit in nature, such as his original lines, "I like girls with big fat titties, I like girls with deep vaginas".[116]
The original unaired opening composition was originally slower and had a length of 40 seconds. It was deemed too long for the opening sequence. So Parker and Stone sped it up for the show
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uence. So Parker and Stone sped it up for the show's opening, having Claypool re-record his vocals. The instrumental version of the original composition is often played during the show's closing credits.[117]
The opening song played in the first four seasons (and the end credits in all seasons) has a folk rock instrumentation with bass guitar, trumpets and rhythmic drums. Its beat is fast in the opening and leisurely in the closing credits. It is in the minor key and it features a tritone or a d
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in the minor key and it features a tritone or a diminished fifth, creating a melodic dissonance, which captures the show's surrealistic nature.[how?] In the latter parts of seasons 4 and 5, the opening tune has an electro funk arrangement with pop qualities. Seasons 6–9 have a sprightly bluegrass instrumentation with a usage of banjo and is set in the major key. For the later seasons, the arrangement is electro rock with a breakbeat influence, which feature electric guitars backed up by synthes
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hich feature electric guitars backed up by synthesized, groovy drumbeats.[93]
The opening theme song has been remixed three times during the course of the series, including a remix performed by Paul Robb.[118] In 2006, the theme music was remixed with the song "Whamola" by Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade, from the album Purple Onion.[119]
Episodes
Distribution
International
South Park is broadcast internationally in several countries and territories, including India, New Zeal
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untries and territories, including India, New Zealand, and several countries throughout Europe and Latin America on channels that are subsidiaries of Comedy Central and Paramount Media Networks, both subsidiaries of Paramount.[27][121][122] In distribution deals with Comedy Central, other independent networks also broadcast the series in other international markets. In Australia, the show is broadcast on The Comedy Channel, Comedy Central and free-to-air channel SBS Viceland (before 2009), while
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e-to-air channel SBS Viceland (before 2009), while new episodes aired on SBS. The program also airs free-to-air in Australia on 10 Shake, a sister network to Comedy Central through Paramount.[123] The series is broadcast uncensored in Canada in English on The Comedy Network[124] and, later, Much. The series was formerly broadcast on Global. South Park also airs in Irish on TG4 in Ireland,[125] STV in Scotland,[126] Comedy Central and MTV in the UK (previously on Sky One, Channel 4, VIVA and 5Sta
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K (previously on Sky One, Channel 4, VIVA and 5Star), B92 in Serbia,[127] and on Game One and NRJ 12 in France. In September 2020, SBS, which aired South Park in Australia since 1997, removed South Park from its television line-up, though reruns could air on SBS Viceland.[128][129]
Syndication
Broadcast syndication rights to South Park were acquired by Debmar-Mercury and Tribune Entertainment in 2003 and 2004 respectively.[130][131] Episodes further edited for content began running in syndicatio
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her edited for content began running in syndication on September 19, 2005, and were aired in the United States with the TV-14 rating.[131][132] 20th Television replaced Tribune as co-distributor in early 2008. By the time its run in syndication ended in 2015,[133] it aired in 90 percent of the television markets across the United States and Canada, where it generated an estimated US$25 million a year in advertising revenue.[134][135] In 2019, CBS Television Distribution (the syndication arm of V
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Television Distribution (the syndication arm of ViacomCBS, now known as Paramount Global), took over the full distribution rights following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox (parent of 20th Television) by The Walt Disney Company (who had employed Debmar-Mercury founder Mort Marcus as the head of their syndication division), distributing the show in syndication.[136] In 2021, South Park Studios struck a deal with ViacomCBS, which allows the show to be renewed all the way up to season 30 and 14
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w to be renewed all the way up to season 30 and 14 additional films, enough to carry the show to at least 2027.[137][138]
Home media
Complete seasons of South Park have been regularly released in their entirety on DVD since 2002, with season twenty-six being the most recently released. Several other themed DVD compilations have been released by Rhino Entertainment and Comedy Central,[139] while the three-episode Imaginationland story arc was reissued straight-to-DVD as a full-length feature in 2
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sued straight-to-DVD as a full-length feature in 2008.[140][141][142] Blu-ray releases started in 2008 with the release of season twelve.[143] Subsequent seasons have been released in this format alongside the longer-running DVD releases. The first eleven seasons were released on Blu-ray for the first time in December 2017.[144][145]
Streaming
In March 2008, Comedy Central made every episode of South Park available for free full-length on-demand legal streaming on the official South Park Studios
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legal streaming on the official South Park Studios website.[146] From March 2008 until December 2013, new episodes were added to the site the day following their debut, and an uncensored version was posted the following day. The episode stayed up for the remainder of the week, then taken down, and added to the site three weeks later.
Within a week, the site served more than a million streams of full episodes,[146] and the number grew to 55 million by October 2008.[147] Legal issues prevent the U
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n by October 2008.[147] Legal issues prevent the U.S. content from being accessible outside the United States,[148] so local servers have been set up in other countries.[149] In September 2009, a South Park Studios website with streaming episodes was launched in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[150] In Canada, episodes were available for streaming from The Comedy Network's website, though due to digital rights restrictions, they are no longer available.[151]
In April 2010, the season five episode
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lable.[151]
In April 2010, the season five episode "Super Best Friends" and the season fourteen episodes "200" and "201" were removed from the site; additionally, these episodes no longer air in reruns and are only available exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray. These episodes remain unavailable following the 2014 purchase by Hulu.
In July 2014, it was announced that Hulu had signed a three-year deal purchasing exclusive online streaming rights to the South Park for a reported $80 million. Following t
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South Park for a reported $80 million. Following the announcement every episode remained available for free on the South Park Studios website, using the Hulu player. As of September 2014, following the premiere of the eighteenth season, only 30 select episodes would be featured for free viewing at a time on a rotating basis on the website, with new episodes being available for an entire month starting the day following their original airings. The entire series was available on Hulu by this point
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entire series was available on Hulu by this point.[152]
As of July 2015, all episodes of South Park are available for streaming in Canada on the service CraveTV, which first consisted of seasons 1–18. Subsequent seasons were released the following July.[153]
In early October 2019, industry rumors suggested that the streaming rights for South Park were being offered to various services, creating an intense bidding war that was estimated to be as high as US$500 million. HBO and South Park Digital
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high as US$500 million. HBO and South Park Digital Studios announced that HBO had secured a multi-year deal for the exclusive streaming rights for South Park on their HBO Max service starting June 24, 2020.[154] While the terms of the deal were not disclosed, Variety reported the deal fell between US$500 million and US$550 million.[155] Beginning with season 25 in 2022, HBO Max posts new episodes the next day after their Comedy Central airing.[156] Once that deal expires in 2025, Paramount+ will
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6] Once that deal expires in 2025, Paramount+ will become the exclusive streaming home. In addition, the season 27 episodes would stream first on Paramount+ before hitting HBO Max.[157] Though season 27 would have originally aired in 2024, the season was delayed due to what Parker and Stone claimed to be uncertainties about the 2024 United States presidential election (mainly the exhaustion of humor set around Donald Trump), along with the proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global.[
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ed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global.[158]
In February 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery filed a lawsuit which claimed that Paramount breached its exclusivity contract with HBO Max by airing South Park on its own streaming platform.[159]
Re-rendered episodes
From its debut in 1997 to the season twelve finale in 2008 the series had been originally produced in standard definition, with a 4:3 aspect ratio. In 2009, the series switched to being produced in 16:9 high definition 1080p with the
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g produced in 16:9 high definition 1080p with the beginning of the thirteenth season.[160] Since this, all twelve seasons originally produced in standard definition have been remastered by South Park Studios, being fully re-rendered in high definition. The aspect ratio of these episodes were also converted from 4:3 to 16:9 as well.[160] The re-rendered versions were also released on Blu-ray. Several of the re-rendered episodes from the earlier seasons have their original uncensored audio tracks;
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asons have their original uncensored audio tracks; they had previously been released in censored form.[160][161][162][163]
The fifth-season episode "Super Best Friends", which was pulled from syndication and online streams following the controversy surrounding episode "201", was not released alongside the rest of the season when it was released in HD on iTunes in 2011. The episode was later re-rendered and made available for the Blu-ray release of the season that was released on December 5, 2017
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f the season that was released on December 5, 2017.[144] The episode is presented in its original presentation, without Muhammad's image being obscured as in later episodes of the series.[164]
Reception
Ratings
When South Park debuted, it was a huge ratings success for Comedy Central and is seen as being largely responsible for the success of the channel, with Herzog crediting it for putting the network "on the map".[27][49][165]
The show's first episode, "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe", earned a N
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episode, "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe", earned a Nielsen rating of 1.3 (980,000 viewers), at the time considered high for a cable program.[165] The show instantly generated buzz among television viewers, and mass viewing parties began assembling on college campuses.[21][15][23] By the time the eighth episode, "Starvin' Marvin", aired—three months after the show debuted—ratings and viewership had tripled, and South Park was already the most successful show in Comedy Central's history.[23] When th
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sful show in Comedy Central's history.[23] When the tenth episode "Damien" aired the following February, viewership increased another 33 percent. The episode earned a 6.4 rating, which at the time was over 10 times the average rating earned by a cable show aired in prime time.[21][165] The ratings peaked with the second episode of season two, "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut", which aired on April 22, 1998. The episode earned an 8.2 rating (6.2 million viewers) and, at the time, set a record
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.2 million viewers) and, at the time, set a record as the highest-rated non-sports show in basic cable history.[29][37][165] During the spring of 1998, eight of the ten highest-rated shows on basic cable were South Park episodes.[22] South Park's second season would average a 5.8 rating (12.5 million viewers) which was a lower rating due to Comedy Central's households being much higher.[clarification needed]
The success of South Park prompted more cable companies to carry Comedy Central and led
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e cable companies to carry Comedy Central and led it to its becoming one of the fastest-growing cable channels. The number of households that had Comedy Central jumped from 9.1 million in 1997 to 50 million in June 1998.[165] When the show debuted, the most Comedy Central had earned for a 30-second commercial was US$7,500.[21] Within a year, advertisers were paying an average of US$40,000 for 30 seconds of advertising time during airings of South Park in its second season, while some paid as muc
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Park in its second season, while some paid as much as US$80,000.[166]
By the third season (1999), the series' ratings began to decrease.[167] The third-season premiere episode drew 3.4 million viewers, a dramatic drop from the 5.5 million of the previous season's premiere.[165] Stone and Parker attributed this drop in the show's ratings to the media hype that surrounded the show in the previous year, adding that the third season ratings reflected the show's "true" fan base.[165] Regardless the
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d the show's "true" fan base.[165] Regardless the viewership stayed consistent with an average rating being between 3.0 (8 million viewers) to a 5.5 (17.5 million viewers). The show's ratings dropped further in its fourth season (2000), with episodes averaging just above 1.5 million viewers (though the season premiere would get 22.1 million viewers due to the hype caused by the movie). The ratings eventually increased, and seasons five through nine consistently averaged about 3 million viewers p
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ne consistently averaged about 3 million viewers per episode.[165] Season 8's episode "Goobacks" would have South Park's viewership peak at 30 million viewers. Seasons 10 to 12 would average 5 million viewers. Though its viewership is lower than it was at the height of its popularity in its earliest seasons, South Park remains one of the highest-rated series on Comedy Central.[168] The season 14 (2010) premiere gained 3.7 million viewers, the show's highest-rated season premiere since 1998.[169]
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w's highest-rated season premiere since 1998.[169] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "perhaps unsurprisingly, South Park ... is most popular in Colorado".[170] Subsequent seasons saw substantially lower ratings, with season 25 averaging 0.65 million viewers an episode.[citation needed]
Recognitions and awards
In 2004, Channel 4 voted South Park the third-greatest cartoon of all time.[171] In 2007, Time magazine included the show on its lis
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n 2007, Time magazine included the show on its list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time", proclaiming it as "America's best source of rapid-fire satire for [the past] decade".[172] The same year, Rolling Stone declared it to be the funniest show on television since its debut 10 years prior.[173] In 2008, South Park was named the 12th-greatest TV show of the past 25 years by Entertainment Weekly,[174] while AOL declared it as having the "most astute" characters of any show in history when namin
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tute" characters of any show in history when naming it the 16th-best television comedy series of all time.[175] In 2011, South Park was voted number one in the 25 Greatest Animated TV Series poll by Entertainment Weekly.[176] The character of Cartman ranked 10th on TV Guide's 2002 list of the "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters",[177] 198th on VH1's "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons",[178] 19th on Bravo's "100 Greatest TV Characters" television special in 2004,[179] and second on MSNBC's 2005 list
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cial in 2004,[179] and second on MSNBC's 2005 list of TV's scariest characters behind Mr. Burns from The Simpsons.[180] In 2006, Comedy Central received a Peabody Award for South Park's "stringent social commentary" and "undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life".[27][41][181][182] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked South Park at number 63 among the "101 Best-Written Shows Ever".[183] Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number
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Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time".[184] In 2019, the series was ranked 42nd on The Guardian newspaper's list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century.[185]
South Park won the CableACE Award for Best Animated Series in 1997, the last year the awards were given out.[186] In 1998, South Park was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program. It was also nominated
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te Night Television Program. It was also nominated for the 1998 GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride".[32]
South Park has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program eighteen times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004–2011, 2013–2018 and 2021). The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode "Best Friends Forever",[181] the 2006 episode "Make Love, Not Wa
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Forever",[181] the 2006 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft",[187] the 2009 episode "Margaritaville", and the 2012 episode "Raising the Bar".[188] The "Imaginationland" trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or More) in 2008.[189]
Criticism
The show's frequent depiction of taboo subject matter, general toilet humor, accessibility to younger viewers, disregard for conservative sensibilities, negative depiction of liberal causes, and portraya
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negative depiction of liberal causes, and portrayal of religion for comic effect have generated controversy and debate over the course of its run.[190]
As the series became popular, students in two schools were barred from wearing South Park-related T-shirts,[18][22][32] and the headmaster of a UK public school asked parents not to let their children watch the programme after eight- and nine-year-old children voted the South Park character Cartman as their favorite personality in a 1999 poll.[19
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n as their favorite personality in a 1999 poll.[191] Parker and Stone assert that the show is not meant to be viewed by young children, and the show is certified with TV ratings that indicate its intention for mature audiences.[22] In 1999, they went on record to cancel the release of the Game Boy Color game based on the series, as Parker and Stone determined that a game based on an adult animated series would be inappropriate for a console whose core demographic consisted of children.[192]
Pare
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core demographic consisted of children.[192]
Parents Television Council founder L. Brent Bozell III and Action for Children's Television founder Peggy Charren have both condemned the show, with the latter claiming it is "dangerous to the democracy".[18][166][193][194] Several other activist groups have protested the show's parodies of Christianity and portrayal of Jesus Christ.[18][195] Stone has stated that parents who disapprove of South Park for its portrayal of how kids behave are upset bec
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for its portrayal of how kids behave are upset because they "have an idyllic vision of what kids are like", adding "[kids] don't have any kind of social tact or etiquette, they're just complete little raging bastards".[32][191]
Controversies
The show further lampooned the controversy surrounding its use of profanity, as well as the media attention surrounding the network show Chicago Hope's singular use of the word shit, with the season five premiere "It Hits the Fan",[196] in which the word shi
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iere "It Hits the Fan",[196] in which the word shit is said 162 times without being bleeped for censorship purposes, while also appearing uncensored in written form.[37] In the days following the show's original airing, 5,000 disapproving e-mails were sent to Comedy Central.[48] Despite its 43 uncensored uses of the racial slur nigger, the season 11 episode "With Apologies to Jesse Jackson" generated relatively little controversy, as most in the black community and the NAACP praised the episode
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black community and the NAACP praised the episode for its context and its comedic way of conveying other races' perceptions of how black people feel when hearing the word.[197][198]
Specific controversies regarding the show have included an April Fools' Day prank played on its viewers in 1998,[199] its depiction of the Virgin Mary in the season nine (2005) finale "Bloody Mary" that angered several Catholics,[35] its depiction of Steve Irwin with a stingray barb stuck in his chest in the episode
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a stingray barb stuck in his chest in the episode "Hell on Earth 2006", which originally aired less than two months after Irwin was killed in the same fashion,[200][201] Comedy Central's censorship of the depiction of Muhammad in the season 10 episode "Cartoon Wars Part II" in the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy[195] and consistent mockery of the concept of climate change by using climate change denialist talking points.[202][203][204]
The season nine (2005) episode "Tr
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[202][203][204]
The season nine (2005) episode "Trapped in the Closet" denounces Scientology as nothing more than "a big fat global scam",[195] while freely divulging church information that Scientology normally only reveals to members who make significant monetary contributions to the church.[205] The episode also ambiguously parodies the rumors involving the sexual orientation of Scientologist Tom Cruise, who allegedly demanded any further reruns of the episode be canceled.[200][206] Isaac Hay
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ns of the episode be canceled.[200][206] Isaac Hayes, a Scientologist, later quit South Park because of his objection to the episode.[207]
The season fourteen episodes "200" and "201" were mired in controversy for satirizing issues surrounding the depiction of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The website for the organization Revolution Muslim, a New York-based radical Muslim organization, posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk violent retribution for th
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nd Stone that they risk violent retribution for their depictions of Muhammad. It said that they "will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show". The posting provided the addresses to Comedy Central in New York and the production company in Los Angeles.[208] The author of the post, Zachary Adam Chesser (whose alias is Abu Talhah al-Amrikee),[209] said it was meant to serve as a warning to Parker and Stone, not a threat, and that providing the addresses was meant to give people the
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oviding the addresses was meant to give people the opportunity to protest.[210][211]
Despite Chesser's claims that the website entry was a warning, several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat.[212][213][214] Comedy Central censored the episode's broadcast in response, by bleeping out several speeches and covering Mohammed's appearances with a giant "censored" label.[208] Support for the episode has come in the form of Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, a movement started on Facebook
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Draw Mohammed Day, a movement started on Facebook that encourages people to draw Muhammad on May 20.[215] The "200" episode, which also depicted the Buddha snorting cocaine, prompted the government of Sri Lanka to ban the series outright.[216]
Due to many taboo topics in China—such as Dalai Lama, Winnie the Pooh,[217] labor camps, freedom of speech and cannabis culture—being involved in the season 23 (2019) episode "Band in China", South Park was entirely banned in China after the episode's bro
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s entirely banned in China after the episode's broadcast. The series' Baidu Baike article, Baidu Tieba forum, Douban page, Zhihu page and Bilibili videos have been deleted or inaccessible to the public, all related keywords and topics have been prohibited from being searched and discussed on China-based search engines and social media sites including Baidu, QQ, Weibo and on WeChat public platforms.[218][219][220] Parker and Stone issued a sarcastic apology in response.[221][222]
Legacy
Cultural
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ic apology in response.[221][222]
Legacy
Cultural
Commentary made in episodes has been interpreted as statements Parker and Stone are attempting to make to the viewing public,[223] and these opinions have been subject to much critical analysis in the media and literary world within the framework of popular philosophical, theological, social, and political concepts.[26][223][224] Since South Park debuted, college students have written term papers and doctoral theses analyzing the show,[55] while
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and doctoral theses analyzing the show,[55] while Brooklyn College offers a course called "South Park and Political Correctness".[225][226]
Soon after one of Kenny's trademark deaths on the show, other characters would typically shout "Oh my God, they killed Kenny!", followed by another yelling out "You bastard(s)!"—these lines were usually said by the characters Stan and Kyle, respectively. The exclamation quickly became a popular catchphrase,[11] while the running gag of Kenny's recurring deat
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1] while the running gag of Kenny's recurring deaths is one of the more recognized hallmarks among viewers of modern television.[227][228] Cartman's exclamations of "Respect my authori-tah!" and "Screw you guys ...I'm going home!" became catchphrases as well, and during the show's earlier seasons, were highly popular in the lexicon of viewers.[229] Cartman's eccentric intonation of "Hey!" was included in the 2002 edition of The Oxford Dictionary of Catchphrases.[230]
In the season two episode "C
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of Catchphrases.[230]
In the season two episode "Chef Aid", attorney Johnnie Cochran uses what's called in the show the Chewbacca defense, which is a legal strategy that involves addressing plot holes related to Chewbacca in the film Return of the Jedi rather than discussing the trial at hand during a closing argument in a deliberate attempt to confuse jurors into thinking there is reasonable doubt. The term "Chewbacca defense" has been documented as being used by criminologists, forensic scient
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d as being used by criminologists, forensic scientists, and political commentators in their various discussions of similar methods used in legal cases and public forums.[231][232]
Another season two episode, "Gnomes", revolves around a group of "underpants gnomes" who, as their name suggests, run a corporation stealing people's underpants. When asked about their business model, various gnomes reply that theirs is a three-step process: Phase 1 is "collect underpants". Phase 3 is "profit". However
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"collect underpants". Phase 3 is "profit". However, the gnomes are unable to explain what is to occur between the first and final steps, and "Phase 2" is accompanied by a large question mark on their corporate flow chart. Using "????" and "PROFIT!" as the last two steps in a process (usually jokingly) became a widely popular Internet meme because of this.[233][234] Especially in the context of politics and economics, "underpants gnomes" has been used by some commentators to characterize a conspi
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used by some commentators to characterize a conspicuous gap of logic or planning.[235][236]
When Sophie Rutschmann of the University of Strasbourg discovered a mutated gene that causes an adult fruit fly to die within two days after it is infected with certain bacteria, she named the gene kep1 in honor of Kenny.[237][238][239] Similarly, when a mutated ortholog of KIAA1109 was also found for said species that inhibited their ability to stand upright, walk, and caused seizures, indicative of seve
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ght, walk, and caused seizures, indicative of severe neurological defects, a different set of researchers named it Tweek in honor of Tweek.[240]
Political
While some conservatives have condemned South Park for its vulgarity, a growing population of people who hold center-right political beliefs, including teenagers and young adults, have embraced the show for its tendency to mock liberal viewpoints and lampoon liberal celebrities and icons.[241] Political commentator Andrew Sullivan dubbed the g
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Political commentator Andrew Sullivan dubbed the group South Park Republicans, or South Park conservatives.[40][242][243] Sullivan averred that members of the group are "extremely skeptical of political correctness but also are socially liberal on many issues", though he says the phrase applied to them is meant to be more of a casual indication of beliefs than a strong partisan label.[16][40] Brian C. Anderson describes the group as "generally characterized by holding strong libertarian beliefs
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aracterized by holding strong libertarian beliefs and rejecting more conservative social policy", and notes that although the show makes "wicked fun of conservatives", it is "at the forefront of a conservative revolt against liberal media" and Hollywood's "liberal hegemony".[241][244]
Parker and Stone reject the idea that the show has any underlying political position, and deny having a political agenda when creating an episode.[36][243][245] The two claim the show's higher proportion of instanc
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two claim the show's higher proportion of instances lampooning liberal rather than conservative orthodoxies stems simply from their preference for making fun of liberals.[16][73] While Stone has been quoted saying, "I hate conservatives, but I really fucking hate liberals", Stone and Parker have explained that their drive to lampoon a given target comes first from the target's insistence on telling other people how to behave.[196] The duo explain that they regard liberals as having both delusio
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n that they regard liberals as having both delusions of entitlement to remain free from satire, and a propensity to enforce political correctness while patronizing the citizens of Middle America.[39][40] Parker and Stone are uncomfortable with the idea of themselves or South Park being assigned any kind of partisan classification.[36][243] Parker said he rejects the "South Park Republican" and "South Park conservative" labels, feeling that either tag implies that one only adheres to strictly con
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tag implies that one only adheres to strictly conservative or liberal viewpoints.[35][241] The duo has in the past reluctantly labeled themselves libertarians and fans of government gridlock. In 2006, they said that they were "rooting for Hillary Clinton in 2008 simply because it would be weird to have her as president".[244]
Franchise
See also
Notes
- ^ Formerly Token Black; retconned in "The Big Fix".
References
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