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25,305 | # Crossbow bolt
A **bolt** or **quarrel** is a dart-like projectile used by crossbows. The word *quarrel* is from the Old French *quarrel* (\> French *carreau*) \"square thing\", specialized use as *quarrel d\'arcbaleste* (\> *carreau d\'arbalète*) \"crossbow quarrel\", referring to their typically square heads. Altho... | 574 | Crossbow bolt | 0 |
25,323 | # QRP operation
In amateur radio, **QRP operation** refers to transmitting at reduced power while attempting to maximize a station\'s effective range. QRP operation is a specialized pursuit within the hobby that was first popularized in the early 1920s. QRP operators tend to limit their transmitted RF power to 5 W or ... | 310 | QRP operation | 0 |
25,323 | # QRP operation
## Practice
The practice of operating with low power was popularized as early as 1924, with a variety of reports, editorials and articles published in U.S. amateur radio magazines and journals that encouraged amateurs to lower power output, both for purposes of experimentation, and for improving opera... | 636 | QRP operation | 1 |
25,323 | # QRP operation
## Contests and awards {#contests_and_awards}
There are specific operating awards, contests, clubs, and conventions devoted to QRP enthusiasts. In the United States, the November Sweepstakes, June and September VHF QSO Parties, January VHF Sweepstakes, and the ARRL International DX Contest, as well as... | 161 | QRP operation | 2 |
25,330 | # Quartet
In music, a **quartet** (*quatuor*, *Quartett*, *quartetto*, *cuarteto*, *kwartet*) is an ensemble of four singers or instrumental performers.
## Classical
### String quartet {#string_quartet}
In classical music, one of the most common combinations of four instruments in chamber music is the string quarte... | 666 | Quartet | 0 |
25,330 | # Quartet
## Popular music {#popular_music}
### Rock and pop {#rock_and_pop}
The quartet lineup is also very common in pop and rock music. A standard quartet formation in pop and rock music is an ensemble typically consisting of a vocalist, an electric guitar, a bass guitar, and a drum kit. This configuration is som... | 298 | Quartet | 1 |
25,349 | # QSIG
**QSIG** is an ISDN based signaling protocol for signaling between private branch exchanges (PBXs) in a private integrated services network (PISN). It makes use of the connection-level Q.931 protocol and the application-level ROSE protocol. ISDN \"proper\" functions as the physical link layer.
QSIG was origina... | 893 | QSIG | 0 |
25,381 | # Recreation
**Recreation** is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The \"need to do something for recreation\" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be \"fun\".
## Etymology
The... | 641 | Recreation | 0 |
25,381 | # Recreation
## Forms and activities {#forms_and_activities}
Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction. Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors... | 832 | Recreation | 1 |
25,381 | # Recreation
## Forms and activities {#forms_and_activities}
### Visual arts {#visual_arts}
Woodworking, photography, moviemaking, jewelry making, software projects such as Photoshopping and home music or video production, making bracelets, artistic projects such as drawing, painting, Cosplay (design, creation, and w... | 468 | Recreation | 2 |
25,381 | # Recreation
## Organized recreation {#organized_recreation}
Many recreational activities are organized, typically by public institutions, voluntary group-work agencies, private groups supported by membership fees, and commercial enterprises. Examples of each of these are the National Park Service, the YMCA, the Kiwa... | 422 | Recreation | 3 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
**Rock and roll** (often written as **rock & roll**, **rock-n-roll**, and **rock \'n\' roll**) is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It originated from African American music such as jazz, rhythm and blues, boogie-woogie, electric blues, go... | 305 | Rock and roll | 0 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
## Terminology
The term \"rock and roll\" is defined by Greg Kot in *Encyclopædia Britannica* as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed \"into the more encompassing international style known as rock music\". The term is sometimes also used as synonymous with \"rock music\" and ... | 686 | Rock and roll | 1 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
## Early rock and roll {#early_rock_and_roll}
### Origins
The origins of rock and roll have been fiercely debated by commentators and historians of music. There is general agreement that it arose in the Southern United States -- a region that would produce most of the major early rock and roll acts -... | 1,353 | Rock and roll | 2 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
## Early rock and roll {#early_rock_and_roll}
### Rockabilly
thumb\|upright=0.95\|alt=A black and white photograph of Elvis Presley standing between two sets of bars\|Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for *Jailhouse Rock* in 1957 \"Rockabilly\" usually (but not exclusively) refers to the type of rock ... | 435 | Rock and roll | 3 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
## Early rock and roll {#early_rock_and_roll}
### Cover versions {#cover_versions}
Many of the earliest white rock and roll hits were covers or partial re-writes of earlier black rhythm and blues or blues songs. Through the late 1940s and early 1950s, R&B music had been gaining a stronger beat and a w... | 601 | Rock and roll | 4 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
## Decline and later developments {#decline_and_later_developments}
Some commentators have suggested a decline of rock and roll starting in 1958. The retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher (October 1957), the departure of Presley for service in the United States Army (March 1958), the scand... | 426 | Rock and roll | 5 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
## British rock and roll {#british_rock_and_roll}
In the 1950s, Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture. It shared a common language, had been exposed to American culture through the stationing of troops in the country, and shared many social developments, including... | 549 | Rock and roll | 6 |
25,412 | # Rock and roll
## Cultural influence {#cultural_influence}
Rock and roll influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and European-American teens enjoyed the music.
Many early rock and roll songs d... | 652 | Rock and roll | 7 |
25,418 | # Proof by contradiction
In logic, **proof by contradiction** is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought a... | 514 | Proof by contradiction | 0 |
25,418 | # Proof by contradiction
## Relationship with other proof techniques {#relationship_with_other_proof_techniques}
### Refutation by contradiction {#refutation_by_contradiction}
Proof by contradiction is similar to **refutation by contradiction**, also known as proof of negation, which states that *¬P* is proved as fo... | 281 | Proof by contradiction | 1 |
25,418 | # Proof by contradiction
## Proof by contradiction in intuitionistic logic {#proof_by_contradiction_in_intuitionistic_logic}
In intuitionistic logic proof by contradiction is not generally valid, although some particular instances can be derived. In contrast, proof of negation and principle of noncontradiction are bo... | 299 | Proof by contradiction | 2 |
25,418 | # Proof by contradiction
## Examples of proofs by contradiction {#examples_of_proofs_by_contradiction}
### Euclid\'s Elements {#euclids_elements}
An early occurrence of proof by contradiction can be found in Euclid\'s Elements, Book 1, Proposition 6:
: If in a triangle two angles equal one another, then the sides... | 447 | Proof by contradiction | 3 |
25,418 | # Proof by contradiction
## Examples of refutations by contradiction {#examples_of_refutations_by_contradiction}
The following examples are commonly referred to as proofs by contradiction, but formally employ refutation by contradiction (and therefore are intuitionistically valid).
### Infinitude of primes {#infinit... | 624 | Proof by contradiction | 4 |
25,420 | # Reversible error
In United States law, a **reversible error** is an error of sufficient gravity to warrant reversal of a judgment on appeal. It is an error by the trier of law (judge), or the trier of fact (the jury, or the judge if it is a bench trial), or malfeasance by one of the trying attorneys, which results i... | 446 | Reversible error | 0 |
25,424 | # Retronym
A **retronym** is a newer name for something that differentiates it from something else that is newer, similar, or seen in everyday life; thus, avoiding confusion between the two.
## Etymology
The term *retronym*, a neologism composed of the combining forms *retro-* (from Latin *retro*, \"before\") + *-ny... | 547 | Retronym | 0 |
25,440 | # Robert J. Flaherty
**Robert Joseph Flaherty**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRGS}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|æ|.|ər|t|i|,_|ˈ|f|l|ɑː|-}}`{=mediawiki}; February 16, 1884 -- July 23, 1951) was an American filmmaker who directed and produced the first commercially successful feature-length documentary film, *Nanook... | 396 | Robert J. Flaherty | 0 |
25,440 | # Robert J. Flaherty
## *Nanook of the North* {#nanook_of_the_north}
In 1913, on Flaherty\'s expedition to prospect the Belcher Islands, his boss, Sir William Mackenzie, suggested that he take a motion picture camera along. He brought a Bell and Howell hand cranked motion picture camera. He was particularly intrigued... | 558 | Robert J. Flaherty | 1 |
25,440 | # Robert J. Flaherty
## Hollywood
*Nanook of the North* (1922) was a successful film, and Flaherty was in great demand afterwards. On a contract with Paramount to produce another film on the order of *Nanook*, he went to Samoa to film *Moana* (1926). He shot the film in Safune on the island of Savai\'i where he lived... | 348 | Robert J. Flaherty | 2 |
25,440 | # Robert J. Flaherty
## Britain
After *Tabu*, Flaherty was considered finished in Hollywood, and Frances Flaherty contacted John Grierson of the Empire Marketing Board Film Unit in London, who assigned Flaherty to the documentary *Industrial Britain* (1931). By comparison to Grierson and his unit, Flaherty\'s habitua... | 321 | Robert J. Flaherty | 3 |
25,440 | # Robert J. Flaherty
## Last years {#last_years}
Back in the United States, Pare Lorentz of the United States Film Service hired Flaherty to film a documentary about US agriculture, a project which became *The Land*. Flaherty and his wife covered some 100,000 miles, shooting 25,000 feet of film, and captured a series... | 500 | Robert J. Flaherty | 4 |
25,440 | # Robert J. Flaherty
## Legacy
Flaherty is considered a pioneer of documentary film. He was one of the first to combine documentary subjects with a fiction-film-like narrative and poetic treatment.
A self-proclaimed explorer, Flaherty was inducted into the Royal Geographic Society of England for his (re)discovery of... | 415 | Robert J. Flaherty | 5 |
25,488 | # Rebuttal
In law, **rebuttal** is a form of evidence that is presented to contradict or nullify other evidence that has been presented by an adverse party. By analogy the same term is used in politics and public affairs to refer to the informal process by which statements, designed to refute or negate specific argume... | 207 | Rebuttal | 0 |
25,496 | # Geography of the Republic of the Congo
The Republic of the Congo is located in the western part of central Africa, on the Equator. Congo has several important ports. The Republic of the Congo covers an area of 342,000 km², of which 341,500 km² is land while 500 km² is water. Congo claims 200 nmi of territorial sea.
... | 555 | Geography of the Republic of the Congo | 0 |
25,499 | # Economy of the Republic of the Congo
The **economy of the Republic of the Congo** is a mixture of subsistence hunting and agriculture, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum extraction and support services. Government spending is characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum has supplanted fo... | 787 | Economy of the Republic of the Congo | 0 |
25,499 | # Economy of the Republic of the Congo
## Statistics
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980--2024.
+------+--------------------+-----------------+------------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------+
| Year | GDP\ | GDP per capita\ | GDP\ ... | 712 | Economy of the Republic of the Congo | 1 |
25,500 | # Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo
**Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo** include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
## Radio and television {#radio_and_television}
- Radio stations:
- Three state-owned radio stations; several privately owned radio s... | 301 | Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo | 0 |
25,500 | # Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo
## Internet
- Top-level domain: .cg
- Internet users:
- 266,635 users, 145th in the world; 6.1% of the population, 182nd in the world (2012);
- 245,200 users, 136th in the world (2009).
- Fixed broadband: 393 subscriptions, 190th in the world; less t... | 574 | Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo | 1 |
25,501 | # Transport in the Republic of the Congo
**Transport in the Republic of Congo** includes land, air and water modes. Over 3,000 km of paved roads are in use. The two international airports are Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport.
The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire, others al... | 418 | Transport in the Republic of the Congo | 0 |
25,521 | # Relay league
A **relay league** is a chain of message forwarding stations in a system of optical telegraphs, radio telegraph stations, or riding couriers. Early 19th century methods of this type evolved into the electrical telegraph networks of the mid-to-late 19th century.
## Radio relay leagues {#radio_relay_leag... | 154 | Relay league | 0 |
25,530 | # Robert Rodriguez
**Robert Anthony Rodriguez** (`{{IPAc-en|r|ɒ|ˈ|d|r|iː|ɡ|ɛ|z}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|ro|DREE|ghez}}`{=mediawiki}; born June 20, 1968) is an American filmmaker, composer, and visual effects supervisor. He shoots, edits, produces, and scores many of his films in Mexico and in his home state of Texas.... | 542 | Robert Rodriguez | 0 |
25,530 | # Robert Rodriguez
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
The short film *Bedhead* attracted enough attention to encourage him to seriously attempt a career as a filmmaker. He went on to shoot the action flick *El Mariachi* (1992) in Spanish; he shot it for around \$7,000 with money raised by his friend Adrian K... | 913 | Robert Rodriguez | 1 |
25,530 | # Robert Rodriguez
## Career
### *Machete*
*Machete* is a feature film directed by Rodriguez and released in September 2010. It is an expansion of a fake trailer Rodriguez directed for the 2007 film *Grindhouse*. It starred Danny Trejo as the title character. Trejo, Rodriguez\'s 2nd cousin, has worked with him in som... | 622 | Robert Rodriguez | 2 |
25,530 | # Robert Rodriguez
## Career
### Unrealized Projects {#unrealized_projects}
Since 1998, Rodriguez has owned the film rights to Mike Allred\'s off-beat comic *Madman*. The two have hinted at the project being close to beginning on several occasions without anything coming of it. However, other projects have been compl... | 574 | Robert Rodriguez | 3 |
25,530 | # Robert Rodriguez
## Style
Rodriguez not only has the credits of producing, directing and writing his films, he also frequently serves as editor, director of photography, camera operator, steadicam operator, composer, production designer, visual effects supervisor, and sound editor on his films. This has earned him ... | 601 | Robert Rodriguez | 4 |
25,538 | # Robyn
*Robyn* (album)\|other uses}} `{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox person
| name = Robyn
| image = Robyn face.jpg
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
|... | 445 | Robyn | 0 |
25,538 | # Robyn
## `{{anchor|Music career}}`{=mediawiki}Career
### `{{anchor|1989–1993: Career beginnings}}`{=mediawiki}1989--1993: Early career {#early_career}
Robyn voiced the character of Miranda in the 1989 Swedish-Norwegian animated film *The Journey to Melonia*. Directed by Per Åhlin, the film is loosely based on Will... | 737 | Robyn | 1 |
25,538 | # Robyn
## `{{anchor|Music career}}`{=mediawiki}Career
### 2004--2009: Konichiwa Records and *Robyn* {#konichiwa_records_and_robyn}
The decade-long relationship between Robyn and her label ended in 2004. When Jive Records reacted negatively to \"Who\'s That Girl?{{\"\'}}s new electropop sound, the singer decided to r... | 570 | Robyn | 2 |
25,538 | # Robyn
## `{{anchor|Music career}}`{=mediawiki}Career
### 2010--2016: *Body Talk*, *Do It Again* and EPs {#body_talk_do_it_again_and_eps}
She released the first album of the *Body Talk* trilogy, *Body Talk Pt. 1*, on 14 June 2010 in the Nordic countries on EMI and on 15 June in the US on Interscope Records. It was p... | 777 | Robyn | 3 |
25,538 | # Robyn
## `{{anchor|Music career}}`{=mediawiki}Career
### 2017--present: *Honey* {#present_honey}
In March 2017, a new Robyn song called \"Honey\" was used in the soundtrack of the final season of HBO TV series, *Girls*. The creator of the show, Lena Dunham selected it from a collection of her in-progress tracks. Ro... | 634 | Robyn | 4 |
25,538 | # Robyn
## Artistry
Robyn has a soprano vocal range. The *Dallas Observer*\'s Preston Jones described her music as \"electro-pop confections, with their gleaming, sexy, sophisticated surfaces, each laced with sharply observed lyrics capable of leaving a bruise or breaking your heart\", and characterized by \"lovelorn... | 441 | Robyn | 5 |
25,538 | # Robyn
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Robyn\'s parents led an independent theatre group, and growing up in that environment influenced her sense of style: \"I was around people who dressed up for work every day, and so the concept of how you can use clothes to change your personality or communicate who you are is... | 690 | Robyn | 6 |
25,610 | # Rescuing Prometheus
***Rescuing Prometheus: Four Monumental Projects That Changed the Modern World*** (1998 ) is a book by Thomas P. Hughes. The book uses four extremely large engineering projects of the late 20th century as examples to explore how the limits of modern system engineering are stressed by real life pr... | 65 | Rescuing Prometheus | 0 |
25,611 | # Riddarfjärden
**Riddarfjärden** (`{{IPA|sv|ˈrɪ̂dːarˌfjæːɖɛn|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, \"The Knight Firth\") is the easternmost bay of Lake Mälaren in central Stockholm. Stockholm was founded in 1252 on an island in the stream where Lake Mälaren (from the west) drains into the Baltic Sea (to the east); today the island is... | 208 | Riddarfjärden | 0 |
25,612 | # Random access
**Random access** (also called **direct access**) is the ability to access an arbitrary element of a sequence in equal time or any datum from a population of addressable elements roughly as easily and efficiently as any other, no matter how many elements may be in the set. In computer science it is typ... | 455 | Random access | 0 |
25,622 | # Richard Bachman
**Richard Bachman** is a pen name (as well as a fictional character) of American horror fiction author Stephen King, adopted in 1977 for the novel *Rage*. King hid the link between himself and Bachman, until allowing for his identification in 1985. He collected the first four Bachman novels into *The... | 766 | Richard Bachman | 0 |
25,622 | # Richard Bachman
## Post-outing {#post_outing}
In 1987, the Bachman novel *The Running Man* inspired the Paul Michael Glaser film of the same name. King insisted that his name not be on the credits, and the screen credit for the film went to Richard Bachman.
King used the \"relationship\" between himself and Bachma... | 604 | Richard Bachman | 1 |
25,629 | # Demographics of Réunion
This article concerns the **demography of Réunion**. People of Réunion are *Réunionese*. The official language is French, and Réunionese Creole is widely spoken. The population of Réunion is `{{UN_Population|Réunion}}`{=mediawiki} as of `{{UN_Population|Year}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{UN_Population|re... | 893 | Demographics of Réunion | 0 |
25,629 | # Demographics of Réunion
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
------ ----------------------------- ------------- -------- --... | 920 | Demographics of Réunion | 1 |
25,629 | # Demographics of Réunion
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
Ethnic groups present include people of European, African, Malagasy, Indians and Chinese origin as well as many of mixed race. Local names for these are used: Yabs, Cafres, Malbars and Zarabes (both ethnic groups of Indian origin) and Chinois.
The proportio... | 494 | Demographics of Réunion | 2 |
25,630 | # Politics of Réunion
Réunion is an overseas département of France.
The island\'s conventional name is the *Department of Réunion*, or *Réunion*. The French flag is used on the island. The island\'s capital is Saint-Denis, and the island is divided into 4 arrondissements, 24 communes and 25 cantons.
Réunion is gover... | 457 | Politics of Réunion | 0 |
25,633 | # Transport in Réunion
Réunion possesses a network of highways, which cover a total distance of 2,784 km. Of that length, 2,187 km of the road system is paved. There are no roads going into the cirque of Mafate; thus transportation there has to take place by foot or helicopter.
## Motorways
A system of highways that... | 377 | Transport in Réunion | 0 |
25,637 | # Geography of Romania
With an area of 238,397 km2, Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe. It is a country located at the crossroads of Eastern and Southeast Europe. It is bordered on the Black Sea, the country is halfway between the equator and the North Pole and equidistant from the westernmost part of Eu... | 495 | Geography of Romania | 0 |
25,637 | # Geography of Romania
## Topography
*Main article: Topography of Romania*
Romania\'s natural landscape is almost evenly divided among mountains (23 percent), plains (39 percent), and hills (35 percent). These varied relief forms spread rather symmetrically from the Carpathian Mountains, which reach elevations of mo... | 805 | Geography of Romania | 1 |
25,637 | # Geography of Romania
## Hydrography
### Rivers
After entering the country in the southwest at Bazias, the Danube travels some 1,075 kilometers (almost 40% of its entire length) through or along Romanian territory, forming the southern frontier with Serbia and Bulgaria. Virtually all of the country\'s rivers are tr... | 322 | Geography of Romania | 2 |
25,637 | # Geography of Romania
## Climate
Because of its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is generally continental. Climatic conditions are somewhat modified by the country\'s varied relief. The Carpathians serve as a barrier to Atlantic air masses, restricting their ... | 617 | Geography of Romania | 3 |
25,641 | # Mass media in Romania
The **mass media in Romania** refers to mass media outlets based in Romania. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Romania guarantees... | 725 | Mass media in Romania | 0 |
25,641 | # Mass media in Romania
## Media outlets {#media_outlets}
Romania has one of the most dynamic media markets in southeastern Europe. TV is the medium of choice for most Romanians. State-owned TVR and the private stations Pro TV and Antena 1 command the lion\'s share of viewing, however there is a large number of small... | 707 | Mass media in Romania | 1 |
25,641 | # Mass media in Romania
## Media outlets {#media_outlets}
### Radio broadcasting {#radio_broadcasting}
The first private radio stations appeared in 1990; there are now more than 100 of them. State-run Radio Romania operates four national networks and regional and local stations. BBC World Service is available on 88 F... | 848 | Mass media in Romania | 2 |
25,641 | # Mass media in Romania
## Media outlets {#media_outlets}
### Telecommunications
Romania has rapidly improving domestic and international services, especially in wireless telephony. The domestic network offers good, modern services in urban areas; 98% of telephone network is automatic while 71% is digitized; trunk ne... | 911 | Mass media in Romania | 3 |
25,641 | # Mass media in Romania
## Media ownership {#media_ownership}
### Transparency
Even though the Romanian legislation in the field of media ownership transparency is fully aligned with the European standards, in practice sufficient information to assess who effectively owns and ultimately controls the media is not alw... | 699 | Mass media in Romania | 4 |
25,641 | # Mass media in Romania
## Media ownership {#media_ownership}
### Concentration and pluralism {#concentration_and_pluralism}
#### Media conglomerates {#media_conglomerates}
This table gives an overview of the main media conglomerates in Romania. More details about some groups are below:
Person(s) ... | 912 | Mass media in Romania | 5 |
25,641 | # Mass media in Romania
## Censorship
Article 30 of the Constitution of Romania, adopted in 1991 and amended in 2003, is dedicated to freedom of expression: `{{Blockquote|
#Freedom of expression of thoughts, opinions, or beliefs, and freedom of any creation, by words, in writing, in pictures, by sounds or other means... | 847 | Mass media in Romania | 6 |
25,642 | # Transport in Romania
Transportation infrastructure in Romania is the property of the state, and is administered by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, Constructions and Tourism, except when operated as a concession, in which case the concessions are made by the Ministry of Administration and Interior.
The... | 934 | Transport in Romania | 0 |
25,642 | # Transport in Romania
## Air transport {#air_transport}
The air traffic in Romania reached 20.28 million passengers in 2017 and 21 million passengers in 2022.
The national carrier of Romania is TAROM, the largest Romanian airline is Blue Air while Wizz Air has the largest share of Romania\'s air transport market.
... | 444 | Transport in Romania | 1 |
25,652 | # Transport in Rwanda
The **transport system in Rwanda** centres primarily around the road network. Paved roads lie between the capital, Kigali, and most other major cities and towns in the country. Rwanda is also linked by road with other countries in the African Great Lakes, via which the majority of the country\'s ... | 826 | Transport in Rwanda | 0 |
25,652 | # Transport in Rwanda
## Public transport {#public_transport}
### International
There are several daily coach services from Rwanda to destinations in the African Great Lakes:
- Jaguar Executive Coaches, which connects Kigali to Kampala, the Ugandan capital, via Gatuna (road 1 on the map above) or via Kayonza and ... | 912 | Transport in Rwanda | 1 |
25,652 | # Transport in Rwanda
## Air transport {#air_transport}
The country\'s main aviation hub is Kigali International Airport, which is located at Kanombe, a suburb approximately 10 km from Kigali city centre. The airport has international flights to: Lagos, Brazzaville, Dubai, Nairobi, Entebbe, Addis Ababa, Bujumbura, Jo... | 324 | Transport in Rwanda | 2 |
25,663 | # Raymond Chandler
**Raymond Thornton Chandler** (July 23, 1888 -- March 26, 1959) was an American-British novelist and screenwriter. In 1932, at the age of forty-four, Chandler became a detective fiction writer after losing his job as an oil company executive during the Great Depression. His first short story, \"Blac... | 493 | Raymond Chandler | 0 |
25,663 | # Raymond Chandler
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Chandler was born in 1888 in Chicago, the son of Florence Dart (Thornton) and Maurice Benjamin Chandler. He spent his early years in Plattsmouth, Nebraska, living with his mother and father near his cousins and his aunt (his mother\'s sister) and uncle. Ch... | 745 | Raymond Chandler | 1 |
25,663 | # Raymond Chandler
## Biography
### As a writer {#as_a_writer}
In straitened financial circumstances during the Great Depression, Chandler turned to his latent writing talent to earn a living, teaching himself to write pulp fiction by analyzing and imitating a novelette by Erle Stanley Gardner. Chandler\'s first prof... | 773 | Raymond Chandler | 2 |
25,663 | # Raymond Chandler
## Biography
### Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Cissy Chandler died in 1954, after a long illness. Heartbroken and drunk, Chandler neglected to inter her cremated remains, and they sat for 57 years in a storage locker in the basement of Cypress View Mausoleum. When he died he was reme... | 498 | Raymond Chandler | 3 |
25,663 | # Raymond Chandler
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Critics and writers, including W. H. Auden, Evelyn Waugh and Ian Fleming, greatly admired Chandler\'s prose. In a radio discussion with Chandler, Fleming said that Chandler offered \"some of the finest dialogue written in any prose today\". Contemporary m... | 697 | Raymond Chandler | 4 |
25,663 | # Raymond Chandler
## Works
### Novels and novellas {#novels_and_novellas}
Chandler left an unfinished novel when he died. This was completed by Robert B. Parker and published in 1989 as *Poodle Springs* | 32 | Raymond Chandler | 5 |
25,682 | # Red Army
The **Workers\' and Peasants\' Red Army**, often shortened to the **Red Army**, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People\'s Commissars to oppose the military forces of the new nat... | 343 | Red Army | 0 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## Origins
In September 1917, Vladimir Lenin wrote:
> \"There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, and that is to create a people\'s militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people).\"
At the time, the Imperial Russian Army ha... | 573 | Red Army | 1 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## History
### Russian Civil War {#russian_civil_war}
The Russian Civil War (1917--1923) can be divided into three periods:
1. October 1917 -- November 1918, from the October Revolution to the World War I armistice. The Bolshevik government\'s nationalization of traditional Cossack lands in November 191... | 1,162 | Red Army | 2 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## History
### Reorganization
The XI Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RCP (b)) adopted a resolution on the strengthening of the Red Army. It decided to establish strictly organized military, educational and economic conditions in the army. However, it was recognized that an army of 1,6... | 988 | Red Army | 3 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## History
### Second World War (\"The Great Patriotic War\") {#second_world_war_the_great_patriotic_war}
In accordance with the Soviet-Nazi Molotov--Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939, the Red Army invaded Poland on 17 September 1939, after the Nazi invasion on 1 September 1939. On 30 November, the Red Arm... | 1,302 | Red Army | 4 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## History
### Second World War (\"The Great Patriotic War\") {#second_world_war_the_great_patriotic_war}
#### Lend-Lease {#lend_lease}
The Red Army was financially and materially assisted in its wartime effort by the United States. In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to \... | 230 | Red Army | 5 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## History
### Soviet--Japanese War (1945) {#sovietjapanese_war_1945}
While the Soviets considered the surrender of Germany to be the end of the \"Great Patriotic War\", at the earlier Yalta Conference the Soviet Union agreed to enter the Pacific Theater portion of World War II within three months of the e... | 309 | Red Army | 6 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## Administration
Military administration after the October Revolution was taken over by the People\'s Commissariat of War and Marine affairs headed by a collective committee of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, Pavel Dybenko, and Nikolai Krylenko. At the same time, Nikolay Dukhonin was acting as the Supreme Com... | 346 | Red Army | 7 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## Organization
At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree on 29 May 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40. To service the massive draft, the Bolshe... | 880 | Red Army | 8 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## Personnel
The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a political commissar, or *politruk*, who had the authority to override unit commanders\' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. The Party leadership considered political control over the military... | 580 | Red Army | 9 |
25,682 | # Red Army
## Personnel
### Purges
According to the new data that emerged on the break of the 21st century, The Vesna Case (also known as \"Operation Vesna\") of 1930--1931 was massive Soviet repressions targeting former officers and generals of the Russian Imperial Army who had served in the Red Army and Soviet Navy... | 780 | Red Army | 10 |
25,707 | # Transport in Russia
The **transport network of the Russian Federation** is one of the world\'s most extensive transport networks. The national web of roads, railways and airways stretches almost 7700 km from Kaliningrad in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east, and major cities such as Moscow and Saint Pet... | 628 | Transport in Russia | 0 |
25,707 | # Transport in Russia
## Roads and highways {#roads_and_highways}
As of 2006 Russia had 933,000 km of roads, of which 755,000 were paved. Some of these make up the Russian federal motorway system. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all the G8 and BRIC countries as of 2009.
The state of Russia\'... | 1,028 | Transport in Russia | 1 |
25,707 | # Transport in Russia
## Waterways
According to the data from the Maritime Board (*Morskaya Kollegiya*) of the Russian Government, in 2004, 136.6 million tons of cargo were carried that year over Russia\'s inland waterways, the total cargo transportation volume being 87,556.5 million ton-km. During that same year, 53... | 557 | Transport in Russia | 2 |
25,716 | # Refreshable braille display
A **refreshable braille display** or **braille terminal** is an electro-mechanical device for displaying braille characters, usually by means of round-tipped pins raised through holes in a flat surface. Visually impaired computer users who cannot use a standard computer monitor can use it... | 497 | Refreshable braille display | 0 |
25,727 | # Reference work
A **reference work** is a document, such as a paper, book or periodical (or their electronic equivalents), to which one can refer for information. The information is intended to be found quickly when needed. Such works are usually *referred* to for particular pieces of information, rather than read be... | 515 | Reference work | 0 |
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