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12,202 | # Transport in Guyana
## Ferries
Ferry services link the primary roads in the coastal area, and Guyana with Suriname. The Government\'s Transport an hid Harbour Department provides scheduled ferry services in the Essequibo and Demerara rivers. Small privately owned river-craft supplement these services. Since the ope... | 310 | Transport in Guyana | 4 |
12,202 | # Transport in Guyana
## Air transportation {#air_transportation}
Air transportation for business and pleasure is readily available for traveling to many parts of the hinterland. Several local airlines depart from both Ogle Airport on the East Coast Demerara, 6 mi south-east of Georgetown and from Cheddi Jagan Intern... | 689 | Transport in Guyana | 5 |
12,202 | # Transport in Guyana
## Challenges and future development {#challenges_and_future_development}
The gross inadequacy of Guyana\'s transportation system militates against its social and economic development in several ways. First, it increases production costs and, therefore, reduces competitiveness, particularly in t... | 495 | Transport in Guyana | 6 |
12,202 | # Transport in Guyana
## Statistics
### Railways
*Total:* 187 km (all dedicated to ore transport)\
*Standard gauge:* 139 km; `{{RailGauge|ussg}}`{=mediawiki}\
*Narrow gauge:* 48 km; `{{RailGauge|3ft|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki} gauge
### Highways
*Total:* 7,970 km\
*Paved:* 590 km\
*Unpaved:* 7,380 km (1996 est.)
- Dri... | 201 | Transport in Guyana | 7 |
12,223 | # Great man theory
The **great man theory** is an approach to the study of history popularised in the 19th century according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of *great men*, or heroes: highly influential and unique individuals who, due to their natural attributes, such as superior intellect, her... | 759 | Great man theory | 0 |
12,223 | # Great man theory
## Responses
thumb\|upright=.7\|Herbert Spencer was a contemporary critic of Carlyle\'s great man theory.
### Herbert Spencer\'s critique {#herbert_spencers_critique}
One of the most forceful critics of Carlyle\'s formulation of the great man theory was Herbert Spencer, who believed that attribut... | 534 | Great man theory | 1 |
12,223 | # Great man theory
## Responses
### Other responses {#other_responses}
Before the 19th century, Blaise Pascal begins his *Three Discourses on the Condition of the Great* (written it seems for a young duke) by telling the story of a castaway on an island whose inhabitants take him for their missing king. He defends in... | 642 | Great man theory | 2 |
12,228 | # GURPS
The ***Generic Universal Role Playing System**\'\', or***GURPS**\'\', is a tabletop role-playing game system published by Steve Jackson Games. The system is designed to run any genre using the same core mechanics. The core rules were first written by Steve Jackson and published in 1986, at a time when most suc... | 488 | GURPS | 0 |
12,228 | # GURPS
## Development and publication {#development_and_publication}
The immediate mechanical antecedents of *GURPS* were Steve Jackson\'s microgames *Melee* and *Wizard*, both published by Metagaming Concepts, which eventually combined them along with another Jackson game, *In the Labyrinth*, to form *The Fantasy T... | 585 | GURPS | 1 |
12,228 | # GURPS
## Mechanics of the game {#mechanics_of_the_game}
### Character points {#character_points}
A character in *GURPS* is built with character points. For a beginning character in an average power game, the 4th edition suggests 100--150 points to modify attribute stats, select advantages and disadvantages, and pu... | 816 | GURPS | 2 |
12,228 | # GURPS
## Mechanics of the game {#mechanics_of_the_game}
### Skills
*GURPS* has a wide variety of skills intended to enable it to support any conceivable genre (such as Acrobatics and Vehicle Piloting). Each skill is tied to at least one attribute, and the characters\' abilities in that skill is a function of their ... | 419 | GURPS | 3 |
12,228 | # GURPS
## Mechanics of the game {#mechanics_of_the_game}
### Success rolls {#success_rolls}
*GURPS* uses six-sided dice for all game mechanics using standard dice notation. An \"average roll\" of three six sided dice generates a total of 10.5; this makes an \"average\" skill check (a skill of 10, based on an unmodif... | 369 | GURPS | 4 |
12,228 | # GURPS
## Mechanics of the game {#mechanics_of_the_game}
### Combat
Combat in *GURPS* is organized in personal turns: i.e., every character gets a turn each second, and during a character\'s turn he or she may take an action, such as attack or move. After all characters have taken their action, one second has elapse... | 1,040 | GURPS | 5 |
12,228 | # GURPS
## Licensed works {#licensed_works}
The computer game publisher Interplay licensed *GURPS* as the basis for a post--nuclear war role-playing video game (*Fallout*) in 1995. Late in development, Interplay replaced the *GURPS* character-building system with their own SPECIAL System. Brian Fargo, one of the exec... | 578 | GURPS | 6 |
12,234 | # George Whipple
**George Hoyt Whipple** (August 28, 1878 -- February 1, 1976) was an American physician, pathologist, biomedical researcher, and medical school educator and administrator. Whipple shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy \"for their d... | 330 | George Whipple | 0 |
12,234 | # George Whipple
## Education
As an undergraduate, he became a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity, and proved to be a prize-winning gymnast, oarsman, and an outstanding science student. His excellence in science was exemplified by his election to Sigma Xi honor society and graduation with senior honors. The interacti... | 298 | George Whipple | 1 |
12,234 | # George Whipple
## Career
In 1905, Whipple joined the pathology department at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as an assistant in pathology. He was promoted successively to Assistant, Instructor, Associate and associate professor in pathology until he left in 1914. During this time, he spent a year in Panama at Anco... | 520 | George Whipple | 2 |
12,234 | # George Whipple
## Whipple\'s research {#whipples_research}
Over the course of his career, Whipple authored or co-authored more than 300 publications.
Whipple\'s research interests during his career primarily included anemia and the physiology and pathology of the liver. But he also researched and made significant ... | 1,241 | George Whipple | 3 |
12,244 | # German Unity Day
**German Unity Day** (*Tag der Deutschen Einheit*, `{{IPA|de|ˈtaːk deːɐ̯ ˈdɔʏtʃn̩ ˈʔaɪnhaɪt|pron|audio=De-Tag der Deutschen Einheit.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is the national day of Germany, celebrated on 3 October as a public holiday. It commemorates German Reunification in 1990 when the German Democratic... | 782 | German Unity Day | 0 |
12,244 | # German Unity Day
## Decision for GDR\'s unity with the Federal Republic {#decision_for_gdrs_unity_with_the_federal_republic}
The motive for setting the date of 3 October as the possible Day of Unity was decided by the Volkskammer, the East German parliament, on the impending economical and political collapse of the... | 372 | German Unity Day | 1 |
12,244 | # German Unity Day
## Celebrations
The Day of German Unity is celebrated each year with a ceremonial act and a citizen\'s festival (**Bürgerfest**).
The celebrations are hosted by a major city, usually the state capital, in the German state presiding over the Bundesrat in the respective year (a sequence determined b... | 629 | German Unity Day | 2 |
12,248 | # Gheorghe Zamfir
**Gheorghe Zamfir** (`{{IPA|ro|ˈɡe̯orɡe zamˈfir|-|Ro-Gheorghe Zamfir.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; born April 6, 1941) is a Romanian nai (pan flute) musician.
Zamfir is known for playing an expanded version of normally 20-pipe nai, with 22, 25, 28 or even 30 pipes, to increase its range, and obtaining as many... | 1,035 | Gheorghe Zamfir | 0 |
12,248 | # Gheorghe Zamfir
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Zamfir was born in Găeşti, Romania, on April 6, 1941. Although initially interested in becoming an accordionist, at the age of 14 he began his pan flute studies with Fănică Luca at the Special Musical School no. 1 in Bucharest. Later he attended the Ciprian Porumbes... | 77 | Gheorghe Zamfir | 1 |
12,253 | # Gaudy Night
***Gaudy Night*** (1935) is a mystery novel by Dorothy L. Sayers, the tenth featuring Lord Peter Wimsey, and the third including Harriet Vane.
The dons of Harriet Vane\'s *alma mater*, the all-female Shrewsbury College, Oxford (based on Sayers\' own Somerville College), have invited her back to attend t... | 673 | Gaudy Night | 0 |
12,253 | # Gaudy Night
## Title
A \"gaudy\", at the University of Oxford, is a college feast, typically a reunion for its alumni. The term \"gaudy night\" appears in Shakespeare\'s *Antony and Cleopatra*: \"Let\'s have one other gaudy night: call to me / All my sad captains; fill our bowls once more / Let\'s mock the midnight... | 490 | Gaudy Night | 1 |
12,257 | # Gamma
**Gamma** (`{{IPAc-en|'|g|æ|m|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Gamma.wav}}`{=mediawiki}; uppercase `{{Script|Grek|'''Γ'''}}`{=mediawiki}, lowercase `{{Script|Grek|'''γ'''}}`{=mediawiki}; *gámma*) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. In Ancient Gr... | 514 | Gamma | 0 |
12,257 | # Gamma
## Mathematics and science {#mathematics_and_science}
### Lowercase
The lowercase letter $\gamma$ is used as a symbol for:
- Chromatic number of in graph theory
- Gamma radiation in nuclear physics
- Shear strain in physics
- Surface tension in physics
- The photon, the elementary particle of ligh... | 359 | Gamma | 1 |
12,272 | # George Pappas
**George Sotiros Pappas** (born 1942) is a professor of philosophy at Ohio State University. Pappas specializes in epistemology, the history of early modern philosophy, philosophy of religion and metaphysics. He is of Greek and English origin.
He is the author of the *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosop... | 449 | George Pappas | 0 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
**Gordon Banks** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}}`{=mediawiki} (30 December 1937 -- 12 February 2019) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Widely regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, he made 679 appearances during a 20-year professional caree... | 528 | Gordon Banks | 0 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## Club career {#club_career}
### Chesterfield
Banks was scouted by Chesterfield whilst playing for Millspaugh and offered a six-game trial in the youth team in March 1953. He impressed enough in these games to be offered a part-time £3-a-week contract by manager Teddy Davison in July 1953. The reserv... | 1,508 | Gordon Banks | 1 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## Club career {#club_career}
### Stoke City {#stoke_city}
On leaving Filbert Street, Banks requested a loyalty bonus from Leicester and was told by Matt Gillies, \"We\'ve decided not to pay you a penny. There\'s to be no compensation payment and that\'s final.\" Banks then refused the move until Stoke... | 785 | Gordon Banks | 2 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## Club career {#club_career}
### Fort Lauderdale Strikers {#fort_lauderdale_strikers}
In April 1977, he went on to play as a named superstar in the North American Soccer League (NASL) for Fort Lauderdale Strikers. The Strikers won their division in 1977, and Banks was named NASL Goalkeeper of the Year... | 109 | Gordon Banks | 3 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## International career {#international_career}
Banks was capped twice for the England under-23 side, in matches against Wales and Scotland in 1961.
Ron Springett was the goalkeeper for England as Banks rose to prominence. Still, after the 1962 World Cup in Chile, a new coach was appointed in former E... | 954 | Gordon Banks | 4 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## International career {#international_career}
### 1970 World Cup {#world_cup_1}
Banks went into the 1970 World Cup as England\'s number one with 59 caps to his name, and had Peter Bonetti (six caps) and Alex Stepney (one cap) as his understudies. He found the heat and altitude at Guadalajara, Mexico ... | 979 | Gordon Banks | 5 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## Style of play {#style_of_play}
An excellent, consistent, and instinctive goalkeeper who possessed significant physical strength, athleticism, and excellent shot-stopping abilities, Banks is regarded as one of the greatest players of all time in his position. He possessed an excellent positional sens... | 572 | Gordon Banks | 6 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Club
Club Season League FA Cup League Cup
------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------ ------ ------- -------- ------- ------------
Division ... | 307 | Gordon Banks | 7 |
12,277 | # Gordon Banks
## Honours
**Leicester City**
- Football League Cup: 1963--64
- FA Cup runner-up: 1960--61, 1962--63
**Stoke City**
- Football League Cup: 1971--72
**England**
- FIFA World Cup: 1966
- UEFA European Championship third-place: 1968
- British Home Championship: 1964 (shared), 1965, 1966, ... | 200 | Gordon Banks | 8 |
12,278 | # Ganglion
A **ganglion** (`{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: **ganglia**) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, this includes dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others. In the autonomic nervous system, there are both sympathetic and parasympa... | 336 | Ganglion | 0 |
12,283 | # Gamma World
***Gamma World*** is a post-apocalyptic science fantasy role-playing game in which player characters explore Earth centuries after the collapse of civilization, searching for artifacts from the time before \"The Great Upheaval\". The game was originally designed by James M. Ward and Gary Jaquet, and firs... | 670 | Gamma World | 0 |
12,283 | # Gamma World
## System
Throughout the game\'s many editions, *Gamma World* has almost always remained strongly compatible with the then-current edition of *Dungeons & Dragons* (*D&D*). Attribute generation is much the same for instance with a range of 3 to 18, randomly generated by rolling three six-sided dice. The ... | 774 | Gamma World | 1 |
12,283 | # Gamma World
## History
### First Edition (1978) {#first_edition_1978}
The original *Gamma World* boxed set (containing a 56-page rulebook, a map of a devastated North America, and dice) was released in 1978. TSR went on to publish three accessories for the 1st edition of the game:
- GW1, *Legion of Gold* by Gar... | 842 | Gamma World | 2 |
12,283 | # Gamma World
## History
### *Omega World* (2002) {#omega_world_2002}
In September 2002, *Omega World*, a *d20 System* mini-game based on *Gamma World* and written by Jonathan Tweet, was published in *Dungeon* 94/*Polyhedron* 153. Tweet does not plan any expansions for the game, although it received a warm reception ... | 577 | Gamma World | 3 |
12,283 | # Gamma World
## Reception
In Issue 41 of *Moves*, Steve List reviewed the first edition and commented, \"*Gamma World* is not a game for those who take their science fiction, science, or technology seriously, but it is a good set of rules for role-playing, provided an energetic referee can be found to run the show.\... | 1,061 | Gamma World | 4 |
12,283 | # Gamma World
## Other reviews and commentary {#other_reviews_and_commentary}
- *Polyhedron* #1
## Cancelled video game {#cancelled_video_game}
In 2011, a video game adaptation was announced at E3 called *Gamma World: Alpha Mutation* for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC. It was to be developed by Bedlam Games a... | 138 | Gamma World | 5 |
12,286 | # Great Plague of London
The **Great Plague of London**, lasting from 1665 to 1666, was the most recent major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England. It happened within the centuries-long Second Pandemic, a period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics that originated in Central Asia in 1331 (the first y... | 948 | Great Plague of London | 0 |
12,286 | # Great Plague of London
## The recording of deaths {#the_recording_of_deaths}
In order to judge the severity of an epidemic, it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred. There was no official census of the population to provide this figure, and the best contemporary count comes from... | 702 | Great Plague of London | 1 |
12,286 | # Great Plague of London
## Preventive measures {#preventive_measures}
Reports of plague around Europe began to reach England in the 1660s, causing the Privy Council to consider what steps might be taken to prevent it crossing to England. Quarantining (isolation) of ships had been used during previous outbreaks and w... | 291 | Great Plague of London | 2 |
12,286 | # Great Plague of London
## Outbreak
Plague was one of the hazards of life in Britain from its dramatic appearance in 1348 with the Black Death. The Bills of Mortality began to be published regularly in 1603, in which year 33,347 deaths were recorded from plague. Between then and 1665, only four years had no recorded... | 1,465 | Great Plague of London | 3 |
12,286 | # Great Plague of London
## Outbreak
### Height of the epidemic {#height_of_the_epidemic}
In the last week of July, the London Bill of Mortality showed 3,014 deaths, of which 2,020 had died from the plague. The number of deaths as a result of plague may have been underestimated, as deaths in other years in the same p... | 1,026 | Great Plague of London | 4 |
12,286 | # Great Plague of London
## Aftermath
By late autumn, the death toll in London and the suburbs began to slow until, in February 1666, it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to come back to the city. With the return of the monarch, others began to return: The gentry returned in their carriages ac... | 731 | Great Plague of London | 5 |
12,286 | # Great Plague of London
## Impact
The plague in London largely affected the poor, as the rich were able to leave the city by either retiring to their country estates or residing with kin in other parts of the country. The subsequent Great Fire of London ruined many city merchants and property owners. As a result of ... | 315 | Great Plague of London | 6 |
12,295 | # Gamete
A **gamete** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|m|iː|t}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|GAM|eet}}`{=mediawiki}) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism\'s **reproductive cells**, also referred to as **sex cells**. The name gamete was in... | 903 | Gamete | 0 |
12,308 | # Gregory Chaitin
**Gregory John Chaitin** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|aɪ|t|ɪ|n}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|CHY|tin}}`{=mediawiki}; born 25 June 1947) is an Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist. Beginning in the late 1960s, Chaitin made contributions to algorithmic information theory and metamathematics, in part... | 536 | Gregory Chaitin | 0 |
12,312 | # Gestation
**Gestation** is the period of development during the carrying of an embryo, and later fetus, inside viviparous animals (the embryo develops within the parent). It is typical for mammals, but also occurs for some non-mammals. Mammals during pregnancy can have one or more gestations at the same time, for ex... | 507 | Gestation | 0 |
12,312 | # Gestation
## Non-mammals {#non_mammals}
In viviparous animals, the embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as opposed to outside in an egg (oviparity). The mother then gives live birth. The less developed form of viviparity is called ovoviviparity, in which the mother carries embryos inside eggs. Most vipers... | 280 | Gestation | 1 |
12,317 | # Georges Braque
**Georges Braque** (`{{IPAc-en|b|r|ɑː|k|,_|b|r|æ|k}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|BRA(H)K}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|fr|ʒɔʁʒ bʁak|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 13 May 1882 -- 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in ... | 368 | Georges Braque | 0 |
12,317 | # Georges Braque
## Cubism
Braque\'s paintings of 1908--1912 reflected his new interest in geometry and simultaneous perspective. He conducted an intense study of the effects of light and perspective and the technical means that painters use to represent these effects, seeming to question the most standard of artisti... | 743 | Georges Braque | 1 |
12,317 | # Georges Braque
## Style
Braque believed that an artist experienced beauty \"... in terms of volume, of line, of mass, of weight, and through that beauty \[he\] interpret\[s\] \[his\] subjective impression\...\" He described \"objects shattered into fragments\... \[as\] a way of getting closest to the object\...Frag... | 313 | Georges Braque | 2 |
12,317 | # Georges Braque
## 2010 theft
On 20 May 2010, the Musée d\'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris reported the overnight theft of five paintings from its collection. The paintings taken were *Le pigeon aux petits pois* (*The Pigeon with the Peas*) by Pablo Picasso, *La Pastorale* by Henri Matisse, *L\'Olivier Près de l\'E... | 968 | Georges Braque | 3 |
12,318 | # Gilbert Cesbron
**Gilbert Cesbron** (13 January 1913, Paris -- 12 August 1979, Paris) was a French novelist.
## Biography
**Gilbert Cesbron** (13 January 1913, Paris -- 12 August 1979, Paris) was a French novelist. Born in Paris, Cesbron attended what is now known as Lycée Condorcet. In 1944 he published his first... | 717 | Gilbert Cesbron | 0 |
12,345 | # Demographics of Guadeloupe
**Guadeloupe** has a population of 375,693 (2021).
## Population
According to INSEE Guadeloupe had an estimated population of 403,977 on 1 January 2012. Life expectancy at birth is 77.0 years for males, and 83.5 for females (figures for 2011).
### Structure of the population {#structure... | 464 | Demographics of Guadeloupe | 0 |
12,345 | # Demographics of Guadeloupe
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
The following vital statistics include Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.
Population(01.01) (x1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fer... | 961 | Demographics of Guadeloupe | 1 |
12,345 | # Demographics of Guadeloupe
## Religion
Figures in 2020 state that 96% of the population is Christian (of these, approximately 86% are Roman Catholic, 8% Protestant and 6% other Christian); of the other 4%, most have no religion, although there is a small number of Hindus, Baháʼís and Muslims | 49 | Demographics of Guadeloupe | 2 |
12,349 | # Telecommunications in Guadeloupe
As an overseas department and region of France, Guadeloupe has a developed **telecommunication system**.
## Internet
In 2019, there were 170,000 active high speed internet broadband subscriptions in Guadeloupe. 3 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) service the region: Orange Caraïbes... | 126 | Telecommunications in Guadeloupe | 0 |
12,350 | # Transport in Guadeloupe
As an archipelago, Guadeloupe depends on several systems of public transport. The two islands that make up Guadeloupe proper - Grande-Terre and Basse-Terre - have an extensive road network, while water and air transportation connects to the outer islands as well as international destinations.... | 338 | Transport in Guadeloupe | 0 |
12,365 | # Googolplex
A **googolplex** is the large number **10`{{sup|[[googol]]}}`{=mediawiki}**, or equivalently, **10`{{sup|10{{sup|100}}}}`{=mediawiki}** or **`{{not a typo|10<sup>10,000,000,000,​000,000,000,​000,000,000,​000,000,000,​000,000,000,​0... | 535 | Googolplex | 0 |
12,393 | # Gaia philosophy
**Gaia philosophy** (named after Gaia, Greek goddess of the Earth) is a broadly inclusive term for relating concepts about humanity as an effect of the life of this planet.
The Gaia hypothesis holds that all organisms on a life-giving planet regulate the biosphere in such a way as to promote its hab... | 536 | Gaia philosophy | 0 |
12,393 | # Gaia philosophy
## Range of views {#range_of_views}
According to James Kirchner there is a spectrum of Gaia hypotheses, ranging from the undeniable to radical. At one end is the undeniable statement that the organisms on the Earth have radically altered its composition. A stronger position is that the Earth\'s bios... | 275 | Gaia philosophy | 1 |
12,393 | # Gaia philosophy
## Gaia in biology and science {#gaia_in_biology_and_science}
Buckminster Fuller has been credited as the first to incorporate scientific ideas into a Gaia theory, which he did with his Dymaxion map of the Earth.
The first scientifically rigorous theory was the Gaia hypothesis by James Lovelock, a ... | 661 | Gaia philosophy | 2 |
12,393 | # Gaia philosophy
## Books on Gaia {#books_on_gaia}
- Toby Tyrrell (2013), *On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth*
- Anne Primavesi (2008), *Gaia and Climate Change: A Theology of Gift Events*
- Mary Midgley (2007), *Earthy realism: the meaning of Gaia*
- Pepper Lewis (2... | 170 | Gaia philosophy | 3 |
12,396 | # Group homomorphism
`{{Group theory sidebar |Basics}}`{=mediawiki}
In mathematics, given two groups, (*G*,∗) and (*H*, ·), a **group homomorphism** from (*G*,∗) to (*H*, ·) is a function *h* : *G* → *H* such that for all *u* and *v* in *G* it holds that
$$h(u*v) = h(u) \cdot h(v)$$
where the group operation on the... | 870 | Group homomorphism | 0 |
12,396 | # Group homomorphism
## Category of groups {#category_of_groups}
If `{{nowrap|''h'' : ''G'' → ''H''}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nowrap|''k'' : ''H'' → ''K''}}`{=mediawiki} are group homomorphisms, then so is `{{nowrap|''k'' ∘ ''h'' : ''G'' → ''K''}}`{=mediawiki}. This shows that the class of all groups, together with group... | 273 | Group homomorphism | 1 |
12,397 | # Group isomorphism
In abstract algebra, a **group isomorphism** is a function between two groups that sets up a bijection between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are called **isomorphic**. From the standpo... | 771 | Group isomorphism | 0 |
12,397 | # Group isomorphism
## Cyclic groups {#cyclic_groups}
All cyclic groups of a given order are isomorphic to $(\Z_n, +_n),$ where $+_n$ denotes addition modulo $n.$
Let $G$ be a cyclic group and $n$ be the order of $G.$ Letting $x$ be a generator of $G$, $G$ is then equal to $\langle x \rangle = \left\{e, x, \ldots, x... | 698 | Group isomorphism | 1 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
thumb\|upright=0.8\|A graph with 6 vertices and 7 edges
In mathematics and computer science, **graph theory** is the study of *graphs*, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of *vertices* (also called *nodes* or *points*) ... | 776 | Graph theory | 0 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
## Definitions
### Directed graph {#directed_graph}
A **directed graph** or **digraph** is a graph in which edges have orientations.
In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a **directed graph** is an ordered pair $G=(V,E)$ comprising:
- $V$, a set of *vertices* (also called *nodes* or ... | 539 | Graph theory | 1 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
## Applications
Graphs can be used to model many types of relations and processes in physical, biological, social and information systems. Many practical problems can be represented by graphs. Emphasizing their application to real-world systems, the term *network* is sometimes defined to mean a graph i... | 925 | Graph theory | 2 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
## Applications
### Mathematics
In mathematics, graphs are useful in geometry and certain parts of topology such as knot theory. Algebraic graph theory has close links with group theory. Algebraic graph theory has been applied to many areas including dynamic systems and complexity.
### Other topics {#... | 143 | Graph theory | 3 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
## History
The paper written by Leonhard Euler on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg and published in 1736 is regarded as the first paper in the history of graph theory. This paper, as well as the one written by Vandermonde on the *knight problem,* carried on with the *analysis situs* initiated by Leibniz... | 737 | Graph theory | 4 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
## Representation
A graph is an abstraction of relationships that emerge in nature; hence, it cannot be coupled to a certain representation. The way it is represented depends on the degree of convenience such representation provides for a certain application. The most common representations are the vis... | 633 | Graph theory | 5 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
## Problems
### Enumeration
There is a large literature on graphical enumeration: the problem of counting graphs meeting specified conditions. Some of this work is found in Harary and Palmer (1973).
### Subgraphs, induced subgraphs, and minors {#subgraphs_induced_subgraphs_and_minors}
A common probl... | 743 | Graph theory | 6 |
12,401 | # Graph theory
## Problems
### Network flow {#network_flow}
There are numerous problems arising especially from applications that have to do with various notions of flows in networks, for example:
- Max flow min cut theorem
### Visibility problems {#visibility_problems}
- Museum guard problem
### Covering pro... | 327 | Graph theory | 7 |
12,417 | # Guanosine
**Guanosine** (symbol **G** or **Guo**) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N~9~-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine... | 196 | Guanosine | 0 |
12,422 | # Lists of gymnasts
**Gymnasts** are people who participate in the sport of gymnastics. This sport contains disciplines that include, but are not limited to: `{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[acrobatic gymnastics]]<ref name="FIGacrobatic">{{cite web|url=http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10... | 334 | Lists of gymnasts | 0 |
12,424 | # Genetic programming
**Genetic programming** (**GP**) is an evolutionary algorithm, an artificial intelligence technique mimicking natural evolution, which operates on a population of programs. It applies the genetic operators selection according to a predefined fitness measure, mutation and crossover.
The crossover... | 850 | Genetic programming | 0 |
12,424 | # Genetic programming
## Methods
### Program representation {#program_representation}
*Main article: genetic representation*
GP evolves computer programs, traditionally represented in memory as tree structures. Trees can be easily evaluated in a recursive manner. Every internal node has an operator function and eve... | 769 | Genetic programming | 1 |
12,424 | # Genetic programming
## Methods
### Mutation
There are many types of mutation in genetic programming. They start from a fit syntactically correct parent and aim to randomly create a syntactically correct child. In the animation a subtree is randomly chosen (highlighted by yellow). It is removed and replaced by a ran... | 207 | Genetic programming | 2 |
12,424 | # Genetic programming
## Applications
GP has been successfully used as an automatic programming tool, a machine learning tool and an automatic problem-solving engine. GP is especially useful in the domains where the exact form of the solution is not known in advance or an approximate solution is acceptable (possibly ... | 352 | Genetic programming | 3 |
12,439 | # Guanine
**Guanine** (`{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-guanine.ogg|ˈ|g|w|ɑː|n|iː|n}}`{=mediawiki}) (symbol **G** or **Gua**) is one of the four main nucleotide bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucl... | 771 | Guanine | 0 |
12,439 | # Guanine
## Other occurrences and biological uses {#other_occurrences_and_biological_uses}
The word guanine derives from the Spanish loanword *guano* (\'bird/bat droppings\'), which itself is from the Quechua word *wanu*, meaning \'dung\'. As the Oxford English Dictionary notes, guanine is \"A white amorphous substa... | 344 | Guanine | 1 |
12,450 | # Gödel's completeness theorem
thumb\|upright=1.8\|The formula (∀*x*. *R*(*x*,*x*)) → (∀*x*∃*y*. *R*(*x*,*y*)) holds in all structures (only the simplest 8 are shown left). By Gödel\'s completeness result, it must hence have a natural deduction proof (shown right). **Gödel\'s completeness theorem** is a fundamental th... | 499 | Gödel's completeness theorem | 0 |
12,450 | # Gödel's completeness theorem
## Statement
We first fix a deductive system of first-order predicate calculus, choosing any of the well-known equivalent systems. Gödel\'s original proof assumed the Hilbert-Ackermann proof system.
### Gödel\'s original formulation {#gödels_original_formulation}
The completeness theo... | 656 | Gödel's completeness theorem | 1 |
12,450 | # Gödel's completeness theorem
## Relationship to the incompleteness theorems {#relationship_to_the_incompleteness_theorems}
Gödel\'s incompleteness theorems show that there are inherent limitations to what can be proven within any given first-order theory in mathematics. The \"incompleteness\" in their name refers t... | 323 | Gödel's completeness theorem | 2 |
12,450 | # Gödel's completeness theorem
## Relationship to the compactness theorem {#relationship_to_the_compactness_theorem}
The completeness theorem and the compactness theorem are two cornerstones of first-order logic. While neither of these theorems can be proven in a completely effective manner, each one can be effective... | 534 | Gödel's completeness theorem | 3 |
12,457 | # Geri and Freki
In Norse mythology, **Geri** and **Freki** are two wolves which are said to accompany the god Odin. They are attested in the *Poetic Edda*, a collection of epic poetry compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, in the *Prose Edda*, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, a... | 752 | Geri and Freki | 0 |
12,457 | # Geri and Freki
## Theories
*Freki* is also a name applied to the monstrous wolf Fenrir in the *Poetic Edda* poem *Völuspá*. Folklorist John Lindow sees irony in the fact that Odin feeds one Freki at his dinner table and another---Fenrir---with his flesh during the events of Ragnarök.
Historian Michael Spiedel conn... | 521 | Geri and Freki | 1 |
12,458 | # Ginnungagap
In Norse mythology, **Ginnungagap** (old Norse: `{{IPA|non|ˈɡinːoŋɡɑˌɡɑp|}}`{=mediawiki}; \"gaping abyss\", \"yawning void\") is the primordial, magical void mentioned in three poems from the *Poetic Edda* and the *Gylfaginning*, the Eddaic text recording Norse cosmogony.
## Etymology
*Ginnunga-* is us... | 309 | Ginnungagap | 0 |
12,458 | # Ginnungagap
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- *Ginnungagap* is song taken from the Jethro Tull album, RökFlöte, and released as a single on January 20, 2023.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Ginnungagap is featured in the Marvel Universe, as a void that existed before the formation of the world. In this p... | 407 | Ginnungagap | 1 |
12,462 | # Gauss (unit)
\| units2 = Gaussian base units \| inunits2 = 1 cm^−1/2^⋅g^1/2^⋅s^−1^ \| units3 = esu-cgs \| inunits3 = 1/`{{math|''c''}}`{=mediawiki}`{{sub|cgs}}`{=mediawiki} esu `{{val|2.99792458e10}}`{=mediawiki} is the numeric part of the speed of light when expressed in cgs units.}} }} The **gauss** (symbol: **`{{... | 572 | Gauss (unit) | 0 |
12,468 | # Great Lakes Colleges Association
The **Great Lakes Colleges Association** (**GLCA**) is a consortium of 13 liberal arts colleges located in the states around the Great Lakes. The GLCA\'s offices are located in Ann Arbor, Michigan and its 13 schools are located in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Indiana. It was char... | 268 | Great Lakes Colleges Association | 0 |
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