text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Introduction
Thin layers of articular cartilage line the bones of synovial joints and provide a smooth, wear-resistant structure that reduces friction and absorbs impact forces (Brandt et al. 1998). Loss or damage to articular cartilage is a hallmark of arthritic diseases and is one of the most common reasons that both... | 15492776 | PMC523229 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e355 |
Introduction
The Assembly of Bipolar Thick Filaments Is Regulated During Cell Division
Myosin-II (hereafter referred to as myosin) is a hexameric protein composed of two heavy chains, two regulatory light chains, and two essential light chains (Figure 1A). The heavy chain consists of an N-terminal globular head that co... | 15492777 | PMC523230 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e356 |
Understanding how the brain processes and stores information depends in large part on knowing which neurons are involved in a particular process and how they're organized into functional networks. Each of the 10 billion or so neurons in the brain has thousands of connections to other neurons, sending (via axons) or rec... | 0 | PMC523231 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e388 |
The movements needed to read this synopsis—turning the page, tracking along the lines, sitting, breathing—all require myosin, a molecular motor in muscle that transforms chemical energy into small but deliberate motions. But beyond these macro-movements, myosin is also required for the micro-movements of individual cel... | 0 | PMC523232 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e392 |
The alarm clock rings and you jump straight out of bed, rattling downstairs to start the day. Or maybe you creak downstairs, each step a struggle because of stiffness and pain in your knees and other joints. If the second description fits the start of your day, then maybe, like 70 million Americans, you have arthritis,... | 0 | PMC523233 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e395 |
For more than 2,000 years, from the time of Aristotle onwards, it was thought that the complete body plan of human beings (and that of other animals) was present in the fertilized egg. During pregnancy, a preformed miniature human being, or homunculus, grew bigger and bigger; development was simply a process of growth.... | 0 | PMC523234 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e409 |
Introduction
Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by an inappropriate immune response of intestinal T-cells reactive to gluten proteins of wheat and similar prolamin proteins of related cereals [1]. The majority of the peptides recognized by intestinal T-cells are more immunogenic following deamida... | 15526039 | PMC523824 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:57 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e1 |
The obstetric urogenital fistula has caused women misery ever since they first started delivering children. It was once common worldwide, but with the advent of safe obstetric care during the early part of the last century, the condition has become rare in rich countries. Urogenital fistulae do still occur in developed... | 0 | PMC523825 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e2 |
At the World Health Assembly in May 2003, three civil society groups—the People's Health Movement, the Global Equity Gauge Alliance, and Medact—discussed the need for civil society to produce its own alternative to the World Health Organisation's World Health Report. We felt strongly that we needed to produce a global ... | 15526050 | PMC523826 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e3 |
Ann Taket's Viewpoint: Routinely Asking about Domestic Violence Is Worthwhile
Domestic violence is a misunderstood topic. The context of a trusted health professional talking to a woman is one that provides an important opportunity for providing information to counter misconceptions.
I deliberately talk about this in ... | 15526052 | PMC523827 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e4 |
“If someone is condemned to a premature death because of the injustice of global health inequality, it is doubly unjust for that person to be condemned to an agonising death racked by preventable pain.” [1]
In many resource-poor countries, death is accompanied by avoidable pain and other distressing symptoms. Unfortun... | 15526053 | PMC523828 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e5 |
In wealthy countries, state-funded research has yielded breakthroughs in molecular biology, chemistry, and engineering. These advances have been taken up by the pharmaceutical industry and applied to drug development for a growing range of illnesses and conditions. As a result, patients have access to new drugs that ar... | 15526054 | PMC523829 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:58 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e6 |
About a decade ago, I went wandering around Cairo's City of the Dead. This might sound like a grim bit of tourism, but my connection to that vast necropolis runs deep—quite literally, as my family is buried there. After visiting their grave, I rambled through the city's dusty alleyways, past hundreds of years of histor... | 15526057 | PMC523831 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:57 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 7; 1(1):e9 |
As an intern, I took care of the first patients with HIV/AIDS at San Francisco General Hospital, and so I grew up with AIDS in the early days of my medical career. We struggled through the confusion about what was making people so sick, and each new day brought a new discovery about the disease and its consequences. I ... | 15526040 | PMC523832 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:37:58 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e10 |
In 1996, Richard Horton, editor of the Lancet, chastised much of current surgical research and, in particular, questioned the usefulness of the case series as a predominant form of communication among surgeons [1]. He asked a poignant question: “Does surgical research have a future?” Nearly a decade later, it is import... | 15526041 | PMC523834 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e13 |
Violent political conflict, and its impact, is again on the front pages—in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Sudan. While the situation in Darfur is now particularly urgent (see sidebar) [1,2,3,4,5], there are many other settings in which complex political emergencies are undermining health service provision and threatening human... | 15526042 | PMC523835 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e14 |
Case Discussion
Bupropion for Smoking Cessation
Originally developed as an antidepressant, bupropion has more recently been licensed in many countries as an aid to smoking cessation. It came onto the Mauritian market as a smoking cessation aid in November 2003.
The British National Formulary (www.bnf.org) recommends s... | 15526043 | PMC523836 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e15 |
Introduction
Malaria claims one million lives annually, with more than 90% of these being those of children in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. Most deaths of hospitalised children occur in the first 24 h after admission. Even modest improvements in management during this time may improve survival [2]. There is considerable dis... | 15526044 | PMC523837 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e18 |
Introduction
Numerous large epidemiological studies have unambiguously demonstrated a strong inverse relationship between the plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) [1,2]. Recent attempts to develop therapies aimed at increasing HDL-c as in... | 15526045 | PMC523838 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:58 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e19 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global epidemic of major proportions that is predicted to become the third most common cause of death and fifth most frequent cause of chronic disability by 2020. In developed countries it is mainly caused by cigarette smoking, but the reasons why only a proportion (10%... | 15526047 | PMC523839 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e20 |
Today the possibilities for a medical journal are almost limitless. The first medical journals reflected the needs of a closed group of doctors. But medicine, its place in the world, and the dissemination of information have changed utterly. So in starting afresh, what should a new medical journal retain, and what shou... | 17523248 | PMC523840 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e22 |
Most patients with celiac disease can eliminate their symptoms—at a price: life-long adherence to a gluten-free diet. This means no wheat, rye, barley, and, until recently, no oats. Then some recent studies suggested that oats did not cause the intestinal inflammation characteristic of the disease, and thus oats are no... | 0 | PMC523841 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:58 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e23 |
Acidosis is a major cause of death in patients with malaria, although what causes acidosis is still unclear. One possibility is that hypovolemia contributes to the problem, and that rehydration therapy could be of benefit. Now, Sanjeev Krishna and colleagues have shown that in children with severe malaria dehydration i... | 0 | PMC523842 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e24 |
T lymphocytes may have an important role in the pathogenesis of smoking-related emphysema, according to a new study by researchers from Houston, Texas, United States. “We now know that T cells are not only present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], but are harmful,” comments Steven Shapiro from Brigham an... | 0 | PMC523843 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e25 |
Introduction
Reliable and comparable analysis of risks to health is an important component of evidence-based policies and programs for disease prevention [1,2]. An important feature of risk assessment, with implications for specific interventions as well as broad prevention policies, is the distribution of disease burd... | 15526049 | PMC523844 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e27 |
There is a much-quoted saying, attributed to the epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose: “A large number of people exposed to a small risk may generate many more cases than a small number exposed to a very high risk.” This is true for many individual risk factors such as salt intake (linked to high blood pressure and cardiovascu... | 0 | PMC523845 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e29 |
Nevirapine and efavirenz are the most commonly prescribed of the class of antiretroviral drugs called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Efavirenz has the advantage of once-daily dosing. In a recent study called the 2NN study (Lancet 363: 1253–1263), it appeared to be only marginally superior to ... | 0 | PMC523846 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:58 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e30 |
The Internet is awash with medical information. Eight hundred million people have direct access to the Internet [1], and in the United States over 60% have searched for health or medical information on the Web [2]. Go to any search engine and type in the name of a disease or drug, and you will be directed to hundreds o... | 0 | PMC523847 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:58 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e31 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 17-year-old woman, who was born in Bangladesh, presented to an accident and emergency department in the United Kingdom with a history of being unwell for 24 hours. She had a headache and fever, and was vomiting. On questioning, there was no photophobia or neck stiffness. She lives in the United Ki... | 15526055 | PMC523848 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e7 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, ~18–24 nt. noncoding RNAs that are found in all eukaryotes and are cleaved from larger ~70 nt. precursors via the action of Dicer enzyme [reviews: ref. [1,2]]. MicroRNAs are thought to degrade messenger RNAs via eliciting mRNA degradation (if they bind in a perfect or near-perfe... | 15453917 | PMC523849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 28; 5:139 |
Background
Since the publication of draft sequences for the human [1] and mouse [2] genomes, several groups have run large-scale comparisons of the sequences to detect regions of conserved sequence. An initial survey of these was published along with the draft mouse genome [2], with additional comparisons appearing sin... | 15369604 | PMC523850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 15; 5:131 |
Background
Aging is associated with a deterioration of cognitive function including a decrease in the ability to process and store new information [1]. Processes that might negatively affect cognitive function during aging are manifold. Among them, the cerebral vascular system has a major impact on brain function. Crai... | 15387892 | PMC523851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 24; 5:37 |
Background
Genetic analysis of inherited deafness is a powerful tool for discovering the molecular mechanisms that control the development, function and maintenance of the auditory system. Linkage analysis of deafness segregating in large families has resulted in the mapping of more than 55 non-overlapping loci and the... | 15447792 | PMC523852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Sep 24; 5:24 |
Background
Microarray experiments produce vast amounts of data. The resulting datasets are highly complex and contain large matrices of expression measurements as well as sequence and experiment annotations that provide biological context to the data. To organize these different types of data in a way that allows intui... | 15458579 | PMC523853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 1; 5:141 |
Background
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type one (CRPS I) or formerly Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) is a disabling syndrome, in which a painful limb is accompanied by varying symptoms like edema, hyperhidrosis, hypertrichosis, allodynia, coloring of the skin and, over time, atrophy of the involved tissue. Sponta... | 15453912 | PMC523854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Sep 29; 4:13 |
Background
An extremely broad variety of phenomena in physics, biology, and the social sphere is described by power law distributions. The power laws apply to the distribution of the number of links between documents in the Internet, the population of towns, the number of species that become extinct within a year, the ... | 15357876 | PMC523855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Sep 9; 4:32 |
Background
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, but it has been suggested that a combination of HAART and strategies for boosting the immune system would give more effective long-term control of HIV infection [1,2]. Interferon β (IFN-β) is an ... | 15447786 | PMC523856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 25; 1:29 |
Cloning and characterization of human apoM
Human apolipoprotein M (apoM) was found and initially isolated from chylomicrons by Xu and Dahlbäck in 1999 [1]. When they performed SDS-PAGE for delipidated human triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRLP) and sequenced protein bands ranging from 6–45 kDa, one of sequences identif... | 15461812 | PMC523857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Oct 4; 3:21 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis continues to be a devastatingly important health problem in the world. In addition to pulmonary involvement, extrapulmonary involvement becomes an issue in most developing countries. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, because of several factors, has greatly contributed to the total tuberculosis mort... | 15461815 | PMC523858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Oct 4; 3:19 |
Background
Quality of life (QOL) is now recognized as an important outcome for people with diabetes. In general, diabetes has been shown to negatively impact QOL [1]. Tighter glycemic control is associated with better QOL, despite the increased treatment demands it commonly requires [2]. As standards for optimal glycem... | 15385049 | PMC523859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 22; 2:54 |
Case reports
Two cases with clitoromegaly were treated in Atatürk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
A 22-year-old gravida 0 (case 1) and 19-year-old gravida 0 (case 2) presented with acquired clitoromegaly, leading to psychological distress. Histories taken from both patients revealed a gradually growing clitoris in t... | 15461813 | PMC523860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Reprod Health. 2004 Oct 4; 1:4 |
Introduction
Chronic inhalation of tobacco smoke causes progressive lung destruction in susceptible individuals, resulting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema, two well-described clinical syndromes with poorly understood pathogenesis [1,2,3]. A role for T helper cells in the pathogenesis of ob... | 15526056 | PMC523885 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:37:59 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Oct 19; 1(1):e8 |
Welcome to CytoJournal ! We would like to introduce you to your journal, one that is run by and for the scientific cytopathology community with incontestable benefits of Open Access . CytoJournal is a peer-reviewed cytopathology journal is owned and supported by Cytopathology Fondation, Inc. It is a PubMed indexed, on... | 15500701 | PMC524023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Cytojournal. 2004 Jul 29; 1:1 |
Background
What is already known on this topic?
A rapid intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for melanoma metastases during the interval between the SLN biopsy and the wide excision of the melanoma biopsy site may eliminate the need of an additional surgery for completion of regional lymphadenectomy... | 15500702 | PMC524024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Cytojournal. 2004 Aug 6; 1:2 |
Background
An unfortunate consequence of specialization in the sciences is poor communication across research domains – which can hamper the knowledge discovery process. Research findings in one area may be pertinent to another, researchers may be unaware of relevant work by others that could be integrated into their w... | 15507158 | PMC524025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2004 Sep 21; 1:2 |
Editorial
Recent events that provide the rationale for a new Open Access journal, Nutrition & Metabolism (N&M) include 1) an awareness of an epidemic of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemias and related diseases, 2) a sudden increase in the popularity of diets, such as low carbohydrate diets, to achieve weight loss and comb... | 15507146 | PMC524026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Aug 17; 1:1 |
Introduction
In the opinion of most physicians and nutrition scientists, carbohydrate must constitute a major component of one's daily energy intake if optimum physical performance is to be maintained [1]. This consensus view is based upon a long list of published studies performed over the last century that links musc... | 15507148 | PMC524027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Aug 17; 1:2 |
Introduction
Recent advances in biomedical research reveal a key role for amino acids as nutritional signals in the regulation of a number of cellular processes. Studies employing a variety of cell types and different tissues demonstrate that one such process affected is the regulation of gene expression through modula... | 15507151 | PMC524028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Aug 17; 1:3 |
Background
Dietary fatty acids are known to influence the composition of stored triacylglycerol (TAG) and membrane phospholipids (PL) in adipose tissue [1]. More recently, it was demonstrated that the lipid profile in skeletal muscle reflected dietary lipids [2-4]. Furthermore, the modifications of fatty acid concentra... | 15507149 | PMC524029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Aug 17; 1:4 |
Introduction
Diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) can be defined as the increase in energy expenditure above basal fasting level divided by the energy content of the food ingested and is commonly expressed as a percentage. It is, with basal metabolic rate and activity induced thermogenesis, one of the three components of d... | 15507147 | PMC524030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Aug 18; 1:5 |
Background
Our research group has been and continues to be interested in the metabolic response of people with type 2 diabetes to macronutrients in the diet in general. More recently, we have been particularly focused on the metabolic response to a high protein diet. The reason for this is three fold: First, for severa... | 15507157 | PMC524031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Sep 13; 1:6 |
The outbreaks of SARS coronavirus and West Nile virus (WNV), and the troubling increase of poliovirus infections in Africa, are but a few recent examples of the unpredictable and ever-changing topography of the field of virology. Previously unknown viruses, such as the SARS coronavirus, may emerge at anytime, anywhere ... | 15507150 | PMC524032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Aug 26; 1:1 |
Background
Canine distemper virus (CDV) (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus) is a single-stranded (negative-sense) enveloped RNA virus that is highly contagious and transmitted predominantly by aerosols [1]. Long known to cause potentially lethal disease among members of the Canidae, Mustelidae, and Procyonida... | 15507154 | PMC524033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Sep 2; 1:2 |
Background
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a simple gammaretrovirus that induces degenerative, proliferative and malignant hematologic disorders in its natural host, the domestic cat. Like other natural retroviruses, FeLV is not a single genomic species but is a genetically complex family of closely related viruses sub... | 15507152 | PMC524034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Sep 3; 1:3 |
Introduction
In early 2002, planning for Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction began in Atlanta after discussions with London-based publisher BioMed Central to develop a new electronic peer-reviewed journal reporting on the rapidly growing field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Working ... | 15507153 | PMC524035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2004 Sep 2; 1:1 |
Epidemiology is a critically important field in informing decisions about the health of individuals and populations. It is also a young field, with the potential for seeing fundamental improvements in the conduct of the science every year. But the desire for new information means that the health science literature is o... | 15507155 | PMC524036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004 Sep 3; 1:1 |
In our lead editorial [1], the editors of Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations (EP&I) present the underlying goals and philosophy of the journal, along with the types of articles we hope to publish. Here we clarify our goals with some specific ideas about articles we would like to see submitted to EP&I and with a "... | 15507156 | PMC524037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004 Sep 6; 1:2 |
Background
Interview skills, while important in all areas of medicine, are a prime focus of educational endeavour in the teaching of psychiatry. The interview is the cornerstone of psychiatric investigation and the scene for the establishment of rapport and therapeutic engagement. The importance of effective skills tra... | 15377386 | PMC524164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Sep 20; 4:14 |
Background
One of the most general rules in biology seems to be that sex involves the fusion of gametes (sometimes of other specialised structures) of different type. In most taxa this sexual asymmetry is reflected in the male / female distinction between mating partners and/or between mating sex cells. This paper aims... | 15383154 | PMC524165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Sep 21; 4:34 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in Western countries [1]. In Egypt, CRC has unique characteristics that differ from that reported in other countries of the western society. It was estimated that 35.6% of the Egyptian CRC cases are below 40 years of age and patients usually present wit... | 15385053 | PMC524166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep 23; 4:22 |
Background
Bacterial meningitis is an important infection of the central nervous system (CNS), and the three major responsible bacteria are Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae [1]. Despite the use of antimicrobial therapy, pneumococcal meningitis (PM) has the highest case-fatalit... | 15385055 | PMC524167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Sep 22; 4:36 |
Background
Changes in environmental conditions alter the physiology of all organisms. Evolution and experience create a signaling architecture that assesses current conditions and makes changes in physiology to attain the most appropriate state for a predicted future condition. The dauer larva of C. elegans forms when ... | 15380030 | PMC524168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:29 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 4:11 |
Background
Quorum sensing through small signal molecules called autoinducers is an important process for the regulation of population density dependent cellular processes in bacteria, including the production of antibiotics and virulence factors, conjugation, transformation, swarming behaviour and biofilm formation [1,... | 15456522 | PMC524169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 4:36 |
Background
Determination of the species from which traces of source material, such as blood stains on a leaf, originate can sometimes be a difficult task in forensic DNA analysis. For instance, insurance claims that involve car accidents with animals require authentication. Species identification is also essential in f... | 15462674 | PMC524170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Oct 5; 5:30 |
Background
Just over a decade after being identified as a leukocyte surface antigen with receptorial activity [1,2], CD38 was re-classified among the ADP-ribosyl (ADPR) cyclases [3,4]. These are a group of related membrane-bound or soluble enzymes, comprising CD157 and Aplysia ADPR cyclase [5,6], which have the unique ... | 15383153 | PMC524171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Sep 21; 5:21 |
Background
Iron is an important inorganic component of a cell. Iron is required as co-factor for various essential enzymes and proteins some of which are involved in electron transport (Cytochromes), redox reactions (oxidoreductases) and regulation of gene expression (fumarate-nitrate reduction regulatory protein, iron... | 15447793 | PMC524172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Sep 24; 4:38 |
Background
Bradykinin (BK) is a vasoactive peptide released from its high molecular weight precursors, the kininogens, through the action of serine proteases, the kallikreins, playing a crucial role in pathologic processes like inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer [1,2]. The brain and spinal cord contain all o... | 15458573 | PMC524173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 30; 5:38 |
Background
One of the most prevalent environmental challenges encountered by plants is the exposure to a broad range of temperatures. Plants use a variety of anatomical, metabolic and cellular strategies to deal with changing environmental temperatures. Acclimation to elevated temperatures is mediated at the cellular l... | 15377388 | PMC524174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Sep 17; 4:17 |
Background
Hypertension is a complex trait caused by multiple environmental and genetic factors interacting through the cardiac, vascular and endothelial systems. Several drug classes with different mechanisms of action, including inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), calcium channel blockers, ... | 15453913 | PMC524175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Sep 28; 4:16 |
Background
Retention of participants has been a consistent problem in clinical studies of barrier contraceptive methods. For example, in six large studies of condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides conducted in the past decade, more than 30% of the participants failed for reasons other than pregnancy to complete the inten... | 15458571 | PMC524176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Oct 1; 4:23 |
Background
The NIH Consensus Statement defines Osteoporosis as "a skeletal disorder characterised by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture" [1]. Bone strength was defined as "the integration of two main features: bone density and bone quality". Currently, clinical diagnosis is based so... | 15469614 | PMC524177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:01 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2004 Oct 6; 4:4 |
Background
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects resulting from the failure of neural tube closure during early development of the human embryo. The 1997 Canadian national NTD birth prevalence was 0.75 per 1,000 births (live births and stillbirths), down from 1.16 per 1,000 in 1989 [1]. The rates tend to be high... | 15450123 | PMC524178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Sep 27; 4:20 |
Background
Analysis of tobacco marketing has demonstrated lesbian and gay youth as an emerging target community [1], thereby reinforcing behaviour patterns that contribute to the adult gay smoking prevalence (39.7–47.8%) being up to twice that of adult heterosexuals [2].
Gay men have been disproportionately affected b... | 15458567 | PMC524179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Sep 30; 4:43 |
Background
Medical careers begin as undifferentiated, and postgraduate training ends with most doctors specialised for a specific area of practice. Relatively little is known about the transition from the medical student, who can be seen as a relatively undifferentiated, totipotent 'stem doctor' [1,2], potentially capa... | 15461786 | PMC524180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Oct 1; 4:18 |
Background
Diagnostic imaging devices such as CT, MRI and PET scanners are able to produce three-dimensional (3-D) descriptions of various features such as tissues and organs. In a computer, these images are some data to describe the intensity at each spatial point of a volume. The interpretation of the dataset require... | 15461787 | PMC524181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 1; 3:31 |
Background
Mycobacterium avium is a frequent cause of disseminated infection among patients with end-stage AIDS [9,11,19]. M. avium can also present with a similar spectrum of pulmonary and extra pulmonary syndromes as Mycobacterium tuberculosis [27] including the establishment of latent infection that can reactivate c... | 15458565 | PMC524182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Sep 30; 3:18 |
Introduction
Emphysematous cystitis is an uncommon, but severe manifestation of infection of the urinary bladder produced by gas forming organisms. The presentation may be atypical and contrary to the degree of inflammation, patients may present with subtle clinical findings. A high index of suspicion, especially in su... | 15462675 | PMC524183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Oct 5; 3:20 |
Background
The UK National Health Service has always aimed to provide health care for all. Although the importance of "fair access for all" (independent of the ability to pay, age, sex or area of residence) has been highlighted in recent policy documents [1], the meaning of 'fair access' is still debated [2]. Although ... | 15456514 | PMC524184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Sep 29; 3:21 |
Background
Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are increasingly treated with an early invasive strategy. During percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) interventionalists have often to deal with thrombus-laden lesions in native coronary vessels. This poses the serious problem of preventing macroscopic and mi... | 15461814 | PMC524185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Oct 4; 2:18 |
Background
After a stroke, a good proportion of the elderly rapidly re-enter the community without having benefited from rehabilitation services to help reduce their impairments and disabilities. Indeed, in Canada, only about 10% of stroke sufferers have access to intensive rehabilitation services [1]. The others, bein... | 15383147 | PMC524186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 21; 2:53 |
Background
The Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrigue (FIGO) classifies ovarian carcinoma in stage I to IV [1,2]. Stage I has been defined as growth limited to the ovaries; stage II as growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension; stage III as tumor involving one or both ovaries with pe... | 15461788 | PMC524187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Oct 2; 2:32 |
Background
The term "fibromatosis" covers a broad spectrum of benign fibrous tissue proliferations, the biological behavior of which is similar to both benign fibrous lesions and fibrosarcoma. Like fibrosarcoma, fibromatosis is characterized by infiltrative growth and a tendency towards recurrence; however, unlike sarc... | 15461790 | PMC524188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Oct 3; 2:33 |
Background
The regulatory mechanisms for uterine smooth muscle contractility during human pregnancy and labour are poorly understood. Such information is essential to understanding the clinical problems associated with human parturition and particularly preterm or premature labour. It is clear however that the myometri... | 15383146 | PMC524189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 21; 2:67 |
Introduction
In previous reviews, methods for the measurement of receptors and their interactions with other transcription factors and genes were described [1-3]. In this review, gene activation is discussed with a particular emphasis on the methods enabling detection of the activated, turned-on, genes. The action of t... | 15385048 | PMC524190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 23; 2:68 |
Background
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the hypothalamus in a pulsatile fashion and stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release by pituitary cells by a complex series of signaling processes. Although there is substantial information about various individual... | 15447787 | PMC524191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Sep 24; 1:9 |
1. What is already known on this topic?
A WestLaw search (similar to PubMed, but searches state and federal cases and statutes as well as commentary) uncovered only a handful of reported appellate cases that directly applied to the issue of lost cytology slides. There are many cases and statutes dealing with lost and a... | 15500703 | PMC524214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Cytojournal. 2004 Sep 24; 1:3 |
Introduction
Several anatomical, neurophysiological, clinical, and behavioral investigations of human subjects and nonhuman primates have provided evidence for two separate and dissociable cortical systems for visual processing. One of these systems—the ventral stream—resides in a swath of cortex that extends in an ant... | 15510224 | PMC524248 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e364 |
Introduction
Jacobsen (1935, 1936) first discovered that damage to the primate prefrontal cortex (PF) appeared to cause a short-term memory deficit. In his experiments, monkeys and chimpanzees with bilateral damage to PF failed to retrieve food from one of two opaque cups when the food had been out of sight for even a... | 15510225 | PMC524249 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e365 |
Introduction
Immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is a key mechanism for detecting and eliminating abnormal cells. These include cells infected with viruses or bacteria, and those that have suffered tumorigenic transformations (Townsend and Bodmer 1989). The antigen receptors of CTLs probe the repertoire of ... | 15510226 | PMC524250 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:07 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e366 |
Introduction
Infection with pathogenic mycobacteria is thought to proceed through a series of defined steps. Mononuclear cells present at or recruited to sites of infection phagocytose bacteria and migrate deeper into tissues. Then additional macrophages and other immune cells are recruited to form complex, tightly agg... | 15510227 | PMC524251 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e367 |
Introduction
Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of risk for mosquito-borne infections is an important step in planning and implementing effective infection control measures (Greenwood 1989; Charlwood et al. 1998; Chadee and Kitron 1999; Focks et al. 1999; Mendis et al. 2000; Carter 2002; Killeen et al. 2003)... | 15510228 | PMC524252 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e368 |
Introduction
The complex vertebrate brain has evolved from simpler networks of neurons over a time span of many millions of years. Brain networks have increased in size and complexity (Jerison 1973; Butler and Hodos 1996; Kaas 2000; Krubitzer 2000), as have the flexibility of interactions with the environment and the r... | 15510229 | PMC524253 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e369 |
Introduction
The world's biodiversity is diminishing rapidly (Balmford et al. 2003; Jenkins et al. 2003). At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, the nations of the world agreed to pursue more effective implementation of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in order to achieve a s... | 15510230 | PMC524254 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 26; 2(12):e383 |
Malaria remains one of the greatest threats to global health, infecting more people than ever before. Confined mainly to the tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Central America, malaria hits Africa the hardest; the poverty-stricken lands of sub-Saharan Africa account for 90% of malaria infections worldwide. Despite ong... | 0 | PMC524255 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e390 |
In the spirit of good health, cells are constantly subjecting their protein contents to immunological surveillance by cytotoxic (killer) T cells. Tens of thousands of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules cradle peptides (bits of proteins) on cell surfaces, and T cells detect any suspicious peptides ... | 0 | PMC524256 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e397 |
If you could peer inside someone else's head, you'd see a scrunched-up gelatinous mass of tissue, weighing roughly a kilogram, homogeneous to the naked eye—in other words, a brain. The seeming uniformity of the overlying cerebral cortex, which has so outstripped other parts of the brain over the course of evolution tha... | 0 | PMC524257 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e407 |
Fighting an infection might seem to be a battle between David and Goliath, given the relative sizes of bacterial infectious agents and the animals they infect. But on closer examination it is more often a chess match between two skilled opponents who have the uncanny ability to anticipate each other's moves. Mycobacter... | 0 | PMC524258 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e410 |
Imagine three cities, A, B, and C, splayed across the landscape to form a triangle, with each connected to the other two by two-lane roads. Such an arrangement of cities and roads constitutes a structural network. On any given day traffic may flow, say, only from A to B to C, or in both directions between A and B but f... | 0 | PMC524259 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e411 |
Far more species exist in the fossil record than inhabit Earth today. An estimated 94% of all bird species that ever lived, for example, are now extinct. So why is species extinction of urgent concern today? Though species come and go over evolutionary time, mass extinctions are relatively rare. Biologists believe they... | 0 | PMC524260 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 26; 2(12):e413 |
Not all devices that measure the same property do it in the same way—a clock might use a spring system or it might be digitally synchronized to a transmitted signal. Although both have the same goal of reporting accurate time, each is subject to different errors. Sometimes even the same device uses different systems to... | 0 | PMC524261 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 2(11):e414 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.