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Background
Risks of war and terrorism are threatening our health, both directly in actual life and also indirectly by the increasingly violent content of video games and other forms of entertainment. How does this affect mental health? Earlier during the cold war period, fear of war was found to be common among adolesc... | 15458568 | PMC526205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Sep 30; 4:42 |
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis is a costly and debilitating autoimmune disorder that is characterized by joint pain, stiffness, and impaired functionality. Symptoms arise from the inflammation and degradation of the synovial membrane, causing progressive disability in joint function [1]. As the disease progresses, pat... | 15485582 | PMC526206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Oct 14; 5:36 |
Background
Molecular cell biology experimentation often requires the culture of primary cells or immortalized cell lines. The most common substratum used in cell culture consists of a plastic dish that offers a negatively charged surface. A drawback of this technology is that some anchorage-dependent cell types do not ... | 15485583 | PMC526208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Oct 15; 4:23 |
Background
The assessment of student's clinical competence is of paramount importance, and there are several means of evaluating student performance in medical examinations [1,2]. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is an approach to student assessment in which aspects of clinical competence are evalua... | 15488152 | PMC526209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Oct 16; 4:22 |
Background
In the UK its National Health Service (NHS) is investing in computerisation. Large contracts have been set that will run until 2013 to provide electronic patient records [1]. Over this timeframe, with the exception of patient-held records, written medical records will largely be phased out, and replaced by t... | 15469616 | PMC526210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:13 | no | BMC Nurs. 2004 Oct 7; 3:4 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S.; an estimated 147,500 new cases of this disease will have occurred in the U.S. during 2003 [1]. Globally, this cancer is a significant health problem as its incidence is increasing with the burgeoning of the aged population and... | 15488141 | PMC526211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | J Carcinog. 2004 Oct 15; 3:14 |
Background
The inhibins are dimeric gonadal protein hormones that negatively regulate pituitary FSH synthesis and secretion [1,2]. Inhibins are comprised of an α subunit (inhibin α) and one of two inhibin β subunits (inhibin βA or inhibin βB). In adult male mammals, inhibin B (α-βB dimer) appears to be the primary circ... | 15471543 | PMC526212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Oct 7; 2:71 |
Introduction
'Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savor; so doth a little folly him that is in reputation for wisdom and honour.'
Ecclesiastes 10:1
The term "flies in the ointment" is occasionally used to describe minor defects in some endeavor. But this quote from Ecclesiastes ha... | 15479473 | PMC526213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Oct 12; 3:22 |
Findings
Colorectal polyps are a frequent occurrence in the general population and adenomatous changes in these polyps are associated with the overwhelming majority of CRC. These adenomas are the precursor lesions of colon cancer [1]. Currently, clinical management of individuals with colorectal polyps is guided by the... | 15482594 | PMC526214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Oct 13; 3:30 |
Background
Mitral annular calcification (MAC) and aortic annular calcification (AVC) are observed in populations that develop significant atherosclerosis and more frequently in the elderly [1]. Previous pathological studies have suggested they represent a degenerative process that progresses with advancing age [2-4]. C... | 15471552 | PMC526215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Oct 8; 2:19 |
Introduction
Imbalance in the health workforce is a major challenge for health policy-makers, since human resources – the different kinds of clinical and non-clinical staff who make each individual and public health intervention happen – are the most important of the health system's inputs [1]. Imbalance is not a new i... | 15377382 | PMC526216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2004 Sep 17; 2:13 |
Background
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus closely related to the primate T-cell leukemia viruses [1]. These viruses are exogenous to their host species [2,3], have similar genomic organizations [4], integrate into dispersed sites within the host genome [5,6] and appear transcriptionally silent i... | 15462678 | PMC526217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Oct 5; 1:31 |
Background
Infection of pancreatic necrosis is the major cause of death in acute pancreatitis [1-4] Small bowel bacterial overgrowth and subsequent bacterial translocation are held responsible for the majority of these infections [5-9] Antibiotic prophylaxis has been studied in several trials [10-13]. Recently, a well-... | 15456517 | PMC526218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2004 Sep 29; 4:12 |
Background
Motivation
RNA, once considered a passive carrier of genetic information, is now known to play a more active role in nature. Many recently discovered RNAs are catalytic, for example RNase P which is involved in tRNA maturation and the self-splicing introns involved in mRNA maturation [1]. In addition, there ... | 15458580 | PMC526219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 30; 5:140 |
Background
In a typical microarray experiment, thousands of genes have their relative expression levels measured in parallel under different biological states [1,2]. To identify differentially-abundant genes, most published methods [3-5] progress through a similar sequence of elementary steps. First, a normalizing proc... | 15476558 | PMC526220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 11; 5:148 |
Background
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is a rapid method to study mRNA transcripts in cell populations [1]. Two major principles underline SAGE: (1) short expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) are sufficient to identify individual gene products, and (2) multiple tags can be concatenated and identified by sequen... | 15491492 | PMC526221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 18; 5:152 |
Background
The large number of protein crystal structures available has naturally led to statistical analyses of protein folding and protein interaction in the hope that these will point to intrinsic residue characteristics and therefore serve as aids in protein fold and interaction prediction. The first such analysis ... | 15491497 | PMC526251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 18; 5:153 |
Background
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells into skin lesions. Anti-psoriatic therapies are mainly anti-inflammatory. Long-term use of many of these anti-psoriatic therapies is often hampered by serious adverse effects [1-5]. ... | 15479475 | PMC526253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 12; 4:22 |
Background
Nearly half the children and young adults who develop end-stage renal failure (ESRF) have asymmetric irregularly shaped kidneys [1]. This appearance, often referred to as bilateral renal scarring, is frequently associated with vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) and sometimes with a history of urinary tract infecti... | 15462683 | PMC526254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Oct 5; 5:12 |
Background
This trial addresses the rise in the burden of disease associated with sedentary living: a major public health problem. Physical inactivity accounts for up to 11.7% of all deaths in developed countries [1] and it has been causally associated with coronary heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and some cancer... | 15491494 | PMC526256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Oct 18; 4:48 |
Background
Pneumocystis carinii was identified a hundred years ago by Chagas [1] and recognised as a pathogen in marasmic children at the end of World War II [2]. The organism came to the fore again in the early 1980s when apparently healthy homosexual men developed PCP and heralded the acquired immunodeficiency syndro... | 15488151 | PMC526257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 16; 4:42 |
Background
Day-case surgery has rapidly expanded as a cost-effective and resource-conserving surgical intervention to the point that well in excess of two million operations are performed in a day-case/ambulatory setting in the United Kingdom alone each year [1]. Day-case surgery is based on operating on a patient and ... | 15500692 | PMC526258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:44 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2004 Oct 22; 4:2 |
Background
Hospital information systems (HIS) and Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) are considered prerequisites for the efficient delivery of high quality health care in hospitals. However, a large number of legal and practical constraints influence on the design and introduction of such systems [1]. Hence, many EMR i... | 15488150 | PMC526259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Oct 16; 4:18 |
Background
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory sclerotic skin disease of unknown origin. LS affects all age groups and occurs in about 15% in female children mostly involving the anogenital region [1]. Major subjective complains are severe pruritus, dysuria, painful defecation and vaginism. Clinically, LS is chara... | 15485581 | PMC526260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Oct 14; 4:14 |
Background
Iatrogenic effects of oral anticoagulants therapy
According to a study carried out by French pharmacovigilance centres, haemorrhage subsequent to oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT) is the most common drug-related side effect resulting in hospitalisation in public hospitals in France (13% of such admissions, ... | 15456515 | PMC526261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Sep 29; 4:27 |
Background
The possibility of managing patients outside of the hospital has rarely been so widely considered. Indeed, home care is often seen as less costly and more patient-friendly [1]. However, the effectiveness and safety of home care have yet to be subjected to rigorous study [2,3]. The transfer of care from the h... | 15462682 | PMC526262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Oct 5; 4:28 |
Background
Contrast-induced nephropathy is a leading cause for acquired acute reductions in kidney function [1,2]. Despite advances in supportive therapy, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy may continue to increase significantly with the broader utilization of radiocontrast media for diagnostic and intervent... | 15500690 | PMC526263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Oct 22; 2:38 |
Background
During the last decade, many genomes have been successfully and completely sequenced. Summarized information about the oligonucleotides in genomes provides biologists, who interests in the evolution and growth of genomes, to work in comparative genomics, oligonucleotide probe design, primer design and the an... | 15473908 | PMC526275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 9; 5:78 |
Background
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) represents the site of origin of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway that has been implicated in mediating the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, including nicotine [1-3].
The majority of cells within the ventral tegmental area consist of dopaminergic, tyrosine... | 15494079 | PMC526276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 20; 4:24 |
Background
This study explores general practitioners' beliefs about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and whether they see hypnotherapy as an appropriate complementary therapy for its management; and if so, who should deliver it.
IBS is estimated to occur in 10–20% of the population in most countries [1]. It is known th... | 15482597 | PMC526280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Oct 13; 5:22 |
Background
Prevalence and incidence
Neck pain is a common complaint that causes substantial morbidity in western countries with a reported prevalence ranging from 9.5 to 22% [1,2]. Of all musculoskeletal pains in the Netherlands, neck pain is one of the three most reported with a point prevalence of 21%; it is more oft... | 15469609 | PMC526281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Oct 6; 5:34 |
Background
Nebulized saline is used by some doctors and physiotherapists to assist mucus clearance and to relieve breathlessness in patients with COPD, bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis. This practice is justified by a small number of studies which have demonstrated enhanced sputum expectoration or improved breathless... | 15458566 | PMC526282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Sep 30; 4:9 |
Background
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in diabetic adults [1,2]. During the first two decades of the disease, nearly all patients with type 1 diabetes and > 60 % of type 2 diabetes have retinopathy. The duration of the diabetes is probably the strongest predictor for development and progressi... | 15473902 | PMC526283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 Oct 8; 4:14 |
Background
During the last few years, radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using MAbs to specifically target therapeutic radiation doses to tumors has led to objective responses in radiosensitive hematological cancers, particularly, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) [1,2]. On the basis of these clinical results, ibritumomab tiuxetan... | 15488142 | PMC526287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:01 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Oct 15; 4:75 |
Background
Lung cancer is a disease with a great incidence in older people. In Brazil, its incidence rate in male sex was expected to reach 18.8:100.000 in 1999, and aged patients may have accounted for 57% of all lung cancer deaths. Unfortunately, up to two thirds will present at diagnosis with advanced disease, requi... | 15456520 | PMC526296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:01 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 29; 4:69 |
Background
The ability of medical researchers to obtain and store electronic clinical data was complicated by requirements of the Patient Privacy Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA") of 1996 in title 45 of the Federal Register, parts 160, subparts A and E of part 164 [1-3]. The HIPA... | 15479471 | PMC526297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Oct 12; 4:17 |
Background
Nursing homes have the mandate to offer care settings to frail dependent older individuals. However, a renewed emphasis has emerged over the past decades to become more than just a home for older people [1]. A growing number of facilities are actually striving to preserve residents' sense of control and dign... | 15488144 | PMC526298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:13 | no | BMC Nurs. 2004 Oct 15; 3:5 |
Background
Modulation of protein phosphorylation through the antagonistic effects of protein kinases and protein phosphatases is a major regulatory mechanism of most cellular processes. Dysregulation of protein phosphorylation in human cells plays a major role in many diseases such as cancers and neurodegenerative diso... | 15479470 | PMC526369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 12; 5:79 |
Background
Proanthocyanidins are compounds, naturally occurring in various plants, with anti-inflammatory [1,2] and anti-arthritic activities [3]. They are reported to prevent skin aging and heart diseases, they scavenge oxygen free radicals and inhibit UV radiation-induced peroxidation [4-10].
We have isolated prodel... | 15498105 | PMC526370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 21; 4:25 |
Background
A wide variety of disorders are associated with the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Initiation usually involves mechanical tissue injury and or endothelial cell activation and injury. DIC arises from an overwhelming of the haemostatic regulatory mechanisms leading to an excessive... | 15471542 | PMC526371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct 7; 4:26 |
Background
Exaggerated and irrational use of drugs, availability of antibiotics without prescription, the use of pharmaceuticals of doubtful quality and the HIV epidemic may all contribute to the current worldwide surge in antimicrobial drug resistance. Emerging resistance to antimicrobial drugs increases morbidity and... | 15476559 | PMC526372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Oct 11; 4:45 |
Background
In most countries in Western Europe, the landscape has undergone dramatic changes during the last century due to changes in the agricultural practices. In Denmark, both the uncultivated land and the semi-cultivated land, such as permanent grass areas, have been reduced dramatically, reflecting the general in... | 15479472 | PMC526373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Oct 12; 4:15 |
Background
Although the risk of late bile duct cancer complicating biliary-enteric anastomosis has been well documented [1,2], biliary-enteric anastomosis especially, Roux-en Y hepaticojejunostomy is frequently used for high biliary injuries and for biliary diversion in benign biliary strictures [3]. Among the surgical... | 15469611 | PMC526374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2004 Oct 6; 4:14 |
Background
Vertebrate gastrulation depends upon exquisite regulation of diverse morphogenetic processes including changes in cell shape, cellular adhesion and migration. For example, in Xenopus laevis coordinated changes in cell shape and motility guide the initial formation of the dorsal lip, the initial site of mesod... | 15473906 | PMC526375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:29 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2004 Oct 8; 4:13 |
Introduction
Elucidating mechanisms by which sex chromosomes evolved from autosomes has been accelerated by the revolution in genomic sciences. In humans, the male-specific approximately 50–60 Mb Y chromosome evolved via chromosomal rearrangement, gene conversion, duplication, and degeneration over approximately 300 mi... | 15538538 | PMC526376 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e384 |
It's a basic biological principle that living things share certain fundamental traits. That's why understanding the mechanisms of cell division in single-celled yeast, say, can offer insight into cell division in humans. Now Joseph Heitman and colleagues report that the evolutionary events that spawned sex chromosomes ... | 0 | PMC526377 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e435 |
Background
TGFβ pathways are conserved between primitive animals, such as sponges and sea anemone [1,2] and vertebrates, thus representing an ancient signal transduction pathway. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, TGFβ family members play fundamental roles in proliferation, pattern formation, apoptosis, and specifi... | 15473904 | PMC526378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:29 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2004 Oct 8; 4:14 |
Background
Signal transduction is the primary means by which eukaryotic cells respond to external signals from their environment and coordinate complex cellular changes. It plays an important role in the control of most fundamental cellular processes including cell proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, and surviv... | 15504238 | PMC526379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 25; 5:158 |
Background
The vertebrate JAK signaling pathway is an essential component of cellular response to a wide array of cytokines and growth factors. The JAK cascade is reutilized for signaling events in numerous tissues and at multiple stages of mammalian development [reviewed by [1-3]]. Many interleukins, interferons, and ... | 15488148 | PMC526380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Oct 15; 5:38 |
Background
Most scientific fields are data-intensive, but perhaps even more so for biology and medicine. Sequencing efforts have generated billions of base pairs of genetic information across hundreds of thousands of species, and ushered in the relatively recent completion of the Human Genome Project[1]. Microarrays en... | 15471547 | PMC526381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 7; 5:145 |
Background
The expression of a gene can be inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) targeting the mRNA. However, if the target site in the mRNA is picked randomly, typically 20% or less of the AOs are effective inhibitors in vivo [1]. The sequence properties that make an AO effective are not well understood, thus ... | 15383156 | PMC526382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 22; 5:135 |
Background
With technological advances and improvements in medical care and public health policy, an increasingly large number of patients survive medical conditions that used to be fatal. As a result of this phenomenon, and parallel to the aging of the population, a growing proportion of primary care patients presents... | 15380021 | PMC526383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 20; 2:51 |
Introduction
An estimate of the infectiousness of the Plasmodium reservoir to mosquitoes is of interest in understanding the epidemiology of malaria and its changes after application of certain types of control measures. Different approaches have been used to investigate this, including direct feeding of mosquitoes thr... | 15385050 | PMC526384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Sep 22; 3:34 |
Introduction
The prevalence of asthma is increasing and there is concern that the increase may in part be attributable to increasing road traffic related pollution. The concerns relate especially to childhood asthma. In this article, we set out the arguments for using modelled exposure assessment to create a surveillan... | 15485575 | PMC526385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Oct 14; 3:24 |
Introduction
Alcoholic beverages are widely consumed throughout the world and it has long been known that heavy alcohol consumption is hazardous to various body organs. In several countries alcohol is considered as one of the leading causes of preventable deaths, after smoking [1]. However, there is now also substantia... | 15507131 | PMC526386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Oct 14; 1:9 |
Review
Background
The field of investigation of the role of nutrition in the cancer process is very broad. It is becoming clearer as research continues that nutrition plays a major role in cancer. It has been estimated by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund that 30–40 percent o... | 15496224 | PMC526387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:48 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Oct 20; 3:19 |
Background
During the last decade, epigenetic changes have been reported in many cancers and they are now recognized to be at least as common as genetic changes [1]. Aberrant methylation of cytosine located within the dinucleotide CpG is by far the best-categorized epigenetic change. The genome of the cancer cell demon... | 15476557 | PMC526388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Oct 11; 3:28 |
Introduction
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem [1]. In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 32% of the world's population was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [2]. Tuberculosis was a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Canada early in the 20th Century. Howeve... | 15496227 | PMC526389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Oct 20; 2:58 |
1. Introduction
A large portion of epidemiologic research is devoted to etiologic investigation, and so techniques that may facilitate mechanistic inferences are sought by researchers and are applied frequently in their work. Unfortunately, some of these techniques have been found to provide far more ambiguous evidence... | 15507130 | PMC526390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004 Oct 8; 1:4 |
Background
Resistant starch (RS) is any starch that is not digested in the small intestine but passes to the large bowel for fermentation [1]. Retrograded amylose (a linear polymer of glucose residues linked by α(1→4) bonds; RS1), such as cooked and cooled starchy foods like pasta salad, and native starch granules (RS2... | 15507129 | PMC526391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Oct 6; 1:8 |
Introduction
Coronary artery aneurysms are defined as dilated coronary artery segments that are greater than 1.5 times the diameter of adjacent normal segments [1,2]. The gold standard for diagnosing this type of aneurysm is coronary angiography, which provides information about the size, shape, location and number of ... | 15482602 | PMC526392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2004 Oct 13; 5(1):10 |
Background
Cells are frequently submitted to exogenous or endogenous stresses. In aerobic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by respiration and other biological processes, are a major source of endogenous stress. These ROS include the superoxide radical (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the highly reacti... | 15458575 | PMC526417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 30; 5:74 |
Introduction
Identification and characterisation of cis-regulatory regions within the non-coding DNA of vertebrate genomes remain a challenge for the post-genomic era. The idea that animal development is controlled by cis-regulatory DNA elements (such as enhancers and silencers) is well established and has been elegant... | 15630479 | PMC526512 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 11; 3(1):e7 |
The book "Bioinformatics, Biocomputing and Perl" [1] attempts to encompass those numerous volumes which most bioinformaticians keep on their office bookshelves and which are often entitled as "Something in a Nutshell".
The book aims at both biology- and computation-oriented audiences and is designed as a number of 'cr... | 0 | PMC526754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 12; 3:33 |
1. Background
Cell phone safety remains a topic of broad public concern that attracts frequent media attention. This attention is focused on two areas of scientific controversy concerning cell phone safety. The first area is that of non-thermal biological effects. The existence of these effects is an important open que... | 15482601 | PMC526755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 13; 3:34 |
Background
Sequence alignment is a fundamental problem in Bioinformatics. Despite of a big amount of efforts spent by researchers on designing efficient alignment methods, improving the alignment efficiency remains of primary importance. This is due to the continuously increasing amount of nucleotide sequence data, suc... | 15485572 | PMC526756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 14; 5:149 |
1 Introduction
The occurrence of multiple lesions is observed in a variety of cancers. That is, not one, but several lesions are observed within a given tissue. Multiple lesions can occur by two basic mechanisms [1-5]. Either they originate independently by separate carcinogenic events, or they are generated by a singl... | 15461783 | PMC526757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | J Carcinog. 2004 Oct 1; 3:13 |
Background
Lymphoma cells are attractive targets for gene transfer, because these cells are potentially susceptible to immunotherapeutic strategies [1]. Among the various cancer gene therapies using a variety of genes with different gene transfer systems, immunogene therapy focuses on the use of genes for cytokines, ch... | 15485577 | PMC526758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Oct 14; 2:15 |
The second edition of the Bethesda 'blue book' atlas maintains an easy to read format with bulleted morphologic criteria and half-page color illustrations. The content has been divided into chapters based on the major 2001 Bethesda System interpretive categories. Highlights of the new edition include: (1) incorporation... | 15504231 | PMC526759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Cytojournal. 2004 Oct 21; 1:4 |
Introduction
The Southern African region has a long and varied history of malaria control with periodic epidemics occurring [1,2]. These epidemics can be regional in scale, as in 1996 and 1997, or much more focal, affecting specific districts or sub-districts. The countries of the Southern African Development Community... | 15500683 | PMC526760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Oct 22; 3:37 |
Introduction
Insect sting allergies affect approximately 3% of the general population, and patients with insect sting allergy during pregnancy are generally advised to continue venom immunotherapy (VIT). However, there have been no descriptions of VIT during infertility therapy despite increased utilization of the adva... | 15494069 | PMC526761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:22 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2004 Oct 19; 2:11 |
Background
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that are responsible for the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in a reaction CO2 + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3-. CAs are produced in a variety of tissues where they participate in several important biological processes such as acid-base balance, respirati... | 15488153 | PMC526762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Oct 17; 2:73 |
Introduction
Athletes are susceptible to a variety of vascular injuries, secondary to either repetitive motion, or high-speed collisions [1]. The differential diagnosis for lower extremity trauma in sport seldom invites a diagnosis of vascular injury, such as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Failure of the physician to re... | 15485571 | PMC526763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | Thromb J. 2004 Oct 14; 2:8 |
HIV must export to the cytoplasm not only full length genomic and structural gene-encoding RNA species, but also partially and fully spliced RNAs which code for a variety of overlapping structural and accessory genes. Whereas the fully spliced HIV RNA species readily exit the nucleus and undergo translation, the partia... | 15516266 | PMC526764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Oct 29; 1:35 |
Introduction
The first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby was born in 1978 and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was introduced in 1992 for the treatment of male infertility. Both these techniques have been continually amended and access to them improved for infertile couples. Indeed, assisted reproduction now acc... | 15507137 | PMC526765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Reprod Health. 2004 Oct 26; 1:6 |
Background
Microarray studies on non human primates (NHP) have been used to address viral pathogenesis [1,2], neurological disorders [3], development [4] and phylogenetic studies [5-7]. Due to the lack of species-specific microarray platforms for NHP, researchers have used GeneChip® platforms built using human sequence... | 15507140 | PMC526766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 26; 5:165 |
Background
In the past decade, hundreds of genes involved in the etiology of simple Mendelian disorders such as cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease have been identified [1-3]. The genetic localization of these disorders, primarily through positional cloning approaches, has been highly successful because of the rel... | 15491493 | PMC526767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 18; 5:81 |
Background
There are significant differences in the way how primary health care is organised in Europe [1]. Estonia was one of the first Eastern European countries where modern general practice was implemented [2]. Previously, the primary health care system functioned according to the Soviet model, which was basically ... | 15504236 | PMC526768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Oct 25; 5:24 |
Background
Although greater than 1000 mutations of the CF gene product, CFTR are known, none of these can be used to make predictions about the occurrence of common complications, the severity, or course of pulmonary disease. The identification of a gene, which modifies the phenotypic expression of CF would be very imp... | 15507145 | PMC526769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Oct 26; 5:26 |
Background
Female violent behaviour has been studied less than that of men. This is partly because women commit fewer crimes than men [1], but also because female aggression is traditionally carried out in private and domestic settings [2]. Even though the rate of violent crimes among women appears to be increasing [3,... | 15507139 | PMC526770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 26; 4:35 |
Background
Tracheal tumors are uncommon and often overlooked until they reach to an advanced stage. The presenting symptoms are typically prolonged cough and wheezing that can be misdiagnosed as asthma [1]. Therefore, making precise diagnosis of tracheal tumor may be extremely challenging.
Here, a patient with trachea... | 15494074 | PMC526771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Oct 19; 4:10 |
Background
High, short-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun causes sunburns and long-term exposure leads to skin cancer. The National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has classified UVR as a known human carcinogen [1]. The American Cancer Society estimates that more ... | 15509304 | PMC526772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Oct 27; 4:15 |
Background
The term bioleaching refers to the bacterial conversion of an insoluble metal (usually a metal sulfide, e.g., CuS, NiS, ZnS) into a soluble form (usually the metal sulfate e.g., CuSO4, NiSO4, ZnSO4). When this happens, the metal is extracted into water [1,2]. The first bacterium discovered that was able to o... | 15482595 | PMC526773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Oct 13; 4:22 |
Background
Community surveys have shown that the public in many countries have poor mental health literacy [1]. Many people cannot recognise mental disorders correctly, they differ from mental health professionals in their beliefs about causes and the most effective treatments, and they have stigmatizing attitudes whic... | 15500695 | PMC526774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 23; 4:33 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome are characterized by resistance to the action of insulin in peripheral tissues, including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose. Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) improves insulin sensitivity and lowers circulati... | 15491498 | PMC526775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 18; 4:23 |
Background
Warfarin therapy is highly effective for the prevention of ischaemic stroke in atrial fibrillation [1]. Despite the accepted benefit of warfarin therapy, several reports have indicated that warfarin therapy is underutilized even in ideal anticoagulation candidates with atrial fibrillation. Most studies have ... | 15498102 | PMC526776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Oct 21; 4:18 |
Background
It has been suggested that infections with the zoonoses Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burnetii may lead to long term neuropsychiatric morbidity. More specifically, T. gondii infection is hypothesised to be associated with slow reaction and poor concentration [1,2] whilst C. burnetii infection is reported to... | 15491496 | PMC526777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 18; 4:32 |
Background
The decline in caries that has occurred in industrialized countries over the past 30 years has been accompanied by major changes in the pattern of caries within the mouth. While the absolute levels of disease have declined, a relatively higher proportion of pit and fissured surfaces and lower proportion of a... | 15511295 | PMC526778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2004 Oct 28; 4:2 |
‘The most important element that restricts our researchers is access to information.’—Subbiah Arunachalam, India, 2003
The International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) was established by the International Council for Science in 1992 to provide support for networking between informatio... | 15547641 | PMC526779 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 16; 2(11):e326 |
Is Michael Moore liberal America's Rush Limbaugh? If so, is he filling a much needed, or a much lamented, gap in turning issues that are really cast in pastel shades into Day-Glo relief? In this hale monograph, Jeff Hawkins (rendered by Sandra Blakeslee) plays exactly this role for theoretical neuroscience. As a pastel... | 0 | PMC526780 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 16; 2(11):e394 |
As the premier biological electron acceptor, molecular oxygen (O2) serves a vital role in fundamental cellular functions, including the process of aerobic respiration. Nevertheless, with the beneficial properties of O2 comes the inadvertent formation of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide (O−
2), hydrogen per... | 15547642 | PMC526781 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 16; 2(11):e400 |
The consequence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is well described: a progressive movement disorder that, whilst responding to symptomatic therapy, chronically disables its sufferers and adds an enormous economic burden in an aging society. We have some clues to the process underlying the disease from the snapshot provided ... | 15547643 | PMC526782 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 16; 2(11):e401 |
There's a cheap, common, and mostly safe drug, in daily use for centuries by hundreds of millions of people, that only lately has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for a long list of common ills. The list includes Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, attention defic... | 15547644 | PMC526783 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 16; 2(11):e404 |
Penguins have been receiving a lot of bad press lately. They are considered somehow counter, spare, strange. Unlike most plant and animal groups, they do not show a peak of species richness towards the equator and a decline towards the poles. This more conventional spatial pattern is conveniently known as the latitudin... | 15547645 | PMC526784 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 16; 2(11):e406 |
Background
Human metastatic cutaneous melanoma relative to other common solid tumors shares with renal cell cancer (RCC) the well deserved reputation of being responsive to immune manipulation [1,2]. However, the reason(s) for this phenomenon remain(s) largely unknown [3]. Possibly, metastatic cutaneous melanoma is end... | 15488140 | PMC527872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Oct 15; 2:34 |
Background
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in adults is characterized by reactive and systemic proliferation of benign histiocytes that phagocytose blood cells [1]. It is often associated with infections, malignant neoplasms, autoimmune diseases and various immunodeficiencies. Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome ... | 15491503 | PMC527873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Oct 19; 2:34 |
Background
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) have been the subject of abundant discussion in the medical literature over the past decade [1-47]. Morphologic and immunophenotypic similarities between some constituent cells of renal angiomyolipomas (AML) and those of a case of clear cell "sugar" tumor of the ... | 15494070 | PMC527874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Oct 19; 2:35 |
Introduction
In the translational research setting, statisticians often assist in the planning and analysis of pilot studies. While pilot studies may vary in the fundamental objectives, many are designed to explore the safety profile of a drug or a procedure [1,2]. Often before applying a new therapy to large groups of... | 15511289 | PMC527875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Oct 28; 2:37 |
Introduction
Activated innate immunity is associated with several degenerative and destructive brain diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD), HIV-associated dementia (HAD), ischemia, head trauma, stroke, cerebral palsy, and axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis [1]. In this complex response, some aspects are prop... | 15498098 | PMC527876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Oct 21; 1:20 |
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, complex and challenging form of neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia in the elderly. Neuropathological examination of the AD brain shows extensive neuronal loss, accumulation of fibrillar proteins as extra-cellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, and as ne... | 15500684 | PMC527877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Oct 22; 1:21 |
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