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Background
Research in genetics and genome sequencing has led to a better understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms and to the detection of inter-individual genetic differences, so-called polymorphisms, which may have a functional consequence on the response to drugs. Pharmacogenetic tests provide information t... | 15361261 | PMC518966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Sep 10; 5:23 |
Background
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is the mostly known autoimmune disease in human, mediated by autoantibodies against the nicotinic receptor of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junctions [1]. Two cardinal features of this disease are muscle weakness and fatigability. Although periorbital area contains the only affected m... | 15361260 | PMC518967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Sep 11; 4:12 |
Background
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is responsible for 1% of all malignant tumors with a rising incidence in the Caucasian population [1]. Initial diagnosis is based on asymmetry, border regularity, multiple colours, diameter as well as elevation of the pigmented lesion. However, it is sometimes difficult to differ... | 15361259 | PMC518968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 12; 4:62 |
Background
Airway inflammation is thought to cause much of the lung damage in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) [1,2]. Such inflammation has been found in infants with CF, even in the absence of bacterial infections or symptomatic lung disease [3].
Recent therapies for CF lung disease have been shown to preserve lung... | 15363106 | PMC518969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Sep 13; 4:19 |
Background
Health information privacy has come to the forefront of ethical concern in the early 21st century [1]. The advent of electronic health records, information technology, and large databases (such as administrative and genetic) with the potential for extensive linkages have raised concerns about the security of... | 15361257 | PMC518970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Sep 10; 4:13 |
Background
The success of dopaminergic interventions in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms has been significant. Nevertheless, a misdiagnosis of PD can cause psychological trauma and unnecessarily expose patients to PD drugs. Additionally, as new, and possibly neuroprotective, drugs become available for... | 15361256 | PMC518971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Sep 13; 4:14 |
Background
Hospitals and regional health authorities in Canada and elsewhere are facing significant resource allocation challenges. Priorities must be set among competing opportunities because demand for health care exceeds available resources. Board members and senior administrators are looking for practical ways to i... | 15355544 | PMC518972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Sep 8; 4:25 |
Background
Salmonella Enteritidis is the most common serovar causing food-borne salmonellosis in humans, causing approximately 80% of salmonellosis cases reported in Europe [1]. During the 80s and early 90s, a steady increase in S. Enteritidis infections was reported in Europe and North America [2-4]. The most common p... | 15345058 | PMC518973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Sep 2; 2:32 |
Background
Evidence on the journal-reading habits of clinicians comes from three separate groups of publications. First, several surveys have been used to ascertain the reading habits of physicians. Fafard and Snell [1] assessed house staff who reported reading an average of 8.7 hours per week, with about half of their... | 15350200 | PMC518974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Sep 6; 2:33 |
Background
With technological improvements and decreasing costs, microarrays are quickly becoming an affordable analytical tool for genetics analysis. Additionally, the arrays being used are of increasing spot density, allowing for more genes to be tested at once. One impact of the resulting increase in data flow is th... | 15350198 | PMC518975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 6; 5:124 |
Background
Limb-salvage is an important treatment objective for adults and children with extremity soft tissue sarcoma and often requires the use of limited surgery and irradiation [1]. Limiting the extent of resection balances the need for radical excision with the need to preserve the functional and structural integr... | 15333137 | PMC518976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 27; 4:57 |
Background
Root canal treatment is considered an essential element in the dental services provided to the population in developed countries. Various investigations were, therefore, carried out to explore the standard of root canal treatment carried out by general dental practitioners in Europe [1-3].
It is the respons... | 15361258 | PMC518977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2004 Sep 10; 4:1 |
Introduction
The use of nucleotide sequence differences in a single gene to investigate evolutionary relationships was first widely applied by Carl Woese (Woese and Fox 1977). He recognized that sequence differences in a conserved gene, ribosomal RNA, could be used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Sequence comparis... | 15455034 | PMC518999 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 28; 2(10):e312 |
Introduction
The frequency of cancer development varies depending on the age of the host. In humans, the most common childhood cancers include tumors of the hematopoietic system, nervous system, and skeletal muscle system. In contrast, in the adult population, solid tumors of the lung, colon, breast, and prostate are m... | 15455033 | PMC519000 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 28; 2(11):e332 |
Introduction
Intercellular signaling pathways control many diverse processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, shape changes, and responses to the environment. In most instances, the release of the signaling molecules by the signal-sending cells constitutes a rate-limiting step that det... | 15455032 | PMC519001 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 28; 2(11):e334 |
Introduction
For over a hundred years, it has been recognized that chromatin is distributed non-randomly within the interphase nucleus (Rabl 1885; Boveri 1909). More recently, three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy studies have established that chromosomes are organized into distinct, evolutionarily conserved subnuc... | 15455074 | PMC519002 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 28; 2(11):e342 |
A developing organism captured on time-lapse video is a wonder to behold. If you're watching a chick embryo, by day 3, you'll see millions of cells engaged in a frenzy of activity, as rapidly dividing cells migrate to new positions, acquire the characteristics of specialized cells, and craft well-defined tissues, organ... | 0 | PMC519003 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 28; 2(10):e349 |
In this issue of PLoS Biology,
Hebert et al. (2004) have set out to test the resolution and performance of “DNA barcoding,” using a single mtDNA gene, cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), for a sample of North American birds. Before turning to details of this study, it is useful as context to consider the following questions:... | 15486587 | PMC519004 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 28; 2(10):e354 |
One hundred years before Darwin returned from his voyage on the H. M. S. Beagle “struck with certain facts” that “seemed to throw some light on the origin of species,” Linnaeus published the first systematic taxonomy of life. In Systema Naturae, the Swedish botanist divided organisms into plants, animals, and minerals,... | 0 | PMC519005 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 28; 2(10):e357 |
Whether a person inherits a defective gene or acquires genetic damage by chance, two types of genes typically play a role in transforming a healthy cell into a cancer cell. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are normally involved in cell growth, development, and cell differentiation. Both functions can be appropriate... | 0 | PMC519006 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 28; 2(11):e375 |
A fundamental question in developmental biology is, how does a multicellular organism develop from a single cell? It's clear that one cell begets two, two beget four, and so on, but how do the newly created cells know which developmental fate to pick? Major insights into this question have come from identifying genes, ... | 0 | PMC519007 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 28; 2(11):e376 |
Multicellular organisms contain a complete set of genes in nearly all of their cells, each cell harboring the potential to make nearly any protein in their genome. The same holds true for a single-celled bacterium or yeast. Yet a cell activates only a fraction of its genes at any given time, calling on a number of diff... | 0 | PMC519008 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 28; 2(11):e381 |
Background
The exponential growth of the lymphatic filariasis elimination program has highlighted the need for tools that can be used to monitor progress toward programmatic endpoints (e.g. when to stop mass treatment) as well as to conduct surveillance to detect any potential resumption of transmission. Measurement of... | 15347425 | PMC519021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2004 Sep 3; 3:9 |
Background
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been cultivated since ancient times and used as a spice and condiment for many centuries [1]. During the past years, there has been a growing awareness of the potential medicinal uses of garlic [2-5]. The antioxidant properties of garlic are well documented [6-8]. In particular, a... | 15341661 | PMC519022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 1; 3:10 |
Background
Diet has an effect on mood and cognitive function [1]. There is some evidence that deficiency or supplementation of nutrients can affect not only mood, but also behavioral patterns.
A double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 30 patients showed that omega-3 essential fatty acid supplements alleviated sympt... | 15363099 | PMC519023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 13; 3:14 |
Background
Following partial hepatectomy (PHx) the remaining liver is transfused by normal blood volume, thereby exposing liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LECs) to excess hemodynamic forces. These forces have been noted as an early event leading to liver restoration in rats [1-3]; however, the idea that quality of t... | 15341660 | PMC519024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Sep 1; 3:7 |
1. Type I Restriction-Modification enzymes
Type I R-M enzymes are multifunctional, multisubunit enzymes that provide bacteria with protection against infection by DNA-based bacteriophage [5] They accomplish this through a complex restriction activity that cuts the DNA at random locations, which can be extremely distal ... | 15350203 | PMC519025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2004 Sep 6; 2:8 |
Background
For most people who are able to access and tolerate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV/AIDS has become a chronic condition characterized by cycles of illness and wellness. People live longer lives, but with physical, psychological and social challenges that affect quality of life [1-3]. Eviden... | 15350202 | PMC519026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 6; 2:46 |
Background
Comorbid chronic diseases are increasingly recognized as a significant factor in declining health. Of the 125 million Americans with chronic diseases, 48% are estimated to have at least one comorbidity, and 62% of persons over the age of 65 have two or more chronic illnesses.[1,2] Approximately 25% of person... | 15353000 | PMC519027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 7; 2:47 |
Background
Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF-1) is a common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple neurofibromas, café-au-lait spots, freckling of the inguinal or axillary regions, gliomas, iris hamartomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors [1,2]. Neurofibromas are typically well-delineated and are... | 15363097 | PMC519028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Sep 13; 2:31 |
Background
To meet the increasing fetal demands and maternal energy requirements of pregnancy, alterations in the partitioning and utilization of maternal nutrients must occur. These adaptations are regulated by changing blood concentrations of regulatory metabolites and hormones, together with changes in target tissue... | 15352999 | PMC519029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:42 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 7; 2:64 |
Introduction
Reports that veterans of the 1991 Gulf War were suffering from unexplained signs and symptoms started to appear as early as one year after the conflict [1]. Veterans complained of several symptoms including myalgia, arthralgia and debilitating fatigue, but no cause could be found. Over a decade later, it r... | 15347423 | PMC519030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2004 Sep 3; 2:8 |
Introduction
The CCN3 protein belongs to an emerging family of growth regulators referred under the CCN acronym (cysteine-rich protein, Cyr61, connective tissue growth factor, CTGF, and the nephroblastoma overexpressed gene, nov; CCN 1–3 respectively) [1-3]. The CCN family now comprises six identified members with prop... | 15361251 | PMC519031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2004 Sep 10; 2:9 |
Entry
Although no "new" retrovirus receptors were reported at the meeting, several talks centered on recently discovered receptors. N. Manel, from the groups that identified GLUT-1 as an entry receptor for HTLV-1 (N. Taylor, J.-L. Battini, and M. Sitbon) [1], proposed that part of the pathogenic effects of this virus m... | 15357866 | PMC519032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 9; 1:25 |
Background
The transport of capsules in the alimentary tract underlies complex influencing factors like the patients peristalsis, the hydration and the form and size of the capsules. A procedure which allows the instantaneous localization of the capsules supports a number of patient examinations as well as examinations... | 15341659 | PMC519033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2004 Sep 1; 2:6 |
Introduction
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the best-described adult stem cell population at a phenotypic and functional level. Recent attempts have been made to characterize their molecular regulation by comparing their gene expression profiles with those of other stem cell populations (Ivanova et al. 2002; Ramal... | 15459755 | PMC520599 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 28; 2(10):e301 |
Background
Topographic ordering is an important feature of the visual system, which is conserved among many visual areas [1]. Thus, the projection from retina to superior colliculus (SC) is established in a way, which retains neighbourhood relationships between neurons [2-4]. This implies that two axons of retinal gang... | 15339341 | PMC520742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Aug 31; 5:30 |
Background
Knee pain in older adults is a common disabling problem. Approximately 25% of the population aged over 55 years are affected at any one time and half of these will have some restriction of normal daily activities [1,2]. After excluding `red flags' and specific pathologies such as inflammatory arthritis, most... | 15345098 | PMC520743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Sep 2; 5:31 |
Background
Clustering is one of the most common methods for discovering hidden structure in micro-array gene expression data. Clustering of samples has been used to discover new disease taxonomies [1-3]. Cluster analysis is often performed with hierarchical [4], K-means [5] or Self-Organizing Map [6] algorithms, using ... | 15355552 | PMC520744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 8; 5:126 |
Background
Human, mouse and rat genomes likely have less than 40 000 genes each [1-4]. This is only two to three times as many genes as in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, and only six times as many as Saccharomyces cerevisiae [5-7]. The increased complexity of vertebrates therefore can not be simply... | 15347431 | PMC520745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 3; 5:62 |
Background
The development of numerous high-throughput experimental techniques such as DNA microarrays, genome sequencing, and protein chips has revolutionized the analysis of biological systems and generated a catalog of information about a cell's components [1-3]. Efforts are now focused on the integration of this da... | 15355549 | PMC520746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 8; 5:63 |
Background
During development of the central nervous system (CNS), all types of neuronal and macroglial cells derive from neuroepithelial neural stem cells (NSCs) [1,2]. NSCs self-renew and continue to function as source of new cells in adults [3,4]. The fate determination of neural stem cells is regulated by cell-intr... | 15369599 | PMC520747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 15; 5:33 |
Background
The pharmacological action of cyclosporin A and FK506/tacrolimus is mediated by cytosolic immunophilins namely cyclophilin A and the FK506 binding protein 12 kDa (FKBP12). The drug immunophilin complex binds to and inhibits the protein phosphatase calcineurin thus preventing signal transduction in activated ... | 15353007 | PMC520748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Sep 7; 4:19 |
Background
Diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma is a leading group of the primary central nervous system tumors, accounting for more than 60% of all primary brain tumors [1,2]. It may arise aggressively from the normal astrocytes, or evolve stepwise from the less its benign precursors. Owing to the difficulties with its ... | 15367334 | PMC520749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 14; 4:65 |
Background
Treatment effects are often evaluated by comparing change over time in outcome measures. However, valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic, particularly if some data are missing for reasons related to the outcome measure [1,2]. Since the problem of missing data is almost ever-present in clinica... | 15355546 | PMC520750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Sep 8; 4:26 |
Background
In the MEDLINE- indexed literature, chiropractic treatment has shown to be largely ineffective at significantly reducing scoliotic curvatures. Chiropractic treatment for scoliosis typically consists of spinal manipulation, electric stimulation, some form of isotonic, active exercises, and shoe lifts [1]. How... | 15363104 | PMC520751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Sep 14; 5:32 |
Background
The combinatorial synthesis method has been demonstrating its effectiveness in discovering novel functional molecules. Examples of this method in the field of evolutionary protein engineering are selections of a novel functional peptide from a random library on solid support [1], phage display [2] or in vitr... | 15341664 | PMC520752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Sep 1; 4:19 |
Background
Natives in the steppes of South and Southwest Africa use the secondary root tubers of Harpagophytum procumbens (H) for the treatment of various diseases, including musculoskeletal complaints. For more than half a century, various preparations from H have been continuously used in Europe and have become an es... | 15369596 | PMC520753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Sep 15; 4:13 |
Background
An expert clinician whose choices are evidence-based; sensitive and dedicated to the patient – not just disease-oriented; who heeds and respects the patient's autonomy, striving at conveying all relevant information to the patient to enable a truly shared decision-making. That can be seen as a prototype or r... | 15361255 | PMC520754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Sep 12; 4:26 |
Background
Microarrays are part of a new class of biotechnologies that allow the monitoring of the expression level of thousands of genes simultaneously. Among the applications of microarrays, an important task is the identification of differentially expressed genes, i.e genes whose expressions are associated with the ... | 15350197 | PMC520755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 6; 5:125 |
Background
Concerns about intentional releases of smallpox have prompted extensive preparations to improve our ability to detect and respond to an outbreak of smallpox [1,3,4,2]. Many factors contribute to the public health challenge of understanding and preparing for smallpox, including the age and quality of epidemio... | 15298713 | PMC520756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Aug 6; 4:34 |
Background
Multiple sequence alignment continues to be an active field of research in Computational Biology and a number of novel approaches have been developed during the last years, see [1] for an overview on multi-alignment algorithms and [2,3] for systematic evaluation of the commonly used software tools. Until som... | 15357879 | PMC520757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 9; 5:128 |
Background
The sense of smell originates in the olfactory epithelium when olfactory receptors (ORs), members of the seven transmembrane domain G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, bind odorant ligands [1,2]. Despite identification of the first constituents of the ~1000 member OR superfamily over a decade ago,... | 15369603 | PMC520810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Sep 15; 5:34 |
Background
Postoperative administration of paracetamol or its prodrug propacetamol has been shown to decrease pain with a morphine sparing effect [1-4]. The effect of propacetamol administered intraoperatively on postoperative pain and early postoperative morphine consumption has not been clearly evaluated. However, fo... | 15367329 | PMC520811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2004 Sep 14; 4:6 |
Background
In refractive surgery, patients with -5.00 diopters (D) myopia or more and corneal thicknesses less than 500 μm are not suitable candidates for laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or conventional photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) due to the inadequate corneal thickness and risk of haze.[1-13] There are pati... | 15363107 | PMC520812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 Sep 14; 4:12 |
Background
Regulatory regions in DNA are comprised of multiple functional elements that act in cis to control transcription, replication and other biological processes. Types of cis-acting DNA elements include unique sequences that bind specific proteins, spacer elements that provide a proper distance for interaction a... | 15383143 | PMC520813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 21; 5:134 |
Background
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common pediatric solid tumors, and accounts for 7–10% of all childhood cancers. The prognosis of patients with NB varies according to the stage, age and MYCN amplification status. Stage 1 disease is essentially curable, whereas patients with stage 4 disease, in particula... | 15380028 | PMC520814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 20; 5:70 |
Background
Over the last few decades there has been considerable effort to introduce an evolutionary perspective to biomedical research and examine the extent to which adaptionist argumentation can be used to address questions pertinent to disease management, particularly that of pathogen virulence [1,2]. Contrary to t... | 15355551 | PMC520815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Sep 8; 4:30 |
Background
Germ line mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes predispose individuals to breast and ovarian cancer. The lifetime risk of breast cancer in female carriers of a BRCA1 mutation is 60–80% while that of ovarian cancer is 20–40%. The median age of diagnosis of breast cancer is 42 years, i.e. 20 years earlier tha... | 15353005 | PMC520816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 7; 4:61 |
Background
Cancer accounts for 40% of all pleural effusions, especially in patients over 50 years old [1]. Bronchogenic and breast cancer account for 75% of malignant pleural effusions, with the remaining 25% represented by a cross-section of other neoplastic diseases [2].
Approximately two thirds of malignant pleural... | 15357871 | PMC520817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2004 Sep 9; 3:4 |
Background
In gynecologic cytology, sampling of both the ecto and endocervix is critical to increasing Pap test sensitivity [1]. Controversy still exists, however, as to whether "all-in-one" broom-type devices appropriately sample the cervix. While agreement has been reached on the importance of sampling the transforma... | 15363102 | PMC520818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2004 Sep 13; 4:6 |
Background
Practice management education for residents has traditionally included training physicians in management issues related to the practice environment, including fiscal management, leadership skills, business and management skills, and managed care concepts [1]. Managed care concepts include ethics, communicati... | 15380023 | PMC520819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Sep 20; 4:15 |
Background
Three major advances in the development of resources for mapping canine disease genes have been: 1) the development of a radiation hybrid (RH) map composed of large numbers of microsatellite markers and genes that link the canine and human genomes [1], 2) the development of canine specific whole chromosome p... | 15363096 | PMC520820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 13; 5:65 |
Introduction
The major proteinaceous egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (Vtg) is a large complex lipoglycophosphoprotein produced under estrogenic control in the liver of sexually maturing female oviparous animals. The estrogenic control of Vtg is mediated by binding of the most potent estrogen, 17-β-estradiol (E2), to th... | 15345061 | PMC520821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 2; 2:62 |
Background
Supplemental oxygen therapy is administered for the treatment of tissue hypoxia, most commonly in an intensive care setting of respiratory insufficient patients, though its potent toxicity is well described [1]. The pathophysiology of oxygen injury is characterized by lung inflammation including activation a... | 15377396 | PMC520822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Sep 15; 5(1):11 |
Background
Echocardiography allows the analysis of ventricular motion and heart-valve morphology. The discovery that injection of small air bubbles dispensed in saline are capable of causing an opacification of the heart [1,2] started an enormous effort to develop contrast agents to assist in diagnosing coronary artery... | 15357870 | PMC520823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Sep 10; 2:16 |
Background
Non-communicable diseases exhort a considerable toll on individuals, societies and health systems [1,2]. Located in South Asia, Pakistan has a population of 150 million and a per-capita health expenditure of US $ 18 [3]. NCDs and injuries are amongst the top ten causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan ... | 15363112 | PMC520824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2004 Sep 13; 2:7 |
Introduction
The mechanisms by which mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes lead to carcinogenesis are incompletely understood. It remains to be established whether pathways involved in BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated tumorigenesis are also altered in sporadic cancers. Two recent reports demonstrated that BRCA1... | 15383145 | PMC520825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Sep 21; 2:32 |
Background
Experimental results accumulated in recent years have revealed that plasma concentration of the sulfur-containing amino-acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1-5]. Plasma concentrations of Hcy in excess of 15 μmol/L under fasting conditions were associated... | 15347422 | PMC520826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2004 Sep 3; 2:5 |
Background
The importance of climate as a driving force of malaria transmission has been known since the earliest days of research on this devastating parasitic disease. However, it is only with the advent of effective weather forecasting techniques that this knowledge may be implemented numerically. Seasonal climate f... | 15350206 | PMC520827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Sep 6; 3:32 |
Background
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2) and its receptor, CCR2, have been the focus of intense interest due to increasing awareness of their association with debilitating human diseases, including asthma [1-3] and pulmonary fibrosis [4-7]. Since MCP-1 attracts and activates a variety o... | 15377395 | PMC520828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Sep 15; 5(1):12 |
Background
Bio-signals are essentially non-stationary signals; they display a fractal like self-similarity. They may contain indicators of current disease, or even warnings about impending diseases. The indicators may be present at all times or may occur at random – in the time scale. However, to (study and) pinpoint a... | 15361254 | PMC520829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Sep 10; 3:30 |
Introduction
Renal artery stenosis is the most frequent cause of secondary hypertension [1] which is potentially treatable with angioplasty, endovascular stent placement or surgical revascularization [2,3]. The angiography remains the gold standard, however, is invasive, expensive, and potentially harmful specially in ... | 15380022 | PMC520830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2004 Sep 20; 3:3 |
Introduction
The optimal management of the neck in loco-regionally advanced head & neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) following primary chemo-radiotherapy remains controversial [1,2]. Traditionally neck dissection (Fig 1) was thought to improve neck control in patients with regionally advanced disease (N2–N3 disease... | 15377383 | PMC520831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2004 Sep 17; 1:6 |
Background
Significant elevations of amniotic fluid and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) have been shown to be associated with spina bifida and other neural tube defects (NTD). The province of Manitoba, Canada offers province-wide midtrimester MSAFP screening to all pregnant women. It has been recognized that s... | 15352998 | PMC520832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 7; 2:65 |
Introduction
Many studies have sought to understand the mechanism of implantation. Recently, the rate of pregnancy in the in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycle has declined, and this has been attributed to a decrease in the rate of implantation.
The recently developed laser microdissection method ... | 15373944 | PMC520833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:42 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 17; 2:66 |
Background
Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in most primary cells and some immortalized T cell lines is dependent on the expression of a functional Vif protein. In the absence of Vif, virus replication is restricted by a host factor that was recently identified as CEM15 (now referred to as APO... | 15373943 | PMC520834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 17; 1:27 |
Background
Several computational approaches to the problem of predicting cis-regulatory modules ('CRM's) have been reported recently. Berman et al. [1], Markstein et al. [2] and Halfon et al. [3] predicted CRM's involved in body patterning in the fly, and experimentally verified their predictions. The underlying princi... | 15357878 | PMC521067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 9; 5:129 |
Background
Patients' trust in their physicians is vital for a successful treatment relationship [1,2], which is important for achieving desired treatment outcomes [3-6]. Trust in physicians is a positive acceptance of a vulnerable situation in which patients believe that physicians will care for their interests [7]. Pr... | 15353003 | PMC521068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Sep 7; 4:24 |
Background
Expression microarrays, with the capability to measure the mRNA expression level of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously, have found broad application in both clinical and basic research [1-7]. With the generation of large data sets from microarray experiments, statistical methods are needed to extract ... | 15357875 | PMC521069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 9; 5:64 |
Background
Chicken is the first major agricultural species for which the complete genome sequencing was undertaken. This is partly due to its position as a model species in various fields of biology including embryo development, oncology, immunology and evolution [1]. Moreover, as it is the only bird species for which ... | 15369602 | PMC521070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 15; 5:66 |
Background
Seasonality of reproduction is a common feature in sheep and goat breeds of temperate latitudes [1,2] and seems to have been present for millennia in the sheep and goat breeding systems [3]. The annual breeding season begins in summer in Ile-de-France ewes and in autumn in Alpine goats and ends in winter in ... | 15333134 | PMC521071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Physiol. 2004 Aug 27; 4:12 |
Background
Hemin is a potent oxidant that accumulates in intracranial hematomas and may contribute to neural cell injury [1,2]. It is also the preferred substrate for heme oxygenase-2, the constitutively-expressed isoform that accounts for most CNS heme oxygenase (HO) under normal conditions [3]. In pathologic states, ... | 15377391 | PMC521072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 17; 5:34 |
Background
Nontyphoidal salmonellae are a common cause of food-borne illnesses. In Africa, nontyphoidal salmonellae are the most common cause of bloodstream infections in children younger than five years [1]. While meningitis caused by nontyphoidal salmonellae is uncommon in economically developed countries [2], it is ... | 15367335 | PMC521073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 14; 4:35 |
Background
When wounded or scratched, cell monolayers respond to the disruption of cell-cell contacts and an increased concentration of growth factors at the wound margin by healing the wound through a combination of proliferation and migration [1-3]; these processes reflect the behavior of individual cells as well as ... | 15357872 | PMC521074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Sep 9; 4:21 |
Background
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) belong to a large protein family with 13 members described so far in human cells including CDKs1-11, along with PCTAIRE and PFTAIRE kinases named after conserved domain sequences [1]. These kinases are essential for cell cycle progression, and also are involved in control of t... | 15380029 | PMC521075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 20; 5:69 |
Background
Many variables may influence eating behavior and therefore may also influence obesity, including depression, anxiety, stress, social support, race, ethnicity, education and income [1-8]. While the national media and federal websites emphasize the importance of physical activity in controlling body weight, ex... | 15380026 | PMC521076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Sep 20; 5:20 |
Background
Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) and Serotype Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones are common in India and Southeast Asia [1]. Such isolates have elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones, although they are s... | 15380025 | PMC521077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 20; 4:36 |
Background
Several species of the family Chlamydiaceae are well-known etiological agents of acute and chronic infections in humans and animals [1,2]. The first description of chlamydial respiratory disease in humans referred to psittacosis, also known as ornithosis, and dates back to 1879 [3]. Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, ... | 15383149 | PMC521078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 21; 4:38 |
Background
Mastitis is a common problem for breastfeeding women [1,2]. Before planning a trial to reduce the number of lactating women who develop mastitis, we reviewed the literature to identify factors that may be associated with mastitis and to examine previous trials. A relatively small number of trials was identif... | 15369597 | PMC521079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Sep 16; 4:19 |
Background
The Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is the likely cause of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients, aging individuals and organ transplant patients [for review, see [1]]. KSHV is also implicated in AIDS-associated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a subset of cases of the lymphoproliferative... | 15369590 | PMC521080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Sep 15; 2:34 |
Background
Decreased serotonin transporter densities (SERT) have been recorded from the brains of depressed patients [1,2], which have also been reported to normalise during psychotherapy [3,4]. A few studies have also revealed altered levels of dopamine transmission in major depression [5,6]. However, in a search of t... | 15363105 | PMC521081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Sep 13; 4:27 |
Background
Autocoding is a specialized form of machine translation. The general idea behind machine translation is that computers have the patience, stamina and speed to quickly parse through gigabytes of text, matching text terms with equivalent terms from an external vocabulary. Human translators often scoff at the o... | 15369595 | PMC521082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Sep 15; 4:16 |
Background
Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer deaths in United States [1]. The overall prognosis of lung cancer is still dismal despite all current early detection and treatment efforts. Only about 20–25% of lung cancers can potentially be cured by surgery. The majority of patients presents with lo... | 15350201 | PMC521083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Sep 6; 2:30 |
Background
In animal studies of the effects of hormonally active agents, measurement of anogenital distance (AGD) is now routine [1-16], and serves as a bioassay of fetal androgen action. In rodents, perineal growth is dihydrotestosterone-dependent [17], males have a greater AGD than females, and use of AGD to sex newb... | 15363098 | PMC521084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Sep 13; 3:8 |
Background
Many recent studies have described the use of microarrays to identify genes expressed in different types of cancers (reviewed in [1,2]. Most of these transcriptomic studies monitor the steady state levels of expressed mRNAs in order to derive the "molecular signatures" of tumors [2]. However, the gene expres... | 15353001 | PMC521085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Sep 7; 3:24 |
Findings
Vpr is a 15 kDa auxiliary regulatory protein of HIV-1 produced in the late phase of the viral life cycle and packaged in the virion [1-3]. Thus, Vpr has the capacity to function both in the early phase and the late phase of the viral life cycle. A number of biological activities have been assigned to Vpr, incl... | 15363109 | PMC521086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 13; 1:26 |
Introduction
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rigidity, slowed movement, gait difficulty, and tremor at rest (Dauer and Przedborski 2003). The pathological hallmark of PD is the relatively selective loss of dopamine neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta... | 15502868 | PMC521171 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e327 |
Introduction
Cysteine is one of the most rarely used amino acids in the proteins of most organisms studied so far (Pe'er et al. 2004). Therefore, when highly conserved in proteins, it usually plays crucial roles in the structure, function, or regulation of the protein. This is due to the ability of thiol groups to stab... | 15502869 | PMC521172 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e333 |
Introduction
As a consequence of living in an aerobic world, organisms face the challenge of maintaining a favorable cellular redox status. Oxidative stress is caused by imbalances between the production and disposal of reactive oxygen species, which can damage proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Bacteria encounter re... | 15502870 | PMC521173 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e336 |
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