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Introduction
Many cellular structures are so small that they can only be resolved in the electron microscope. Furthermore, it is often crucial to visualize and reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) structure of biological tissue. One prime example of where 3D information is indispensable is in exploring the connectivi... | 15514700 | PMC524270 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:07 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e329 |
"The open society, the unrestricted access to knowledge, the unplanned and uninhibited association of men for its furtherance – these are what may make a vast, complex, ever growing, ever changing, ever more specialized and expert technological world, nevertheless a world of human community [1]." –J. Robert Oppenheimer... | 15507159 | PMC524353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2004 Sep 20; 1:1 |
Background
RNA viruses represent the most significant and diverse group of infectious agents for eukaryotic organisms on earth [1,2]. Virtually every RNA virus, except retroviruses, must use an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to copy its RNA genome into progeny RNA, an essential step in viral replication and assemb... | 15507160 | PMC524354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Virol J. 2004 Sep 23; 1:6 |
Review
Exercise, an acute bout of muscular activity, requires an expenditure of energy above resting levels. This required mechanical energy is provided through the conversion of metabolic fuels into ATP, the base currency of chemical energy. Once produced, ATP is the only direct form of energy that is transferred and ... | 15507161 | PMC524355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Sep 30; 1:7 |
Background
Failure to respond to therapeutic concentrations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is the usual basis for defining multiple drug resistant epilepsy, but the mechanisms underlying resistance to AEDs are still largely unknown. It is generally believed to be a multifactorial phenomenon, depending on both pharmacody... | 15473912 | PMC524356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Oct 9; 2:37 |
Background
Eukaryotic genome contains a large excess of non-coding sequences. Conservation of these sequences among species is a strong indication of their functional significance. With the availability of genome sequences it is possible to identify such sequences taking a comparative genomics approach [1-4]. The clust... | 15462684 | PMC524357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 6; 5:75 |
Background
Endotracheal intubation is a painful and stressful procedure, which is associated with acute increases in blood pressure and intracranial pressure, bradycardia and hypoxemia [1]. These physiologic changes are potentially of sufficient magnitude to produce the reperfusion injury and venous congestion associat... | 15461825 | PMC524358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Oct 5; 4:20 |
Background
National and international bodies concerned with research ethics need to confront the greatest ethical challenge-the enormous inequities in global health research [1]. Thus, less than 10% of the world's research resources are earmarked for 90% of the health problems [2]. Though 93% of the world's burden of p... | 15461820 | PMC524359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2004 Oct 4; 5:5 |
Background
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal gastrointestinal tumors which can have an aggressive course. Management of these tumors apart from surgical resection has been difficult in the past because they are resistant to conventional chemotherapy [1] and radiation. The development of imati... | 15473910 | PMC524360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Oct 9; 4:74 |
Background
Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae) are rodent-borne and can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS4) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) [1]. While HFRS is usually associated with Eurasian hantaviruses, HCPS is caused by any of several recently described New World hantaviruses [2-4]. In ... | 15458574 | PMC524361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Sep 30; 5:23 |
Background
The mycoplasmas are wall-less prokaryotes characterized by small genomes (580 – 2200 kb) and a low G+C content, generally below 30%. They are the smallest self-replicating organisms known with cell diameters normally in the range of 0.3–0.8 μm [1], and are observed as parasites of insects, plants, animals an... | 15385054 | PMC524362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Sep 22; 4:37 |
Background
Endothelial cells have a key role in the control of vascular permeability and vessel tone, coagulation and fibrinolysis, and inflammatory response [1]. There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the critical role of the vascular endothelium in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure (MOF) in criti... | 15456513 | PMC524363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | Thromb J. 2004 Sep 30; 2:7 |
Background
A gene superfamily of heme-proteins, the cytochromes P450 (CYP), encodes the main enzymatic system for metabolism of structurally diverse lipophilic substrates [1]. A subset of these CYPs can be activated or inhibited in the liver by a variety of xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds. Transcriptional activatio... | 15479477 | PMC524364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Nucl Recept. 2004 Oct 12; 2:7 |
Text
Long term patency rates for CABG using autologous saphenous vein are poor, showing 1, 5 and 10 years post-CABG rates of 93%, 74% and 41%, respectively [1] and therefore represent a significant clinical problem. Long-term failures are due to neointima formation and superimposed atherosclerosis [2-4], a pathology th... | 15473900 | PMC524365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Oct 8; 2:14 |
Background
Numerous epidemiological studies in adults have identified environmental and physiological risk factors that are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Among the many that have been identified [1], the major modifiable risk factors include physical inactivity, poor cardiorespiratory... | 15462676 | PMC524366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Oct 5; 1:14 |
Introduction
In many developed countries, overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions [1-8]. One group at particular risk of weight gain and the development of obesity is young women[2,9,10]. In the US, for example, one study that tracked weight in a large population sample over a 10-year period found that... | 15462679 | PMC524367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Oct 5; 1:15 |
Background
It has become evident that the human genome harbors a fairly small number of genes, and exons account for little over 1% of our DNA. This stands in stark contrast to various types of repetitive DNA, and it has been estimated that transposable elements alone take up almost half of our genome [1]. Among such m... | 15476554 | PMC524368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Oct 11; 1:32 |
Background
Male factor infertility has been identified as the main or secondary cause in >40% of infertile couples. The number of office visits each year for infertility in the United States has risen from 600,000 in 1968 to 2 million by the 1990's. Semen analysis is a central component in male infertility evaluation [... | 15507127 | PMC524369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2004 Sep 30; 1:2 |
Introduction
One of the most cited papers in health research is Austin Bradford Hill's "The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?" [1], Hill's 1965 Presidential Address to the Section of Occupational Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine, where he presented what are now commonly called the "Bradford-Hi... | 15507128 | PMC524370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004 Oct 4; 1:3 |
Background
Rifampin, one of the principal drugs used in tuberculosis treatment, is a semi-synthetic antibiotic that inhibits transcription by preventing RNA synthesis. Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to rifampin occur at low to moderate frequencies in many regions of the world [1]. Mutations in rpoB, t... | 15453919 | PMC524371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 28; 5:137 |
Background
Microarray is a popularly used high-throughput technology to investigate gene expression of thousands of genes simultaneously at the level of mRNA. Ever since the development of this technology [1-3], transcriptional profiling at the genomic level has been employed to address numerous issues in biology and i... | 15461789 | PMC524372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 2; 5:142 |
Background
Some prevention trials are restricted to high-risk subjects. If the investigators are only interested in the effects of the intervention on subjects at increased risk [1] or if the study is designed to be a preliminary investigation in preparation for a definitive study in the general population, we think th... | 15461821 | PMC524373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Oct 4; 4:24 |
Background
The institution of the present study, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine (DEUSM), has been implementing Problem-based Learning (PBL) in its undergraduate curriculum since the 1997–1998 academic year. The duration of undergraduate medical education is six years. PBL is the principal educational strateg... | 15385051 | PMC524374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Sep 22; 4:16 |
Background
It is becoming increasingly apparent that mammalian cells harbor numerous genes that induce intracellular blocks to retrovirus infection [1,2]. These genes have presumably evolved and been maintained in the genome in response to the pathogenic and lethal consequences of infection, and are now thought to cons... | 15453907 | PMC524375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 28; 1:30 |
Introduction
The disease burden of malaria has increased in recent years partly because of the rise of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites [1] and insecticide-resistant Anopheline spp. vectors [2]. There is an urgent need for effective malaria control methods to reduce mortality and morbidity from malaria in... | 15526058 | PMC524376 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 26; 1(2):e33 |
Introduction
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can dramatically prolong the life of individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) [1], but early hopes for virus eradication have not been realized [2]. The successful use of HAART is limited by drug-related toxicities, high costs, a... | 15526059 | PMC524377 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 26; 1(2):e36 |
A malaria vaccine called ME-TRAP, which targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of the disease, was not effective at reducing natural infection rates in semi-immune African adults, according to the report of a randomized controlled trial published this month in PLoS Medicine. “This first field efficacy trial was an importan... | 0 | PMC524378 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 26; 1(2):e47 |
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of individuals infected by HIV-1 is limited by high costs, drug resistance, and drug-related toxicities. This has led researchers to investigate new treatment options, including ways to boost immune responses to better control HIV. One such approach has bee... | 0 | PMC524379 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 26; 1(2):e48 |
Introduction
The master clock, which, in mammals, resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is thought to synchronize multiple peripheral oscillators to ensure temporal coordination of behavior and metabolism. Peripheral clocks amplify or dampen central rhythms or exhibit autonomous behavior to facilit... | 15523558 | PMC524471 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 2; 2(11):e377 |
Introduction
The ability to sharply curve membranes was a defining event in the evolution of early eukaryotes, allowing the formation of endomembrane systems (Blobel 1980). In modern eukaryotes, these systems have become elaborate internal membranes, such as the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the ... | 15523559 | PMC524472 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 2; 2(12):e380 |
We often think of ourselves as either a day person or a night person—one who rises with the sun, raring to go, or one who prefers to stay up through the night to get things done. Regardless, we each have our regular waking and sleeping cycles. It's been known for some time that variations in sleep and wakefulness are p... | 0 | PMC524473 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 2; 2(11):e415 |
It took nearly 200 years for biologists to redefine the plant/animal dichotomy set up by Linnaeus in 1758. Among the defining traits used in the new five kingdom model of the 20th century was the presence of a nucleus. Possession of a nucleus is one of the chief characteristics that earns an organism, even a single-cel... | 0 | PMC524474 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 2; 2(12):e428 |
Background
Genome analyses of a range of organisms have lead to the identification of an increasing number of putative RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) whose function is still unknown. RBPs have been found to act as integral part of ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) controlling gene expression at different levels [1]. RNPs are inv... | 15461782 | PMC524479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Oct 1; 5:14 |
Background
MEDLINE is a large biomedical bibliographic database that is well known to users around the globe. It contains over 12 million citations from over 4,600 journals. MEDLINE is a rich source of biomedical text that lends itself well to research on text mining, information extraction, and natural language proces... | 15471541 | PMC524480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 7; 5:146 |
Background
Conlon and Raff have described experiments that they claim casts doubt on a basic assumption regarding the way mammalian cell size is maintained during proliferation [1]. The key question studied by Conlon and Raff asks, "How do cells maintain a constant cell size and cell size distribution during extended c... | 15456512 | PMC524481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 5:35 |
Stephen Cooper was kind enough to send to us an original draft of his paper that now appears in BMC Cell Biology [1]. Although we have exchanged a number of e-mails with him in attempt to clarify points of confusion and disagreement, he continues to tilt at windmills and attack straw men. This is discouraging.
His pap... | 15458578 | PMC524482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:36 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Sep 30; 5:36 |
Background
In the post genome sequence era, repetitive sequences, erstwhile considered junk and devoid of function, are increasingly being implicated in many cellular functions, genome organization and diseases [1-8]. Alu repeats, which belong to SINE (short interspersed nucleotide elements) family of repetitive sequen... | 15461819 | PMC524483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Oct 4; 4:37 |
Background
The Auroras are a conserved family of serine/threonine kinases which have essential functions in cell division [1,2]. In mitosis, Aurora kinases are required for chromosome segregation, condensation and orientation in the metaphase plate, spindle assembly, and the completion of cytokinesis.
Model organism s... | 15476560 | PMC524484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 4:39 |
Background
One of the principal complications in microarray analysis of gene expression is the relatively large amount of input RNA required for each assay. On average, 1–20 μg of total RNA are required per study using glass microarrays [1-4]. This is easily obtained from standard tissue samples, but is more difficult ... | 15469607 | PMC524485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 6; 5:76 |
Background
Tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of worldwide mortality and morbidity, infecting an estimated 8 million people annually with approximately 2 million deaths [1]. The situation regarding the control of tuberculosis has significantly worsened over the last decades, with the spread of multidrug res... | 15471546 | PMC524486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Oct 7; 4:39 |
Background
LPS is an important constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Variation in LPS composition can have profound consequences for these cells by potentially providing resistance against bacteriophages and antimicrobial compounds as well as facilitating evasion of the host immune system in anim... | 15473911 | PMC524487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Oct 9; 4:40 |
Background
Adult autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a chronic acquired organ-specific autoimmune thrombocytopenic syndrome [1]. The low peripheral platelet concentration observed in ITP is the result of reduced platelet life span because of their early removal from the peripheral blood by the activated reticu... | 15491502 | PMC524488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2004 Oct 18; 4:4 |
Background
The increased prevalence of disease caused by the mosquito-borne dengue (DEN) viruses (four serotypes; DEN-1 – DEN-4) has intensified the effort to generate a vaccine that would both confer protection and be economically feasible for use in countries with limited resources for healthcare [1]. Dengue fever an... | 15461822 | PMC524489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 4; 4:39 |
Background
Schistosomiasis is one of the major health problems in tropical and sub-tropical countries [1]. The schistosomiasis endemic area in South Africa is situated in the north-east and covers roughly one quarter of the country, with Schistosoma haematobium being the most common species [2]. In 1995 it was estimate... | 15471549 | PMC524490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 7; 4:40 |
Background
Chronic fatigue is common and is reported in more than 20% of people seen in primary care [1]. However, the neural substrates of chronic fatigue are not well understood. For clinical use, central fatigue is defined as difficulty in the initiation of, or the ability to sustain, voluntary activities [2]. Centr... | 15461817 | PMC524491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Oct 4; 4:14 |
Background
DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is a tightly regulated process [1]. The regulation of DNA replication is central to understanding the regulation of cell cycle and virus proliferation, events that have a direct impact on our understanding human disease. One critical component of cell cycle regulation is t... | 15456519 | PMC524492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 30; 4:70 |
Background
Metastasis is responsible for greater than 90% of cancer-related deaths [1]. It is therefore of great importance to develop therapies that limit this process. Cell migration plays a key role in invasion, an early step in metastasis, and proteins that regulate migration are often upregulated in tumor cells [2... | 15471548 | PMC524493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Oct 7; 4:73 |
Background
Attention Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common early onset developmental condition characterised by a pervasive and persistent pattern of age inappropriate and debilitating inattention, impulsiveness and overactivity. It is reported to affect between 3 and 6 percent of the childhood ... | 15458569 | PMC524494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Sep 30; 4:28 |
Background
While much health research focuses on objective outcome measures such as mortality or morbidity defined through clinical assessment, there is an increasing emphasis on self-reported measures of health status and health-related quality of life. Self-reported measures of health status have been included in epi... | 15469617 | PMC524495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Oct 7; 4:44 |
Background
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) strives to provide a systematic approach to integrating the best research evidence with clinician expertise and patient preferences to provide better patient care [1]. While the potential for answering clinical questions using online resources is high [2], a recent study found r... | 15476556 | PMC524496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Oct 11; 4:19 |
Background
During the past few years there has been an increasing interest in attempts to utilize a human rights framework to argue that we have obligations, in one way or another, to do something about the human suffering among the large number of poor in the world. The argument is that the suffering of the poor is a ... | 15473899 | PMC524497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2004 Oct 8; 4:4 |
Background
Intraoperative TEE is currently available in most cardiac surgical operating rooms. In some centers, intraoperative 3D echocardiography is used to evaluate geometry and to plan surgical interventions prior to LV remodeling surgery. However, quantitation of LV geometry is limited to rather imprecise measures ... | 15473901 | PMC524498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 8; 3:32 |
Review
Excessive production of connective tissue molecules forming the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a pathological process relevant to diseases of many organ systems, including liver, lung, kidney, bowel and pancreas. The resulting fibrosis frequently leads to a progressive loss of specific organ functions. In the pas... | 15469605 | PMC524499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Oct 6; 3:26 |
Background
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death for women in the United States [1]. Although early stage ovarian cancer can be effectively treated, symptoms of early disease are sufficiently vague that accurate diagnosis is often delayed until the cancer has progressed into more advanced stages... | 15471544 | PMC524500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Oct 7; 3:27 |
Background
Over 60 million Americans suffer from cardiovascular disease (CHD). The incidence of CHD and stroke has been on the rise partly because of the increase in life expectancy and the explosive epidemic of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [1]. CHD is responsible for about 38% of the overall mortality in the Un... | 15471540 | PMC524501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Oct 7; 3:22 |
Introduction
S100B belongs to a family of calcium-binding proteins implicated in intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities [2]. Intracellularly, it exhibits regulatory effects on cell growth, differentiation, cell shape and energy metabolism. Extracellularly, S100B stimulates neuronal survival, differentiat... | 15482599 | PMC524502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2004 Oct 13; 3:4 |
Background
In the medical treatment of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), invasive coronary procedures – such as percutaneous coronary intervention – are effective in reducing mortality and morbidity [1,2]. An important supplementary outcome of medical interventions and the processes of health care is health-r... | 15461816 | PMC524503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Oct 4; 2:56 |
Introduction
Induction of labor is carried out for maternal and fetal indications. One of the most common indications is prolonged pregnancy [1]. Recent studies have suggested that by continuing pregnancy beyond 41 weeks, there is a statistically significant higher perinatal morbidity and mortality as well as an increa... | 15450119 | PMC524504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 27; 2:70 |
Background
The ovary of the mature hen contains a hierarchy of yellow yolky follicles and several thousand smaller follicles from which the large yolky follicles are recruited. The yellow follicles are arranged in a size hierarchy and are committed to ovulation. In each follicle, the granulosa cells are surrounded by t... | 15473907 | PMC524505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Oct 8; 2:72 |
Background
The decline in immune function associated with ageing increases the risk for infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and tumors occurrence. The scientific interest of many laboratories is focused on the ageing of the immune system and on agents, which may retardate this process. The most frequently mention... | 15456521 | PMC524506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2004 Sep 29; 4:8 |
Background
Tumor development is a process in which gene expression is modified, causing abnormal cell behaviour [1]. Many techniques have been developed to identify abnormalities of gene expression, as reflected by abundance of mRNA transcripts between normal and tumor. The completion of the Human Genome Project and ad... | 15469618 | PMC524507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Oct 7; 4:72 |
Background
Vascular dementia is characterized by a loss of cognitive function and social adaptive functions in individuals with cerebrovascular disease [1,2]. Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia and accounts for 10% to 15% of all cases [3]. The clinical presentation of this illness is variable... | 15476562 | PMC524508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Oct 12; 4:15 |
Background
An interesting development in the use of dopamine (DA) agonists for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is that some of them have proven to be neuroprotective in animal models of PD. Antiparkinsonian agents that are direct DA agonists, such as apomorphine [1], bromocriptine [2], and pramipexole [3], are ne... | 15473914 | PMC524509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Oct 11; 2:22 |
Background
Haematopoesis is regulated by lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells through a complex network of paracrine and autocrine mechanisms involving cytokines, growth factors and their receptors. However, although stromal [1-6], endothelial [7-10], megakaryocytic [11,12] and osteogenic cells [13-16] and lymphocytes are k... | 15488155 | PMC524510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:36 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Oct 18; 5:39 |
Background
ERV-Ls are retroviral elements (retroelements) lacking the envelope gene (env) and exhibiting homology to the class of human endogenous retroviruses designated as HERV-L by [1]. Similar retroelements have been identified in several eutherian groups (see below), but their incidence in metatherians and monotre... | 15476555 | PMC524511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Oct 11; 4:38 |
Background
Mapping disease genes influencing complex genetic traits is far more difficult than mapping genes underlying Mendelian traits. One of the difficulties is due to locus heterogeneity, in which the disease in different families (or in different individuals within a family) is caused by different loci or non-her... | 15458576 | PMC524512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Sep 30; 5:29 |
Background
Bacterial Meningitis usually presents as an acute illness, predominantly affecting children and young adults. It typically presents with the classical clinical triad of fever, neck stiffness and an altered mental state. However, it may rarely present as a chronic illness, without the classic clinical feature... | 15469610 | PMC524513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Oct 6; 5:21 |
Background
The clinical combination of hypertension and diabetes carries a particular poor prognosis [1-6]. Clinical studies done in individuals with type 2 diabetes and substudies obtained from clinical trials done in the general population have demonstrated that achievement of goal blood pressure (< 130/80 mm Hg) in ... | 15461784 | PMC524514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2004 Oct 1; 5(1):9 |
Introduction
The possibility to produce recombinant proteins instead of recovering the native molecules offers the double advantage of higher yields and of a simplified purification protocol using affinity chromatography. At least half a dozen of the purification tags that have been proposed so far are routinely fused ... | 15471550 | PMC524515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Oct 7; 3:12 |
Introduction
Smoking is a widely accepted practice in Bangladeshi men and is associated with socialising, sharing, and male identity [1]. According to an earlier cross-sectional study, approximately 50% of males and 3% of females are tobacco smokers in Bangladesh [2]. Although smoking is a recognized risk factor for se... | 15462677 | PMC524516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Oct 5; 3:18 |
Introduction
Acute viral infections are usually cleared from the primary site of infection by the host immune response [1], but some viruses can persist at other sites in a latent form. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), for example, causes a primary infection at a mucosal site, which is cleared within 7–10 days by the host i... | 15507126 | PMC524517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Sep 23; 1:5 |
Recent data have proposed that brain tumors contain a "core" of stem cells providing them with the potential to grow aggressively, escaping the effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy [1,2]. These cancer stem cells were isolated from medulloblastomas or gliomas and grew in vitro as neurospheres, suspended clonal aggre... | 15469606 | PMC524518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Oct 6; 3:25 |
Background
The integument of insects is very often involved in defence strategies towards predators and pathogenic agents [1,2]. Generally it constitutes the first contact point in the interaction between an insect and such natural enemies. It often offers an efficient protection as a physical barrier due to its hardne... | 15461785 | PMC524519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2004 Oct 1; 2:10 |
Background
During assembly of HIV-1, the major tRNALys isoacceptors in mammalian cells, tRNALys1,2 and tRNALys3, are selectively incorporated into the virus [1]. tRNALys3 is the primer for initiating minus-strand cDNA synthesis, and its annealing to the 18 nucleotide primer binding site (PBS) region in the 5' part of t... | 15494076 | PMC524520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Oct 19; 1:33 |
Background
Trans-catheter radiofrequency ablation (TCRFA) has become the treatment of choice for patients suffering from refractory to medical treatment supraventricular tachycardias [1,2]. During percutaneous ablation procedures, catheter location is usually monitored by using fluoroscopy together with the analysis of... | 15471551 | PMC524521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Oct 8; 2:20 |
The Ultimate Goal
Our systematic approach to translational medicine has been designed to achieve a vision shared by numerous "ambitious" investigators who are focused on applying bench-side discoveries to the clinical setting (Figure 1). We share a vision of future medicine, in which it will be possible to predict the ... | 15496233 | PMC524522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Oct 21; 2:35 |
Background
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a critical role in embryonic development and tissue polarity [1]. Secreted Hh molecules bind to the receptor patched (PTC-PTCH1, PTCH2), thereby alleviating PTC-mediated suppression of smoothened (SMO), a putative seven-transmembrane protein. SMO signaling triggers a cascade o... | 15482598 | PMC524523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Oct 13; 3:29 |
Background
The nature of SAGE
The Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) methodology introduced by Velculescu et al. [1] is a sequencing-based approach to the measurement of gene expression.
Briefly, mRNA transcripts are converted to cDNA and then processed so as to isolate a specific subsequence; starting from the... | 15469612 | PMC524524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 6; 5:144 |
Introduction
On the molecular level, the complexity of higher organisms is based on the number of different gene products available for structural, enzymatic, and regulatory functions. Posttranscriptional and/or posttranslational mechanisms have an important role in generating RNA and protein diversity (Baltimore 2001)... | 15534692 | PMC526178 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e391 |
Introduction
The combined efforts of the public and private mouse genome sequencing consortiums have yielded important advances in understanding the structure and content of the genome (Mural et al. 2002; Waterston et al. 2002). Identification of new genes from the sequence data and placement of all genes, along with g... | 15534693 | PMC526179 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e393 |
Introduction
The diversity of modern organisms reflects and arises from an underlying molecular diversity that is only beginning to be understood. In recent years, much focus has been given to the evolution of protein coding regions, under the assumption that diversification of protein function has driven the evolution... | 15534694 | PMC526180 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e398 |
The past few years have seen an explosion of data on the mouse genome, widely hailed as a guidebook to the genetic origins of human disease. Scientists are particularly interested in charting the location of SNPs—single nucleotide polymorphisms—throughout the genome. SNPs are DNA sequence variations, or mutations, that... | 0 | PMC526181 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e425 |
The so-called “central dogma” of biology—DNA makes RNA makes protein—is a simple statement that subsumes a wealth of complexity. In particular, the past decade has shown that after RNA is made, it is run through a gauntlet of processes that strip it of introns and splice its exons, add a cap and tail, and even chemical... | 0 | PMC526182 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e426 |
Evolutionary biologists have long been interested in understanding the molecular basis for the great diversity in size, shape, and behavior seen in life on earth. Recent attention has focused on the role that gene expression changes play in organismal evolution. Tracing the evolution of gene regulation, however, has pr... | 0 | PMC526183 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 2(12):e441 |
Background
Genes of higher plants are expressed in a coordinated fashion during development of tissue and organ systems and in response to different environmental conditions. This regulation may be tightly linked for some sets of genes, for example, in a specific biochemical pathway. Expression of regulatory genes may ... | 15453914 | PMC526184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 29; 5:73 |
Background
Cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum II) is an effective antineoplastic agent in the treatment of various solid tumours [1] including cancers of the ovary, testis, bladder, head, neck, lung, cervix, and endometrium [2]. Nevertheless, its full clinical utility is limited due to some adverse side effects i... | 15458572 | PMC526185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Sep 30; 4:20 |
Background
Radiotherapy is a well-recognized, effective modality in the palliative treatment of painful bone metastases. Bone metastases are a common manifestation of distant relapse from many types of malignant tumours, especially from cancers of the lung, breast, and prostate. With the advent of effective systemic th... | 15461823 | PMC526186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Oct 4; 4:71 |
Background
Genome maps for livestock species are necessary to identify genes affecting economically important production traits. Linkage maps, based primarily on highly polymorphic, anonymous microsatellite markers, have been important for identifying chromosomal regions influencing economically important traits in cat... | 15473903 | PMC526187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 8; 5:77 |
Background
The virus-like sequences that have been found in plant genomes are divided into two groups of plant viruses, single-stranded DNA geminivirus and double-stranded DNA pararetroviruses. The geminivirus segments, including the viral replication origin and the adjacent AL1 gene, have been found in the genomes of ... | 15488154 | PMC526188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 18; 5:80 |
Background
Morphine is among the most common analgesic agents used in the intensive care setting. It is usually administered parenterally as an intravenous infusion. Despite its efficacy, its use is associated with a number of hazards including respiratory depression [1], tolerance [2], physiological dependence [2] and... | 15469613 | PMC526189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 6; 4:21 |
Background
Carbon monoxide poisoning is the number one cause of toxin related death in the United States [1]. It has been estimated that this poison may be responsible for up to 1,500 accidental deaths and 10,000 medical visits annually in the United States [2].
One of the manners in which people die from carbon monox... | 15473913 | PMC526190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:01 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2004 Oct 10; 4:4 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is an extremely virulent pathogen, and causes serious and deep-seated infections (e.g. endocarditis, osteomyelitis) [1]. In recent years, S. aureus is the leading pathogenic cause of both community-acquired and nosocomial infections, especially in bacteremia and sepsis [2-4]. Despite ad... | 15491501 | PMC526191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 18; 4:43 |
Background
Major Depression is the one of the most common psychiatric disorders and is frequently occurring in persons with psychotic disorders. Up to 25% of individuals with psychosis have this condition at some point during the course of their illness [1].
Insufficient social network, unemployment, living alone, fin... | 15461826 | PMC526192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 5; 4:29 |
Background
In 1999, the World Health Organization reported that workers continued to suffer high levels of work-related injuries and deaths [1]. It also flagged, however, the increase in mental health problems reported by workers in industrialized countries as a result of their experiencing psychological stress and exc... | 15456518 | PMC526193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Sep 30; 4:41 |
Background
Reflux esophagitis is a multifactorial disease that entails the reflux of gastric contents into the esophageal lumen [1]. Esophagitis develops when noxious substances in the refluxate have sufficient time to get in contact with the esophageal mucosa and then prevail over structural and functional defenses [2... | 15462680 | PMC526194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2004 Oct 5; 4:13 |
Background
Morphine is degraded in the liver to several metabolites of which morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) are biological active [1]. M6G is shown to contribute to the analgesia produced by morphine and may cause opioid related adverse effects such as sedation or nausea [2-5]. Due to fir... | 15461818 | PMC526195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 4; 4:7 |
Background
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been described as the "conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients" [1]. Thus, to practice EBM clinicians need to critically appraise articles in the medical literature and then apply the evide... | 15482600 | PMC526196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Oct 13; 4:20 |
Background
The COG-database has become a powerful tool in the field of comparative genomics. The construction of this data base is based on sequence homologies of proteins from different completely sequenced genomes. Highly homologous proteins are assigned to clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) [1,2]. Each of the COG... | 15488147 | PMC526202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 15; 5:150 |
Background
Increasing evidence implicates stress as an important factor in the vulnerability to depressive and other mental illnesses [1-3]. Consequently, understanding the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that transduce stress signals may inform our insight into the factors that lead to depression, as well as provi... | 15380027 | PMC526203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 20; 5:36 |
Background
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with chronic inflammatory processes in which blood-derived macrophages play a key role [1]. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is essentially produced by monocytes and macrophages, and, in turn, it is the strongest known paracrine activator of monocytes and macrophages ... | 15485576 | PMC526204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Oct 14; 4:17 |
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