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Introduction
One of the most intensely debated topics in evolutionary biology pertains to the origin of modern Homo sapiens. The debate concerns the precise manner in which anatomically modern humans arose from archaic ancestors. Empirical studies tend to support one of two prominent models of human origins, the Recent... | 15502871 | PMC521174 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e340 |
Introduction
Most X chromosomal genes are essential or relevant to both sexes. To cope with the difference in the number of copies of these genes in females (XX) and males (XY), organisms have evolved a variety of mechanisms, collectively termed dosage compensation, to equalize the levels of X-linked gene products in t... | 15502872 | PMC521175 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e341 |
Introduction
Increasingly, the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) has been implicated as a major contributor to global catastrophic declines in frog populations (Berger et al. 1998; Daszak et al. 1999, 2003). It has been found on frogs in areas where catastrophic declines were reported, it has be... | 15502873 | PMC521176 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e351 |
Introduction
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder that is characterized pathologically by the relatively selective degeneration of midbrain DNs and the presence of prominent intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions, termed Lewy bodies (Dauer and Przedborski 2003). The identification of several genes ... | 15502874 | PMC521177 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e362 |
Introduction
The Functions of MicroRNAs
In the past three years, several hundred novel genes encoding transcripts containing short double-stranded RNA hairpins, named microRNAs (miRNAs), were identified in plants and animals (Lee et al. 1993; Reinhart et al. 2000, 2002; Lagos-Quintana et al. 2001, 2002, 2003; Lau et al... | 15502875 | PMC521178 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e363 |
Among the many stresses faced by a cell, one of the most serious is exposure to oxidizing agents. An invading organism, for example, must defend itself against the oxidative assault mounted by a host's immune system. Since oxidation can rapidly destroy many types of molecules, cells have developed multiple means of pro... | 0 | PMC521179 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:06 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e373 |
Chemical reactions lie at the heart of many biological processes, from photosynthesis and respiration to cell signaling and drug metabolism. Thanks to an atmosphere rich in oxygen, many organisms use oxygen to carry out these life processes. But oxygen metabolism produces highly toxic by-products called reactive oxygen... | 0 | PMC521180 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e374 |
If you're an evolutionary biologist, the tired old saw, “You can tell a lot about a person by the company they keep,” represents a fresh new approach to a longstanding problem. Especially if the company in question is a parasite—say, for example, lice—and the problem is tracing the path of human evolution.
One of the ... | 0 | PMC521181 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e378 |
Clinical descriptions of Parkinson's disease remain remarkably similar to those first described by James Parkinson nearly 200 years ago. Patients with “shaking palsy” experience a progressive loss of muscle control, increased muscle rigidity, inhibited movement, and tremors. These symptoms, it was later discovered, res... | 0 | PMC521182 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e385 |
Because males and females possess different numbers of the two sex chromosomes (for instance, in mammals, XX in females versus XY in males), the potential “dose” of each gene differs. Without some compensating mechanism, female mammals would express twice the quantity of an X-linked gene as males. The same holds true i... | 0 | PMC521183 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:06 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e387 |
Amphibian declines have reached crisis proportions in various parts of the world. In many areas, habitat loss is the likely culprit. But when mass die-offs suddenly occurred in relatively undisturbed habitats, the cause was far less obvious. Fourteen species suffered either extinctions or major declines in the pristine... | 0 | PMC521184 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e389 |
Since their discovery a decade ago, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as major regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes of all kinds. Only 20 to 40 nucleotides long, a miRNA binds to a specific target sequence within a much longer messenger RNA (mRNA), inhibiting its translation and thus controlling expression of the ... | 0 | PMC521185 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 5; 2(11):e396 |
Background
Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) during sleep, is common in patients with heart failure [1,2]. Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep has been claimed to be an independent risk factor for death [3,4], speculatively through increased neurohumoral stress on the heart [5]. Results from other studies have, howeve... | 15380031 | PMC521193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Sep 20; 5(1):14 |
Background
Predicting healthcare costs for pediatric populations has been challenging [1]. Although population-based risk prediction and case-mix adjustment can be used to inform policy, set rates, and compare outcomes across providers [2], a more immediate concern for healthcare providers is to clinically manage their... | 15361252 | PMC521194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 10; 2:48 |
In contrast to most animal viruses, infection with the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses results in prolonged, continuous viral replication in the infected host. Remarkably, viral persistence is not thwarted by the presence of apparently vigorous, virus-specific immune responses. Several factors, including the ... | 15383144 | PMC521195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Sep 21; 1:28 |
Background
Several studies have found elevated levels of high risk sexual behaviour among people who seek – and meet – sexual partners through the Internet [1-7] In a study conducted in a public HIV testing clinic in Denver, Colorado, for example, people who sought sex on the Internet were more likely to have had a sex... | 15341666 | PMC521483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Sep 1; 4:39 |
Background
Mitochondrial genomes are physically separate from the nuclear genome. For animals, they are typically circular with a compact arrangement of an identical set of 37 genes [1]. For some animals, all genes are on the same strand, whereas for others they are divided between the two. The arrangement of these gen... | 15369601 | PMC521484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 15; 5:67 |
Background
RNA editing is the process whereby an RNA sequence is modified from the sequence corresponding to the DNA template. A particular form of RNA editing in plant mitochondria, by which some cytidines are converted to uridines before translation, occurs in many land plant lineages. Although cytidine to uridine co... | 15373947 | PMC521485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 16; 5:132 |
Background
Bioinformatics tools and techniques depend directly or indirectly upon experimental data. However, interpreting experimental data often requires access to significant amounts of additional information about the sample used in the experiment, the conditions in which measurements were taken, the equipment used... | 15377392 | PMC521486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 17; 5:68 |
Background
Over 40 million people undergo non-cardiac surgery in the United States each year [1]. Postoperative cardiac complications affect 2–18% of patients alone, costing over 20 billion dollars annually in the United States [2]. Many will suffer other potentially avoidable perioperative complications such as pneumo... | 15377387 | PMC521487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2004 Sep 20; 4:11 |
Background
Unlike UVB radiation that can penetrate at the most into the papillary dermis, longer wavelengths in the UVA region have the capacity to reach the subcutis as well. Accordingly, as well as due to its lesser antiproliferative activity, UVB irradiation has not been established in the treatment of sclerotic dis... | 15380024 | PMC521488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Sep 20; 4:11 |
Background
JSRV is an acutely oncogenic retrovirus that can induce lung tumors in newborn sheep in as little as 10 days [1]. Unlike most acutely oncogenic retroviruses, JSRV does not carry a host cell-derived oncogene. Instead, expression of the native viral Env protein is sufficient to transform cultured cells and is ... | 15363108 | PMC521489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 13; 4:64 |
Background
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) remains one of the most common post operative morbidities in modern day cataract surgery [1,2] and Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures.
However, the Nd: YAG capsulotomy procedure has been associated with complications ... | 15387889 | PMC521490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 Sep 23; 4:13 |
Background
Many clinical practice guidelines have been disseminated through print publications and the Internet to improve the quality of healthcare. Complex physician behavior-change interventions have been created and applied to clinical practice guidelines to determine if the guidelines are being practiced. Research... | 15453911 | PMC521491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Sep 29; 4:17 |
Background
The availability of Internet health tools and services has been increasing at a phenomenal rate in recent years making the Internet a major source of knowledge for healthcare professionals, medical students and also patients and the general public. This increase has made it an absolute necessity to continual... | 15367332 | PMC521492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Sep 14; 4:15 |
Background
Watermelons and tomatoes are good sources of the carotenoid lycopene [1,2]. However, bioavailability of lycopene is not directly related to plant content, and depends in a large part upon plant matrix effects. In tomatoes, heat processing and homogenization breaks protein-carotenoid complexes, releases lycop... | 15369594 | PMC521493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 15; 3:15 |
Open Access is one of the attempts to maximize the exchange of information, and therefore benefits the scholar communication [1]. Molecular Cancer offers Open Access to all of its content, thereby providing a platform to present information to specialists and the public in order to further promote free exchange of idea... | 15350204 | PMC521494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Sep 6; 3:23 |
Background
Dementia is a chronic illness associated with a progressive loss of cognitive and intellectual abilities, such as memory, judgment and abstract thinking. Cognitive disabilities are those that impact an individual's ability to access, process, or remember information. People with profound cognitive disability... | 15383148 | PMC521495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 21; 2:52 |
Background
Recent reforms in U.S. health care systems mean that individuals with long-term, complex health problems are being cared for at home by family members [1]. Specifically, changes in medical practice resulting in shorter impatient hospital stays and the search for outpatient substitutes such as home-based care... | 15377384 | PMC521496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 17; 2:50 |
Introduction
For the last 20 years, the gene therapy field has centred many of its efforts on finding ways to deliver a therapeutic gene to certain target cells in order to produce a therapeutic result. It was soon clear that it was necessary to deliver at least two genes, because a reporter/marker gene was needed in o... | 15363111 | PMC521497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Sep 13; 2:13 |
Background
Surra is an animal disease occurring in Africa, Asia and Latin America, caused by Trypanosoma evansi. T. evansi belongs to the subgenus Trypanozoon, together with T. equiperdum and T. brucei. The parasite can infect different host species and is mechanically transmitted by different biting flies such as Taba... | 15377385 | PMC521498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:30 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2004 Sep 17; 3:3 |
Introduction
Geographic data are increasingly being employed in health studies [1]. By studying disease patterns in space, we can understand the relationships between socioecological exposure and illness [2,3]. Such understanding may help the formulation of need based healthcare systems and health intervention programs... | 15450121 | PMC521499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Sep 28; 3:20 |
Background
Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) is the most frequent nosocomial infection in the intensive care units (ICU). The reported frequency varies with the definition, the type of hospital or ICU, the population of patients, and the type of rate calculated. In the recent studies, the incidence was reported as 6.8–27% [1-4... | 15369593 | PMC521500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Sep 15; 3:17 |
Background
Although it has been known for some time that histone modifications play a role in gene expression [1], it is only in the last several years that the details of these modifications have been more fully described. Acetylation and methylation of histone tails, for example, exhibit characteristic patterns for e... | 15377381 | PMC521681 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:55 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2:21 |
Background
It is now generally accepted that the properties of a particular DNA sequence in cells are not solely defined by the nucleotide sequence itself, but by "epigenetic" modifications as well. Epigenetic modifications imply the methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides and covalent modifications of co... | 15383155 | PMC521682 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:29 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2004 Sep 21; 4:12 |
Background
Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-ß) is one of the most potent inhibitor of cell growth [1]. Almost all cancer cells loose the ability to be growth inhibited by TGF-ß, which makes loss of TGF-ß growth inhibition a hallmark of cancer development [2]. TGFBR1*6A is a common variant of the type I TGF-ß recept... | 15385056 | PMC521683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Sep 22; 5:28 |
Background
The large difference between cells from different tissues is the consequence of a complex regulatory machinery guiding the tissue specific expression of genes and their transcripts. Several genes have been described to exhibit differential splicing patterns for different tissues (E.g. PDE1C [1]; IRF-3 [2]) t... | 15453915 | PMC521684 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 28; 5:72 |
Background
Atherogenesis involves the cellular infiltration of several cell types, including monocytes, T lymphocytes, and mast cells. Cytokine secretion by these cells and endothelial cells are contributing factors in the growth and propagation of atherosclerotic plaques as well as the stability and degradation of fib... | 15383152 | PMC521685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Sep 21; 5:22 |
Background
L-Ascorbic acid (AsA), the reduced form of vitamin C, is an essential antioxidant for many biological systems and must be obtained via the diet by humans, primates and a few other animals which are unable to synthesise AsA endogenously [1]. The main dietary source of AsA for all these organisms are plants an... | 15377389 | PMC521686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Sep 17; 4:16 |
Background
There is increasing evidence that sympathetic nervous system mediated cardiovascular stimulation with increased catecholamine blood levels is the principal mechanism responsible for perioperative tachycardia and hypertension, myocardial ischemia and infarction [1-3]. Even short-lived changes may have detrime... | 15387891 | PMC521687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2004 Sep 23; 4:7 |
Background
Consumers of research (clinicians, researchers, educators, administrators) frequently use standard critical appraisal tools to evaluate the quality and utility of published research reports [1]. Critical appraisal tools provide analytical evaluations of the quality of the study, in particular the methods app... | 15369598 | PMC521688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Sep 16; 4:22 |
Background
Human airway surface is covered by a thin layer of liquid (airway surface liquid [ASL]) that contains many antimicrobial substances including lysozyme, lactoferrin, human β defensins, and the cathelicidin LL-37 [1-4]. The antibacterial activity of most of these innate immune mediators is salt-sensitive; an i... | 15377394 | PMC521689 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Sep 16; 5(1):13 |
Background
Persistent asthma is an allergic disease characterised by airway inflammation ([1-5]) and hyperresponsiveness to external stimuli ([1]). Mouse models of allergic airway sensitisation are often used to elucidate the pathobiology of this disease ([6-8]).
To date, a number of techniques have been used to measu... | 15385057 | PMC521690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Sep 23; 5(1):15 |
Background
Oxidative stress leading to the overproduction of free radicals in the lungs is present in many clinical situations. Such clinical settings include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), infants of prematurity going on to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulm... | 15450125 | PMC521691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Sep 27; 5(1):16 |
Background
Pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is increasingly acknowledged as an important health outcome measure in clinical trials and health services research and evaluation [1,2]. Additionally, in pediatric chronic health conditions, the impact of disease and treatment on family functioning is a salie... | 15450120 | PMC521692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 27; 2:55 |
Background
The potential impact of missing survey responses is often ignored in health-related quality of life (HRQL) studies [1,2]. Missing data from study participants can cause bias in parameter estimates of models predicting HRQL outcomes [2-4]. Unfortunately, regression models are frequently interpreted with the a... | 15373945 | PMC521693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Sep 16; 2:49 |
Background
Heart failure is among the most common chronic diseases in modern civilizations. The dilatation of the left ventricle frequently induces intracardiac conduction delays resulting in asynchronous left ventricular motion. This manifests as left bundle branch block in the surface ECG. Both QRS width and intraven... | 15369591 | PMC521694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Sep 15; 2:17 |
Background
In both plants and animals, during early meiosis in normal cells there is a clustering of all or most of the telomeres of the entire chromosome set to a single region on the nuclear membrane [1-3]. This meiotic looping of chromosomes with clustered ends has been termed the bouquet arrangement which appears s... | 15453908 | PMC521695 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Cell Chromosome. 2004 Sep 29; 3:3 |
Background
Oxythioquinox (Morestan™ or OTQ, Bayer Corp) is a prototypical pesticide that was first used in 1968 on crops such as apples, pears, cucumbers, and gherkins. However, its use was later confined to non-food crops, limiting exposure to nursery and greenhouse employees. OTQ is a member of the quinoxaline class ... | 15387888 | PMC521696 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Sep 23; 3:9 |
Background
Many patients do not eat and drink sufficiently during hospitalisation. Thus, 30–50% of the elderly patients are undernourished [1,2] and most of these patients' protein and energy requirements are not met [3,4]. Their muscular tissue, including their heart and respiratory muscles, is adversely affected by t... | 15363101 | PMC521697 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 13; 3:12 |
If you ask the average ten year old in America what a scientist looks like, they almost always describe an older man with crazy white hair and a lab coat. If you ask a group of adolescents how many have looked through a microscope, few raise their hands. If you discuss the implications of genetic research with a group ... | 15486571 | PMC521727 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:15 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e279 |
Diatoms, unicellular algae with ornate silica shells, have fascinated amateur and professional biologists ever since the invention of the microscope. But these days, diatoms and their exquisite shells are also attracting the attention of nanotechnologists who hope that diatoms will teach them how to make minute structu... | 15486572 | PMC521728 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e306 |
Sitting in the enveloping quietness of an anechoic chamber, or other quiet spot, you soon become aware that the ear makes its own distinctive sounds. Whistling, buzzing, hissing, perhaps a chiming chorus of many tones—such continuous sounds seem remarkably nonbiological to my perception, more in the realm of the electr... | 15486577 | PMC521729 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e337 |
A ban in the 1866s by the French Academy of Sciences on publications about the origin of human language must have been one of the strangest bans in the history of sciences. Yet it was highly effective. After the ban, scientists and interested laymen had to wait for more than a century to hold a textbook on language evo... | 0 | PMC521730 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e346 |
“Some qualities nature carefully fixes and transmits, but some, and those the finer, she exhales with the breath of the individual as too costly to perpetuate. But I notice also that they may become fixed and permanent in any stock, by painting and repainting them on every individual, until at last nature adopts them a... | 15486582 | PMC521731 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e347 |
Skeletal muscle demonstrates a remarkable plasticity, adapting to a variety of external stimuli (Booth and Thomason 1991; Chibalin et al. 2000; Hawley 2002; Flück and Hoppeler 2003), including habitual level of contractile activity (e.g., endurance exercise training), loading state (e.g., resistance exercise training),... | 15486583 | PMC521732 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:06 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e348 |
Most bird-pollinated flowers are both red and rich in nectar. The traditional explanation for this association is that, since red is inconspicuous to bees, it evolved to prevent bees from depleting the nectar of bird-pollinated flowers without effecting pollination. But bees can see, and they actually visit red flowers... | 15486585 | PMC521733 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:07 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e350 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 8
Nicotine's Defensive Function in Nature
Anke Steppuhn, Klaus Gase, Bernd Krock, Rayko Halitschke, Ian T. Baldwin
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020217
The Academic Editor was erroneously listed as Michael Levine. The Academic Editor for this paper is Joy Bergelson, Chicago Univers... | 0 | PMC521734 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct 12; 2(10):e382 |
Background
The 'genomics revolution' has provided the information needed to analyze how a genome responds to the environment in the formation of the "transcriptome", the portion of the genome that is transcribed. Microarrays, which offer the ability to analyze the expression ratios (ERs) of thousands of genes simultane... | 15350208 | PMC522747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Sep 7; 4:13 |
Background
The safety of genetically engineered foods must be assessed before authorities in most nations will consider granting market approval. An important issue in current food safety assessment is the evaluation of the potential allergenicity of food derived from biotechnology. Since many food allergens are protei... | 15373946 | PMC522748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 16; 5:133 |
Background
Mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases are frequent in patients with diabetes mellitus and high prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, also, are observed in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by renal replacement therapy, either renal transplantation (RT) and dialysis [... | 15355547 | PMC522749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Sep 8; 5:11 |
Background
One of the major clinical problems is how to best evaluate and manage the increasing numbers of patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) [1]. Liver biopsy is still recommended in most patients [2,3]. However, numerous studies strongly suggest that due to the limitations [4-6] and risks of biopsy [7... | 15387887 | PMC522750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Sep 23; 3:8 |
Introduction
The rapid development of experimental tools like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), tissue array analysis, phosphorylation of protein kinases, and fluorescence labeling combined with autoradiography on two-dimensional gels promises unprecedented, powerful strategies for the identific... | 15367330 | PMC522751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Sep 14; 1:8 |
Background
Hepatosplenomegaly is a widespread but neglected condition affecting many communities in sub-Saharan Africa where both Schistosoma mansoni and malaria infections are endemic. Severely enlarged and hard organs may be an indicator of increased portal pressure, as well as pointing to an increased risk of portal... | 15450118 | PMC522803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Sep 27; 2:36 |
Background
Lichen myxoedematosus (LM) represents a rare chronic skin disorder of unknown aetiology, which may often be accompanied by severe internal co-morbidity such as haematological involvement including paraproteinaemia, neurologic syndromes, gastrointestinal complications or cardiac abnormalities [1-4]. Clinicall... | 15385052 | PMC522804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Sep 22; 4:12 |
Background
A consistent feature of aged and photoaged skin is the flattening of the epidermal-dermal junction, evidenced in histological sections as a loss of rete ridges and the disappearance of papillary projections. The depth of interdigitation of the retepegs and the dermal papillae decreases with age [1]. Using co... | 15456516 | PMC522805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Sep 29; 4:13 |
Background
With the successful completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP), we are entering the post genomic era. Facing mass amounts of data, traditional biological experiments and data analysis techniques encounter great challenges. In this situation, cDNA microarrays and high-density oligonucleotide chips are novel... | 15450124 | PMC522806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 27; 5:136 |
Background
One particular family of cuticular proteins constitutes one of the largest multigene families known in insects [1]. Unrelated cuticular proteins are also numerous within a single species [2,3]. This diversity of cuticular proteins is extraordinary when one considers that chitin, the other principal constitue... | 15453918 | PMC522807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 28; 5:138 |
Background
The Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein is an important tumour suppressor in the colonic epithelium [1]. A key function of this highly conserved protein is to antagonize Wnt signalling, by constitutively downregulating the transcriptional activity of β-catenin/Armadillo, a key effector of the Wnt signal... | 15458577 | PMC522808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Sep 30; 5:37 |
Background
Present-day protein sequences can be used to reconstruct ancestral sequences based on a model of sequence evolution. Such knowledge about ancestral sequences is helpful for understanding the evolutionary processes as well as the functional aspects of a protein family. Existing methods of ancestral sequence r... | 15377393 | PMC522809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Sep 17; 4:33 |
Background
The advent of DNA microarrays has provided the science community with a tool to concurrently examine the expression of thousands of genes within a given cell or tissue type, thus providing a platform for future diagnoses and prognostic analyses of disease with gene-level specificity [1,2]. Microarray technol... | 15387886 | PMC522810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Sep 23; 5:71 |
Background
Candida species are now among the most important pathogens especially for the immunocompromised host. They are the fourth most common organisms recovered from blood cultures in hospitalized patients [1]. Candida albicans the most frequently isolated of the species, is a polymorphic organism. It can switch fr... | 15461824 | PMC522811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Oct 4; 5:17 |
Background
In humans, goal-directed movements to an object in space are improved by foveal vision, namely by gaze anchoring on the object [1]. Since motor and visual information are encoded in different reference frames, accurate reaching and grasping movements in space require ongoing registration and coordinate trans... | 15377390 | PMC522812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Sep 19; 5:35 |
Background
The gastrointestinal tract is the initial barrier to dietary constituents and is important in regulating nutrient entry, as well as keeping non-nutrients out. Additionally, the hepatobiliary system acts as an additional filter to rapidly excrete such non-nutrients into bile, thus keeping the net retention of... | 15383151 | PMC522813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep 21; 4:21 |
Background
Leptin, a 16-kilodalton protein, is involved in the regulation of food intake and body composition [1]. It was discovered in 1994 by Friedman et al. [2] and has been proposed to physiologically regulate body weight by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure [1,3,4].
In normal humans, circulat... | 15387890 | PMC522814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep 23; 4:23 |
Background
In addition to the determination of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, the avidity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies is an important parameter for the diagnosis or exclusion of acute infections. Testing of IgG avidity has been applied for a large variety of pathogens (reviewed in [1,2]). A correct diagnos... | 15355548 | PMC522815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 8; 4:33 |
Background
Norovirus (NV, previously "Norwalk-like viruses"), one of four genera in the Caliciviridae family, includes a group of morphologically similar but genetically different single-stranded RNA viruses. NVs represent the most important cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In industrialised countries ... | 15383150 | PMC522816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 21; 4:37 |
Background
Carcinoma of the esophagus is an aggressive malignancy with an increasing incidence. Its virulence, in terms of symptoms and mortality, justifies a continued search for optimal therapy. The large and growing number of patients affected, the high mortality rates, the worldwide geographic variation in practice... | 15447791 | PMC522817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 24; 4:67 |
Background
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor characterized by a heavy infiltration of non malignant lymphocytes and most of these tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been shown to be T cells [1].
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is causally associated with this malignanc... | 15450122 | PMC522818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Sep 27; 4:68 |
Background
In the rat the first 3 weeks of life constitute a critical period of neuromuscular plasticity. Contractile properties of muscles are not inherent, but are determined by the motor nerve, that supplies the muscle. This was shown by experiments of crossinnervation between fast and slow muscles [1].
Axotomy of ... | 15447790 | PMC522819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Sep 24; 5:33 |
Background
Radiotherapy is widely used in treating different types of cancer and is an effective therapeutic modality against abdominal and pelvic cancers. Gastrointestinal tract damage by radiotherapy limits its efficacy in cancer treatment. The small bowel is highly radiosensitive and very mobile and is thus an impor... | 15363103 | PMC522820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2004 Sep 13; 4:10 |
Background
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. CTL recognize target cells through processed antigenic peptides presented via MHC. In contrast, NK cells mediate lysis of numerous cellular targets without class... | 15380049 | PMC522821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Sep 20; 2:31 |
Background
A cholesterol lowering effect has been reported for a variety of soluble dietary fibres [1-5]. In February, 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized the use, on food labels and food labelling, of health claims on the association between soluble fibre from psyllium seed husk and a reduced risk o... | 15453909 | PMC522822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 28; 3:17 |
Background
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a skin disease, which usually begins as a painless nodule or papule and may progress to massive skin ulceration. If untreated BU may lead to extensive soft tissue destruction, with inflammation extending to deep fascia. The parts of the body most affected are the extremities. Subsequent ... | 15369592 | PMC522823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Sep 15; 3:19 |
Introduction
The control of proliferation, differentiation and survival of normal and malignant cells is under the control of a wide range of different factors. These include cell:cell interactions, immune regulatory factors, hormonal influences, and local environmental influences. However, the way in which these facto... | 15380050 | PMC522824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:35 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2004 Sep 20; 1:7 |
Background
Poor diet is thought to be a risk factor for many diseases [1,2]. One way of evaluating this risk is to carry out studies using dietary assessment techniques. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) have been the primary method of food self-reporting in nutritional epidemiology for the past 20 years, but it is n... | 15453910 | PMC522825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 28; 3:16 |
Background
There is increasing evidence that nutrients may be important in the development of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes. In the late 60s, the Mediterranean diet became a topic of interest primarily because of results of the Seven Countries Study, which demonstrated that t... | 15363100 | PMC522826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Sep 13; 3:13 |
Background
The transcription of protein-coding genes in distinct temporal and spatial patterns plays a central role in the differentiation and development of animal embryos. Decoding how the unique expression pattern of every transcript is encoded in DNA is essential to understanding how genome sequences specify organi... | 15345045 | PMC522868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:32 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 20; 5(9):R61 |
Background
Global gene-expression patterns are established and maintained by the concerted actions of transcription factors and the proteins that constitute chromatin. The global network of interactions between transcription factors and promoters in yeast is increasingly being characterized [1]. The role of chromatin i... | 15345046 | PMC522869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 20; 5(9):R62 |
Background
Physical interactions between proteins underpin most biological processes. For this reason, large-scale protein-interaction mapping projects have been initiated in several model organisms [1-6]. Unfortunately, projects of a similar scale have not yet been described for mammalian systems, with the result that... | 15345047 | PMC522870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 13; 5(9):R63 |
Background
Genes that have recently fallen out of use for an organism are often detectable in the genome as pseudogenes - disabled copies of genes characterizable by disruptions of their reading frames due to frameshifts and premature stop codons [1-3]. Surveys of the pseudogene populations of eukaryotes (budding yeast... | 15345048 | PMC522871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:32 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 26; 5(9):R64 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules with important regulatory functions in eukaryotic gene expression. The majority of known mature miRNAs are about 21-23 nucleotides long and have been found in a wide range of eukaryotes, from Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans to mouse and human (r... | 15345049 | PMC522872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:32 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 31; 5(9):R65 |
Background
Estrogens are involved in a number of vertebrate developmental and physiological processes. Human and animal studies have revealed the roles of estrogen receptor (ER) in female and male sexual development and behavior, reproductive functions, and the regulation of the neuroendocrine and cardiovascular system... | 15345050 | PMC522873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 12; 5(9):R66 |
Background
The Caudata (tailed amphibians such as salamanders) are a major focus of work in vertebrate evolution and speciation [1,2]. The salamander is also an important vertebrate model organism for understanding regeneration, being one of the few vertebrates that is able to regenerate entire body structures such as ... | 15345051 | PMC522874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 13; 5(9):R67 |
Background
MicroRNAs constitute a large class of small regulatory RNAs [1]. Their mechanism of action and the scope of their biological roles are beginning to be understood. The first two microRNAs were discovered as the products of heterochronic genes that control developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans [2]. In... | 15345052 | PMC522875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 31; 5(9):R68 |
Background
Microarrays allow the interrogation of the transcriptome, the set of genes transcribed in a particular cell type under a particular condition [1]. Arrays are particularly potent tools when their coverage is relatively comprehensive, based on a completed and well annotated genome, such as that of Drosophila [... | 15345053 | PMC522876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 26; 5(9):R69 |
Background
Microarray experiments are often used to identify potentially relevant genes in biological processes. By determining which genes are differentially expressed between different states, for example, hypotheses can be developed as to the role of those genes in the underlying biological mechanism [1-4]. However,... | 15345054 | PMC522877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 26; 5(9):R70 |
Background
Structural genomics and structural proteomics involve the systematic structural analysis of large sets of proteins [1,2]. Structural analysis requires protein samples of high quality and reasonable quantity [3]. Bacterial protein-expression systems, namely Escherichia coli, are well suited for preparing such... | 15345055 | PMC522878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 17; 5(9):R71 |
Background
The complete genome sequences of various eukaryotic model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, have revealed a large number of novel genes of unknown functions. In S. cerevisiae, for example, around 1,... | 15345056 | PMC522879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:33 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Aug 31; 5(9):R72 |
Introduction
Formation of organs depends on successive programs of gene expression during development. Temporal regulation of transcription is critical to achieve spatial patterning, as seen during vertebrate somitogenesis (Pourquie 2003). Temporal regulation is also essential to integrate the progression of events tha... | 15492775 | PMC523228 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 2(11):e352 |
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