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Background
Tuberculosis is one of the most important health problems in the world, with more than 8 million new cases and almost 2 million deaths each year [1,2]. The detection and management of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) is a principal aim of tuberculosis control programs. However, smear-negative pulmonary tuberculos... | 16504086 | PMC1402281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 23; 6:43 |
Background
Between one and two children per 1000 live births have a moderate or greater bilateral permanent hearing loss [1-3]. Children with congenital hearing impairment benefit from early detection and management of their hearing loss [4,5]. The neurological development of auditory pathways requires acoustic stimula... | 16504089 | PMC1402282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 23; 6:14 |
Background
The two overarching goals of Healthy People 2010 are to increase quality and healthy years of life and eliminate health disparities. Recognizing that the health disparity between men and women is not simply biological, the agenda of Healthy People 2010 calls for greater attention to and scientific exploratio... | 16504097 | PMC1402283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 23; 6:15 |
Background
Leonard Thompson, a Canadian child, was given his first injection of insulin on 11 January 1922 [1]. He was the first patient to be treated with insulin for Type 1 diabetes. Having survived some 2 1/2 years from his diagnosis, he had done better than most Type 1 diabetic patients in the pre-insulin era. Thre... | 16504123 | PMC1402284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 24; 6:17 |
Background
Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS; unstable angina or myocardial infarction) are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and therefore secondary prevention is an important consideration for health providers [1-3]. Reductions in subsequent morbidity and mortality have been establ... | 16476160 | PMC1402285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 13; 6:9 |
Background
The APS is a multi-system autoimmune disease characterised by vascular thrombosis and/or recurrent pregnancy loss in patients who test positive for either aPL or lupus anticoagulant [1]. APS carries a significant burden of morbidity and mortality [2] with long-term anticoagulation being the only treatment wi... | 16472380 | PMC1402286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Feb 10; 6:8 |
Background
Schizophrenia is often a severe and persistent mental illness, characterized by cognitive deficits, thought disorganization, mood abnormalities, and multiple functional deficits. Expert consensus guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia [1] have identified psychosocial interventions and continuous antip... | 16504026 | PMC1402287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Feb 21; 6:8 |
Background
Specific identification of cell types in bovine tissues is hindered by the limited availability of anti-bovine antibodies. The species cross-reactivity information of other commercially available antibodies is also often limited. Thus, suitable antibodies must be searched for by trial and error. This is furt... | 16441877 | PMC1402288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 27; 2:5 |
Background
Development of plant organs is determined by differential gene expression which can be regulated at many different levels. The major mechanism of differential gene expression is transcriptional regulation [1] which is controlled by transcription factors that bind to DNA cis-elements located in gene promoters... | 16504065 | PMC1402289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Feb 22; 2:3 |
Introduction
If one studies insects, one is familiar with the fact that the number of metameric units counted on the dorsal side of the body usually matches the number on the ventral side. For example, the insect thorax has three tergites on the dorsal side corresponding to three sternites and three pairs of legs on th... | 16451739 | PMC1402290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Feb 2; 3:2 |
Background
In addition to knowledge and skills, the personality of a lecturer plays an important role in the learning process. Exposing students to excellent role models inspires them to study better[1]. Successful lecturers communicate with students and their colleagues more effectively. Successful lecturers are also ... | 16503974 | PMC1402291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Feb 17; 6:9 |
Background
Cardiolipin (1'- [1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl]-3'- [1",2"-diacyl-sn-glycero-3"-phosphoryl]-sn-glycerol; 1,3-diphosphatidylglycerol) is a phospholipid found in particularly high concentrations in the heart. In mammalian cells, it is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane [1] and is known for its... | 16430781 | PMC1402292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jan 23; 5:2 |
Background
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated cells that, like somatic stem cells, possess the unique ability of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. ES cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a developing pre-implantation embryo. Unlike most somatic cells, ES cells are spontaneously immorta... | 16457732 | PMC1402293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 3; 4:5 |
Background
Musculoskeletal pain is common in the adult population and one of the most common reasons to seek primary care[1]. The prevalence of long-lasting pain has been described according to specific locations [2-6] or as regional and widespread pain [7-9]. In cross-sectional general population studies it has been r... | 16504100 | PMC1402294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 23; 7:17 |
Background
Conventional real-time B-mode ultrasonography is a valuable tool for quantitative assessment of skeletal muscle thickness, and high positive correlations have been found between muscle thickness and muscle volume and strength [1], respectively. Further, different tissue types reflect ultrasound differently. ... | 16420695 | PMC1402295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jan 18; 7:2 |
Background
Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy has been popularly applied for the diagnosis of diseases of the alimentary canal including Crohn's Disease, Celiac disease and other malabsorption disorders, benign and malignant tumors of the small intestine, vascular disorders and medication related small bowel injury. There... | 16504138 | PMC1402296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 25; 5:14 |
When Francisco Azuaje, in charge of the Reviews Section of Biomedical Engineering On-Line, proposed this book to the Editorial Board, I had immediately the inner feeling that the job was worthwhile. When the copy reached me and I browsed it, I said to myself, "boy, this is good!", and I took it with me to Havanna, Cuba... | 0 | PMC1402297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 8; 5:9 |
Introduction
Standing balance is a task that relies on the integration of sensory systems including somatosensory tactile and joint receptors as well as visual and vestibular systems. Deficits in any one of these systems can have an impact on the ability to detect changes in balance, and prevent a slip or fall.
The no... | 16433916 | PMC1402298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jan 24; 3:2 |
Background
During the last three decades, dramatic changes have occurred in health care provision in western countries. Managed care plans attempt to reduce costs by encouraging primary health care providers to handle a greater and wider range of conditions [1]. In the U.S.A., approximately 6% of outpatient visits are ... | 16448566 | PMC1402299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jan 31; 7:6 |
Background
The use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) for individual as for collective protection against malaria has been shown to reduce morbidity of childhood malaria (below five years of age) by 50% and global child mortality by 20%–30% [1-3]. ITNs are now considered to represent efficient tools for malaria vec... | 16472385 | PMC1402300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 10; 5:12 |
Background
A curable and preventable disease, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Early treatment of infectious cases reduces spread of TB. Therefore rapid and accurate identification of infected individuals is mandatory [1,2].
Currently, mycobacteriology laboratory ... | 16504161 | PMC1402301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 27; 6:37 |
Background
The cardinal clinical feature of cholera is a severe dehydrating diarrhea, which can lead to severe and rapidly progressing dehydration and shock. Despite advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology and transmission, cholera remains a major international health concern. In 2003, the World Health Org... | 16451731 | PMC1402302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1; 6:17 |
Background
Cross-sectional studies and case reports show that hearing loss may be common among HIV-infected people [1-3]. Hearing loss may be associated with HIV infection itself, opportunistic infections, or ototoxic drug therapy [1]. However, in up to 50% of HIV-infected people with hearing loss, no cause can be iden... | 16504011 | PMC1402303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 20; 6:28 |
Background
Cortex and cognition
The absolute and relative volumes of anatomically defined brain regions-such as the mammalian cerebral cortex-are of functional importance both within and across species [1-4]. In humans, the volume of the cerebral hemispheres ranges between 850 and 1380 cm3 in young adults [5]. Further,... | 16503985 | PMC1402304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 17; 7:16 |
Background
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer fatality in the United States amongst males [1]. Development of chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis of tumor cells with lower toxicity in patients is currently being investigated by many scientists. Many of these agents have been synthetically en... | 16433906 | PMC1402305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 24; 6:22 |
Background
Until recently, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy was the only drug regularly used for the palliation of patients with the most common types of cancer, such as colorectal, breast and stomach cancer, and it has been reported to have a limited impact on survival [1]. The overall treatment results remained un... | 16504126 | PMC1402306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 24; 6:42 |
Background
Worldwide, the incidence of colorectal cancer has been rising nowadays. It is the second mortality caused by cancers in western countries and the third or fourth in China [1]. Many tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and growth factor genes have been demonstrated to be involved in the carcinogenesis of colon ... | 16504081 | PMC1402307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 23; 6:40 |
Background
The hereditary hemochromatosis gene HFE (6p21.3) 4 Mb telomeric to the HLA-A locus, and its product has a structure similar to MHC class I molecules [1]. It has a critical role in iron homeostasis. The total number of HFE variants detected to date is at least 37, of which 19 are missense [2]. Two mutations, ... | 16503999 | PMC1402308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 19; 6:37 |
Background
The construction of libraries of recombinant antibody fragments that are displayed on the surface of filamentous phage, and the selection of phage antibodies against target antigens, have become an important technological tool in generating new monoclonal antibodies for research and clinical applications. Hu... | 16504122 | PMC1402309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 24; 6:41 |
Background
Hypoxic regions are a common feature within rapidly growing malignant tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tissue hypoxia caused by inadequate blood supply occurs very early during tumor development, usually when the tumor diameter is just a few millimeters [1]. Therefore, over-expression of hy... | 16438736 | PMC1402310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 27; 6:26 |
Background
While the assessment of adverse effects in systematic reviews of health care interventions is undoubtedly essential, there are significant methodological challenges in undertaking such reviews [1,2]. Some guidance is available from The Cochrane Collaboration [3] but the lack of empirical knowledge remains a ... | 16441876 | PMC1402311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jan 27; 6:3 |
Background
TGIF (thymine guanine interacting factor) is a homeodomain containing protein which was first identified by its ability to bind adjacent to a specific retinoic acid response element [1]. TGIF is a transcriptional repressor, which interacts with general corepressors, including CtBP and the mSin3A/histone deac... | 16436215 | PMC1402312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jan 25; 7:2 |
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a diploid retrovirus whose genome consists of two RNA molecules per virion. This viral RNA serves as the template for proviral DNA synthesis by the virus-encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme.
HIV-1 is characterized by its rapid genetic evolution and high d... | 16483381 | PMC1402313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Feb 16; 3:14 |
Background
The availability of effective treatment for HIV/AIDS through antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in dramatic declines in morbidity, mortality and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in resource-rich countries [1,2]. Similar results have been reported in well-designed and -staffed programmes providing A... | 16438710 | PMC1402314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jan 26; 4:1 |
Introduction
A motivated and qualified workforce is crucial to increase the productivity and quality of health services in order to contribute to achieving health services targets. Priority programmes have a stake in a skilled and motivated workforce, as they are implemented primarily by a health facility's existing he... | 16469107 | PMC1402315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Feb 9; 4:2 |
Background
It has been reported that IgE-mediated inflammation to mites is associated with diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis and that the relatively minor determinants of house dust mite (HDM) allergens show IgE binding with 40% or more of allergic sera [1-4]. The most frequently implica... | 16504003 | PMC1402316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Feb 20; 4:4 |
Introduction
This study was designed as a preliminary screen to determine whether Pigment A TiO2 particles (TiO2 particles that have been substantially encapsulated with pyrogenically deposited, amorphous silica) impart significant toxicity in the lungs of rats, and more importantly, how the activity of this TiO2 formu... | 16438714 | PMC1402317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Jan 26; 3:3 |
Background
When deposited in the lung, ultra-fine particles, i.e. particles with a diameter less than 100 nm, are probably more dangerous than large particles. The smaller the particles are, the greater surface area they have per mass unit: This implies that they have a greater chemical activity, can carry more PAH and... | 16504008 | PMC1402318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Feb 20; 3:4 |
Background
Image-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of lymph nodes is commonly used for detecting and staging malignancies and is also useful in demonstrating therapy-associated change [1,2]. Despite concerns[3], there is an overwhelming consensus amongst cytopathologists that with correct utilization of the technique... | 16430774 | PMC1402319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Jan 23; 3:1 |
Background
With a prevalence of approximately 20% of the general population [1] chronic upper limb pain and physical impairment constitute diagnostic challenges to clinicians in many specialties (family medicine, orthopaedic surgery, rheumatology, neurology, and occupational medicine etc.). Patients may be undiagnosed ... | 16483371 | PMC1402320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Feb 16; 6:8 |
Background
Autoimmune diseases are often common chronic conditions that involve immune attack of one or more organ systems and affect approximately 5% of the population. Although the specific aetiologies of human autoimmune diseases remain largely unknown, in the case of type 1 diabetes [OMIM: 222100], four susceptibil... | 16504056 | PMC1402321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Feb 22; 7:12 |
Background
Identifying genes underlying complex quantitative traits, which are often heterogeneous and multifactorial, is still a great challenge in genetic epidemiology studies. Currently, a commonly used strategy for mapping complex traits is to use a genome-wide linkage analysis to narrow suspected genes to regions ... | 16426440 | PMC1402322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jan 20; 7:5 |
Background
Tight junction proteins combine to form an important barrier which serves to limit paracellular transport in epithelial cell lines [1]. Important studies have identified occludin [2], junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) [3] and the claudins [4] as tight junction proteins that restrict molecular movement withi... | 16504032 | PMC1402323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Physiol. 2006 Feb 21; 6:2 |
Background
This conference was the final meeting of the EU project "T-Cells in Aging", T-CIA [1]. T-CIA brought 8 European centers together for 3 years to study T cell immunosenescence in clonal models in vitro and ex vivo in the elderly. The former focused on long-term cultures of T cell clones (TCC), the latter on lo... | 16504129 | PMC1402324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Feb 24; 3:2 |
Background
The incidence and severity of human diseases vary between the sexes: For example, autoimmune diseases are generally more common in females than in males and are most marked in women of childbearing age [1-3]. Thus, it appears that susceptibility to autoimmunity is expressed at the time of puberty. Puberty is... | 16504066 | PMC1402325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Feb 22; 7:2 |
Background
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is assumed to be the most significant risk factor in glaucoma, but recent evidences indicate that vascular risk factors may also play a role. Impaired microcirculation and abnormal perfusion may cause glaucomatous damage in the optic nerve head. Anatomical or functional abnormaliti... | 16504073 | PMC1402326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Feb 23; 6:6 |
Background
Chemoprophylaxis with antibiotics is both feasible and desirable for prevention of a potentially serious disease when specific groups at risk can be defined and when a safe, effective, and affordable prophylactic agent is available [1]. One of such potentially serious diseases is posttraumatic meningitis. Th... | 16542035 | PMC1402327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Jan 18; 7:2 |
Background
A great deal of effort and expense are being expended internationally in attempts to detect genetic polymorphisms contributing to susceptibility to complex human disease. Concomitantly, the technology for detecting and scoring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has undergone rapid development, yielding e... | 16466584 | PMC1402328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 9; 7:60 |
Background
Biomedical named entity recognition (Bio-NER) is a fundamental technique for literature mining. It can be applied to various applications, such as disease-treatment relation extraction [1], gene list creation [2], semantic relation extraction between concepts in a molecular biology ontology [3], and gene fun... | 16504116 | PMC1402329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 24; 7:92 |
Background
Motivation
Being crucial to diagnostic and prognostic applications, a plethora of methods have been brought to bear on microarray data classification in the field of cancer research [1-3]. Microarray data analysis is beset by the 'curse of dimensionality' (a.k.a. small-n-large-p problem) [4]. This problem re... | 16483361 | PMC1402330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 16; 7:73 |
Background
The cancer cell karyotype is often complex and can include a range of molecular alterations that span mutations at the single nucleotide level to extensive rearrangements involving whole chromosomes. The activation of oncogenes as the result of DNA amplifications and the inactivation of tumor suppressor gene... | 16504045 | PMC1402331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 21; 7:83 |
Background
Elucidating the nature and biology of the primitive pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) has been a major goal of research efforts in hematopoiesis. Practical and accurate identification of primitive human HSC is useful for both research investigation of stem cell physiology, as well as for clinical app... | 16480521 | PMC1402332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Feb 16; 4:9 |
Introduction
Great advances have been made in the study of mechanisms of the circadian clock in the past decade. Since the identification of a master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus of mammals, researchers sought to identify the nature of the clock and characterize its c... | 16480518 | PMC1402333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Feb 16; 4:2 |
Background
The green algae are divided into the phyla Streptophyta and Chlorophyta. The Streptophyta (sensu Bremer [1]) encompasses the algae from the class Charophyceae and all land plants, whereas the Chlorophyta (sensu Sluiman [2]) contains algae from the classes Prasinophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chl... | 16472375 | PMC1402334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Feb 3; 4:3 |
Background
The 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1A) is one of several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Serotonin has a role in moderating several brain functions and is involved in the aetiology of several psychiatric disorders. Evidence for a role of 5-HT1A receptor in the pathophysiology o... | 16504134 | PMC1403155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Feb 25; 2:7 |
In 1977 Carl Woese and George Fox expanded our appreciation of microbial diversity by analyzing the genetic sequence of a molecule (ribosomal RNA) found in all cells. They discovered that species previously classified as bacteria, called methanogenic bacteria, possessed unique enzymes and an unusual metabolism based on... | 20076558 | PMC1403156 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 4(4):e123 |
Most anyone can tell grape juice from fine wine with a quick sip, but distinguishing a French Syrah from an Australian Shiraz requires a more refined palette, plus perhaps a bout of sniffing and swirling. Similarly, our sensory neurons’ ability to make distinctions depends on the task at hand: in some cases, they excel... | 20076556 | PMC1403157 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 4(4):e118 |
Introduction
Crenarchaeota are abundant in the world's oceans, comprising an estimated 20% of all planktonic prokaryotes [
1,
2]. They are distributed over a wide depth range, spanning both euphotic and aphotic zones [
3–
5], and at least one species,
Cenarchaeum symbiosum, has a symbiotic association with the marine ... | 16533068 | PMC1403158 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 4(4):e95 |
Introduction
Since the earliest studies of sensory systems [
1], the contribution of individual neurons to sensory function has been assessed by measuring their responses to a relevant set of stimuli. The standard tool in performing this characterization is the neuronal tuning curve: a plot of the average firing rate o... | 16529529 | PMC1403159 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 4(4):e92 |
Background
Voltage -gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are critical to action potential generation and neuronal excitability. Within the nervous system, at least nine subtypes, defined by their pore-forming α-subunit, each with individual functional and expression characteristics, are expressed [1]. Of these, Nav 1.8 has a ... | 16478543 | PMC1403745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Feb 14; 2:5 |
Background
Analysis of the chromosomal background upon which a mutation occurs can be used to reconstruct the origins of specific disease-causing mutations. Mutations that are seen repeatedly on a common haplotype are likely to have descended from a common ancestor, and are referred to as "founder mutations". Several f... | 16509964 | PMC1403746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 1; 7:15 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Stephan Beck, Lutz Walter and Pierre Pontarotti.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is found in the genome of all vertebrates from cartilaginous fish to mammals. This region, which covers over two megabas... | 16542007 | PMC1403747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jan 31; 1:2 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Sandor Pongor, Christopher Lee and Mikhail Blagosklonny.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The p53 protein is called "the guardian of the genome" because this multifunctional transcription factor, which regulates cell cycle progression, repair ... | 16542006 | PMC1403748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jan 31; 1:4 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Mikhail Blagosklonny, David Krakauer, Erik Van Nimwegen, and Ned Wingreen. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Mathematical modeling of virus-cell interaction has a long history. Grounded in the vast and diverse theoretical epidemiology field, the... | 16542009 | PMC1403749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Feb 17; 1:6 |
Background
Cervicogenic headache (CEH) is a unilateral headache localised in the neck or occipital region, projecting to the frontal and temporal regions. CEH has been described as early as 1926 [1]. Sjaastad et al. were the first to give it its current name [2,3], and these authors formulated diagnostic criteria [4-6]... | 16483374 | PMC1403750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Feb 16; 6:1 |
Background
In response in part to the Institute of Medicine's reports "Crossing the Quality Chasm" [1] and "To Err is Human" [2], and the American Medical Informatics Association's position paper on the use of clinical decision support in electronic prescribing [3] there is increased pressure to implement state of the ... | 16451720 | PMC1403751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Feb 1; 6:6 |
Introduction
Vinclozolin has been identified as an anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor that produces malformations related to androgen inhibition in rats [1]. This fungicide, used on food crops (soft fruits and vegetables) such as grapes used in wine [2], can be toxic in high doses, but its "no observed adverse effects... | 16504050 | PMC1403752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Feb 21; 5:4 |
Introduction
Migration, transmigration, [1] return migration, and remigration constitute defining elements of the current and future world order. More than 700 million people (including visitors on business or personal/family trips) traverse nation-state borders annually [2,3] and one million per week move between the ... | 16441899 | PMC1403753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Global Health. 2006 Jan 30; 2:2 |
Background
The Chlamydiales are clinically important intracellular parasites and endosymbionts of eukaryotic hosts, and cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals [1]. Recently, the taxonomic classification of this group was revised and currently contains at least 4 distinct families (viz.Chlamydiaceae, Si... | 16436211 | PMC1403754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:18 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 25; 7:14 |
Background
Gene expression analysis provides a view of transcriptional activity and regulation, which is useful as an indicator of likely protein expression and potential function. The current approaches to measuring gene expression vary from parallel semi-quantitative measurements of large numbers of mRNA transcripts ... | 16504128 | PMC1403755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:18 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 24; 7:34 |
Background
Vacuolar accumulation of anthocyanins in berry skin is responsible for the pigmentation of red/blue grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is developmentally triggered at the onset of berry ripening (8–10 weeks after blooming) and lasts till harvest [1]. Expression profiling of struct... | 16433923 | PMC1403756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 24; 7:12 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common life-shortening genetic disorder among Caucasians caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), leading to respiratory, pancreatic, and gastro-intestinal disorders [1]. Forty years ago, CF was invariably a fatal disease of early c... | 16438722 | PMC1403757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 26; 7(1):14 |
Background
Over the past decade an increasing number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) gene have been identified. Initially the focus of research was on two highly prevalent non-synonymous SNPs in the coding region of the gene that both result in an amino acid substitution in the ... | 16448568 | PMC1403758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 31; 7(1):19 |
Background
Most of the research concerning the effects of gonadal hormones on the baroreflex bradycardia has focused on 17β-estradiol. However, our preliminary findings [1], confirmed later by El-Mas et al. [2], have provided evidence that androgens (including testosterone) play an important role in the mediation of ba... | 16430770 | PMC1403759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 23; 6:2 |
Background
Opioid ligands possess a variety of physiological activities and medical uses, with the most prominent being in the treatment of pain. Pharmacological studies indicate that selective μ-opioid agonists are effective antinociceptive agents in virtually every test of analgesia [1,2]. However, at their analgesic... | 16433932 | PMC1403760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 25; 6:3 |
Background
All climate and weather variables have some influence on human health. The effect may be either directly on the human body or indirectly through effects on disease-causing organisms or their vectors. Although the effects of variation of only one weather element may be examined in a particular study, that ele... | 16504096 | PMC1403761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:18 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 23; 6:44 |
Background
Migration is a phenomenon reshaping society structure in numerous countries [1]. It is of particular Public Health importance because the health status of migrants frequently differs from that of the general population of the country these people come to, the "host country", as well as from that of the popul... | 16438727 | PMC1403762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:18 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 26; 6:16 |
Background
Sub-Saharan Africa is in an orphan-care crisis: 12.3 million children under age 15 have lost one parent (single orphans) or both parents (double orphans) to AIDS [1]. The burden of parental death from AIDS is greatest in southern Africa. In Zimbabwe, 19% of all children were orphans in 2003, four-fifths of t... | 16469104 | PMC1403763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:18 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 9; 6:27 |
Background
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a nonessential sulfur-containing amino acid formed from the demethylation of an essential amino acid, methionine [1]. Plasma folate and vitamin B12 influence homocysteine metabolism as cosubstrate and cofactor, respectively [2]. Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) has been linked ... | 16472406 | PMC1403764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 13; 6:29 |
Background
An adverse event is defined as an unintended injury or complication which results in death, disability or prolonged hospitalisation, and is caused by healthcare management [1]. Studies over the previous two decades have used various strategies to investigate the epidemiology of adverse events; most relate to... | 16504067 | PMC1403765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 22; 6:41 |
Background
Smoking is an important health threat worldwide. 1.1 billion people smoke globally and 4.5 million people die annually because of smoking. Tobacco is responsible for an average loss of 20 years of life expectancy [1-3]. The economic cost of cigarettes and their consequences on health are significant. The neg... | 16436202 | PMC1403766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 25; 6:15 |
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major health problem in the industrialized world. More than 40% of all deaths in Denmark (24.156 of 60000 in 1998) are caused by CVD. The highest prevalence of several CVD risk factors including obesity, smoking and low physical activity level is observed in adults of low ... | 16441892 | PMC1403767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 27; 6:20 |
Background
Estrogen exerts various biological effects in numerous organs throughout the body and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases including breast cancer, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disorders. Most of the estrogenic effects are mediated via the two known estrogen receptors, ERα an... | 16507095 | PMC1403768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Feb 28; 6:11 |
Background
The observation that DNA polymerases synthesize DNA in a unidirectional manner (5'-3') and do not completely replicate the 5' end of a linear DNA template, led Olovnikov and Watson to independently speculate that linear chromosomes would undergo a gradual loss of terminal DNA with each round of DNA replicati... | 16504006 | PMC1403769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Feb 20; 6:10 |
Background
Staphylococcus intermedius is found in a wide range of animal species including pigeons and dogs. It is recognized as normal flora of dogs and pigeons [1] and a principal causative agent of skin infections, mainly pyoderma, in dogs. It has been reported that the isolation frequency of S. intermedius from pig... | 16438708 | PMC1403770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 26; 2:4 |
Introduction
It had been discovered that plasmid DNA encoding a protein antigen could serve as an effective immunogen. Since then, DNA-based vaccines have garnered attention for their potential as alternative treatments for various diseases [1]. For vaccinologists, the main advantages of this approach are the adjuvant ... | 16445866 | PMC1403771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2006 Jan 30; 4:1 |
Background
The phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute an enzyme family of p85/p110 heterodimers responsible for regulating numerous biological processes in diverse cell types [1] such as cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. Of particular interest is the role of this pathway in lymphocyte activat... | 16507111 | PMC1403772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Feb 28; 7:10 |
Background
A number of randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews show that organised stroke care, mainly in the form of a stroke unit, reduces early mortality and improves disability for patients with stroke [1]. The implementation of this research into clinical practice has been slow. Only recently have most... | 16504101 | PMC1403773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 23; 6:16 |
Background
Nearly 10 % of the population in French Polynesia is still infected with Wuchereria bancrofti filariae with the Society and Marquisas archipelagos being the most heavily infected. Monitoring the efficacy of filariasis elimination programs depends on careful evaluation of infection levels in the human and vec... | 16504131 | PMC1403774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Feb 24; 5:2 |
Background
Weak magnetic fields (MF) and low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) were ubiquitous environmental factors on the earth at every time. The former mainly originates from the geomagnetic field, the latter from complex interactions of weather phenomena and impacting cosmic particles in the atmosphere, which... | 16457719 | PMC1403775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2006 Feb 3; 4:1 |
Background
Stocker et al, named undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver, as an entity in 1978 on the basis of an Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) series [1]. It is a rare, highly malignant hepatic neoplasm, affecting almost exclusively the pediatric population. The prognosis is poor but recent evidenc... | 16504010 | PMC1403776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 20; 4:9 |
Background
With the ageing of the population, the prevalence of degenerative joint diseases is increasing. Reports show that over a one-year period, 25% of people over 55 years have a persistent episode of knee pain, of whom annually about one in six consult their general practitioner, in both the UK and the Netherland... | 16504087 | PMC1403777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 23; 7:15 |
Background
The misuse of alcohol is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of preventable death in Australia, [1] and one in ten adults are at long-term risk of harm from their alcohol consumption [2-4]. There is good evidence that brief interventions are effective in reducing alcohol consumption and related problem... | 16457737 | PMC1403778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Feb 6; 6:8 |
Background
Computer-aided instruction (CAI) has become an increasingly important component of the medical curriculum due in large part to the development of Internet applications and the ease with which curricular content is distributed through networks [1-4]. The rapid increase in development of educational software a... | 16451719 | PMC1403779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Feb 1; 6:7 |
Background
Suboptimal nutrition in children, due to a chronic reduction of energy/nutrient intake over a long period of time, causes a deceleration of growth accompanied by inadequate weight gain [1]. The deceleration of growth may be an adaptation mechanism to suboptimal nutrient intake that results in short stature [... | 16448560 | PMC1403780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jan 31; 3:11 |
Background
The premenstrual human endometrium displays increased prostaglandin-generating capacity, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines [1,2] and a leukocyte infiltrate that comprises nearly one-half of the cell population [3-5]. Among endometrial leukocyte subtypes, neutrophils are virtually absent until the mid... | 16445864 | PMC1403781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jan 30; 4:2 |
Background
The efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is shown by the fact that many patients achieve suppression of viral load (VL) below the limits of detection (uVL) along with an increase of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (CD4+) [1,2], resulting in a good clinical outcome [3,4]. Immediate suppression of VL is... | 16433913 | PMC1403782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 24; 6:10 |
Background
Dengue fever is mostly a rather undifferentiated febrile disease with non-specific signs and symptoms, and molecular and serological tests are can be used to confirm the clinical diagnosis.
Serological confirmation of dengue has become available to many laboratories by commercially available assays. Dengue ... | 16436203 | PMC1403783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 25; 6:13 |
Background
Tetrahymena thermophila is one of the most extensively examined ciliated protozoa and for decades it has served as a model organism in different research areas. The discovery of telomeres [1] and telomerase [2] as well as RNA-mediated catalysis [3] were discovered and studied in Tetrahymena. Within the last ... | 16507097 | PMC1403784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 28; 6:19 |
Background
The amitochondriate protist Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for the number one incidence of sexually transmitted disease (STD) worldwide with ~9 million new cases of vaginitis in the US and 250 million cases worldwide [1-3]. There are serious health consequences for women, including adverse pregnancy ou... | 16448556 | PMC1403785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jan 31; 6:6 |
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