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Background
Epithelial ovarian neoplasms are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in women. The three main categories of ovarian neoplasms are benign, borderline and malignant, which differ with respect to their biologic characteristics, management and prognosis. Tumors of 'borderline malignancy' are an importa... | 16504109 | PMC1397834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 24; 4:12 |
Background
Establishing cell polarity in eukaryotes is dependent upon highly regulated endomembrane cycling (endocytosis, exocytosis and inter-organelle trafficking) [1-3]. Regulated endomembrane cycling allows for delivery and removal of specific molecules at localized sites, which facilitates formation of morphogenic... | 16504093 | PMC1397835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Feb 23; 6:5 |
Introduction
The Surgeon General recently highlighted bone health as an important public health issue in the United States and 20% of osteoporosis occurs in men. [1,2] Bone mass accumulates throughout childhood and adolescence until peak bone mass is reached during the third decade of life. When higher BMD is attained ... | 16480509 | PMC1397836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Feb 15; 3:14 |
Background
Despite recent advances in modelling, and the success of total hip replacements, it is still not clear what stresses are generated within the proximal femur (the head and neck) during physiological loading. The traditional description is based on the work of the nineteenth century engineer, Cullman, who obse... | 16504005 | PMC1397837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 20; 5:12 |
Background
Arsenic, as trivalent arsenite (As3+) or pentavalent arsenate (As5+), is naturally occurring and ubiquitously present in the environment. Arsenical compounds are environmental toxins with multiple effects in animal and human populations [1,2]. Humans are exposed to arsenic mainly through oral or inhalation r... | 16483355 | PMC1397838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 16; 4:9 |
Background
Deficiency of vitamin D, leading to osteoporosis and osteomalacia, is well known in elderly people in Western countries. A European survey in community dwellers over 70 years showed hypovitaminosis D (25- [OH] vitamin D <30 nmol/l) in 36% of men and 47% of women [1].
Hypovitaminosis D and osteomalacia have ... | 16430783 | PMC1397839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jan 23; 7:4 |
Background
Flow cytometry has been established as a standard tool in the characterization of eukaryote cells and their interactions. Flow cytometric adherence assay has in recent years also been adopted for the analysis of interactions between bacteria and eukaryotic cells [1,2]. The results suggest some benefits over ... | 16504124 | PMC1397840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 24; 6:18 |
Background
Anacystis nidulans is a rod-shaped, unicellular prokaryotic cyanobacterium and plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems as a primary producer. It is often used as an indicator for studying the toxic metabolic levels of heavy metals. Many heavy metal studies have been done using A. nidulans as the model ... | 16504132 | PMC1397841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 24; 6:17 |
Background
E. sakazakii is a motile, non-spore forming, Gram negative facultative anaerobe microorganism. It was previously referred to as "yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae" until it was designated a unique species by Farmer et al. [1].
The organism is an occasional contaminant of powdered infant formula milk tha... | 16504079 | PMC1397842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 23; 6:15 |
Background
Influenza A viruses have a segmented genome of single-stranded negative-sense RNA and belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae [1]. They have been isolated from a variety of animals, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds [2]. There are 16 subtypes of influenza virus A, among them the highly pat... | 16504108 | PMC1397843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 24; 6:16 |
Background
In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in pain among elderly people. Pain among nursing home residents is a common and major problem. Statistics indicate that pain is twice as likely to occur in individuals aged 60 and older as in younger persons [1-3]. The prevalence of pain in elderly nursin... | 16441889 | PMC1397844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Jan 27; 6:3 |
Background
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common respiratory pathogens [1]. Generally, it causes mild respiratory diseases managed by primary care physicians. The most common presentation is community acquired pneumonia in which it is responsible for more than 20% of cases, but is responsible as well for uppe... | 16451727 | PMC1397845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1; 6:18 |
Background
Thorough search for the evolution of methods of immunointervention in sepsis is based on animal models of pre-treatment. In these models therapy is administered before induction of sepsis; as a consequence their findings signify the importance of the administered compound to inhibit triggering of the inflamm... | 16504031 | PMC1397846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 21; 6:31 |
Background
Clinical manifestations of Q fever endocarditis are protean in nature. Mixed cryoglobulinemia type II is rarely a facet of the presenting clinical manifestations of Q fever endocarditis.
Case presentation
A 65-year-old pensioner was admitted to our hospital in May 2000 because of a two-month history of feve... | 16504099 | PMC1397847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 23; 6:32 |
Background
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common illness with a wide range of causative agents. The medical history of the patient and the clinical findings may be suggestive for the aetiology of CAP. In most cases, however, a reliable prediction of the causative agent of CAP is not possible on grounds of clin... | 16433910 | PMC1397848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 24; 6:11 |
Background
The prone leg extension (PLE) test is used by therapists who manually palpate the posterior muscles and observe trunk kinematics in an attempt to identify deviations from a supposed optimal. A dysfunctional firing pattern is assumed to exist when postural muscles (hamstrings and erector spinae) initiate the ... | 16504168 | PMC1397849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Feb 27; 14:4 |
Background
Up until only a few years ago, the fate of adult stem cells was believed to be limited to their tissue of origin. However, it has recently been demonstrated that in several tissues adult stem cells may undergo a fate other than that habitually manifested in physiological conditions. As an example, stem cells... | 16483379 | PMC1397850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 16; 7:14 |
Background
Human breast carcinoma (HBC) is the most predominant cancer in females worldwide. Breast cancers can be classified histologically based upon the types and patterns of cells of which they are composed. Carcinomas can be invasive, extending into the surrounding stroma or non-invasive, confined to the epithelia... | 16430785 | PMC1397851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 24; 6:18 |
Background
There is strong epidemiological and experimental data that have demonstrated a definite association of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and the development of cervical cancer [1]. Interestingly, although most sexually active women in the normal population have asymptomatic cervical HPV infec... | 16438713 | PMC1397852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 26; 6:24 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women, with a lifetime incidence of about 10–13% [1,2] but its etiology is still not fully understood. Besides, age at menarche and menopause, diet, reproductive history, estrogen administration and genetic factors have been suggested as risk factor... | 16504019 | PMC1397853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 20; 6:38 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem [7]. Approximately one-third of the world's population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI). Individuals with LTBI have a 5–10% lifetime risk of developing active disease [7]. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected subjects with... | 16504020 | PMC1397854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Feb 20; 3:5 |
Background
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) is an anabolic hormone, produced mainly in the liver by GH stimulation [1]. In advanced liver cirrhosis plasma levels of IGF-I are reduced [1] because liver biosynthesis and GH receptor expression in hepatocytes are decreased. Testicular atrophy is a common complication i... | 16504030 | PMC1397855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Feb 21; 6:4 |
Background
In recent years the link between hospital quality, organizational culture and management has received increasing attention in the United States of America [1-4] as well as in Europe [5-7]. Reflecting the restructuring programmes of health services organizations at the macro level, most of the literature on h... | 16483384 | PMC1397856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Feb 17; 4:3 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus exhibits three problematic features that, taken together, are not found among most other clinically relevant bacteria. This species is capable of expressing a variety of virulence factors and thus is almost always considered medically relevant when encountered in clinical specimens; the... | 16469106 | PMC1397857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Feb 9; 5:2 |
Background
Cyclin D1 is an important regulator of G1-S phase cell cycle transition. Active cyclin D1-cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 complexes phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein, resulting in release of sequestered E2F transcription factors and subsequent expression of genes required for progression into S phase [1]. Cyc... | 16504004 | PMC1397858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Feb 20; 5:8 |
Introduction
Rapid increases in the prevalence of obesity in the US over the last 20 to 30 years have been well documented and their causes much discussed [1-4]. Because of the speed of the change, it has been argued that the cause is more likely to be environmental change, broadly conceptualized to include physical an... | 16436207 | PMC1397859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jan 25; 3:2 |
Background
Irritant contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational disease among health care workers (HCW) [1-3]. A point prevalence of hand dermatitis of 17% – 30% can be found [4,5] which appears to be much higher compared with the general population with a point prevalence of 5.4% [6]. This difference bet... | 16476166 | PMC1397860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Feb 13; 6:1 |
Background
Within the next two decades unprecedented numbers of people will be entering the age range at which incidence of dementing diseases is highest. The EURODEM Prevalence Research Group estimates that 6% of people over the age of 65 will suffer from dementia, with 30% in the over 80s [1]. The economic cost of Al... | 16401346 | PMC1397861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jan 9; 6:2 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder characterised by profound disabling fatigue that persists for at least 6 months without relief and is not lessened by ordinary rest [1]. Patients with CFS have substantial impairment of functional status, resulting in significant personal and economic morbidity [2... | 16504053 | PMC1397862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Feb 22; 6:9 |
Background
Serum sickness-like reactions (SSLR), although rare in clinical practice, have been documented to occur following the administration of many medications. While the pathophysiology which produces SSLR are not clear, they are constituted by an array of clinical findings including fever, cutaneous eruptions and... | 16504095 | PMC1397863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb 23; 6:3 |
Background
Recently, the recognition of a different cell death phenomenon 'Apoptosis' has become a major clinical interest. It accounts for a great proportion of cell loss associated with myocardial infarction (MI) and / or ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Cell loss through apoptosis contributes to the impairment of cardiac ... | 16504000 | PMC1397864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Feb 19; 6:3 |
Background
Long ago, Chinese people observed that stimulation to different points of human body could produce different sensations (sour, numbness, swelling, pain, etc.), physiological reactions (laughing, spontaneous limb movement, etc.) and therapeutic effects (alleviation of toothache, relief of dyspnea, etc.). Sinc... | 16504103 | PMC1397865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Feb 23; 6:4 |
Background
Lots of controversies are raised about the optimal gestational age for twin delivery. Whether multiple pregnancy has an adverse effect or not on fetal lung maturity remains very debatable. Luke et al [1] suggested that twins attain more rapid pulmonary maturation than singletons and therefore complications o... | 16483372 | PMC1397866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:37 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Feb 16; 6:3 |
Background
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common problem in neonatal practice, usually seen in premature babies. Iatrogenic RDS is defined as RDS resulting from elective delivery [1]. Worldwide, iatrogenic RDS persists as a cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality [2,3]. Non-adherence to the guidelines [4] d... | 16483378 | PMC1397867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:37 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Feb 16; 6:4 |
Background
Placenta previa and placental abruption are the most common uteroplacental bleeding disorders, and are associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality to the mother and fetus[1,2]. In the United States, the prevalence of placenta previa and placental abruption are approximately 3–5 per 1,000 pregnancies... | 16472395 | PMC1397868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:37 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Feb 10; 6:2 |
Background
Embryonic stem (ES) cells possess the capacity for unlimited self renewal and can be induced in vitro to become neural precursors with the potential for therapeutic treatment of nervous system disorders [1-5]. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are mobile [6], are attracted to regions of brain injury and can migrate g... | 16436212 | PMC1397869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Jan 25; 6:1 |
Background
The heart transplant is a treatment of the heart failure, which is not responding to medications, and its efficiency is already proved: unfortunately, organ donation is a limiting step of this life-saving procedure.
In fact, the selection of the organs that will be transplanted is based on two factors: a su... | 16433918 | PMC1397870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 24; 4:3 |
Background
There remains intense interest in the annotation of genomes, and work is continuing to be done to elucidate all of the human genes, its haplotypes [1,2] and its transcriptome [3,4]. It is estimated approximately 50% of the human transcriptome is not yet annotated [3]. According to the CCDS project, as at Mar... | 16426464 | PMC1397871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 23; 7:33 |
Background
Microarray measurements of gene expression have become a popular tool for studying bacterial physiology, and hundreds of such studies are being conducted each year. Generally, these studies compare a treatment, either environmental or genetic, to a control condition. After obtaining raw hybridization intensi... | 16412220 | PMC1397872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 13; 7:19 |
Background
The unique characteristics of microarray data have stimulated the development of a multitude of analysis methods. Microarray data is distinguished by very small numbers of samples compared to the number of features measured. Most previous machine learning methods have been developed on data where the opposit... | 16504092 | PMC1397873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 23; 7:91 |
Background
Annotation of gene products for newly sequenced genomes is usually done electronically by transfer of functional information from proteins that have very similar amino acid sequences. However, for many of the proteins in a newly sequenced genome, a database search will not reveal a sequence which shares a hi... | 16448555 | PMC1397874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 31; 7:48 |
Introduction
Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins 4 (MCP-4/CCL13) is member of a distinct, structurally-related subclass of CC chemokines. MCP-4/CCL13 is a major chemoattractants for eosinophils, basophils monocytes and T lymphocytes. The MCP protein family bind to specific G-protein-coupled receptors, initiating a signal... | 16433902 | PMC1397875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jan 24; 4:5 |
Background
Ovarian carcinoma is the most lethal cancer of the female reproductive system. Despite decades of research, the long-term survival rate for the disease is poor, with only 25% of patients diagnosed with stage III or IV ovarian cancer surviving beyond five years. Typically, 75% of patients have advanced stage ... | 16433903 | PMC1397876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jan 24; 4:6 |
Background
Sportive lemurs, genus Lepilemur, are small nocturnal primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. They are amongst the most widely distributed lemurs, occurring in almost all natural evergreen or deciduous forest formations on the island (Fig. 1). Because pelage colouration and other external characteristi... | 16504080 | PMC1397877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 23; 6:17 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~22 nt), single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that have recently emerged as important regulatory factors during growth and development in Eukaryota. To date, miRNAs were described in animals, plants, and viruses (reviews: [1-3]). miRNAs are processed from longer precursor RNAs transc... | 16433904 | PMC1397878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 24; 6:6 |
Background
Many genes containing tandem exon arrays undergo mutually exclusive alternative splicing, in which only one exon variant within a tandem array of related variants is incorporated into the mature transcript [1,2]. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, this form of alternative splicing can potentially pro... | 16483367 | PMC1397879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 16; 6:16 |
We recently provided a molecular, neuroanatomical, and behavioral analyses of neurons expressing the neuropeptide gene hugin in Drosophila [1]. hugin-expressing neurons appear to comprise a neural circuitry in the brain that modulates feeding behavior in response to gustatory and nutrient signals. One of the questions ... | 16524341 | PMC1397894 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e68 |
The International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses recognized a global total of about 2,000 species of viruses as of 2005 [1]. However, data on viruses that infect terrestrial organisms, including plants, are sparse, and recent sequencing of samples from marine environments for viruses suggests that 2,000 is a gro... | 16524342 | PMC1397904 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e80 |
Periodically the media is filled with articles about scientific misconduct—fabricated data, misrepresented protocols, and questionable authorship. Are these incidents anomalies or indicators of inadequate attention being paid to creating a climate of integrity? We do not know. However, it is clear to us that there is m... | 0 | PMC1397907 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e84 |
Introduction
Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) remains the gold standard for the treatment of multi-vessel and left main coronary disease[1]. The use of the internal thoracic arteries (ITAs) as bypass conduits has been associated with improved long-term outcome following CABG[2,3]. Despite these long-term benefits,... | 16542027 | PMC1399446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Jan 5; 7:1 |
Introduction
The antifungal agent amphotericin B is a highly effective drug [1,2] that is often used as comparator in trials of new antifungal drugs. We have previously described how a series of trials sponsored by Pfizer of its antifungal drug, fluconazole, in cancer patients with neutropenia handicapped the control d... | 16542031 | PMC1399447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Jan 19; 7:3 |
Background
The shoulder is the most frequently dislocated joint in the body with an estimated annual incidence of 1–2% [1,2]. Shoulder instability affects people in all decades of life, most commonly in the late teens to mid thirties, when people are most active, both recreationally and vocationally. The disability and... | 16542033 | PMC1399448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Feb 2; 7:4 |
The creative science of Organic Chemistry is one of the few which has the power constantly to rejuvenate itself, because almost uniquely it studies what it also creates. The flourishing of organic chemistry during the 20th century has led, at the beginning of the 21st century, to a realisation that we are only just sta... | 16542014 | PMC1399449 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Aug 26; 1:1 |
Introduction
Many polyhydroxylated piperidines are potent inhibitors of the oligosaccharide processing enzymes, glycosidases and glycosyltransferases.[1–3] For example, deoxymannojirimycin, 1, and deoxynojirimycin, 2, are selective mannosidase and glucosidase inhibitors respectively.[4–5] In these molecules, the nitrog... | 16542015 | PMC1399450 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Aug 26; 1:2 |
The application of combinatorial chemical methods in asymmetric catalysis has emerged as a promising area of research, and indeed several reviews covering the subject have appeared.[1–8] It is based on the preparation of libraries of chiral metal complexes or metal-free catalysts[9] followed by medium- or high-throughp... | 16542016 | PMC1399451 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Aug 26; 1:3 |
Introduction
The reaction of chiral sulfur ylides with carbonyl compounds, operating in either a catalytic or stoichiometric mode, have emerged as a useful and powerful method in the arsenal of asymmetric transformations.[1] Indeed, near perfect levels of asymmetric induction with high diastereocontrol have been achiev... | 16542017 | PMC1399452 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:49 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Aug 26; 1:4 |
Introduction
Allenylsilanes are versatile intermediates for organic synthesis.[1–2] They have two main modes of reactivity: firstly, as propargyl anion equivalents in thermal [3–4] or Lewis acid-mediated [5–6] addition to carbonyls, acetals and imines, and secondly as three-carbon partners in [3+2] annulation reactions... | 16542018 | PMC1399453 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:49 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Aug 26; 1:5 |
Introduction
Chiral monodentate phosphorus ligands with C2-symmetric diol backbones, e.g. with the prominent BINOLs or TADDOLs, are fundamental for the construction of efficient enantioselective transition metal catalysts, especially for copper-catalyzed 1,4-additions. [1–18] Such asymmetric conjugate additions of diet... | 16542019 | PMC1399454 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Aug 26; 1:6 |
Findings
We recently reported a one-pot double allylboration reaction sequence which provides (Z)-1,5-syn-endiols from simple aldehyde starting materials with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity.[1] In connection with an ongoing natural product synthesis project, we were interested in developing methods to tran... | 16542020 | PMC1399455 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Aug 26; 1:7 |
Introduction
The addition of cyanide to imines (the Strecker reaction) [1] provides one of the most direct and viable routes for the synthesis of α-aminonitriles, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of amino acids and nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as thiadiazoles, imidazoles, etc [2–3]. They are us... | 16542021 | PMC1399456 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Oct 7; 1:8 |
Indolizines are an important class of heterocyclic compounds since many natural alkaloids contain in their structure a saturated (swainsonine) or aromatic (camptothecin) indolizine moiety. While the chemistry of indolizines has been widely investigated[1] the chemistry of 5-substituted indolizines remains very poor bec... | 16542026 | PMC1399457 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Oct 7; 1:9 |
Introduction
First reported in 1899, the Baeyer-Villiger (BV) reaction of ketones with formation of esters or lactones has become a fundamental and useful reaction in organic synthesis.[1–11] The practical value of these products for a variety of applications in the fields agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals has ever sin... | 16542025 | PMC1399458 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Oct 7; 1:10 |
Introduction
The cyclopentenones are considered as an important class of compounds because they are present in a large variety of natural products and in many important biologically active compounds [1–6] such as prostanoids, jasmonoids, rethrolones, methylenomycins and allylrethrones. In this paper, we wish to describ... | 16542022 | PMC1399459 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Oct 7; 1:11 |
Introduction
There is a considerable interest in the design of molecules able to mimic carbohydrates which play critical roles in various biological events such as for example, cell-cell recognition and adhesion, cell growth and differentiation.[1–9] In this context, the goal is to obtain new compounds with improved ef... | 16542023 | PMC1399460 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Oct 7; 1:12 |
Introduction
The development of methods for the stereoselective introduction of the C-F bond, α-to a carbonyl group has been a significant and recent focus in organo-fluorine chemistry.[1–2] Most effort has involved enolate reactions with electrophilic fluorinating reagents, either using asymmetric enolates, [3–4] asym... | 16542024 | PMC1399461 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Oct 17; 1:13 |
Introduction
For more than 70 years, the Diels-Alder reaction, or [4+2] cycloaddition reaction, has remained as one of the best powerful organic transformations in chemical synthesis, particularly in obtaining polycyclic rings. Many factors have contributed to the popularity of this reaction in organic synthesis (e.g.,... | 16542029 | PMC1399462 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:49 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Dec 9; 1:14 |
Introduction
Crystalline molecular solids exhibit properties- chemical reactivity, electrical, optical or magnetic – unique to their crystal structure. This justifies the growing interest in designing and preparing molecular crystals with desired properties and understanding crystal packing, which are clearly the manda... | 16542030 | PMC1399463 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Dec 9; 1:15 |
Introduction
Macrocyclic polyamines are well-known to participate in molecular recognition phenomena with different kinds of substrates such as organic and inorganic anions or neutral molecules[1] that give rise to environmental, industrial or health-related potential applications.[2] Macrocyclic molecules containing t... | 16551374 | PMC1399464 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Dec 9; 1:16 |
The 3-alkyl-3-hydroxyquinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione metabolites of Pseudomonas species exhibit antibiotic or lipoxygenase inhibitor activity[1] that may be modified by the introduction of an annulated pharmacophoric but-2-enolide ring. [2] The annulation was successfully carried out[3] (product 2) via the intramolecular Wi... | 16551375 | PMC1399465 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:49 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Dec 9; 1:17 |
As part of a recent study of the thermal cyclization of η2-(o-ethynylbenzoyl)rhenium complexes to rhenium isobenzofuryl carbene complexes (Scheme 1),[1] we attempted to form a rhenium complex of the alkyne di-(o-acetylphenyl)acetylene (1) (Scheme 2). The addition of alkyne 1 to a solution of Cp(CO)2Re(THF) produced Cp(... | 16542028 | PMC1399466 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:50 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2005 Dec 9; 1:18 |
How has language developed in humans and what genetic changes underlie our unique cognitive abilities? Accounts of positive selection that lead to such abilities in humans fascinate us because of the insight they provide into our own evolution, and into the many genetic differences that distinguish us from other apes. ... | 16524343 | PMC1400604 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 4(3):e87 |
Introduction
The cell wall is critical for the interaction of fungal cells with their environment. It provides a resilient framework that permits survival over a wide range of environmental conditions. It is also the point of contact between fungal cells and surfaces to which they may bind. As the determinant of fungal... | 16552442 | PMC1401495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 17; 2(3):e21 |
Introduction
Viruses can affect brain functioning in several ways. In some cases, viral replication causes neuronal death directly, as in the manner of rabies virus or alphaviruses, which induce neuronal apoptosis [1,2]. Alternatively, neurons can be damaged by immune cytotoxicity or by neurotoxic factors produced by i... | 16552443 | PMC1401496 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 17; 2(3):e19 |
Introduction
Legionella pneumophila is a motile gram-negative bacterium that is the cause of a severe form of pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease [1]. Virulence of Legionella depends on its capacity to replicate inside host macrophages. Legionella utilizes a type IV secretion system (encoded by the dot/icm genes) t... | 16552444 | PMC1401497 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 17; 2(3):e18 |
Introduction
Epigenetic information in the form of differential DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin packaging is important for the management of large, complex eukaryotic genomes [1,2]. The stability of both animal and plant genomes depends heavily on epigenetic modification of repetitive DNA, includin... | 16552445 | PMC1401498 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 17; 2(3):e36 |
Introduction
Telomeres are complex structures at the ends of linear chromosomes composed of DNA, proteins, and ribonuclear protein complexes [1]. Telomeric DNA is composed of highly repetitive sequences (T2AG3)n in humans and (C1–3A/TG1–3)n in yeast [2]. The primary function of telomeres is to prevent genomic instabili... | 16552446 | PMC1401499 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 17; 2(3):e35 |
Introduction
In plants RNA interference or post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) acts as a natural anti-viral defense system for neutralizing pathogenic nucleic acids either through a change in RNA stability in the cytoplasm or through mechanisms that use the RNA itself to induce methylation and silencing of homol... | 16445863 | PMC1402257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jan 30; 3:5 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems. Treatments have improved overall survival so that those born today have a median life expectancy of approximately 40 years [1]. Much of the morbidity and mortality associated with cystic fibrosis is due to pulmonary disease, and ... | 16433917 | PMC1402258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jan 24; 4:5 |
Background
Pain afflicts most cancer patients, mainly in the advanced and metastatic phase of the disease [1]. Recent reviews of published literature suggest that the prevalence of pain in advanced cancer is about 70% with ample variations according to the cancer type and disease stage [2].
Despite the existence of pu... | 16457716 | PMC1402259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Feb 2; 4:7 |
Introduction
In a recent paper Mitchison [1] proposed that single cell analysis is preferred for determining the pattern of cell growth or size increase during the cell cycle. Mitchison argues that population analysis tends to average data and thus obscure the variability observed amongst individual cells. Mitchison su... | 16504098 | PMC1402260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Feb 23; 3:10 |
Introduction
In mouse embryos, a pair of somites is separated from the anterior end of the presomitic mesoderm every two hours [1]. This process is assumed to be induced by the bHLH factors Hes1 and Hes7 [2,3], which also oscillate with a period of about two hours. Their oscillation is caused by a negative feedback loo... | 16504083 | PMC1402261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Feb 23; 3:11 |
Background
One of the central puzzles regarding circadian rhythm is the nature of the cellular machinery responsible for it [1]. Although numerous genes required for circadian rhythm have been identified in Drosophila [2,3] and other organisms, including cyanobacteria [4], the actual mechanism whereby their products gi... | 16504091 | PMC1402262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Feb 23; 3:12 |
Background
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a disorder characterized by massive systemic intravascular activation of coagulation, leading to widespread deposition of fibrin in the circulation which can compromise the blood supply to various organs, thus contributing to multiple organ failure. At the same... | 16504043 | PMC1402263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Feb 21; 4:4 |
Introduction
Since ancient times animals, their parts, and their products have constituted part of the inventory of medicinal substances used in various cultures. This phenomenon is marked by both a broad geographical distribution and very deep historical origins. As some authors have shown, animal-based medicines have... | 16504024 | PMC1402264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Feb 21; 2:11 |
Background
Visceral pain is a common symptom involved in many gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. During the last decade research focusing primarily on alterations in the peripheral and central nervous system has improved our understanding of the pathophysiologica... | 16417630 | PMC1402265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jan 17; 2:3 |
Background
Chick embryos have long been a favorite of developmental biologists, in large part because they are amenable to in ovo experimentation. However, until recently the chick has lacked a robust lost-of-function technique for studies of gene function. Chick gene "knock outs" are impractical because ES cells are e... | 16426460 | PMC1402266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jan 22; 6:2 |
Background
Syndrome X is defined by a typical angina pectoris with normal or near normal (<40% stenosis) coronary angiogram with or without ECG change or atypical angina pectoris with normal or near normal coronary angiogram plus a positive none-invasive test (exercise tolerance test or myocardial perfusion scan) with ... | 16503964 | PMC1402267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2006 Feb 17; 6:1 |
Background
Diabetes leads to several abnormalities of the host defense system, and higher glucose concentration in urine may serve as a culture medium for pathogenic microorganisms as well. The risk of developing infection in diabetic patients is higher [1,2] and urinary tract is the most common site for infection [3,4... | 16504076 | PMC1402268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Feb 23; 6:4 |
Introduction
Illicit drug abuse has become an increasing public health and social concern in the past decades worldwide. Drug abuse causes many problems both to individuals and to societies, including loss of productivity, transmission of infectious diseases, crime, family and social disorder, and excessive health care... | 16451717 | PMC1402269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Feb 1; 3:4 |
Introduction
The need for injection drug users (IDUs) to have access to sterile syringes for the prevention of blood-borne disease and other health problems is well established [1]. Injection drug use accounts for approximately one-third of all AIDS cases in the United States, and for 60% of new hepatitis C infections ... | 16503997 | PMC1402270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Feb 18; 3:8 |
Background
In recent years, efforts by major corporations to deflect unwanted scientific findings have been reported increasingly in the lay and biomedical literature. The tobacco industry, for example, used the attorney-client privilege to shelter scientific studies from disclosure [1-3]; it also funded apparently ind... | 16504102 | PMC1402271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Feb 23; 5:5 |
On behalf of the editorial board of JC and my own behalf I wish the carcinogenesis research community a Happy and Healthy 2006.
Several publications in the Journal of Carcinogenesis and other related journals during 2005 shed light on cancer causing aspects and mechanisms of various diets and carcinogens present in th... | 0 | PMC1402272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Feb 7; 5:7 |
Background
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive signaling molecule and inflammatory mediator, which acts as a cytotoxic agent and modulates immune responses and inflammation [1,2]. High amounts of NO are produced for prolonged times by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in response to proinflammatory cytokines an... | 16504051 | PMC1402273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Feb 21; 6:5 |
Background
The 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) of vertebrate mRNAs typically vary from a few tens of bases up to several hundred bases in length, and contain a variety of features which affect the efficiency of translation of the main coding sequence (CDS) of the transcript. These include the length and secondary str... | 16438715 | PMC1402274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 26; 7:16 |
Background
Gene expression studies using either oligonucleotides or spotted cDNA microarray platforms are based mainly on data generated in single or dual-channel analysis. While industrially manufactured oligonucleotide arrays (e.g. Agilent Whole Genome 44 k Oligoarray and CodeLink Whole Genome Bioarray) have optimize... | 16504121 | PMC1402275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 20:42:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 24; 7:35 |
Background
Multiple birth rates are increasing world wide [1,2] as a consequence of the widespread introduction of assisted reproductive techniques. As multiple pregnancies involve more complications than singletons and have higher perinatal risk [3], thus the calculation of birth weight-gestational age (GA) specific f... | 16504133 | PMC1402276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 24; 6:45 |
Background
Unemployment is strongly associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Unemployed persons use more general health services, have more physical and mental health problems and even have a higher suicide rate than their employed counterparts. Lower levels of psychological well-being have been sy... | 16504118 | PMC1402277 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 24; 6:46 |
Background
Numerous large and important cohort studies have been established overseas [1-6] and in Australia [7-9]. Many of the cohort studies undertaken are based on volunteers or clinical/convenience samples and the follow-up is based on self-report data or record linkages. The establishment of population-based, biom... | 16426463 | PMC1402278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 23; 6:11 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic illness affecting an estimated 7.2% of adults in the U.S. with significant morbidity and mortality [1]. An estimated 4,487 deaths, 1.8 million emergency department visits, and 10.4 million physician office visits were attributed to asthma in 2000. Asthma is one of a number of chronic cond... | 16433926 | PMC1402279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 24; 6:14 |
Background
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is an extremely frequent cause of hospitalisation and death in Spain. This has made it a priority of health-care policy, not only because of its social repercussions, but also because of its impact on the health-care system [1]. Furthermore, incidence studies conducted in Spain ... | 16503965 | PMC1402280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:17 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 17; 6:38 |
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