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Introduction
Accurate auditory localization relies on the detection and interpretation of spatial cues generated by the interaction between sound waves and the head and external ears [
1]. Localization in the horizontal plane is based primarily on binaural disparity cues, interaural time differences (ITDs), and interau... | 16509769 | PMC1393755 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 4(4):e71 |
Introduction
Echolocating bats rely on active sensing through acoustic channels and can orient in complete darkness. They produce ultrasonic vocal signals and use information contained in the returning echoes to determine the direction and distance of objects in space (reviewed in [
1]). With their biological sonar, ba... | 16509770 | PMC1393756 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 4(4):e79 |
Introduction
Quiescence is the counterpart to proliferation: a reversible, nondividing state. Although it is a common state for many somatic cells, including stem cells, we know remarkably little about the regulation of cellular quiescence. For instance, is there just one kind of quiescent state, or do cells enter qual... | 16509772 | PMC1393757 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 4(3):e83 |
Introduction
The development of T lymphocytes in the thymus involves a series of checkpoints, including T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated positive and negative selection. Positive selection ensures the selective survival of potentially useful T cells, whereas negative selection deletes harmful T cells, avoiding autoimmuni... | 16509771 | PMC1393758 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 4(4):e103 |
When your exuberant kitten races too far up a tree to negotiate a safe descent, you can quickly locate your distressed charge by homing in on her plaintive cries. In the wild, mammals from Norway rats to elephant seals rely on sound localization skills to escape threats, forage, and communicate. The brain networks unde... | 20076550 | PMC1393759 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 4(4):e104 |
Bats are not blind, but many rely primarily on sounds to navigate and forage. For the big brown bat, a common denizen of treetops and old house attics, dinner starts at dusk and consists of flying insects—mostly beetles—caught on the wing. As they soar from their caches, bats probe the night with piercing ultrasonic cr... | 20076551 | PMC1393760 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 4(4):e107 |
T “helper” cells (which express the surface marker CD4) and “killer” T cells (which express CD8 markers) are each critical for detecting and neutralizing microbial invaders and protecting the body from disease. Both types of T cells recognize foreign invaders through surface expression of a T cell receptor (TCR) that i... | 20076555 | PMC1393761 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 4(4):e117 |
Background
The health impact of exposures to ambient levels of air pollution on susceptible population subgroups such as pregnant women has become an important issue for public health regulators. Several negative reproductive health outcomes have been found to be significantly associated with exposures to air pollutant... | 16503975 | PMC1395300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Feb 17; 5:3 |
Introduction
Readiness and motivation to change addictive behaviours is an important issue in both our understanding of, and treatment for addictive behaviours. Previous research has shown predictive validity of measures of motivation, such as the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale [1], or the Stages of... | 16436208 | PMC1395301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Jan 25; 3:3 |
Background
Neural-immune interactions play a key role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Partial nerve injury results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha from activated Schwann cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages in nerve [1] to produce dire... | 16503976 | PMC1395302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Feb 17; 2:6 |
Background
In neurons, activity dependent cAMP synthesis is primarily mediated by membrane bound Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs). So far, ten members of the adenylyl cyclase family have been identified [1]. Of these, AC 1–9 isoforms are present in the brain (reviews, [2,3]). Two of the adenylyl cycla... | 16503978 | PMC1395303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Feb 17; 2:7 |
Background
Bone development can occur in two distinct ways: 1) through endochondral ossification where the mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and lay down a cartilaginous template that is later replaced by bone; or 2) through intramembranous ossification where mesenchymal cells directly differentiate int... | 16504022 | PMC1395304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 20; 6:7 |
Introduction
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are heterodimeric glycoproteins consisting of α and β chains, with approximate molecular mass of 33 kDa and 28 kDa respectively. MHC class II molecules are specialized peptide receptors that play a critical role in initiating and regulating immune r... | 16426456 | PMC1395305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Immunome Res. 2006 Jan 21; 2:1 |
Background
Approximately 20% of patients with acute cervical spinal cord injuries will require some form of mechanical ventilatory support due to bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. For these patients, an alternative technique could be diaphragm reinnervation [1-5]. Among the nerves tested to perform diaphragm reinnerva... | 16438738 | PMC1395306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 27; 7(1):17 |
Background
KCNQ (Kv7) genes encode a family of voltage-gated K+ channels with 6 membrane spanning domains and a single P-loop that forms the selectivity filter of the pore. Members of this channel family have been widely studied in the nervous system, heart and inner ear, where they have important physiological functio... | 16504007 | PMC1395307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 20; 7(1):31 |
Background
Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) mediate bronchial narrowing and therefore play a key role in bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). In asthma, increased ASMC mass has been reported by several investigators [1-3]. However, the question arises whether changes in contractile properties of the ASMC [4] or in the... | 16504082 | PMC1395308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 23; 7(1):33 |
Background
The UK 2001 epidemic of foot and mouth disease highlighted the need for national governments to have well thought out and workable contingency plans to control the spread of highly infectious animal diseases. These plans must be based on quantitative predictions of epidemic size and extent under various cond... | 16412245 | PMC1395309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 16; 2:3 |
Background
Antibiotic usage is possibly the most important factor that promotes the emergence, selection and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in both veterinary and human medicine [1,2]. This acquired resistance occurs not only in pathogenic bacteria but also in the endogenous flora of exposed indiv... | 16460561 | PMC1395310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Feb 6; 2:7 |
Background
Breast cancer is one of the most important oncologic diseases worldwide, and in Mexico is the second most frequent neoplasia in women population [1]. It is widely accepted that among the factors involved in the development of this ailment are long-standing inflammation and steroid hormone regulation. On this... | 16504042 | PMC1395311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Feb 21; 7:9 |
Background
After the completion of the sequence from several genomes including the human the novel field of systems biology is seeking a thorough functional understanding of all cellular components [1,2]. To this end it is necessary to assign functions to an unprecedented number of genes. The recent finding that the hu... | 16483377 | PMC1395312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Feb 16; 6:9 |
Introduction
The standard chemotherapy for non-resectable advanced colon cancer is combination chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (5-FU/LV) and irinotecan (CPT-11) or with 5-FU/LV and oxaliplatin (L-OHP) [1-4]. An oral combined fluoropyrimidine anticancer drug, tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil potassium (S-1), has r... | 16417646 | PMC1395313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jan 18; 4:3 |
Review
Sperm topography is unique among the known cells and 3 major parts can be immediately distinguished: head, midpiece and tail. Normal spermatozoa exhibit an oval-shaped head with a regular outline and an acrosomal cap covering more than one-third of the head surface. The head length is between 3 and 5 μm, and its... | 16436209 | PMC1395314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jan 25; 4:1 |
Review
Elevated levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia) has been implicated as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease [1,2] and is associated with various other diseases and/or clinical conditions including Alzheimer's disease [3], neural tube defects [4], schizophrenia [5], end-stage renal disease... | 16430779 | PMC1395315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jan 23; 5:1 |
Background
A difference in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of yeast and mammals
When lacking functional mitochondria the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can grow in media containing a fermentable carbon source. Yeast can do this because of the ability to synthesize sufficient ATP by glycolysis and re-oxidize NADH re... | 16433924 | PMC1395316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Jan 24; 7:3 |
Introduction
Breast papillomas are a variety of lesions in the breast that are characterized by a papillary configuration on gross or microscopic examination (or both). Papillomas consist of a few broad fronds, abundant stroma, and an epithelium containing both luminal and myoepithelial cells [1]. These include solitar... | 16417642 | PMC1395317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Jan 17; 3:1 |
Background
The broad category of hearing loss is the third most prevalent chronic condition in older Americans, following hypertension and arthritis [1]. Between 25% and 40% of the population aged 65 years or older is hearing impaired [2]. Hearing impairment refers to limitation of function or raised hearing threshold ... | 16423302 | PMC1395318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Jan 19; 14:2 |
Findings
Seroreversion, defined as a quantitative decrease in specific antibody levels so that they measure below the cutoff of an assay, can be partial, resulting in the loss of response against one or a few antigens, or complete, with loss of total antibody reactivity. In HCV infection, seroreversion, which is found ... | 16480525 | PMC1395319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Feb 16; 3:3 |
Background
For over 40 years Albania had a Stalinist economy, in which the means of production came under the principle of controlled planning and state ownership [1,2]. During this period, the health sector in Albania was not considered to be a productive element of economy and was therefore given less importance in t... | 16504028 | PMC1395320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Feb 21; 4:5 |
Background
Drug resistance, particularly to CQ is an important limit to the control of P. falciparum, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia. CQ is believed to act by concentrating in the parasite digestive vacuole and inhibiting the mechanism of detoxification of ferriprotoporphyrin IX that is produced durin... | 16464254 | PMC1395321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 7; 5:11 |
Background
Vitamin B12 is essential for two mammalian metabolic reactions – the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, and of homocysteine to methionine; the latter reaction is also folate dependent [1]. Serum levels of methylmalonic acid rise in B12 deficiency, whereas homocysteine levels rise in both folate... | 16480506 | PMC1395322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Feb 15; 5:6 |
Background
Endoscopic subureteric injection of various materials has become a universally accepted mode of treatment for vesicoureteral reflux in recent years. Different kinds of injection materials including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), silicone, cross-linked bovine collagen and dextranomers in sodium hyaluronan ... | 16503996 | PMC1395323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Feb 18; 6:3 |
Background
Our knowledge of inflammation-induced changes in bladder tissue that result in bladder-related pain is limited. Bacterial, mycotic and viral infections of the urinary tract are all potential etiologies of bladder inflammation [1]. Our understanding of the neural substrates that are altered by infectious proc... | 16469099 | PMC1395324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Feb 9; 6:2 |
Introduction
Currently, optical microscopy techniques are the primary method for cell surface visualization, with microscopic characteristics of cells traditionally used for diagnosis and classification of cancers [1]. However, because the differences in characteristics can be subtle, accurate detection can be challeng... | 16426461 | PMC1395325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Jan 22; 4:1 |
Background
The various clinical manifestations of type 1 hypersensitivities and their resultant comorbid illnesses are well known. A common feature shared by these is the mechanism by which they are induced, driven by cytokines produced by Th2 lymphocytes, resulting in IgE antibody production. Antigen specific IgE anti... | 16478539 | PMC1395326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Feb 14; 4:1 |
Background
Approximately 37,000 men and women in the U.S. were diagnosed with head and neck cancers in 2003 [1]. In particular, individuals with tongue and larynx cancer accounted for 45% of the head and neck cancer cases diagnosed. Such cancers are more frequently diagnosed among men and in people over age 50. These c... | 16503981 | PMC1395327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Feb 17; 6:2 |
Background
Access to health services and the quality of care administered at all levels of health care have been considered as the central determinants of health outcomes [1]. Recently, in public health research, the focus is shifting to the role of socio-economic indicators in the promotion of health [2]. There have b... | 16426450 | PMC1395328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 Jan 20; 6:1 |
Background
In developing countries and particularly in Colombia, low income people such as farmers, people of small isolate villages and native communities use folk medicine for the treatment of common infections. These plants are ingested as decoctions, teas and juice preparations to treat respiratory infections[1]. T... | 16483385 | PMC1395329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Feb 17; 6:2 |
Background
Left ventricular free wall rupture occurs in up to 10% of the in-hospital deaths following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), usually between 3 to 6 days after the infarction. It typically involves the anterior or lateral wall, in the terminal region of the left anterior descending coronary artery distributi... | 16438720 | PMC1395330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 26; 4:7 |
Backround
The microbiology of the vagina is complex, containing 109 bacterial colony forming units per gram of secretions and potentially dozens of species. It is mainly dominated by members of the genus Lactobacillus, which are capable of H2O2-production and lactic acid, thereby maintaining the generally acidic vagina... | 16503990 | PMC1395331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Feb 17; 5:4 |
Introduction
Multiple drug therapy is often used with a single patient. For example, in individuals infected with HIV and tuberculosis, both anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral agents have to be used [1]. During treatment, drug-drug interactions occur when the presence of one drug affects the bioavailability of anothe... | 16480505 | PMC1395332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Feb 15; 5:3 |
Background
For most Americans, science is something to be tolerated in high school, details of which are promptly forgotten after tests are over. This may be understandable, since, regrettably, the basic science curriculum can often consist of lectures on taxonomy or analogous facts about what science has discovered, a... | 16433911 | PMC1395333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jan 24; 4:7 |
Background
The demand for health care will always exceed the capacity of the available resources. Therefore decisions must be made as to which treatments and services to commission (purchase), in order to maximise the well-being of the population, subject to the available budget.
The objective of the English National ... | 16503989 | PMC1395334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Feb 17; 4:3 |
Background
Much of the population-wide variation of the human genome can be attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are changes in single base pairs within the genome. SNPs are of specific interest because they allow disease association studies; this means that the involvement of genes in particular... | 16401341 | PMC1395335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 9; 7:8 |
Background
Microarray technology has shown great promise for unraveling the many genomic responses of cells to both developmental signals and chemical stressors[1] despite earlier justified concerns for their reliability[2]. In diseases such as cancer, the confluence of dysregulated developmental programs and the need ... | 16503971 | PMC1395336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 17; 7:81 |
Background
It has been estimated that more than a third of all Eukaryotic proteins are subjected to phosphorylation [1]. The phosphorylation state of a protein can regulate functional properties including bioactivity, stability, sub-cellular localization, conformation and the ability to interact with other binding part... | 16504016 | PMC1395337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 20; 7:82 |
Background
Planning microarray studies provides unique challenges to investigators with respect to estimating power and the sample size required for a study. The questions proposed may be quite general and exploratory, such as "which genes are differentially expressed in response to a given treatment?" A microarray stu... | 16504070 | PMC1395338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 22; 7:84 |
Background
Real-time PCR is one of the most sensitive and reliably quantitative methods for gene expression analysis. It has been broadly applied to microarray verification, pathogen quantification, cancer quantification, transgenic copy number determination and drug therapy studies [1-4]. A PCR has three phases, expon... | 16504059 | PMC1395339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 22; 7:85 |
Background
The number of newly sequenced genes has been growing exponentially over the last decades [1]. This makes it technically impossible to use experimental biology to assign functions and to investigate the regulation of these newly discovered proteins. Over the past years, computational biology has been shown to... | 16433915 | PMC1395340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 24; 7:37 |
Background
Dimensionality reduction (DR) is the process of rendering high dimensional complex data in a low dimensional space. Provided the process is calculated accurately, this low dimensional representation is preferred for use in inference and summarization for multiple reasons, among which are ease of visualizatio... | 16483359 | PMC1395341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 16; 7:74 |
Background
Methods for finding protein-coding sequences (CDSs) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are well-developed. Algorithms generally make use of combinations of the following signatures of CDSs: (a) codon or dicodon bias etc., (b) conservation between species, (c) similarity to known sequences, (d) presence of open re... | 16483358 | PMC1395342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 16; 7:75 |
Background
Mitochondria are sub-cellular organelles which play a central role in many important metabolic pathways and are essential for energy production [1]. The control of mitochondrial biogenesis and function strongly depends on the coordinated activity of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [2] and as a con... | 16433928 | PMC1395343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 24; 7:36 |
Background
Accurate descriptions of protein function usually arise through repeated cycles of laboratory experiments and publication, followed by expert annotation by database curators (e.g. Swiss-Prot [1] and Pfam [2]). This is, of course, a time consuming process. Computational sequence comparison methods are then ty... | 16409628 | PMC1395344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 12; 7:16 |
Background
Runx proteins are transcription factors that function critically in gene regulatory networks that control cell proliferation and differentiation during animal development [1]. The Runx family is defined by a highly conserved 128 amino acid sequence known as the Runt domain, which binds specifically to the DN... | 16469111 | PMC1395345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Feb 9; 4:4 |
Background
An ambitious goal of contemporary proteome research is the elucidation of the structure, interactions and functions of the proteins that constitute cells and organisms. During the last few years, large-scale efforts have unraveled the complex web of protein interactions in simple organisms such as H. pylori ... | 16441898 | PMC1395346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jan 30; 6:8 |
For many people in the developed world, a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS is no longer a death sentence. Since the introduction in the 1990s of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART)—combinations of three or four drugs that interfere with different stages of the HIV life cycle—HIV/AIDS mortality rates have dropped by 50%–70% in ... | 0 | PMC1395347 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 14; 3(4):e179 |
Ideally, evaluations of strategies related to the use of antiretroviral agents would use large-scale randomized trials with HIV-related mortality as the primary endpoint. In reality, however, such studies are rarely conducted, given the long follow-up needed and the substantial costs. Furthermore, people currently livi... | 16522134 | PMC1395348 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 14; 3(4):e148 |
Introduction
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has greatly reduced HIV/AIDS-related mortality and morbidity in industrialised countries [
1]. Because it reduces a patient's viral load, it is also believed to reduce infectiousness [
2], and so has been suggested as a prevention tool in its own right, as well as a treatment [... | 16519553 | PMC1395349 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 14; 3(4):e124 |
Natural selection was particularly inventive in the appendage and accessory department during the evolution of placentals—an expansive category of mammals that bear live, fully developed offspring. A placental might sport webbed wings, a prehensile tail, flippers, fangs, tusks, cloven hooves, paws, claws, floppy ears, ... | 20076552 | PMC1395350 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:48 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 14; 4(4):e111 |
Introduction
The recent “large-scale” compilations of available sequence information to reconstruct the mammalian phylogenetic tree categorized the placental mammals into four superordinal clades or lineages [
1,
2], a categorization that has been confirmed by other studies as well [
3,
4]: (I) Afrotheria, a diverse gr... | 16515367 | PMC1395351 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 14; 4(4):e91 |
The hypothesis of a “molecular clock”—a constant rate of mutation over evolutionary time—revolutionized phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. Using the assumption of this constant rate, one can determine the time since two organisms diverged from a common ancestor simply by toting up t... | 20076564 | PMC1395352 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 14; 4(5):e106 |
Introduction
Half of all CD4
+ T cells that are productively infected with HIV-1 die every 12 h. A productively infected cell is estimated to have a lifespan of about 1 d [
1–
5], considerably less than the lifespan of CD4
+ cells in uninfected individuals [
6]. It is not known whether the majority of this cell death i... | 16515366 | PMC1395353 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 14; 4(4):e90 |
Introduction
From obscure beginnings, phylogenetics has become an essential tool for understanding molecular sequence variation. In the past decade, huge progress has been made in developing methods for inferring phylogenies and estimating divergence dates. This development has been characterized by increases, both in ... | 16683862 | PMC1395354 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 14; 4(5):e88 |
Viruses employ many strategies to elude their host's defenses, but it's tough to imagine a better tactic than targeting the immune system's communications director. HIV infects and kills helper T lymphocytes (also called CD4 T cells), the white blood cells responsible for mobilizing the mediators of an immune response.... | 20076553 | PMC1395355 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 14; 4(4):e114 |
Background
Intensive care units (ICUs) of university hospitals and advanced medical centers are indispensable for providing critical and intensive care for patients who have either undergone major surgery or who have received emergency care. Hospitals can obtain greater revenue from national insurance by a short admiss... | 16403235 | PMC1395358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jan 11; 6:1 |
Background
In ordinary markets, consumers compare and examine quality and price when making a purchasing decision on goods and services. Normally, prices of goods and services are clearly indicated to consumers. This, however, is not the case for medical services.
In many developed and developing countries, medical ca... | 16504017 | PMC1395359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 20; 6:12 |
Background
A significant difference exists between what is known to represent best practice and the actual practice of medicine [1]. Such gaps have been repeatedly documented in surgical practice [2-9]. Unfortunately, traditional continuing professional development (CPD) has not been able to bridge the gap between rese... | 16412251 | PMC1395360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jan 16; 6:4 |
Background
Optimising of length of stay is one approach to improving hospital performance, particular under funding systems that quantify outputs by the episode of care, as unnecessary inpatient bed-days constitute a significant component of per-episode costs. Casemix funding of inpatient services was introduced to Sin... | 16426459 | PMC1395361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jan 22; 6:6 |
Background
Interstitial deletion of chromosome 15q21q22 is an infrequently described chromosomal abnormality. To date, there have been only ten individuals reported, nine with variable deletions involving 15q21 [1-9] and one individual with more distal deletion encompassing the 15q22q25 region [5]. All patients describ... | 16472378 | PMC1397801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Feb 10; 7:8 |
Background
Even before neurulation begins, the neural plate is broadly patterned into domains with anterior and posterior molecular character. As development proceeds, the founding pattern is further refined upon until the morphologically characteristic structures of the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord a... | 16504111 | PMC1397802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 24; 6:9 |
We are pleased to announce a new open access journal, Biology Direct, which will be published online by BioMed Central. Biology Direct is launching with publications in the fields of Systems Biology, Computational Biology, and Evolutionary Biology, with an Immunology section to follow soon. Eventually, the journal will... | 16542032 | PMC1397803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jan 31; 1:1 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Stephan Beck, Lutz Walter and Pierre Pontarotti.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
What place do modern day CD94L molecules occupy in the history of MHC evolution?
HLA-E and/or H-2Qa1 fulfil many other roles besides that of presenting the leader peptides ... | 16542034 | PMC1397804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jan 31; 1:3 |
Background
Malaria has continued to be a major global public health problem and a health concern in most African countries. It is thought that malaria is by far the most serious tropical disease causing one to two million deaths per year in Africa [1,2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that about 2 bi... | 16451716 | PMC1397805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Feb 1; 2:8 |
Background
Mb is a monomeric hemoprotein with a molecular weight of 17 kDa, carrying a single oxygen (O2)-binding site per molecule. It is located near the contractile elements and cell membranes in the red skeletal and cardiac muscles of vertebrates [1]. Previously, Millikan [2,3] proposed the following three possible... | 16430787 | PMC1397806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 Jan 24; 5:3 |
Background
Cryotherapy to treat precancerous cervical lesions in low-resource settings has been shown to be both clinically effective and logistically possible [1-4]. However, experience in developing country clinics has indicated that cryotherapy units fail due to blockage (i.e. complete stoppage of the gas flow), and... | 16460574 | PMC1397807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Feb 6; 6:2 |
Backgound
Decision support systems as a potential tool to enhance the uptake of evidence
Many problems facing health care systems today are not caused by lack of knowledge but by the gap between what we know and what we do in the face of staff shortages, economic pressures and rising public demand [1]. Systematic revie... | 16426446 | PMC1397808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jan 20; 6:4 |
Introduction
Opium has been consumed in Iran for at least three centuries [1]. Iran is on the main opium trade route from Afghanistan, although data on availability of opium and opium products in Iran is limited [1]. A rapid assessment of substance drug use in 1998/1999 found that three quarters of the illicit drug use... | 16433914 | PMC1397809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Jan 24; 3:2 |
Background
The secondary surveillance survey was carried out in Kashgar City and Shache County in December 2003 to January 2004. These two areas are within Kashgar Prefecture. The distance between the two is 220 km. The aim of survey was to determine the potential scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Kashgar and whether t... | 16476164 | PMC1397810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Feb 13; 3:7 |
Background
In Lithuania, suicide is one of the leading causes of death of able-bodied population, particularly men. A period of the major social and economic instability (1990–1994) was marked by dramatically increasing suicide mortality, reaching its highest ever-reported levels in 1994 in men (87.7 per 100,000) and 1... | 16504069 | PMC1397811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 22; 6:40 |
Background
The dilemma is becoming ever more obvious: although mainstream medicine, science and health policy refuse Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) as being scientific and efficient, the popularity of the use of CAM is at a premium and growing [1-5]. This conflicting situation is, above all, fostered by t... | 16472403 | PMC1397812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 12; 6:28 |
Background
Second hand smoke (SHS) exposure causes of a range of serious adverse health effects in children, adults and pregnant women [1-3]. In the UK it is estimated that domestic exposure to secondhand smoke causes at least 3,600 deaths annually, while workplace exposure accounts for around 700 deaths per year
Inte... | 16504071 | PMC1397813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 22; 6:42 |
Background
International sporting competitions in general, and the Olympic Games in particular, represent important events, where elite athletes and millions of people from around the world gather together to celebrate athleticism[1,2]. At the same time, mass media broadcasting of the Olympic Games to billions of peopl... | 16504120 | PMC1397814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 24; 6:47 |
Background
Home healthcare is the provision of patient care delivered in the home. Although many older Americans receive assistance in their homes, home healthcare has been differentiated by the type of provider where healthcare professionals deliver home healthcare while paraprofessionals (primarily aides and homemake... | 16504115 | PMC1397815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 24; 6:18 |
Overview of Wnt signalling
The Wnt family of 19 secreted glycoproteins control a variety of developmental processes including cell fate specification, proliferation, polarity and migration. Consequently, mis-regulation of Wnt signalling during embryonic development cause developmental defects, while defective Wnt signa... | 16438732 | PMC1397816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jan 26; 7(1):15 |
Introduction
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is a key factor of numerous interstitial lung diseases. Airway remodelling-associated disorders of ECM can be illustrated by different pathological situations including emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. In the first, progressive proteolytic ECM degradation is prevaili... | 16504062 | PMC1397817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Feb 22; 3:2 |
Background
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common and often disabling disorder that generally occurs in the sixth or seventh decade of life [1], although it can uncommonly occur in younger individuals [2]. The incidence of this condition has been reported to be 8–11% [3], with a slight preponderance in women [1]. LSS... | 16504078 | PMC1397818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 23; 7:16 |
Background
Identification of novel genes associated with human diseases is among the most critical tasks in medical research. Towards this goal, various features have been compared between heritable disease genes and non-disease genes [1-4]. Although most findings were consistent with each other, a few conflicting resu... | 16504025 | PMC1397819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 21; 7:31 |
Background
Initiation of translation is the basic determinant for the efficiency of translation. In bacteria the small ribosomal subunit, in complex with several initiation factors directly recognizes the translation initiation region (TIR) in mRNA. Determinants important for recognition of TIR are located between posi... | 16483368 | PMC1397820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:15 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 16; 7:28 |
Background
In eukaryotic cells after translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the folding of secreted proteins is supported and controlled by chaperones, glycosylation enzymes and oxidoreductases. The correctly folded proteins are transported to the Golgi compartment where further modification of the proteins t... | 16504068 | PMC1397821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 22; 7:32 |
Background
From the application of a paper based point-map by John Snow to investigate the outbreak of cholera epidemic in 1854 to the current day practices of using digital maps, medical and public health profession has greatly benefited from the use of spatial information as manifested by maps. In this regard contemp... | 16480491 | PMC1397822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Feb 15; 5:9 |
Background
Quality of life (QOL) has now become firmly established as an important and broad set of concerns in patient care and clinical research [1,2]. Improving QOL is a major goal in the treatment of individuals with medical disorders [3,4]. Many clinical trials now include patients' longitudinal QOL data [5-10]. L... | 16504035 | PMC1397823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Feb 21; 4:10 |
Background
Cognitive impairments are known to be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In HIV-1-associated minor cognitive/motor disorders patient profiles are characterized by impaired motor speed and working memory [1]. Contrariwise, attention, visuo-constructive abilities, and memory are rela... | 16504114 | PMC1397824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Feb 24; 4:11 |
Background
19,944 individuals applied to United Kingdom medical schools in 2003. Surprisingly, very little is known about why they applied to study medicine, what their interests in medicine are, and what is it in particular that they like about the idea of being a doctor and practising medicine.
Medical school select... | 16504048 | PMC1397825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Feb 21; 6:11 |
Background
With all the time and money spent teaching medical students one must wonder how well that investment is paying off. What portion are they retaining in memory? What are they learning? – This seems to be the central question for medical education [1]. Surely if students are not remembering what they have been ... | 16412241 | PMC1397826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jan 14; 6:5 |
Background
Modern healthcare education should be aiming for high quality learning, including training of medical problem solving and professional thinking [1]. Much of the professional development of a student happens when he or she meet patients. However, there are a number of barriers to this type of traditional teac... | 16504041 | PMC1397827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Feb 21; 6:10 |
Background
The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is now a commonly used method of assessing clinical competence of medical students and practicing physicians in such areas as history taking, physical examination, diagnostic reasoning and management [1,2]. Compared to written evaluations the OSCE format a... | 16504145 | PMC1397828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:16 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Feb 27; 6:12 |
Background
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis (PM); dermatomyositis (DM) and related conditions) are a heterogenous group of autoimmune disorders whose causes and pathogenesis remain unclear. In DM, inflammatory changes occur both in muscle and in skin. Although there has been no direct comparison, the pa... | 16504012 | PMC1397829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2006 Feb 20; 3:2 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is widely believed to be an autoimmune disorder characterized by multifocal lesions of the CNS myelin and accumulating clinical signs due to axonal damage [1]. The aetiology of MS has been debated several times since the disease was first described. Myelin is damaged due to an immune ... | 16504001 | PMC1397830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2006 Feb 19; 3:1 |
Background
The importance of teaching and learning about communication with patients is well established within nursing [1]. Less emphasis is placed on learning about communicating with other health care professionals and especially communication within specialised working environments such as the operating theatre (OT... | 16466581 | PMC1397831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Nurs. 2006 Feb 8; 5:1 |
Background
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is responsible for fewer than 1% of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism [1]. The majority of patients with PC present in their fifties, and unlike parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia which predominantly effect women, PC appears to be equally distributed between the genders [1]. Pat... | 16504029 | PMC1397832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 21; 4:10 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second principal cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide as well as in Nigeria [1,2]. The incidence of the disease appears to be rising faster in population groups that have hitherto enjoyed low incidence. The peak age of breast cancer in Nigerian women is ab... | 16504034 | PMC1397833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 21; 4:11 |
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