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Background
The fight against malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa has to be transectoral and tackled from the clinical, social and vectorial points of view, involving the local health structure (primary health care systems, national anti-malaria and vector control programmes) and international support programmes [1-3].
The v... | 16460558 | PMC1403786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 6; 5:10 |
Background
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing childhood-onset disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness that affects 3–7% of school-aged children and tends to persist into adulthood [1]. Converging neuroscience evidence suggests that ADHD is often ass... | 16441891 | PMC1403787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jan 27; 2:4 |
Background
We present a case report of testicular seminoma in a 56 year old man where the histological findings were unusual and the route of spread has not previously been reported. Accurate staging is crucial in planning the treatment and follow up of seminoma and determines the prognosis. The American Joint Committe... | 16509980 | PMC1403788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Mar 1; 6:5 |
Background
Evidence from studies on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) suggests that the induction of an inflammatory response around the cell bodies of axotomised neurons enhances the regeneration of their axons. Injection of corynebacterium into DRG prior to dorsal root injury produc... | 16433912 | PMC1403789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jan 24; 7:8 |
Background
Various approaches have been developed to intensify standard radiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck carcinomas, such as altered fractionation schemes (hyperfractionation, acceleration) [1] or combination with chemotherapy [2]. Improved local control and survival have been confirmed in recent trials o... | 16451730 | PMC1403790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 1; 6:30 |
Background
Life and death of cells must be balanced if tissue homeostasis is to be maintained. The main (though not the only) death mechanism by which mammalian cells maintain homeostasis is apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptosis clearly contributes to the pathogenesis of various human diseases including cancer. Defects... | 16504151 | PMC1403791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 27; 6:45 |
Background
Nestin was originally described as an antigen of monoclonal antibody RAT401 against embryonic spinal cord [1] and was subsequently identified as a class VI intermediate filament protein [2], which is closely related to the neurofilament branch [3]. Nestin expression has been proved in both rodent and human n... | 16457706 | PMC1403792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 2; 6:32 |
Background
Breast cancer appears to be a disease of both the developing and developed worlds. It is the leading type of cancer in women. Among Turkish women, breast cancer represents 24.1% of all cancers seen in women and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. About 2390 new cases of breast cancer were d... | 16504119 | PMC1403793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 24; 6:43 |
Background
Highly sensitive methods have been developed for the identification of randomised trials, but there are few guidelines for searching for observational studies. [1] Many research questions can only be addressed through observational studies, for instance the deleterious effects of psychiatric diseases or smok... | 16483366 | PMC1403794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Feb 16; 6:4 |
Background
Systematic reviews in healthcare are designed to summarize and synthesize the existing totality of evidence about a clinical question using rigorous methods that help to safeguard the review from bias. Ideally, the evidence-gathering stage requires preparing as broad a search 'statement' as possible, and the... | 16504110 | PMC1403795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Feb 24; 6:7 |
Background
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a Th2 cell mediated hypersensitivity lung disease due to bronchial colonization with A. fumigatus that affects approximately 1–2% of asthmatic and 7–9% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients [1,2]. The immunologic hallmarks of ABPA are elevated IgE antibodies to A.... | 16503977 | PMC1403796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Feb 17; 4:3 |
Review
Introduction
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, Gram-negative soil bacteria belonging to genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Phylorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium, commonly named rhizobia, have the ability to establish root symbiosis with certain legumes. Upon stimulation by flavonoids exu... | 16483356 | PMC1403797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Feb 16; 5:7 |
Background
The alternative splicing of retroviral mRNA is unique in that the inefficient splicing of viral precursor mRNA by the cellular splicing machinery results in the accumulation of unspliced mRNA which is necessary for the optimal expression of structural viral Gag, Gag-Pro, and Gag-Pro-Pol gene products. Approx... | 16457729 | PMC1403798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Feb 3; 3:10 |
Background
Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy (TSV) is a recent advancement in vitreo-retinal surgical techniques involving the use of 25 G instruments through self-sealing sclerotomies. The obvious advantages of such a technique include minimization of surgically induced trauma from sclerotomy sites, less post-op... | 16507105 | PMC1403799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Feb 28; 6:7 |
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a Epstein-Barr virus-associated cancer [1] highly prevalent in Southeast Asia and especially southern China where it occurs at a prevalence about a 100-fold higher compared with other populations not at risk [2,3]. Although environmental factors may contribute to this geogra... | 16423296 | PMC1403800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jan 19; 4:4 |
Background
Molecular studies have made significant contributions to our understanding of higher-level turtle evolutionary relationships [1-3], but there are still some areas of uncertainty or apparent conflict between data sets. One of the major outstanding issues is the placement of the enigmatic "big-headed turtle" o... | 16464263 | PMC1403801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 7; 6:11 |
Background
Mapping characters on phylogenies provides a historical framework essential to our understanding of the evolution of behavioral, morphological, ecological, and molecular traits [1-3]. In addition, knowledge of the patterns of character change along a phylogeny has proven valuable to our understanding of the ... | 16504105 | PMC1403802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 23; 7:88 |
Background
Gene expression profiles, produced by the microarray experiments, provide a way to investigate the expression levels of thousands of genes under various experimental conditions. It has been used in a broad range of areas in biology, such as regulatory pathway inferring, functional gene finding, etc. [1-6]. T... | 16426462 | PMC1403803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 22; 7:32 |
Background
Proteomics is the study of the proteome, the protein complement of the genome, and is critical for the understanding of cellular biological processes. Two central and related tasks of proteomics are protein identification and protein characterization. Identification is commonly done by peptide mass fingerpri... | 16438723 | PMC1403804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 26; 7:42 |
Background
Many statistical algorithms combine microarray expression data and genome sequence data to find transcription factor binding motifs (TFBMs) in the low eukaryotic genomes. An early work searches for the regulatory motifs that are associated with significant mean expression changes when they are in the promote... | 16438730 | PMC1403805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 26; 7:44 |
Background
The quantity of biological information available in the public databases is now very large and doubling nearly every year [1]. Projects involving high throughput data from approaches such as the new transcriptomic or genomic technologies require large quantities of data to be dealt with. For example, in orde... | 16441875 | PMC1403806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 27; 7:45 |
Background
Identifying the primary targets of chemical compounds determines the selection of compounds suitable for drug development. It is cost effective to improve the accuracy of compound selection since it is a central bottleneck for pharmaceutical companies [1,2]. Furthermore, to reveal the mechanisms of action an... | 16451737 | PMC1403807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 2; 7:51 |
Background
The result of every analysis of microarray data is an outcome of a random experiment. For example, the number of genes declared differentially expressed and the estimated false discovery rate (FDR) should be treated as random variables and their variability has to be assessed in the same fashion that the pop... | 16451725 | PMC1403808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 1; 7:50 |
Background
Circadian rhythms (or the biologic clocks that control them) have stimulated interest in recent years due to their importance in orchestrating physiological behavior, biological processes, and adaptability of biological systems to changes in environment [1-3]. Many circadian-related genes have been explored ... | 16504088 | PMC1403809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 23; 7:87 |
Background
Approximately half of human genes are members of duplicate gene families [1] and such genes might be playing an important role in the robustness of organisms against mutations (reviewed in [2-4]). Do most duplicate genes retain the functions of their parental singleton gene? Or do they diverge after duplicat... | 16441884 | PMC1403810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 27; 7:46 |
Background
A widely held view in ageing research is that the rate of ageing is influenced by the division of resources between growth rate and reproduction on one hand, and somatic maintenance on the other [1]. This theory proposes that evolution sets the level of somatic maintenance to be just sufficient to prevent da... | 16457721 | PMC1403811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Feb 3; 4:1 |
This month Retrovirology completes two years of continuous publishing. At the 24 months juncture, we are pleased with the support and traction that we have achieved within our scientific community. Retrovirology is now tracked and indexed in all major bibliographic services including Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Thomso... | 0 | PMC1405738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Mar 15; 3:17 |
Introduction
Collaborating across geographic and disciplinary boundaries presents research initiatives with an unprecedented challenge in terms of communication and collaboration [1-3]. Meeting these challenges successfully requires unconventional tools and novel scientific work practices [4,5]. The “collaboratory” [6-... | 16403717 | PMC1408071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:20 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2005 Oct 25; 7(5):e53 |
Background
Mutualistic symbioses are defined as the association between unrelated organisms living together in a close, protracted relationship that benefits both partners. They are common in nature and are a driving force in evolution [1]. Cnidarian – dinoflagellate associations represent one of the most important sym... | 16472376 | PMC1408080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 10; 7:23 |
Background
Modulation in the expression of cancer-related genes silenced by changes in DNA methylation and histone post-translational modification through the use of DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors has been shown to exert antitumor effects in in vitro and in vivo models [1]. These results have led to... | 16448574 | PMC1408081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Jan 31; 6:2 |
Introduction
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are analogs of naturally occurring pyrophosphate and are used as drugs for the treatment of various bone diseases, like osteoporosis. [1–5] Alendronate, (1-hydroxy-4-aminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (HABBPA) disodium salt is a typical example of an amino BP compound (Figure 1).... | 16542011 | PMC1408082 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Feb 24; 2:2 |
Introduction
The search for new synthetic routes for the total synthesis of biologically active natural products has been growing in recent years, often stimulated by the lack of synthetic drugs for the cure of diseases.
In various biological tests, several natural and synthetic brazanquinones have shown high biologic... | 16542010 | PMC1408083 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Feb 21; 2:1 |
Background
Barley is one of the agronomically most important large-genome cereals with a high number of varieties and accessions worldwide. The systematic evaluation of the molecular diversity encompassed in barley genetic resources is a prerequisite for its efficient exploitation in breeding as well as for development... | 16433922 | PMC1408084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jan 24; 7:6 |
Background
Snake bite is a major health hazard that leads to high mortality and great suffering in victims. Conservative sources estimate that the number of accidents globally reach one million, resulting in 600,000 envenomations and more than 20,000 deaths annually [1]. Other sources place annual incidences globally a... | 16451723 | PMC1409767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Feb 1; 2:7 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Yuri I. Wolf (nominated by Eugene Koonin), Arcady Mushegian and Martijn Huynen.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Genealogical reconstruction, meaning comprehension of the total scope of ancestor-descendant relationships for a given set of indi... | 16542008 | PMC1409768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Feb 15; 1:5 |
Background
The cancer experience consists of predictable events which, generally, are described on the disease continuum [1]. These events begin with the diagnosis, followed by treatment, remission, recurrence or progression, and then the terminal phase. Cancer and its treatment, whether it is surgery, chemotherapy, or... | 16460566 | PMC1409769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Feb 6; 4:9 |
Background
HIV/AIDS community and use of the Internet
Due to the complex nature of HIV/AIDS and ever changing treatment options, many people with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) have taken the lead in their own health care, actively pursuing treatment information on their accord. Some have even created their own Internet web sites to ... | 16504148 | PMC1409770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Feb 27; 6:10 |
Background
During cell differentiation, an immature unspecialized cell assumes a new, stable and lasting phenotype [1]. Such a drastic change of cell identity is often considered to be a continuous process in which a precursor cell appears to gradually "morph" into a differentiated one. This impression arises in partic... | 16507101 | PMC1409771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Feb 28; 7:11 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring phenomenon by which RNA duplexes known as short interfering RNA (siRNA) can reduce gene expression through enzymatic cleavage of a target mRNA mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The ability of synthetic siRNA to inhibit targeted genes with n... | 16433925 | PMC1409772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:19 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jan 24; 6:7 |
Background
In cases there is presumption of prosthetic loosening based on clinical and/or radiological evidence, prosthetic anchoring must be assessed with supplementary diagnostic examinations. In addition, prior to prosthetic revisioning it should be clarified whether the loosening is secondary to septic or aseptic c... | 16512924 | PMC1409773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 3; 7:20 |
Background
Adult data suggest that gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease (GERD) causes 21–41% of chronic cough [1,2]. In adults with chronic cough, a small study (n = 8, median % of neutrophils 6.2) has shown a non significant increase of airway neutrophils when compared to controls (n = 10; median % of neutrophils 3.2... | 16504152 | PMC1409774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Feb 27; 6:4 |
Introduction
The acceptable preparation of an organic product involves not only a relatively efficient reaction but also the ease of workup and purification. Safety and ecological friendliness are also of paramount importance. Therefore, in order to evaluate the quality of the overall preparation process, it is importa... | 16542013 | PMC1409775 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Mar 3; 2:3 |
Background
Emerging animal and zoonotic diseases and increasing international trade have resulted in an increased demand for veterinary surveillance systems, while human and financial resources available to support government veterinary services are becoming more and more limited in many countries world-wide. This cons... | 16507106 | PMC1409776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 28; 6:20 |
Background
Cataract is very prevalent in developed countries, and the incidence is expected to increase as the result of the aging of the population and increased life expectancies [1]. In addition, cataract extraction is the most common surgical intervention in developed countries [2]. Due to the high prevalence of th... | 16512906 | PMC1409777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 2; 6:23 |
Background
Cataract extraction is the most frequently performed surgical intervention in developed countries [1]. Because of the high prevalence of cataract development and the increasing number of patients requiring cataract extraction, managers must decide how to prioritize patients. Different priority criteria for c... | 16512893 | PMC1409778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 2; 6:24 |
Background
As more and more medical specialists prefer to work part-time [e.g. [1,2]], the question arises as to the consequences of this development for the tasks carried out by medical specialists. The trend of an increasing number of part-time medical specialists is expected to continue, since it is predominantly wo... | 16515698 | PMC1409779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 3; 6:26 |
Background
Circulatory disease prevention includes smoking cessation [1]. Although awareness of having circulatory disease prima facie should be assumed to function as a threat to the smoker sufficient in strength to stimulate smoking cessation [2] there is evidence that diseased smokers are even less likely to quit th... | 16504155 | PMC1409780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 27; 6:48 |
Background
Adolescence is a critical period of development, as important behavior patterns are set in place during this period, and these patterns can have serious and long-term consequences for lifetime health and welfare. In particular, adoption of unhealthy risk behaviors such as smoking and drinking, and participat... | 16504147 | PMC1409781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 27; 6:49 |
Background
Patients' concordance with medication is a prerequisite for effective drug therapy. Non-concordance is a major public health problem that imposes a considerable financial burden on the health care system [1,2]. Despite the comprehensive research on concordance during the last decades [3], non-concordance rem... | 16512907 | PMC1409782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 2; 6:52 |
Background
Designed to assess infants' condition immediately after birth, Apgar score [1] is a cumulative ranking of five clinical signs – heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex activity, and color – each assigned a rating of 0, 1, or 2 with lower number corresponding to poorer condition [2]. Apgar scores ... | 16451724 | PMC1409783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 1; 6:23 |
Background
In a European context, Spain ranks high in terms of bladder cancer mortality (2nd) in men, yet in women it figures among the countries with the lowest rates. During 2002, there were 3492 deaths in men and 703 in women due to this tumour, with an age-adjusted mortality rate (European population) of 14.01 in m... | 16438735 | PMC1409784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 27; 6:17 |
Background
Primary health care workers are the closest health care providers to the community. By virtue of the location of their duty-post at the periphery of health care delivery network, they serve the important function of 'triaging' patients at the first point of call. With regard to pediatric patients, they are t... | 16441888 | PMC1409785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 27; 6:19 |
Background
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been high in most industrialized nations, since the early 1950s; however, this trend accelerated in the 1990s. Australia has not escaped this phenomenon [1]. The risk of cardiovascular disease increases with overweight and obesity [2]. According to the Australian ... | 16512915 | PMC1409786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 2; 6:53 |
Background
It's very common to analyse a system by making measurements and trying to fit a mathematical equation (i.e. the model of the system) to the results. That way the system is described by the fitted parameters. If the system is complex and the equation has many (M) parameters a1 to aM (described by the vector a... | 16504064 | PMC1409787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 22; 5:13 |
Background
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become by far the primary tool for gaining important insights into the functional and metabolic bases of heart disease. However, the observation of a moving organ, such as a beating heart, requires synchronization: since an image cannot be acquired in one heart cycle, its... | 16504009 | PMC1409788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 20; 5:11 |
Background
Many researchers are pursuing research programmes aimed at elucidating the effects of early testosterone exposure on later development outcomes, especially behavior. These include both experimental work with animal models and a large body of work in human psychology that have focused on the role of early tes... | 16504142 | PMC1409789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 26; 4:10 |
Background
Mammalian oocytes are arrested at the dictyate stage until they have completed their growth phase. The resumption of meiosis is induced by the preovulatory gonadotropin surge in vivo or by transferring the oocytes from their surrounding somatic follicle cells into suitable culture conditions [1]. The nuclear... | 16457731 | PMC1409790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 3; 4:4 |
Background
Malaria vector control strategies rely on the use of insecticides for the impregnation of bed nets and for indoor residual spraying. Increasing resistance of malaria vectors may have important implications for the vector control programmes, especially considering the scaling up of insecticide treated bed net... | 16504072 | PMC1409791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 22; 5:16 |
Background
Better intervention technologies for malaria control are all clearly desirable but, taking insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) as an example, it is also clear that their cost-effective delivery remains the dominant obstacle to effective application in Africa [1]. Recent experiences with social marketing [2-5], p... | 16457724 | PMC1409792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 3; 5:9 |
Background
Evolutionary genomics approaches have been proposed as powerful tools to identify protein regions relevant for host-pathogen interactions [1]. Identifying signatures of genetic conflict can open the way to biological testing of hypotheses regarding the function of host proteins. In retrovirology, the utility... | 16460575 | PMC1409793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Feb 7; 3:11 |
Background
Shake flask cultivation is an easy way to grow small amounts of microbes. They are also applied for bioprocess optimization and for preparation of starter cultures for bioreactor cultivations. Shake flask cultures are usually batch-cultivations since the media components are added into the cultivation flask ... | 16504107 | PMC1409794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Feb 24; 5:8 |
Background
Although cold and heat shock are normally considered as independent processes, recent evidence points to the occurrence of interlock between them is some organisms. Physiological experiments suggest that cold-shock enhances heat tolerance of Lactococcus lactis sp. lactis IL1403 [1]. Possible correlations bet... | 16480499 | PMC1409795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Feb 15; 5:6 |
Background
Restriction enzymes are incontestably the most fundamental tool used in molecular biology. Over the past 40 years, more than 3500 restriction enzymes have been isolated from hundreds of strains of bacteria. It is the sequence specificity of enzymes which renders them so valuable. However, because of the larg... | 16507099 | PMC1409796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 28; 7:98 |
Background
Affymetrix GeneChips® are routinely used to measure relative amounts of mRNA transcripts on a genome wide basis. The large number of probe sets (representing genes) available on these arrays gives the researcher a wealth of information, but the multiple testing raises the potential for a large number of fals... | 16448562 | PMC1409797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 31; 7:49 |
Background
Over 30 structural genomics centers have been established worldwide with the common goal of large-scale, high-throughput structure determination using X-ray crystallography and NMR[1]. One challenge is to predict the function of the proteins from their three-dimensional structures, primarily those which have... | 16460560 | PMC1409798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 6; 7:53 |
Background
Complex networks of molecular and genetic interactions are increasingly being studied for insights into biological mechanisms [1-3]. Such studies include deciphering genome-wide protein-protein interactions [4]], large-scale analysis and prediction of gene regulatory networks [5], construction of metabolic p... | 16464251 | PMC1409799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 7; 7:55 |
Background
The discovery of genes that directly affect human health is an active area of biomedical research. Although studies have been historically biased toward the role of individual genes in disease phenotypes, most complex diseases are caused by the influence of numerous genes with lesser individual effects. Curr... | 16466585 | PMC1409800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 9; 7:61 |
Background
Recently, discriminant analysis of microarray data has been widely used to assist diagnosis [1-3]. Given some microarray data characterized by a large number of genes' expressions, a typical discriminant analysis constructs a classifier based on the given data to distinguish between different disease types. ... | 16504159 | PMC1409801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 27; 7:95 |
Background
Expression microarrays are powerful tools for disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment [1], offering unparalleled insight into the function of the entire genome and the dynamic interactions among genes. Two common platforms are oligonucleotide and cDNA microarrays. Oligonucleotide microarrays are generated... | 16509965 | PMC1409802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 1; 7:101 |
Background
With the availability of complete genome sequences, biology has entered a new era. Relying on the sequencing data of genomes, transcriptomes or proteomes, scientists have been developing high-throughput screening assays and undertaking a variety of large scale functional genomics projects. While some project... | 16423300 | PMC1409803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:09:20 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 19; 7:28 |
Background
Finding protein-coding genes in eukaryotic genomic sequences with in-silico methods remains an important challenge in computational genomics, despite many years of intensive research work. Existing methods fall into two groups with respect to the data they utilize. The first group consists of ab initio progr... | 16469098 | PMC1409804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 9; 7:62 |
Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, generally 21–24 nt in length, that can posttranscriptionally down-regulate the expression of mRNAs bearing complementary target sequences [1]. Over 300 miRNAs have been identified in humans, and comparable numbers are expressed in all metazoan eukaryotes analyze... | 16557291 | PMC1409806 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 24; 2(3):e23 |
Introduction
The popular image of the human brain is closely associated with the intricate folds of the cerebral cortex. This cortical landscape has been described, measured, and interpreted since the age of phrenology [1]. The mammalian cerebral cortex evolved and expanded tangentially [2–4], and folded to accommodate... | 16557292 | PMC1409812 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 24; 2(3):e22 |
Introduction
In the absence of sensory inputs, cortical neural networks can exhibit complex patterns of intrinsic activity. The origin of this spontaneous activity in the cortex is still unclear, but recent studies have reported some important characteristics of the dynamics. For example, it has been demonstrated [3] t... | 16557293 | PMC1409813 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 24; 2(3):e23 |
Introduction
Nipple aspiration is a noninvasive suction technique used to obtain breast fluid from the duct openings at the nipple. The procedure elicits droplet formation from one or more ducts in 48 to 94% of healthy, nonlactating women, and these fluids often contain exfoliated ductal epithelial cells [1-10]. The ni... | 16280052 | PMC1410733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 24; 7(6):R1017-R1022 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world. It affects 1 in 9 women in the United States where 46,000 women die from breast cancer each year despite early detection methods and advanced conventional treatments [1]. Clearly, novel therapies for breast cancer are required. Gene therapy and virother... | 16457694 | PMC1410735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 16; 7(6):R1141-R1152 |
Introduction
Estrogens are involved in the development and progression of breast cancer [1-4]. Women experience various exposures to estrogens, including endogenous production, use of pharmacological estrogens (birth control medications and hormone replacement therapy) and through environmental contact. There are sever... | 16280036 | PMC1410736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 21; 7(6):R909-R921 |
Introduction
Pathogenic mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, PTEN, ATM and CHEK2 account for approximately a third of high-risk breast cancer families, suggesting that other breast cancer susceptibility genes exist [1-5]. Given the number of candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes, any approach to their identification... | 16280053 | PMC1410737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 21; 7(6):R1005-R1016 |
Introduction
Estrogen is a central factor in the etiology of breast cancer [1]. One of the key enzymes in the synthesis of sex hormones, such as estrogens and androgens, is cytochrome P450c17 (CYP17). CYP17 catalyses the 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone, and these intermediates are then converted to d... | 16280037 | PMC1410739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 14; 7(6):R890-R896 |
Introduction
The long arm of chromosome 16 is a frequent target for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in sporadic breast cancer [1]. Detailed mapping of LOH revealed at least two frequently deleted genomic regions on chromosome 16q22.1 and 16q24.3 that could harbour classical tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) [2,3]. Mutation a... | 16280054 | PMC1410740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 18; 7(6):R998-R1004 |
Introduction
Copper is an essential trace metal for animals. The amount of copper in an organism is tightly regulated [1,2]. Angiogenesis, the growth of a tumor blood supply, is essential for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis [3-6]. It has been shown that tumors, without a blood supply, do not grow larger than 1 t... | 16280039 | PMC1410741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 20; 7(6):R897-R908 |
Introduction
Base excision repair (BER) corrects localized DNA damage such as oxidized or fragmented lesions and non-bulky adducts [1]. Sources of oxidative damage include ionizing radiation and chemical carcinogens in tobacco smoke [1,2]. In the absence of this repair process, oxidized lesions and non-bulky adducts ma... | 16457697 | PMC1410742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 21; 7(6):R1168-R1173 |
Introduction
Synthetic progestins have been in use since the 1950s. Today more than 15 million women use them either in combination oral contraceptives or for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) [1]. Although progestins are added to estrogens because they significantly lower the risk for endometrial cancer, HRT is often ... | 16457685 | PMC1410743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 2; 7(6):R1036-R1050 |
Introduction
There are several approaches to identifying low-penetrance candidate genes for breast cancer. In one approach, it is assumed that missense variants of genes for which truncating mutations are clearly pathogenic might also be deleterious. If the missense allele demonstrates high penetrance (i.e. like trunca... | 16280055 | PMC1410744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 24; 7(6):R1023-R1027 |
Introduction
Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins are inhibitors of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway; they exert their action by blocking their proapoptotic counterparts, including Bid and Bax, thereby preventing the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase [1,2]. Bcl-xL shows remarkable homology to Bcl-2 and inhi... | 16280040 | PMC1410745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 28; 7(6):R940-R952 |
Introduction
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer, and specific subchromosomal copy number changes are thought to play a driving role in the transformation of normal cells to malignant clones. These genomic copy number changes may result in deletion of one or both alleles of tumor suppressor genes, overexpressio... | 16457699 | PMC1410746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 24; 7(6):R1186-R1198 |
Introduction
In recent years, the family of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) or ERBB receptors has attracted great attention in the literature [1]. This family includes four tyrosine kinase receptors: EGFR (HER1/c-erbB1), human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu (c-erbB2), HER3 (c-erbB3) and HER4(c-er... | 16280056 | PMC1410747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 25; 7(6):R1028-R1035 |
Introduction
Studies of the pathogenicity of nucleotide sequence variants in disease-associated genes usually focus on the effect on encoded protein structure and function. However, the deleterious effects of such changes may also be attributed to regulatory defects such as altered transcript stability [1] and abnormal... | 16280041 | PMC1410749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 22; 7(6):R929-R939 |
Introduction
Tamoxifen (Tam) remains the most frequently prescribed agent for the treatment of hormone responsive breast cancer. Efficacy for Tam has been demonstrated in the treatment of all stages of breast cancer and it is also used as prevention therapy for women at high risk of developing breast cancer. Although T... | 16457696 | PMC1410750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 21; 7(6):R1159-R1167 |
Introduction
In recent years, the view on breast cancer has changed from that of a more locoregional process towards an early generalized disease. The importance of curative local treatment, therefore, is decreasing [1] as more and more patients at all stages receive systemic chemo- or hormone therapy, even when tumor ... | 16457698 | PMC1410751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 24; 7(6):R1174-R1185 |
Introduction
Adjuvant systemic therapy saves a significant number of lives [1-3], but many patients are subjected to unnecessary adjuvant therapies with the potential of causing more harm than good [4]. Approximately 25% [5] of all women diagnosed with breast cancer die from their disease despite having been treated ac... | 16280042 | PMC1410752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 3; 7(6):R953-R964 |
Introduction
HER-2 is a member of the type I receptor tyrosine kinase family [1,2], which consists of four closely related family members, HER-2 (neu/ErbB2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB1), HER-3 (ErbB3) and HER-4 (ErbB4). Unlike the other ErbB family members, HER-2 does not directly bind any ligand wit... | 16457687 | PMC1410754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 8; 7(6):R1058-R1079 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer disease among women in the Western world, accounting for almost 30% of all cancers among women. Although there have been advances in the areas of early detection and treatment, the incidence of this disease has increased and mortality rates are almost unaltered [1]... | 16457690 | PMC1410757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 9; 7(6):R1097-R1110 |
Introduction
Mammographic density is a stronger risk factor for breast cancer than almost all other known breast cancer risk factors [1-5]. Bone mineral density (BMD) is another predictor of breast cancer risk in older women. Elderly women with high BMD have a greater risk of breast cancer than women with low BMD [6-10... | 16280044 | PMC1410758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 22; 7(6):R922-R928 |
Introduction
The predominant role assigned to the estrogen receptor (ER)-α pathway as the key player in the origin and maintenance of the neoplastic phenotype in mammary cancer has been challenged by recent clinical [1-4] and experimental [5] findings, which suggest that progesterone receptors (PRs) play a similarly si... | 16457691 | PMC1410760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 9; 7(6):R1111-R1121 |
Introduction
One of the major obstacles to improving breast cancer treatment is the lack of a sensitive and specific assay with which to evaluate the effect of therapy in the adjuvant setting and in metastatic disease. It has been shown that cells can be shed from the tumour at all stages of disease and that these cell... | 16280045 | PMC1410761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 4; 7(6):R975-R979 |
Introduction
Cancer metastasis is a multi-faceted process requiring the disregulation of numerous signaling pathways, including those associated with cell adhesion and motility. The initial steps of metastasis require the acquisition of a motile phenotype in order to traverse tissue boundaries, while the later stages r... | 16280046 | PMC1410764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 30; 7(6):R965-R974 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is considered the most frequent malignancy of women in the western world. Surgery, radio-, chemo- and endocrine therapies are used in the treatment or prevention of this disease. During the past decade, the anticancer effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and especially of the vitamin D analogue EB1089 have... | 16280049 | PMC1410765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 6; 7(6):R980-R986 |
Introduction
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a 17-ketosteroid that is produced at high levels in the adrenals of primates and is the chief precursor of androstenedione, which itself is readily converted into testosterone and 17β-estradiol at the tissue level [1]. Epidemiological data have shown that premenopausal wome... | 16457693 | PMC1410767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 16; 7(6):R1132-R1140 |
Introduction
The principal risk factors for breast cancer are hormonal or reproductive factors that increase exposure to estrogen [1]. The importance of estrogen in breast cancer development is further supported by studies demonstrating the occurrence of marked changes in estrogen signaling and expression of the two es... | 16280033 | PMC1410768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 6; 7(6):R871-R880 |
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