text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerotic changes of the renal arteries has become a serious concern as a cause of hypertension and renal ischemia, resulting frequently in end-stage renal failure [1,2]. Several epidemiologic studies have shown the elevated prevalence of ischemic nephropathy, with special ... | 15488139 | PMC527878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Oct 15; 5:15 |
Introduction
Small molecule inhibitors are useful tools for studying dynamic biological processes. Compared to mutations and RNA interference (RNAi), cell-permeable small molecules allow inhibition of protein function with precise temporal control, and may also spur development of new therapeutics. One approach to find... | 15547975 | PMC528723 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 5; 2(12):e379 |
Cytokinesis, in which newly formed daughter cells separate, is the culmination of the cell cycle. It is necessary for normal growth and development, and it is also a sine qua non in the pathogenesis of cancers—cells that can't divide can't form tumors, can't metastasize, and can't kill. Therefore, understanding the ful... | 0 | PMC528724 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 5; 2(12):e386 |
Background
The application of high-throughput technologies (such as DNA microarrays) to biomedical experimentation generates large quantities of data that can be difficult to browse and interpret in the absence of a graphical representation. Eisen et al. have previously displayed clustered microarray data using a false... | 15488149 | PMC528725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 15; 5:151 |
Background
By providing a genome-wide view of gene expression, microarrays have become a common exploratory tool in many areas of biological and clinical studies [1-3]. While there are several different microarray platforms, photolithographically synthesized oligonucleotide arrays from Affymetrix have become one of the... | 15504239 | PMC528726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 25; 5:159 |
Background
Treatment-resistant depression is a serious issue in psychiatry as a significant number of affected individuals show an inadequate response to single antidepressant therapy. An emerging strategy to achieve maximum mood stabilization for treatment-resistant depression, bipolar illness and depression with psyc... | 15498104 | PMC528727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 21; 4:27 |
Background
Administration of ketamine or other NMDA receptor blocking drugs [1] may bring with it both beneficial and problematic outcomes. Ketamine's use as a dissociative anesthetic is well established in clinical practice [1] and more recently, it has also been proposed as a neuroprotectant against hypoxic-ischemic ... | 15509306 | PMC528728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 28; 4:28 |
Background
Central serous retinopathy (CSR) is a retinal disorder affecting young adults, characterized clinically by a well-defined, translucent, circumscribed detachment of neurosensory retina at the posterior pole, usually involving the macula. The detachment results from accumulation of transparent fluid in the pot... | 15516262 | PMC528729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 Oct 29; 4:15 |
Background
Before the modern discipline of bioethics evolved, ethics had been on the centre stage of medical practice for more than two millennia, since the time of Hippocrates. In 1803, Thomas Percival published his book on Medical Ethics, which became the template on which the code of ethics of the American Medical A... | 15488145 | PMC528730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Oct 15; 4:21 |
Background
A comprehensive understanding of the rapidly expanding corpus of information about the genome, transcriptome, and proteome at large scale requires extensive integration with existing knowledge that often pertains to a number of biological disciplines. Despite the existence of specialized databases (e.g. [1,2... | 15473905 | PMC528731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 8; 5:147 |
Background
Interactions among genes, gene products and small molecules regulate all cellular processes involving cell survival, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation among others. Such interactions are organized into complex lattice structures conventionally divided into cell signaling, metabolic and gene regula... | 15494071 | PMC528732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 19; 5:156 |
Background
DNA microarray is a popular high-throughput technology for the monitoring of thousands of gene expression levels simultaneously under different conditions [1]. The typical purposes of microarray studies are to identify similarly expressed genes under various cell conditions and associate the genes with cellu... | 15504240 | PMC528735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 26; 5:160 |
Background
Gaps caused by insertion and deletion events (indels) are often important features of DNA sequence data, which is widely used in phylogenetic studies [1-13]. Although some authors consider indels to be potentially misleading [1,14], others consider indels to be important characters [8,9,13,15,16] and have ar... | 15516260 | PMC528782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 29; 5:173 |
Background
Checkpoint mechanisms are important for cell survival and genetic stability. They prevent cell cycle transitions until previous events have been completed or damaged DNA has been repaired [1]. Checkpoint pathways and proteins are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to man, underlining their importance in mai... | 15498101 | PMC528784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Oct 21; 5:40 |
Background
Combining gene sequences from multiple subcellular compartments continues to provide increasingly well-resolved flowering plant phylogenies [1] and these have precipitated a new classification for angiosperms [2]. Whereas most groups have been placed at the ordinal level, seven of the 18 "taxa of uncertain p... | 15496229 | PMC528834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Oct 20; 4:40 |
Introduction
The majority of previous mechanical studies on visceral organs, including the blood vessels, have considered them as homogenous tubes; i.e., a single layer structure. Most visceral organs are, however, multilayered, e.g. the arteries consist of intima, media and adventitia and the gastrointestinal tract ha... | 15518591 | PMC528839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Nov 1; 3:40 |
Background
Nicotinic acid functions in the body after conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the NAD coenzyme system. Niacin reduces total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B) and Lipoprotein (a) (Lp (a)). Niacin increases high... | 15511297 | PMC528844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Oct 28; 3:23 |
Introduction
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes (CLs) eliminate virally infected cells or tumour cells either by activating death receptors or by delivering cytotoxic granule proteins (granule exocytosis) to the target cell [1,2]. The ability of a virus or a tumour cell to evade detection or survive an attack by CLs is likely to re... | 15500699 | PMC528853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Oct 25; 2:36 |
Introduction
Journal of Neuroinflammation is an Open Access, online journal that is published by BioMed Central, an independent publisher committed to Open Access for peer-reviewed biomedical research [1]. Among the many benefits of Open Access publishing are (1) instant and universal availability of published work to ... | 15485579 | PMC528856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Oct 14; 1:19 |
Introduction
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the mainstay of current asthma management and should be used in all patients with persistent asthma. Many patients with persistent asthma can be controlled with regular ICS. However, a considerable proportion of patients treated with ICS remain symptomatic, despite the use... | 15509300 | PMC528858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Oct 27; 5(1):17 |
Background
While the topicality of serum uric acid (SUA) being a risk factor is currently controversial [1,2], there is little controversy regarding its association as a risk marker associated with cardiovascular (CVD) and renal disease (especially in patients with hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure). SUA seems ... | 15507132 | PMC529248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Oct 19; 1:10 |
Background
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder involving recurrent abnormal discharges of neurons that produce epileptic seizures [1]. With the exception of stroke, epilepsy is one of the most prevalent human neurological afflictions affecting about 1% of the US population [2,3]. Many persons with epilepsy manifest par... | 15507133 | PMC529249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Oct 19; 1:11 |
Background
The set of microarray expression data on p distinct genes is represented by a random vector X = X1,..., Xp with stochastically dependent components. The dimension of X is typically very high relative to the number of observations (replicates of experiment). The standard practice is to test the hypothesis of ... | 15507138 | PMC529250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:35:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 26; 5:164 |
Background
Significant advances in our understanding of the mediating psychobiology and the development of effective treatments for anxiety disorders have been made in recent years. Modern brain imaging techniques have proved useful in exposing specific albeit overlapping neurocircuitry that underlies individual anxiet... | 15482603 | PMC529251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 14; 4:30 |
Background
Conflict tasks involve the selection of a sub-dominant object or response in the presence of a competing dominant object or response. One of the most common tasks used in the literature to measure conflict is the flanker task. In this task, a target surrounded by stimuli suggesting either the same (congruent... | 15500693 | PMC529252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Oct 22; 5:39 |
Background
Neural stem cells are multipotent cells which are capable of self-replication and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system [1]. Because of their intrinsic plasticity and multipotency, there are great expectations that NSC transplantation will ultimately provi... | 15511288 | PMC529253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Oct 28; 5:41 |
Background
Heme oxygenases (HO, EC 1.14.99.3) are a highly conserved family of proteins that catalyse the oxidative cleavage of heme at the α-meso carbon to yield equimolar amounts of iron, carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Three distinct isozy... | 15498099 | PMC529254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 21; 4:26 |
Background
Treatment of peptic ulcer in accordance with relevant guidelines is becoming a common task for general practitioners [1-6]. In a post-treatment setting, in accordance with guidelines, prompt check-up of treatment results is recommended only in gastric ulcer cases with the use of 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT... | 15507141 | PMC529255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct 26; 4:27 |
Background
Inappropriate medication use is a major health care issue for the elderly population [1-3]. Older patients are more at risk for adverse medication outcomes because they often have complex drug regimens and because of the age-related changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [1]. Potentially inapp... | 15488143 | PMC529256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2004 Oct 15; 4:9 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is not yet a defeated affection. Although controllable at a community level and curable in individuals, its eradication seems distant. At present, at least one third of the World's population, more than 1 500 million individuals are infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Every year, ... | 15500691 | PMC529257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 22; 4:44 |
Background
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disease common in northern European populations. HH is characterized by increased iron absorption and deposition in the liver, pancreas, heart, joints and pituitary gland. Without treatment, death may occur from cirrhosis, primary liver cancer, diabet... | 15498100 | PMC529258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Oct 21; 5:25 |
Background
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the preferred dialysis modality in children. Advantages of PD over hemodialysis relevant to pediatric patients include its compatibility with a normal lifestyle and full psychosocial integration, the continuous mode of blood purification without dysequilibrium conditions, the abse... | 15485574 | PMC529259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Oct 14; 5:14 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission occurs mainly through large or repeated direct percutaneous punctures to blood vessels; for example repeated injections for drug abuse [1]. Less frequent routes are sexual transmission [2], perinatal transmission [3], acquisition from mucous membrane exposure [4,5], body ... | 15469615 | PMC529260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Oct 7; 5:13 |
Background
Late referral to specialist care for renal failure is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost (review in[1,2]). Consequently, nephrologists' associations recommend early referral[3,4]. The recently published ERA/ EDTA guideline states: "Referral to nephrology should be considered when the GF... | 15498108 | PMC529261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Oct 22; 5:16 |
Background
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that is prevalent in both under-developed and developing countries. An increased incidence of TBM has occurred in recent years due to the growing number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Diagnosis of TB... | 15498107 | PMC529262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Oct 22; 4:16 |
Background
Chronic headaches from head trauma [1-4] and whiplash injury [5-8] are well-known and common. Together with their accompanying symptoms they are usually referred to as "postconcussive (or post-traumatic) syndrome" and "whiplash syndrome," respectively. Chronic headaches from other sorts of physical traumas a... | 15516263 | PMC529263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:48 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Oct 29; 4:17 |
Background
Atopic dermatitis is the most common of childhood skin diseases, with a lifetime prevalence in children of 10% to 20% [1]. The disease is most common in industrialized countries and among Caucasians and Asians [2]. Annual total costs of treatment are estimated to range from $0.9 to 3.8 billion in the United ... | 15491500 | PMC529264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Oct 18; 4:21 |
Background
The debate about the impact of traumatic life events on psychiatric disorders has a long tradition in psychiatry. The introduction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III [1]) manifested the general recognition that a chronic condition c... | 15504233 | PMC529265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 25; 4:34 |
Background
The increasing rate of sick leave experienced in most Western countries challenges insurance companies, employers, and public authorities to identify measures to reduce burdens at the individual, workplace and societal levels.
To reduce the expenses of sick leave and the risk of expulsion from work, the Nor... | 15476563 | PMC529266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Oct 12; 4:46 |
Background
Compared to the adjacent countries of England and Wales, Scotland had a low suicide rate through most of the twentieth century [1]. This did not appear to be explained by differences in recording of suicide [2]. Suicide rates in Scottish men increased in the 1970s and 1980s [3,4]. Rates in younger men contin... | 15496228 | PMC529267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Oct 20; 4:49 |
Background
Cumulative trauma disorders, also called repetitive stress injuries, overuse syndromes or repetitive motion injuries [1-3] are common in musicians [4,5] and are caused by repetitive motions. Nerve entrapments, stress fractures, tendonitis, bursitis and muscle strains have been labeled in this category [1,5].... | 15485578 | PMC529268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Oct 14; 5:35 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are highly abundant in the human genome, appearing on average at 0.1% of the nucleotide positions [1]. Thus, each gene or transcriptional unit will contain multiple SNPs that potentially give rise to sequence variation between individuals and tissues on the level of RNA... | 15500681 | PMC529269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Oct 22; 4:24 |
Background
The most widely used strategies to investigate the function of genes in medaka (Oryzias latipes) are the analyses of mutants, miss-expression of wild type genes or their variants by mRNA injection and gene specific translational inhibition by morpholino injections [1-3]. However, the phenotype of a given mut... | 15507134 | PMC529270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Oct 26; 4:26 |
Background
The number of Americans using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) rose from 34% to 42% from 1990 to 1997, with annual spending for CAM therapies in excess of $21 billion [1]. The majority of the research on the use of CAM services has focused on patients or consumers of CAM. Several patient characte... | 15496231 | PMC529271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:44 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Oct 20; 4:14 |
Background
Smoking harms unborn children causing intra-uterine growth restriction, preterm birth, miscarriage and perinatal death [1,2]. Despite this over a quarter of pregnant women in the UK smoke [3] and although pregnancy motivates a minority of women to stop smoking for at least part of their pregnancy, most start... | 15518592 | PMC529272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Nov 1; 4:29 |
Background
Clinical laboratory services are a critical component of health systems. They are essential for patient management and for providing accurate public health data including early detection of malaria resistance. In many poorer countries, laboratory services have been neglected due to chronic under-investment. ... | 15516269 | PMC529273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 1; 3:38 |
Background
In recent years, multivariate imaging techniques have become an important source of information to aid diagnosis in many medical fields. One example is the dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) technique [1,2]. After the administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent, a sequence... | 15494072 | PMC529274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 19; 3:35 |
Background
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) results from multiple, rapidly changing and spatially disorganized activation wavelets sweeping across the surface of the atria [1]. Among factors contributing to genesis and / or maintenance of circulating wavelets, Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) seems to play a major pro-arrhythmic... | 15500687 | PMC529297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 22; 3:37 |
Background
Nasal dilator strips (NDS) are used by athletes, people who snore, and asthmatics to ease the burden of breathing. The nasal strips are used as a mechanical means of reducing nasal airflow resistance [1]. By lowering nasal resistance, they reduce the work of breathing and the supply of oxygen into the body c... | 15500689 | PMC529298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 22; 3:38 |
Background
In affluent societies like Norway, living conditions as well as general health status have improved during the last decades. In spite of this, social health inequities still exist, and recent analyses from Oslo even indicate an increase during the last 30 years [1]. Life expectancy for men living in the leas... | 15494077 | PMC529299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2004 Oct 19; 3:10 |
Introduction
Before 1980, socioeconomic inequalities in health were a non-issue in public health (research) in the Netherlands. This changed in the early 1980's as a result of the publication of the Black Report in England [1], and a report on inequalities in health between neighborhoods in the city of Amsterdam [2]. G... | 15500696 | PMC529300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2004 Oct 23; 3:11 |
Background
Health outcomes are a result of a multi-layered conceptual framework with proximal and distal determinants [1]. Proximal (nearer in time and place to the terminal event) determinants such as feeding practices, injury and disease especially the infectious diseases are mediated through factors prevailing withi... | 15482596 | PMC529301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2004 Oct 13; 3:9 |
Background
Recent high-profile hazardous materials incidents, such as an explosion at a pharmaceutical supply plant in Kinston, North Carolina [1] and an explosion at a manufacturing plant that makes automotive insulation products in Corbin, Kentucky [2], highlight the need to determine risk factors for hazardous mater... | 15496226 | PMC529302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Oct 20; 3:10 |
Introduction
Cystic fibrosis [CF] is the most commonly inherited fatal disease in persons originating from a white and European background, currently affecting approximately 30,000 adults and children in the US [1]. The defective gene carrying the mutation is carried in one in every 31 Americans [one in 28 Caucasians],... | 15496232 | PMC529303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Oct 20; 3:21 |
PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) are becoming widely used in medicine. A survey done by the America College of Physician predicted that 67% of physicians would be using PDAs by the end of 2002 [1]. These devices are used not only by the new generation of residents and physicians, but by all ages and all specialties [... | 15500688 | PMC529304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Oct 22; 3:22 |
Background
The accidental poisoning mortality rate has been increasing in the United States. In the 21-year period spanning 1981 to 2001, mortality rates due to accidental poisoning more than doubled from 2.0 per 100,000 in 1981 to 4.9 per 100,000 in 2001 [1]. The burden of accidental poisoning mortality in this period... | 15509301 | PMC529305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Oct 27; 3:25 |
Introduction
Low oxygen tension dilates coronary arteries and high oxygen tension is a coronary vasoconstrictor. Yet oxygen supplementation remains first line treatment in cardiovascular disease states such as myocardial infarction and pulmonary oedema.
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is reduced in patients with is... | 15522119 | PMC529306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Nov 2; 2:22 |
Background
Clinical researchers frequently use statistical models in an attempt to model outcomes that are not directly measured, also known as latent variables. Examples of such latent variables include mental health, quality of life, and physical disability. Although groups of items (questions) known as outcome scale... | 15500700 | PMC529307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Oct 25; 2:59 |
Background
Traditionally, the determination of malignancy and its grade in cartilage tumours has been from the combination of history, radiographic features with or without computed tomography and histologic examination [1-3]. More recently, magnetic resonance imaging has also been employed [4-6]. However, cartilage tu... | 15533251 | PMC529308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:35 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 8; 1:10 |
Findings
To date over 30 strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been isolated from African primate species and sequenced [1]. Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are quite exceptional among African monkeys in that they harbour two distinct SIV strains, designated SIVmnd1 and SIVmnd2, with a separate geographic d... | 15516270 | PMC529309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Nov 1; 1:36 |
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a polypeptide produced by monocytic macrophages and T-lymphocytes stimulated by endotoxin[1]. It has been well shown in vivo or in vitro that TNF assists anti-tumor treatment and intensified the sensitivity of chemotherapy to many different kinds of tumor cells [2-5]. However its clinical... | 15485573 | PMC529310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Oct 14; 2:33 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease and complement activation
A variety of inflammatory processes are increased in regions of pathology in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain [1-4]. There is a reciprocal relationship between this local inflammation and senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs); both SPs and NFT... | 15479474 | PMC529311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Oct 12; 1:18 |
Introduction
Adaptive mutation was first brought to wide attention by Cairns et al. (1988), and encompasses a collection of processes whereby cells adapt genetically in response to growth-limiting environments. The phenomenon is reported in several different microbial systems, and appears to occur via different molecul... | 15550983 | PMC529313 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e399 |
Introduction
The study of animal behaviour has often incorporated concepts from economic theory. This was the case, for instance, with the introduction of game theory to the study of animal conflict (Maynard-Smith and Price 1973; Maynard-Smith 1974). Similarly, optimal foraging theory (Charnov 1976; Stephens and Krebs ... | 15550984 | PMC529314 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e402 |
Introduction
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a key requirement for the development of proprioceptive inputs to motor neurons (Chen and Frank 1999; Chen et al. 2003). Mice deficient in NT-3, its tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkC, or in TrkC-positive neuron-specific transcription factor Runx3 display severe ataxia associated with ... | 15550985 | PMC529315 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e403 |
Introduction
DNA methylation is indispensable for vertebrate genome function. It is involved in diverse genomic processes such as gene regulation, chromosomal stability, and parental imprinting (Bird 2002), and interest in the function of DNA methylation is further heightened by the various human diseases associated wi... | 15550986 | PMC529316 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e405 |
Introduction
Cocaine, a naturally occurring plant alkaloid, is the prototype addictive psychomotor stimulant. It elicits a variety of acute behavioral changes ranging from mood elevation, disinhibition, and motor activation at low doses to compulsive stereotypies and psychosis at higher doses (Gawin 1991). Long-term co... | 15550987 | PMC529317 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e408 |
Introduction
During reinforcement, mating discrimination is strengthened by natural selection in response to maladaptive hybridization between closely related taxa (Dobzhansky 1940; Fisher 1958). Although reinforcement was a contentious issue in the past (Butlin 1989; Howard 1993; Noor 1999), recent theoretical work ha... | 15550988 | PMC529318 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e416 |
Introduction
Integration of proviral DNA into the host cell genome is an essential step in the life cycle of retroviruses. The process begins after a retrovirus enters the cell and the RNA genome is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA. Preintegration complexes (PICs) containing linear proviral DNA associated w... | 15550989 | PMC529319 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e423 |
For a recipe to become a meal, it's often necessary to embellish or modify the basic instructions—and to keep a note of the changes that work, so that it can be just as delicious next time around. The same is true for a gene, whose basic recipe—its nucleotide sequence—can be heritably annotated to “epigenetically” infl... | 0 | PMC529320 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e433 |
Animals in the wild are constantly confronted with decisions: Where to nest? Who to mate? Where's the best forage? To explore the mechanisms underlying such decisions, animal behavior studies often incorporate concepts from economic theory. Mainstream models of choice in both economics and biology predict that preferen... | 0 | PMC529321 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e434 |
Anyone who's ever had a physical exam knows the monosynaptic stretch reflex arc. When the doctor taps your patellar tendon with a hammer, your quadriceps muscle briefly stretches and your knee responds with a quick kick. This involuntarily reflex is mediated by muscle spindles, specialized muscle structures containing ... | 0 | PMC529322 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e437 |
For a human, the normal response to stress is to reduce it through some purposeful action, be it indulging in chocolate or calling in sick, at a rate which we can vary to fit the circumstances. For a strain of bacteria faced with stress, the choice is often more stark: it must mutate or die. Among evolutionary theorist... | 0 | PMC529323 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e438 |
Despite some high-profile setbacks in gene therapy over the past few years, scientists have not lost hope that targeted gene transfer will one day treat a wide range of acquired and congenital diseases. After two young gene therapy patients developed a leukemia-like disorder last year—apparently because the viral vecto... | 0 | PMC529324 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e443 |
Cocaine addiction wreaks profound changes on the brain, hijacking reward circuits and depressing inhibitory loops to the point that drug seeking and taking become central drivers of behavior. Lying at the core of these behavioral changes are molecular ones; at its most basic level, addiction alters the sensitivity of n... | 0 | PMC529325 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e444 |
Defining and classifying disease is at the heart of medical practice. But the standard approach to classification is slow and laborious. A new approach promises to revolutionise the way in which we classify disease. It involves the free and public sharing of information via the Internet—the so-called open-source, or, p... | 15578101 | PMC529419 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e16 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 33-y-old man presented to his primary care practitioner with a rash beginning around the left ear and spreading into the periorbital region. He was known to have eczema (atopic dermatitis), and the diagnosis of secondary bacterial infection and periorbital cellulitis was made.
Because of a histor... | 15578102 | PMC529420 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:08 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e17 |
Gaucher disease is the most common lysosomal storage disorder (Box 1). A deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (Figure 1) causes accumulation of the glycolipid glucocerebroside in macrophages throughout the body. In the viscera, glucocerebroside arises mainly from the biodegradation of red and white blood cells. ... | 15578103 | PMC529421 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e21 |
Tumor Antigen Recognition by Cytolytic T Lymphocytes
CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the primary effector cells of the adaptive immune system and have a major role in protecting us from a vast array of diseases including cancer. CTLs specifically recognize and lyse targets through the interaction of T cell rece... | 15578104 | PMC529422 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e26 |
Introduction
The immunotherapy of cancer holds promise in harnessing the host immune response to specifically target tumor cells without harming normal tissues. Strategies involve adoptive cellular therapy or active immune induction (commonly referred to as “cancer vaccination”). Cancer vaccines may consist of whole tu... | 15578105 | PMC529423 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e28 |
On May 2, 1898, George Gould used his address to the founding meeting of the Association of Medical Librarians in Philadelphia to present a vision of the future of health information. ‘I look forward,’ he said, ‘to such an organisation of the literary records of medicine that a puzzled worker in any part of the civilis... | 15578106 | PMC529424 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e35 |
Jim Yong Kim's Viewpoint: 3 by 5 is a Point of Entry, Not an End in Itself
There are no sure prescriptions against great plagues like HIV. We must “learn by doing,” quickly assessing the inevitable missteps and false starts and using this information to improve outcomes. Our best information about the HIV pandemic sugg... | 15578107 | PMC529425 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e37 |
The total projected spending on health care in the United States for 2004 is $1.79 trillion—15.5% of its gross domestic product [1]. That amounts to $6,167 per person, almost twice what most nations with comprehensive systems spend on care. Most policy analysts agree that this level of spending should be more than enou... | 15578108 | PMC529426 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e39 |
The devastating effects of HIV infection worldwide are reason enough for AIDS researchers to grasp at thin rays of hope. But seldom has a single anecdotal case stimulated as much hope as the 1999 report of an acutely infected patient who appeared to control HIV replication after two short treatment interruptions [1]. T... | 15578109 | PMC529427 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e41 |
As the Hispanic world well knows, the word in Spanish for advertising is ‘propaganda’, its meaning derived literally from the propagation of the faith, the antithesis of science's Enlightenment ideals. The old word somehow seems perfect for describing the new world of drug promotion and its growing use of the famous fa... | 15578110 | PMC529428 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:03 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e42 |
Trachoma is almost exclusively a disease of poor families and communities living in developing countries. It accounts for 15% of blindness worldwide—around 6 million people [1]. Although the disease is avoidable, it continues to blind. With so few voices speaking out on behalf of people affected by trachoma, it remains... | 15578111 | PMC529429 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e44 |
Introduction
Dietary and lifestyle changes during the last century have entailed an unprecedented epidemic of obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis [1]. Many individuals suffer simultaneously from more than one of these conditions, and epidemiological studies in humans... | 15578112 | PMC529430 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:04 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e45 |
In a compelling essay in this issue of PLoS Medicine, Mike Clarke, the director of the United Kingdom Cochrane Centre, lays down a challenge to clinical researchers and journal editors [1]. He argues that researchers should do a study only if there is a systematic review that shows that the new study is needed. If no r... | 15578113 | PMC529431 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e46 |
Obesity, in particular visceral adiposity, is positively correlated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Although the link is well established in humans and in rodent models, the mechanisms involved in obesity-related insulin resistance are not clear. One possibility is that hormones secreted by adipocytes comp... | 0 | PMC529432 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e49 |
The immune system has a remarkable capacity for fending off infectious diseases, and it has become clear that these same defenses can recognize and destroy cancer cells. In fact, they do so on an ongoing basis, and cancer develops only when immune surveillance breaks down. Many patients with established tumors also mou... | 0 | PMC529433 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e50 |
PRESENTATION of CASE
A 38-y-old woman with Down syndrome was admitted to hospital for investigation of a 6-mo history of anorexia and weight loss of 40 lbs. Six months prior to admission, her weight was 175 lbs, and her body mass index was 36. On admission, her complete blood count was normal, but over a 2-wk period sh... | 15578114 | PMC529434 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Nov 30; 1(2):e51 |
Background
The gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is synthesised in endocrine I cells in the mucosa of the upper small intestine [1] and is released into the blood after ingestion of fatty and protein-rich meals [2]. CCK has various effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and acts on afferent vagal nerves [3], neuron... | 15471545 | PMC529435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct 7; 4:25 |
Background
Proteins transmit regulatory signals throughout the cell, catalyze large numbers of chemical reactions, and are crucial for the stability of numerous cellular structures. Interactions among proteins are key for cell functioning and identifying such interactions is crucial for deciphering the fundamental mole... | 15491499 | PMC529436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 18; 5:154 |
Background
Networks of interacting molecules drive every process in biological cells. Proteins dominate these networks, some of which involve transient interactions such as signal transduction cascades and ligand-receptor interactions, while others form more permanent molecular machineries such as ribosomes and polymer... | 15504241 | PMC529437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 26; 5:161 |
Background
At present, a majority of the microbes from natural microbial communities cannot be transferred into pure cultures, either because proper cultivation conditions have yet to be found, or due to currently unidentified fundamental obstacles [1]. For decades, this has limited our understanding of the functioning... | 15507136 | PMC529438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 26; 5:163 |
Background
Acute respiratory tract infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality. In 2000, lower respiratory tract infections were globally the number one infectious cause of disability adjusted life-years [1]. The commonest respiratory viruses that cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and ... | 15504232 | PMC529439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Oct 25; 4:41 |
Background
Vibrio anguillarum is the causative agent of vibriosis, one of the major bacterial diseases affecting fish, bivalves, and crustaceans [1-3]. Vibriosis has been a major problem for the aquaculture industry around the world. Large economic losses due to this fish pathogen are sustained by the fish farming indu... | 15516264 | PMC529440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Oct 29; 4:42 |
Background
Glucocorticoids (GC) are a vital class of steroidal hormones that mediate profound and diverse physiological effects in vertebrates. GC are key hormones in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, but other essential functions are assigned to GC as well, such as regulatory roles in development and other metabo... | 15507144 | PMC529441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Oct 26; 5:19 |
Background
Methyl-DNA binding proteins are connecting DNA methylation to transcriptional silencing [1-4]. Up to now, six methyl-DNA binding proteins could be identified in vertebrates [5]. MeCP2, MBD2 and MBD3 can be found in large chromatin complexes containing histone deacetylase activity [1,6,4,3] whereas MBD4 is in... | 15516265 | PMC529442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Oct 29; 5:20 |
Background
One key function of the cerebral cortex involves the integration of elements into a percept that separates them from the background. In this process, changes in cortical networks are formed and modified by experience through the simultaneous excitation of groups of neurons [1-3]. These "long-range connection... | 15500698 | PMC529443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Oct 24; 5:40 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.